text: In Sec. 6.1 of the book has been shown that the traffic phase definitions  [S] and [J] are the origin of most hypotheses of three-phase theory and related three-phase microscopic traffic flow models. The traffic phase definitions [J] and [S] are non-local macroscopic ones and they are applicable only after macroscopic data has been measured in space and time, i.e., in an "off-line" study. This is because for the definitive distinction of the phases J and S through the definitions [J] and [S] a study of the propagation of traffic congestion through a bottleneck is necessary. This is often considered as a drawback of the traffic phase definitions [S] and [J]. However, there are local microscopic criteria for the distinction between the phases J and S without a study of the propagation of congested traffic through a bottleneck. The microscopic criteria are as follows (see Sec. 2.6 in the book): If in single-vehicle (microscopic) data related to congested traffic the "flow-interruption interval", i.e., a time headway between two vehicles following each other is observed, which is much longer than the mean time delay in vehicle acceleration from a wide moving jam (the latter is about 1.3–2.1 s), then the related flow-interruption interval corresponds to the wide moving jam phase. After all wide moving jams have been found through this criterion in congested traffic, all remaining congested states are related to the synchronized flow phase.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: [S]

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic traffic flow models

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: [J]

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: [S]

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: [S]

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic data

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic data

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1.3–2.1 s

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic criteria

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-vehicle

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1.3–2.1 s),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (microscopic)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: three-phase microscopic traffic flow models.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three-phase

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-vehicle

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: three-phase theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Sec. 6.1

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: three-phase microscopic traffic flow models.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 6.1

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: [J]

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-vehicle

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: [S] are non-local macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: (microscopic)

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: (microscopic)

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic traffic flow models.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.3–2.1 s),

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1.3–2.1 s),

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1.3–2.1 s),

text: Microscopes were invented in The Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720  and in the 1787 book Saying of the Dutch. Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for entomological purposes, creating detailed descriptions of insects.

text: Microscopes were invented in The Netherlands during the 17th century, but it is unclear when exactly they reached Japan. Clear descriptions of microscopes are made in the 1720  and in the 1787 book Saying of the Dutch. Although Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms, the Japanese mainly used them for

entity_name: Entomology

text: entomological

text: purposes, creating detailed descriptions of

entity_name: Insect

text: insect

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Japan

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the Dutch

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Dutch

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Japanese

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: entomological

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: the Dutch

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detailed descriptions of insects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Japan.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: detailed descriptions of insects.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopes were invented in The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Europeans mainly used microscopes to observe small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detailed descriptions of insects.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: small cellular organisms,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1720

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1720

text: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell. These exist in the primary visual cortex and respond differentially to differently oriented presentations of light.

text: They also discovered the

entity_name: Simple cell

text: simple cell

text: and

entity_name: Complex cell

text: complex cell

text: . These exist in the primary visual cortex and respond differentially to differently oriented presentations of light.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: oriented presentations of light

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the simple cell

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the simple cell

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: They also discovered the simple cell

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: simple cell and complex cell. These exist in the primary visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: simple cell

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: They also discovered the simple cell

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: differently oriented presentations of light.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: simple cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: They also discovered the simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: simple cell and complex cell.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: primary visual cortex

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light.

text: The figure on the right shows hook-lengths for all cells in the Young diagram  of the partition

text: The figure on the right shows hook-lengths for all cells in the

entity_name: Young tableau

entity_section: Diagrams

text: Young diagram

text: of the partition

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagram of the partition

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a few hundred millimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Young diagram of the partition

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: hook-lengths

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hook-lengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Young diagram of the partition

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: hook-lengths

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hook-lengths

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: hook-lengths for all cells in the Young diagram of the partition

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hook-lengths

text: Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.

text: Physician

entity_name: Valerius Cordus

text: Valerius Cordus

text: (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a

entity_name: Pharmacopoeia

text: pharmacopoeia

text: of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist

entity_name: Conrad Gessner

text: Conrad von Gesner

text: (1516–1565) and herbalist

entity_name: John Gerard

text: John Gerard

text: (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist

entity_name: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope,

entity_name: Polymath

text: Polymath

entity_name: Robert Hooke

text: Robert Hooke

text: discovered

entity_name: Cell (biology)

text: cells

text: , a term he coined, in

entity_name: Cork (material)

text: cork

text: , and a short time later in living plant tissue.

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hooke discovered cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1665

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 560 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke discovered cells,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke discovered cells,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: early microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: early microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: early microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1611)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1545–c. 1611)

text: Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on zooplankton and other microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

text: Shell dwellers are carnivores that primarily feed on

entity_name: Zooplankton

text: zooplankton

text: and other microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: shell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the diameter of the eye.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Shell dwellers are carnivores

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Shell dwellers

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic foods.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: zooplankton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Shell dwellers are carnivores

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

text: A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.  The slide is flooded with Carbol Fuchsin, which is then heated to dry and rinsed off in tap water.  The slide is then flooded with a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol (or methanol) to remove the carbol fuchsin, thus removing the stain from cells that are unprotected by a waxy lipid layer.  Thereafter, the cells are stained in methylene blue and viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

text: A typical AFB stain procedure involves dropping the cells in suspension onto a slide, then air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.  The slide is flooded with Carbol Fuchsin, which is then heated to dry and rinsed off in tap water.  The slide is then flooded with a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol (or methanol) to remove the carbol fuchsin, thus removing the stain from cells that are unprotected by a waxy lipid layer.  Thereafter, the cells are stained in methylene blue and viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: methylene blue

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: oil immersion

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under oil immersion

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: AFB stain

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: methylene blue

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: oil immersion

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: methylene blue

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: oil immersion

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: AFB

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: viewed

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: carbol fuchsin,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: methylene blue

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope under oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: air drying the liquid and heat fixing the cells.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carbol Fuchsin,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: AFB

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope under oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: viewed on a microscope under oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: viewed on a microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: oil immersion.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: methylene blue

text: Microscopically, Krukenberg tumors are often characterized by mucin-secreting signet-ring cells in the tissue of the ovary; when the primary tumor is discovered, the same signet-ring cells are typically found. However, other microscopic features can predominate. Krukenberg tumors are most commonly metastases from gastric cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma, or breast cancer particularly invasive lobular breast carcinoma, but they can arise in the appendix, colon, small intestine, rectum, gallbladder, and urinary bladder or gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreas, ampulla of Vater or uterine cervix.

text: Microscopically, Krukenberg tumors are often characterized by

entity_name: Mucin

text: mucin

text: -secreting

entity_name: Signet ring cell

text: signet-ring cell

text: s in the tissue of the ovary; when the primary tumor is discovered, the same signet-ring cells are typically found. However, other microscopic features can predominate. Krukenberg tumors are most commonly metastases from

entity_name: Stomach cancer

text: gastric cancer

text: , particularly

entity_name: Adenocarcinoma

text: adenocarcinoma

text: , or

entity_name: Breast cancer

text: breast cancer

text: particularly

entity_name: Invasive lobular carcinoma

text: invasive lobular breast carcinoma

text: , but they can arise in the appendix, colon, small intestine, rectum, gallbladder, and urinary bladder or gallbladder, biliary tract, pancreas,

entity_name: Ampulla of Vater

text: ampulla of Vater

text: or uterine cervix.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Krukenberg tumors

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ampulla of Vater

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ampulla of Vater

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Krukenberg tumors

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic features

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Krukenberg tumors

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ovary;

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopically, Krukenberg tumors

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopically, Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mucin-secreting signet-ring cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: invasive

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Krukenberg

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: lobular breast carcinoma,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopically,

text: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles, renowned microscope makers, were honored by the production of the Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund, which continues to promote publications in the field of microscopical research today.

text: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles, renowned microscope makers, were honored by the production of the Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund, which continues to promote publications in the field of microscopical research today.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert B. Tolles

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Spencer-Tolles

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: field of microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Tolles

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert B Tolles

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Spencer-Tolles

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Tolles

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Spencer-Tolles

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Tolles

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: research

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Spencer and Tolles

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Spencer-Tolles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles A. Spencer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: publications in the field of microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Charles A. Spencer and Robert B. Tolles,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Spencer-Tolles Memorial Fund,

text: On May 26, 2011 Coburn released his 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as The New York Times, Fox News and MSNBC.

text: On May 26, 2011 Coburn released his 73-page report, "

entity_name: National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope

text: National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope

text: ", receiving immediate attention from such media outlets as

entity_name: The New York Times

text: The New York Times

entity_name: Fox News

text: Fox News

text: and

entity_name: MSNBC

text: MSNBC

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 73-page

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Coburn

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: "National Science Foundation:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 73-page report, "National Science Foundation: Under the Microscope",

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscope",

text: Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like Leeuwenhoek (1677). However, the fibrous nature of flagella and other structures were discovered two centuries later, with improved light microscopes, and confirmed in the 20th with electron microscope and biochemical studies.

text: Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like

entity_name: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: (1677). However, the fibrous nature of flagella and other structures were discovered two centuries later, with improved

entity_name: Optical microscope

text: light microscope

text: s, and confirmed in the 20th with

entity_name: Electron microscope

text: electron microscope

text: and biochemical studies.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopists

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: centuries old

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells move

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: improved light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopists,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: improved light microscopes, and confirmed in the 20th

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscopes, and confirmed in the 20th with electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: improved light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two centuries

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (1677).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: improved light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek (1677).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: improved light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Tubulin

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopists,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell locomotion,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscopes, and confirmed in the 20th

text: Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect.

text: Like

entity_name: Robert Boyle

text: Robert Boyle

text: and

entity_name: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

text: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

text: , Van Leeuwenhoek was interested in dried

entity_name: Cochineal

text: cochineal

text: , trying to find out if the

entity_name: Dye

text: dye

text: came from a

entity_name: Berry

text: berry

text: or an

text: insect

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dried cochineal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dried cochineal,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: berry

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cochineal,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: berry

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: berry

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: insect.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cochineal,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Like Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: cochineal,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: insect.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: insect.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: dried cochineal,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: berry

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Like Robert Boyle

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: berry

text: Dennis is best known for his microscopic research into the internal structure of bone, of which he provided an account in papers published in the Journal of Microscopical Science. He is credited with having established two important geological facts: the existence of mammals prior to the lias deposit, and the existence of birds during, or prior to, the deposit of the Stonesfield slate.

text: Dennis is best known for his microscopic research into the internal structure of bone, of which he provided an account in papers published in the

entity_name: Journal of Cell Science

text: Journal of Microscopical Science

text: . He is credited with having established two important

entity_name: Geology

text: geological

text: facts: the existence of

entity_name: Mammal

text: mammal

text: s prior to the

entity_name: Lias Group

text: lias

text: deposit, and the existence of birds during, or prior to, the deposit of the

entity_name: Taynton Limestone Formation

text: Stonesfield slate

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unseen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical science

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic Science

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: internal structure of bone,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic research into the internal structure of bone,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dennis

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopical Science.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science.

text: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed  to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term histochemistry is used. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin, a basic dye, stains nuclei blue due to an affinity to nucleic acids in the cell nucleus; eosin, an acidic dye, stains the cytoplasm pink. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.

text: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope. Staining is employed  to give both contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting particular features of interest. Where the underlying mechanistic chemistry of staining is understood, the term

text: histochemistry

text: is used.

text: Hematoxylin

text: and

text: eosin

text: H&E stain

text: ) is the most commonly used light microscopical stain in histology and histopathology. Hematoxylin, a

text: basic

text: dye, stains

text: nuclei

text: blue due to an affinity to nucleic acids in the cell nucleus; eosin, an

text: acidic

text: dye, stains the

text: cytoplasm

text: pink.

text: Uranyl acetate

text: and lead citrate are commonly used to impart contrast to tissue in the electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: lead citrate

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the light microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: H&E stain

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hematoxylin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the most commonly used light microscopical stain?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: stains

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: contrast

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell nucleus;

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hematoxylin and eosin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell nucleus;

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Biological tissue

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Biological tissue

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Biological tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast in either the light or electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Biological tissue has little inherent contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope.

text: Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye is haematoxylin.

text: Basophilic is a technical term used by

text: histologists

text: . It describes the microscopic appearance of

text: cell

text: s and

text: tissue

text: s, as seen down the

text: microscope

text: , after a

text: histological section

text: has been stained with a basic

text: dye

text: . The most common such dye is

text: haematoxylin

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic appearance of cells and tissues

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histologists

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: histologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells and tissues

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells and tissues

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: histologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic appearance of cells and tissues,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histologists.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: histologists.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic appearance of cells and tissues,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic appearance of cells and tissues,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: histologists.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Basophilic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Basophilic

text: Edward Hutchinson Synge is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting diffraction in the near field. His original idea, proposed in 1928, was based upon the usage of intense nearly planar light from an arc under pressure behind a thin, opaque metal film with a small orifice of about 100 nm. The orifice was to remain within 100 nm of the surface, and information was to be collected by point-by-point scanning. He foresaw the illumination and the detector movement being the biggest technical difficulties. John A. O'Keefe also developed similar theories in 1956. He thought the moving of the pinhole or the detector when it is so close to the sample would be the most likely issue that could prevent the realization of such an instrument. It was Ash and Nicholls who, in 1972, first broke the Abbe’s diffraction limit using radiation with wavelength of 3 cm. A line grating was resolved with a resolution of λ/60. A decade later, a patent on an optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,  followed in 1984 by the first paper that used visible radiation for near field scanning.  The near-field optical (NFO) microscope involved a subwavelength aperture at the apex of a metal coated sharply pointed transparent tip, and a feedback mechanism to maintain a constant distance of a few nanometers between the sample and the probe. Lewis et al. were also aware of the potential of an NFO microscope at this time. They reported first results in 1986 confirming super-resolution. In both experiments,  details below 50 nm (about λ/10)  in size could be recognized.

text: Edward Hutchinson Synge is given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting

text: diffraction

text: in the

text: near field

text: . His original idea, proposed in 1928, was based upon the usage of intense nearly planar light from an arc under pressure behind a thin, opaque metal film with a small orifice of about 100 nm. The orifice was to remain within 100 nm of the surface, and information was to be collected by point-by-point scanning. He foresaw the illumination and the detector movement being the biggest technical difficulties.

text: John A. O'Keefe

text: also developed similar theories in 1956. He thought the moving of the pinhole or the detector when it is so close to the sample would be the most likely issue that could prevent the realization of such an instrument. It was Ash and Nicholls who, in 1972, first broke the

text: Abbe

text: ’s

text: diffraction limit

text: using radiation with wavelength of 3 cm. A line grating was resolved with a resolution of λ/60. A decade later, a patent on an optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,  followed in 1984 by the first paper that used visible radiation for near field scanning.  The near-field optical (NFO) microscope involved a subwavelength aperture at the apex of a metal coated sharply pointed transparent tip, and a feedback mechanism to maintain a constant distance of a few nanometers between the sample and the probe. Lewis et al. were also aware of the potential of an NFO microscope at this time. They reported first results in 1986 confirming super-resolution. In both experiments,  details below 50 nm (about λ/10)  in size could be recognized.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pohl

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Edward Hutchinson Synge

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diffraction in the near field

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 3 cm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: an optical near-field optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: / 10 in size

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: an optical near-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: /60

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: John A. O'Keefe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 3 cm

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ash and Nicholls

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: NFO

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pohl

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: NFO

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: How many years after Edward Hutchinson Synge was given credit for conceiving and developing the idea for an imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting diffraction in the near field?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Edward Hutchinson Synge and John A

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 3 cm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical near-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: imaging instrument that would image by exciting and collecting diffraction

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: super-resolution. In both experiments, details below 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: super-resolution.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: super-resolution.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: super-resolution.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 3 cm.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: <unk>/60.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical near-field microscope was filed by Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe’s

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: near-field optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical near-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: visible radiation

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pohl,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: /60.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 3 cm.

text: Arriving in the Underworld, Emma is contacted by Neal Cassidy, who warns to turn back, advice Emma chooses to ignore. She and the others later discover that the Underworld is for those with unfinished business, and they decide to help others move on, while they search for Hook. With the help of Hook's ex-girlfriend Milah, Emma manages to retrieve Hook from Hades's captivity. However, she is unable to split her heart, as Hades has decided that she, Regina, and Snow are to remain behind for freeing the souls of Prince Henry, Hercules, and Megara. It is discovered that the only way they would have a chance to return to the "Overworld" with Hook is by overthrowing Hades. In order to defeat Hades, Emma and Hook receive help from Hook's brother Liam; however, it is soon discovered that Liam betrayed them after being blackmailed by Hades. Fortunately, Henry agrees to help undo Liam's work by using his powers as the Author. Later, when Emma and Hook try to perform the heartsplit, they are informed by Hades that Hook's body has been dead for too long and is decaying, making him unable to come back to life. When Emma and Hook go into the depths of the Underworld to find ambrosia, something that would save Hook, they are faced with a True Love test, which they pass when Emma chooses Hook over her own heart, only to realize that Hades had tricked them and destroyed the ambrosia, and Hook tells Emma to leave him in the Underworld, as time is running out for her to go through the open portal. Emma objects, saying that she came to the Underworld to save Hook, and she wasn't leaving without him. Hook eventually gets her to say her goodbyes and she does, only to find out that Hades had trapped her and her family in the library using magic. Emma and Regina work together to use their own magic to counteract it. They all go through the portal, and while Emma has second thoughts about leaving Hook, she is persuaded to go by her father. When they get back to Storybrooke, Zelena is informed by Regina and Robin that Hades tried to trap them in the Underworld, but she brushes off the information and is upset with her sister. She talks to Hades about having the life she wants, which is just a simple picket fence life. However, Hades wants a whole kingdom. Robin and Regina break into the mayor's house, where Zelena and Hades are, trying to get Robin's daughter back from Zelena. Emma, distraught and unable to grieve Hook's death, tries to break down the protection spell surrounding the house, but Zelena uses her magic to stop her. Hades is about to use the Olympian Crystal to "end" Regina, but Robin steps in front of her, taking the blow, which kills him. Hades tries to pressure Zelena into killing Regina, but she stabs Hades instead.

text: Arriving in the Underworld, Emma is contacted by Neal Cassidy, who warns to turn back, advice Emma chooses to ignore. She and the others later discover that the Underworld is for those with unfinished business, and they decide to help others move on, while they search for Hook. With the help of Hook's ex-girlfriend Milah, Emma manages to retrieve Hook from Hades's captivity. However, she is unable to split her heart, as Hades has decided that she, Regina, and Snow are to remain behind for freeing the souls of Prince Henry,

text: Hercules

text: , and

text: Megara

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Liam

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Zelen

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the Underworld

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Liam betrayed them

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Liam

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Liam

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Liam

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Overworld

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zelen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Zelen

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Zelena

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zelena

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Liam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Liam and Hook

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hook's brother Liam;

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Underworld

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Underworld

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: magic.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "Overworld"

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: heart,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Author.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Author.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Neal Cassidy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Author.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Underworld

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ze

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Neal Cassidy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ambrosia,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Neal Cassidy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: heartsplit,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Neal Cassidy,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Author.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Zelena

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Zelena

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Zelena

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Emma and Regina

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Emma

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Zelena

text: However, the first real invention and use of the microscope were done  by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. He was a Dutch draper that took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses.  This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were instead simple powerful magnifying glasses, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.

text: However, the first real invention and use of the microscope were done  by

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: . He was a Dutch draper that took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses.  This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were instead simple powerful magnifying glasses, rather than a

text: compound microscope

text: . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later.

text: Carl Zeiss

text: , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired

text: Otto Schott

text: and eventually

text: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: x

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1648

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Leeuwenhoek's microscope allow for?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who was the first to use the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 270x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: simple powerful magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1648.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the optical quality

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 270x.

text: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research, and in particular to the study of the Rotifera. His first printed paper was on Rhinops Vitrea in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1869. Afterwards he published numerous papers in the Microscopical Journal and the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, describing new genera and species of Rotifera, of which Pedahon mirum was a notable discovery. A list of these papers is given in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1904, page 49.

text: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research, and in particular to the study of the

text: Rotifer

text: a. His first printed paper was on Rhinops Vitrea in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1869. Afterwards he published numerous papers in the Microscopical Journal and the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, describing new genera and species of Rotifera, of which Pedahon mirum was a notable discovery. A list of these papers is given in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1904, page 49.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical research

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Rotifera

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rotifera

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Rotifera

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: mirum

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a notable discovery

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1904,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rhinops Vitrea

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Rhinops Vitrea

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 49.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rhinops Vitrea

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Rotifera.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: new genera and species

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 49.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Hudson devoted his leisure to microscopical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Pedahon mirum

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1869.

text: A catalogue of work by R & J Beck from 1900 has been digitised as part of the Internet Archive which features the terms of business and pricing from 1900, simplex microscopes, No. 10 London Microscope, No. 22 London Microscope, No. 29 London Microscope, Beck Pathological Microscope, No. 3201 Massive Microscope, Radial Research Microscope, Angular Model Microscope, Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope, Baby London Microscope, No.3755 Portable Microscope, Pathological Microscope, Binomax magnifier, Greenough Binocular Microscope, Crescent Dissecting Microscope, Cornex Dissecting Microscope, Beck Ultra Violet Microscope made for J. E. Barnard F.R.S., Beck Object Glasses, Eyepieces, Beck-Chapman Opaque Illuminator, Photomigraphic Cameras, Optical Benches, Microtomes, University Micro-projector and Folding Pocket Magnifiers.

text: A catalogue of work by R & J Beck from 1900 has been digitised as part of the Internet Archive which features the terms of business and pricing from 1900, simplex microscopes, No. 10 London Microscope, No. 22 London Microscope, No. 29 London Microscope, Beck Pathological Microscope, No. 3201 Massive Microscope, Radial Research Microscope, Angular Model Microscope, Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope, Baby London Microscope, No.3755 Portable Microscope, Pathological Microscope, Binomax magnifier, Greenough Binocular Microscope, Crescent Dissecting Microscope, Cornex Dissecting Microscope, Beck Ultra Violet Microscope made for J. E. Barnard F.R.S., Beck Object Glasses, Eyepieces, Beck-Chapman Opaque Illuminator, Photomigraphic Cameras, Optical Benches, Microtomes, University Micro-projector and Folding Pocket Magnifiers.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Beck Ultra Violet Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: University Micro-projector

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Beck Ultra Violet Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ultra Violet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: simplex microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: J. E. Barnard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: simplex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Greenough

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ultra Violet

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Object Glasses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pathological

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 3201

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: simplex

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simplex

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Photomigraphic Cameras,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Combined Binocular and Monocular

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Beck Combined Binocular and Monocular Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Beck Pathological Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ultra Violet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: J. E. Barnard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: J. E. Barnard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: simplex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ultra Violet

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: R & J Beck

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Binomax magnifier,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: simplex microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 3201

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Ultra Violet

text: These cells were discovered by two scientists, Cajal and Retzius, at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the neocortex and hippocampus. From there, Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells experience migration through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex.

text: These cells were discovered by two scientists,

text: Cajal

text: and

text: Retzius

text: , at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the

text: neocortex

text: and

text: hippocampus

text: . From there, Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells experience migration through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: neocortex

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: CR cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: CR cells migrate

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two different times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: marginal zone,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientists,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists, Cajal and Retzius,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two different times and in different species.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: neocortex and hippocampus.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: layer I

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two different times and in different species.

text: Born in Brantford, Ontario, the son of James and Ethel (Cooke) Hillier, he received a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics and Physics (1937), Master of Arts (1938), and a Ph.D (1941) from the University of Toronto, where, as a graduate student, he completed a prototype of the electron microscope that had been invented by Ernst Ruska. This transmission electron microscope was used as a prototype for later electron microscopes.

text: Born in

text: Brantford, Ontario

text: , the son of James and Ethel (Cooke) Hillier, he received a

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: in Mathematics and Physics (1937),

text: Master of Arts

text: (1938), and a

text: Ph.D

text: (1941) from the

text: University of Toronto

text: , where, as a graduate student, he completed a prototype of the electron microscope that had been invented by

text: Ernst Ruska

text: . This

text: transmission electron microscope

text: was used as a prototype for later electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a prototype of the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope that had been invented by Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope that had been invented by Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope that had been invented by Ernst Ruska. This transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmission electron microscope

text: Six weeks earlier in the Camelot dungeon, David, Hook, Merlin and Belle waste no time at all in defeating Arthur's guards, with Hook impressed by Merlin's ability to see the future. They then reach the cell where Lancelot and Merida are being held, with Merlin telling the others that it is enchanted. Belle then gives Merlin a book of spells and makes the bars disappear. Merida tells the rescuers that Arthur took the wisps which she needed to find her brothers, so Merlin suggests that they need to come up with another way to find them. When Belle asks Merida why she was in the dungeon, Merida tells her that the wisps led her to the sea, but the boat she hid out in belonged to Arthur, and that when he found her he then threw her in the cell. Merida then knocks Belle out with a rock and hours later Bell awakes to find herself in a rowboat with Merida. Belle learns that Merida needs Belle's magic to find her brothers. She further explained that the clans kidnapped her brothers so they can force her to relinquish the throne as she is not married.

text: Six weeks earlier in the Camelot dungeon, David, Hook, Merlin and Belle waste no time at all in defeating Arthur's guards, with Hook impressed by Merlin's ability to see the future. They then reach the cell where Lancelot and Merida are being held, with Merlin telling the others that it is enchanted. Belle then gives Merlin a book of spells and makes the bars disappear. Merida tells the rescuers that Arthur took the wisps which she needed to find her brothers, so Merlin suggests that they need to come up with another way to find them. When Belle asks Merida why she was in the dungeon, Merida tells her that the wisps led her to the sea, but the boat she hid out in belonged to Arthur, and that when he found her he then threw her in the cell. Merida then knocks Belle out with a rock and hours later Bell awakes to find herself in a rowboat with Merida. Belle learns that Merida needs Belle's magic to find her brothers. She further explained that the clans kidnapped her brothers so they can force her to relinquish the throne as she is not married.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book of spells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: What are the wisps?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Merlin

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Merida

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book of spells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Merlin's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Merlin's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Arthur,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Hook impressed by Merlin's ability to see the future.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: wisps

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Hook impressed by Merlin's ability to see the future.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wisps

text: There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope), the ultramicroscope, and the various types of scanning probe microscope.

text: There are many types of microscopes. The most common (and the first to be invented) is the

text: optical microscope

text: , which uses

text: light

text: to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the

text: electron microscope

text: (both the

text: transmission electron microscope

text: and the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: ), the

text: ultramicroscope

text: , and the various types of

text: scanning probe microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Optical

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: the optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light to image the sample.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image the sample.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope, which uses light to image the sample.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ultramicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope,

text: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2) and third generation (PEEM-3) microscopes were constructed. PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses. It uses a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor to detect the electron-optical image. The aberration corrected microscope PEEM-3 employs a curved electron mirror to counter the lowest order aberrations of the electron lenses and the accelerating field.

text: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2) and third generation (PEEM-3) microscopes were constructed. PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses. It uses a cooled

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor to detect the electron-optical image. The aberration corrected microscope PEEM-3 employs a curved electron mirror to counter the lowest order aberrations of the electron lenses and the accelerating field.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: PEEM-3

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (CCD)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: peem-2

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: PEEM-2

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: aberration corrected

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron-optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: PEEM-3

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: PEEM-2 is a conventional not aberration-corrected

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: second generation (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: aberration-corrected instrument employing electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: During the 1970s and 1980s

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: During the 1970s and 1980s

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electrostatic lenses.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron-optical image.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1970s and 1980s

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: During the 1970s and 1980s the second generation (PEEM-2)

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron-optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: PEEM-3

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (CCD) fiber-coupled to a phosphor

text: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece. The objective lens is essentially a magnifying glass and was designed with a very small focal length while the eyepiece generally has a longer focal length. This has the effect of producing magnified images of close objects. Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the conservation of energy and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability. A slightly different variety of microscope, the comparison microscope, looks at side-by-side images to produce a stereoscopic binocular view that appears three dimensional when used by humans.

text: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses: an

text: objective lens

text: and an

text: eyepiece

text: . The objective lens is essentially a magnifying glass and was designed with a very small

text: focal length

text: while the eyepiece generally has a longer focal length. This has the effect of producing magnified images of close objects. Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the

text: conservation of energy

text: and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes, known as compound microscopes have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability. A slightly different variety of microscope, the

text: comparison microscope

text: , looks at side-by-side images to produce a

text: stereoscopic

text: binocular

text: view that appears three dimensional when used by humans.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: objective lens and an eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: objective lens and an eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: objective lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: objective lens and an eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes were first developed with just two lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dimmer

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: objective lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: close objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnified images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: an objective lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopes were first developed

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses:

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: two lenses:

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: magnified images of close objects.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: magnified images of close objects.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Modern microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two lenses:

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: comparison microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses:

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: three dimensional

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light rays over a larger surface area. Modern microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light rays

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: objective lens and an eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: close objects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnified images of close objects.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: close objects.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnified images of close objects.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnifying glass and was designed with a very small focal length

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light rays over a larger surface area.

text: The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century. Sir Francis Bacon attempted to desalinate sea water by passing the flow through a sand filter. Although his experiment did not succeed, it marked the beginning of a new interest in the field. The fathers of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

text: The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century. Sir

text: Francis Bacon

text: attempted to

text: desalinate

text: sea water by passing the flow through a

text: sand filter

text: . Although his experiment did not succeed, it marked the beginning of a new interest in the field. The fathers of

text: microscopy

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: and

text: Robert Hooke

text: , used the newly invented

text: microscope

text: to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Francis Bacon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who was the father of microscopy?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope to observe for the first time small material particles

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The fathers of microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: material particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: waterborne pathogens.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The fathers of microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The first experiments into water filtration were made in the 17th century.

text: ). This is done in a constructive way by defining a random walk, called the hook walk, on the cells of the Young diagram

text: ). This is done in a constructive way by defining a random walk, called the hook walk, on the cells of the Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a random walk

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the hook walk

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the hook walk

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the hook walk

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the hook walk

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells .

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists .

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: hook walk,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Young

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: hook walk,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells of the Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: hook walk, on the cells of the Young diagram

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Young diagram

text: A crack-like nick was observed on the trichomes was found by Umarani et. al.  in microscopic view. While they studying individual cells notches were found at the inner side of the cell corresponding the slit on the trichome. When such cells were stacked one above the other, it results in the crack like structure on the trichome. Thus, the number of notches in a single cell equals the number of slits on the trichome. One to three notches / slits were observed in the study by Uma Rani et al. 2015.

text: A crack-like nick was observed on the trichomes was found by Umarani et. al.  in microscopic view. While they studying individual cells notches were found at the inner side of the cell corresponding the slit on the trichome. When such cells were stacked one above the other, it results in the crack like structure on the trichome. Thus, the number of notches in a single cell equals the number of slits on the trichome. One to three notches / slits were observed in the study by Uma Rani et al. 2015.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: notches

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: notches

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Uma Rani

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: One to three notches / slits

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Umarani et. al. in microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Umarani et. al.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Umarani et. al. in microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Umarani

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Umarani et. al.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic view.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic view.

text: The painting is considered a work with significance for Vermeer because he did not part with it or sell it, even when he was in debt. On 24 February 1676, his widow Catharina bequeathed it to her mother, Maria Thins, in an attempt to avoid the sale of the painting to satisfy creditors. The executor of Vermeer's estate, the famous Delft microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek, determined that the transferral of the work to the late painter's mother-in-law was illegal and, according to John Michael Montias, at least a curious transaction. On 15 March 1677 most of his paintings were sold in an auction at the Guild in Delft. It is not known who bought the Art of Painting; perhaps it was Jacob Dissius. It can not determined with certainty whether the painting is quoted in the auction Dissius of 1696 as "Portrait of Vermeer in a room with various accessories." The painting was owned by Gerard van Swieten, and passed into the hands of Gottfried van Swieten. In 1813 it was purchased for 50 florins by the Bohemian-Austrian Count Rudolf Czernin. It was placed on public display in the Czernin Museum in Vienna.

text: The painting is considered a work with significance for Vermeer because he did not part with it or sell it, even when he was in debt. On 24 February 1676, his widow Catharina bequeathed it to her mother,

text: Maria Thins

text: , in an attempt to avoid the sale of the painting to satisfy creditors. The executor of Vermeer's estate, the famous Delft microscopist

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: , determined that the transferral of the work to the late painter's mother-in-law was illegal and, according to

text: John Michael Montias

text: , at least a curious transaction. On 15 March 1677 most of his paintings were sold in an auction at the Guild in Delft. It is not known who bought the Art of Painting; perhaps it was

text: Jacob Dissius

text: . It can not determined with certainty whether the painting is quoted in the auction Dissius of 1696 as "Portrait of Vermeer in a room with various accessories." The painting was owned by

text: Gerard van Swieten

text: , and passed into the hands of

text: Gottfried van Swieten

text: . In 1813 it was purchased for 50

text: florins

text: by the

text: Bohemia

text: n-Austrian Count

entity_name: Johann Rudolf Czernin von und zu Chudenitz

text: Rudolf Czernin

text: . It was placed on public display in the

text: Czernin Museum

text: in Vienna.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Vermeer's estate

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Delft microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: florins

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gerard van Swieten

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: paintings

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 florins

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Delft microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50 florins

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50 florins

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Delft microscopist

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 florins

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopist Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 florins

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1676,

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with a stereo microscope. With the stereo microscope, the lenses are made for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to a stereo microscope will result in an image that has compromises made for the eyepiece. Although the monitor image and recorded image may be of higher quality with the digital microscope, the application of the microscope may dictate which microscope is preferred.

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with a stereo microscope. With the stereo microscope, the lenses are made for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to a stereo microscope will result in an image that has compromises made for the eyepiece. Although the monitor image and recorded image may be of higher quality with the digital microscope, the application of the microscope may dictate which microscope is preferred.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: with the stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: monochromatic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: CCD camera

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: digital

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: CCD cameras

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereo microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: stereo microscope, the lenses are made for the optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: made for the optics of the eye.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: digital microscope

text: After allowing to dry, it is colored and performs counting. For this, the average of existing cells is performed in the field of the microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor (MF) which corresponds to the number of fields in one inch, i.e. 100 mm, obtaining in this way the number of somatic cells per milliliter of milk.

text: After allowing to dry, it is colored and performs counting. For this, the

text: average

text: of existing cells is performed in the field of the microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor (MF) which corresponds to the number of fields in one inch, i.e. 100 mm, obtaining in this way the number of somatic cells per milliliter of

text: milk

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: MF

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: somatic cells per milliliter of milk

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: inches

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: MF

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the average of existing cells

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: somatic cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: somatic cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 mm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 mm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 mm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 100 mm,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one inch,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: counting.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 mm,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic factor

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 mm,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 mm,

text: When only 28 years old, Mendenhall discovered the cell for Hodgkin’s disease and the evolution of the cells. Previously Hodgkin’s disease was considered a form of tuberculosis but her contribution (1901) established that it was a form of cancer, not infection. She tested the concept on rabbits by showing that Hodgkin’s disease was not transmissible unlike tuberculosis. Dorothy used microscopic specimens to compare tissue samples from TB and Hodgkin’s patients. It was then that she observed the large giant cells (The Dorothy Reed Cell later termed the Reed-Sternberg Cell). Since the giant cells were distinct in the characteristics it possessed, Hodgkin’s disease had a clear diagnostic marker. Having a way to clearly identify the condition allowed the development of effective treatment. Five-year survival of Hodgkin’s is about 80% vs about 40% for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

text: When only 28 years old, Mendenhall discovered the cell for Hodgkin’s disease and the evolution of the cells. Previously Hodgkin’s disease was considered a form of tuberculosis but her contribution (1901) established that it was a form of cancer, not infection. She tested the concept on rabbits by showing that Hodgkin’s disease was not transmissible unlike tuberculosis. Dorothy used microscopic specimens to compare tissue samples from TB and Hodgkin’s patients. It was then that she observed the large giant cells (The Dorothy Reed Cell later termed the Reed-Sternberg Cell). Since the giant cells were distinct in the characteristics it possessed, Hodgkin’s disease had a clear diagnostic marker. Having a way to clearly identify the condition allowed the development of effective treatment. Five-year survival of Hodgkin’s is about 80% vs about 40% for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Mendenhall

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hodgkin's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Mendenhall

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dorothy Reed

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Mendenhall

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dorothy Reed Cell

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dorothy Reed Cell

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dorothy Reed

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dorothy Reed

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sternberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who discovered the cell for Hodgkin's disease?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 580 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Reed-Sternberg

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Reed-Sternberg Cell).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dorothy used microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Reed-Sternberg Cell).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dorothy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Mendenhall

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dorothy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: large giant cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dorothy used microscopic specimens to compare tissue samples from TB

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 80%

text: ANCAs are associated with small vessel vasculitides including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis, primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (a type of renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) and drug induced vasculitides. PR3 directed c-ANCA is present in 80-90% of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 20-40% of microscopic polyangiitis, 20-40% of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. c-ANCA (atypical) is present in 80% of cystic fibrosis (with BPI as the target antigen) and also in inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis and rheumatoid arthritis (with antibodies to multiple antigenic targets). p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50% of microscopic polyangiitis, 50% of primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. p-ANCA with specificity to other antigens are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced vasculitis, autoimmune liver disease, drug induced syndromes and parasitic infections. Atypical ANCA is associated with drug-induced systemic vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

text: ANCAs are associated with small vessel

text: vasculitides

text: including

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis),

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis

text: (a type of renal-limited microscopic polyangiitis),

entity_name: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: (previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) and drug induced vasculitides. PR3 directed c-ANCA is present in 80-90% of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 20-40% of

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: , 20-40% of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: . c-ANCA (atypical) is present in 80% of cystic fibrosis (with BPI as the target antigen) and also in

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: primary sclerosing cholangitis

text: and

text: rheumatoid arthritis

text: (with antibodies to multiple antigenic targets). p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50% of

text: microscopic polyangiitis

text: , 50% of primary pauci-immune necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis and 35% of

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: . p-ANCA with specificity to other antigens are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced vasculitis,

text: autoimmune liver disease

text: , drug induced syndromes and parasitic infections. Atypical ANCA is associated with drug-induced systemic vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic polyangiitis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic polyangiitis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic polyangiitis

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Churg-Strauss syndrome

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: polyangiitis

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Strauss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: ANCAs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 580 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 50% of microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50% of microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multiple antigenic targets).

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 50% of microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: p-ANCA with MPO specificity

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50%

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: MPO specificity

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Wegener's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: MPO specificity

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic polyangiitis,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: MPO

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: MPO

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: p-ANCA with MPO specificity

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: p-ANCA

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50% of microscopic polyangiitis,

text: While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species, Leeuwenhoek had in fact first published on hydra in 1702-1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of "animalculum".  In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as tentacles contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.

text: While Trembley thought he had discovered a new species,

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: had in fact first published on hydra in 1702-1703 volume of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, describing them as a type of "animalculum".  In his work Leeuwenhoek clearly described the process of budding, as well as tentacles contractility and the presence of cnidocyte batteries on tentacles.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: animalculum

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hydra

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: hydra

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: animalculum

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hydra

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hydra

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "animalculum".

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1702-1703

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: hydra

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cnidocyte

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: "animalculum".

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "animalculum".

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: "animalculum".

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: new species,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1702-1703

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: cnidocyte batteries

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Trembley

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1702-1703

text: Cloud microphysics describe the structure and properties of clouds on the microscopic scale.

text: Cloud microphysics

text: describe the structure and properties of clouds on the

text: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: astronomers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: describe the structure and properties of clouds on the microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Cloud microphysics describe the structure and properties of clouds on the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cloud microphysics describe the structure and properties of clouds on the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Cloud microphysics

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic scale.

text: Quantum microscopy is a novel tool that allows microscopic properties of matter and quantum particles to be measured and directly visualized. There are various types of microscopy that use quantum principles. The first microscope to make use of quantum concepts was the scanning tunneling microscope, which paved the way for development of the photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

text: Quantum microscopy is a novel tool that allows microscopic properties of matter and quantum particles to be measured and directly visualized. There are various types of microscopy that use quantum principles. The first microscope to make use of quantum concepts was the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: , which paved the way for development of the photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: quantum principles

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: quantum entanglement

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: quantum principles

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: matter

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic properties

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic properties

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Quantum

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: quantum particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic properties of matter and quantum particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: measured and directly visualized.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Quantum microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photoionization microscope and the quantum entanglement microscope.

text: Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of diseases, as early as 1646 using a microscope to investigate the blood of plague victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658, he noted the presence of "little worms" or "animalcules" in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by microorganisms. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact red or white blood cells and not the plague agent, Yersinia pestis. He also proposed hygienic measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation, quarantine, burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing facemasks to prevent the inhalation of germs.

text: Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of

text: disease

text: s, as early as 1646 using a

text: microscope

text: to investigate the

text: blood

text: of

text: plague

text: victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658, he noted the presence of "little worms" or "

text: animalcules

text: " in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by

text: microorganism

text: s. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact

text: red

text: or

text: white

text: blood cell

text: s and not the plague agent,

text: Yersinia pestis

text: . He also proposed

text: hygienic

text: measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation,

text: quarantine

text: , burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing

text: facemasks

text: to prevent the inhalation of

text: germ

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: as early as 1646

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1646

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: as early as 1646

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what he saw

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1646

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: red or white blood cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: red or white blood cells

text: Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing inflammation, epithelioid granulomas (microscopic nodules), fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine carbon black was shown to produce minimal lung responses.

text: Results of rodent studies collectively show that regardless of the process by which CNTs were synthesized and the types and amounts of metals they contained, CNTs were capable of producing

text: inflammation

text: epithelioid granulomas

text: (microscopic nodules),

text: fibrosis

text: , and biochemical/toxicological changes in the lungs. Comparative toxicity studies in which mice were given equal weights of test materials showed that SWCNTs were more toxic than

text: quartz

text: , which is considered a serious occupational health hazard when chronically inhaled. As a control, ultrafine

text: carbon black

text: was shown to produce minimal lung responses.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: nodules

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic nodules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: granulomas

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: nodules

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Quartz

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic nodules

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epithelioid

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: nodules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: nodules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: nouns

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ultrafine

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nodules),

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: quartz,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: equal weights

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: CNTs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: quartz,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: epithelioid granulomas

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Results of rodent studies

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epithelioid

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: (microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: epithelioid

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: (microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: nodules),

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: CNTs were synthesized

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: quartz,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: (microscopic nodules),

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: SWCNTs were more toxic than quartz,

text: In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to whichsome clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes by using a flame and left the other glass tube open. Several days later, he discovered in the open glass tube ‘agreat many very little animalcules, of divers sort having its own particular motion.’ Not expecting to see any life in the sealed glass tube, Van Leeuwenhoek saw to his surprise ‘a kind of living animalcules that were round and bigger than the biggest sort that I have said were in the other water.’ The conditions in the sealed tube had become quite anaerobic owing to consumption of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms.

text: In his letter of 14 June 1680 to The Royal Society,

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: described an experiment he carried out by filling two identical glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder, to whichsome clean rain water was added. Van Leeuwenhoek sealed one of the glass tubes by using a flame and left the other glass tube open. Several days later, he discovered in the open glass tube ‘agreat many very little animalcules, of divers sort having its own particular motion.’ Not expecting to see any life in the sealed glass tube, Van Leeuwenhoek saw to his surprise ‘a kind of living animalcules that were round and bigger than the biggest sort that I have said were in the other water.’ The conditions in the sealed tube had become quite anaerobic owing to consumption of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: flame

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: anaerobic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: identical

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes are no longer used today

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living animalcules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1680

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass tubes about halfway with crushed pepper powder,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1680

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: identical glass tubes about halfway

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In his letter of 14 June 1680

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: aerobic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: aerobic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: a flame

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: aerobic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living animalcules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: little animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1680

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 14 June 1680

text: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the physics of stress and strain, in particular the theories of elasticity and plasticity, to the microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies. Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures.

text: In modern

text: materials science

text: , fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components. It applies the

text: physics

text: of

text: stress

text: and

text: strain

text: , in particular the theories of

text: elasticity

text: and

text: plasticity

text: , to the microscopic

text: crystallographic defects

text: found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

text: Fractography

text: is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical

text: failure

text: predictions with real life failures.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in modern materials science

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the physics of stress and strain

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystallography

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic defects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic defects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Fractography

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fractography

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: defects

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Fractography

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

text: Later studies have shown that he actually saw mats of bacteria, what we know today as biofilms.  Biofilms are communities of bacteria, or micro-organisms, attached to surfaces in the body.  Oral biofilms are more commonly referred to as plaque.  Biofilms form almost everywhere bacteria are.  In the mouth, they naturally form on any stationary surface, namely teeth, gums, and the tongue.  Leeuwenhoek made important findings of bacteria with his first observation and analysis of dental plaque, and since then much more has been discovered about the mouth and its ecology.

text: Later studies have shown that he actually saw mats of bacteria, what we know today as biofilms.  Biofilms are communities of bacteria, or

text: micro-organisms

text: , attached to surfaces in the body.  Oral biofilms are more commonly referred to as plaque.  Biofilms form almost everywhere bacteria are.  In the mouth, they naturally form on any stationary surface, namely teeth, gums, and the tongue.  Leeuwenhoek made important findings of bacteria with his first observation and analysis of

text: dental plaque

text: , and since then much more has been discovered about the mouth and its ecology.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuvenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biofilms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: what we know today

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: mats of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: tongue. Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: teeth, gums, and the tongue.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Biofilms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: biofilms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: biofilms.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: mats of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: mats of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micro-organisms,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: micro-organisms,

text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.

text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: by

text: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: transmission electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Max Knoll.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1935

text: Conang, king of the Déisi, came to him, and Finnchu gave him, "as a soul-friend's jewel, his own place in heaven". Then, in order to obtain a place in heaven instead of that which he had given away, he suspended himself by the armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell, so that "his head did not touch the roof, nor his feet the floor". Thenceforth the place was called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now Mitchelstown, from the skill shown by the smiths who manufactured the hooks. During seven years he continued to practise this self-mortification until he was visited by St. Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help from the King of Meath, who was distressed by the inroads of British pirates. After much persuasion he accompanied St. Ronan to Tara. On the night of his arrival an inroad took place, and by Finnchu's advice, "all, both laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise and marched against the intruders", with the result that they slew them, burnt their ships, and made a mound of their garments.

text: Conang,

text: king of the Déisi

text: , came to him, and Finnchu gave him, "as a soul-friend's jewel, his own place in heaven". Then, in order to obtain a place in heaven instead of that which he had given away, he suspended himself by the armpits from hooks in the roof of his cell, so that "his head did not touch the roof, nor his feet the floor". Thenceforth the place was called Bri gobann (Smith's Hill), now

text: Mitchelstown

text: , from the skill shown by the smiths who manufactured the hooks. During seven years he continued to practise this self-mortification until he was visited by St. Ronan Finn with an urgent request for help from the King of

text: Meath

text: , who was distressed by the inroads of British pirates. After much persuasion he accompanied St. Ronan to

text: Tara

text: . On the night of his arrival an inroad took place, and by Finnchu's advice, "all, both laymen and clerics, turned right-handwise and marched against the intruders", with the result that they slew them, burnt their ships, and made a mound of their garments.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Smith's Hill

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the King of Meath

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: smiths who manufactured the hooks

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: smiths

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: smiths

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: different dimensions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the King of Meath

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: St. Ronan

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Conang

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: smith

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: smith

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Smith's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Smith

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was in the hooks

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a mound

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: British

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the floor

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 7 years

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: (Smith's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: King of Meath,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Conang, king of the Déisi,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "his head did not touch the roof, nor his feet the floor".

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: armpits

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (Smith's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Conang,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Bri gobann

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Conang, king of the Déisi,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: right-handwise

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Conang, king of the Déisi,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Conang, king of the Déisi,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Bri gobann

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Finnchu

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: soul-friend's jewel,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Finnchu

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: right-handwise

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: right-handwise

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (Smith's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: right-handwise

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: he suspended himself by the armpits

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: smiths

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "his head did not touch the roof,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Conang, king of the Déisi,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: right-handwise

text: Ultramicroscopy is an established peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of electron microscopy. It provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, invited reviews and rapid communications. The scope of Ultramicroscopy is to describe advances in instrumentation, methods and theory related to all modes of microscopical imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy in the life and physical sciences.

text: Ultramicroscopy is an established

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: in the field of

text: electron microscopy

text: . It provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, invited reviews and rapid communications. The scope of Ultramicroscopy is to describe advances in instrumentation, methods and theory related to all modes of microscopical imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy in the life and physical sciences.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: peer-reviewed scientific journal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ultramicroscopy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: life and physical sciences.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscopy.

text: An electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Two common types are the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the transmission electron microscope (TEM).

text: An electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Two common types are the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM) and the

text: transmission electron microscope

text: (TEM).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: edwin hubert

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a specimen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnified image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnified

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the transmission electron microscope (TEM).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscope (TEM).

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnified image.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a magnified image.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmission electron microscope (TEM).

text: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model, more advanced models may be much more expensive. Additionally specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to make full use of the improved vision the microscope affords. It can take time to master use of an operating microscope.

text: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model, more advanced models may be much more expensive. Additionally specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to make full use of the improved vision the microscope affords. It can take time to master use of an operating microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: operating microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the basic model

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: specialized microsurgical instruments

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: vision better

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: surgeons

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microsurgical

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: specialized microsurgical instruments may be required to make full use of the improved vision

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: specialized microsurgical instruments

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Typically an operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microsurgical

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microsurgical

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: improved vision

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: vision

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microsurgical

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: several thousand dollars

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: several thousand dollars

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Typically an operating microscope might cost several thousand dollars for a basic model,

text: Resected mucinous cystic neoplasms have a characteristic appearance- they tend to be between 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches), they contain numerous cysts (small cavities), and the cysts are filled with thick mucin (see the photograph).  Under the microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.  These are the tumor cells.  The tumor cells "sit" on ovarian-type stroma.  This "ovarian-type stroma" is connective tissue that resembles some of the tissue normally found in the female ovary.

text: Resected mucinous cystic neoplasms have a characteristic appearance- they tend to be between 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches), they contain numerous cysts (small cavities), and the cysts are filled with thick mucin (see the photograph).  Under the microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.  These are the tumor cells.  The tumor cells "sit" on ovarian-type stroma.  This "ovarian-type stroma" is connective tissue that resembles some of the tissue normally found in the female ovary.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: centimeter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: inches

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is inside the cysts?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: neoplasms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2 to 5 inches

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 centimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ovarian-type stroma.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tumor cells.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 5 inches),

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ovarian-type stroma.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: tumor cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: tumor cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ovarian-type stroma.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 6 and 10 centimeters

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ovarian-type stroma.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: mucinous cystic neoplasms

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope, the cysts are lined by tall mucin-producing cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: female ovary.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (2 to 5 inches),

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: ovarian-type stroma.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 6 and 10 centimeters in size (2 to 5 inches),

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 centimeters

text: Under a light microscope, the spores are seen to be smooth, elliptical to oblong in shape, with dimensions of 3–5 by 2–3 µm. The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored, and have a narrow club-shape with dimension of 18–22 by 3.5–4.5 µm. The gill cystidia are seen to stain blue when cotton blue dye and lactate are applied. The cap cuticle is made of an approximately 100 µm thick layer of gelatinous hyphae that are about 2–4 µm thick. The gelatinous hyphae are only present on the cap surface, not the surface of the stem; these local differences in cell structure explain the ease with which the scales are sloughed off the cap, but not the stems of the fruit bodies. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the mycelia of this species grown in culture have been described in detail.

text: Under a

text: light microscope

text: , the

text: spores

text: are seen to be smooth, elliptical to oblong in shape, with dimensions of 3–5 by 2–3

text: µm

text: . The

text: basidia

text: (the spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored, and have a narrow club-shape with dimension of 18–22 by 3.5–4.5

text: µm

text: . The gill

text: cystidia

text: are seen to stain blue when

text: cotton blue

text: dye and

text: lactate

text: are applied. The cap cuticle is made of an approximately 100 µm thick layer of gelatinous hyphae that are about 2–4 µm thick. The gelatinous hyphae are only present on the cap surface, not the surface of the stem; these local differences in cell structure explain the ease with which the scales are sloughed off the cap, but not the stems of the fruit bodies. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the

text: mycelia

text: of this species grown in

text: culture

text: have been described in detail.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the gill cystidia

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 4  m

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: what type of light?

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 450 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 3–5 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 3–5 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3–5 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 3–5 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 3.5–4.5 <unk>m.

text: This was the first ride with an Omnimover system. It opened as a free attraction, unlike most, but required a "C" ticket starting in 1972. The original sponsor was Monsanto, which at the time was an agri-chemical company. Irene Kasmer, using Monsanto fabric, designed the uniforms of the attendants. In 1977, Monsanto ended their sponsorship for the attraction. All visual and audio references were removed (except for the end line, "This is Monsanto") and the Monsanto Mighty Microscope's Monsanto logo was replaced with a logo that says "The Mighty Microscope".

text: This was the first ride with an Omnimover system. It opened as a free attraction, unlike most, but required a "C" ticket starting in 1972. The original sponsor was

text: Monsanto

text: , which at the time was an agri-chemical company. Irene Kasmer, using Monsanto fabric, designed the uniforms of the attendants. In 1977, Monsanto ended their sponsorship for the attraction. All visual and audio references were removed (except for the end line, "This is Monsanto") and the Monsanto Mighty Microscope's Monsanto logo was replaced with a logo that says "The Mighty Microscope".

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: What was the original sponsor of the attraction?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Irene Kasmer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Irene Kasmer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was removed?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Monsanto

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a magnification of 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Monsanto,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Irene Kasmer,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Monsanto,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Monsanto,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Monsanto Mighty Microscope's

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "C" ticket starting in 1972.

text: In the PAL region, the first two Electroplankton were released on January 15, 2010, which were Beatnes and Hanenbow.  The next two were released on January 22, 2010, which were Nanocarp and Trapy.  The next two released were Luminarrow and Sun-Animalcule on January 29, 2010.  Rec Rec and Lumiloop were added on February 12, 2010 and the last two minigames Marine-Crystals and Varvoice, were released on February 26, 2010.

text: In the PAL region, the first two Electroplankton were released on January 15, 2010, which were Beatnes and Hanenbow.  The next two were released on January 22, 2010, which were Nanocarp and Trapy.  The next two released were Luminarrow and Sun-Animalcule on January 29, 2010.  Rec Rec and Lumiloop were added on February 12, 2010 and the last two minigames Marine-Crystals and Varvoice, were released on February 26, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: minigames

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Beatnes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Beatnes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Beatnes and Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50,000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: In the PAL region, the first two Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 22, 2010, which were Nanocarp and Trapy.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Beatnes and Hanenbow.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Beatnes and Hanenbow.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Beatnes and Hanenbow.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hanenbow.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Nanocarp and Trapy.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Nanocarp and Trapy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Nanocarp and Trapy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 22,

text: Peter's movements and behavior become more erratic as he fights the bugs, invisible to the audience, that he claims are infesting his body. Agnes soon joins in this behavior. Over time, they isolate themselves from the outside world, sealing themselves in their room and covering it with flypaper and aluminum foil and lighting it with the glow from bug zappers. Peter, believing that a colony of microscopic bugs was implanted in one of his teeth, tears it out of his head. Using a child's microscope, he says he sees the bugs in the remains of the crushed tooth, as does Agnes.

text: Peter's movements and behavior become more erratic as he fights the bugs, invisible to the audience, that he claims are infesting his body. Agnes soon joins in this behavior. Over time, they isolate themselves from the outside world, sealing themselves in their room and covering it with

text: flypaper

text: and

text: aluminum foil

text: and lighting it with the glow from

text: bug zapper

text: s. Peter, believing that a colony of microscopic bugs was implanted in one of his teeth, tears it out of his head. Using a child's microscope, he says he sees the bugs in the remains of the crushed tooth, as does Agnes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: child

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: child's microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: child's microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Agnes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bugs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Agnes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: children

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic bugs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: glow from bug zappers.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Agnes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bugs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the bugs in the remains of the crushed tooth,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: child's microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: child's

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: invisible

text: [[Image:LeKayTheNative.jpg|thumb|upright|The Native Navigated His Canoe by the Stars and Peacefully Disappeared into the Bermuda Triangle # 2 by John LeKay, 1993, acrylic lacquer on canvas]]1990–1994, he made "pour paintings" out of acrylic lacquer metallic car paint, using a hair dryer on some and putting others on a see-saw, swivel table to turn and tilt the paintings to create different shapes as the paint ran. His inspiration for such works came from looking at a science catalogue's microscopic slides of viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer, which he described as "quite beautiful under a microscope".  The Watercourse Way by Alan Watts suggested the idea of minimal effort.

text: [[Image:LeKayTheNative.jpg|thumb|upright|The Native Navigated His Canoe by the Stars and Peacefully Disappeared into the Bermuda Triangle # 2 by John LeKay, 1993, acrylic lacquer on canvas]]1990–1994, he made "pour paintings" out of acrylic lacquer metallic car paint, using a hair dryer on some and putting others on a see-saw, swivel table to turn and tilt the paintings to create different shapes as the paint ran. His inspiration for such works came from looking at a science catalogue's microscopic slides of

text: virus

text: es,

text: bacteria

text: AIDS

text: bubonic plague

text: and

text: cancer

text: , which he described as "quite beautiful under a microscope".  The Watercourse Way by

text: Alan Watts

text: suggested the idea of minimal effort.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: LeKay The Native

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope]]

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: LeKay

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Watercourse Way

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Watercourse Way

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: [[Alan Watts]]

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: [[Alan Watts]]

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: [[light microscopes]]

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Alan Watts

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Alan Watts

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: LeKay

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John LeKay,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope".

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: viruses, bacteria, AIDS, bubonic plague and cancer,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John LeKay,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: viruses, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Alan Watts

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope".

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: John LeKay,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: science catalogue's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses, and described the relationship between the two loci through intricate microscopic analysis. She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9, and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome. When Ds moves, the aleurone-color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form, which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells. The transposition of Ds in different cells is random, it may move in some but not others, which causes color mosaicism. The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation. McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell.

text: She observed the effects of the transposition of Ac and Ds by the changing patterns of coloration in maize kernels over generations of controlled crosses, and described the relationship between the two

text: loci

text: through intricate microscopic analysis. She concluded that Ac controls the transposition of the Ds from chromosome 9, and that the movement of Ds is accompanied by the breakage of the chromosome. When Ds moves, the

text: aleurone

text: -color gene is released from the suppressing effect of the Ds and transformed into the active form, which initiates the pigment synthesis in cells. The transposition of Ds in different cells is random, it may move in some but not others, which causes color mosaicism. The size of the colored spot on the seed is determined by stage of the seed development during dissociation. McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: color mosaicism

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: chromosome 9,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: chromosome 9,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: chromosome 9,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chromosome

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: McClintock

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: chromosome 9,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 9,

text: An important part of optical physics theory is starting with microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and using it to derive the familiar, macroscopic, laws of optics. In particular, there is a derivation of how the refractive index works and where it comes from, starting from microscopic physics. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is one part of that derivation (as is the Lorentz–Lorenz equation etc.).

text: An important part of optical physics theory is starting with microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and using it to derive the familiar, macroscopic, laws of optics. In particular, there is a derivation of how the

text: refractive index

text: works and where it comes from, starting from microscopic physics. The Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem is one part of that derivation (as is the

text: Lorentz–Lorenz equation

text: etc.).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical physics theory

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atoms and electrons

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Lorentz–Lorenz

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical physics theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ewald

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Lorentz

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ewald

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic physics—the

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic physics—the

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic physics—the

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic physics—the

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ewald–Oseen extinction

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical physics theory is starting with microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ewald–Oseen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic physics—the behavior of atoms and electrons—and

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: refractive index

text: The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes. The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.

text: The 1980s saw the development of the first

text: scanning probe microscope

text: s. The first was the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the

text: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1986

text: The virus was discovered in 2014 by Olga Kosoy, Amy Lambert and colleagues from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Fort Collins, Colorado, in a sample of blood from the case patient. Tests had previously ruled out a wide range of tick-borne diseases including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia. During tests for Heartland virus, a recently discovered Phlebovirus known to be transmitted by ticks, prominent plaques, or areas where the cells were affected by virus infection, were observed on one-cell-thick cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. The plaques did not resemble the effects of Heartland virus, and the researchers hypothesized that they were the work of another virus. Examining supernatants from these cell cultures under the electron microscope revealed virus particles of different shapes, including filaments and spheres. These features are typical of viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, such as influenza A virus.

text: The virus was discovered in 2014 by Olga Kosoy, Amy Lambert and colleagues from the

entity_name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) in

text: Fort Collins, Colorado

text: , in a sample of blood from the case patient. Tests had previously ruled out a wide range of

text: tick

text: -borne diseases including

text: anaplasmosis

text: babesiosis

text: ehrlichiosis

text: Q fever

text: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

text: and

text: tularemia

text: . During tests for

text: Heartland virus

text: , a recently discovered

text: Phlebovirus

text: known to be transmitted by ticks, prominent

text: plaques

text: , or areas where the cells

text: were affected by virus infection

text: , were observed on one-cell-thick cultures of

text: African green monkey kidney cells

text: . The plaques did not resemble the effects of Heartland virus, and the researchers hypothesized that they were the work of another virus. Examining

text: supernatants

text: from these cell cultures under the

text: electron microscope

text: revealed virus particles of different shapes, including filaments and spheres. These features are typical of viruses of the family

text: Orthomyxoviridae

text: , such as

text: influenza A virus

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells thick

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Amy Lambert

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Amy Lambert

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: viruses of different shapes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one-cell-thick

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 2014

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Olga Kosoy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Amy Lambert

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: virus particles of different shapes, including filaments and spheres.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one-cell-thick

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2014

text: As with most other microscopy development in the late 19th and early 20th century,the fluorescent microscope was pioneered by associates to Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany.In 1904, Moritz von Rohr and August Köhler at Carl Zeiss constructed the first ultraviolet microscope.The intent of the microscope was to obtain higher optical resolution by using illumination with a shorter wavelength than visual light.However, they experienced difficulties with autofluorescence when observing biological material. Fortunately,Köhler saw the potential of fluorescence. This led him and the Carl Zeiss co-inventor of the ultramicroscope, Henry Siedentopf,to build a prototype of a specialized fluorescent microscope in 1908.Unfortunately, the ultraviolet light source they used was somewhat dim and fluorescence microscopy remained impractical untilHeinrich Lehmann in 1910 applied a much brighter light source and the ultraviolet filtering techniques developed byRobert Wood. Independently, Oskar Heimstädt worked along the same lines together with a competitorto Carl Zeiss; C Reichert, Optische Werke AG in Vienna, which today is a part of Leica Microsystems.

text: As with most other microscopy development in the late 19th and early 20th century,the fluorescent microscope was pioneered by associates to

text: Carl Zeiss AG

text: in Jena, Germany.In 1904,

text: Moritz von Rohr

text: and

text: August Köhler

text: at Carl Zeiss constructed the first ultraviolet microscope.The intent of the microscope was to obtain higher optical resolution by using illumination with a shorter wavelength than visual light.However, they experienced difficulties with

text: autofluorescence

text: when observing biological material. Fortunately,Köhler saw the potential of fluorescence. This led him and the Carl Zeiss co-inventor of the

text: ultramicroscope

text: Henry Siedentopf

text: ,to build a prototype of a specialized

text: fluorescent microscope

text: in 1908.Unfortunately, the ultraviolet light source they used was somewhat dim and fluorescence microscopy remained impractical until

text: Heinrich Lehmann

text: in 1910 applied a much brighter light source and the ultraviolet filtering techniques developed by

text: Robert Wood

text: . Independently,

text: Oskar Heimstädt

text: worked along the same lines together with a competitorto Carl Zeiss; C Reichert, Optische Werke AG in Vienna, which today is a part of

text: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Moritz von Rohr

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: first ultraviolet microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: visual light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in 1904

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Oskar Heimstädt

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ultraviolet microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ultraviolet microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ultramicroscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ultramicroscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a longer wavelength than visual light

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing biological material

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Moritz von Rohr and August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a shorter wavelength

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: __

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Moritz von Rohr and August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1904,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: visual light.However, they experienced difficulties with autofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biological material.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological material.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ultraviolet microscope.The

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: fluorescent microscope in 1908.Unfortunately,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: autofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany.In 1904,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ultraviolet microscope.The intent of the microscope was to obtain higher optical resolution

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Oskar Heimstädt

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: autofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Henry Siedentopf,to

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ultramicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: ultramicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ultramicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological material.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing biological material.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Moritz von Rohr and August Köhler

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: illumination with a shorter wavelength than visual light.However,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: untilHeinrich Lehmann

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter wavelength

text: Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or  Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from Middelburg associated with the invention of the first optical telescope. Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly compound microscope. However, the origin of the microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate.

text: Zacharias Janssen (also Zacharias Jansen or  Sacharias Jansen) (1585 – pre-1632) was a Dutch spectacle-maker from

text: Middelburg

text: associated with the invention of the first

text: optical telescope

text: . Janssen is sometimes also credited for inventing the first truly

text: compound microscope

text: . However, the origin of the microscope, just like the origin of the telescope, is a matter of debate.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical telescope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical telescope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical telescope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical telescope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Janssen invent?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a matter of debate

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical telescope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical telescope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical telescope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical telescope.

text: Born in Hamburg, Schleiden was educated at University of Jena, then practiced law in Heidelberg, but soon developed his love for the botany into a full-time pursuit.  Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope.  While a professor of botany at the University of Jena, he wrote Failures to Contributate to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry.  He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and sensed its connection with cell division.

text: Born in

text: Hamburg

text: , Schleiden was educated at

text: University of Jena

text: , then practiced law in Heidelberg, but soon developed his love for the

text: botany

text: into a full-time pursuit.  Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the

text: microscope

text: .  While a professor of botany at the

text: University of Jena

text: , he wrote Failures to Contributate to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells. Thus, Schleiden and Schwann became the first to formulate what was then an informal belief as a principle of biology equal in importance to the atomic theory of chemistry.  He also recognized the importance of the

text: cell nucleus

text: , discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist

entity_name: Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)

text: Robert Brown

text: , and sensed its connection with

text: cell division

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Brown

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Robert Brown

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Brown

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Brown

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study plant structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Schleiden and Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 880 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1831

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1831

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cell nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cell nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Schleiden preferred to study plant structure

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cell nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1831

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Brown,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Brown,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atomic theory of chemistry.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Schleiden preferred to study plant structure

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Schleiden preferred to study plant structure under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Brown,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Brown,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Schleiden and Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: plant structure

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1831

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1831

text: Thermodynamics is concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics.  Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from, statistical mechanics.

text: Thermodynamics is concerned with

text: heat

text: and

text: temperature

text: and their relation to

text: energy

text: and

text: work

text: . It defines

text: macroscopic

text: variables, such as

text: internal energy

text: entropy

text: , and

text: pressure

text: , that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics.  Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from,

text: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: non-existent

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic constituents, such as molecules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic constituents

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic constituents

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the laws of thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: radiation.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: molecules.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Thermodynamics

text: s.  Origin of "Microbial" 1880-85; < Greek mīkro- micro- small + bíos life).  "Cytology" 1857; < Cyto-is derived from the Greek "kytos" meaning "hollow, as a cell or container." + -logy meaning "the study of").  Microbial cytology is analyzed under a microscope for cells which were collected from a part of the body. The main purpose of microbial cytology is to see the structure of the cells, and how they form and operate.

text: s.  Origin of "Microbial" 1880-85; < Greek mīkro- micro- small + bíos life).  "Cytology" 1857; < Cyto-is derived from the Greek "kytos" meaning "hollow, as a cell or container." + -logy meaning "the study of").  Microbial cytology is analyzed under a

text: microscope

text: for cells which were collected from a part of the body. The main purpose of microbial cytology is to see the structure of the

text: cells

text: , and how they form and operate.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Greek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1857

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cytology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Greek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micro- small

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "Cytology" 1857;

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microbial cytology

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microbial cytology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microbial cytology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: "Cytology" 1857;

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "Cytology" 1857;

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: s. Origin of "Microbial" 1880-85;

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "Microbial" 1880-85;

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "Cytology" 1857;

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: life). "Cytology" 1857;

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: micro-

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "Cytology"

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: micro-

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structure of the cells, and how they form and operate.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1857;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: micro- small

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microbial cytology

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micro- small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1880-85;

text: The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley CA is home to XM-1 (http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/BL612/), a full field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics  and dedicated to various applications in modern nanoscience, such as nanomagnetic materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM-1 uses an X-ray lens to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope. XM-1 held the world record in spatial resolution with Fresnel zone plates down to 15 nm and is able to combine high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study e.g. ultrafast spin dynamics.  In July 2012, a group at DESY claimed a record spatial resolution of 10 nm, by using the hard X-ray scanning microscope at PETRA III.

text: The Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley CA is home to XM-1 (http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/BL612/), a full field soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics  and dedicated to various applications in modern nanoscience, such as nanomagnetic materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM-1 uses an X-ray lens to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope. XM-1 held the world record in spatial resolution with Fresnel zone plates down to 15 nm and is able to combine high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study e.g. ultrafast spin dynamics.  In July 2012, a group at

text: DESY

text: claimed a record spatial resolution of 10 nm, by using the hard X-ray scanning microscope at PETRA III.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fresnel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: full field soft X-ray microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanoscience

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fresnel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: X

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: DESY

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fresnel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: X-rays on a CCD, in a manner similar to an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Berkeley CA

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fresnel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: X-ray microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biology.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanoscience,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: X-ray lens to focus X-rays

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: XM-1

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Center for X-ray Optics

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biology.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biology.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fresnel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: hard X-ray scanning microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Center for X-ray Optics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: X-rays on a CCD,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 15 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 15 nm

text: Christopher Cock was a London instrument maker of the 17th century, who supplied microscopes to Robert Hooke.  These microscopes were compound lens instruments, which suffered greatly from spherical aberration.

text: Christopher Cock was a

text: London

text: instrument maker of the 17th century, who supplied

text: microscope

text: s to

text: Robert Hooke

text: .  These microscopes were compound lens instruments, which suffered greatly from

text: spherical aberration

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound lens instruments

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were too far away

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound lens instruments,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound lens instruments,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound lens instruments,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound lens instruments, which suffered greatly from spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound lens instruments, which suffered greatly from spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Christopher Cock

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: spherical aberration.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopes to Robert Hooke. These microscopes were compound lens instruments,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: spherical aberration.

text: Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic condenser, but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings. These additional elements are housed in various ways. In most modern microscope (ca. 1990s–), such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens. Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place.

text: Dark field

text: and

text: phase contrast

text: setups are based on an Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic condenser, but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings. These additional elements are housed in various ways. In most modern microscope (ca. 1990s–), such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens. Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: older microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dark field

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: dark field stop

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: dark field

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: aplanatic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: aplanatic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: abbe

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Older microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: condenser lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ca. 1990s–

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Many older microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: turret-type condenser,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: dark field stop or various size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dark field stop or various size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dark field and phase contrast setups

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Dark field and phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dark field stop or various size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light path

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Dark field and phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Dark field and phase contrast setups

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: dark field stop or various size phase rings.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Dark field and phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: illuminator

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 ||  || November 30, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10902 ||  || November 25, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10903 ||  || November 24, 1997 || Kushiro || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10906 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle ||  || December 6, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10908 Kallestroetzel ||  || December 7, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10909 ||  || December 5, 1997 || Dynic || A. Sugie ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10910 || 1997 YX || December 20, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10911 ||  || December 19, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10912 ||  || December 25, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10913 ||  || December 31, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10914 Tucker ||  || December 31, 1997 || Prescott || P. G. Comba || |-id=915 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10915 ||  || December 29, 1997 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10916 Okina-Ouna ||  || December 31, 1997 || Chichibu || N. Satō || |-id=917 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10917 || 1998 AN || January 5, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10918 Kodaly ||  || January 1, 1998 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || |-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10919 Pepíkzicha ||  || January 10, 1998 || Ondřejov || L. Kotková || |-id=920 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10920 ||  || January 19, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10921 Romanozen ||  || January 17, 1998 || Dossobuono || Madonna di Dossobuono || |-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10922 ||  || January 20, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10923 ||  || January 23, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10924 Mariagriffin ||  || January 29, 1998 || Cocoa || I. P. Griffin || |-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10925 Ventoux ||  || January 28, 1998 || Bédoin || P. Antonini || |-id=926 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10926 ||  || January 25, 1998 || Haleakalā || NEAT ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10927 Vaucluse ||  || January 29, 1998 || Blauvac || R. Roy || |-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10928 Caprara ||  || January 25, 1998 || Cima Ekar || M. Tombelli, G. Forti || |-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10929 Chenfangyun ||  || February 1, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10930 Jinyong ||  || February 6, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=931 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10931 Ceccano || 1998 DA || February 16, 1998 || Ceccano || G. Masi || |-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10932 Rebentrost ||  || February 18, 1998 || Drebach || G. Lehmann || |-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10933 ||  || February 17, 1998 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10934 Pauldelvaux ||  || February 27, 1998 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10935 || 1998 EC || March 1, 1998 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10936 ||  || March 22, 1998 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10937 Ferris ||  || August 27, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=938 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10938 Lorenzalevy ||  || September 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=939 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10939 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10940 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10941 ||  || February 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10942 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10943 Brunier ||  || March 20, 1999 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=944 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10944 ||  || March 19, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10945 ||  || April 14, 1999 || Nachi-Katsuura || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10946 ||  || April 16, 1999 || Xinglong || SCAP ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10947 Kaiserstuhl || 2061 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10948 Odenwald || 2207 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10949 Königstuhl || 3066 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=950 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10950 Albertjansen || 4049 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=951 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10951 Spessart || 4050 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=952 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10952 Vogelsberg || 4152 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=953 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10953 Gerdatschira || 4276 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10954 Spiegel || 4545 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=955 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10955 Harig || 5011 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10956 Vosges || 5023 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=957 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10957 Alps || 6068 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=958 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10958 Mont Blanc || 6188 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=959 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10959 Appennino || 6579 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=960 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10960 Gran Sasso || 6580 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=961 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10961 Buysballot || 6809 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=962 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10962 Sonnenborgh || 9530 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=963 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10963 van der Brugge || 2088 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=964 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10964 Degraaff || 3216 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10965 van Leverink || 3297 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10966 van der Hucht || 3308 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=967 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10967 Billallen || 4349 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=968 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10968 Sterken || 4393 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10969 Perryman || 4827 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10970 de Zeeuw || 1079 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=971 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10971 van Dishoeck || 1179 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=972 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10972 Merbold || 1188 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=973 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10973 Thomasreiter || 1210 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=974 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10974 Carolalbert || 2225 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=975 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10975 Schelderode || 2246 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=976 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10976 Wubbena || 2287 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10977 Mathlener || 3177 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=978 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10978 Bärbchen || 4095 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10979 Fristephenson || 4171 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10980 Breimer || 4294 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10981 Fransaris || 1148 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10982 Poerink || 2672 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10983 Smolders || 3196 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=984 bgcolor=#FA8072| 10984 Gispen || 3507 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10985 Feast || 4017 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=986 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10986 Govert || 4313 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10987 || 1967 US || October 30, 1967 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10988 Feinstein || 1968 OL || July 28, 1968 || El Leoncito || Félix Aguilar Obs. || |-id=989 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 10989 Dolios ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10990 Okunev ||  || September 28, 1973 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10991 Dulov ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10992 Veryuslaviya || 1974 SF || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10993 || 1975 XF || December 1, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Barros ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10994 ||  || March 15, 1978 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=995 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10995 || 1978 NS || July 10, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10996 Armandspitz ||  || July 7, 1978 || Palomar || S. J. Bus || |-id=997 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10997 Gahm ||  || September 2, 1978 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10998 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10999 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe| 11000 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 10901 ||  || November 30, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=902 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10902 ||  || November 25, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10903 ||  || November 24, 1997 ||

text: Kushiro

text: S. Ueda

text: H. Kaneda

text: ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10904 ||  || November 29, 1997 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10905 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10906 ||  || November 29, 1997 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10907 Savalle ||  || December 6, 1997 ||

entity_name: Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie

text: Caussols

text: ODAS

text: || |-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10908 Kallestroetzel ||  || December 7, 1997 || Caussols || ODAS || |-id=909 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10909 ||  || December 5, 1997 ||

entity_name: List of asteroid-discovering observatories

text: Dynic

text: A. Sugie

text: ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10910 || 1997 YX || December 20, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10911 ||  || December 19, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10912 ||  || December 25, 1997 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10913 ||  || December 31, 1997 || Ōizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10914 Tucker ||  || December 31, 1997 ||

text: Prescott

text: P. G. Comba

text: || |-id=915 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10915 ||  || December 29, 1997 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10916 Okina-Ouna ||  || December 31, 1997 ||

text: Chichibu

text: N. Satō

text: || |-id=917 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10917 || 1998 AN || January 5, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10918 Kodaly ||  || January 1, 1998 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: || |-id=919 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10919 Pepíkzicha ||  || January 10, 1998 ||

text: Ondřejov

text: L. Kotková

text: || |-id=920 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10920 ||  || January 19, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10921 Romanozen ||  || January 17, 1998 ||

text: Dossobuono

text: Madonna di Dossobuono

text: || |-id=922 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10922 ||  || January 20, 1998 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10923 ||  || January 23, 1998 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10924 Mariagriffin ||  || January 29, 1998 ||

entity_name: Astronaut Memorial Planetarium and Observatory

text: Cocoa

text: I. P. Griffin

text: || |-id=925 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10925 Ventoux ||  || January 28, 1998 ||

text: Bédoin

text: P. Antonini

text: || |-id=926 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10926 ||  || January 25, 1998 ||

text: Haleakalā

text: NEAT

text: ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10927 Vaucluse ||  || January 29, 1998 ||

text: Blauvac

text: R. Roy

text: || |-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10928 Caprara ||  || January 25, 1998 ||

text: Cima Ekar

text: M. Tombelli

text: G. Forti

text: || |-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10929 Chenfangyun ||  || February 1, 1998 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: || |-id=930 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10930 Jinyong ||  || February 6, 1998 || Xinglong || SCAP || |-id=931 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10931 Ceccano || 1998 DA || February 16, 1998 ||

text: Ceccano

text: G. Masi

text: || |-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10932 Rebentrost ||  || February 18, 1998 ||

text: Drebach

text: G. Lehmann

text: || |-id=933 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10933 ||  || February 17, 1998 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10934 Pauldelvaux ||  || February 27, 1998 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=935 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10935 || 1998 EC || March 1, 1998 ||

text: Ōizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10936 ||  || March 22, 1998 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10937 Ferris ||  || August 27, 1998 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

entity_name: Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search

text: LONEOS

text: || |-id=938 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10938 Lorenzalevy ||  || September 17, 1998 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=939 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10939 ||  || February 10, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10940 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10941 ||  || February 12, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10942 ||  || February 10, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10943 Brunier ||  || March 20, 1999 ||

text: Caussols

text: ODAS

text: || |-id=944 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10944 ||  || March 19, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10945 ||  || April 14, 1999 ||

text: Nachi-Katsuura

text: Y. Shimizu

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10946 ||  || April 16, 1999 ||

text: Xinglong

text: SCAP

text: ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10947 Kaiserstuhl || 2061 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: 10974 Carolalbert

text: || 2225 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=975 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10975 Schelderode || 2246 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=976 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10976 Wubbena || 2287 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=977 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10977 Mathlener || 3177 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=978 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10978 Bärbchen || 4095 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 10979 Fristephenson

text: || 4171 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10980 Breimer || 4294 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10981 Fransaris || 1148 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=982 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10982 Poerink || 2672 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10983 Smolders || 3196 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=984 bgcolor=#FA8072| 10984 Gispen || 3507 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=985 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10985 Feast || 4017 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=986 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10986 Govert || 4313 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10987 || 1967 US || October 30, 1967 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 10988 Feinstein

text: || 1968 OL || July 28, 1968 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: Félix Aguilar Obs.

text: || |-id=989 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 10989 Dolios ||  || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10990 Okunev ||  || September 28, 1973 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=991 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10991 Dulov ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10992 Veryuslaviya || 1974 SF || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 10993 || 1975 XF || December 1, 1975 ||

entity_name: National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Barros

text: ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10994 ||  || March 15, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=995 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10995 || 1978 NS || July 10, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10996 Armandspitz ||  || July 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=997 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10997 Gahm ||  || September 2, 1978 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: || |-id=998 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 10998 ||  || October 27, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10999 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#fefefe| 11000 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: br>

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The earliest microscopes were light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Light microscopes can be used to see objects as small as a grain of sand.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: __________.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenths of a millimeter.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The first microscope was made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: || The cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: || Jansens microscopes were stronger than van Leeuwenhoeks.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _Electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kushiro

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see things that were previously impossible to see.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes it possible to see very small things.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Aristotle and Galileo.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times the magnification of a human eye

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Xing

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: <unk>izumi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: <unk>izumi

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: <unk>izumi || T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Xinglong

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Caussols

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: December 20, 1997

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Xinglong

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: A. Sugie

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: izumi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: <unk>izumi

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: <unk>izumi

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Dynic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 10911

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 10910

text: In 1951, physicist Erwin Wilhelm Müller invents the field ion microscope and is the first to see atoms, e.g. bonded atomic arrangements at the tip of a metal point.

text: In 1951, physicist

text: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

text: invents the

text: field ion microscope

text: and is the first to see

text: atom

text: s, e.g. bonded atomic arrangements at the tip of a metal point.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: field

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: field

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tens of thousands

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller invents the field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see atoms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: physicist Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tip of a metal point.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1951,

text: Philip O. Gravelle, developed the comparison microscope for the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases with the support and guidance of Major Calvin H. Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of firearms identification in forensic science.  The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the barrel, breach block, extractor, or firing pin in the gun. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work."Sir Sydney Smith also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of stereo-microscope in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to Scotland and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.

text: Philip O. Gravelle, developed the

text: comparison microscope

text: for the identification of fired

text: bullets

text: and

text: cartridge cases

text: with the support and guidance of Major Calvin H. Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of

text: firearms

text: identification in

text: forensic science

text: .  The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the

text: barrel

text: , breach block,

text: extractor

text: , or

text: firing pin

text: in the

text: gun

text: . It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work."

text: Sir Sydney Smith

text: also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of

text: stereo-microscope

text: in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to

text: Scotland

text: and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Philip O. Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sir Sydney Smith

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Goddard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: striae left on the bullet or cartridge case

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: forensic science

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Philip O. Gravelle and Calvin H. Goddard

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: striae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Major Calvin H. Goddard.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stereo-microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Major Calvin H. Goddard.

text: A macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball. A microscopic view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of puckered cracks and fissures (as viewed through a microscope) or, further down in scale, a collection of molecules in a roughly spherical shape. An example of a physical theory that takes a deliberately macroscopic viewpoint is thermodynamics. An example of a topic that extends from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints is histology.

text: A macroscopic view of a

text: ball

text: is just that: a ball. A

text: microscopic

text: view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of puckered cracks and fissures (as viewed through a

text: microscope

text: ) or, further down in scale, a collection of

text: molecule

text: s in a roughly

text: spherical

text: shape. An example of a physical theory that takes a deliberately macroscopic viewpoint is

text: thermodynamics

text: . An example of a topic that extends from macroscopic to microscopic viewpoints is

text: histology

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: macroscopic viewpoint

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic view

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a ball

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: thermodynamics.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic viewpoint is thermodynamics.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a collection of molecules in a roughly spherical shape.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ball

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: histology.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scale,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: A macroscopic view of a ball

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: histology.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: histology.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: puckered cracks and fissures

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a microscope)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: thermodynamics.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: puckered cracks and fissures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cracks and fissures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: histology.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: macroscopic

text: In 1619 Drebbel designed and built telescopes and microscopes and was, with Gerbier, involved in a building project for the Duke of Buckingham. William Boreel, the Dutch Ambassador to England, mentions the microscope that was developed by Drebbel. Drebbel became famous for his invention in 1621 of a microscope with two convex lenses.  Several authors, including Christiaan Huygens assign the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. However, a Neapolitan, named Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618. Other sources attribute the invention of the compound microscope directly to Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias around 1595. In 1624 Galileo sent a Drebbel-type microscope to Federico Cesi (1585–1630), a wealthy noble man  in Rome who used it to illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.

text: In 1619 Drebbel designed and built telescopes and microscopes and was, with Gerbier, involved in a building project for the Duke of Buckingham.

text: William Boreel

text: , the Dutch Ambassador to England, mentions the microscope that was developed by Drebbel. Drebbel became famous for his invention in 1621 of a

text: microscope

text: with two

text: convex lens

text: es.  Several authors, including

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: assign the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. However, a Neapolitan, named Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618. Other sources attribute the invention of the compound microscope directly to Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias around 1595. In 1624

text: Galileo

text: sent a Drebbel-type microscope to

text: Federico Cesi

text: (1585–1630), a wealthy noble man  in Rome who used it to illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book about bees

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hans Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Drebbel design

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Drebbel and Gerbier

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: convex lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1618.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope with two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope with two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a microscope with two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bees.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hans Jansen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hans Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fontana,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Drebbel.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope with two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two convex lenses.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1618.

text: Hooke most famously describes a fly's eye and a plant cell (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a honeycomb). Known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of insects, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new microscope. The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large folio itself, the engraving of the louse in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

text: Hooke most famously describes a

text: fly

text: 's eye and a plant

text: cell

text: (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a

text: honeycomb

text: ). Known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of

text: insect

text: s, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new

text: microscope

text: . The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large

text: folio

text: itself, the engraving of the

text: louse

text: in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant

text: planetary bodies

text: , the

text: wave theory of light

text: , the organic origin of

text: fossil

text: s, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: times the size of the book

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wave theory of light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: new microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a fly's eye

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four times the size of the book

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wavelength theory of light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: folio

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: plant cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: plant cells,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wave theory of light,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: plant cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: wave theory of light,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: plant cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: new microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: new microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four times the size of the book.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fly's eye and a plant cell

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: honeycomb).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wave theory

text: Contributors to the first issue include Thomas Henry Huxley, Joseph Lister, William Crawford Williamson, and George Shadbolt. The contents of the early issues are diverse, and include original research articles, translations of papers published in other languages, transactions of the meetings of the Microscopical Society of London (later the Royal Microscopical Society), and book reviews. The journal also published short notes and memoranda, aimed "to gather up fragments of information, which singly might appear to be useless but together are of great importance to science"; the editors encouraged non-specialist submissions to this section, considering that "there are few possessors of a Microscope who have not met with some stray fact or facts which, published in this way, may not lead to important results." The editors also intended "to relieve the graver and more strictly scientific matter of the Journal by lighter contributions, such as will be found useful to the beginner, not uninteresting to the advanced observer, and of interest perhaps to the general reader."

text: Contributors to the first issue include

text: Thomas Henry Huxley

text: Joseph Lister

text: William Crawford Williamson

text: , and

text: George Shadbolt

text: . The contents of the early issues are diverse, and include original research articles, translations of papers published in other languages, transactions of the meetings of the Microscopical Society of London (later the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: ), and book reviews. The journal also published short notes and memoranda, aimed "to gather up fragments of information, which singly might appear to be useless but together are of great importance to science"; the editors encouraged non-specialist submissions to this section, considering that "there are few possessors of a Microscope who have not met with some stray fact or facts which, published in this way, may not lead to important results." The editors also intended "to relieve the graver and more strictly scientific matter of the Journal by lighter contributions, such as will be found useful to the beginner, not uninteresting to the advanced observer, and of interest perhaps to the general reader."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: journal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Royal Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: stray facts

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: results

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The journal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: beginner, not uninteresting to the advanced observer,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: few possessors of a Microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopical Society of London

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Joseph Lister,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: results."

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Thomas Henry Huxley,

text: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s and the presence of S-layers in many Archaea was determined through microscopic (both light and electron) studies of Archaea. The presence of an S-layer in a member of the Methanosarcinales was determined in the 1980s by electron microscope (EM) studies examining the cell morphology of Methanosarcina mazei. This, and other EM studies, confirmed that the cell envelope structure of the Methanosarcinales is composed of a cytoplasmic membrane (CM) with an additional barrier (the S-layer) external to the CM. Under conditions of low osmolarity the S-layer is extensively decorated with a polysaccharide, termed methanochondroitin, and the cells tend to grow in multicellular aggregates. Upon adaptation to high osmolarity conditions the cells disaggregate and grow as single cells that lack the methanochondroitin layer.

text: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s and the presence of S-layers in many Archaea was determined through microscopic (both light and electron) studies of Archaea. The presence of an S-layer in a member of the Methanosarcinales was determined in the 1980s by

text: electron microscope

text: (EM) studies examining the cell morphology of Methanosarcina mazei. This, and other EM studies, confirmed that the cell envelope structure of the Methanosarcinales is composed of a cytoplasmic membrane (CM) with an additional barrier (the S-layer) external to the CM. Under conditions of low osmolarity the S-layer is extensively decorated with a polysaccharide, termed methanochondroitin, and the cells tend to grow in multicellular aggregates. Upon adaptation to high osmolarity conditions the cells disaggregate and grow as single cells that lack the methanochondroitin layer.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (EM)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: in the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Archaea

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Archaea

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was discovered in the 1950s?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 800 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cell morphology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1950s

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: (both light and electron)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1950s

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The first S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1950s

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: S-layers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: S-layers were discovered in bacteria in the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1950s

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1950s

text: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue can be visualized under an epifluorescent microscope using a filter system designed for fluorescein or fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) (excitation: 495 nm; emission:521 nm). Multiple morphological features can be detected using fluoro-jade stain including cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and axon terminals.  Even though all fluoro-jade derivatives can detect these specific morphological features, the newer derivatives (FlJb and FlJc) have greater specificity and resolution and therefore are superior in detecting finer morphological features.  Fluorojade is typically quantified in every 6th-12th 40 nm section within the region of interest and expressed as cells/section.  Alternatively, stereological procedures may be used to estimate total fluorojade positive cells within the defined region.

text: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue can be visualized under an

text: epifluorescent microscope

text: using a filter system designed for fluorescein or fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC) (excitation: 495 nm; emission:521 nm). Multiple morphological features can be detected using fluoro-jade stain including

text: cell bodies

text: dendrite

text: s,

text: axon

text: s, and

text: axon terminal

text: s.  Even though all fluoro-jade derivatives can detect these specific morphological features, the newer derivatives (FlJb and FlJc) have greater specificity and resolution and therefore are superior in detecting finer morphological features.  Fluorojade is typically quantified in every 6th-12th 40 nm section within the region of interest and expressed as cells/section.  Alternatively, stereological procedures may be used to estimate total fluorojade positive cells within the defined region.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: axon terminals

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: axon terminals

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 495 nm

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: physicist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: morphological features

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 40 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 40 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 521

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 495 nm; emission:521 nm).

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 6th-12th 40 nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell bodies,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 495 nm; emission:521 nm).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: epifluorescent microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: fluorescein isothiocynate

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell bodies,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fluoro-Jade

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fluoro-Jade

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Fluoro-Jade stained tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: fluorescein

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 495 nm; emission:521 nm).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: epifluorescent

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: emission:521 nm).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 495 nm; emission:521 nm).

text: The primary purposes of analysis are to determine historic finishes and to determine principle components such as media or basic pigments. There are two methodologies in the preparation of paint samples for microscopic analysis. The first, which is derived from the medical world, is to treat the sample as a specimen and set it into a fixed position in a permanent medium such as paraffin. The specimen is then ground to a flat finish, providing a horizontal surface for viewing under a microscope. The second is to leave the samples in a loose condition with their broken surfaces which then can be manipulated under the microscope to permit a variety of views of the layers. The primary disadvantage to the first method is that the grinding process tends to blur layers together, especially layers of similar or identical colors. It also provide only a single, fixed point of viewing. The second method lacks these disadvantages, although skill and experience is required to manipulate the samples effectively.

text: The primary purposes of analysis are to determine historic finishes and to determine principle components such as media or basic pigments. There are two methodologies in the preparation of paint samples for microscopic analysis. The first, which is derived from the medical world, is to treat the sample as a specimen and set it into a fixed position in a permanent medium such as

text: paraffin

text: . The specimen is then ground to a flat finish, providing a horizontal surface for viewing under a microscope. The second is to leave the samples in a loose condition with their broken surfaces which then can be manipulated under the microscope to permit a variety of views of the layers. The primary disadvantage to the first method is that the grinding process tends to blur layers together, especially layers of similar or identical colors. It also provide only a single, fixed point of viewing. The second method lacks these disadvantages, although skill and experience is required to manipulate the samples effectively.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: medical world

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: paraffin

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: painting

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: horizontal

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the medical world

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: horizontal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: principle components

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: medical world

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first method?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: paint samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: medical

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: paraffin.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: paint samples for microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: horizontal surface for viewing under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: identical colors.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: skill and experience is required to manipulate the samples effectively.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: medical world,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: media or basic pigments.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: medical world,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: layers.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: paint samples for microscopic analysis.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: medical world,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic analysis.

text: Grossly and microscopically, it consists of the ovarian cortex.

text: Grossly and microscopically, it consists of the ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ovary cortex

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: ovarian cortex

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see small things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the diameter of the eye.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ovarian cortex.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ovarian cortex.

text: Atypical hyperplasia is a benign (noncancerous) cellular hyperplasia in which cells show some atypia. In this condition, cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number.

text: Atypical hyperplasia is a

text: benign

text: (noncancerous) cellular

text: hyperplasia

text: in which cells show some

text: atypia

text: . In this condition, cells look abnormal under a

text: microscope

text: and are increased in number.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atypia

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atypia

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cells look abnormal under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atypia

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: atypia

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells look

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: increased in number.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells look abnormal

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells look abnormal

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (noncancerous)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Atypical hyperplasia

text: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The precursor to the AFM, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), was developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer in the early 1980s at IBM Research - Zurich, a development that earned them the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986. Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope and the first experimental implementation was made by Binnig, Quate and Gerber in 1986.

text: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The precursor to the AFM, the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: (STM), was developed by

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Heinrich Rohrer

text: in the early 1980s at

text: IBM Research - Zurich

text: , a development that earned them the

text: Nobel Prize for Physics

text: in 1986. Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope and the first experimental implementation was made by Binnig,

text: Quate

text: and

text: Gerber

text: in 1986.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Binnig, Quate and Gerber do in 1986?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who invented the atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Binnig invented the atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: AFM was invented by IBM Scientists in 1982.The

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Binnig, Quate and Gerber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atomic-force microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic-force

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1982.The

text: In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy Antoni van Leeuwenhoek wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification."

text: In 1674, in a letter to the Royal Society, the Dutch pioneer of microscopy

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: wrote that he had collected water samples from an inland lake, in which he found "animalcules" that were "green in the middle, and before and behind white." Clifford Dobell regards it as "almost certain" that these were Euglena viridis, whose "peculiar arrangement of chromatophores...gives the flagellate this appearance at low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Dutch pioneer of microscopy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Clifford Dobell

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: chromatophores

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Clifford Dobell

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Clifford Dobell

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Clifford Dobell

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chromatophores

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Clifford Dobell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: chromatophores

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: low magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1674,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Euglena viridis,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the Dutch pioneer of microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: In 1674,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chromatophores...gives

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: low magnification."

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: low magnification."

text: Nanophytoplankton are particularly small phytoplankton with sizes between 2 and 20 µm. They are the autotrophic part of nanoplankton. Like other phytoplankton, nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the upper sunlit layer of ocean or other bodies of water. These microscopic free-floating organisms, including algae, and cyanobacteria, fix large amounts of carbon which would otherwise be released as carbon dioxide.

text: Nanophytoplankton are particularly small

text: phytoplankton

text: with sizes between 2 and 20 µm. They are the

text: autotrophic

text: part of

text: nanoplankton

text: . Like other phytoplankton, nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis and must therefore live in the upper sunlit layer of ocean or other bodies of water. These microscopic free-floating organisms, including

text: algae

text: , and

text: cyanobacteria

text: , fix large amounts of

text: carbon

text: which would otherwise be released as

text: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the process of photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 20  m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic free-floating organisms,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2 and 20 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cyanobacteria,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: nanophytoplankton are microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic organisms that obtain energy through the process of photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: cyanobacteria,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Nanophytoplankton

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 20 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 20 <unk>m.

text: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665, when Robert Hooke published observations of various organisms and materials made with an early microscope. It was first given a binomial name in 1758, when Carl Linnaeus included it in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae as Eschara foliacea. In later publications, Linnaeus divided bryozoans into more than one genus, and so the species came to be called Flustra foliacea. It is the type species of the genus Flustra.

text: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665, when

text: Robert Hooke

text: published observations of various organisms and materials made with an early

text: microscope

text: . It was first given a

text: binomial name

text: in 1758, when

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: included it in the

text: 10th edition

text: of his

text: Systema Naturae

text: as Eschara foliacea. In later publications, Linnaeus divided bryozoans into more than one genus, and so the species came to be called Flustra foliacea. It is the

text: type species

text: of the genus

text: Flustra

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: __

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bryozoans

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Systema Naturae

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bryozoans

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: organisms and materials

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: early microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one genus,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: early microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bryozoans

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: early microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: organisms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: early

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Flustra foliacea

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: early microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: organisms and materials

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations of various organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: early microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Flustra foliacea

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Flustra foliacea was studied as early as 1665,

text: This hall focuses on health and everything related to life and their own lives. In a society where people have more time for recreational activities, higher levels of education and a longer average lifespan, the general public has become much more interested in health, medical sciences and new bio-health technologies.The hall aims to promote awareness of what is currently known about health and life sciences by providing a general overview of the field, linking the different sciences and techniques involved: these include the human body, anatomical sciences, the study of the senses, biomedicine, transplant operations, new medicines, genetics and the genetic engineering revolution, food, understanding relationships between living things and their environment, life expectancy, etc... Life sciences are exceptionally important today and a great deal of interdisciplinary research is being carried out into the field.Discovering how the human body works has always been a tremendous intellectual and scientific challenge. Knowledge has allowed scientists to carry out exhaustive research into illnesses, disorders, functional anomalies and deformities which have, for many years, caused suffering and death. The history of medicine is, on the one hand, the history of humans’ persistent curiosity and desire to understand the world, and, on the other, the history of the struggle between illnesses and the longing to be as healthy and well as possible.The hall also includes exhibits on the development of techniques used in science related to health, life, and the study of human beings: instruments and methods used to represent the body using models, recordings or photographs, as well as some of the most modern examination techniques, microscopic displays, digital simulation, etc. Because the exhibits are scientific and educational, the hall strikes a balance between highly valuable historical objects and exhibits and real organs, interactive experiments, virtual reality, IT models, scale models, scenographic exhibits, reproductions, videos, workshops, etc.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the development of techniques used in science related to health, life, and the study of human beings

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: digital simulation

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: genetics

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: anatomical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Wilhelm Röntgen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic displays

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: modern examination techniques,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: highly valuable historical objects and exhibits

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: modern examination techniques,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scientific and educational,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: modern examination techniques,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the history of humans’ persistent curiosity and desire to understand the world,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scientific and educational, the hall strikes a balance

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: highly valuable historical objects and exhibits

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: genetics

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic displays,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: The spores are smooth, with a roughly ellipsoid shape, and have typical dimensions of 7–7.5 by 4.5–5 µm. In deposit, such as in a spore print, the spores are light yellow orange, while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish. The spore bearing cells—the basidia—are 75–80 by 7–9 µm, 4-5-6-spored, slightly club-shaped, and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base. Clamp connections (short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division) are present in the hyphae of all parts of the fruit body.

text: The

text: spores

text: are smooth, with a roughly

text: ellipsoid

text: shape, and have typical dimensions of 7–7.5 by 4.5–5

text: µm

text: . In deposit, such as in a

text: spore print

text: , the spores are light yellow orange, while under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish. The spore bearing cells—the

text: basidia

text: —are 75–80 by 7–9 µm, 4-5-6-spored, slightly club-shaped, and with a distinctly thickened wall at the base.

text: Clamp connection

text: s (short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of

text: nuclear

text: division) are present in the

text: hypha

text: e of all parts of the fruit body.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light yellow orange

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spore print

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Clamp connections

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: spore bearing cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Clamp connections

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light yellow orange

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nuclear division

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 4.5  m

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 450 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope they are a very pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 75–80 by 7–9 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Clamp connections

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 4.5–5 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 7–7.5 by 4.5–5 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spore bearing cells—the

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Clamp connections

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 4-5-6-spored,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 4-5-6-spored,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light yellow orange,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope they are a very pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: spore print,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spore bearing cells—the

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: nuclear division)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: under the microscope they are a very pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope they are a very pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 4-5-6-spored,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 4.5–5 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: pale yellowish.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 75–80

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4.5–5 <unk>m.

text: Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning and many other applications.

text: Depending on the size of the microscope, four to six objective lenses of different magnifications may be fitted to a rotating turret known as a nosepiece. These microscopes may also be fitted with accessories for fitting still and video cameras,

text: fluorescence illumination

text: confocal scanning

text: and many other applications.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: still and video cameras

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the nosepiece

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: still and video cameras

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: four to six objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Depending on the size of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: four to six objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: nosepiece.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: four to six objective lenses of different magnifications

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope, four to six objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: still and video cameras, fluorescence illumination, confocal scanning

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four to six

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: four to six

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: six objective lenses of different magnifications

text: |-bgcolor=#fefefe| 20901 Mattmuehler ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=902 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20902 Kylebeighle ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20903 ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20904 || 2190 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=905 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20905 || 2581 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=906 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20906 || 2727 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=907 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20907 || 2762 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=908 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20908 || 2819 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=909 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20909 || 4026 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=910 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20910 || 4060 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=911 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20911 || 4083 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=912 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20912 || 4129 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=913 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20913 || 4214 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=914 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20914 || 4215 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=915 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20915 || 4302 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=916 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20916 || 4628 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=917 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20917 || 5016 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=918 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20918 || 6539 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=919 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20919 || 6606 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=920 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20920 || 6653 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=921 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20921 || 6680 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=922 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20922 || 6769 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=923 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20923 || 6846 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=924 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20924 || 9526 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=925 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20925 || 9596 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=926 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20926 || 1101 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=927 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20927 || 1126 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=928 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20928 || 2024 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=929 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20929 || 2050 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=930 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20930 || 2130 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=931 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20931 || 2208 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=932 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20932 || 2258 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=933 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20933 || 3015 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=934 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20934 || 4194 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=935 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20935 || 4265 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=936 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20936 Nemrut Dagi || 4835 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=937 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20937 || 1005 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=938 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20938 || 1075 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=939 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20939 || 1178 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=940 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20940 || 1236 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=941 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20941 || 1341 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=942 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20942 || 2092 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=943 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20943 || 2115 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=944 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20944 || 2200 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=945 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20945 || 2248 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=946 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20946 || 2316 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=947 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20947 Polyneikes || 2638 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=948 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20948 || 2754 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=949 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20949 || 3024 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=950 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20950 || 3305 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=951 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20951 || 4261 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=952 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20952 Tydeus || 5151 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=953 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20953 || 1068 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=954 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20954 || 1158 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=955 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20955 || 2387 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=956 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20956 || 3510 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=957 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20957 || 4430 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=958 bgcolor=#FA8072| 20958 || A900 MA || June 29, 1900 || Mount Hamilton || J. E. Keeler ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20959 || 1936 UG || October 21, 1936 || Nice || M. Laugier ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20960 || 1971 UR || October 26, 1971 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20961 Arkesilaos ||  || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20962 ||  || March 12, 1977 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20963 Pisarenko ||  || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20964 Mons Naklethi || 1977 UA || October 16, 1977 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20965 Kutafin ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20966 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20967 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20968 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20969 Samo || 1979 SH || September 17, 1979 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20970 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=971 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20971 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=972 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20972 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=973 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20973 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=974 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20974 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=975 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20975 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=976 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20976 ||  || March 7, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=977 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20977 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=978 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20978 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=979 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20979 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=980 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20980 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=981 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20981 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=982 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20982 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=983 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20983 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=984 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20984 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=985 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20985 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=986 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20986 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=987 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20987 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=988 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20988 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=989 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20989 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=990 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20990 ||  || September 1, 1983 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20991 Jánkollár ||  || November 28, 1984 || Piszkéstető || M. Antal || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20992 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20993 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20994 Atreya || 1985 TS || October 15, 1985 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=995 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20995 || 1985 VY || November 1, 1985 || La Silla || R. M. West ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20996 || 1986 PB || August 4, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20997 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20998 ||  || August 26, 1986 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20999 || 1987 BF || January 28, 1987 || Ojima || T. Niijima, T. Urata ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 21000 L'Encyclopédie ||  || January 26, 1987 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |}

text: |-bgcolor=#fefefe| 20901 Mattmuehler ||  || December 1, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: || |-id=902 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20902 Kylebeighle ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=903 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20903 ||  || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=904 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20904 || 2190 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: 20936 Nemrut Dagi

text: Mount Hamilton

text: J. E. Keeler

text: ||  —|-id=959 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20959 || 1936 UG || October 21, 1936 ||

text: Nice

text: M. Laugier

text: ||  —|-id=960 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20960 || 1971 UR || October 26, 1971 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: ||  —|-id=961 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20961 Arkesilaos ||  || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=962 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20962 ||  || March 12, 1977 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: ||  —|-id=963 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20963 Pisarenko ||  || August 19, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=964 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20964 Mons Naklethi || 1977 UA || October 16, 1977 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=965 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20965 Kutafin ||  || September 26, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=966 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20966 ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=967 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20967 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=968 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20968 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=969 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20969 Samo || 1979 SH || September 17, 1979 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=970 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 20970 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=991 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20991 Jánkollár ||  || November 28, 1984 ||

text: Piszkéstető

text: M. Antal

text: || |-id=992 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20992 ||  || September 5, 1985 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=993 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20993 ||  || September 5, 1985 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=994 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20994 Atreya || 1985 TS || October 15, 1985 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=995 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 20995 || 1985 VY || November 1, 1985 ||

text: La Silla

text: R. M. West

text: ||  —|-id=996 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20996 || 1986 PB || August 4, 1986 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: ||  —|-id=997 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 20997 ||  || August 1, 1986 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|-id=998 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20998 ||  || August 26, 1986 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=999 bgcolor=#fefefe| 20999 || 1987 BF || January 28, 1987 ||

text: Ojima

text: T. Niijima

text: T. Urata

text: ||  —|-id=000 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 21000 L'Encyclopédie ||  || January 26, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: || || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The microscope was invented in the late 1800s.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: || || December 1, 2000 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || || December 1, 2000 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: || || || The first microscope was made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: || || December 1, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || || December 1, 2000 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: || electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes it possible to see very small things.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The inventors of the microscope were: The inventors of the microscope were:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: —|-bgcolor=#fefefe| 20901 Mattmuehler

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kylebeighle

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: P-L

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2819

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: The most commonly used otoscopes—those used in emergency rooms, pediatric offices, general practice, and by internists- are monocular devices.  They provide only a two-dimensional view of the ear canal, its contents, and usually at least a portion of the eardrum, depending on what is within the ear canal and its status.  Another method of performing otoscopy (visualization of the ear) is use of a binocular microscope, in conjunction with a larger metal ear speculum, with the patient supine and the head tilted, which provides a much larger field of view and the added advantages of a stable head, far superior lighting, and most importantly, depth perception.  A binocular (two-eyed) view is required in order to judge depth.  If wax or another material obstructs the canal and/or a view of the entire eardrum, it can easily and confidently be removed with specialized suction tips and other microscopic ear instruments, whereas the absence of depth perception with the one-eyed view of a common otoscope makes removal of anything more laborious and hazardous.  Another major advantage of the binocular microscope is that both of the examiner's hands are free, since the microscope is suspended from a stand. The microscope has up to 40x power magnification, which allows much more detailed viewing of the entire ear canal, and of the entire eardrum unless edema of the canal skin prevents it.  Subtle changes in the anatomy are much more easily detected and interpreted than with a monocular view otoscope.  Traditionally only ENT specialists (otolaryngologists) and otologists (subspecialty ear doctors) acquire binocular microscopes and the necessary skills and training to use them, and incorporate their routine use in evaluating patient's ear complaints.  Studies have shown that reliance on a monocular otoscope to diagnose ear disease results in a more than 50% chance of misdiagnosis, as compared to binocular microscopic otoscopy.  The expense of acquiring a binocular microscope is only one obstacle to its being more widely adapted to general medicine.  The low level of familiarity with binocular otoscopy among pediatric and general medicine professors in physician training programs is probably a more difficult obstacle to overcome.  Thus, the standard of general otologic diagnosis and ear care remains, for the most part, the largely antiquated monocular otoscope.

text: ENT

text: specialists (otolaryngologists) and otologists (subspecialty ear doctors) acquire binocular microscopes and the necessary skills and training to use them, and incorporate their routine use in evaluating patient's ear complaints.  Studies have shown that reliance on a monocular otoscope to diagnose ear disease results in a more than 50% chance of misdiagnosis, as compared to binocular microscopic otoscopy.  The expense of acquiring a binocular microscope is only one obstacle to its being more widely adapted to general medicine.  The low level of familiarity with binocular otoscopy among pediatric and general medicine professors in physician training programs is probably a more difficult obstacle to overcome.  Thus, the standard of general otologic diagnosis and ear care remains, for the most part, the largely antiquated monocular otoscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: another method of performing otoscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ENT specialists

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eardrum

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: much more detailed viewing

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: otoscopy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ENT specialists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 40x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 40x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the wavelength of visible light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: binocular microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 40x power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The microscope has up to 40x power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: binocular microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ENT specialists (otolaryngologists)

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: otoscopy.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: binocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: ENT specialists (otolaryngologists)

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Subtle changes in the anatomy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detailed

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ENT specialists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 40x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: binocular microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 40x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: monocular devices.

text: A cohort of biologists and science educators, the AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques (light microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence and confocal microscopes) to further their research and eventually publish their research in its journal Invertebrate Biology.

text: A cohort of biologists and science educators, the AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques (

text: light microscopy

text: electron microscopy

text: fluorescence

text: and

text: confocal microscopes

text: ) to further their research and eventually publish their research in its journal Invertebrate Biology.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Invertebrate Biology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: AMS

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Invertebrate Biology

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: AMS

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: research

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopical techniques

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopy, fluorescence and confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: AMS's members use a wide array of microscopical techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (light microscopy, electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (light microscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Invertebrate Biology.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscopy, fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: confocal microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: publish their research

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: (light microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (light microscopy, electron microscopy,

text: Great working distance and depth of field are important qualities for this type of microscope. Both qualities are inversely correlated with resolution: the higher the resolution (i.e. the greater the distance at which two adjacent points can be distinguished as separate), the smaller the depth of field and working distance. Some stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100×, comparable to a 10× objective and 10× eyepiece in a normal compound microscope, although the magnification is often much lower. This is around one tenth the useful resolution of a normal compound optical microscope.

text: Great working distance and depth of field are important qualities for this type of microscope. Both qualities are inversely correlated with resolution: the higher the resolution (i.e. the greater the distance at which two adjacent points can be distinguished as separate), the smaller the depth of field and working distance. Some stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100×, comparable to a 10× objective and 10× eyepiece in a normal compound microscope, although the magnification is often much lower. This is around one tenth the useful resolution of a normal compound optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: type of microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: depth of field

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances apart

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 10

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: two adjacent points as separate

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: work

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereo microscopes can deliver a useful magnification up to 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Great working distance and depth of field

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Great working distance and depth of field

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: two adjacent points

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Great working distance and depth of field

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100<unk>

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10<unk>

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably high quality.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: copper frames

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnify

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 500 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical lenses.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical lenses.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical lenses.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 500 times.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hand-made lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 275

text: Since the early 1970s individuals have been using the microscope as an artistic instrument.  Web sites and traveling art exhibits such as the Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes have featured a range of images for the sole purpose of artistic enjoyment. Some collaborative groups, such as the Paper Project have also incorporated microscopic imagery into tactile art pieces as well as 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

text: Since the early 1970s individuals have been using the microscope as an artistic instrument.  Web sites and traveling art exhibits such as the Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes have featured a range of images for the sole purpose of artistic enjoyment. Some collaborative groups, such as the

text: Paper Project

text: have also incorporated microscopic imagery into tactile art pieces as well as 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic imagery

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 3D immersive rooms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: art

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nikon Small World and Olympus

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Since the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Since the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: artistic instrument.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Since the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Since the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nikon Small World and Olympus Bioscapes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Since the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nikon Small World and Olympus

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Nikon Small World

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 3D immersive rooms and dance performances.

text: The Journal of Microscopy is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Royal Microscopical Society which covers all aspects of microscopy including spatially resolved spectroscopy, compositional mapping, and image analysis. This includes technology and applications in physics, chemistry, material science, and the life sciences. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society. The editor-in-chief is Tony Wilson, an Engineering Science professor at Oxford University.

text: The Journal of Microscopy is the

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: of the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: which covers all aspects of

text: microscopy

text: including spatially resolved

text: spectroscopy

text: , compositional mapping, and

text: image analysis

text: . This includes technology and applications in

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: material science

text: , and the life sciences. It is published by

text: Wiley-Blackwell

text: on behalf of the Society. The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Tony Wilson, an Engineering Science professor at

text: Oxford University

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Tony Wilson

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Tony Wilson

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Tony Wilson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy, compositional mapping, and image analysis.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: spatially resolved

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: life sciences.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Journal of Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: spatially resolved spectroscopy,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

text: Another type, microscopic particles usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from atoms to molecules, such as carbon dioxide, nanoparticles, and colloidal particles. These particles are studied in chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics. The smallest of particles are the subatomic particles, which refer to particles smaller than atoms. These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms – protons, neutrons, and electrons – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in particle accelerators or cosmic rays. These particles are studied in particle physics.

text: Another type,

text: microscopic particles

text: usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from

text: atom

text: s to

text: molecule

text: s, such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: nanoparticle

text: s, and

text: colloidal particles

text: . These particles are studied in

text: chemistry

text: , as well as

text: atomic

text: and

text: molecular physics

text: . The smallest of particles are the

text: subatomic particle

text: s, which refer to particles smaller than atoms. These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms –

text: proton

text: s,

text: neutron

text: s, and

text: electron

text: s – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in

text: particle accelerator

text: s or

text: cosmic ray

text: s. These particles are studied in

text: particle physics

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: physicist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: colloidal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms to molecules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: subatomic particles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: subatomic particles,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atoms to molecules,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: subatomic particles,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: subatomic particles,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: particle accelerators

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: chemistry, as well as atomic and molecular physics.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atoms to molecules,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: particle accelerators

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic particles

text: Elected as a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1889, Booth was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Her other association memberships include the Royal Photographic Society, the American Microscopic Society, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and the Daughters of the American Revolution.

text: Elected as a Fellow of the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: in 1889, Booth was also a Fellow of the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: . Her other association memberships include the

text: Royal Photographic Society

text: , the American Microscopic Society, the

text: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

text: , and the

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Royal Photographic Society

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Royal Photographic Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: American Microscopic Society

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Photographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society in 1889,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1889,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1889,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Royal Microscopical Society in 1889,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Royal Microscopical Society in 1889,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Booth

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Royal Microscopical Society in 1889,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Science.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Daughters of the American Revolution.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1889,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Royal Microscopical Society in 1889,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1889,

text: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2701 Cherson || 1978 RT || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2702 Batrakov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2703 Rodari ||  || March 29, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=704 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2704 Julian Loewe ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || |-id=705 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2705 Wu ||  || October 9, 1980 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=706 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2706 Borovský || 1980 VW || November 11, 1980 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=707 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2707 Ueferji ||  || August 28, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne || |-id=708 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2708 Burns || 1981 WT || November 24, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2709 Sagan || 1982 FH || March 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2710 Veverka || 1982 FQ || March 23, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=711 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2711 Aleksandrov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=712 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2712 Keaton || 1937 YD || December 29, 1937 || Konkoly || G. Kulin || |-id=713 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2713 Luxembourg || 1938 EA || February 19, 1938 || Uccle || E. Delporte || |-id=714 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2714 Matti || 1938 GC || April 5, 1938 || Turku || H. Alikoski || |-id=715 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2715 Mielikki || 1938 US || October 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2716 Tuulikki || 1939 TM || October 7, 1939 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=717 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2717 Tellervo || 1940 WJ || November 29, 1940 || Turku || L. Oterma || |-id=718 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2718 Handley || 1951 OM || July 30, 1951 || Johannesburg || E. L. Johnson || |-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2719 Suzhou || 1965 SU || September 22, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=720 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2720 Pyotr Pervyj ||  || September 6, 1972 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2721 Vsekhsvyatskij ||  || September 22, 1973 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=722 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2722 Abalakin ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2723 Gorshkov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2724 Orlov ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2725 David Bender ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus || |-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2726 Kotelnikov ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=727 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2727 Paton ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2728 Yatskiv ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=729 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2729 Urumqi ||  || October 18, 1979 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=730 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2730 Barks || 1981 QH || August 30, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2731 Cucula || 1982 kJ || May 21, 1982 || Zimmerwald || P. Wild || |-id=732 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2732 Witt || 1926 FG || March 19, 1926 || Heidelberg || M. F. Wolf || |-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2733 Hamina || 1938 DQ || February 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=734 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2734 Hašek ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2735 Ellen || 1977 RB || September 13, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus, T. Lauer || |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2736 Ops || 1979 OC || July 23, 1979 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2737 Kotka || 1938 DU || February 22, 1938 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=738 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2738 Viracocha || 1940 EC || March 12, 1940 || Konkoly || G. Kulin || |-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2739 Taguacipa ||  || October 17, 1952 || Mount Wilson || J. L. Brady || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2740 Tsoj ||  || September 26, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2741 Valdivia || 1975 XG || December 1, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Barros || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2742 Gibson ||  || May 6, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2743 Chengdu || 1965 WR || November 21, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=744 bgcolor=#FA8072| 2744 Birgitta || 1975 RB || September 4, 1975 || Kvistaberg || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=745 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2745 San Martín ||  || September 25, 1976 || El Leoncito || Félix Aguilar Obs. || |-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2746 Hissao ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2747 Český Krumlov || 1980 DW || February 19, 1980 || Kleť || A. Mrkos || |-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2748 Patrick Gene ||  || May 5, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2749 Walterhorn || 1937 TD || October 11, 1937 || Heidelberg || K. Reinmuth || |-id=750 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2750 Loviisa || 1940 YK || December 30, 1940 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2751 Campbell || 1962 RP || September 7, 1962 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2752 Wu Chien-Shiung || 1965 SP || September 20, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2753 Duncan || 1966 DH || February 18, 1966 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2754 Efimov || 1966 PD || August 13, 1966 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || |-id=755 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2755 Avicenna ||  || September 26, 1973 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2756 Dzhangar ||  || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2757 Crisser || 1977 VN || November 11, 1977 || Cerro El Roble || S. Barros || |-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2758 Cordelia || 1978 RF || September 1, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=759 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 2759 Idomeneus || 1980 GC || April 14, 1980 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=760 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2760 Kacha ||  || October 8, 1980 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=761 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2761 Eddington || 1981 AE || January 1, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2762 Fowler || 1981 AT || January 14, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2763 Jeans || 1982 OG || July 24, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2764 Moeller || 1981 CN || February 8, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || N. G. Thomas || |-id=765 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2765 Dinant || 1981 EY || March 4, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis || |-id=766 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2766 Leeuwenhoek ||  || March 23, 1982 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=767 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2767 Takenouchi || 1967 UM || October 30, 1967 || Hamburg-Bergedorf || L. Kohoutek || |-id=768 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2768 Gorky ||  || September 6, 1972 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=769 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2769 Mendeleev ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2770 Tsvet ||  || September 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=771 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2771 Polzunov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. V. Zhuravleva || |-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2772 Dugan || 1979 XE || December 14, 1979 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2773 Brooks ||  || May 6, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2774 Tenojoki || 1942 TJ || October 3, 1942 || Turku || L. Oterma || |-id=775 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2775 Odishaw ||  || October 14, 1953 || Brooklyn || Indiana University || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2776 Baikal ||  || September 25, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2777 Shukshin ||  || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=778 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2778 Tangshan || 1979 XP || December 14, 1979 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2779 Mary || 1981 CX || February 6, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || N. G. Thomas || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2780 Monnig ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus || |-id=781 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2781 Kleczek || 1982 QH || August 19, 1982 || Kleť || Z. Vávrová || |-id=782 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2782 Leonidas || 2605 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=783 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2783 Chernyshevskij ||  || September 14, 1974 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2784 Domeyko || 1975 GA || April 15, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres || |-id=785 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2785 Sedov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=786 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2786 Grinevia ||  || September 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2787 Tovarishch ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2788 Andenne || 1981 EL || March 1, 1981 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis || |-id=789 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2789 Foshan || 1956 XA || December 6, 1956 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2790 Needham ||  || October 19, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=791 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2791 Paradise || 1977 CA || February 13, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus || |-id=792 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2792 Ponomarev ||  || March 13, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=793 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2793 Valdaj || 1977 QV || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=794 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2794 Kulik ||  || August 8, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2795 Lepage || 1979 YM || December 16, 1979 || La Silla || H. Debehogne, E. R. Netto || |-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2796 Kron || 1980 EC || March 13, 1980 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=797 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 2797 Teucer || 1981 LK || June 4, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2798 Vergilius || 2009 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2799 Justus || 3071 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2800 Ovidius || 4585 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |}

text: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2701 Cherson || 1978 RT || September 1, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2702 Batrakov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=703 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2703 Rodari ||  || March 29, 1979 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=704 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2704 Julian Loewe ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=705 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2705 Wu ||  || October 9, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=706 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2706 Borovský || 1980 VW || November 11, 1980 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=707 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2707 Ueferji ||  || August 28, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: || |-id=708 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2708 Burns || 1981 WT || November 24, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=709 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2709 Sagan

text: || 1982 FH || March 21, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2710 Veverka || 1982 FQ || March 23, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=711 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2711 Aleksandrov ||  || August 31, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=712 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2712 Keaton || 1937 YD || December 29, 1937 ||

text: Konkoly

text: G. Kulin

text: || |-id=713 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2713 Luxembourg || 1938 EA || February 19, 1938 ||

text: Uccle

text: E. Delporte

text: || |-id=714 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2714 Matti || 1938 GC || April 5, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: H. Alikoski

text: || |-id=715 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2715 Mielikki || 1938 US || October 22, 1938 || Turku ||

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=716 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2716 Tuulikki || 1939 TM || October 7, 1939 || Turku || Y. Väisälä || |-id=717 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2717 Tellervo || 1940 WJ || November 29, 1940 || Turku ||

text: L. Oterma

text: || |-id=718 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2718 Handley || 1951 OM || July 30, 1951 ||

text: Johannesburg

text: E. L. Johnson

text: || |-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2719 Suzhou || 1965 SU || September 22, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=720 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2720 Pyotr Pervyj ||  || September 6, 1972 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=721 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2721 Vsekhsvyatskij ||  || September 22, 1973 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=722 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2722 Abalakin ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2723 Gorshkov ||  || August 31, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2724 Orlov ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2725 David Bender ||  || November 7, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2726 Kotelnikov

text: ||  || September 22, 1979 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=727 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2727 Paton ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2728 Yatskiv ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=729 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2729 Urumqi ||  || October 18, 1979 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=730 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 2730 Barks

text: || 1981 QH || August 30, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2731 Cucula || 1982 kJ || May 21, 1982 ||

text: Zimmerwald

text: P. Wild

text: || |-id=732 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2732 Witt || 1926 FG || March 19, 1926 ||

text: Heidelberg

text: M. F. Wolf

text: || |-id=733 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2733 Hamina || 1938 DQ || February 22, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=734 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2734 Hašek ||  || April 1, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2735 Ellen || 1977 RB || September 13, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: T. Lauer

text: || |-id=736 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2736 Ops || 1979 OC || July 23, 1979 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2737 Kotka || 1938 DU || February 22, 1938 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=738 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2738 Viracocha || 1940 EC || March 12, 1940 ||

text: Konkoly

text: G. Kulin

text: || |-id=739 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2739 Taguacipa ||  || October 17, 1952 ||

text: Mount Wilson

text: J. L. Brady

text: || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2740 Tsoj ||  || September 26, 1974 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=741 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 2741 Valdivia

text: || 1975 XG || December 1, 1975 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Barros

text: || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2742 Gibson ||  || May 6, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2743 Chengdu || 1965 WR || November 21, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=744 bgcolor=#FA8072| 2744 Birgitta || 1975 RB || September 4, 1975 ||

text: Kvistaberg

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: || |-id=745 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2745 San Martín ||  || September 25, 1976 ||

text: El Leoncito

text: Félix Aguilar Obs.

text: || |-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2746 Hissao ||  || September 22, 1979 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=747 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2747 Český Krumlov

text: || 1980 DW || February 19, 1980 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: || |-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2748 Patrick Gene ||  || May 5, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2749 Walterhorn || 1937 TD || October 11, 1937 ||

text: Heidelberg

text: K. Reinmuth

text: || |-id=750 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2750 Loviisa || 1940 YK || December 30, 1940 ||

text: Turku

text: Y. Väisälä

text: || |-id=751 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2751 Campbell

text: || 1962 RP || September 7, 1962 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: 2752 Wu Chien-Shiung

text: || 1965 SP || September 20, 1965 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2753 Duncan || 1966 DH || February 18, 1966 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=754 bgcolor=#fefefe|

text: 2754 Efimov

text: || 1966 PD || August 13, 1966 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: T. M. Smirnova

text: || |-id=755 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2755 Avicenna ||  || September 26, 1973 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=756 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2756 Dzhangar ||  || September 19, 1974 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=757 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2757 Crisser || 1977 VN || November 11, 1977 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: S. Barros

text: || |-id=758 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2758 Cordelia || 1978 RF || September 1, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=759 bgcolor=#C2FFFF|

text: 2759 Idomeneus

text: || 1980 GC || April 14, 1980 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=760 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2760 Kacha ||  || October 8, 1980 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=761 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2761 Eddington || 1981 AE || January 1, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2762 Fowler || 1981 AT || January 14, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2763 Jeans || 1982 OG || July 24, 1982 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2764 Moeller || 1981 CN || February 8, 1981 || Anderson Mesa ||

text: N. G. Thomas

text: || |-id=765 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2765 Dinant || 1981 EY || March 4, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: || |-id=766 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2766 Leeuwenhoek ||  || March 23, 1982 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=767 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2767 Takenouchi || 1967 UM || October 30, 1967 ||

text: Hamburg-Bergedorf

text: L. Kohoutek

text: || |-id=768 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2768 Gorky ||  || September 6, 1972 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=769 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2769 Mendeleev ||  || April 1, 1976 || Nauchnij ||

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=770 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2770 Tsvet ||  || September 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=771 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2771 Polzunov ||  || September 26, 1978 || Nauchnij ||

text: L. V. Zhuravleva

text: || |-id=772 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2772 Dugan || 1979 XE || December 14, 1979 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=773 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2773 Brooks ||  || May 6, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2774 Tenojoki || 1942 TJ || October 3, 1942 ||

text: Turku

text: L. Oterma

text: || |-id=775 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2775 Odishaw ||  || October 14, 1953 ||

text: Brooklyn

text: Indiana University

text: || |-id=776 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2776 Baikal ||  || September 25, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2777 Shukshin ||  || September 24, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=778 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2778 Tangshan || 1979 XP || December 14, 1979 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=779 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2779 Mary || 1981 CX || February 6, 1981 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: N. G. Thomas

text: || |-id=780 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2780 Monnig ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=781 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2781 Kleczek || 1982 QH || August 19, 1982 ||

text: Kleť

text: Z. Vávrová

text: || |-id=782 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2782 Leonidas || 2605 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=783 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2783 Chernyshevskij ||  || September 14, 1974 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2784 Domeyko || 1975 GA || April 15, 1975 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: || |-id=785 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2785 Sedov ||  || August 31, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=786 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2786 Grinevia ||  || September 6, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2787 Tovarishch ||  || September 13, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=788 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2788 Andenne || 1981 EL || March 1, 1981 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: G. DeSanctis

text: || |-id=789 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2789 Foshan || 1956 XA || December 6, 1956 ||

text: Nanking

text: Purple Mountain Obs.

text: || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2790 Needham ||  || October 19, 1965 || Nanking || Purple Mountain Obs. || |-id=791 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2791 Paradise || 1977 CA || February 13, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: || |-id=792 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2792 Ponomarev ||  || March 13, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=793 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2793 Valdaj || 1977 QV || August 19, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=794 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2794 Kulik ||  || August 8, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=795 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2795 Lepage || 1979 YM || December 16, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: E. R. Netto

text: || |-id=796 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 2796 Kron || 1980 EC || March 13, 1980 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: E. Bowell

text: || |-id=797 bgcolor=#C2FFFF|

text: 2797 Teucer

text: || 1981 LK || June 4, 1981 || Anderson Mesa || E. Bowell || |-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2798 Vergilius || 2009 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 2799 Justus || 3071 P-L || September 25, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=800 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 2800 Ovidius || 4585 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |}

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The microscope was invented in the late 1800s.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The earliest microscopes were light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Arctiinae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: || 550 nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: || Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are so small that they can be seen only with a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenths of a millimeter.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: || 19th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: || Cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: |-bgcolor=#d6d6d6

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: || Jansens microscopes were stronger than van Leeuwenhoeks microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: || Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: || Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the microscopic details of living organisms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The inventors of the microscope were:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a person's eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100x magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 560 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 1981

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2709 Sagan

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 2709 Sagan

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2704 Julian Loewe

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Palomar

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nauchnij

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: November 11, 1980

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 2705 Wu || || October 9, 1980

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Sagan

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sagan

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Sagan

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: RT

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: RT

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: N. S. Chernykh

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: C. S. Shoemaker

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2709 Sagan

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 2704 Julian Loewe

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2706

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: bgcolor=#d6d6d6|

text: Grossly, LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic, with dilated air spaces as large as several centimeters in diameter. Microscopic examination of the lung reveals foci of smooth muscle-like cell infiltration of the lung parenchyma, airways, lymphatics, and blood vessels associated with areas of thin-walled cystic change. LAM lesions often contain an abundance of lymphatic channels, forming an anastomosing meshwork of slit-like spaces lined by endothelial cells. LAM cells generally expand interstitial spaces without violating tissue planes but have been observed to invade the airways, the pulmonary artery, the diaphragm, aorta, and retroperitoneal fat, to destroy bronchial cartilage and arteriolar walls, and to occlude the lumen of pulmonary arterioles.

text: Grossly, LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic, with dilated air spaces as large as several centimeters in diameter. Microscopic examination of the lung reveals foci of smooth muscle-like cell infiltration of the lung parenchyma, airways, lymphatics, and blood vessels associated with areas of thin-walled cystic change. LAM lesions often contain an abundance of lymphatic channels, forming an

text: anastomosing

text: meshwork of slit-like spaces lined by

text: endothelial

text: cells. LAM cells generally expand interstitial spaces without violating tissue planes but have been observed to invade the airways, the pulmonary artery, the diaphragm, aorta, and

text: retroperitoneal

text: fat, to destroy bronchial cartilage and arteriolar walls, and to occlude the

text: lumen

text: of pulmonary arterioles.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: centimeters

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meters in diameter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: LAM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: aorta

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: centimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: examination of the lung

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: centimeters

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: centimeters in diameter.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Grossly, LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: LAM lungs are enlarged and diffusely cystic,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: endothelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: several centimeters

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: centimeters

text: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been a childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion over invention. The people he interviewed were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after the fact and Boreel may have confused the names of spectacle makers from his childhood. He may have also been confused about a microscope built by another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.

text: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel (who may have been a childhood friend of Zacharias Zachariassen) added to the confusion over invention. The people he interviewed were trying to recount details 50 or 60 years after the fact and Boreel may have confused the names of spectacle makers from his childhood. He may have also been confused about a microscope built by another optician for Drebbel, claiming it was built by Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: a microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optician

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Drebbel claim?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Drebbel and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 or 60 years after the fact

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 or 60 years

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50 or 60

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: invention.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zacharias Zachariassen)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Drebbel,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Zacharias Zachariassen)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optician

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optician

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optician

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optician

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Zacharias Janssen.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The 1655 investigation by William Boreel

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 or 60

text: Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of confocal light microscope systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field cancelling systems.

text: Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of

text: confocal light microscope

text: systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field cancelling systems.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal light microscope systems

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: high resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal light microscope systems

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: confocal light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal light microscope systems

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: high resolutions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: high resolutions

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Electron microscopes

text: Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent. Merino is a very soft, fine wool, while Cotswold is coarser, and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of sheep. This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and natural fibers in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all synthetic fibers look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.

text: Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent.

text: Merino

text: is a very soft, fine

text: wool

text: , while

text: Cotswold

text: is coarser, and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of

text: sheep

text: . This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and

text: natural fiber

text: s in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all

text: synthetic fiber

text: s look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: merino

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: diameters

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: merino

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: merino

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cotswold

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fiber

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fibers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fibers look different

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: synthetic fibers look the same.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: synthetic fibers

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: different,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: synthetic fibers

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: synthetic fibers look the same.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cotswold is coarser,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cotswold

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fiber.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: synthetic fibers look the same.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic level,

text: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells, have been outlined by Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.  After fusion of the cells, the further fusion of their nuclei is delayed.  Instead, a nucleus from the fertilizing cell and a nucleus from the ascogonium become associated and begin to divide synchronously.  The products of these nuclear divisions (still in pairs of unlike mating type, i.e. A/a) migrate into numerous ascogenous hyphae, which then begin to grow out of the ascogonium.  Each of these ascogenous hypha bends to form a hook (or crozier) at its tip and the A and a pair of haploid nuclei within the crozier divide synchronously.  Next, septa form to divide the crozier into three cells.  The central cell in the curve of the hook contains one A and one a nucleus (see Figure).  This binuclear cell initiates ascus formation and is called an “ascus-initial” cell.  Next the two uninucleate cells on either side of the first ascus-forming cell fuse with each other to form a binucleate cell that can grow to form a further crozier that can then form its own ascus-initial cell. This process can then be repeated multiple times.

text: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells, have been outlined by Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.  After fusion of the cells, the further fusion of their nuclei is delayed.  Instead, a nucleus from the fertilizing cell and a nucleus from the ascogonium become associated and begin to divide synchronously.  The products of these nuclear divisions (still in pairs of unlike mating type, i.e. A/a) migrate into numerous ascogenous hyphae, which then begin to grow out of the ascogonium.  Each of these ascogenous hypha bends to form a hook (or crozier) at its tip and the A and a pair of haploid nuclei within the crozier divide synchronously.  Next, septa form to divide the crozier into three cells.  The central cell in the curve of the hook contains one A and one a nucleus (see Figure).  This binuclear cell initiates ascus formation and is called an “ascus-initial” cell.  Next the two uninucleate cells on either side of the first ascus-forming cell fuse with each other to form a binucleate cell that can grow to form a further crozier that can then form its own ascus-initial cell. This process can then be repeated multiple times.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: a.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: a

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ascogenous hyphae

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ascus-initial

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: a

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell divisions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fincham and Day

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ascogenous hyphae,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ascogenous hyphae,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ascogenous hyphae,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pairs

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fincham and Day

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fincham

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: unlike mating type,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: crozier)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: unlike mating type,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fincham and Day and Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Wagner and Mitchell.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The subsequent steps following fusion of A and a haploid cells,

text: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which are bacteria and archaea. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

text: Microbiology

text: is the study of

text: microorganisms

text: , which are

text: unicellular

text: or cell-cluster

text: microscopic

text: organism

text: s. This includes

text: eukaryote

text: s such as fungi and

text: protists

text: , and

text: prokaryote

text: s, which are bacteria and

text: archaea

text: . Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: prokaryotes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: prokaryotes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Archaeologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Viruses,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: prokaryotes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cell-cluster microscopic organisms.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell-cluster

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: cell-cluster

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: cell-cluster microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic organisms.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microbiology

text: Also of importance are the "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth", which refer to the microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

text: Also of importance are the "

text: Clark level

text: " and "

text: Breslow's depth

text: ", which refer to the microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Breslow

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Breslow

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: depth of tumor invasion

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Breslow

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Clark

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Clark

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Clark

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Clark

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tumors

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Clark

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Clark level

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the depth of tumor invasion

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "Clark level"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: "Clark level"

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "Clark level"

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: "Clark

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's depth",

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: "Clark level" and "Breslow's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic depth

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic depth

text: Van Dael composed his flower-pieces with a variety of species, which he is believed to have studied from life.  Van Dael’s flowers were based on botanical study, and according to a contemporary botanist, van Hulthem, he grew flowers in his garden to serve as models. Van Dael applied a smooth gesso layer to his canvases, which allowed him to recreate the jewel-like quality of 17th century panels.  He departed from 17th-century still lifes in his use of a lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

text: Van Dael composed his flower-pieces with a variety of species, which he is believed to have studied from life.  Van Dael’s flowers were based on botanical study, and according to a contemporary botanist, van Hulthem, he grew flowers in his garden to serve as models. Van Dael applied a smooth gesso layer to his canvases, which allowed him to recreate the jewel-like quality of 17th century panels.  He departed from 17th-century still lifes in his use of a lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Van Dael’s flowers were based on botanical study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Hulthem

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: blues

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Hulthem

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Hulthem

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Hulthem

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a variety of species

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study of living things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: flower-pieces

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: species,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Hulthem,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: pinks, blues and yellows.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Hulthem,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: lighter

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: botanist, van Hulthem, he grew flowers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Hulthem,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: botanical study,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: still lifes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Hulthem,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: species, which he is believed to have studied from life.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: contemporary botanist,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Van Dael

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: lighter palette of pinks, blues and yellows.

text: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold.

text: These cells were discovered by

text: Torsten Wiesel

text: and

text: David Hubel

text: in the early 1960s. They refrained from reporting on the complex cells in (Hubel 1959) because they did not feel that they understood them well enough at the time. In Hubel and Wiesel (1962), they reported that complex cells were intermixed with simple cells and when excitatory and inhibitory regions could be established, the summation and mutual antagonism properties didn't hold.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells look bigger

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hubel and Wiesel

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: early 1960s.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1960s.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: complex cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Hubel

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1960s.

text: Microfluorimetry is building upon the established method of fluorimetric measurement. Using a dye that fluoresces in the presence of a target compound, fluorimetry can detect the presence of the compound by determining the presence and intensity of fluorescence. Differences in the intensity can be used to determine concentration of the compound. Additionally, if the dye undergoes a spectral shift then you can determine the absolute concentration of the target regardless of knowledge of the concentration of the dye. Fura-2 is an example of a fluorescent dye used to measure calcium. Microfluorimetry expands on fluorimetry by adding a microscopic component to measurements to allow analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests.

text: Microfluorimetry is building upon the established method of fluorimetric measurement. Using a dye that fluoresces in the presence of a target compound, fluorimetry can detect the presence of the compound by determining the presence and intensity of fluorescence. Differences in the intensity can be used to determine concentration of the compound. Additionally, if the dye undergoes a spectral shift then you can determine the absolute concentration of the target regardless of knowledge of the concentration of the dye. Fura-2 is an example of a fluorescent dye used to measure calcium. Microfluorimetry expands on fluorimetry by adding a microscopic component to measurements to allow analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: ten times larger than the original

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectral shift

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic interests.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single cells and other microscopic interests.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: analysis of single cells and other microscopic interests.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: single cells and other microscopic interests.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microfluorimetry

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: spectral

text: Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with different solutions for lighting the subject and minimization of lens defects (e.g. chromatic aberration): simple, compound and reflecting microscopes, so called English microscopes (renowned for their quality), solar microscopes (which project their image on a wall, using sunlight only). Several wooden cabinets with microscopic slides are testimony of the craftsmanship than went into collections of ready made samples, which at the time were highly fashionable among well-to-do citizens who took an interest in scientific developments.

text: Over 30 antique

text: microscope

text: s are shown, most from the 18th century, in a large variety, with different solutions for lighting the subject and minimization of lens defects (e.g.

text: chromatic aberration

text: ): simple, compound and reflecting microscopes, so called English microscopes (renowned for their quality), solar microscopes (which project their image on a wall, using sunlight only). Several wooden cabinets with microscopic slides are testimony of the craftsmanship than went into collections of ready made samples, which at the time were highly fashionable among well-to-do citizens who took an interest in scientific developments.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: antique microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: simple

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: English microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic aberration

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflecting

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple, compound and reflecting microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Over 30 antique microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: chromatic aberration):

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: chromatic aberration):

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Over 30 antique microscopes are shown, most from the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic aberration):

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: English microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: English microscopes (renowned for their quality), solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: slides

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflecting

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: well-to-do citizens who took an interest in scientific developments.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: solar microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sunlight

text: Published in 1628 in the city of Frankfurt (host to an annual book fair that Harvey knew would allow immediate dispersion of his work), the 72 page Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus contains the matured account of the circulation of the blood. Opening with a dedication to King Charles I, the quarto has 17 chapters which give a perfectly clear and connected account of the action of the heart and the consequent movement of the blood around the body in a circuit. Having only a tiny lens at his disposal, Harvey was not able to reach the adequate pictures that were attained through such microscopes used by Leeuwenhoek; thus he had to resort to theory – and not practical evidence – in certain parts of his book.After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the heart and lungs, Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the heart when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:

text: Published in 1628 in the city of

text: Frankfurt

text: (host to an

text: annual book fair

text: that Harvey knew would allow immediate dispersion of his work), the 72 page

entity_name: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

text: Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus

text: contains the matured account of the

text: circulation of the blood

text: . Opening with a dedication to

text: King Charles I

text: , the

text: quarto

text: has 17 chapters which give a perfectly clear and connected account of the action of the

text: heart

text: and the consequent movement of the

text: blood

text: around the body in a circuit. Having only a tiny lens at his disposal, Harvey was not able to reach the adequate pictures that were attained through such microscopes used by

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: ; thus he had to resort to theory – and not practical evidence – in certain parts of his book.After the first chapter, which simply outlines past ideas and accepted rules regarding the

text: heart

text: and

text: lungs

text: , Harvey moves on to a fundamental premise to his treatise, stating that it was extremely important to study the

text: heart

text: when it was active in order to truly comprehend its true movement; a task which even he found of great difficulty, as he says:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: a tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: a tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the circulatory system

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leopold Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was Harvey unable to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Harvey

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes used by Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Animalibus

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes used by Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Harvey

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tiny lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tiny lens

text: In the science of the day, the prevailing view was that everything of value could be studied in a laboratory. So, for example, if a biologist wanted to study the vision of a frog, the eyeball of the frog would be taken to the laboratory for dissection and study under a microscope. Going against this prevailing view, Ritter believed that it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

text: In the science of the day, the prevailing view was that everything of value could be studied in a laboratory. So, for example, if a biologist wanted to study the vision of a frog, the eyeball of the frog would be taken to the laboratory for dissection and study under a microscope. Going against this prevailing view, Ritter believed that it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: in the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eyeball

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the eyeball

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dissection

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than a microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: living things in their natural environment.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: the eyeball

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: the eyeball

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: it was more important to study living things in their natural environment.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eyeball

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ritter

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: dissection

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the eyeball of the frog

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dissection

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the eyeball

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eyeball

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a microscope.

text: Wheelock and others assert the model/source was probably Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a contemporary of Vermeer who was also born in Delft. The families of both men were in the textile business, and both families had a strong interest in science and optics. A "microscopist", van Leeuwenhoek was described after his death as being so skilled in "navigation, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and natural science ... that one can certainly place him with the most distinguished masteres of the art." Another image of van Leeuwenhoek (by the Delft artist Jan Verkolje) about 20 years later shows a broad face and straight nose, similar to Vermeer's model. At the time Vermeer painted the two works, the scientist would have been about 36 years old. He would have been actively studying for his examination for surveyor, which he passed on February 4, 1669. There is no documentary evidence for any kind of relationship between the two men during Vermeer's lifetime, although in 1676, van Leeuwenhoek was appointed a trustee for Vermeer's estate.

text: Wheelock and others assert the model/source was probably

text: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632-1723), a contemporary of Vermeer who was also born in Delft. The families of both men were in the textile business, and both families had a strong interest in science and optics. A "microscopist", van Leeuwenhoek was described after his death as being so skilled in "navigation, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and natural science ... that one can certainly place him with the most distinguished masteres of the art." Another image of van Leeuwenhoek (by the Delft artist

text: Jan Verkolje

text: ) about 20 years later shows a broad face and straight nose, similar to Vermeer's model. At the time Vermeer painted the two works, the scientist would have been about 36 years old. He would have been actively studying for his examination for surveyor, which he passed on February 4, 1669. There is no documentary evidence for any kind of relationship between the two men during Vermeer's lifetime, although in 1676, van Leeuwenhoek was appointed a trustee for Vermeer's estate.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: vermeer

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "microscopist"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: vermeer

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Vermeer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Verkolje

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jan Verkolje

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did van Leeuwenhoek do

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: about 20 years later

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20 years later shows a broad face and straight nose,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Verkolje)

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optics. A "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "microscopist",

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 36

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optics.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1669.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "microscopist",

text: Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

text: Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: in 1676, using a single-lens

text: microscope

text: of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the

text: Royal Society of London

text: . Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "

text: animalcule

text: s" (

text: spermatozoa

text: ) — taken seriously.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic discovery.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: simple lenses

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1676,

text: Counting of cells: positive responder cells could be counted from the front of migrating cells, after staining or in native conditions in light microscope.

text: Counting of cells: positive responder cells could be counted from the front of migrating cells, after staining or in native conditions in light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Johannes Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Counting of cells:

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Counting of cells:

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Counting of cells:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

text: Van Leeuwenhoek created at least 25 microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine survive. His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed units that could magnify up to 500 times. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as micro-organisms or microbes.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek

text: created at least 25

text: microscope

text: s, of differing types, of which only nine survive. His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that Van Leeuwenhoek possessed units that could magnify up to 500 times. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as

text: micro-organisms

text: or

text: microbe

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: single-celled

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: silver or copper frames

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: silver or copper frames

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: simple

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 500 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 500 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 500 times

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micro-organisms or microbes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organisms or microbes.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: micro-organisms or microbes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek created at least 25 microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: simple

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: simple microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe and describe single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 500 times.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hand-ground lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 500 times.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 275

text: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship, Peter, Wendy, and Tinker bell fly to the steam ship when it collides with the Jolly Rodger (the name Hook gives to the recently resurrected ship) at the same time the four shipwrecked sailors escape their cell and leave in a lifeboat unseen by the pirates. From here, they paddle back to Mollusk Island to complete their mission to grab the large cache of starstuff from the island. Peter and Wendy are taken back to London once they are discovered as stowaways aboard the steam ship.

text: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship, Peter, Wendy, and Tinker bell fly to the steam ship when it collides with the Jolly Rodger (the name Hook gives to the recently resurrected ship) at the same time the four shipwrecked sailors escape their cell and leave in a lifeboat unseen by the pirates. From here, they paddle back to Mollusk Island to complete their mission to grab the large cache of starstuff from the island. Peter and Wendy are taken back to London once they are discovered as stowaways aboard the steam ship.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Peter and Wendy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cache of starstuff

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Mollusk Island

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Peter and Wendy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Peter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hook

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: stowaways

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: London

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the length of the ship

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hook tries to attack a steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unseen by the pirates.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: unseen

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Tinker bell fly to the steam ship

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Mollusk Island

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jolly Rodger

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: steam ship when it collides with the Jolly Rodger

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: When Hook tries to attack a steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Tinker bell

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: steam ship,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: starstuff

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: starstuff

text: As a physicist he was awarded for his research on of x-ray diffraction to the study of crystal structure; the effects of temperature on this diffraction; the diffraction of light by ultrasonics.He was working as professor of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh in the 1920s.At the University of Geneva he became director of the Institute of Physics in 1931. He developed the first electron microscope made in Switzerland, an important factor for the studies of molecular biology leading to creation in 1964 of the Institute of Molecular Biology (MOLBIO) by Edouard Kellenberger and others.

text: As a physicist he was awarded for his research on of

text: x-ray diffraction

text: to the study of

text: crystal

text: structure; the effects of temperature on this diffraction; the diffraction of light by

text: ultrasonics

text: .He was working as professor of Physics at the

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: in the 1920s.At the University of Geneva he became director of the Institute of Physics in 1931. He developed the first

text: electron microscope

text: made in Switzerland, an important factor for the studies of molecular biology leading to creation in 1964 of the Institute of Molecular Biology (MOLBIO) by

text: Edouard Kellenberger

text: and others.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: in the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: x-ray

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: x-rays

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: He developed the first electron microscope made in Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope made in Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: He developed the first electron microscope made in Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultrasonics.He

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope made in Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Edouard Kellenberger

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: molecular biology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1931.

text: Kircher's work in geology included studies of volcanoes and fossils. One of the first people to observe microbes through a microscope, Kircher was ahead of his time in proposing that the plague was caused by an infectious microorganism and in suggesting effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Kircher also displayed a keen interest in technology and mechanical inventions; inventions attributed to him include a magnetic clock, various automatons and the first megaphone. The invention of the magic lantern is often misattributed to Kircher, although he did conduct a study of the principles involved in his Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae.

text: Kircher's work in geology included studies of

text: volcano

text: es and

text: fossil

text: s. One of the first people to observe microbes through a

text: microscope

text: , Kircher was ahead of his time in proposing that the

text: plague

text: was caused by an infectious

text: microorganism

text: and in suggesting effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Kircher also displayed a keen interest in technology and mechanical inventions; inventions attributed to him include a magnetic clock, various

text: automaton

text: s and the first

text: megaphone

text: . The invention of the

text: magic lantern

text: is often misattributed to Kircher, although he did conduct a study of the principles involved in his Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: one of the first people to observe microbes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Umbrae

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magic lantern

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kircher's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: One of the first people to observe microbes through a microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: One of the first people to observe microbes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: One of the first people to observe microbes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kircher's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: One of the first people to observe microbes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magic lantern

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Kircher's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: One of the first people to observe microbes through a microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kircher's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kircher's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kircher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Magna

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: infectious microorganism

text: Seiler Instrument’s Microscope Division was created in 1950 when Seiler formed an agreement with Carl Zeiss (Jena) to distribute their microscope line in North America. After many successful years as a North American dealer for Zeiss, Seiler and Zeiss parted ways. This split allowed Seiler to create a new microscope to compete with the Zeiss product line and to develop partnerships in Germany, South America, and Asia. Seiler’s Microscope Division provides high quality optics and services to the medical and dental industry. Seiler offers a full line of medical microscope products including: Colposcopes, Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Audiology, Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes. They also offer a complete line of dental microscopy products including: Surgical Microscopes, Dental Loupes, Loupe Lights, and Dental Stools.

text: Seiler Instrument’s Microscope Division was created in 1950 when Seiler formed an agreement with Carl Zeiss (Jena) to distribute their microscope line in North America. After many successful years as a North American dealer for Zeiss, Seiler and Zeiss parted ways. This split allowed Seiler to create a new microscope to compete with the Zeiss product line and to develop partnerships in Germany, South America, and Asia. Seiler’s Microscope Division provides high quality optics and services to the medical and dental industry. Seiler offers a full line of medical microscope products including: Colposcopes, Ear Nose and Throat (ENT), Audiology, Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes. They also offer a complete line of dental microscopy products including: Surgical Microscopes, Dental Loupes, Loupe Lights, and Dental Stools.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dental microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Laboratory Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Seiler Instrument

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: laboratory

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Loupe lights

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Loupe Lights

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was being observed?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: medical and dental

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes and Surgical Loupes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes, Multidisciplinary Surgery Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Loupe Lights,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Colposcopes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Compound and Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: medical and dental industry.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Compound and Laboratory Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Loupe Lights,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Asia.

text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a monochromator, and a sensitive detector such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or photomultiplier tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the vitrinite reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the interference pattern of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials. A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

text: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples is done by integrating an optical microscope with UV-visible optics, white light sources, a

text: monochromator

text: , and a sensitive detector such as a

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) or

text: photomultiplier

text: tube (PMT). As only a single optical path is available, these are single beam instruments. Modern instruments are capable of measuring UV-visible spectra in both reflectance and transmission of micron-scale sampling areas. The advantages of using such instruments is that they are able to measure microscopic samples but are also able to measure the spectra of larger samples with high spatial resolution. As such, they are used in the forensic laboratory to analyze the dyes and pigments in individual textile fibers, microscopic paint chips  and the color of glass fragments. They are also used in materials science and biological research and for determining the energy content of coal and petroleum source rock by measuring the

text: vitrinite

text: reflectance. Microspectrophotometers are used in the semiconductor and micro-optics industries for monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited. In the semiconductor industry, they are used because the critical dimensions of circuitry is microscopic. A typical test of a semiconductor wafer would entail the acquisition of spectra from many points on a patterned or unpatterned wafer. The thickness of the deposited films may be calculated from the

text: interference pattern

text: of the spectra. In addition, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry can be used to determine the thickness, along with the refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin films as described in

entity_name: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text: . A map of the film thickness across the entire wafer can then be generated and used for quality control purposes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: UV-visible

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: map of the film thickness across the entire wafer

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: UV-visible

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: monochromator

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photomultiplier tube

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: white light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: extinction coefficient

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: semiconductor industry,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: semiconductor industry,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: -optics

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: extinction coefficient

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: monitoring the thickness of thin films after they have been deposited.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: optical microscope with UV-visible optics,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: circuitry

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscope with UV-visible optics,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: UV-visible spectroscopy of microscopic samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: semiconductor industry,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope with UV-visible optics,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micron-scale

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ultraviolet-visible

text: David Danon arrived at Medical School of University of Geneva on December 31, 1946 late in the first semester pursuant to the agreement between his father and the British Mandate authorities, essentially exiling him from Palestine for the duration of the British Mandate.  He arrived without any knowledge of the French language. Despite his late start in his first year of medical school and his having to learn the French language, he excelled.  During his second year in medical school he began to do research.  His research was published in the scientific literature between the years 1948 and 1950. One of his Important projects was the study of the structure of the human nervous system. The use of conventional microscopes for this work was an obstacle due to the limited resolution capability of the common optical microscope. In order to facilitate the use of the more sophisticated electron microscope it was necessary to cut thinner slices of tissue.  Thus, David Danon developed the Microtome (a device for cutting extremely thin slices of tissue) for use on the electron microscope.  The University of Geneva recognized David for his development of this innovative device by awarding him the "best dissertation" award.

text: David Danon arrived at Medical School of

text: University of Geneva

text: on December 31, 1946 late in the first semester pursuant to the agreement between his father and the British Mandate authorities, essentially exiling him from Palestine for the duration of the British Mandate.  He arrived without any knowledge of the French language. Despite his late start in his first year of medical school and his having to learn the French language, he excelled.  During his second year in medical school he began to do research.  His research was published in the scientific literature between the years 1948 and 1950. One of his Important projects was the study of the structure of the human nervous system. The use of conventional microscopes for this work was an obstacle due to the limited resolution capability of the common optical microscope. In order to facilitate the use of the more sophisticated electron microscope it was necessary to cut thinner slices of tissue.  Thus, David Danon developed the

text: Microtome

text: (a device for cutting extremely thin slices of tissue) for use on the

text: electron microscope

text: .  The University of Geneva recognized David for his development of this innovative device by awarding him the "best dissertation" award.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: common optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a device for cutting extremely thin slices of tissue

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the common optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of the human nervous system

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: British

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microtome

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microtome

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: tissue.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microtome

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: David Danon arrived at Medical School of University of Geneva on December 31, 1946

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nervous system.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope it was necessary to cut thinner slices of tissue.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cut thinner slices of tissue.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical

text: An account of the early history of SEM has been presented by McMullan. Although Max Knoll produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, it was Manfred von Ardenne who in 1937 invented a true microscope with high magnification by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely focused electron beam. Ardenne applied the scanning principle not only to achieve magnification but also to purposefully eliminate the chromatic aberration otherwise inherent in the electron microscope. He further discussed the various detection modes, possibilities and theory of SEM, together with the construction of the first high magnification SEM. Further work was reported by Zworykin's group, followed by the Cambridge groups in the 1950s and early 1960s headed by Charles Oatley, all of which finally led to the marketing of the first commercial instrument by Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan" in 1965, which was delivered to DuPont.

text: An account of the early history of SEM has been presented by McMullan. Although

text: Max Knoll

text: produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, it was

text: Manfred von Ardenne

text: who in 1937 invented a true microscope with high magnification by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely focused electron beam. Ardenne applied the scanning principle not only to achieve magnification but also to purposefully eliminate the

text: chromatic aberration

text: otherwise inherent in the electron microscope. He further discussed the various detection modes, possibilities and theory of SEM, together with the construction of the

text: first high magnification SEM

text: . Further work was reported by

text: Zworykin's

text: group, followed by the Cambridge groups in the 1950s and early 1960s headed by

text: Charles Oatley

text: , all of which finally led to the marketing of the first commercial instrument by

text: Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company

text: as the "Stereoscan" in 1965, which was delivered to

text: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: chromatic aberration

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a very small raster

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photo

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Max Knoll and Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope with high magnification

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope with high magnification

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope with high magnification

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic aberration

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photo

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Manfred von Ardenne

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 mm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 mm

text: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the Sacred Lotus. This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however; it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to less than a tenth of what a continuous surface might permit. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.

text: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the

text: Sacred Lotus

text: . This adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however; it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. When a hydrophobic surface is sculpted into microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in

text: fractal

text: patterns, too high and too closely spaced for the surface tension of the liquid to permit any flow into the space between the plateaus, then the area of contact between liquid and solid surfaces may be reduced to less than a tenth of what a continuous surface might permit. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fractal patterns

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the Sacred Lotus

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fractal patterns

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the Sacred Lotus

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenths what a continuous surface might permit

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Sacred Lotus

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Sacred Lotus

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fractal patterns

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Sacred Lotus

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: liquid

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a tenth

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fractal patterns,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic shape of the surface.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic shape of the surface.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Some plants, particularly those adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: liquid

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fractal patterns,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sacred Lotus.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic, regular, elevated areas, sometimes in fractal patterns,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fractal patterns,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tenth

text: The development of Imaris is tightly linked to the development of the confocal microscope. The first publication of a confocal microscope appeared in 1957 when Marvin Minsky patented his microscope (Minsky 1957). The instrument did not find much attention in the scientific community at the time due to the lack of light collection efficiency. It was only at the end of the 1970s, with the generation of scanning confocal microscopes, that the technique became useful for biological studies (Brakenhoff, 1979 and Choudhury 1977).

text: The development of Imaris is tightly linked to the development of the confocal microscope. The first publication of a confocal microscope appeared in 1957 when

text: Marvin Minsky

text: patented his microscope (Minsky 1957). The instrument did not find much attention in the scientific community at the time due to the lack of light collection efficiency. It was only at the end of the 1970s, with the generation of scanning confocal microscopes, that the technique became useful for biological studies (Brakenhoff, 1979 and Choudhury 1977).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Choudhury

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Choudhury

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: confocal microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscope appeared in 1957

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biological studies

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Imaris

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological studies

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological studies

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: scanning confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1957

text: In contrast to macroscopic models, microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles.

text: In contrast to

text: macroscopic models

text: , microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: vehicle-driver units,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: single vehicle-driver units,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: macroscopic models,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single vehicle-driver units,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: macroscopic models,

text: Presnyakov’s name is connected with development of so called micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically (with a microscope).

text: Presnyakov’s name is connected with development of so called micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically (with a microscope).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micro-movement

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Presnyakov

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Presnyakov

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Presnyakov

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Presnyakov

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Presnyakov

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than a millimeter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-movement.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: micro-movement.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: micro-movement.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope).

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Presnyakov’s

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: micro-movement. The artist created his works microscopically

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micro-movement.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: micro-movement.

text: In 1841 his study of sulphur bacteria (then the 'glairine of sulphurous waters') was noteworthy, as was his microscopic examination of drinking water. His book the Aquavivarium (1856) had a great vogue. He co-founded the important Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (QJMS) in 1853, and co-edited it with George Busk, and later with his son Ray. Half-hours with the microscope (1857) was a best-seller, reprinted until 1918.

text: In 1841 his study of sulphur bacteria (then the 'glairine of sulphurous waters') was noteworthy, as was his microscopic examination of

text: drinking water

text: . His book the Aquavivarium (1856) had a great vogue. He co-founded the important

text: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

text: (QJMS) in 1853, and co-edited it with

text: George Busk

text: , and later with his son Ray. Half-hours with the microscope (1857) was a best-seller, reprinted until 1918.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Half-hours with the microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ray

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: George Busk and Ray

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: half-hours

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: half-hours

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Half-hours with the microscope (1857)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1918.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Half-hours with the microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: He co-founded the important Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Half-hours with the microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1841

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1841

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Half-hours with the microscope (1857)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: George Busk,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Half-hours

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic examination of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1918.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1918.

text: The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.  The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells, the greater the risk of systemic spread.  There are three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

text: The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.  The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells, the greater the risk of systemic spread.  There are three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: appearance of cancer cells under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: duct cells

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cancer cells look

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than infrared light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The appearance of cancer cells under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: three characteristics that differentiate cancer cells from normal cells.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The more different the cancer cells look compared to normal duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: normal duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: normal duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The appearance of cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: normal duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The appearance of cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: normal duct cells,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: cancer cells under a microscope is another predictor of systemic spread.

text: Before the era of modern medical procedures, the main means for studying the internal structure of the body were palpation and dissection. It was the advent of microscopy that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues. Technical advances in the development of achromatic lenses increased the resolving power of the microscope and around 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things. Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the microtome was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine. Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue. The fields of cytology and histology developed from here in the late 19th century. The invention of the electron microscope brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them. About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy.

text: Before the era of modern medical procedures, the main means for studying the internal structure of the body were

text: palpation

text: and

text: dissection

text: . It was the advent of

text: microscopy

text: that opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues. Technical advances in the development of

text: achromatic lens

text: es increased the

text: resolving power

text: of the microscope and around 1839,

text: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

text: and

text: Theodor Schwann

text: identified that cells were the fundamental unit of organization of all living things. Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the

text: microtome

text: was invented to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine. Staining techniques using artificial dyes were established to help distinguish between different types of tissue. The fields of

text: cytology

text: and

text: histology

text: developed from here in the late 19th century. The invention of the

text: electron microscope

text: brought a great advance in resolution power and allowed research into the

text: ultrastructure

text: of cells and the

text: organelle

text: s and other structures within them. About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of

text: X-ray diffraction

text: for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of

text: molecular anatomy

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: achromatic lenses

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1839

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the advent of microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromatic lenses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1839

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study of small structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Achromatic lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolving power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: to provide sufficiently thin slices of tissue to examine.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: opened up an understanding of the building blocks that constituted living tissues.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromatic lenses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1839,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Study of small structures involved passing light through them and the microtome

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: achromatic lenses increased the resolving power

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the ultrastructure of cells and the organelles and other structures within them.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living tissues.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: achromatic lenses increased the resolving power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: achromatic lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: achromatic lenses increased the resolving power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: achromatic

text: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.

text: His team discovered how to generate functional

text: hemangioblast

text: s (a population of "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In animals, these cells quickly repaired vascular damage, cutting the death rate after a heart attack in half and restoring the blood flow to ischemic limbs that might otherwise have required amputation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "ambulance" cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stem cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hemangioblasts

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: hemangioblasts (a population of "ambulance" cells)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: half

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "ambulance"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: His team discovered how to generate functional hemangioblasts

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: half

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "ambulance" cells) from human embryonic stem cells.In

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: half

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: half

text: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components (numbered below according to the image on the right):

text: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components (numbered below according to the image on the right):

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the light path

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light path

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron beam

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light path

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: modern optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: All modern optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light path.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: viewing samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmitted light

text: The optical microscope, often referred to as light microscope, is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

text: The optical microscope, often referred to as light microscope, is a type of

text: microscope

text: which uses

text: visible light

text: and a system of

text: lenses

text: to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve

text: resolution

text: and sample

text: contrast

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unrelated subjects

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images of small samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small samples.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: samples.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnify images of small samples.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images of small samples.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small samples.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a system of lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolution and sample contrast.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 17th century.

text: These microscopes could focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than a wavelength. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than a wavelength, once again, changing the possibilities in science.

text: These microscopes could focus on objects the size of a

text: wavelength

text: or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than a wavelength. Later in the 1920s, the

text: electron microscope

text: was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than a wavelength, once again, changing the possibilities in science.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: larger

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects smaller than a wavelength

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects smaller than a wavelength

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a wavelength

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1920s,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: smaller than a wavelength,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than a wavelength.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: These microscopes could focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that are smaller than a wavelength,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: discoveries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: science.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a wavelength or larger,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wavelength

text: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating.  Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.

text: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating.  Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: osmium

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high-vacuum mode

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: non-conductive materials

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: osmium

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: high-voltage mode

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: osmium

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: high-vacuum mode

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: osmium

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-vacuum mode

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: osmium

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Scanning

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: non-conductive materials

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: conductive specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: non-conductive materials

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: non-conductive materials require conductive coating

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: non-conductive materials require conductive coating

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: non-conductive materials require conductive coating

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-vacuum mode

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: high-vacuum

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: conductive specimens;

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high-vacuum

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: non-conductive materials require conductive coating

text: While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient various human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope. The main advantage of the so-called "optical cell rotator" technology over standard optical tweezers is the decoupling of trapping from imaging optics. This, its modular design, and the high compatibility of divergent laser traps with biological material indicates the great potential of this new generation of laser traps in medical research and life science. Recently, the optical cell rotator technology was implemented on the basis of adaptive optics, allowing to dynamically reconfigure the optical trap during operation and adapt it to the sample.

text: While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient various human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope. The main advantage of the so-called "optical cell rotator" technology over standard optical tweezers is the decoupling of trapping from imaging optics. This, its modular design, and the high compatibility of divergent laser traps with biological material indicates the great potential of this new generation of laser traps in medical research and life science. Recently, the optical cell rotator technology was implemented on the basis of

text: adaptive optics

text: , allowing to dynamically reconfigure the optical trap during operation and adapt it to the sample.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: orient various human cell types

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: tweezers

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: laser

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell types

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: M. Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single mode beams,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: non-trivial trapping geometries.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (individual cells and clusters)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: (individual cells and clusters)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: human cell types (individual cells and clusters) on a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: orient various human cell types

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single mode beams,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: non-trivial trapping geometries.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: M. Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: M. Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical tweezers

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: M. Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical tweezers

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: M. Kreysing

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human cell types

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: imaging optics.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber

text: The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences, are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength is focused on the specimen through the objective lens. The fluorescence emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher numerical aperture. Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. An additional wavelength specific filter between the objective and the detector can filter out the remaining excitation light from fluorescent light.

text: The majority of fluorescence microscopes, especially those used in the

text: life sciences

text: , are of the epifluorescence design shown in the diagram. Light of the excitation wavelength is focused on the specimen through the

text: objective

text: lens. The

text: fluorescence

text: emitted by the specimen is focused to the detector by the same objective that is used for the excitation which for greater resolution will need objective lens with higher

text: numerical aperture

text: . Since most of the excitation light is transmitted through the specimen, only reflected excitatory light reaches the objective together with the emitted light and the epifluorescence method therefore gives a high signal-to-noise ratio. An additional

text: wavelength specific filter

text: between the objective and the detector can filter out the remaining excitation light from fluorescent light.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: the life sciences

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: numerical aperture

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: fluorescent light

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the fluorescence emitted by the specimen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelength specific filter

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is used in the life sciences

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light focused on the specimen

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: higher numerical aperture

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: excitation wavelength

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes, especially those used in the life sciences,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: numerical aperture.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: higher numerical aperture.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelength specific filter

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: high signal-to-noise ratio.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: life sciences,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: life sciences,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: higher numerical aperture.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: higher numerical aperture.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: excitation wavelength

text: Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level.  The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple mechanical process usually involving an inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting stereo microscope at 40–50x or a traditional compound upright microscope at similar power to an inverted model).

text: Microinjection is the use of a glass

text: micropipette

text: to inject a liquid substance at a

text: microscopic

text: or borderline

text: macroscopic

text: level.  The target is often a living cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple mechanical process usually involving an

text: inverted microscope

text: with a

text: magnification power

text: of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using a dissecting

text: stereo microscope

text: at 40–50x or a traditional

text: compound upright microscope

text: at similar power to an inverted model).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted model

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: inverted model

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 400 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: living cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microinjection

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a living cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: living cell

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: inverted microscope with a magnification power of around 200x

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200x

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a rectangular region

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: same resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Scanning optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: reflected or transmitted waves.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Scanning optical and electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Scanning optical and electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Magnification of the image

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected or transmitted waves.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: wide field optical,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: waves.

text: South Campus is the main campus of NMMU and it houses the main administration in its 18 story Main Building and is home to NMMU's Vice-Chancellor. It was built on  of land donated by the then Port Elizabeth City Council. The campus was declared a nature reserve in 1983, which covers 830 hectares and a conservation site for fynbos vegetation. The reserve has 22 mammal species (including springbok), 16 reptile species, four amphibian species, and 66 bird species. The 4.8 km Grysbok Trail is great for hiking and starts at the Biological Sciences parking area. NMMU is also the only university in South Africa to offer game drives in a 4X4 vehicle. The campus is also home to the High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope centre housing four state-of-the-art electron microscopes, including the only double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope on the African continent, making NMMU the only place in Africa where one can view atoms.

text: South Campus is the main campus of NMMU and it houses the main administration in its 18 story Main Building and is home to NMMU's Vice-Chancellor. It was built on  of land donated by the then Port Elizabeth City Council. The campus was declared a nature reserve in 1983, which covers 830 hectares and a conservation site for fynbos vegetation. The reserve has 22 mammal species (including springbok), 16 reptile species, four amphibian species, and 66 bird species. The 4.8 km Grysbok Trail is great for hiking and starts at the Biological Sciences parking area. NMMU is also the only university in South Africa to offer game drives in a 4X4 vehicle. The campus is also home to the High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope centre housing four state-of-the-art electron microscopes, including the only double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope on the African continent, making NMMU the only place in Africa where one can view atoms.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: NMMU

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: metre

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope centre

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NMMU

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: NMMU

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: NMMU

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Biological Sciences

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4.8 km

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope centre

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: double aberration

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: double aberration

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: NMMU

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Biological Sciences

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscopes, including the only double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope on the African continent,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: double aberration corrected transmission electron microscope on the African continent,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4.8

text: The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century. Robert Hooke used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano-convex lens, and shows in the 'Micrographia' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency. Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage. This was a simple plano-convex or bi-convex lens, or sometimes a combination of lenses. With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829, by Joseph Jackson Lister, the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent. By 1837, the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France, by Felix Dujardin, and Chevalier. English makers early took up this improvement, due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings. By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands, with proper centring and focus. It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no-one can design a good achromatic, spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics. On the Continent, in Germany, the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential, mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved. Thus the leading German company, Carl Zeiss in Jena, offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s. French makers, such as Nachet, provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands When the leading German bacteriologist, Robert Koch, complained to Ernst Abbe, that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope, in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria, Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878.

text: The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century.

text: Robert Hooke

text: used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano-convex lens, and shows in the '

text: Micrographia

text: ' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency. Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage. This was a simple plano-convex or bi-convex lens, or sometimes a combination of lenses. With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829, by

text: Joseph Jackson Lister

text: , the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent. By 1837, the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France, by Felix Dujardin, and Chevalier. English makers early took up this improvement, due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings. By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands, with proper centring and focus. It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no-one can design a good achromatic, spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics. On the Continent, in Germany, the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential, mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved. Thus the leading German company,

text: Carl Zeiss

text: in Jena, offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s. French makers, such as Nachet, provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands When the leading German bacteriologist,

text: Robert Koch

text: , complained to

text: Ernst Abbe

text: , that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope, in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria, Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: achromatic objective

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: pre-achromatic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: diatoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: who developed the modern achromatic objective in 1829

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Joseph Jackson Lister

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: pre-achromatic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: achromatic condensers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Zeiss microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: condensers

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ___

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Seibert achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: pre-achromatic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: he understands the reasons for its efficiency.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Seibert achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Seibert

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: poor chromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: achromatic,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromatic objective in 1829,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Seibert

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Seibert

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Seibert achromatic condenser

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: achromatic,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nobert ruled gratings.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: condensers

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Seibert

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Koch,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: condensers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Nobert

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: pre-achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: achromatic,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: photographs of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photographs of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ruled gratings.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: proper centring and focus.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: achromatic objective in 1829,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 40s,

text: Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope.

text: Eukaryotic

text: cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost

text: cell membrane

text: . The larger organelles, such as the

text: nucleus

text: and

text: vacuoles

text: , are easily visible with the

text: light microscope

text: . They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the

text: microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: larger organelles

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unrelated subjects

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: lipid membranes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the larger organelles

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Eukaryotic cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: lipid membranes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: larger organelles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological discoveries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Eukaryotic cells

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The larger organelles,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: They were among the first biological discoveries

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: invention of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Eukaryotic cells

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The larger organelles,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological discoveries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Eukaryotic cells

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The larger organelles,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: outermost cell membrane.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscope.

text: The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone, containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica, that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. These "sliders" were popular in Victorian England until the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

text: The origin of the concept was pieces of

text: ivory

text: or

text: bone

text: , containing specimens held between disks of transparent

text: mica

text: , that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. These "sliders" were popular in

text: Victorian

text: England

text: until the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Victorian England

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ivory or bone

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: standardized glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Victorian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Victorian England

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: pieces of ivory or bone,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: pieces of ivory or bone, containing specimens

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mica,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Victorian England until the Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: objective.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: specimens held between disks of transparent mica,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Victorian England

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: pieces of ivory or bone,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: the Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: standardized glass microscope slide.

text: If the dialogue centers throughout the Netherlands were houses of study (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash) established the International Foundation united in the house of study, of which Van Praag was president. Until the end of his life he was closely involved in these houses of study, took part in the discussions and gave numerous lectures. The first house of study was located in the Amsterdam Anne Frank House. The statutes of the Anne Frank House are such things as the extent of understanding for the suffering inflicted the Jews, promoting tolerance and combating discrimination, not promote dialogue between Jews, Christians and Muslims. Nevertheless, the foundation contributed to this, not least by the stamp of Henry Van Praag 's bustle.

text: If the dialogue centers throughout the Netherlands were houses of study (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash) established the International Foundation united in the house of study, of which Van Praag was president. Until the end of his life he was closely involved in these houses of study, took part in the discussions and gave numerous lectures. The first house of study was located in the Amsterdam

text: Anne Frank House

text: . The statutes of the Anne Frank House are such things as the extent of understanding for the suffering inflicted the Jews, promoting tolerance and combating discrimination, not promote dialogue between Jews, Christians and Muslims. Nevertheless, the foundation contributed to this, not least by the stamp of Henry Van Praag 's bustle.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: houses of study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Anne Frank

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Anne Frank

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Anne Frank House

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Anne Frank House

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Jews

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Amsterdam Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: houses of study

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Amsterdam Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Amsterdam Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Praag

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Henry Van Praag's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Henry Van Praag's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: (Soete Village

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anne

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: (Soete Village

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Jews,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Anne Frank House.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (Soete Village translation of Beth-ha-midrash)

text: István Apáthy, also known as Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922), was a Hungarian zoologist and histologist, known for his work in medical science and microscope technique. He particularly studied neurofibrils, and was known for improving microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.  Apáthy was a professor at the Franz Joseph University.  He also theorized on the "social and political aspects" of eugenics.

text: István Apáthy, also known as Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922), was a

text: Hungarian

text: zoologist

text: and

text: histologist

text: , known for his work in medical science and

text: microscope

text: technique. He particularly studied

text: neurofibrils

text: , and was known for improving microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.  Apáthy was a professor at the

text: Franz Joseph University

text: .  He also theorized on the "social and political aspects" of

text: eugenics

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hungarian

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope technique

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hungarian

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissue samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tissue samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: István Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Apáthy

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope technique.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Stephan Apáthy (1863–1922),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: neurofibrils,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope technique. He particularly studied neurofibrils,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: neurofibrils,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope technique. He particularly studied neurofibrils,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: neurofibrils,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: István Apáthy,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic techniques for dealing with tissue samples.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1863–1922),

text: Microscopic hair analysis is the science of comparing several strands of hair under a microscope and attempting to deduce if the strands 'match'.  It became established as a forensic science by the 1950s.  Researchers often monitored more than a dozen attributes, including pigment distribution and scale patterns.  This technique has been used in criminal investigations to try to tie hair found at a crime scene, or other location of note, and confirm if the hair matches that of a suspect.  While a simple hair color match might be consistent with a certain suspect having been at the scene - black hair at the scene when the suspect has black hair - microscopic hair analysis began to claim a stronger standard by the 1970s.  Rather than merely "narrow the field" of possibilities, hair analysts claimed to actually match a specific person, such that the hair could be 'proof' of a specific suspect's presence.  While the typed reports often hedged the certainty of microscopic hair analysis, witnesses in court would not always be as modest; the manager of the Montana state crime lab testified there was a "1 in 10,000 chance" that hairs found at a crime scene did not come from the suspect in one case, for example.  Microscopic hair analysis has a long tradition of being used in fiction as well; it was originally popularized by Sherlock Holmes before it was even used by the police.  Fictional works involving detectives have continued to use it since, including Columbo, Quincy, ME, Dexter, and CSI.

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: before it was even used by the police.  Fictional works involving detectives have continued to use it since, including

text: Columbo

text: Quincy, ME

text: Dexter

text: , and

text: CSI

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: strands long

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the 1950s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Columbo

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: hair

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Columbo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is microscopic hair analysis?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dozen

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1970s.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: strands of hair

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Sherlock Holmes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "1 in 10,000

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic hair analysis

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "1 in 10,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "1 in 10,000

text: The stand was made by an employee of Tulley, James Smith, and is preserved in the Wellcome Institute.  Smith set up on his own in 1837, later taking on Richard Beck, a nephew of Lister, as an apprentice finally becoming a partner in 1847 when the company was renamed Smith & Beck.Lister published his work in 1830 in a paper entitled "On Some Properties in Achromatic Object-Glasses Applicable to the Improvement of the Microscope" submitted to the Royal Society, and collaborated with Smith and with Andrew Ross, who had established what was to become one of the finest microscope manufacturers in 1832.  Lister's law of aplanatic foci remained the underlying principle of microscopic science.

text: The stand was made by an employee of Tulley, James Smith, and is preserved in the

entity_name: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine

text: Wellcome Institute

text: .  Smith set up on his own in 1837, later taking on Richard Beck, a nephew of Lister, as an apprentice finally becoming a partner in 1847 when the company was renamed Smith & Beck.Lister published his work in 1830 in a paper entitled "On Some Properties in Achromatic

text: Object-Glasses

text: Applicable to the Improvement of the Microscope" submitted to the Royal Society, and collaborated with Smith and with Andrew Ross, who had established what was to become one of the finest microscope manufacturers in 1832.  Lister's law of aplanatic foci remained the underlying principle of microscopic science.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Smith & Beck

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Smith & Beck

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic science

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Smith & Beck

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Smith & Beck

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Smith & Beck

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Andrew Ross

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Smith

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Smith

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Lister

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Achromatic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic science

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Smith and Beck

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Achromatic object-glasses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: achromatic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Lister,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Beck.Lister published his work in 1830

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "On Some Properties in Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Beck.Lister published his work in 1830

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic science.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Lister's law of aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Lister's law of aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Lister's law of aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: James Smith,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "On Some Properties in Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Lister's law of aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Achromatic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Smith set up on his own in 1837,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Smith set up on his own in 1837,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "On Some Properties in Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Beck.Lister

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Lister's law of aplanatic foci

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Lister,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Achromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Lister,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Achromatic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic science.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Beck.Lister

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Achromatic Object-Glasses

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Achromatic

text: MountainsMap is a surface imaging and metrology software published by the company Digital Surf. Its main application is micro-topography, the science of studying surface texture and form in 3D at the microscopic scale. The software is used mainly with stylus-based or optical profilometers, optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

text: MountainsMap is a surface imaging and

text: metrology

text: software

text: published by the company

text: Digital Surf

text: . Its main application is micro-topography, the science of studying surface texture and form in

text: at the microscopic scale. The software is used mainly with stylus-based or optical

text: profilometer

text: s, optical

text: microscope

text: s and

text: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the science of studying surface texture and form

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical profilometers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Digital Surf

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: studying surface texture and form in 3D at the microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D at the microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Digital Surf.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: micro-topography,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stylus-based

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stylus-based or optical profilometers,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes and scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: scanning probe microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic scale.

text: They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth, bosselated (knobby) external surface, and is soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.  Typically, the stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas.

text: They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth,

text: bosselated

text: (knobby) external surface, and is soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.  Typically, the

text: stroma

text: contains

text: lymphocyte

text: s and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like

text: granuloma

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: germ cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: germ cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: germ cells

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: hypercalcemia.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: hypercalcemia.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: hypercalcemia.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hypercalcemia.

text: For the Maricopa Association of Governments, Caliper is developing the largest high-fidelity microsimulation model ever attempted.  Using TransModeler, vehicle traffic is being simulated within a 500 square mile area of Phoenix using a microscopic model with a .1 second time step.  The network includes more than 1800 traffic signals which are being simulated at the same time.  The network is represented at the lane level with accurate intersection placement and geography.  An equilibrium dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is performed using the microscopic loading.

text: For the

text: Maricopa Association of Governments

text: Caliper

text: is developing the largest high-fidelity

text: microsimulation

text: model ever attempted.  Using TransModeler, vehicle traffic is being simulated within a 500 square mile area of

text: Phoenix

text: using a microscopic model with a .1 second time step.  The network includes more than 1800

text: traffic signals

text: which are being simulated at the same time.  The network is represented at the lane level with accurate intersection placement and geography.  An equilibrium

text: dynamic traffic assignment

text: (DTA) is performed using the microscopic loading.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: accurate intersection placement and geography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: square miles

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic loading

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Caliper

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Caliper

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: accurate intersection placement and geography.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 500 square mile

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic model

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic model with a.1 second

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic model

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic model

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Maricopa Association of Governments,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic model with a.1 second time step.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Caliper

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: loading.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a.1 second time step.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a.1 second

text: Fleas have appeared in poetry, literature, music and art; these include Robert Hooke's drawing of a flea under the microscope in his pioneering  book Micrographia published in 1665, poems by Donne and Jonathan Swift, works of music by Giorgio Federico Ghedini and Modest Mussorgsky, a play by Georges Feydeau, a film by Charlie Chaplin, and paintings by artists such as Giuseppe Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and Georges de La Tour.

text: Fleas have appeared in poetry, literature, music and art; these include

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's drawing of a flea under the

text: microscope

text: in his pioneering  book

text: Micrographia

text: published in 1665, poems by Donne and

text: Jonathan Swift

text: , works of music by

text: Giorgio Federico Ghedini

text: and

text: Modest Mussorgsky

text: , a play by

text: Georges Feydeau

text: , a film by

text: Charlie Chaplin

text: , and paintings by artists such as

text: Giuseppe Crespi

text: Giovanni Battista Piazzetta

text: , and

text: Georges de La Tour

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Giuseppe Crespi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Giuseppe Crespi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Giuseppe Crespi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Giorgio Federico Ghedini

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Giuseppe Crespi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Giuseppe Crespi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: flea

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fleas

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: drawings

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: pioneering book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Fleas

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope in his pioneering book Micrographia published in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Fleas

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: flea

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: drawing of a flea

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: flea under the microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1665,

text: In the half-century since the first experiments directly leading to the development of acoustic microscopes, at least three basic types of acoustic microscope have been developed. These are the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), Confocal scanning acoustic microscope (CSAM), and C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM). For details of development see the History section below. More recently acoustic microscopes based around picosecond ultrasonics systems have demonstrated acoustic imaging in cells using sub-optical wavelengths working with ultrasonic frequencies into the multi-GHz. Since the vast majority of acoustic microscopes in use today are C-SAM type instruments, this discussion will be limited to these instruments.

text: In the half-century since the first experiments directly leading to the development of acoustic microscopes, at least three basic types of acoustic microscope have been developed. These are the

text: scanning acoustic microscope

text: (SAM),

text: Confocal scanning acoustic microscope

text: (CSAM), and C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM). For details of development see the History section below. More recently acoustic microscopes based around

text: picosecond ultrasonics

text: systems have demonstrated acoustic imaging in cells using sub-optical wavelengths working with ultrasonic frequencies into the multi-GHz. Since the vast majority of acoustic microscopes in use today are C-SAM type instruments, this discussion will be limited to these instruments.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: acoustic microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: acoustic microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sub-optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: C-SAM

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: acoustic imaging

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: acoustic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sub-optical

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: acoustic imaging in cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: sub-optical wavelengths working with ultrasonic frequencies into the multi-GHz.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sub-optical wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: picosecond

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sub-optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning acoustic microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C-mode scanning acoustic microscope (C-SAM).

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: acoustic microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning acoustic microscope (SAM),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging in cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: experiments

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: multi-GHz.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: acoustic imaging in cells using sub-optical wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: multi-GHz.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sub-optical

text: A digital microscope is a microscope equipped with a digital camera allowing observation of a sample via a computer. Microscopes can also be partly or wholly computer-controlled with various levels of automation. Digital microscopy allows greater analysis of a microscope image, for example measurements of distances and areas and quantitaton of a fluorescent or histological stain.Low-powered digital microscopes, USB microscopes, are also commercially available. These are essentially webcams with a high-powered macro lens and generally do not use transillumination. The camera attached directly to the USB port of a computer, so that the images are shown directly on the monitor. They offer modest magnifications (up to about 200×) without the need to use eyepieces, and at very low cost. High power illumination is usually provided by an LED source or sources adjacent to the camera lens.

text: A

text: digital microscope

text: is a microscope equipped with a

text: digital camera

text: allowing observation of a sample via a

text: computer

text: . Microscopes can also be partly or wholly computer-controlled with various levels of automation. Digital microscopy allows greater analysis of a microscope image, for example measurements of distances and areas and quantitaton of a fluorescent or

text: histological

text: stain.Low-powered digital microscopes,

text: USB microscope

text: s, are also commercially available. These are essentially

text: webcam

text: s with a high-powered

text: macro lens

text: and generally do not use

text: transillumination

text: . The camera attached directly to the

text: USB

text: port of a computer, so that the images are shown directly on the monitor. They offer modest magnifications (up to about 200×) without the need to use eyepieces, and at very low cost. High power illumination is usually provided by an

text: LED

text: source or sources adjacent to the camera lens.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: High power illumination

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a microscope equipped with a digital camera

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LED

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: High power illumination

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jacques Cousteau

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transillumination

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescent

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample via a computer

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a microscope lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: about 200

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Digital microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: USB microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: USB microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: USB microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200<unk>

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LED

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: LED

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transillumination.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: digital camera

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200<unk>

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eyepieces,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200<unk>

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: LED

text: It has a Gram-positive cell wall, but, because the cell wall is so thin, it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with clue cells, which are epithelial cells covered in bacteria.

text: It has a Gram-positive cell wall, but, because the cell wall is so thin, it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with

text: clue cell

text: s, which are

text: epithelial cell

text: s covered in bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under the microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: clue cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Bacillus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: bacterial cells appear

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Gram-positive or Gram-negative

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: epithelial cells covered in bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: clue cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Gram-positive

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Gram-positive or Gram-negative

text: Despite the simplicity of the hook-length formula, the Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful and does not provide an intuitive argument as to why hooks appear in the formula.The search for a short, intuitive explanation befitting such a simple result gave rise to many alternate proofs for the hook-length formula.A. P. Hillman and R. M. Grassl gave the first proof that illuminates the role of hooks in 1976 by proving a special case of the Stanley hook-content formula, which is known to imply the hook-length formula.C. Greene, A. Nijenhuis, and H. S. Wilf found a probabilistic proof using the hook walk in which the hook lengths appear naturally in 1979.J. B. Remmel adapted the original Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof into the first bijective proof for the hook-length formula in 1982.A direct bijective proof was first discovered by D. S. Franzblau and D. Zeilberger in 1982.D. Zeilberger also converted the Greene–Nijenhuis–Wilf hook walk proof into a bijective proof in 1984.A simpler direct bijective proof was announced by Igor Pak and Alexander V. Stoyanovskii in 1992, and its complete proof was presented by the pair and Jean-Christophe Novelli in 1997.

text: Despite the simplicity of the hook-length formula, the Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful and does not provide an intuitive argument as to why hooks appear in the formula.The search for a short, intuitive explanation befitting such a simple result gave rise to many alternate proofs for the hook-length formula.A. P. Hillman and R. M. Grassl gave the first proof that illuminates the role of hooks in 1976 by proving a special case of the

text: Stanley

text: hook-content formula, which is known to imply the hook-length formula.

text: C. Greene

text: A. Nijenhuis

text: , and

text: H. S. Wilf

text: found a probabilistic proof using the hook walk in which the hook lengths appear naturally in 1979.J. B. Remmel adapted the original Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof into the first bijective proof for the hook-length formula in 1982.A direct bijective proof was first discovered by D. S. Franzblau and

text: D. Zeilberger

text: in 1982.

text: D. Zeilberger

text: also converted the Greene–Nijenhuis–Wilf hook walk proof into a bijective proof in 1984.A simpler direct bijective proof was announced by

text: Igor Pak

text: and Alexander V. Stoyanovskii in 1992, and its complete proof was presented by the pair and Jean-Christophe Novelli in 1997.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Smithsonian Institution

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: length

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: frame–robinson–thall

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: D. S. Franzblau and D. Zeilberger

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: lengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Thrall

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nijenhuis

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jean-Christophe Novelli

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: D. S. Franzblau

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: D. S. Franzblau and D. Zeilberger

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jean-Christophe Novelli

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Stanley

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Stanley

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: R. M. Grassl

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: R. M. Grassl

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall proof is uninsightful

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Frame–Robinson–Thrall

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: R. M. Grassl

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Stanley

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hook walk

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: hook walk

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Stanley

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: hook walk

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Stanley hook-content formula,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Despite the simplicity of the hook-length formula,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hook-length

text: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level produces a non-deterministic arrangement of the cells: if the experiment is repeated, a particular position in the experiment will be in a clockwise cell in some cases, and a counter-clockwise cell in others.  Microscopic perturbations of the initial conditions are enough to produce a non-deterministic macroscopic effect.  That is, in principle, there is no way to calculate the macroscopic effect of a microscopic perturbation.  This inability to predict long-range conditions and sensitivity to initial-conditions are characteristics of chaotic or complex systems (i.e., the butterfly effect).

text: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level produces a non-deterministic arrangement of the cells: if the experiment is repeated, a particular position in the experiment will be in a clockwise cell in some cases, and a counter-clockwise cell in others.  Microscopic perturbations of the

text: initial conditions

text: are enough to produce a non-deterministic macroscopic effect.  That is, in principle, there is no way to calculate the macroscopic effect of a microscopic perturbation.  This inability to predict long-range conditions and sensitivity to initial-conditions are characteristics of

text: chaotic

text: or

text: complex

text: systems (i.e., the

text: butterfly effect

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the butterfly effect

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: non-deterministic arrangement of the cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the butterfly effect

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: clockwise

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the butterfly effect

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the butterfly effect

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: long-range

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: non-deterministic arrangement of the cells:

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: butterfly effect).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Moreover, the deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: deterministic law at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells:

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: deterministic law

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic level produces a non-deterministic arrangement of the cells:

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic level

text: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy. However, digital holography has also been applied to electron microscopy. Holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the electron microscope. For various reasons holography never made it into the electron microscope.

text: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy. However, digital holography has also been applied to

text: electron microscopy

text: . Holography was invented by

text: Dennis Gabor

text: to improve the electron microscope. For various reasons holography never made it into the electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: holograms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: holograms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Digital holography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Digital holography

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: holography never made it into the electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Digital holography

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Digital holography

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Digital holography

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Digital holography has mostly been applied to light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dennis Gabor

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: holography

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

text: Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology to microscopic anatomical structure. He was the first to discover the branching contractile cells on the external wall of the capillaries in amphibians, structures that are now known as "Rouget cells". Also the eponymous "Rouget's muscle" was described by him, which are circular fibers of the ciliary muscle of the eye. These fibers are sometimes called "Müller's muscle" after German anatomist Heinrich Müller (1820–1864).

text: Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology to microscopic

text: anatomical

text: structure. He was the first to discover the branching contractile cells on the external wall of the

text: capillaries

text: in

text: amphibian

text: s, structures that are now known as "

text: Rouget cells

text: ". Also the eponymous "Rouget's muscle" was described by him, which are circular fibers of the

text: ciliary muscle

text: of the eye. These fibers are sometimes called "

text: Müller's muscle

text: " after German anatomist

text: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic anatomical structure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch anatomist

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ciliary muscle

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rouget cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Heinrich Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ciliary muscle

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ciliary muscle

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic anatomical structure.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Rouget

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ciliary muscle

text: In North America, all 10 Electroplankton were released in November 2009. Trapy, Hanenbow, Rec-Rec, Nanocarp, and Beatnes were released on November 9, while Luminaria (renamed Luminarrow), Sun-Animalcule, Lumiloop, Marine-Snow (renamed Marine-Crystals), and Volvoice (renamed Varvoice) were released November 23.

text: In North America, all 10 Electroplankton were released in November 2009. Trapy, Hanenbow, Rec-Rec, Nanocarp, and Beatnes were released on November 9, while Luminaria (renamed Luminarrow), Sun-Animalcule, Lumiloop, Marine-Snow (renamed Marine-Crystals), and Volvoice (renamed Varvoice) were released November 23.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanocarp

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Hanenbow

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Luminarrow

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nanocarp,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Luminaria

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Electroplankton

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 9,

text: Stagnicola perplexa is similar in appearance and shares habitats and a geographical range comparable to Mythicomyces corneipes. S. perplexa generally has a more faded coloration, and produces brownish spore prints lacking purplish tones. The two species can be reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as Stagnicola has smooth spores and cheilocystidia with thin walls. Owing to its similarly colored cap and habitat amongst mosses, Phaeocollybia attenuata might be confused with M. corneipes. Phaeocollybia attenuata can readily be differentiated in the field by the long wirelike pseudorhiza extending below the substrate, and microscopically by the much more heavily ornamented limoniform-globose spores and absence of pleurocystidia. Other morphologically similar species include Hypholoma udum and H. elongatum, but unlike M. corneipes, both of these agarics have smooth spores, yellow chrysocystidia, and lack metuloids. The lookalike Galerina sideroides is found in Washington, Michigan, and Sweden, where it fruits in groups on rotten conifer logs. It has distinct microscopic characteristics, such as a wider range of basidial widths (20–40 µm), and a lack of pleurocystidia.

text: Stagnicola perplexa

text: is similar in appearance and shares habitats and a geographical range comparable to Mythicomyces corneipes. S. perplexa generally has a more faded coloration, and produces brownish spore prints lacking purplish tones. The two species can be reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as Stagnicola has smooth spores and cheilocystidia with thin walls. Owing to its similarly colored cap and habitat amongst mosses,

text: Phaeocollybia attenuata

text: might be confused with M. corneipes. Phaeocollybia attenuata can readily be differentiated in the field by the long wirelike pseudorhiza extending below the substrate, and microscopically by the much more heavily ornamented limoniform-globose spores and absence of pleurocystidia. Other morphologically similar species include

text: Hypholoma udum

text: and

text: H. elongatum

text: , but unlike M. corneipes, both of these agarics have smooth spores, yellow chrysocystidia, and lack metuloids. The lookalike

text: Galerina sideroides

text: is found in

text: Washington

text: Michigan

text: , and Sweden, where it fruits in groups on rotten conifer logs. It has distinct microscopic characteristics, such as a wider range of basidial widths (20–40 µm), and a lack of pleurocystidia.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Galerina sideroides

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Galerina sideroides

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a wider range of basidial widths

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: pleurocystidia

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: pleurocystidia

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cheilocystidia

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galerina sideroides

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galerina sideroides

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galerina sideroides

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: pleurocystidia

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Mythicomyces

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 40 m

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 40  m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Mythicomyces corneipes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: limoniform-globose spores

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: (20–40 <unk>m),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: pleurocystidia.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: limoniform-globose spores

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: pleurocystidia.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: limoniform-globose spores

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Mythicomyces corneipes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spores,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Mythicomyces corneipes.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic characteristics,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic characteristics,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Mythicomyces corneipes.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (20–40 <unk>m),

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: M. corneipes,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (20–40 <unk>m),

text: It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, the Netherlands and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who achieved up to 300 times magnification.  He sandwiched a v. small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together and with an adjustable by screws needle attached to mount the specimen. Then, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676, he reported the discovery of micro-organisms.

text: It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, the Netherlands and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs.

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's

text: Micrographia

text: had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: who achieved up to 300 times magnification.  He sandwiched a v. small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together and with an adjustable by screws needle attached to mount the specimen. Then, Van Leeuwenhoek discovered

text: red blood cell

text: s and

text: spermatozoa

text: and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676, he reported the discovery of micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: illustrations

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: times magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: up to 300 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: v. small glass ball lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: micro-organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 300 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 300 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ___

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1660s and 1670s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass ball lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: up to 300 times magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 300 times magnification.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: up to 300 times magnification.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 300 times magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: up to 300 times magnification.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 300 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: glass ball lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 300 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: v.

text: Quate is known as the brilliant mind behind acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, invented with a colleague in 1973, has resolution exceeding optical microscopes, revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

text: Quate is known as the brilliant mind behind acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, invented with a colleague in 1973, has resolution exceeding optical microscopes, revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structure in opaque materials

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: revealing structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Quate and a colleague

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: acoustic and atomic force microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optics.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution exceeding optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: structure

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optics.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: revealing structure in opaque or even transparent materials not visible to optics.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Quate

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optics.

text: The Image Cytometry Standard (ICS) is a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy. It stores not only the image data, but also the microscopic parameters describing the optics during the acquisition.

text: The Image Cytometry Standard (ICS) is a digital multidimensional image

text: file format

text: used in

text: life sciences

text: microscopy

text: . It stores not only the

text: image data

text: , but also the microscopic parameters describing the optics during the acquisition.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multidimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ICS

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multidimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Image Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Image Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The Image Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: life sciences microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Image Cytometry

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The Image Cytometry Standard

text: During the ascus initial formation the crozier helps to maintain a dikaryotic state in the ascus initial and its side branch that will continue the spreading growth of the ascogenous hyphae in Ascomycota fruitbodies. The tips of developing asci on these ascogenous hyphae curl over. One haploid nucleus migrates into the curved tip while the other compatible haploid nucleus remains in the penultimate space below the hook. The ascus initial itself forms as a radiating spur branch at the top of the hook. Each nucleus divides resulting in the formation of a pair of compatible nuclei, i.e. a dikaryon, in the ascus. Two sister nuclei remain, one in the basal cell and the other in the crozier. The tip of the crozier fuses with the penultimate cell while walling itself off from the ascus by the formation of a septum. The nucleus from the crozier migrates into the penultimate cell joining the other nucleus, thus maintaining a dikaryotic state. These nuclei migrate into a side branch growing from the base of the ascus that repeats the ascus-crozier formation innumerable times. Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges at the basal septa. A minority of Ascomycota lack crosiers, hence the presence or absence of croziers is an important taxonomic character. Croziers resemble and function similarly to clamp connections on the dikaryotic hyphae of Basidiomycota.

text: During the

text: ascus

text: initial formation the crozier helps to maintain a

text: dikaryotic

text: state in the ascus initial and its side branch that will continue the spreading growth of the

text: ascogenous

text: hyphae in Ascomycota fruitbodies. The tips of developing asci on these ascogenous hyphae curl over. One

text: haploid

text: nucleus migrates into the curved tip while the other compatible haploid nucleus remains in the penultimate space below the hook. The ascus initial itself forms as a radiating spur branch at the top of the hook. Each

text: nucleus

text: divides resulting in the formation of a pair of compatible nuclei, i.e. a

text: dikaryon

text: , in the ascus. Two sister nuclei remain, one in the basal cell and the other in the crozier. The tip of the crozier fuses with the penultimate cell while walling itself off from the ascus by the formation of a

text: septum

text: . The nucleus from the crozier migrates into the penultimate cell joining the other nucleus, thus maintaining a dikaryotic state. These nuclei migrate into a side branch growing from the base of the ascus that repeats the ascus-crozier formation innumerable times. Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges at the basal septa. A minority of Ascomycota lack crosiers, hence the presence or absence of croziers is an important

text: taxonomic

text: character. Croziers resemble and function similarly to

text: clamp connection

text: s on the dikaryotic hyphae of

text: Basidiomycota

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: croziers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic examination of mature asci

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ascomycota fruitbodies

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: croziers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: croziers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: croziers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: curved bridges at the basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: small curved bridges

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: curved bridges at the basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: detectable

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Two sister nuclei

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: croziers

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic examination of mature asci as small curved bridges

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: curved bridges at the basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Mature croziers are detectable through microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic examination of mature asci

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Mature croziers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: These nuclei migrate into a side branch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: small curved bridges

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small curved bridges at the basal septa.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: curved bridges at the basal septa.

text: Micrographia is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It is particularly notable for being the first book to illustrate insects, plants etc. as seen through microscopes. Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the Royal Society, it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy.  It is also notable for coining the biological term cell.

text: Micrographia is a historically significant book by

text: Robert Hooke

text: about his observations through various lenses. It is particularly notable for being the first book to illustrate insects, plants etc. as seen through microscopes. Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the

text: Royal Society

text: , it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of

text: microscopy

text: .  It is also notable for coining the biological term

text: cell

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a historically significant book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: insects, plants etc

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a historically significant book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopy. It is also notable for coining the biological term cell.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Micrographia is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Micrographia is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Micrographia is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes. Published in January 1665,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopy. It is also notable for coining the biological term cell.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: insects, plants

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations through various lenses.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: insects, plants

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1665,

text: Arthur is in a cell in the town prison, and Hook wants to know who Nimue is and what he’s hiding, but Arthur says that Emma took his memories so he doesn't know anything. David pries Hook away, saying that Arthur was right, he doesn't remember anything from the events in Camelot, and the now, Arthur was "no longer important." Hook says Emma told them this was about him, but Regina says that Emma is manipulating him, like all the Dark Ones do, and Regina and Mary Margaret are convinced that Emma has fully succumbed to the darkness. Hook believes Emma hasn't fully caved to the darkness yet, since she hasn't used the sword yet, but Regina thinks Emma still needs another ingredient for her spell. Hook is determined to find out what went on in Camelot, saying that the only way to help her is to find out what happened between him and Emma. Hook visits Gold at his shop, and Mr. Gold tells Belle to put down the crossbow, since Hook wasn't Emma. Mr. Gold says he had some squid ink set aside, but the new Dark One took it. Hook says that Dark Ones are clever, being able to convince everyone that they've really changed when they haven't, and then asks what’s going on inside Emma’s head. He tells Gold what Emma said about her actions being about him. Gold says he recognizes the look on her face – regret. He says he became the Dark One to save his son. He adds that he convinced himself everything he did was for that, and that once he saved his son, he would atone for his sins, but things did not work out. He tells Hook to find out what Emma is trying to atone for to get the answers. Hook says he can’t find her, and Gold says that he will have to give her a reason to find him. Hook goes outside and calls for Emma and asks what happened between them and what she wants.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Mr. Gold

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Dark One

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Mary Margaret

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: gold

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Mr. Gold

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Regina

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Mary Margaret

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ink

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Mr. Gold

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells in detail.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person's vision clearer

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: regret. He says he became the Dark One to save his son.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hook wasn't Emma. Mr. Gold

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: they've really changed when they haven't,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hook wasn't Emma. Mr. Gold

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: his son.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gold

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: regret. He says he became the Dark One

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dark One

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: squid ink

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: save his son.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Dark One

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries, hand lenses were used by Malpighi, and microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek, preparations for fixing the eye for study by Ruysch, and later the freezing of the eye by Petit. This allowed for detailed study of the eye and an advanced model. Some mistakes persisted, such as: why the pupil changed size (seen to be vessels of the iris filling with blood), the existence of the posterior chamber, and of course the nature of the retina. In 1722, van Leeuwenhoek noted the existence of rods and cones, though they were not properly discovered until Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834 by use of a microscope.

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries,

text: hand lens

text: es were used by

text: Malpighi

text: , and

text: microscope

text: s by van Leeuwenhoek, preparations for fixing the eye for study by

text: Ruysch

text: , and later the freezing of the eye by

text: Petit

text: . This allowed for detailed study of the eye and an advanced model. Some mistakes persisted, such as: why the pupil changed size (seen to be vessels of the iris filling with blood), the existence of the

text: posterior chamber

text: , and of course the nature of the retina. In 1722, van

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: noted the existence of rods and cones, though they were not properly discovered until

text: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

text: in 1834 by use of a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th and 18th centuries

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: rods and cones

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: van Leeuwenholk

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first time period mentioned?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: van Leeuwenhek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hand lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: advanced model.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: hand lenses

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes by van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hand lenses

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: detailed study of the eye and an advanced model.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1834

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1834

text: He won the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1899, created a Companion of the Bath (CB) in the 1905 Birthday Honours, knighted in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the British Science Association during 1924–1925.

text: He won the

text: Leeuwenhoek Medal

text: in 1915. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (

text: FRS

text: ) in 1899, created a Companion of the Bath (

text: CB

text: ) in the

text: 1905 Birthday Honours

text: knighted

text: in 1908 and upgraded to a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) in 1918. He was president of the

text: British Science Association

text: during 1924–1925.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhovek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: KCB

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: British Science Association

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhovek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 105x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 1915.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: British Science Association during 1924–1925.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: British Science Association during 1924–1925.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: British Science Association during 1924–1925.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1924–1925.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: He won the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1915.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1905

text: The ER-C presently houses 13 electron microscopes manufactured by FEI Company and JEOL Ltd. ranging from standard scanning electron microscopes to highly specialised Titan series transmission electron microscopes equipped with aberration correction units and offering an information limit well below 100 picometres. The majority of ER-C instrumental resources is available for use by both in-house and external users.

text: The ER-C presently houses 13 electron microscopes manufactured by

text: FEI Company

text: and

text: JEOL Ltd.

text: ranging from standard scanning electron microscopes to highly specialised Titan series transmission electron microscopes equipped with aberration correction units and offering an information limit well below 100 picometres. The majority of ER-C instrumental resources is available for use by both in-house and external users.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: picometres

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: picometres

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: JEOL Ltd

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: picometres

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ER-C

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: FEI

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: picometres

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 picometres

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 picometres

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: FEI Company and JEOL Ltd.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Titan series transmission electron microscopes equipped with aberration correction units

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: picometres.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: aberration correction units

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: FEI

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: information limit well below 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: FEI Company

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 picometres.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 picometres.

text: In his model, Fisher argues that the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism. The performance of the microscope depends on the state of various knobs that can be manipulated, corresponding to distances and orientations of various lenses, whereas the fitness of an organism depends on the state of various phenotypic character such as body size and beak length and depth. The increase in the fitness of an organism by random changes is then analogous to the attempt to improve the performance of a microscope through randomly changing the positions of the knobs on the microscope.

text: In his model, Fisher argues that the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism. The performance of the microscope depends on the state of various knobs that can be manipulated, corresponding to distances and orientations of various lenses, whereas the fitness of an organism depends on the state of various

text: phenotypic

text: character such as body size and

text: beak

text: length and depth. The increase in the fitness of an organism by random changes is then analogous to the attempt to improve the performance of a microscope through randomly changing the positions of the knobs on the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the functioning of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an organism

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: lenses,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: body size

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the functioning of the microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances and orientations of various lenses,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: phenotypic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lenses,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope is analogous to the fitness of an organism.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: manipulated,

text: The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.  Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first atomic force microscope in 1986. The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.

text: The

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: , an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Heinrich Rohrer

text: at

text: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

text: , for which they were awarded the

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: in 1986.  Binnig,

text: Calvin Quate

text: and

text: Christoph Gerber

text: invented the first

text: atomic force microscope

text: in 1986. The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: imaging surfaces at the atomic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atomic level

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1989.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: surfaces at the atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging surfaces at the atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic level,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1986.

text: A primary difference between a stereo microscope and a digital microscope is the magnification. With a stereo microscope the magnification is found by multiplying the lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification. Since the digital microscope does not have an eyepiece, the magnification cannot be found using this method. Instead the magnification for a digital microscope is found by how many times larger the sample is reproduced on the monitor. Therefore, the magnification will depend on the size of the monitor. The average digital microscope system, which has a 15" monitor, would result in an average difference in magnification between an optical microscope and a digital microscope of about 40%. Thus the magnification number of a stereo microscope is usually 40% less than the magnification number of a digital microscope.

text: A primary difference between a stereo microscope and a digital microscope is the

text: magnification

text: . With a stereo microscope the magnification is found by multiplying the lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification. Since the digital microscope does not have an eyepiece, the magnification cannot be found using this method. Instead the magnification for a digital microscope is found by how many times larger the sample is reproduced on the monitor. Therefore, the magnification will depend on the size of the monitor. The average digital microscope system, which has a 15" monitor, would result in an average difference in magnification between an optical microscope and a digital microscope of about 40%. Thus the magnification number of a stereo microscope is usually 40% less than the magnification number of a digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: a stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: how many times larger the sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 15 times larger

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 40%.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: digital microscope does not have an eyepiece,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: stereo microscope and a digital microscope is the magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope and a digital microscope of about 40%.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: multiplying the lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 40% less than the magnification number of a digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: lens magnification by the eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 40%.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 40%.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to  draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries, hematology, a new field of medicine, was established.  Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695,

text: microscopist

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: , also Dutch, was the first to  draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician

text: Alfred Donné

text: discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by

text: Gabriel Andral

text: , a French professor of medicine, and

text: William Addison

text: , a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries,

text: hematology

text: , a new field of medicine, was established.  Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when

text: Paul Ehrlich

text: published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1:10,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1879,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "red corpuscles",

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1842

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1695,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 1842

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Alfred Donné

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1842

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1842

text: Gai has pioneered advanced in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences and with Edward D. Boyes co-invented the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). The ETEM enables the visualisation and analysis on the atomic scale of dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes. Her research has helped to understand better how catalysts function, leading to valuable new science. Her microscope and process inventions are being exploited worldwide by microscope manufacturers, chemical companies and researchers.

text: Gai has pioneered advanced in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences and with Edward D. Boyes co-invented the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). The ETEM enables the visualisation and analysis on the atomic scale of dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes. Her research has helped to understand better how catalysts function, leading to valuable new science. Her microscope and process inventions are being exploited worldwide by microscope manufacturers, chemical companies and researchers.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Edward D Boyes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy applications in the chemical sciences

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Edward D Boyes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Edward D Boyes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Edward Boyes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: how catalysts function

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualisation

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 580 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gai

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM).

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic resolution

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic scale

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: gas-catalyst reactions

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualisation and analysis on the atomic scale

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Edward D. Boyes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic scale

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope

text: In 1964 Crewe developed the first field emission electron gun in collaboration with Hitachi, a new type of electron source that enabled much higher optical quality than had previously been possible.  This gun, combined with inventions in electron lenses and detection, led to the development of the highest resolution microscope at that time.  In 1970 his field emission scanning transmission electron microscope succeeded in taking images individual atom (though not the first, this achievement usually being credited to Erwin Muller).  In 1975 he was successful in obtaining the first motion pictures of atoms, providing new insight into atomic interaction and material formation.

text: In 1964 Crewe developed the first

text: field emission electron gun

text: in collaboration with Hitachi, a new type of electron source that enabled much higher optical quality than had previously been possible.  This gun, combined with inventions in electron lenses and detection, led to the development of the highest resolution microscope at that time.  In 1970 his field emission

entity_name: Scanning transmission electron microscopy

text: scanning transmission electron microscope

text: succeeded in taking images individual atom (though not the first, this achievement usually being credited to

text: Erwin Muller

text: ).  In 1975 he was successful in obtaining the first motion pictures of atoms, providing new insight into atomic interaction and material formation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Erwin Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Erwin Müller

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Erwin Müller

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Muller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: field emission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: field emission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Crewe and Hitachi

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Crewe developed the first field emission electron gun

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: In 1964 Crewe developed the first field emission electron gun

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: motion pictures of atoms,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: field emission scanning transmission electron microscope succeeded in taking images individual atom

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Muller).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic interaction and material formation.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical quality

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Crewe developed the first field emission electron gun in collaboration with Hitachi,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Erwin Muller).

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Muller).

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual atom

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images individual atom

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: atom

text: Bacteria and protists were first observed with a microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, initiating the scientific field of microbiology.

text: Bacteria

text: and

text: protist

text: s were first observed with a

text: microscope

text: by

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: in 1676, initiating the scientific field of

text: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protoplasts

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1676

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonioe van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria and protists

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no more than 10 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microbiology.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria and protists

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1676,

text: Dutch draper and pioneering microbiologist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), a contemporary of artist Vermeer (and an executor for Vermeer when he died in 1675) in Delft was known to have exceptional lens making skills, having created single small lenses capable of 200x magnification, far exceeding those of more complex compound microscopes of the period. Indeed, his feats of lens making were not matched for a considerable time as he kept aspects of their construction secret; in the 1950s, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing to recreate Leeuwenhoek design microscopes.  It was long believed that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a master lens grinder (a notion repeated in the recent BBC television documentary "Cell"). However, it is now believed that he came upon a relatively simple method of making small, high quality glass spheres by heating and manipulating a small rod of soda lime glass.

text: Dutch draper and pioneering microbiologist

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723), a contemporary of artist Vermeer (and an executor for Vermeer when he died in 1675) in Delft was known to have exceptional lens making skills, having created single small lenses capable of 200x magnification, far exceeding those of more complex compound microscopes of the period. Indeed, his feats of lens making were not matched for a considerable time as he kept aspects of their construction secret; in the 1950s, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing to recreate Leeuwenhoek design microscopes.  It was long believed that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a master lens grinder (a notion repeated in the recent BBC television documentary "Cell"). However, it is now believed that he came upon a relatively simple method of making small, high quality glass spheres by heating and manipulating a small rod of soda lime glass.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single small lenses

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "Cell").

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single small lenses capable of 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: "Cell").

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: lens making skills, having created single small lenses

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses capable of 200x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200x magnification,

text: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of mechanical components. It applies the physics of stress and strain, in particular the theories of elasticity and plasticity, to the microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies. Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures. The prediction of crack growth is at the heart of the damage tolerance discipline.

text: In modern

text: materials science

text: , fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of mechanical components. It applies the

text: physics

text: of

text: stress

text: and

text: strain

text: , in particular the theories of

text: elasticity

text: and

text: plasticity

text: , to the microscopic

text: crystallographic defect

text: s found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies.

text: Fractography

text: is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures. The prediction of crack growth is at the heart of the

text: damage tolerance

text: discipline.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: elasticity and plasticity

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the physics of stress and strain

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystallography

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic defects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic defects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In modern materials science, fracture mechanics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: elasticity and plasticity,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: crystallographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Fractography

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic crystallographic defects

text: The cell was  first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation.The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

text: The cell was  first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of

text: Theodor Schwann

text: and

text: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

text: in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called

text: protoplasm

text: and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time,

text: colloidal chemistry

text: began its development, and the concepts of

text: bound water

text: emerged. A

text: colloid

text: being something between a

text: solution

text: and a

text: suspension

text: , where

text: Brownian motion

text: is sufficient to prevent

text: sedimentation

text: .The idea of a

text: semipermeable membrane

text: , a barrier that is permeable to

text: solvent

text: but impermeable to

text: solute

text: molecules

text: was developed at about the same time. The term

text: osmosis

text: originated in 1827 and its importance to

text: physiological

text: phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the

text: botanist

text: Pfeffer

text: proposed the

text: membrane theory

text: of

text: cell physiology

text: . In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the

text: plasma membrane

text: , and cell water and solutes such as a

text: potassium

text: ion

text: existed in a physical state like that of a

text: dilute solution

text: . In 1889 Hamburger used

text: hemolysis

text: of

text: erythrocytes

text: to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protoplasm

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protoplasm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using what?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell discovery

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1889

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50%

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50%

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cell water

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protoplasm

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1889

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hamburger

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: solutes such as a potassium ion

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: cell water

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hamburger

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50%

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a potassium ion

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50%

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1665

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when the platelets were discovered.

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: was the first person to observe

text: red blood cells

text: under a microscope and in 1695,

text: microscopist

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: , also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further

text: blood cells

text: were discovered until 1842 when the

text: platelets

text: were discovered.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: no further blood cells were discovered

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: platelets

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1658

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1658

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "red corpuscles",

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1695,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1695,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In 1658

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 1658

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1842

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1842

text: In the first half of the 18th century botany was beginning to move beyond descriptive science into experimental science. Although the microscope was invented in 1590 it was only in the late 17th century that lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek provided the resolution needed to make major discoveries. Important general biological observations were made by Robert Hooke (1635–1703) but the foundations of plant anatomy were laid by Italian Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) of the University of Bologna in his Anatome Plantarum (1675) and Royal Society Englishman Nehemiah Grew (1628–1711) in his The Anatomy of Plants Begun (1671) and Anatomy of Plants (1682). These botanists explored what is now called developmental anatomy and morphology by carefully observing, describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant, recording stem and wood formation. This work included the discovery and naming of parenchyma and stomata.

text: In the first half of the 18th century botany was beginning to move beyond descriptive science into experimental science. Although the

text: microscope

text: was invented in 1590 it was only in the late 17th century that lens grinding by

text: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

text: provided the resolution needed to make major discoveries. Important general biological observations were made by

text: Robert Hooke

text: (1635–1703) but the foundations of plant anatomy were laid by Italian

text: Marcello Malpighi

text: (1628–1694) of the University of Bologna in his Anatome Plantarum (1675) and Royal Society Englishman

text: Nehemiah Grew

text: (1628–1711) in his The Anatomy of Plants Begun (1671) and Anatomy of Plants (1682). These botanists explored what is now called developmental anatomy and morphology by carefully observing, describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant, recording stem and wood formation. This work included the discovery and naming of

text: parenchyma

text: and

text: stomata

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: developmental anatomy and morphology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: lens grinding

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: seed

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes were invented in 1590

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: seed

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Nehemiah Grew

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what happened in the late 17th century?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: discoveries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who was the inventor of the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1635–1703

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: observing, describing and drawing the developmental transition from seed to mature plant,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope was invented in 1590

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: seed

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the microscope was invented in 1590

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Although the microscope was invented in 1590

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: the microscope was invented in 1590

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: seed

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: lens grinding

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: lens grinding

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the resolution needed to make major discoveries.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: major discoveries.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: lens grinding

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lens grinding

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: lens grinding by Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1590

text: It is important that the patient attend periodic follow-up checks, because even after careful microscopic surgical removal, cholesteatomas may recur.  Such recurrence may arise many years, or even decades, after treatment.

text: It is important that the patient attend periodic follow-up checks, because even after careful microscopic surgical removal, cholesteatomas may recur.  Such recurrence may arise many years, or even decades, after treatment.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic surgical removal

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: surgical removal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: decades

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic surgical removal,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cholesteatomas

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: decades,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic surgical removal,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic surgical removal,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: surgical removal,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: decades,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: decades,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: Insects were not the only organisms entering the laboratories as test subjects.  Bacteria had also been introduced and with the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 by Ernst Ruska, a whole new field of microbiology was born.  This invention allowed microbiologists to see objects that were far too small to be seen by any light microscope and thus viruses which had perplexed biologists of many fields for years, now came under scientific scrutiny.  In 1932 Wendell Stanley began a direct competition with Carl G. Vinson to be the first to completely isolate the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a virus that had been until then invisibly killing tobacco plants across England.  It was Stanley who would accomplish this task first by changing the pH to one a more acidic one.  In doing so he was able to conclude that the virus was either a protein or closely related to one, thus benefiting experimental research.

text: Insects were not the only organisms entering the laboratories as test subjects.  Bacteria had also been introduced and with the invention of the electron microscope in 1931 by

text: Ernst Ruska

text: , a whole new field of microbiology was born.  This invention allowed microbiologists to see objects that were far too small to be seen by any light microscope and thus viruses which had perplexed biologists of many fields for years, now came under scientific scrutiny.  In 1932

text: Wendell Stanley

text: began a direct competition with

text: Carl G. Vinson

text: to be the first to completely isolate the Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a virus that had been until then invisibly killing tobacco plants across England.  It was Stanley who would accomplish this task first by changing the pH to one a more acidic one.  In doing so he was able to conclude that the virus was either a protein or closely related to one, thus benefiting experimental research.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: field of microbiology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were far too small to be seen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope in 1931

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a whole new field of microbiology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope in 1931

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl G. Vinson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were far too small to be seen by any light microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see objects that were far too small

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope in 1931

text: There followed, during the 1980s, a series of important refining techniques.  In 1980 he invented a method for the correction of spherical aberration in electron optical systems using sextupoles and, in 1996, Crewe invented a new type of focusing lens for low voltage scanning microscopes.  He held 19 patents for his inventions, and had more than 275 publications, most of them concerned with electron optics and electron microscopes.

text: There followed, during the 1980s, a series of important refining techniques.  In 1980 he invented a method for the correction of spherical aberration in electron optical systems using sextupoles and, in 1996, Crewe invented a new type of focusing lens for low voltage scanning microscopes.  He held 19 patents for his inventions, and had more than 275 publications, most of them concerned with electron optics and electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron optical systems

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: low voltage scanning

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was being observed

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 125 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: focusing lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: low voltage scanning microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: low voltage scanning microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: low voltage scanning microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: low voltage scanning microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron optical systems using sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: low voltage scanning microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Crewe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: sextupoles

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sextupoles

text: After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the pathology laboratory. A pathologist who specializes in diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope. When the laboratory (see Histology) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of tissue is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

text: After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the

text: pathology

text: laboratory

text: . A

text: pathologist

text: who specializes in diagnosing

text: diseases

text: (such as

text: cancer

text: ) by examining tissue under a

text: microscope

text: . When the laboratory (see

text: Histology

text: ) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of

text: tissue

text: is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual

text: cell

text: s in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: pathology laboratory

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dyes that stain the tissue

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: pathology laboratory

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dyes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: pathology laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dyes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: sent to the pathology laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathology laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Histology)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: diagnosing diseases

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: glass slide.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dyes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: pathology laboratory.

text: In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others, among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician, Giovanni Demisiani, at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei. The name was derived from the Greek tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects. By 1624 Galileo had used a compound microscope. He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria, and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi. The Linceans played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with "telescope". Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.

text: In 1609, Galileo was, along with Englishman

text: Thomas Harriot

text: and others, among the first to use a

text: refracting telescope

text: as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons. The name "telescope" was coined for Galileo's instrument by a Greek mathematician,

text: Giovanni Demisiani

text: , at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince

text: Federico Cesi

text: to make Galileo a member of his

text: Accademia dei Lincei

text: . The name was derived from the Greek tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or see'. In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects. By 1624 Galileo had used a compound

text: microscope

text: . He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria, and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi. The

text: Linceans

text: played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member

text: Giovanni Faber

text: coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with "telescope". Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the

text: use of a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Illustrations of insects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1624

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telescope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnify

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo and Faber

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting telescope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is visible light?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1624 Galileo had used a compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: insects.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1624

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: refracting telescope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Thomas Harriot

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnify the parts of insects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnify the parts of insects.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: refracting

text: Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and species that have these structures include members of the Charophyceae, Charales, Coleochaetales and Phaeophyceae (which are all algae), as well as all embryophytes, better known as land plants. Unlike animal cells, almost every plant cell is surrounded by a polysaccharide cell wall. Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening middle lamella, forming an extracellular domain known as the apoplast. Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other solutes, plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated, symplastic intercellular transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells.

text: Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the

text: cell wall

text: s of

text: plant cells

text: and some

text: algal

text: cells, enabling transport and communication between them. Plasmodesmata evolved independently in several lineages, and species that have these structures include members of the

text: Charophyceae

text: Charales

text: Coleochaetales

text: and

text: Phaeophyceae

text: (which are all algae), as well as all

text: embryophytes

text: , better known as land plants. Unlike

text: animal cell

text: s, almost every

text: plant cell

text: is surrounded by a

text: polysaccharide

text: cell wall

text: . Neighbouring plant cells are therefore separated by a pair of cell walls and the intervening

text: middle lamella

text: , forming an extracellular domain known as the

text: apoplast

text: . Although cell walls are permeable to small soluble proteins and other

text: solutes

text: , plasmodesmata enable direct, regulated,

text: symplast

text: ic intercellular transport of substances between cells. There are two forms of plasmodesmata: primary plasmodesmata, which are formed during cell division, and secondary plasmodesmata, which can form between mature cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic channels

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Coleochaetales

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Phaeophyceae

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: animal cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic channels

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two forms of plasmodesmata:

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Plasmodesmata

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: apoplast.

text: Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF).

text: Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes, where excitation of the fluorophore and detection of the fluorescence are done through the same light path (i.e. through the objective). These microscopes are widely used in biology and are the basis for more advanced microscope designs, such as the

text: confocal microscope

text: and the

entity_name: Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: (TIRF).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fluorescence microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Most fluorescence microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: These microscopes are widely used in biology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: fluorophore

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Most fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fluorophore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence microscopes in use are epifluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: confocal microscope and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: Unfortunately, thermodynamics provides little insight into what is happening at a microscopic level. Statistical mechanics is a physical theory which explains thermodynamics in microscopic terms. It explains thermodynamics in terms of the possible detailed microscopic situations the system may be in when the thermodynamic variables of the system are known. These are known as "microstates" while the description of the system in thermodynamic terms specifies the "macrostate" of the system. Many different microstates can yield the same macrostate. It is important to understand that statistical mechanics does not define temperature, pressure, entropy, etc. They are already defined by thermodynamics. Statistical mechanics serves to explain thermodynamics in terms of microscopic behavior of the atoms and molecules in the system.

text: Unfortunately, thermodynamics provides little insight into what is happening at a microscopic level.

text: Statistical mechanics

text: is a physical theory which explains thermodynamics in microscopic terms. It explains thermodynamics in terms of the possible detailed microscopic situations the system may be in when the thermodynamic variables of the system are known. These are known as "microstates" while the description of the system in thermodynamic terms specifies the "macrostate" of the system. Many different microstates can yield the same macrostate. It is important to understand that statistical mechanics does not define temperature, pressure, entropy, etc. They are already defined by thermodynamics. Statistical mechanics serves to explain thermodynamics in terms of microscopic behavior of the atoms and molecules in the system.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microstates

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic level. Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "microstates"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: "microstates"

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "microstates"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic level.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward in use, but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see detailed images. It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward in use, but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see detailed images. It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1632–1724

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical development

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: simple microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: detailed images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biologists,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: detailed images.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multiple lenses.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biologists,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single very small, yet strong lens.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical development

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lens.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: detailed images.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detailed images.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: detailed images.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single very small, yet strong lens.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1632–1724)

text: The first microscope was made around 1595 in Middelburg in the Dutch Republic. Three different eyeglass makers have been given credit for the invention: Hans Lippershey (who also developed the first real telescope); Hans Janssen; and his son, Zacharias. The coining of the name "microscope" has been credited to Giovanni Faber, who gave that name to Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

text: The first microscope was made around 1595 in

text: Middelburg

text: in the

text: Dutch Republic

text: . Three different

text: eyeglass

text: makers have been given credit for the invention:

text: Hans Lippershey

text: (who also developed the first real

text: telescope

text: Hans Janssen

text: ; and his son,

text: Zacharias

text: . The coining of the name "microscope" has been credited to

text: Giovanni Faber

text: , who gave that name to

text: Galileo Galilei

text: 's compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hans Janssen

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: millimeters

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hans Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hans Janssen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hans Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what happened to the first microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hans Lippershey and Hans Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1595

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1595 in Middelburg in the Dutch Republic.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Middelburg in the Dutch Republic.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zacharias.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescope);

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hans Janssen;

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo Galilei's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1595

text: In 1995, he accepted a post doctoral position at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, working in the group of Yves Chabal, in the Physical Sciences research laboratory, headed by Horst Stormer.  He studied the surface oxidation of silicon and the science of wafer bonding and splitting by hydrogen implantation, winning multiple awards for his work.  He was offered a position as a Member of Technical Staff in the Materials Research laboratory run by Alastair Glass, working for Mark Cardillo to study the microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

text: In 1995, he accepted a post doctoral position at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, working in the group of Yves Chabal, in the Physical Sciences research laboratory, headed by

text: Horst Stormer

text: .  He studied the surface oxidation of silicon and the science of wafer bonding and splitting by hydrogen implantation, winning multiple awards for his work.  He was offered a position as a Member of Technical Staff in the Materials Research laboratory run by Alastair Glass, working for Mark Cardillo to study the microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Alastair Glass

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Horst Stormer

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic physics

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Yves Chabal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Alastair Glass

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Alastair Glass

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Yves Chabal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Mark Cardillo

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Yves Chabal

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sol-gel.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic physics and chemistry of sol-gel.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Yves Chabal,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Yves Chabal,

text: Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge lead provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge lead provided by his method. He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British

text: Royal Society

text: . Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like

text: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the microscopic world

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic world

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic world

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: numbers of microorganisms in units of water.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: huge lead provided by his method.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: units of water.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: water.

text: Vacuuming an infested object can remove pests. It is important to ensure that the “materials are not fragile or deteriorated" if they are to be vacuumed. Vacuuming should remove all of the hatched pest, but some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic. After the object has been vacuumed, it should be placed in a plastic bag isolating the object. During the isolation, the objects should be monitored to make sure that no pests remain on the object, and after the pests life cycle is completed the cleaning process may needed to be repeated.

text: Vacuuming an infested object can remove pests. It is important to ensure that the “materials are not fragile or deteriorated" if they are to be vacuumed. Vacuuming should remove all of the hatched pest, but some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic. After the object has been vacuumed, it should be placed in a plastic bag isolating the object. During the isolation, the objects should be monitored to make sure that no pests remain on the object, and after the pests life cycle is completed the cleaning process may needed to be repeated.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: vacuuming

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Vacuuming

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: vacuuming

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: some eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Vacuuming

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eggs may remain as they can be microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic.

text: Robert Hooke's 1667 book, Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon, illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early microscope.

text: Robert Hooke

text: 's 1667 book,

text: Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon

text: , illustrated a human louse, drawn as seen down an early

text: microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: some physiological descriptions of minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meters in diameter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1667

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a louse

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: drawings

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke's 1667

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke's 1667

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: some physiological descriptions of minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Robert Hooke's 1667

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: minute bodies made by magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: minute

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: physiological descriptions of minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: minute bodies

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope.

text: Shortly after graduation, Livingston became the first female resident physician at a New York hospital where she was assigned to treat prostitutes infected with venereal diseases. While there, Livingston became interested in the study of tuberculosis and leprosy, and later scleroderma, a disease affecting the tissues and skin. After studying scleroderma tissues with the darkfield microscope, she claimed to find an acid-fast organism that consistently appeared in her slides. Thinking that scleroderma had some characteristics that were like cancer, Livingston then began studying malignant tissues and subsequently claimed to find evidence of acid-fast organisms in every sample. It was this early research that prompted the young physician to devote her career to the study of a specific microorganism involved in cancer.

text: Shortly after graduation, Livingston became the first female resident physician at a New York hospital where she was assigned to treat prostitutes infected with venereal diseases. While there, Livingston became interested in the study of

text: tuberculosis

text: and

text: leprosy

text: , and later

text: scleroderma

text: , a disease affecting the tissues and skin. After studying scleroderma tissues with the darkfield microscope, she claimed to find an

text: acid-fast

text: organism that consistently appeared in her slides. Thinking that scleroderma had some characteristics that were like cancer, Livingston then began studying malignant tissues and subsequently claimed to find evidence of acid-fast organisms in every sample. It was this early research that prompted the young physician to devote her career to the study of a specific microorganism involved in cancer.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: study of a specific microorganism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: darkfield microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: acid-fast organism

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: darkfields

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study of

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Livingston became the first female resident physician at a New York

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a specific microorganism involved in cancer.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Livingston

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: darkfield microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: acid-fast

text: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

text: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is

text: microscopy

text: . Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound

text: light microscope

text: , or with instruments as complex as an

text: electron microscope

text: . Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with

text: biochemical

text: staining

text: techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with

text: antibody

text: based techniques. For example, the use of

text: antibodies

text: made artificially

text: fluorescent

text: (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific

text: antigen

text: s present on a pathogen. A

text: fluorescence microscope

text: is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound light microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagnosis of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound light microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: virus directly

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Samuel Hahnemann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples obtained from patients

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: identification of the infectious agent

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: an electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Samples obtained from patients

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: complex

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Samples obtained from patients

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: identification of the infectious agent.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope.

text: The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system. This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall. The system will, after a sufficiently long time, return to a microscopically defined state very close to the initial one. The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the return. It is exceedingly long, likely longer than the life of the universe, and depends sensitively on the geometry of the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics. More obviously, however, it is simply a microscopic model of thermodynamic equilibrium in an isolated system formed by removal of a wall between two systems. For a typical thermodynamical system, the recurrence time is so large (many many times longer than the lifetime of the universe) that, for all practical purposes, one cannot observe the recurrence. One might wish, nevertheless, to imagine that one could wait for the Poincaré recurrence, and then re-insert the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. It is then evident that the appearance of irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability of the Poincaré recurrence given only that the initial state was one of thermodynamic equilibrium, as is the case in macroscopic thermodynamics. Even if one could wait for it, one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall. The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a solution to Loschmidt's paradox. If an isolated thermodynamic system could be monitored over increasingly many multiples of the average Poincaré recurrence time, the thermodynamic behavior of the system would become invariant under time reversal.

text: The

text: Poincaré recurrence theorem

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Poincaré recurrence time

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic description of an isolated physical system

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Poincaré recurrence time

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multiples of the average

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Loschmidt

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Poincaré recurrence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Loschmidt

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the life of the universe

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: longer than the lifetime of the universe

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: one cannot observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: one cannot observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Poincaré recurrence,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: utter unpredictability

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: utter unpredictability

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multiples

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: re-insert the wall

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Poincaré recurrence,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Poincaré recurrence,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Poincaré recurrence theorem

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: wait for the Poincaré recurrence,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: one cannot observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: one cannot observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: thermodynamics.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Poincaré recurrence,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Poincaré

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: utter unpredictability

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: re-insert the wall

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: one cannot observe the recurrence.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Poincaré recurrence,

text: The terms gingival hyperplasia and gingival hypertrophy have been used to describe this topic in the past.  These are not precise descriptions of gingival enlargement because these terms are strictly histologic diagnoses, and such diagnoses require microscopic analysis of a tissue sample. Hyperplasia refers to an increased number of cells, and hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells. As these identifications obviously cannot be performed with a clinical examination and evaluation of the tissue, the term gingival enlargement is more properly applied. Gingival enlargement has been classified according to etiology into 5 general groups:

text: The terms gingival

text: hyperplasia

text: and gingival

text: hypertrophy

text: have been used to describe this topic in the past.  These are not precise descriptions of gingival enlargement because these terms are strictly

text: histologic

text: diagnoses

text: , and such diagnoses require

text: microscopic

text: analysis of a tissue sample. Hyperplasia refers to an increased number of

text: cell

text: s, and hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells. As these identifications obviously cannot be performed with a clinical examination and evaluation of the tissue, the term gingival enlargement is more properly applied. Gingival enlargement has been classified according to etiology into 5 general groups:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: such diagnoses require microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: gingival enlargement

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schlemmer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: gingival hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: such diagnoses require microscopic analysis of a tissue sample.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic analysis of a tissue sample.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: gingival hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic analysis of a tissue sample.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: gingival hyperplasia and gingival hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: gingival hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: gingival hypertrophy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The terms gingival hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic analysis of a tissue sample. Hyperplasia

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissue sample.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic analysis of a tissue sample.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 general groups:

text: There is evidence of a tetragonal phase, observed in X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope. When tested two meteorites gave d-values that could "be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell, but not on the basis of a cubic or hexagonal unit cell". It has been speculated to be e-iron, a hexagonal polymorph of iron.

text: There is evidence of a tetragonal phase, observed in X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope. When tested two meteorites gave d-values that could "be indexed on the basis of a tetragonal unit cell, but not on the basis of a cubic or hexagonal unit cell". It has been speculated to be e-iron, a hexagonal polymorph of iron.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: unit cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: tetragonal phase

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: unit cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tetragonal phase

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: d-values

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope. When tested two meteorites

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: X-ray powder tests

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: X-ray powder tests

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cubic or hexagonal unit cell".

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: X-ray powder tests

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: unit cell,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: e-iron,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: X-ray powder tests and later under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tetragonal unit cell,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: tetragonal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: X-ray powder tests

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: tetragonal phase,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: X-ray powder tests

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: cubic or hexagonal unit cell".

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tetragonal phase,

text: The fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years. Neolithic fish hooks have been recorded from Palestine about 7000 BC. In 2011, archaeologists in the Jerimalai cave in East Timor discovered what was then the world's oldest fish hook, a shell hook between 16,000 and 23,000 years old.However finds also made from sea snails some 23,000 years ago and predating the East Timor finds were reported from Okinawa.  An early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the Leviathan in the Book of Job 41:1; Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook? Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, iron up to present day materials. In many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material. Norwegians as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks. Quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists.

text: The fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years.

text: Neolithic

text: fish hooks have been recorded from

text: Palestine

text: about 7000

text: BC

text: . In 2011, archaeologists in the Jerimalai cave in

text: East Timor

text: discovered what was then the world's oldest fish hook, a shell hook between 16,000 and 23,000 years old.However finds also made from sea snails some 23,000 years ago and predating the East Timor finds were reported from

text: Okinawa

text: .  An early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the

text: Leviathan

text: in the

text: Book of Job

text: 41:1; Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook? Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, iron up to present day materials. In many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material.

text: Norwegians

text: as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks. Quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: man

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: in the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: images of the same object

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: in the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fish hooks

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 7000 BC

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Burbot

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a fish hook

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fish hooks

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Norwegians

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a fish hook

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 30,000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: man

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 7000 BC.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The fish hook

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wood, animal and human bone,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 16,000 and 23,000 years old.However

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: wood, animal and human bone,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sea snails

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks. Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The fish hook

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Quality steel hooks

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 7000 BC.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: human bone,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Burbot

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Burbot

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leviathan

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: The fish hook

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sea snails

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: The fish hook

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: man

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leviathan

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook?

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 7000 BC.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 7000 BC.

text: [[File:Chicxulub shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample of shocked quartz found at Well #2, Chicxulub crater]]Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called planar deformation features (PDFs), or shock lamellae.

text: [[File:Chicxulub shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample of shocked quartz found at Well #2,

text: Chicxulub crater

text: ]]Shocked quartz is a form of

text: quartz

text: that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz. Under intense pressure (but limited temperature), the crystalline structure of quartz is deformed along planes inside the crystal. These planes, which show up as lines under a microscope, are called

text: planar deformation features

text: (PDFs), or shock lamellae.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: [[Shocked quartz]]

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: pixels

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic structure

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [[Answer:D].

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: [[Analysts]]

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Chicxulub

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: [[Cell theory]]

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: [[Shock lamellae]]

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: [[Electron microscopes]]

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: [[Shock lamellae]]

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Quartz

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Planar Deformation Features

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 300 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: #2,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Chicxulub

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystalline structure of quartz

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Chicxulub

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: lines

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: lines

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: planar deformation features

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lines

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shockedquartz.png|300px|thumb|right|Sample

text: is determined by calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample, DDM can be employed also for SLS experiments. Alternative algorithms for data analysis are suggested in.

text: is determined by calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample, DDM can be employed also for

text: SLS

text: experiments. Alternative algorithms for data analysis are suggested in.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dDM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linus Carling

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: SLS

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SLS

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were too small

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: DDM can be employed also for SLS

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: a suitable sample, DDM can be employed also for SLS

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SLS

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: is determined by calibrating the microscope with a suitable sample,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a suitable sample,

text: In order to identify Pythium irregulare it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genera Pythium by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the sporangia. In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species, such as the one at http://plantpath.psu.edu/pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium. Some of the key identifiers for P. irregulare include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all Pythium species.

text: In order to identify Pythium irregulare it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genera Pythium by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the

text: sporangia

text: . In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species, such as the one at http://plantpath.psu.edu/pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium. Some of the key identifiers for P. irregulare include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all Pythium species.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sporangia

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pythium irregulare

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Plaats

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Plaats

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Plaats

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: German

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 30 m

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 30  m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: -3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: -3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 30 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: DNA markers.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: DNA markers.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 30 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: species level

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: pythium/module-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: -3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: e-3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: -3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 3/plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: filamentous,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: identifiers

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 30 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: plaats-niterink-key-pythium.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 30 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 30 <unk>m.

text: Müller joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University in 1952, where he remained until his death in 1977. He co-invented the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope at Penn State in 1967.  He died in Washington D.C..

text: Müller joined the faculty at

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: in 1952, where he remained until his death in 1977. He co-invented the

text: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

text: at Penn State in 1967.  He died in

text: Washington D.C.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ion

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Ion

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: ion beams

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tens of thousands of times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Ion

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1952,

text: In 1989 Rick Dickinson, Christopher Curry (Acorn Computers), and Keith Dunning had a re-think of the famous MacArthur field microscope and Rick designed the Lensman microscope, a portable field microscope. In 1991 the Lensman microscope won the BBC design awards, The Prince Of Wales Award For Industrial Innovation And Production, Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence.

text: In 1989 Rick Dickinson,

text: Christopher Curry

text: Acorn Computers

text: ), and

text: Keith Dunning

text: had a re-think of the famous

text: MacArthur field microscope

text: and Rick designed the Lensman microscope, a portable field microscope. In 1991 the

text: Lensman microscope

text: won the

text: BBC design awards

text: The Prince Of Wales Award For Industrial Innovation And Production

text: Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Rick Dickinson

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rick Dickinson

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: field

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: field

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a portable field microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rick Dickinson, Christopher Curry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: MacArthur field microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: field microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: field microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rick Dickinson, Christopher Curry

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: field microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: MacArthur

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Archimedes award for Engineering Excellence.

text: Pearse’s main contributions lie in the structure of coated vesicles. Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by R. G. Anderson, Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein in 1976.

text: Pearse’s main contributions lie in the structure of coated

text: vesicle

text: s. Pearse first purified coated vesicles; she also discovered the

text: clathrin

text: coat molecule in 1975. Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964. The importance of them for the clearance of

text: LDL

text: from blood was discovered by R. G. Anderson,

text: Michael S. Brown

text: and

text: Joseph L. Goldstein

text: in 1976.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissue in a different way

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sections of tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter in 1964.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Thomas Roth

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: thin sections of tissue

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thomas Roth and Keith Porter

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1964.

text: Harvey's epigenesis, more mechanistic and less vitalist than the Aristotelian version, was, thus, more compatible with the natural philosophy of the time. Still, the idea that unorganized matter could ultimately self-organize into life challenged the mechanistic framework of Cartesianism, which had become dominant in the Scientific Revolution. Because of technological limitations, there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis.  It was simpler and more convenient to postulate preformed miniature organisms that expanded in accordance with mechanical laws. So convincing was this explanation that some naturalists claimed to actually see miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs and miniature plants in seeds. In the case of humans, the term homunculus was used.

text: Harvey's epigenesis, more mechanistic and less vitalist than the Aristotelian version, was, thus, more compatible with the

text: natural philosophy

text: of the time. Still, the idea that unorganized matter could ultimately self-organize into life challenged the

text: mechanistic

text: framework of

text: Cartesianism

text: , which had become dominant in the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: . Because of technological limitations, there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis.  It was simpler and more convenient to postulate preformed miniature organisms that expanded in accordance with mechanical laws. So convincing was this explanation that some naturalists claimed to actually see miniature preformed animals (

text: animalcule

text: s) in eggs and miniature plants in seeds. In the case of humans, the term

text: homunculus

text: was used.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: technological limitations

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: technological limitations

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: preformed miniature organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: because of technological limitations

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: technological limitations

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: unorganized matter

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: homunculus

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Harvey

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: matter

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cartesianism

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: miniature preformed animals (animalcules)

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: miniature organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: naturalists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: technological limitations,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: preformed miniature organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: technological limitations,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: miniature preformed animals

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: (animalcules)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: miniature preformed animals (animalcules) in eggs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: there was no available mechanical explanation for epigenesis.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: homunculus

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Harvey's epigenesis,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Harvey's epigenesis,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (animalcules)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Harvey's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: unorganized matter

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: (animalcules)

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: (animalcules)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Harvey's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: miniature preformed animals

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: preformed miniature organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: technological limitations,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: miniature preformed animals

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: miniature preformed animals

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: miniature preformed animals

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Harvey's epigenesis,

text: 1986 Atomic force microscope

text: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: edward eliot

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnifies more than several lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: nicolas gubernatori

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: eugene o'neill

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: edwin hubble

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: edwin hubble

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: nathaniel drexel

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1986

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1986 Atomic force microscope

text: As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps. Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,  while hyperplastic polyps do not.

text: As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps. Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,  while hyperplastic polyps do not.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: hyperplastic polyps

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: adenomas

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: distinctions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: distinguish microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: hyperplastic polyps.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: hyperplastic polyps

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: difficult to distinguish microscopically

text: German physicist Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll constructed the prototype electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. Two years later, in 1933, Ruska built an electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Moreover, Reinhold Rudenberg, the scientific director of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, obtained the patent for the electron microscope in May 1931.

text: German physicist

text: Ernst Ruska

text: and the electrical engineer

text: Max Knoll

text: constructed the

text: prototype

text: electron microscope in 1931, capable of four-hundred-power magnification; the apparatus was the first demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. Two years later, in 1933, Ruska built an electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Moreover,

text: Reinhold Rudenberg

text: , the scientific director of

text: Siemens-Schuckertwerke

text: , obtained the patent for the electron microscope in May 1931.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: power magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Reinhold Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two-hundred-power

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope in 1931,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four-hundred-power magnification;

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Max Knoll constructed the prototype electron microscope in 1931,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Reinhold Rudenberg,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four-hundred-power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: four-hundred-power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical

text: Place a few drops of the cell suspension onto a microscope slide and let air dry overnight. The following day, immerse the slide in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for several minutes.

text: Place a few drops of the cell suspension onto a microscope slide and let air dry overnight. The following day, immerse the slide in

text: phosphate buffered saline

text: (PBS) for several minutes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: abraham alexander

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell suspensions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cell suspension

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: phosphate buffered saline

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: phosphate buffered saline

text: To visualize microscopic structures, it is necessary to combine an interferometer with the optics of a microscope. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 3. This setup is similar to a standard optical microscope. The only differences are an interferometric objective lens and an accurate positioning stage (a piezoelectric actuator) to move the objective vertically. The optical magnification of the image on the CCD does not depend on the distance between tube lens and objective lens if the microscope images the object at infinity. The interference objective is the most important part of such a microscope. Different types of objectives are available. With a Mirau objective, as shown in Figure 3, the reference beam is reflected back in the direction of the objective front lens by a beam splitter. On the front lens there is a miniaturized mirror the same size as the illuminated surface on the object. Therefore, for high magnifications, the mirror is so small that its shadowing effect can be ignored. Moving the interference objective modifies the length of the measurement arm. The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation when the optical path length of light impinging on the pixel is exactly the same for the reference and the object beams. As before, the z-value for the point on the surface imaged by this pixel corresponds to the z-value of the positioning stage when the modulation of the correlogram is greatest.

text: To visualize microscopic structures, it is necessary to combine an interferometer with the optics of a

text: microscope

text: . Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 3. This setup is similar to a standard optical microscope. The only differences are an interferometric objective lens and an accurate positioning stage (a

text: piezoelectric

text: actuator) to move the objective vertically. The optical magnification of the image on the CCD does not depend on the distance between tube lens and objective lens if the microscope images the object at infinity. The interference objective is the most important part of such a microscope. Different types of objectives are available. With a

text: Mirau

text: objective, as shown in Figure 3, the reference beam is reflected back in the direction of the objective front lens by a beam splitter. On the front lens there is a miniaturized mirror the same size as the illuminated surface on the object. Therefore, for high magnifications, the mirror is so small that its shadowing effect can be ignored. Moving the interference objective modifies the length of the measurement arm. The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation when the optical path length of light impinging on the pixel is exactly the same for the reference and the object beams. As before, the z-value for the point on the surface imaged by this pixel corresponds to the z-value of the positioning stage when the modulation of the correlogram is greatest.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: To visualize microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Mirau objective

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Mirau objective

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The interference signal of a pixel has maximum modulation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: standard optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: interferometric

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopical structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The only differences are an interferometric objective lens

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: infinity

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: CCD

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: infinity

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ____________________________________________________

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic structures,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: infinity.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic structures,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The interference objective

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: infinity.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: infinity.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic structures,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Mirau objective,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: interferometer with the optics of a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: beam splitter.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 3.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: structures,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: standard optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Mirau

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic structures,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: interferometer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: infinity.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: CCD

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnifications,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical path length

text: Members include amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts with an interest in microscopes, microscopy or microscope slides.

text: Members include amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts with an interest in microscopes, microscopy or microscope slides.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: amateurs

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope slides.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slides.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts with an interest in microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopy or microscope slides.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopy or microscope slides.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopes, microscopy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes, microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: amateurs, professionals, beginners and experts

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: experts

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: experts

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: beginners and experts

text: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

text: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Abbe famous

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: resolution limit of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1873)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: resolution limit

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1873)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1873)

text: Microscopic techniques have revealed a lot about the glycosome in the cell and have indeed proven that there is a membrane-bound organelle in the cell for glycogen and its processes. Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883 noted that from the microscope he could tell that glycogen in the cell was always found with what he called a carrier, later known to be protein. The glycogen itself was also always seen in the cell towards the lower pole in one group, fixed. When scientists tried to stain what was assumed was simple glycogen molecules, the staining had different outcomes. This is due to the fact that they weren't free glycogen molecules but really a glycosome. The glycosome was studied in the microscope by examining the glycosome that was stained with uranyl acetate. The U/Pb that was seen stained was the protein that was part of the glycosome. The glycogen in the glycosome in the cells is normally associated with protein that is two to four times the weight of the glycogen. The glycogen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein, less than three percent normally, showing that the glycosome is responsible and functions by having the proteins and enzymes needed for the glycogen in the glycosome. With the uranyl staining, as an acid, it would cause dissociation of the protein from the glycogen. The glycogen without the protein would form large aggregates and the stain would be the protein. This gives the illusion of glycogen disappearing as it is not stained, but it dissociates from the protein that it is normally associated with in the glycosome.

text: Microscopic techniques have revealed a lot about the glycosome in the cell and have indeed proven that there is a membrane-bound organelle in the cell for glycogen and its processes. Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883 noted that from the microscope he could tell that glycogen in the cell was always found with what he called a carrier, later known to be protein. The glycogen itself was also always seen in the cell towards the lower pole in one group, fixed. When scientists tried to

text: stain

text: what was assumed was simple glycogen molecules, the staining had different outcomes. This is due to the fact that they weren't free glycogen molecules but really a glycosome. The glycosome was studied in the microscope by examining the glycosome that was stained with

text: uranyl acetate

text: . The U/Pb that was seen stained was the protein that was part of the glycosome. The glycogen in the glycosome in the cells is normally associated with protein that is two to four times the weight of the glycogen. The glycogen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein, less than three percent normally, showing that the glycosome is responsible and functions by having the proteins and enzymes needed for the glycogen in the glycosome. With the uranyl staining, as an acid, it would cause dissociation of the protein from the glycogen. The glycogen without the protein would form large aggregates and the stain would be the protein. This gives the illusion of glycogen disappearing as it is not stained, but it dissociates from the protein that it is normally associated with in the glycosome.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four times the weight of the glycogen

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: What is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paul Erlich

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What was Paul Erlich's finding as early as 1883?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining cells easier

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paul Erlich's findings as early as 1883

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: two to four times the weight of the glycogen.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four times the weight of the glycogen.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: gen itself however, after purified, is found with very little protein,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protein.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic techniques

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: protein,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: glycosome

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: glycosome in the cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Paul Erlich's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two to four times the weight of the glycogen.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two to four times the weight of the glycogen.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two to four times the weight of the glycogen.

text: High spatial resolution for arbitrary three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots can be accomplished using lattice system with large quantities of very small, prospectively microscopic modules. At small scales, and with large quantities of modules, deterministic control over reconfiguration of individual modules will become unfeasible, while stochastic mechanisms will naturally prevail. Microscopic size of modules will make the use of electromagnetic actuation and interconnection prohibitive, as well, as the use of on-board power storage.

text: High spatial resolution for arbitrary three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots can be accomplished using lattice system with large quantities of very small, prospectively microscopic modules. At small scales, and with large quantities of modules, deterministic control over reconfiguration of individual modules will become unfeasible, while stochastic mechanisms will naturally prevail. Microscopic size of modules will make the use of electromagnetic actuation and interconnection prohibitive, as well, as the use of on-board power storage.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: lattice system

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electromagnetic actuation

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: very small, prospectively microscopic modules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the use of on-board power storage

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: high spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: stochastic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: High spatial resolution for arbitrary three-dimensional shape formation with modular robots

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: modules.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: High spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small, prospectively microscopic modules.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: modular robots

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: High spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic modules.

text: The room houses two electron microscopes (1947–1950) and related equipment (gold vaporiser, lens, object holders, a cooler, a goniometer), a collection of compound and specimen microscopes (some binocular) (1840–1870) plus accompanying microscope lamps and a tool box, a binocular polarisation microscope (1850), several microtomes (a.o. a cryomicrotome) and ultramicrotomes, a phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope (plus several epi-illuminators, to exploit the difference between emitted and reflected light frequencies that some substances display), compound microscope with transformer in camera installation, a photomicroscope (photo camera with inverted microscope), a boxed collection of microscopic specimens (1870).

text: The room houses two

text: electron microscopes

text: (1947–1950) and related equipment (gold vaporiser, lens, object holders, a cooler, a

text: goniometer

text: ), a collection of compound and specimen microscopes (some

text: binocular

text: ) (1840–1870) plus accompanying microscope lamps and a tool box, a binocular

text: polarisation microscope

text: (1850), several

text: microtome

text: s (a.o. a

text: cryomicrotome

text: ) and

text: ultramicrotomes

text: , a

text: phase contrast microscope

text: , a

text: fluorescence microscope

text: (plus several

text: epi-illuminator

text: s, to exploit the difference between emitted and reflected light frequencies that some substances display), compound microscope with transformer in camera installation, a photomicroscope (photo camera with inverted microscope), a boxed collection of microscopic

text: specimen

text: s (1870).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1840–1870

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound and specimen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound and specimen microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: room houses two electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the room houses two electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound and specimen microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: goniometer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound and specimen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Lindbergh

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microtomes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lamps

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ultramicrotomes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1840

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The room houses two electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a binocular polarisation microscope (1850),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two electron microscopes (1947–1950)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopes (1947–1950)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: emitted and reflected light frequencies

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscopes (1947–1950)

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: goniometer),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: (1840–1870)

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound and specimen microscopes (some binocular)

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: phase contrast microscope, a fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: frequencies

text: The radial distribution function is of fundamental importance since it can be used, using the Kirkwood–Buff solution theory, to link the microscopic details to macroscopic properties. Moreover, by the reversion of the Kirkwood-Buff theory, it is possible to attain the microscopic details of the radial distribution function from the macroscopic properties.

text: The radial distribution function is of fundamental importance since it can be used, using the

text: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory

text: , to link the microscopic details to macroscopic properties. Moreover, by the reversion of the Kirkwood-Buff theory, it is possible to attain the microscopic details of the radial distribution function from the macroscopic properties.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kirkwood

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kirkwood

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kirkwood

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kirkwood

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic details to macroscopic properties.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kirkwood–Buff solution theory,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: radial distribution function

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: radial distribution function

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kirkwood–Buff

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic details to macroscopic properties.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The radial distribution function

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic details to macroscopic properties.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: radial distribution function

text: In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.

text: In

text: biology

text: , cell theory is a

text: scientific theory

text: which describes the properties of

text: cell

text: s. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to

text: microscope

text: s over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to

text: Robert Hooke

text: , and began the scientific study of cells, also known as

text: cell biology

text: . Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to

text: Matthias Schleiden

text: and

text: Theodor Schwann

text: . However, many other scientists like

text: Rudolf Virchow

text: contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1839.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: continual improvements made to microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: cells in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1839.

text: In breathing entities, cells – i.e., the smallest unit of life – were first observed in the 17th century, when the multifaceted equipment microscope was conceived. Before that period, the individual organisms were studied as a whole in a field known as organismic biology; that area of research remains an important component of the biological sciences.<ref>"biology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 19 Jan. 2016

text: In breathing entities, cells – i.e., the smallest unit of life – were first observed in the 17th century, when the multifaceted equipment microscope was conceived. Before that period, the individual organisms were studied as a whole in a field known as organismic biology; that area of research remains an important component of the biological sciences.<ref>"biology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 19 Jan. 2016

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: organismic biology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: multifaceted

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: multifaceted equipment microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: multifaceted equipment microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the multifaceted equipment microscope was conceived.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 19 Jan. 2016

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the multifaceted equipment microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: multifaceted equipment microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: multifaceted equipment microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 19 Jan. 2016

text: In 1837, Charles Cagniard de la Tour, a physicist, and Theodor Schwann, one of the founders of cell theory, published their independent discovery of yeast in alcoholic fermentation.  They used the microscope to examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer.  Where Leeuwenhoek described "small spheroid globules", they observed yeast cells undergo cell division.  Fermentation would not occur when sterile air or pure oxygen was introduced if yeast were not present.  This suggested that airborne microorganisms, not spontaneous generation, was responsible.

text: In 1837,

text: Charles Cagniard de la Tour

text: , a physicist, and

text: Theodor Schwann

text: , one of the founders of cell theory, published their independent discovery of

text: yeast

text: in

text: alcoholic fermentation

text: .  They used the

text: microscope

text: to examine foam left over from the process of brewing

text: beer

text: .  Where

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: described "small spheroid globules", they observed yeast cells undergo

text: cell division

text: .  Fermentation would not occur when sterile air or pure oxygen was introduced if yeast were not present.  This suggested that airborne

text: microorganisms

text: , not spontaneous generation, was responsible.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: yeast

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spheroid

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: spheroid

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: yeast cells undergo cell division

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examine foam

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who discovered yeast in alcoholic fermentation?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Charles Cagniard de la Tour,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1837,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope to examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope to examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1837,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Charles Cagniard de la Tour,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Theodor Schwann,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: yeast cells undergo cell division.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Theodor Schwann,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spheroid

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: spheroid

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: foam left over from the process of brewing beer.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examine foam left over from the process of brewing beer.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: physicist,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "small spheroid globules",

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1837,

text: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 顯微鏡座 (xiǎn wēi jìng zuò), meaning "the microscope constellation".

text: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese is 顯微鏡座 (xiǎn wēi jìng zuò), meaning "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the microscope constellation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: xiao jiang

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the stars

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Chinese

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Chinese

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: <unk>

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Chinese

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: western constellation

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Chinese

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: western constellation in modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "the microscope constellation".

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "the microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The name of the western constellation in modern Chinese

text: The image from an optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras to generate a micrograph. Originally images were captured by photographic film but modern developments in CMOS and charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras allow the capture of digital images. Purely digital microscopes are now available which use a CCD camera to examine a sample, showing the resulting image directly on a computer screen without the need for eyepieces.

text: The image from an optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras to generate a

text: micrograph

text: . Originally images were captured by

text: photographic film

text: but modern developments in

text: CMOS

text: and

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) cameras allow the capture of

text: digital image

text: s. Purely

text: digital microscope

text: s are now available which use a CCD camera to examine a sample, showing the resulting image directly on a computer screen without the need for eyepieces.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photographic film

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: image from an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: CMOS

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: CMOS

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light-sensitive cameras

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photographic film

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: digital images. Purely digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micrograph.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The image from an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: eyepieces.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: micrograph. Originally images were captured by photographic film

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: micrograph.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: photographic film

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micrograph.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: photographic film

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: micrograph. Originally images were captured by photographic film

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras

text: Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e., light or photons (optical microscopes), electrons (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively, microscopes can be classed on whether they analyze the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).

text: Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e.,

text: light

text: or

text: photons

text: (optical microscopes),

text: electron

text: s (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively, microscopes can be classed on whether they analyze the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: i

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes can be separated into several different classes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: wide field optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Wilhelm Röntgen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: photon

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: wide field optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: (wide field optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: (electron microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: (optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: (electron microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: light or photons

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: (optical microscopes),

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (wide

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photons

text: He was among the first to design magic lanterns for projection purposes, so he must have been well acquainted with the properties of lenses. One of his books contains a chapter in Latin, which reads in translation – "Concerning the wonderful structure of things in nature, investigated by Microscope." Here, he wrote "who would believe that vinegar and milk abound with an innumerable multitude of worms." He also noted that putrid material is full of innumerable creeping animalcule. These observations antedate Robert Hooke's Micrographia by nearly 20 years and were published some 29 years before van Leeuwenhoek saw protozoa and 37 years before he described having seen bacteria. Joseph Lister was the first person who said infectious diseases are caused by micro-organism and was first person who used phenol as disinfectant on the open wounds of patients.

text: He was among the first to design magic lanterns for projection purposes, so he must have been well acquainted with the properties of lenses. One of his books contains a chapter in Latin, which reads in translation – "Concerning the wonderful structure of things in nature, investigated by Microscope." Here, he wrote "who would believe that vinegar and milk abound with an innumerable multitude of worms." He also noted that putrid material is full of innumerable creeping animalcule. These observations antedate Robert Hooke's Micrographia by nearly 20 years and were published some 29 years before van Leeuwenhoek saw protozoa and 37 years before he described having seen bacteria.

text: Joseph Lister

text: was the first person who said infectious diseases are caused by micro-organism and was first person who used phenol as disinfectant on the open wounds of patients.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organism

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magic lantern

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of things in nature

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke and Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: innumerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscope."

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscope."

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micro-organism

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Joseph Lister

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 29 years before van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope."

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscope."

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope."

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structure of things in nature,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: structure of things in nature,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: innumerable multitude of worms."

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: innumerable multitude of worms."

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscope."

text: He discovered a new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him: the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC). This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the gut, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction that move material along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells.

text: He discovered a new type of cell, which was subsequently named after him: the

text: interstitial cell of Cajal

text: (ICC). This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the

text: smooth muscles

text: lining the

text: gut

text: , serving as the generator and pacemaker of the

text: slow waves of contraction

text: that move

text: material

text: along the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: , mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ICC

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: material

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: He discovered a new type of cell,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: He discovered a new type of cell,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: interstitial cell of Cajal

text: In 1674, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, often called the "father of microscopy", sent the Royal Society of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy.

text: In 1674,

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: , often called the "father of microscopy", sent the

text: Royal Society

text: of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-celled organism

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a magnification of 100 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1674, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1674,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy",

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy",

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy",

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic single-celled organisms.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1674,

text: A Kerr microscope relies on the MOKE in order to image differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material. In a Kerr microscope, the illuminating light is first passed through a polarizer filter, then reflects from the sample and passes through an analyzer polarizing filter, before going through a regular optical microscope.   Because the different MOKE geometries require different polarized light, the polarizer should have the option to change the polarization of the incident light (circular, linear, and elliptical). When the polarized light is reflected off the sample material, a change in any combination of the following may occur: Kerr rotation, Kerr ellipticity, or polarized amplitude. The changes in polarization are converted by the analyzer into changes in light intensity, which are visible.  A computer system is often used to create an image of the magnetic field on the surface from these changes in polarization.

text: A Kerr microscope relies on the MOKE in order to image differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material. In a Kerr microscope, the illuminating light is first passed through a

text: polarizer

text: filter, then reflects from the sample and passes through an analyzer polarizing filter, before going through a regular optical microscope.   Because the different MOKE geometries require different polarized light, the polarizer should have the option to change the polarization of the incident light (circular, linear, and elliptical). When the polarized light is reflected off the sample material, a change in any combination of the following may occur: Kerr rotation, Kerr ellipticity, or polarized amplitude. The changes in polarization are converted by the analyzer into changes in light intensity, which are visible.  A computer system is often used to create an image of the magnetic field on the surface from these changes in polarization.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: (circular, linear, and elliptical).

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: changes in light intensity,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Kerr microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image differences in the magnetization on a surface of magnetic material.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Kerr

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: changes in polarization.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: elliptical).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (circular, linear, and elliptical).

text: The combination of the microscopic examination of the peripheral blood and analysis of the lymphocytes by flow cytometry to confirm clonality and marker molecule expression is needed to establish the diagnosis of CLL. Both are easily accomplished on a small amount of blood. A flow cytometer instrument  can examine the expression of molecules on individual cells in fluids. This requires the use of specific antibodies to marker molecules with fluorescent tags recognized by the instrument. In CLL, the lymphocytes are genetically clonal, of the B cell lineage (expressing marker molecules clusters of differentiation 19 and 20), and  characteristically express the marker molecules CD5 and CD23. These B cells resemble normal lymphocytes under the microscope, although slightly smaller, and are fragile when smeared onto a glass slide, giving rise to many broken cells, which are called "smudge" or "smear" cells.

text: The combination of the microscopic examination of the peripheral blood and analysis of the lymphocytes by

text: flow cytometry

text: to confirm clonality and marker molecule expression is needed to establish the diagnosis of CLL. Both are easily accomplished on a small amount of blood. A

text: flow cytometer

text: instrument  can examine the expression of molecules on individual cells in fluids. This requires the use of specific antibodies to marker molecules with fluorescent tags recognized by the instrument. In CLL, the lymphocytes are genetically clonal, of the B cell lineage (expressing marker molecules clusters of differentiation

text: and

text: ), and  characteristically express the marker molecules CD5 and CD23. These B cells resemble normal lymphocytes under the microscope, although slightly smaller, and are fragile when smeared onto a glass slide, giving rise to many broken cells, which are called "smudge" or "smear" cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: under the microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass slide

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescent

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescent

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examination of cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 20), and characteristically express the marker molecules CD5 and CD23.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: smaller,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: flow cytometry

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: flow cytometry

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescent tags

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: flow cytometry

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: flow cytometry

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: blood and analysis of the lymphocytes by flow cytometry

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: glass slide,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: lymphocytes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination of the peripheral blood

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: glass slide,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: glass slide,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescent tags

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 20), and characteristically express the marker molecules CD5 and CD23.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: fluorescent tags

text: In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1868 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874.  He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.

text: In 1866, he became a research director at the

text: Zeiss Optical Works

text: , and in 1868 he invented the

text: apochromatic lens

text: , a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the

text: Abbe condenser

text: , used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first

text: refractometer

text: , which he described in a booklet published in 1874.  He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the

text: Abbe number

text: , a measure of any

text: transparent

text: material's variation of

text: refractive index

text: with

text: wavelength

text: and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see

text: angular resolution

text: ). Already a professor in

text: Jena

text: , he was hired by

text: Carl Zeiss

text: to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: laws of image of non-luminous objects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: apochromatic lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Abbe number

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: apochromatic objective

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: apochromatic objective

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: refractometer

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Abbe do in 1868?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe and Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refractometer

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: what is the abbe number?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1868 he invented the apochromatic lens,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: apochromatic lens,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: apochromatic lens,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Abbe number,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zeiss Optical Works,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: apochromatic lens,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: non-luminous objects

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: apochromatic lens,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: apochromatic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: homogenous immersion objective,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: non-luminous objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image of non-luminous objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: non-luminous objects

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wavelength

text: Philip O. Gravelle, a chemist, developed a comparison microscope for use in the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases with the support and guidance of forensic ballistics pioneer Calvin Goddard. It was a significant advance in the science of firearms identification in forensic science. The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the barrel, breach block, extractor, or firing pin in the gun. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He therefore developed the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work." Calvin Goddard perfected the comparison microscope and subsequently popularized its use.Sir Sydney Smith also appreciated the idea, emphasizing its importance in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to Scotland and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic science needs.

text: Philip O. Gravelle, a

text: chemist

text: , developed a comparison microscope for use in the identification of fired

text: bullets

text: and

text: cartridge cases

text: with the support and guidance of forensic ballistics pioneer Calvin Goddard. It was a significant advance in the science of

text: firearms

text: identification in

text: forensic science

text: . The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the

text: barrel

text: , breach block,

text: extractor

text: , or

text: firing pin

text: in the

text: gun

text: . It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He therefore developed the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work." Calvin Goddard perfected the comparison microscope and subsequently popularized its use.

text: Sir Sydney Smith

text: also appreciated the idea, emphasizing its importance in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to

text: Scotland

text: and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic science needs.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Philip O. Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Goddard

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: a comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: use in the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Calvin Goddard

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unrelated objects

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: a comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Calvin Goddard

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sir Sydney Smith

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Calvin Goddard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gravelle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: striae left on the bullet or cartridge case

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: forensic science

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Philip O. Gravelle and Calvin Goddard

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: forensic ballistics pioneer Calvin Goddard.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one bullet at a time

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: chemist,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chemist,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific precision

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one bullet at a time

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: comparison microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Philip O. Gravelle,

text: The late part of the 19th century in comparative anatomy was heavily influenced by the work of Charles Darwin in the On the Origin of Species in 1859. This work completely changed the views of comparative anatomists. Within 8 years of Darwin's release of the Origin of Species, his views on descent from a common ancestor were widely accepted. This led to a shift in trying to understand how different parts of the brain evolved. The next major innovation that helped to bring about paleoneurology was the microscope.  Although the microscope was invented in the 17th century, it was only used in biology in the beginning in the late 19th century. The techniques of observing brain cells under a microscope took a long time to refine. In 1873, with this tool in hand, Camillo Golgi began to cellularly detail the brain and employ techniques to perfect axonal microscoping. Ludwig Edinger took advantage of this and came up with a new branch of anatomy called comparative neuroanatomy. Edinger held that vertebrates evolved in a linear progressive series. He also thought that changes in the brain were based on a series of additions and differentiations and that the most highly, complex brains were those that were the most encephalized. The period of 1885-1935 was an explosion of ideas in comparative neuroanatomy. This era culminated in the publication of "The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System" by Arienns, Kappers, Huber, and Cosby. This paper influenced Tilly Edinger and she later became to founder of Paleoneurology.

text: The late part of the 19th century in comparative anatomy was heavily influenced by the work of

text: Charles Darwin

text: in the

text: On the Origin of Species

text: in 1859. This work completely changed the views of comparative anatomists. Within 8 years of Darwin's release of the Origin of Species, his views on descent from a common ancestor were widely accepted. This led to a shift in trying to understand how different parts of the brain evolved. The next major innovation that helped to bring about paleoneurology was the

text: microscope

text: .  Although the microscope was invented in the 17th century, it was only used in biology in the beginning in the late 19th century. The techniques of observing brain cells under a microscope took a long time to refine. In 1873, with this tool in hand,

text: Camillo Golgi

text: began to cellularly detail the brain and employ techniques to perfect axonal microscoping.

text: Ludwig Edinger

text: took advantage of this and came up with a new branch of anatomy called comparative neuroanatomy. Edinger held that vertebrates evolved in a linear progressive series. He also thought that changes in the brain were based on a series of additions and differentiations and that the most highly, complex brains were those that were the most encephalized. The period of 1885-1935 was an explosion of ideas in comparative neuroanatomy. This era culminated in the publication of "The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System" by Arienns, Kappers, Huber, and Cosby. This paper influenced Tilly Edinger and she later became to founder of Paleoneurology.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: axonal microscoping

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: millimeters wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Huber

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Huber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: brain cells under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing brain cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who invented the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: axonal microscoping.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope. Although the microscope was invented in the 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The techniques of observing brain cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: paleoneurology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Arienns, Kappers, Huber, and Cosby.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The techniques of observing brain cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope. Although the microscope was invented in the 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: vertebrates evolved in a linear progressive series.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Camillo Golgi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Camillo Golgi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Camillo Golgi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing brain cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: brain cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope. Although the microscope was invented in the 17th century,

text: Culture techniques will often use a microscopic examination to help in the identification of the microbe. Instruments such as compound light microscopes can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features. Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes are also used for observing microbes in greater detail for research.

text: Culture techniques

text: will often use a microscopic examination to help in the identification of the microbe. Instruments such as

text: compound light microscope

text: s can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features.

text: Electron microscopes

text: and

text: fluorescence microscope

text: s are also used for observing microbes in greater detail for research.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular features

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cellular features

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic examination to help in the identification of the microbe.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fluorescence microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electron microscopes and fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: compound light

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbe.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic examination to help in the identification of the microbe.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular features.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: compound light microscopes can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: cellular features.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: resolution of cellular features.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes

text: Several blood tests involve red blood cells, including the RBC count (the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), the hematocrit (percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film (or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation.

text: Several

text: blood test

text: s involve red blood cells, including the RBC count (the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), the

text: hematocrit

text: (percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the

text: erythrocyte sedimentation rate

text: . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a

text: blood film

text: (or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. The

text: blood type

text: needs to be determined to prepare for a

text: blood transfusion

text: or an

text: organ transplantation

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: blood type

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: blood film (or peripheral blood smear)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: blood film

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schlemmer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: smear

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: blood film

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: blood film

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope slide.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: blood film

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: blood transfusion or an organ transplantation.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Several blood tests involve red blood cells,

text: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope. One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.

text: The cell was first discovered by

text: Robert Hooke

text: in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book

text: Micrographia

text: . In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope. One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive. His cell observations gave no indication of the

text: nucleus

text: and other

text: organelle

text: s found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old

text: Aristotelian theory

text: still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: with a low magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a coarse, compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: bluish in color

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Hooke discover?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who discovered the cell?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: no magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes during this time having a low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes during this time having a low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: six sided

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "cells".

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes during this time having a low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes during this time having a low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes during this time having a low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: internal components

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: ‘observations’ in detail of various objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: monks

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: low magnification,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a low magnification,

text: Brittain was born at Sheffield on 2 January 1806. He was educated at a private school. He was engaged during the greater part of his life as a professional accountant, but became interested in natural science, and was very skillful in the preparation of diagrams and in the mounting of objects for the microscope. In 1842, he moved to Manchester, where he spent the rest of his life.  In some contributions to Axon's Field Naturalist, he told the story of his scientific studies from the time of his first microscope, which he obtained in 1834. In December 1858 he was one of the promoters of a Manchester Microscopical Society, which ultimately became a section of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. When a second Manchester Microscopical Society - a more popular association - was established in 1879, he repeatedly held the office of vice-president, and was afterwards president. On his retirement, from failing health and advanced years, he was presented with an address at the Manchester Athenæum, 4 October 1883.

text: Brittain was born at Sheffield on 2 January 1806. He was educated at a private school. He was engaged during the greater part of his life as a professional accountant, but became interested in natural science, and was very skillful in the preparation of diagrams and in the mounting of objects for the microscope. In 1842, he moved to Manchester, where he spent the rest of his life.  In some contributions to Axon's Field Naturalist, he told the story of his scientific studies from the time of his first microscope, which he obtained in 1834. In December 1858 he was one of the promoters of a

text: Manchester Microscopical Society

text: , which ultimately became a section of the

entity_name: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

text: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

text: . When a second Manchester Microscopical Society - a more popular association - was established in 1879, he repeatedly held the office of vice-president, and was afterwards president. On his retirement, from failing health and advanced years, he was presented with an address at the

text: Manchester Athenæum

text: , 4 October 1883.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Axon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was the first microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific studies

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Axon and Brittain

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4 October 1883

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Axon's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagrams

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope, which he obtained in 1834.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Brittain was born at Sheffield on 2 January 1806.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Brittain

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: natural science,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Axon's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope, which he obtained in 1834.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1834.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2 January 1806.

text: A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic living organism, which may be single-celled or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with the discovery of microorganisms in 1674 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using a microscope of his own design.

text: A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic

text: living

text: organism

text: , which may be

text: single-celled

text: or

text: multicellular

text: . The study of microorganisms is called

text: microbiology

text: , a subject that began with the discovery of microorganisms in 1674 by

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: , using a

text: microscope

text: of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic living organism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1674

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: A microorganism

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The study of microorganisms is called microbiology,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1674

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-celled or multicellular.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: A microorganism

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic living organism,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic living organism,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1674

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microorganism or microbe is a microscopic living organism,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1674

text: Various microscopic characteristics may be used to help identify the fungus from other morphologically similar species. A spore print of P. stipticus, made by depositing a large number of spores in a small area, reveals their color to be white. Viewed with a microscope, the spores are smooth-walled, elliptical to nearly allantoid (sausage-shaped), with dimensions of 3–6 by 2–3 µm. Spores are amyloid, meaning that they will absorb iodine and become bluish-black when stained with Melzer's reagent, but this staining reaction has been described as "relatively weak".

text: Various microscopic characteristics may be used to help identify the fungus from other

text: morphologically

text: similar species. A

text: spore print

text: of P. stipticus, made by depositing a large number of spores in a small area, reveals their color to be white. Viewed with a

text: microscope

text: , the spores are smooth-walled, elliptical to nearly

text: allantoid

text: (sausage-shaped), with dimensions of 3–6 by 2–3

text: µm

text: . Spores are

text: amyloid

text: , meaning that they will absorb

text: iodine

text: and become bluish-black when stained with

text: Melzer's reagent

text: , but this staining reaction has been described as "relatively weak".

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Melzer's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Various microscopic characteristics

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic characteristics

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Melzer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2–3

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Various microscopic characteristics may be used to help identify the fungus

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 3–6 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope, the spores

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: allantoid

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic characteristics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "relatively weak".

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Various microscopic characteristics may be used to help identify the fungus

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Melzer's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Melzer's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Melzer's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Melzer's reagent,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3–6 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 3–6 by 2–3 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: white.

text: The calcifying odotogenic cyst or the Gorlin cyst, now known in the WHO Classification of Tumours as the calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, is a benign odontogenic tumor of cystic type most likely to affect the anterior areas of the jaws.  It is most common in people in their second to third decades but can be seen at almost any age.  On radiographs, the calcifying odontogenic cyst appears as a unilocular radiolucency (dark area).  In one-third of cases, an impacted tooth is involved. Microscopically, there are many cells that are described as "ghost cells", enlarged eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei.

text: The calcifying odotogenic cyst or the Gorlin cyst, now known in the

text: WHO Classification of Tumours

text: as the calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, is a benign

text: odontogenic tumor

text: of

text: cyst

text: ic type most likely to affect the anterior areas of the

text: jaw

text: s.  It is most common in people in their second to third decades but can be seen at almost any age.  On

text: radiograph

text: s, the calcifying odontogenic cyst appears as a unilocular radiolucency (dark area).  In one-third of cases, an impacted tooth is involved.

text: Microscopically

text: , there are many

text: cell

text: s that are described as "

text: ghost cells

text: ", enlarged eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the Gorlin cyst

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: enlarged eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Gorlin cyst

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Gorlin cyst

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unilocular

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells without nuclei

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells appear to have nuclei

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unilocular

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unilocular

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nuclei.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unilocular radiolucency

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nuclei.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: unilocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gorlin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "ghost cells",

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: second to third decades

text: A histopathologist will then examine the sample under a microscope, who will then issue a pathology report (pending extra tests that may be requested by the pathologist).

text: A

text: histopathologist

text: will then examine the sample under a microscope, who will then issue a pathology report (pending extra tests that may be requested by the pathologist).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: histopathologists

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pathology reports

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope, who will then issue a pathology report

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: A histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: A histopathologist will then examine the sample under a microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pathology report

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope, who will then issue a pathology report

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: A histopathologist

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were recreated, using a single-lens microscope of the kind he used, by British microbiologist Brian J. Ford, who showed how clearly one could view Giardia through a primitive microscope.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were recreated, using a single-lens microscope of the kind he used, by British microbiologist

text: Brian J. Ford

text: , who showed how clearly one could view Giardia through a primitive microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: British microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: monolens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhove

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Brian J. Ford,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Brian J. Ford,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Giardia

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: A small volume of the hybridization mixture is placed onto a coverslip and then placed gently onto the microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

text: A small volume of the hybridization mixture is placed onto a coverslip and then placed gently onto the microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: edwin hubert

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: gently onto the microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: hybridization

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope slide which contains the fixed cells.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope slide

text: In research, purified antibodies are used in many applications. Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine. Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate intracellular and extracellular proteins. Antibodies are used in flow cytometry to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express; different types of cell express different combinations of cluster of differentiation molecules on their surface, and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins. They are also used in immunoprecipitation to separate proteins and anything bound to them (co-immunoprecipitation) from other molecules in a cell lysate, in Western blot analyses to identify proteins separated by electrophoresis, and in immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope. Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies, using ELISA and ELISPOT techniques.

text: In research, purified antibodies are used in many applications. Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine. Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate

text: intracellular

text: and

text: extracellular

text: proteins. Antibodies are used in

text: flow cytometry

text: to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express; different types of cell express different combinations of

text: cluster of differentiation

text: molecules on their surface, and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins. They are also used in

text: immunoprecipitation

text: to separate proteins and anything bound to them (co-immunoprecipitation) from other molecules in a

text: cell lysate

text: , in

text: Western blot

text: analyses to identify proteins separated by

text: electrophoresis

text: , and in

text: immunohistochemistry

text: or

text: immunofluorescence

text: to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a

text: microscope

text: . Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies, using

text: ELISA

text: and

text: ELISPOT

text: techniques.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: to locate proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ELISPOT

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: locate proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a specialist search engine.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: intracellular and extracellular proteins.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: intracellular and extracellular proteins.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: locate proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: locate proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: proteins within cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a specialist search engine.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a specialist search engine.

text: In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension of an organ (as seen for example in the brain, the lung, liver or the kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the gross anatomy level. This is in contrast to the much smaller lobule, which is a clear division only visible under the microscope.

text: In

text: anatomy

text: , a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension of an

text: organ

text: (as seen for example in the

text: brain

text: , the

text: lung

text: liver

text: or the

text: kidney

text: ) that can be determined without the use of a

text: microscope

text: at the

text: gross anatomy

text: level. This is in contrast to the much smaller lobule, which is a clear division only visible

text: under the microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: lobe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: lobule

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: lobules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: lobules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: lobule,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: lobule,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: lobule, which is a clear division only visible under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: division

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: a lobe

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: lobule,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: lobule,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: In anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: In anatomy,

text: At the time of the invention of his revolutionary illumination scheme as a graduate student at the University of Giessen, Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography. Microscopes were illuminated by gas lamps, mirrors or other primitive light sources, resulting in an uneven specimen illumination unsuited for producing good quality photomicrographs using the slow-speed emulsions available at the time. Over the course of his work for his doctorate degree, Köhler developed a microscope configuration that allowed for an evenly illuminated field of view and reduced optical glare from the light source. It involved a collector lens for the lamp that allowed the light source to be focused on the front aperture of the condenser. This in turn allowed the condenser to be focused on the specimen using a field diaphragm and condenser focus control. This superior illumination scheme is still widely used in modern microscopes and forms the basis for phase contrast, differential interference contrast, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopy.

text: At the time of the invention of his revolutionary illumination scheme as a graduate student at the University of Giessen, Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography. Microscopes were illuminated by

text: gas lamp

text: s, mirrors or other primitive light sources, resulting in an uneven specimen illumination unsuited for producing good quality

text: photomicrograph

text: s using the slow-speed

text: emulsion

text: s available at the time. Over the course of his work for his doctorate degree, Köhler developed a microscope configuration that allowed for an evenly illuminated field of view and reduced optical glare from the light source. It involved a collector lens for the lamp that allowed the light source to be focused on the front

text: aperture

text: of the

text: condenser

text: . This in turn allowed the condenser to be focused on the specimen using a field

text: diaphragm

text: and condenser focus control. This superior illumination scheme is still widely used in modern microscopes and forms the basis for

text: phase contrast

entity_name: Differential interference contrast microscopy

text: differential interference contrast

text: epifluorescence

text: , and

text: confocal microscopy

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: gas lamps

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photomicrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: primitive light sources

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: epifluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: an evenly illuminated field of view

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a field diaphragm

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: gas lamps,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photomicrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: evenly illuminated field of view

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: collector lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical glare

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Köhler was working on overcoming problems with microphotography.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: gas lamps,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: gas lamps,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: confocal microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: an evenly illuminated field of view

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photomicrographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: phase contrast,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: slow-speed

text: Since microbes were not known until the Early Modern period, they appear in earlier literature indirectly, through descriptions of baking and brewing. Only with the invention of the microscope, as used by Robert Hooke in his 1665 book Micrographia, and by Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s, the germ theory of disease, and progress in microbiology in the 19th century were microbes observed directly, identified as living organisms, and put to use on a scientific basis. The same knowledge also allowed microbes to appear explicitly in literature and the arts.

text: Since microbes were not known until the

text: Early Modern

text: period, they appear in earlier literature indirectly, through descriptions of

text: baking

text: and

text: brewing

text: . Only with the invention of the

text: microscope

text: , as used by

text: Robert Hooke

text: in his 1665 book

text: Micrographia

text: , and by

text: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

text: in the 1670s, the

text: germ theory of disease

text: , and progress in

text: microbiology

text: in the 19th century were microbes observed directly, identified as living organisms, and put to use on a scientific basis. The same knowledge also allowed microbes to appear explicitly in literature and the arts.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: progress in microbiology

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 1665 book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1670s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1670s

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1670s,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1670s,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1665

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microbes observed directly, identified as living organisms,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1670s,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1670s,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the germ theory of disease,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes observed directly, identified as living organisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes observed directly, identified as living organisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1670s,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1665

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1670s,

text: A lost poem, entitled, Microscope written by Louis Ginsberg was found in a copy of the seventeenth edition of Simon Henry Gage's book, The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

text: A lost poem, entitled, Microscope written by Louis Ginsberg was found in a copy of the seventeenth edition of

text: Simon Henry Gage

text: 's book, The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at

text: Cornell University

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: lost poem

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gage

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Gage

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Louis Ginsberg

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gage

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Louis Ginsberg

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Gage

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Gage

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a poem

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Simon Henry Gage

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: A lost poem,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: seventeenth edition of Simon Henry Gage's book, The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: poem,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Simon Henry Gage's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: The Microscope in the Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: seventeenth edition of Simon Henry Gage's book, The Microscope

text: Blood tests are also used in diagnosis. Primary myelofibrosis can begin with a blood picture similar to that found in polycythemia vera or chronic myelogenous leukemia. Most people with myelofibrosis have moderate to severe anemia. Eventually thrombocytopenia, a decrease of blood platelets develops. When viewed through a microscope, a blood smear will appear markedly abnormal, with presentation of pancytopenia, which is a reduction in the number of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells may show abnormalities including bizarre shapes, such as teardrop-shaped cells, and nucleated red blood cell precursors may appear in the blood smear. (Normally, mature red blood cells in adults do not have a cell nucleus, and the presence of nucleated red blood cells suggests that immature cells are being released into the bloodstream in response to a very high demand for the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells.) Immature white cells are also seen in blood samples, and basophil counts are increased.

text: Blood tests are also used in diagnosis. Primary myelofibrosis can begin with a blood picture similar to that found in

text: polycythemia vera

text: or

text: chronic myelogenous leukemia

text: . Most people with myelofibrosis have moderate to severe anemia. Eventually

text: thrombocytopenia

text: , a decrease of

text: blood platelets

text: develops. When viewed through a microscope, a

text: blood smear

text: will appear markedly abnormal, with presentation of

text: pancytopenia

text: , which is a reduction in the number of all blood cell types:

text: red blood cell

text: s,

text: white blood cell

text: s, and platelets. Red blood cells may show abnormalities including

text: bizarre shapes

text: , such as

text: teardrop-shaped cells

text: , and

text: nucleated red blood cell

text: precursors may appear in the blood smear. (Normally, mature red blood cells in adults do not have a cell nucleus, and the presence of nucleated red blood cells suggests that immature cells are being released into the bloodstream in response to a very high demand for the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells.) Immature white cells are also seen in blood samples, and

text: basophil

text: counts are increased.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: viewed through a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cell nucleus

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: thrombocytopenia

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: blood smear

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: platelets

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: blood smears

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: blood smear

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a blood smear will appear markedly abnormal,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: blood smear

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: blood cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: immature cells are being released into the bloodstream

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: pancytopenia,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Blood tests are also used in diagnosis.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: a blood smear

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bone marrow

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a blood smear will appear markedly abnormal,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: blood smear

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: adults do not have a cell nucleus,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: blood smear

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: bizarre shapes, such as teardrop-shaped cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope,

text: In a 1932 report in Science, Mayo Clinic physician Edward C. Rosenow wrote that in addition to other small particles viewable with the standard lab microscope, small turquoise bodies termed 'eberthella typhi' not visible with the standard lab microscopes were seen in filtrate using a Rife microscope. Rosenow attributed their detection to "the ingenious methods employed rather than excessively high magnification". Subsequently, details of one of Rife's microscopes, as well as obtained micrographs, were included in the 1944 Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

text: In a 1932 report in

text: Science

text: , Mayo Clinic physician Edward C. Rosenow wrote that in addition to other small particles viewable with the standard lab

text: microscope

text: , small turquoise bodies termed 'eberthella typhi' not visible with the standard lab microscopes were seen in filtrate using a Rife microscope. Rosenow attributed their detection to "the ingenious methods employed rather than excessively high magnification". Subsequently, details of one of Rife's microscopes, as well as obtained micrographs, were included in the 1944 Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: obtained micrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: standard lab microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: lab microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Edward C. Rosenow

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: standard lab microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: standard lab microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: viewable

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: excessively high magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographs,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 'eberthella typhi'

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "the ingenious methods employed rather than excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification".

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Rife microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "the ingenious methods employed rather than excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Edward C. Rosenow

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Rife microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Edward C. Rosenow

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Edward C. Rosenow

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: standard lab microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rife

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: excessively high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnification".

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: excessively high magnification".

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14701 Aizu ||  || January 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14702 Benclark ||  || January 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=703 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14703 ||  || January 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=704 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14704 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=705 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14705 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=706 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14706 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=707 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14707 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=708 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14708 Slaven ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=709 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14709 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=710 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14710 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=711 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14711 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=712 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14712 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=713 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14713 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=714 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14714 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=715 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14715 ||  || February 7, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=716 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14716 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=717 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14717 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=718 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14718 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=719 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14719 Sobey ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=720 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14720 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=721 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14721 ||  || February 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=722 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14722 ||  || February 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=723 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14723 ||  || February 6, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=724 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14724 SNO ||  || February 10, 2000 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14725 ||  || February 27, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14726 ||  || February 27, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14727 Suggs ||  || February 27, 2000 || Kitt Peak || Spacewatch || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14728 Schuchardt ||  || February 26, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || |-id=729 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14729 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Višnjan Observatory || K. Korlević ||  —|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14730 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14731 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=732 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14732 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=733 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14733 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=734 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14734 Susanstoker ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14735 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=736 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14736 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14737 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=738 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14738 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=739 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14739 Edgarchavez ||  || March 3, 2000 || Catalina || CSS || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14740 ||  || March 5, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=741 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14741 Teamequinox ||  || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14742 ||  || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14743 || 2016 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=744 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14744 || 2092 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=745 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14745 || 2154 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=746 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14746 || 2164 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=747 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14747 || 2541 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=748 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14748 || 2620 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=749 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14749 || 2626 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=750 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14750 || 2654 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=751 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14751 || 2688 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=752 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14752 || 3005 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=753 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14753 || 4592 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=754 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14754 || 4806 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=755 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14755 || 6069 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=756 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14756 || 6232 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=757 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14757 || 6309 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=758 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14758 || 6519 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=759 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14759 || 6520 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=760 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14760 || 6595 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=761 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14761 || 6608 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=762 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14762 || 6647 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=763 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14763 || 6793 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=764 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14764 Kilauea || 7072 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=765 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14765 || 9519 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=766 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14766 || 9594 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=767 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14767 || 1137 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=768 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14768 || 1238 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=769 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14769 || 2175 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=770 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14770 || 2198 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=771 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14771 || 4105 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=772 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14772 || 4195 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=773 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14773 || 4264 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=774 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14774 || 4845 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=775 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14775 || 1139 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=776 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14776 || 1282 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=777 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14777 || 2078 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=778 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14778 || 2216 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=779 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14779 || 3072 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=780 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14780 || 1078 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=781 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14781 || 1107 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=782 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14782 || 3149 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=783 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14783 || 3152 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=784 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14784 || 3268 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=785 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14785 || 3508 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=786 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14786 || 4052 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=787 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14787 || 5038 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=788 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14788 || 5172 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=789 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14789 GAISH ||  || October 8, 1969 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14790 Beletskij || 1970 OF || July 30, 1970 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || |-id=791 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14791 Atreus || 1973 SU || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=792 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14792 Thyestes ||  || September 24, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=793 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14793 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=794 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14794 Konetskiy ||  || September 24, 1976 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=795 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14795 Syoyou ||  || March 12, 1977 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa || |-id=796 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14796 ||  || December 7, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=797 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14797 ||  || December 7, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14798 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14799 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=800 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14800 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14701 Aizu ||  || January 7, 2000 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: LONEOS

text: || |-id=702 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14702 Benclark ||  || January 7, 2000 || Anderson Mesa || LONEOS || |-id=703 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14703 ||  || January 7, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=704 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14704 ||  || February 2, 2000 ||

text: Oizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=705 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14705 ||  || February 2, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=706 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14706 ||  || February 4, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=707 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14707 ||  || February 2, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: || |-id=725 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14725 ||  || February 27, 2000 ||

text: Oizumi

text: T. Kobayashi

text: ||  —|-id=726 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14726 ||  || February 27, 2000 || Oizumi || T. Kobayashi ||  —|-id=727 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14727 Suggs ||  || February 27, 2000 ||

text: Kitt Peak

text: Spacewatch

text: || |-id=728 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14728 Schuchardt ||  || February 26, 2000 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: || |-id=729 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14729 ||  || February 29, 2000 ||

text: Višnjan Observatory

text: K. Korlević

text: ||  —|-id=730 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14730 ||  || February 29, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=731 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14731 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=732 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14732 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=733 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14733 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=734 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14734 Susanstoker ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=735 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14735 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=736 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14736 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=737 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14737 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=738 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14738 ||  || February 29, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=739 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14739 Edgarchavez ||  || March 3, 2000 ||

text: Catalina

text: CSS

text: || |-id=740 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14740 ||  || March 5, 2000 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: ||  —|-id=741 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14741 Teamequinox ||  || March 9, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=742 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14742 ||  || March 8, 2000 || Socorro || LINEAR ||  —|-id=743 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14743 || 2016 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=790 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14790 Beletskij || 1970 OF || July 30, 1970 || Nauchnij ||

text: T. M. Smirnova

text: || |-id=791 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14791 Atreus || 1973 SU || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=792 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 14792 Thyestes ||  || September 24, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=793 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14793 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=794 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14794 Konetskiy ||  || September 24, 1976 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=795 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14795 Syoyou ||  || March 12, 1977 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: || |-id=796 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14796 ||  || December 7, 1977 ||

text: Palomar

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=797 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 14797 ||  || December 7, 1977 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=798 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14798 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=799 bgcolor=#fefefe| 14799 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=800 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 14800 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|}

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The earliest microscopes were light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Arctiinae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenths of a millimeter.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The first microscope was made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses. The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _Electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Alexander Graham Bell

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Oizumi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Oizumi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The inventors of the microscope were: The inventors of the microscope were: The inventors of the microscope were:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Oizumi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 14708 Slaven

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 14708 Slaven

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 14708 Slaven

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: —|-id=706

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 14706

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: —|-id=707

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: T. Kobayashi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: —|-id=704 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Oizumi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 14709

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: bgcolor=#fefefe| 14708 Slaven

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Slaven

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 14708 Slaven

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 14706

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 14706

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: Modern light, high powered microscopes have an internal light source, allowing illuminaton with both transmitted and reflected light. These microscopes can provide a magnification of up to x1000: good enough to provide clear images of starch granules as small as a few micrometres in diameter.

text: Modern light, high powered

text: microscope

text: s have an internal light source, allowing illuminaton with both transmitted and reflected light. These microscopes can provide a magnification of up to x1000: good enough to provide clear images of starch

text: granules

text: as small as a few micrometres in diameter.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: micrometres

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: x

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: starch

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transmitted

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: starch

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: starch granules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: clear images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: x1000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: micrometres

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes have an internal light source, allowing illuminaton

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmitted and reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: x1000:

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: starch granules

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes have an internal light source,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: x1000:

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: x1000:

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: starch granules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transmitted and reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Modern light, high powered microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopes have an internal light source, allowing illuminaton

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: starch granules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Modern light,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Modern light,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: starch granules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopes have an internal light source, allowing illuminaton

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: x1000:

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmitted and reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: x1000:

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmitted and reflected light.

text: Inertial cavitation can also occur in the presence of an acoustic field. Microscopic gas bubbles that are generally present in a liquid will be forced to oscillate due to an applied acoustic field. If the acoustic intensity is sufficiently high, the bubbles will first grow in size and then rapidly collapse. Hence, inertial cavitation can occur even if the rarefaction in the liquid is insufficient for a Rayleigh-like void to occur. High-power ultrasonics usually utilize the inertial cavitation of microscopic vacuum bubbles for treatment of surfaces, liquids, and slurries.

text: Inertial cavitation can also occur in the presence of an acoustic field. Microscopic gas bubbles that are generally present in a liquid will be forced to oscillate due to an applied acoustic field. If the acoustic intensity is sufficiently high, the bubbles will first grow in size and then rapidly collapse. Hence, inertial cavitation can occur even if the

text: rarefaction

text: in the liquid is insufficient for a Rayleigh-like void to occur. High-power

text: ultrasonics

text: usually utilize the inertial cavitation of microscopic vacuum bubbles for treatment of surfaces, liquids, and slurries.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rayleigh-like void

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic vacuum bubbles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rayleigh-like void

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rayleigh-like void

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rayleigh-like void

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: slurries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Inertial cavitation

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rayleigh-like

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Rayleigh-like

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Inertial cavitation

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: High-power ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: High-power ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Rayleigh-like

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rayleigh-like

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rayleigh-like

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic gas bubbles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Inertial cavitation

text: Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 29 November 1694) was an Italian biologist and physician, who is referred to as the "Father of microscopical anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology". Malpighi's name bears to several physiological features related to the biological excretory system, such as the Malpighian corpuscles and Malpighian pyramids of the kidneys and the Malpighian tubule system of insects. The splenic lymphoid nodules are often called the "Malpighian bodies of the spleen" or Malpighian corpuscles. The botanical family Malpighiaceae is also named after him. He was the first person to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins that had eluded William Harvey and Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. His treatise De polypo cordis (1666) was important for understanding blood composition, as well as how blood clots. In it, Malpighi described how the form of a blood clot differed in the right against the left sides of the heart.

text: Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 29 November 1694) was an

text: Italian

text: biologist

text: and

text: physician

text: , who is referred to as the "Father of microscopical anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology". Malpighi's name bears to several physiological features related to the biological

text: excretory system

text: , such as the

text: Malpighian corpuscles

text: and

text: Malpighian pyramids

text: of the

text: kidney

text: s and the

text: Malpighian tubule system

text: of

text: insects

text: . The

text: splenic lymphoid nodules

text: are often called the "Malpighian bodies of the spleen" or

text: Malpighian corpuscles

text: . The botanical family

text: Malpighiaceae

text: is also named after him. He was the first person to see capillaries in animals, and he discovered the link between arteries and veins that had eluded

text: William Harvey

text: and Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. His treatise De polypo cordis (1666) was important for understanding blood composition, as well as how blood clots. In it, Malpighi described how the form of a blood clot differed in the right against the left sides of the

text: heart

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical anatomy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1666

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: De polypo cordis

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: embryo

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: William Harvey and Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: embryology".

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Malpighi has been the earliest person to observe red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology".

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: William Harvey

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1694)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1694)

text: The structural differential consists of three basic objects. The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation, the sub-microscopic, dynamic world of molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, and so on; a world known to us only inferentially from science. Korzybski described it as an 'event' in the sense of "an instantaneous cross-section of a process." Thus the 'event' or parabola  represents the sub-microscopic 'stuff' that, at any given moment, constitutes an apple.  In other words, the parabola represents the "external" cause of what we experience.

text: The structural differential consists of three basic objects. The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation, the sub-microscopic, dynamic world of molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, quarks, and so on; a world known to us only inferentially from science. Korzybski described it as an 'event' in the sense of "an instantaneous cross-section of a process." Thus the 'event' or parabola  represents the sub-microscopic 'stuff' that, at any given moment, constitutes an apple.  In other words, the parabola represents the "external" cause of what we experience.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: an apple

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: apple.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The structural differential

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The structural differential

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The parabola represents a domain beyond our direct observation,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electrons,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, quarks,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: structural differential

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: observation, the sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Korzybski

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: sub-microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sub-microscopic,

text: In 1590 the Dutchmen Hans and Zacharias Janssen (father and son) is sometimes claimed to have invented the first compound microscope.

text: In 1590 the Dutchmen

text: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

text: (father and son) is sometimes claimed to have invented the first

text: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutchmen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssen microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hans

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hans and Zacharias

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1590

text: LIMON (Light MicrOscopical nanosizing microscopy) was invented in 2001 at the University of Heidelberg and combines localization microscopy and spatially modulated illumination to the 3D super resolution microscopy.

text: LIMON (Light MicrOscopical nanosizing microscopy) was invented in 2001 at the University of Heidelberg and combines localization microscopy and spatially modulated illumination to the 3D super resolution microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 3D super resolution microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: LiMON

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ludwig Wittgenstein

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: super resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2001 at the University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanosizing

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanosizing

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: localization microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: LIMON

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: localization microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: localization microscopy and spatially modulated illumination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: University of Heidelberg

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: spatially modulated illumination

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 3D super resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2001 at the University of Heidelberg

text: For identification of infection, the only method clinically available in most areas is the Ova and Parasite (O&P) exam, which identifies the presence of the organism by microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen.  This method is sometimes called "Direct Microscopy".  In the United States, pathologists are required to report the presence of Blastocystis when found during an O&P exam, so a special test does not have to be ordered. Direct Microscopy is inexpensive, as the same test can identify a variety of gastrointestinal infections, such as Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium.  However one laboratory director noted that pathologists using conventional microscopes failed to identify many Blastocystis infections, and indicated the necessity for special microscopic equipment for identification.  The following table shows the sensitivity of Direct Microscopy in detecting Blastocystis when compared to stool culture, a more sensitive technique.  Stool culture was considered by some researchers to be the most reliable technique, but a recent study found stool culture only detected 83% of individuals infected when compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

text: For identification of infection, the only method clinically available in most areas is the Ova and Parasite (O&P) exam, which identifies the presence of the organism by microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen.  This method is sometimes called "Direct Microscopy".  In the United States, pathologists are required to report the presence of Blastocystis when found during an O&P exam, so a special test does not have to be ordered. Direct Microscopy is inexpensive, as the same test can identify a variety of gastrointestinal infections, such as

text: Giardia

text: Entamoeba histolytica

text: Cryptosporidium

text: .  However one laboratory director noted that pathologists using conventional microscopes failed to identify many Blastocystis infections, and indicated the necessity for special microscopic equipment for identification.  The following table shows the sensitivity of Direct Microscopy in detecting Blastocystis when compared to stool culture, a more sensitive technique.  Stool culture was considered by some researchers to be the most reliable technique, but a recent study found stool culture only detected 83% of individuals infected when compared to

text: polymerase chain reaction

text: (PCR) testing.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Ova and Parasite

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Direct Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Direct Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologists using conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Entomologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examinations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "Direct Microscopy".

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: stool culture,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: special microscopic equipment

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: stool culture,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stool culture,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: special microscopic equipment

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "Direct Microscopy".

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ova and Parasite

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stool

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes failed to identify many Blastocystis

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: stool culture,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: conventional microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stool culture only detected 83%

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: stool culture

text: The idea for a photoionization microscope that could image the wave-function of an atom stemmed out of an experiment proposed by Demakov and colleagues in the early 1980s. The researchers suggested that electron waves could be imaged when interacting with a static electric field as long as the de Broglie Wavelength of these electrons was large enough. It was not until 1996 that anything resembling the microscopy images proposed by Demakov and colleagues came to fruition. In 1996 a team of French researchers developed the first photo detachment microscope. The development of this microscope allowed for a direct observation of the oscillatory structure of a wave function to become possible. Photodetachment is the removal of electrons from an atom using interactions with photons or other particles. Photodetachment microscopy made it possible to image the spatial distribution of the ejected electron. The microscope developed in 1996 was the first to image photodetachment rings of a negative Bromine (Br-) ion. These images revealed interference between two electron waves on their way to the detector.

text: The idea for a photoionization microscope that could image the wave-function of an atom stemmed out of an experiment proposed by Demakov and colleagues in the early 1980s. The researchers suggested that electron waves could be imaged when interacting with a static electric field as long as the

text: de Broglie Wavelength

text: of these electrons was large enough. It was not until 1996 that anything resembling the microscopy images proposed by Demakov and colleagues came to fruition. In 1996 a team of French researchers developed the first photo detachment microscope. The development of this microscope allowed for a direct observation of the oscillatory structure of a wave function to become possible. Photodetachment is the removal of electrons from an atom using interactions with photons or other particles. Photodetachment microscopy made it possible to image the spatial distribution of the ejected electron. The microscope developed in 1996 was the first to image photodetachment rings of a negative Bromine (Br-) ion. These images revealed interference between two electron waves on their way to the detector.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: French researchers

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: lengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Demakov and colleagues

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Demakov

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Demakov

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the oscillatory structure of a wave

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: French

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: a team of French researchers

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1996 a team of French researchers developed the first photo detachment

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a direct observation of the oscillatory structure of a wave function

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two electron waves

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: photo detachment microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1996

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Demakov and colleagues in the early 1980s.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: photoionization microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Demakov

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Demakov

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Demakov

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photoionization

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: oscillatory structure of a wave function

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: French

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron waves could be imaged when interacting with a static electric field

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: de Broglie Wavelength

text: Product categories include Virtual microscopes, Light microscopes, products for Confocal Microscopy, Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes, Digital microscopes, Microscope Software, Microscope Cameras, Histology Systems, Novocastra Reagents, Electron microscope Sample Preparation Equipment

text: Product categories include

text: Virtual microscope

text: s,

text: Light microscope

text: s, products for

text: Confocal Microscopy

text: , Surgical Microscopes,

text: Stereo Microscope

text: s &

text: Macroscope

text: s,

text: Digital microscope

text: s, Microscope Software, Microscope Cameras,

text: Histology

text: Systems, Novocastra

text: Reagents

text: Electron microscope

text: Sample Preparation Equipment

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Light microscopes

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answers: Micrographia is a company

answers: NDQ_006580

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answers: Microscope Cameras

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answers: Microscope Cameras

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answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Light microscopes

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answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Surgical Microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Surgical Microscopes

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answers: NDQ_006604

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answers: Light microscopes

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answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

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answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscope Software,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Digital microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Digital microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Histology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Surgical Microscopes,

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answers: Electron

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answers: microscopes, Light microscopes, products for Confocal Microscopy,

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answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes, Light microscopes, products for Confocal Microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Surgical Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Confocal Microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Surgical Microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Surgical Microscopes, Stereo Microscopes & Macroscopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Light microscopes,

text: Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is a cytogenetic technique that combines the chromogenic signal detection method of immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques with in situ hybridization. It was developed around the year 2000 as an alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detection of HER-2/neu oncogene amplification. CISH is similar to FISH in that they are both in situ hybridization techniques used to detect the presence or absence of specific regions of DNA. However, CISH is much more practical in diagnostic laboratories because it uses bright-field microscopes rather than the more expensive and complicated fluorescence microscopes used in FISH.

text: Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) is a cytogenetic technique that combines the chromogenic signal detection method of

text: immunohistochemistry (IHC)

text: techniques with in situ hybridization. It was developed around the year 2000 as an alternative to

text: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

text: for detection of HER-2/neu oncogene amplification. CISH is similar to FISH in that they are both in situ hybridization techniques used to detect the presence or absence of specific regions of DNA. However, CISH is much more practical in diagnostic laboratories because it uses bright-field microscopes rather than the more expensive and complicated fluorescence microscopes used in FISH.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: CISH

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: bright-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: bright-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: CISH

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: CISH

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is used in CISH?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: DNA.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Chromogenic in situ hybridization

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: bright-field

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: bright-field microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: bright-field

text: The idea for creating a low-cost microscope came to Prakash in 2011 while he was at a field station in Thailand. He remarked that the station had a very expensive microscope but that everyone was afraid to use it because it was fragile and worth more than most people's salaries. He wanted to create a microscope that anyone could afford and that would be versatile and sturdy enough to work in field conditions. He also wanted to create a device that people felt they had ownership of, which is part of the reason the Foldscope comes in a kit to be assembled. He developed the first prototype in 2014.

text: The idea for creating a low-cost microscope came to Prakash in 2011 while he was at a field station in

text: Thailand

text: . He remarked that the station had a very expensive microscope but that everyone was afraid to use it because it was fragile and worth more than most people's salaries. He wanted to create a microscope that anyone could afford and that would be versatile and sturdy enough to work in field conditions. He also wanted to create a device that people felt they had ownership of, which is part of the reason the Foldscope comes in a kit to be assembled. He developed the first

text: prototype

text: in 2014.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a low-cost microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: foldscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: __

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did the Foldscope allow scientists to see?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope came to Prakash

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: low-cost microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: versatile and sturdy enough to work in field conditions.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Thailand.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: fragile and worth more than most people's salaries.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: expensive microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fragile and worth more than most people's salaries.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: work in field conditions.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Prakash

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: salaries.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Foldscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2014.

text: Although one typically thinks of an image as planar, or two-dimensional, the imaging system will produce a three-dimensional intensity distribution in image space that in principle can be measured. e.g. a two-dimensional sensor could be translated to capture a three-dimensional intensity distribution. The image of a point source is also a three dimensional (3D) intensity distribution which can be represented by a 3D point-spread function. As an example, the figure on the right shows the 3D point-spread function in object space of a wide-field microscope (a) alongside that of a confocal microscope (c). Although the same microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 1.49 is used, it is clear that the confocal point spread function is more compact both in the lateral dimensions (x,y) and the axial dimension (z). One could rightly conclude that the resolution of a confocal microscope is superior to that of a wide-field microscope in all three dimensions.

text: Although one typically thinks of an image as planar, or two-dimensional, the imaging system will produce a three-dimensional intensity distribution in image space that in principle can be measured. e.g. a two-dimensional sensor could be translated to capture a three-dimensional intensity distribution. The image of a point source is also a three dimensional (3D) intensity distribution which can be represented by a 3D point-spread function. As an example, the figure on the right shows the 3D point-spread function in object space of a wide-field microscope (a) alongside that of a confocal microscope (c). Although the same microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 1.49 is used, it is clear that the confocal point spread function is more compact both in the lateral dimensions (x,y) and the axial dimension (z). One could rightly conclude that the resolution of a confocal microscope is superior to that of a wide-field microscope in all three dimensions.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: point-spread function

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a 3D point spread function

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image of a point source

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a microscope objective

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1.49

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1.49 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: two-dimensional,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional intensity distribution

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1.49

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscope is superior to that of a wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two-dimensional,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: two-dimensional,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: two-dimensional,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal microscope is superior to that of a wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: three-dimensional intensity distribution in image space that in principle can be measured.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: two-dimensional,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.49

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: three-dimensional intensity distribution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1.49

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two-dimensional,

text: In 1830 Bordon invented a new apparatus for accurately measuring the base line for the upcoming Massachusetts' Trigonometrical Survey. It was 50 feet long, enclosed in a tube, and used with four compound microscopes. The tube and microscopes were mounted on trestles, and adjustable to any direction.

text: In 1830 Bordon invented a new apparatus for accurately measuring the base line for the upcoming Massachusetts' Trigonometrical Survey. It was 50 feet long, enclosed in a tube, and used with four compound microscopes. The tube and microscopes were mounted on trestles, and adjustable to any direction.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: feet

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1830

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: accurate measurements

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 50 feet

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 feet

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 50 feet

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: four compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: four compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: four compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: measuring the base line

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Bordon

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: four compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x. Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria. Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x. Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to

text: The Royal Society

text: on October 9, 1676, he states that

text: motility

text: is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of

text: microorganisms

text: . Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included

text: protozoa

text: and other unicellular organisms, like

text: bacteria

text: . Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the

text: sperm cells

text: of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the

text: egg cell

text: . This put an end to the previous theory of

text: spontaneous generation

text: . After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: x

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 270x

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 300-fold

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 270x

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: egg cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Leeuwenhoek find?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnify objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek and Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 300-fold

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 300-fold

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 570 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: improved lenses

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: improved lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: “animalcules,”

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 300-fold,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: improved lenses

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 300-fold,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: “animalcules,”

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope containing improved lenses

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: motile objects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnify objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 300-fold, or 270x.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 270x.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 270x.

text: Although rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections the investigation of fine crushed rock powders, which was the first branch of microscopic petrology to receive attention, is by no means discontinued.  The modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments of any kind.  Minerals are almost as easily determined in powder as in section, but it is otherwise with rocks, as the structure or relation of the components to one another, which is an element of great importance in the study of the history and classification of rocks, is almost completely destroyed by grinding them to powder.

text: Although rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections the investigation of fine crushed rock powders, which was the first branch of microscopic petrology to receive attention, is by no means discontinued.  The modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments of any kind.  Minerals are almost as easily determined in powder as in section, but it is otherwise with rocks, as the structure or relation of the components to one another, which is an element of great importance in the study of the history and classification of rocks, is almost completely destroyed by grinding them to powder.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments of any kind

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: modern optical methods

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: rock powders

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical methods

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The modern optical methods

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fine crushed rock powders,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: transparent mineral fragments

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: transparent mineral fragments

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic sections the investigation of fine crushed rock powders,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The modern optical methods are perfectly applicable to transparent mineral fragments of any kind.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: fine crushed rock powders,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: rocks are now studied principally in microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: transparent mineral fragments

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic petrology

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transparent mineral fragments of any kind.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic sections

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transparent mineral fragments of any kind.

text: A simple microscope is a microscope that uses a lens or set of lenses to enlarge an object through angular magnification alone, giving the viewer an erect enlarged virtual image. Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification. The use of a single convex lens or groups of lenses are still found in simple magnification devices such as the magnifying glass, loupes, and eyepieces for telescopes and microscopes.

text: A simple microscope is a microscope that uses a lens or set of lenses to enlarge an object through angular magnification alone, giving the viewer an erect enlarged

text: virtual image

text: . Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification. The use of a single convex lens or groups of lenses are still found in simple magnification devices such as the

text: magnifying glass

text: loupe

text: s, and

text: eyepiece

text: s for telescopes and microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: simple microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: angular magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: erect enlarged virtual image

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: simple microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: erect enlarged virtual image

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: loupes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high magnification

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: loupes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: an enlarged virtual image

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: erect enlarged virtual image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: convex lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: erect enlarged virtual image.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: angular magnification

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single convex lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: erect enlarged virtual image.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: enlarged virtual image.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: angular magnification

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Simple microscopes are not capable of high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: angular magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnification.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: angular magnification

text: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit for its resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.

text: The cell was discovered by

text: Robert Hooke

text: in 1665, who named the biological unit for its resemblance to cells inhabited by

text: Christian monks

text: in a monastery.

text: Cell theory

text: , first developed in 1839 by

text: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

text: and

text: Theodor Schwann

text: , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the

text: hereditary information

text: necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the biological unit

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Theodor Schwann

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 3.5 billion years

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1839

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Cell theory, first developed in 1839

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one or more cells,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3.5 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1665,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1665,

text: There are numerous hot springs on the island. The microscopic animal Limnognathia, the only known member of its phylum, was discovered in these springs.

text: There are numerous

text: hot spring

text: s on the island. The microscopic animal

text: Limnognathia

text: , the only known member of its phylum, was discovered in these springs.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hot springs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic animal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Limnognathia

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: phylum

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Limnognathia

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hot springs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic animal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: hot springs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The microscopic animal Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Limnognathia,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: hot springs

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hot springs

text: Colonna became interested in the recently invented telescope and microscope, corresponding with Galileo Galilei and other Lincean academics on astronomy.

text: Colonna became interested in the recently invented

text: telescope

text: and

text: microscope

text: , corresponding with

text: Galileo Galilei

text: and other Lincean academics on astronomy.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Galilei

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Galilei

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Galilei

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a thousandth of a mile

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescope and microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Colonna

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telescope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: astronomy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Lincean

text: In 1981 the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and were all well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Leeuwenhoek's work.

text: In 1981 the British microscopist

text: Brian J. Ford

text: found that Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and were all well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Leeuwenhoek's work.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuvenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscop

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a range of microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society of London.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: a range of microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Leeuwenhoek's original specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a range of microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: In 1981 the British microscopist

text: Upon examination of a slide made from a smear of the patient's vaginal fluid, Papanicolaou discovered that abnormal cancer cells could be plainly observed under a microscope. "The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix," he later wrote, "gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career."

text: Upon examination of a slide made from a smear of the patient's vaginal fluid, Papanicolaou discovered that abnormal cancer cells could be plainly observed under a microscope. "The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix," he later wrote, "gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unrelated subjects

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: slide

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: abnormal cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: abnormal cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a smear of the patient's vaginal fluid,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Papanicolaou

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: abnormal cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: abnormal cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientific

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a smear of the patient's vaginal fluid,

text: A microscope (from the , mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

text: A microscope (from the , mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an

text: instrument

text: used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called

text: microscopy

text: Microscopic

text: means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: skopeîn

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The science of investigating small objects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: , skopeîn

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: skopeîn

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: physicist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: skopeîn

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see objects that are too small

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: mikrós,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: mikrós,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The science of investigating small objects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: see objects that are too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy. Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: A microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: A microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: mikrós,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: mikrós,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: mikrós,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that are too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see objects that are too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: objects that are too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objects that are too small for the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: A microscope (from the, mikrós,

text: The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam, who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog. Unaware of this work, Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

text: The first person to describe red blood cells was the young

text: Dutch

text: biologist

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: , who had used an early

text: microscope

text: in 1658 to study the blood of a frog. Unaware of this work,

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic description

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a fine grain of sand

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a few hundred meters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1658

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: early microscope in 1658

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope in 1658

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "25,000 times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope in 1658

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope in 1658

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope in 1658

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: early microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jan Swammerdam,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study the blood of a frog.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "25,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

text: Microdiscectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a portion of a herniated nucleus pulpolsus is removed by way of a surgical instrument or laser while using an operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

text: Microdiscectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a portion of a herniated nucleus pulpolsus is removed by way of a surgical instrument or laser while using an operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a minimally invasive surgical procedure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microdiscectomy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a part of a body

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microdiscectomy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: operating microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microdiscectomy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: operating microscope or loupe

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope or loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: operating

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnification.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: operating microscope or loupe for magnification.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: loupe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microdiscectomy

text: Before Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, it had been a mystery why grapes could be turned into wine, milk into cheese, or why food would spoil. Leeuwenhoek did not make the connection between these processes and microorganisms, but using a microscope, he did establish that there were signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye. Leeuwenhoek's discovery, along with subsequent observations by Spallanzani and Pasteur, ended the long-held belief that life  spontaneously appeared from non-living substances during the process of spoilage.

text: Before Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1675, it had been a mystery why

text: grape

text: s could be turned into

text: wine

text: milk

text: into

text: cheese

text: , or why food would spoil. Leeuwenhoek did not make the connection between these processes and microorganisms, but using a microscope, he did establish that there were signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye. Leeuwenhoek's discovery, along with subsequent observations by Spallanzani and Pasteur, ended the long-held belief that life

text: spontaneously appear

text: ed from non-living substances during the process of spoilage.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuvenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1675

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Spallanzani

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Spallanzani and Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Spallanzani

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Spallanzani

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: naked eye

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: life that was not visible to the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: life invisible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Spallanzani and Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1675,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Spallanzani and Pasteur,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: visible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: visible to the naked eye.

text: The model has two forms, a geometric formalism, and a microscope analogy.  A microscope which has many knobs to adjust the lenses to obtain a sharp image has little chance of obtaining an optimally functioning image by randomly turning the knobs. The chances of a clear image are not so bad if the number of knobs is low, but the chances will decrease dramatically if the number of adjustable parameters (knobs) is larger than two or three. Fisher introduced a geometric metaphor, which eventually became known as Fisher's geometric model.

text: The model has two forms, a geometric formalism, and a

text: microscope

text: analogy.  A microscope which has many knobs to adjust the lenses to obtain a sharp image has little chance of obtaining an optimally functioning image by randomly turning the knobs. The chances of a clear image are not so bad if the number of knobs is low, but the chances will decrease dramatically if the number of adjustable

text: parameter

text: s (knobs) is larger than two or three. Fisher introduced a geometric metaphor, which eventually became known as Fisher's geometric model.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fisher's geometric model

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope analogy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: knobs

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Fisher's geometric model

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Fisher's geometric model

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: knobs

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Fisher's geometric model

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Fisher's geometric model

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: analogue

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Fisher introduce?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sharp images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: many knobs

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope analogy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sharp image

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: many knobs to adjust the lenses to obtain a sharp image

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: A microscope which has many knobs

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope analogy. A microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fisher's geometric model.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope analogy.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: A microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: A microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sharp image

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sharp image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fisher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two or three.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two or three.

text: Microscope Publications, a division of the McCrone Research Institute, is publisher and provider of microscopy textbooks, handbooks, and atlases including The Particle Atlas, the world’s first atlas of microscopic particles, The Microscope Series Handbooks, and the international journal, The Microscope, founded in 1937.

text: Microscope Publications, a division of the McCrone Research Institute, is publisher and provider of microscopy textbooks, handbooks, and atlases including The Particle Atlas, the world’s first atlas of microscopic particles, The Microscope Series Handbooks, and the international journal, The Microscope, founded in 1937.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: McCrone Research Institute

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: McCrone Research Institute

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: international journal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Microscope Series Handbooks

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: McCrone Research Institute

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: McCrone Research Institute

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Microscope Series Handbooks

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope Publications

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McCrone Research Institute

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification of 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: McCrone Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy textbooks, handbooks, and atlases

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscope Publications,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope Publications, a division of the McCrone Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscope Publications,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope Publications, a division of the McCrone Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McCrone Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: McCrone

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: McCrone Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic particles,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1937.

text: He was credited with building his own microscope and became a member of Hackney Microscopical Society in 1884, and the Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

text: He was credited with building his own microscope and became a member of Hackney Microscopical Society in 1884, and the

text: Quekett Microscopical Club

text: in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hackney

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hackney and Quekett

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society in 1884,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: He was credited with building his own microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: He was credited with building his own microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Quekett

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society in 1884, and the Quekett

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hackney Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1892.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Quekett Microscopical Club in 1892.

text: Xylene is used in the laboratory to make baths with dry ice to cool reaction vessels, and as a solvent to remove synthetic immersion oil from the microscope objective in light microscopy. In histology, xylene is the most widely used clearing agent. Xylene is used to remove paraffin from dried microscope slides prior to staining. After staining, microscope slides are put in xylene prior to mounting with a coverslip.

text: Xylene is used in the laboratory to make baths with dry ice to cool reaction vessels, and as a

text: solvent

text: to remove synthetic

text: immersion oil

text: from the microscope

text: objective

text: in

text: light microscopy

text: . In

text: histology

text: , xylene is the most widely used clearing agent. Xylene is used to remove paraffin from dried microscope slides prior to staining. After staining, microscope slides are put in xylene prior to mounting with a coverslip.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: paraffin

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: xylene

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: slides

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Xylene

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscopy.

text: Up to now, the best quality in a 4Pi microscope was reached in conjunction with the stimulated emission depletion microscope (STED) principle. Using a 4Pi microscope with appropriate excitation and de-excitation beams, it was possible to create a uniformly 50 nm sized spot, which corresponds to a decreased focal volume compared to confocal microscopy by a factor of 150–200 in fixed cells. With the combination of 4Pi microscopy and RESOLFT microscopy with switchable proteins, it is now possible to take images of living cells at low light levels with isotropic resolutions below 40 nm.

text: Up to now, the best quality in a 4Pi microscope was reached in conjunction with the

text: stimulated emission depletion microscope

text: (STED) principle. Using a 4Pi microscope with appropriate excitation and de-excitation beams, it was possible to create a uniformly 50 nm sized spot, which corresponds to a decreased focal volume compared to confocal microscopy by a factor of 150–200 in fixed cells. With the combination of 4Pi microscopy and

text: RESOLFT

text: microscopy with switchable proteins, it is now possible to take images of living cells at low light levels with isotropic resolutions below 40 nm.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 4Pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: STED principle

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 4Pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: RESOLFT

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal microscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: confocal microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 150–200

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4Pi microscope with appropriate excitation and de-excitation beams,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: low light levels with isotropic resolutions below 40 nm.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: isotropic resolutions

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 150–200

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 50 nm

text: Fruit bodies are gelatinous, pale to dark brown, sometimes purple-brown to almost black, up to 20 cm (8 in) across, and seaweed-like (with branched, undulating fronds). Microscopically, the hyphae are clamped and occur in a dense gelatinous matrix. Haustorial cells arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the hyphae of the host. The basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 10 to 19 by 8 to 14 μm, usually unstalked. The basidiospores are mostly ellipsoid, smooth, 6.5 to 10 by 4.5 to 8 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells.

text: Fruit bodies are gelatinous, pale to dark brown, sometimes purple-brown to almost black, up to 20 cm (8 in) across, and seaweed-like (with branched, undulating fronds). Microscopically, the

text: hyphae

text: are

text: clamped

text: and occur in a dense gelatinous matrix.

text: Haustorial cells

text: arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the hyphae of the host. The

text: basidia

text: are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 10 to 19 by 8 to 14

text: μm

text: , usually unstalked. The

text: basidiospores

text: are mostly ellipsoid, smooth, 6.5 to 10 by 4.5 to 8 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by

text: yeast

text: cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: basidiospores

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: hyphae are clamped

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 8 in

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Basidiospores

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: tremelloid

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: tremelloid

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 cm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 8 inches

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the hyphae are clamped

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 19 by 8 to 14 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopically, the hyphae

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 19 by 8 to 14 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: yeast cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopically, the hyphae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: purple-brown to almost black,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: purple-brown to almost black,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: tremelloid

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: tremelloid

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the hyphae

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: the hyphae are clamped

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a dense gelatinous matrix.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10 to 19 by 8 to 14 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dense gelatinous matrix.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 19

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4.5 to 8 <unk>m,

text: Bacteria were first detected under the microscopes of Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.  Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, performed many experiments testing and observing bacteria.  He observed plaque on his own teeth— “a little white matter” as he called it.  Under microscopes he saw “that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving,” which was the first sighting of oral bacteria as we know it.  Leeuwenhoek tested the mouths of others, as well as his own.  Two men that he tested had never cleaned their teeth in their lives and Leeuwenhoek found “an unbelievably great company of living animalcules…in such enormous numbers, that all the water…seemed to be alive.”  Thus Leeuwenhoek discovered oral bacteria or “animalcules,” the name he gave bacteria in general.

text: Bacteria were first detected under the microscopes of

text: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

text: in the 17th century.  Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, performed many experiments testing and observing bacteria.  He observed plaque on his own teeth— “a little white matter” as he called it.  Under microscopes he saw “that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving,” which was the first sighting of oral bacteria as we know it.  Leeuwenhoek tested the mouths of others, as well as his own.  Two men that he tested had never cleaned their teeth in their lives and Leeuwenhoek found “an unbelievably great company of living animalcules…in such enormous numbers, that all the water…seemed to be alive.”  Thus Leeuwenhoek discovered oral bacteria or “animalcules,” the name he gave bacteria in general.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: little living animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes of Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: “animalcules,”

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch scientist,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: little living animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: living animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 17th century.

text: Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.  Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.  Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

text: Human anatomy

text: – scientific study of the

text: morphology

text: of the adult

text: human

text: . It is subdivided into

text: gross anatomy

text: and

text: microscopic anatomy

text: .  Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.  Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with

text: microscope

text: s, and includes

text: histology

text: (the study of the organization of tissues), and

text: cytology

text: (the study of cells).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: minute

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: human.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: minute

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells).

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells).

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: minute anatomical structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: minute anatomical structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: human.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: minute

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopic anatomy

text: In the beginnings of light microscope development, sections from plants and animals were manually prepared using razor blades. It was found that to observe the structure of the specimen under observation it was important to make clean reproducible cuts on the order of 100 µm, through which light can be transmitted. This allowed for the observation of samples using light microscopes in a transmission mode.

text: In the beginnings of

text: light microscope

text: development, sections from plants and animals were manually prepared using razor blades. It was found that to observe the structure of the specimen under observation it was important to make clean reproducible cuts on the order of 100 µm, through which light can be transmitted. This allowed for the observation of samples using light microscopes in a transmission mode.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmission mode

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: razor blades

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animals and plants

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100  m

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope development, sections from plants and animals were manually prepared using razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopes in a transmission mode.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: sections from plants and animals were manually prepared using razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: structure

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: plants and animals

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light microscopes in a transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples using light microscopes in a transmission mode.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cuts

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: razor blades.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 <unk>m,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 <unk>m,

text: Historically, the calculation of glass properties is directly related to the founding of glass science. At the end of the 19th century the physicist Ernst Abbe developed equations that allow calculating the design of optimized optical microscopes in Jena, Germany, stimulated by co-operation with the optical workshop of Carl Zeiss. Before Ernst Abbe's time the building of microscopes was mainly a work of art and experienced craftsmanship, resulting in very expensive optical microscopes with variable quality. Now Ernst Abbe knew exactly how to construct an excellent microscope, but unfortunately, the required lenses and prisms with specific ratios of refractive index and dispersion did not exist. Ernst Abbe was not able to find answers to his needs from glass artists and engineers; glass making was not based on science at this time.

text: Historically, the calculation of glass properties is directly related to the founding of glass

text: science

text: . At the end of the 19th century the physicist

text: Ernst Abbe

text: developed equations that allow calculating the design of optimized optical

text: microscope

text: s in

text: Jena

text: Germany

text: , stimulated by co-operation with the optical workshop of

text: Carl Zeiss

text: . Before Ernst Abbe's time the building of

text: microscope

text: s was mainly a work of art and experienced craftsmanship, resulting in very expensive optical

text: microscope

text: s with variable quality. Now Ernst Abbe knew exactly how to construct an excellent microscope, but unfortunately, the required

text: lenses

text: and

text: prisms

text: with specific ratios of

text: refractive index

text: and

text: dispersion

text: did not exist. Ernst Abbe was not able to find answers to his needs from glass artists and engineers; glass making was not based on science at this time.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Abbe develop?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refractive index

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optimized optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: glass making was not based on science

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: ratios of refractive index

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: glass properties is directly related to the founding of glass science.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: refractive index and dispersion

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: glass making was not based on science

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: physicist Ernst Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: refractive index

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 19th century

text: The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass. In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. It was not until the 1590s when a Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen began to test lenses that progress had been made to microscopes. Jansen was able to obtain about 9x magnification, but the objects appeared to be blurry. In 1595, Jansen and his father built the first compound microscope. While simple glasses were able to magnify objects, they were not considered to be a microscope. A compound microscope was defined by having two or more lenses in a hollow tube. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.

text: The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the

text: glass

text: . In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. It was not until the 1590s when a Dutch spectacle maker

text: Zacharias Jansen

text: began to test lenses that progress had been made to microscopes. Jansen was able to obtain about 9x magnification, but the objects appeared to be blurry. In 1595, Jansen and his father built the first

text: compound microscope

text: . While simple glasses were able to magnify objects, they were not considered to be a microscope. A compound microscope was defined by having two or more lenses in a hollow tube. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book

text: Micrographia

text: . Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: his book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: inches

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jansen and his father

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was made possible through the invention of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects appear larger

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 6 inches

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1590s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple glasses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The discovery of the cell

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The discovery of the cell

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen was able to obtain about 9x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 9x magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The discovery of the cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch spectacle maker Zacharias Jansen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: reflected light

text: a microscopic dissociation constant (used in modern forms of the equation, and equivalent to an

text: a microscopic dissociation constant (used in modern forms of the equation, and equivalent to an

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic dissociation constant

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a microscopic dissociation constant

text: At the microscopic level, there are three primary features of the thyroid—follicles, follicular cells, and parafollicular cells, first discovered by Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

text: At the

text: microscopic level

text: , there are three primary features of the thyroid—follicles, follicular cells, and parafollicular cells, first discovered by Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: follicular cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in 1664

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Websterson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: follicles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1664.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1664.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1664.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Geoffery Websterson in 1664.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: thyroid—follicles,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Geoffery Websterson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1664.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1664.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1664.

text: In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who lived most of his life in Delft, Holland, observed bacteria and other microorganisms using a single-lens microscope of his own design. While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first to observe microbes, Robert Hooke made the first recorded microscopic observation, of the fruiting bodies ofmoulds, in 1665. It has, however, been suggested that a Jesuit priest called Athanasius Kircher was the first to observe micro-organisms.

text: In 1676,

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: , who lived most of his life in

text: Delft

text: , Holland, observed

text: bacteria

text: and other microorganisms using a single-lens microscope of his own design. While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first to observe microbes,

text: Robert Hooke

text: made the first recorded microscopic observation, of the fruiting bodies of

text: mould

text: s, in 1665. It has, however, been suggested that a Jesuit priest called

text: Athanasius Kircher

text: was the first to observe micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope of his own design

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in 1676

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Athanasius Kircher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: fruiting bodies ofmoulds, in 1665.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria and other microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observation,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: Microscopic material failure is defined in terms of crack propagation and initiation. Such methodologies are useful for gaining insight in the cracking of specimens and simple structures under well defined global load distributions. Microscopic failure considers the initiation and propagation of a crack. Failure criteria in this case are related to microscopic fracture. Some of the most popular failure models in this area are the micromechanical failure models, which combine the advantages of continuum mechanics and classical fracture mechanics. Such models are based on the concept that during plastic deformation, microvoids nucleate and grow until a local plastic neck or fracture of the intervoid matrix occurs, which causes the coalescence of neighbouring voids. Such a model, proposed by Gurson and extended by Tvergaard and Needleman, is known as GTN. Another approach, proposed by Rousselier, is based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and thermodynamics. Both models form a modification of the von Mises yield potential by introducing a scalar damage quantity, which represents the void volume fraction of cavities, the porosity f.

text: Microscopic material failure is defined in terms of crack propagation and initiation. Such methodologies are useful for gaining insight in the cracking of specimens and simple structures under well defined global load distributions. Microscopic failure considers the initiation and propagation of a crack. Failure criteria in this case are related to microscopic fracture. Some of the most popular failure models in this area are the micromechanical failure models, which combine the advantages of

text: continuum mechanics

text: and classical

text: fracture mechanics

text: . Such models are based on the concept that during

text: plastic deformation

text: , microvoids nucleate and grow until a local plastic neck or fracture of the intervoid matrix occurs, which causes the coalescence of neighbouring voids. Such a model, proposed by Gurson and extended by Tvergaard and

text: Needleman

text: , is known as GTN. Another approach, proposed by Rousselier, is based on continuum

text: damage mechanics

text: (CDM) and

text: thermodynamics

text: . Both models form a modification of the von Mises yield potential by introducing a scalar damage quantity, which represents the void volume fraction of cavities, the porosity f.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic failure

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic failure

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micromechanical failure models,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: gaining insight in the cracking of specimens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microvoids

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic material

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: cracking of specimens and simple structures under well defined global load distributions.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gurson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microvoids

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: von Mises

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cracking of specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gurson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: f.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: f.

text: Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope, the specimen having been sectioned (cut into a thin cross section with a microtome), stained, and mounted on a microscope slide. Histological studies may be conducted using tissue culture, where live human or animal cells are isolated and maintained in an artificial environment for various research projects. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains. Histology is an essential tool of biology and medicine.

text: Histology is the study of the microscopic

text: anatomy

text: (microanatomy) of

text: cells

text: and

text: tissues

text: of

text: plant

text: s and

text: animal

text: s. It is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues under a

text: light microscope

text: or

text: electron microscope

text: , the

text: specimen

text: having been sectioned (cut into a thin cross section with a

text: microtome

text: stained

text: , and mounted on a

text: microscope slide

text: . Histological studies may be conducted using

text: tissue culture

text: , where live human or animal cells are isolated and maintained in an artificial environment for various research projects. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of

text: histological stains

text: . Histology is an essential tool of

text: biology

text: and

text: medicine

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: human

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microtome),

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microtome),

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Histology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin cross section

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Histology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Histology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microtome),

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Histology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microtome),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining cells and tissues

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a microtome),

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microtome),

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscope or electron microscope,

text: Hopwood was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979  and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1987. He is also the author of Streptomyces in Nature and Medicine: The Antibiotic Makers

text: Hopwood was elected a

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: in 1979  and delivered their

text: Leeuwenhoek Lecture

text: in 1987. He is also the author of Streptomyces in Nature and Medicine: The Antibiotic Makers

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenheek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenheek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenheek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenheek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Hopwood was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1987.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Hopwood was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1987.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1987.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Streptomyces

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: The Antibiotic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1987.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Hopwood

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1987.

text: At the end of the 1800s, the development of very thin and consistently thin samples by microtomy, together with the selective staining of important cell components or molecules allowed for the visualisation of microscope details.

text: At the end of the 1800s, the development of very thin and consistently thin samples by microtomy, together with the selective staining of important cell components or molecules allowed for the visualisation of microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microtomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope details

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope details

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microtomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell components

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope details

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope details

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell components

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the development of very thin and consistently thin samples by microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: visualisation of microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the development of very thin and consistently thin samples by microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell components

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: At the end of the 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: At the end of the 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: At the end of the 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microtomy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: details.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: details.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin and consistently thin samples

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope details.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: At the end of the 1800s,

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often considered to be the father of microbiology. Robert Hooke is cited as the first to record microscopic observation of the fruiting bodies of molds, in 1665. However, the first observation of microbes using a microscope is generally credited to van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1670s, he observed and researched bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: is often considered to be the

entity_name: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

text: father

text: of

text: microbiology

text: Robert Hooke

text: is cited as the first to record microscopic observation of the fruiting bodies of

text: mold

text: s, in 1665. However, the first observation of

text: microbe

text: s using a microscope is generally credited to van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1670s, he observed and researched bacteria and other

text: microorganism

text: s, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope of his own design

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: Paul Ehrlich was a bacteriologist studying staining, a procedure that is used in many microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes. As Ehrlich injected some of these dyes (notably the aniline dyes that were then widely used), the dye stained all of the organs of some kinds of animals except for their brains. At that time, Ehrlich attributed this lack of staining to the brain simply not picking up as much of the dye.

text: Paul Ehrlich

text: was a

text: bacteriologist

text: studying

text: staining

text: , a procedure that is used in many microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes. As Ehrlich injected some of these dyes (notably the

text: aniline dye

text: s that were then widely used), the dye stained all of the

text: organs

text: of some kinds of animals except for their

text: brain

text: s. At that time, Ehrlich attributed this lack of staining to the brain simply not picking up as much of the dye.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic studies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: aniline dyes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: aniline dyes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fine biological structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: chemical dyes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: brains.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paul Ehrlich

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fine biological structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fine biological structures visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic studies to make fine biological structures visible using chemical dyes.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated Van Leeuwenhoek's 384th birthday with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.

text: On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated Van Leeuwenhoek's 384th birthday with a

text: Doodle

text: that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: doodle

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "little animals" or animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: animalcules,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "little animals"

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "little

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2016,

text: Dornwell excelled in her studies. In April 1883 she received the Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology, for which she received a microscope.

text: Dornwell excelled in her studies. In April 1883 she received the

text: Sir Thomas Elder Prize

text: in Physiology, for which she received a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Physiology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person look at things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Dornwell's

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Sir Thomas Elder Prize in Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Dornwell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Physiology,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Sir Thomas Elder

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Dornwell excelled in her studies. In April 1883

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1883

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1883

text: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1993, was President of the Society for General Microbiology from 1997 to 2000, and was awarded the Leeuwenhoek medal lecture of the Royal Society in 2000. He was named a Knight Bachelor in the 2007 New Years Honours list. He was President of the Marine Biological Association from 2007 to 2008. He died suddenly in Royal Leamington Spa on 12 January 2008.

text: He was elected a

entity_name: List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1993

text: Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1993

text: , was President of the

text: Society for General Microbiology

text: from 1997 to 2000, and was awarded the Leeuwenhoek medal lecture of the Royal Society in 2000. He was named a Knight Bachelor in the

entity_name: Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom

text: New Years Honours

text: list. He was President of the

entity_name: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

text: Marine Biological Association

text: from 2007 to 2008. He died suddenly in

text: Royal Leamington Spa

text: on 12 January 2008.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes were light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Society for General Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Society for General Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek medal lecture of the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Society for General Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1997 to 2000,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Leeuwenhoek

text: Alongside developments in inter-disciplinary, clinical and confocal microscope solutions, Nikon’s digital imaging technologies and software solutions support all microscopy and imaging functions, image management and analysis. The Eclipse Ti series of inverted microscopes, for example, allows the simultaneous mounting of confocal, TIRF module and multiple stacked epi-fluorescence filter turrets to make this microscope the ideal live cell imaging platform.  Long term timelapse imaging of living cells is becoming an increasingly important technique – for which Nikon has developed the very latest in Cellogy and Cell Care – the BioStation series.

text: Alongside developments in inter-disciplinary, clinical and

text: confocal microscope

text: solutions, Nikon’s digital imaging technologies and software solutions support all microscopy and imaging functions, image management and analysis. The Eclipse Ti series of inverted microscopes, for example, allows the simultaneous mounting of confocal,

text: TIRF

text: module and multiple stacked epi-fluorescence filter turrets to make this microscope the ideal live cell imaging platform.  Long term timelapse imaging of living cells is becoming an increasingly important technique – for which Nikon has developed the very latest in Cellogy and Cell Care – the BioStation series.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nikon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Nikon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: image management and analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: TIRF

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nikon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Nikon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nikon

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal microscope solutions,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Nikon’s digital imaging technologies and software solutions support all microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: epi-fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal microscope solutions,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscope solutions,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: epi-fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nikon’s

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: confocal microscope solutions,

text: The major advantages to static particle imaging systems are the use of standard microscope systems and simplicity of depth of field considerations. Since these systems can be made from any standard optical microscope, they may be a lower cost approach for people who already have microscopes. More important, though, is that microscope-based systems have less depth of field issues generally versus dynamic imaging systems. This is because the sample is placed on a microscope slide, and then usually covered with a cover slip, thus limiting the plane containing the particles relative to the optical axis. This means that more particles will be in acceptable focus at high magnifications.

text: The major advantages to static particle imaging systems are the use of standard microscope systems and simplicity of

text: depth of field

text: considerations. Since these systems can be made from any standard optical microscope, they may be a lower cost approach for people who already have microscopes. More important, though, is that microscope-based systems have less depth of field issues generally versus dynamic imaging systems. This is because the sample is placed on a microscope slide, and then usually covered with a

text: cover slip

text: , thus limiting the plane containing the particles relative to the

text: optical axis

text: . This means that more particles will be in acceptable focus at high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: standard optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: static particle imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: depth of field

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: static particle imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the optical axis

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Waltham

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is placed on a slide

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: depth of field

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnifications

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical axis.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: static particle imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical axis.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dynamic imaging systems.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: dynamic imaging systems.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: more particles will be in acceptable focus at high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope systems and simplicity of depth of field considerations.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical axis.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope-based systems have less depth of field issues

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The major advantages to static particle imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope systems

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical axis.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: dynamic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particles will be in acceptable focus at high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: particle imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical axis.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical

text: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope equipped with double eyepieces and a binoviewer. In such a microscope, both eyes see the same image, with the two eyepieces serving to provide greater viewing comfort. However, the image in such a microscope is no different from that obtained with a single monocular eyepiece.

text: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a

text: compound microscope

text: equipped with double eyepieces and a

text: binoviewer

text: . In such a microscope, both eyes see the same image, with the two eyepieces serving to provide greater viewing comfort. However, the image in such a microscope is no different from that obtained with a single monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: monocular eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schlemmer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the same image

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: monocular eyepieces

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: compound microscope equipped with double eyepieces and a binoviewer.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope equipped with double eyepieces and a binoviewer.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope equipped with double eyepieces and a binoviewer.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: a binoviewer.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: both eyes see the same image,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The stereo microscope should not be confused with a compound microscope

text: The life cycle of the protozoa has a tissue phase and an erythrocytic (red blood cell) phase.  The organism goes through asexual reproduction phase that is called schizogony which occurs in the mononuclear phagocytic cells.  In the tissue phase the macrophage cells that are infected often clog venules in organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes.  It is this phase that is associated with clinical disease if the schizonts are numerous.  Schizonts next form merozoites that break out of the macrophage cells and infect the red blood cells (erythrocytes).  The erythrocytic disease is not as important for clinical disease but is often used to diagnose C. felis because you can see piroplasms (erythrocytes that have phagocytized merozoites) on a peripheral blood smear under the microscope.

text: The life cycle of the protozoa has a tissue phase and an erythrocytic (red blood cell) phase.  The organism goes through asexual reproduction phase that is called schizogony which occurs in the mononuclear phagocytic cells.  In the tissue phase the macrophage cells that are infected often clog venules in organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes.  It is this phase that is associated with clinical disease if the schizonts are numerous.  Schizonts next form merozoites that break out of the macrophage cells and infect the red blood cells (erythrocytes).  The erythrocytic disease is not as important for clinical disease but is often used to diagnose C. felis because you can see piroplasms (erythrocytes that have phagocytized merozoites) on a peripheral blood smear under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C. felis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: merozoites on a peripheral blood smear

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: smears

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: peripheral blood smear

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tissue phase

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: peripheral blood smear under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: schizogony

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: schizogony

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: felis

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: peripheral blood smear

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: peripheral blood smear under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: peripheral blood smear under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: schizogony

text: Hobbs has popularly defined structural geology as the study of "the way in which rocks get buried and deformed and metamorphosed." Hobbs has described his research career as moving "from being very fine-scale, like microscopic or even electron microscopic, to the much larger scale of almost the whole Earth now, trying to understand what goes on within the Earth." His latter interest has been described as "developing computer applications that simulate mechanical behaviour, fluid flow, heat flow and chemical reactions governing ore body formation. The goal is to produce a predictive modelling capability that enhances our ability to discover new ore bodies."

text: Hobbs has popularly defined

text: structural geology

text: as the study of "the way in which rocks get buried and deformed and metamorphosed." Hobbs has described his research career as moving "from being very fine-scale, like microscopic or even electron microscopic, to the much larger scale of almost the whole Earth now, trying to understand what goes on within the Earth." His latter interest has been described as "developing computer applications that simulate mechanical behaviour, fluid flow, heat flow and chemical reactions governing ore body formation. The goal is to produce a predictive modelling capability that enhances our ability to discover new ore bodies."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: fine-scale

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: fine-scale,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hobbs

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fine-scale,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fine-scale,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic or even electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscopic,

text: A microscope slide is a thin flat piece of glass, typically 75 by 26 mm (3 by 1 inches) and about 1 mm thick, used to hold objects for examination under a microscope.  Typically the object is placed or secured ("mounted") on the slide, and then both are inserted together in the microscope for viewing.  This arrangement allows several slide-mounted objects to be quickly inserted and removed from the microscope, labeled,  transported, and stored in appropriate slide cases or folders.

text: A microscope slide is a thin flat piece of

text: glass

text: , typically 75 by 26 mm (3 by 1 inches) and about 1 mm thick, used to hold objects for examination under a

text: microscope

text: .  Typically the object is placed or secured ("mounted") on the slide, and then both are inserted together in the microscope for viewing.  This arrangement allows several slide-mounted objects to be quickly inserted and removed from the microscope, labeled,  transported, and stored in appropriate

text: slide cases

text: or

text: folders

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: slide cases

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: inches

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 26 mm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 75 by 26 mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: (3 by 1 inches)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: objects

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: A microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: viewing.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (3 by 1 inches)

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: A microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 75 by 26 mm

text: In optical mineralogy and petrography, a thin section (or petrographic thin section) is a laboratory preparation of a rock, mineral, soil, pottery, bones, or even metal sample for use with a polarizing petrographic microscope, electron microscope and electron microprobe. A thin sliver of rock is cut from the sample with a diamond saw and ground optically flat. It is then mounted on a glass slide and then ground smooth using progressively finer abrasive grit until the sample is only 30 μm thick. The method involved using the Michel-Lévy interference colour chart. Typically quartz is used as the gauge to determine thickness as it is one of the most abundant minerals.

text: In

text: optical mineralogy

text: and

text: petrography

text: , a thin section (or petrographic thin section) is a

text: laboratory

text: preparation of a

text: rock

text: mineral

text: soil

text: , pottery, bones, or even metal sample for use with a

text: polarizing

text: petrographic microscope

text: electron microscope

text: and

text: electron microprobe

text: . A thin sliver of rock is cut from the sample with a

text: diamond saw

text: and ground optically flat. It is then mounted on a glass

text: slide

text: and then ground smooth using progressively finer abrasive grit until the sample is only 30

text: μm

text: thick. The method involved using the Michel-Lévy interference colour chart. Typically quartz is used as the gauge to determine thickness as it is one of the most abundant minerals.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical mineralogy and petrography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Michel-Levy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Michel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a rock, mineral

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 30

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 30

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 30 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 30 <unk>m thick.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Michel-Lévy interference colour chart.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope and electron microprobe.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polarizing petrographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Michel-Lévy

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 30 <unk>m thick.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: polarizing petrographic microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 30 <unk>m

text: A human colonization ship crash-lands on a distant planet which is earth-like but whose only landmass is completely covered in shallow puddles of water and mostly microscope life forms.  Normal humans could not survive on this planet, so the crew must genetically engineer their descendants into something that can survive.  (Blish coined the term pantropy to refer to this concept.)  They decide to create a race of microscopic aquatic humanoids to complete their mission and colonize the planet.

text: A human colonization ship crash-lands on a distant planet which is earth-like but whose only landmass is completely covered in shallow puddles of water and mostly microscope life forms.  Normal humans could not survive on this planet, so the crew must genetically engineer their descendants into something that can survive.  (Blish coined the term

text: pantropy

text: to refer to this concept.)  They decide to create a race of microscopic aquatic humanoids to complete their mission and colonize the planet.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: human

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope life forms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the crew

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Blish

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Blish

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Blish

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Francis Bacon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: life forms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: normal humans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: normal humans

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic aquatic humanoids

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic aquatic humanoids

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic aquatic humanoids

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope life forms.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic aquatic humanoids

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (Blish coined the term pantropy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: pantropy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope life forms.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (Blish coined the term pantropy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: (Blish

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (Blish

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: life forms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: earth-like

text: This method allowed them to study in exquisite detail the branching processes of nerve cells (axons and dendrites) and how they seemed to interconnect among themselves, forming chains and neural networks which could explain the physiological mechanisms underlying the phenomena of information transfer between neurons. Waldeyer learned Spanish in order to absorb Cajal's extraordinary detailed studies using Golgi's method and became his friend, mentor and promoter in the German-dominated field of microscopic anatomy. The theory was published in a series of papers in the main medical journal of Germany, Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, which became extremely influential. However, as Cajal points out, though Waldeyer "supported the theory with the prestige of his authority, he did not contribute a single personal observation. He limited himself to a short brilliant exposition of the objective proofs, adduced by His, Kölliker, Retzius, van Gehuchten and myself, and he invented the fortunate term neuron. "   Cajal's continuing hard work on the following decade was able to prove many aspects of the neuron theory, including the directionality of synaptic transmission, and ultimately Cajal won over Golgi on their dispute of the neuron doctrine vs. the syncytium theory.

text: This method allowed them to study in exquisite detail the branching processes of nerve cells (

text: axon

text: s and

text: dendrite

text: s) and how they seemed to interconnect among themselves, forming chains and

text: neural network

text: s which could explain the

text: physiological

text: mechanisms underlying the phenomena of information transfer between neurons. Waldeyer learned

text: Spanish

text: in order to absorb Cajal's extraordinary detailed studies using Golgi's method and became his friend, mentor and promoter in the German-dominated field of microscopic anatomy. The theory was published in a series of papers in the main medical journal of Germany,

text: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift

text: , which became extremely influential. However, as Cajal points out, though Waldeyer "supported the theory with the prestige of his authority, he did not contribute a single personal observation. He limited himself to a short brilliant exposition of the objective proofs, adduced by

text: His

text: Kölliker

text: Retzius

text: van Gehuchten

text: and

text: myself

text: , and he invented the fortunate term neuron. "   Cajal's continuing hard work on the following decade was able to prove many aspects of the neuron theory, including the directionality of

text: synaptic transmission

text: , and ultimately Cajal won over Golgi on their dispute of the neuron doctrine vs. the syncytium theory.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: field of microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Cajal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Golgi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: in exquisite detail

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detailed studies

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: German

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a few hundred meters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (axons and dendrites)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: (axons and dendrites)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the branching processes of nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cajal won over Golgi

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the branching processes of nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Golgi's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: exquisite detail the branching processes of nerve cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift,

text: The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells.

text: The discipline of anatomy is divided into

text: macroscopic

text: and

text: microscopic anatomy

text: . Macroscopic anatomy, or

text: gross anatomy

text: , is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided

text: eyesight

text: . Gross anatomy also includes the branch of

text: superficial anatomy

text: . Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the

text: tissues

text: of various structures, known as

text: histology

text: , and also in the study of

text: cells

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of the tissues of various structures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unaided eyesight

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical instruments

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical instruments

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical instruments

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: histology,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histology,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: histology,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: animal's body parts using unaided eyesight.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unaided eyesight.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic anatomy.

text: In 1932, Ernst Lubcke of Siemens & Halske built and obtained images from a prototype electron microscope, applying concepts described in the Rudenberg patent applications. Five years later (1937), the firm financed the work of Ernst Ruska and Bodo von Borries, and employed Helmut Ruska (Ernst’s brother) to develop applications for the microscope, especially with biological specimens. Also in 1937, Manfred von Ardenne pioneered the scanning electron microscope. The first commercial electron microscope was produced in 1938 by Siemens. The first North American electron microscope was constructed in 1938, at the University of Toronto, by Eli Franklin Burton and students Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus; and Siemens produced a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939. Although contemporary transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification, as scientific instruments, they remain based upon Ruska’s prototype.

text: In 1932, Ernst Lubcke of

text: Siemens & Halske

text: built and obtained images from a prototype electron microscope, applying concepts described in the Rudenberg patent applications. Five years later (1937), the firm financed the work of Ernst Ruska and

text: Bodo von Borries

text: , and employed

text: Helmut Ruska

text: (Ernst’s brother) to develop applications for the microscope, especially with biological specimens. Also in 1937,

text: Manfred von Ardenne

text: pioneered the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: . The first commercial electron microscope was produced in 1938 by Siemens. The first North American electron microscope was constructed in 1938, at the

text: University of Toronto

text: , by

text: Eli Franklin Burton

text: and students Cecil Hall,

text: James Hillier

text: , and Albert Prebus; and Siemens produced a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939. Although contemporary transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification, as scientific instruments, they remain based upon Ruska’s

text: prototype

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Helmut Ruska

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: million-power

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Helmut Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: How did the microscope help scientists?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Lubcke of Siemens & Halske

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two million-power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two million-power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How many years after the first commercial electron microscope was produced in 1938 by Siemens?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Lubcke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: biological specimens.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biological specimens.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: million-power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: contemporary transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1932,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Ruska and Bodo von Borries,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: In 1932,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rudenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological specimens.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Ruska and Bodo von Borries,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two million-power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two million-power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939.

text: In 1679, van Leeuwenhoek used a microscopes to assess tophaceous material and found that gouty tophi consist of aggregates of needle-shaped crystals, and not globules of chalk as was previously believed.

text: In 1679, van Leeuwenhoek used a microscopes to assess tophaceous material and found that

text: gouty tophi

text: consist of aggregates of needle-shaped crystals, and not globules of chalk as was previously believed.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1679

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: needle-shaped crystals

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining materials easier

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: In 1679,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes to assess tophaceous material

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: needle-shaped crystals,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: In 1679,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: needle-shaped crystals,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: In 1679,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In 1679,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In 1679,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: crystals,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: needle-shaped crystals,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes to assess tophaceous material

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: needle-shaped crystals,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1679,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1679,

text: USB microscopes are most useful when examining flat objects such as coins, printed circuit boards, or documents such as banknotes, but can be used on surfaces of irregular shape such as fibres owing to the high depth of field. Their use is generally similar to that of a reflection optical microscope or a stereo microscope. USB microscopes offer the advantage of being much less bulky than a conventional stereo microscope,  so they can be used in the field attached to a laptop computer. They are also useful in examining large items in situ where use of a conventional microscope would be difficult, if not impossible.

text: USB microscopes are most useful when examining flat objects such as

text: coin

text: s,

text: printed circuit board

text: s, or documents such as

text: banknote

text: s, but can be used on surfaces of irregular shape such as

text: fibre

text: s owing to the high

text: depth of field

text: . Their use is generally similar to that of a reflection

text: optical microscope

text: or a

text: stereo microscope

text: . USB microscopes offer the advantage of being much less bulky than a conventional stereo microscope,  so they can be used in the field attached to a

text: laptop computer

text: . They are also useful in examining large items in situ where use of a conventional microscope would be difficult, if not impossible.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: reflection optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: large items

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: depths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: reflection optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: reflection optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflection optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining flat objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a stereo microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: reflection optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: large items

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: depth of field.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: reflection optical microscope or a stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: fibres

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: reflection optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: reflection optical microscope or a stereo microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: USB

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: USB

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflection optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: reflection optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: impossible.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining flat objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: laptop computer.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: impossible.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflection optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: reflection optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: reflection optical microscope or a stereo microscope.

text: In 1901, Pearson accepted the chair of biology and geology at the State Normal and Industrial College in Greensboro (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro).  He took his classes on walks in the outdoors, believing this to be as important as laboratory work with a microscope.  During this period, he published his first book, Stories of Bird Life.  The founder and first president of the National Association of Audubon Societies, William Dutcher, saw this book and encouraged Pearson to organize an Audubon Society in North Carolina.  This he did in 1902, launching himself upon a course that would lead to influential work in state and national legislation.

text: In 1901, Pearson accepted the chair of biology and geology at the State Normal and Industrial College in Greensboro (now the

entity_name: University of North Carolina at Greensboro

text: University of North Carolina at Greensboro

text: ).  He took his classes on walks in the outdoors, believing this to be as important as laboratory work with a microscope.  During this period, he published his first book, Stories of Bird Life.  The founder and first president of the National Association of Audubon Societies, William Dutcher, saw this book and encouraged Pearson to organize an Audubon Society in North Carolina.  This he did in 1902, launching himself upon a course that would lead to influential work in state and national legislation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: William Dutcher

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: laboratory work with a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Greensboro

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: William Dutcher

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: William Dutcher

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: William Dutcher

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was being observed?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: William Dutcher

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: walks in the outdoors,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: He took his classes on walks in the outdoors,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pearson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1902,

text: He contributed many memoirs to the Transactions of the Royal Society. Among his publications were The Microscope made Easy (1743), Employment for the Microscope (1753), where he noted down the presence of dinoflagellates for the first time as "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water", and several volumes of verse, original and translated, including The Universe, a Poem intended to restrain the Pride of Man (1727).

text: He contributed many memoirs to the

entity_name: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

text: Transactions of the Royal Society

text: . Among his publications were The Microscope made Easy (1743), Employment for the Microscope (1753), where he noted down the presence of

text: dinoflagellates

text: for the first time as "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water", and several volumes of verse, original and translated, including The Universe, a Poem intended to restrain the Pride of Man (1727).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Microscope made Easy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: He contributed many memoirs to the Transactions of the Royal Society.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (1743),

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Light in Sea Water",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The Microscope made Easy (1743),

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Microscope made Easy (1743), Employment for the Microscope (1753),

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Microscope made Easy (1743),

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Microscope made Easy (1743),

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Royal Society.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Royal Society.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water",

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dinoflagellates

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Sparkling Light in Sea Water",

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Light in Sea Water",

text: However, early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative, and not based on microscopic observation. Actual observation and discovery of microbes had to await the invention of the microscope in the 17th century.

text: However, early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative, and not based on microscopic observation. Actual observation and discovery of microbes had to await the invention of the

text: microscope

text: in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the wavelength of microscopic observation

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic observation.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic observation. Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic observation.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Actual observation and discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: discovery of microbes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic observation.

text: After World War II, Ruska resumed work at Siemens, where he continued to develop the electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification. The fundamental structure of this microscope design, with multi-stage beam preparation optics, is still used in modern microscopes. The worldwide electron microscopy community advanced with electron microscopes being manufactured in Manchester UK, the USA (RCA), Germany (Siemens) and Japan (JEOL). The first international conference in electron microscopy was in Delft in 1949, with more than one hundred attendees. Later conferences included the "First" international conference in Paris, 1950 and then in London in 1954.

text: After World War II, Ruska resumed work at Siemens, where he continued to develop the electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification. The fundamental structure of this microscope design, with multi-stage beam preparation optics, is still used in modern microscopes. The worldwide electron microscopy community advanced with electron microscopes being manufactured in Manchester UK, the USA (RCA), Germany (Siemens) and Japan (JEOL). The first international conference in electron microscopy was in

text: Delft

text: in 1949, with more than one hundred attendees. Later conferences included the "First" international conference in Paris, 1950 and then in London in 1954.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: JEOL

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: RCA

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: conference in electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: JEOL

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: JEOL

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: JEOL

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what happened after World War II?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100k

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100k

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 kilometres

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ruska

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100k

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope, producing the first microscope with 100k magnification.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100k

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100k magnification.

text: of each individual monomer (with i varying from 1 to N). In its solvent, the ideal chain is constantly subject to shocks from moving solvent molecules, and each of these shocks sends the system from its current microscopic state to another, very similar microscopic state. For an ideal polymer, as will be shown below, there are more microscopic states compatible with a short end-to-end distance than there are microscopic states compatible with a large end-to-end distance. Thus, for an ideal chain, maximizing its entropy means reducing the distance between its two free ends. Consequently, a force that tends to collapse the chain is exerted by the ideal chain between its two free ends.

text: of each individual monomer (with i varying from 1 to N). In its solvent, the ideal chain is constantly subject to shocks from moving solvent molecules, and each of these shocks sends the system from its current microscopic state to another, very similar microscopic state. For an ideal polymer, as will be shown below, there are more microscopic states compatible with a short end-to-end distance than there are microscopic states compatible with a large end-to-end distance. Thus, for an ideal chain, maximizing its

text: entropy

text: means reducing the distance between its two free ends. Consequently, a force that tends to collapse the chain is exerted by the ideal chain between its two free ends.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ideal polymer

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ideal polymer

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic state

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the ideal chain

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: monomers

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the ideal chain

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the ideal polymer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: monomer

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic states

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: entropy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: N).

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic state to another, very similar microscopic state.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: short end-to-end distance

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two free ends.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: of each individual monomer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: i varying from 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: i varying from 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: monomer

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: i varying from 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: monomer

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ideal polymer,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: monomer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: monomer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: i varying from 1 to N).

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: N).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 to N).

text: He served as an assistant to Marcello Malpighi, beginning in Bologna in 1691 and following him to Rome the next year when Malpighi was named chief personal physician ("archiater") to the pope. While serving under Malpighi, Baglivi performed experiments on the circulation of blood in frogs; he also injected various medicines into dogs' veins and spinal canals and experimented on their pneumogastric nerves. He utilized a microscope to study the structure of muscles and the brain. Following Malpighi's death in 1694, Baglivi performed his autopsy and gave an thorough description of the cerebral apoplexy that killed him. While in Rome, he befriended Bellini, Lancisi, Redi, Tozzi, and Trionfetti. In 1695, he became second physician to Pope  and, in 1696, was elected professor of anatomy at the College of Sapienza. He received memberships in Rome's Academy of the Arcadians (1699) and the Tuscan Fisiocriti (1700). He continued as a personal physician to  and was named the Sapienza's professor of theoretical medicine in 1701. He continued his observations by microscope as professor of theoretical medicine at the Sapienza, as well as examining the properties of saliva, bile, and blood. His lectures, demonstrations, and consultations became famed across Europe: he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in England in July 1698, a member of the Holy Roman Empire's Academy of the Curious in 1699, and an "honorary member" (membre d'honneur) of the French Academy. For a time he was surrounded in controversy following charges of plagiarism by Antonio Pacchioni, but Baglivi successfully defended the primacy of his own work.

text: He served as an assistant to

text: Marcello Malpighi

text: , beginning in Bologna in 1691 and following him to

text: Rome

text: the next year when Malpighi was named chief personal physician ("archiater") to the

text: pope

text: . While serving under Malpighi, Baglivi performed experiments on the

text: circulation of blood

text: in

text: frog

text: s; he also injected various medicines into dogs'

text: vein

text: s and

text: spinal canal

text: s and experimented on their

text: pneumogastric nerve

text: s. He utilized a

text: microscope

text: to study the structure of

text: muscles

text: and the

text: brain

text: . Following Malpighi's death in 1694, Baglivi performed his

text: autopsy

text: and gave an thorough description of the

text: cerebral apoplexy

text: that killed him. While in Rome, he befriended

text: Bellini

text: Lancisi

text: Redi

text: Tozzi

text: , and

text: Trionfetti

text: . In 1695, he became second physician to

text: Pope

text: and, in 1696, was elected professor of anatomy at the

text: College of Sapienza

text: . He received memberships in Rome's

text: Academy of the Arcadians

text: (1699) and the

text: Tuscan

text: Fisiocriti

text: (1700). He continued as a personal physician to  and was named the Sapienza's professor of theoretical medicine in 1701. He continued his observations by microscope as professor of theoretical medicine at the Sapienza, as well as examining the properties of

text: saliva

text: bile

text: , and

text: blood

text: . His lectures, demonstrations, and consultations became famed across Europe: he was elected a

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: in

text: England

text: in July 1698, a member of the

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: 's

text: Academy of the Curious

text: in 1699, and an "honorary member" (membre d'honneur) of the

text: French Academy

text: . For a time he was surrounded in controversy following charges of

text: plagiarism

text: by

text: Antonio Pacchioni

text: , but Baglivi successfully defended the primacy of his own work.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the structure of muscles and the brain

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1691

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonio Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonio Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonio Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonio Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonio Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of muscles and the brain

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: to study the structure of muscles and the brain.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: anatomy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti (1700).

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: muscles and the brain.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of muscles and the brain.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Tuscan Fisiocriti

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Baglivi

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (1700).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1701.

text: In 1985, Binnig invented the atomic force microscope (AFM)  and Binnig, Christoph Gerber and Calvin Quate went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.

text: In 1985, Binnig invented the

text: atomic force microscope

text: (AFM)  and Binnig,

text: Christoph Gerber

text: and

text: Calvin Quate

text: went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Binnig and Christoph Gerber

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 30,000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: insulating surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: insulating surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: insulating surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Binnig, Christoph Gerber and Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1985, Binnig invented the atomic force microscope

text: In 1978, the first theoretical ideas had been developed to break the Abbe limit using a 4Pi Microscope as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus that is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection.

text: In 1978, the first theoretical ideas had been developed to break the

entity_section: The Abbe diffraction limit for a microscope

text: Abbe limit

text: using a

text: 4Pi Microscope

text: as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus that is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 'point by point'

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: point-by-point

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 4Pi Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4Pi Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 'point-by-point'

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 4Pi Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Abbe limit

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 4Pi Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: laser scanning fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 4Pi Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the object

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4Pi Microscope

text: An experienced businessman, Van Leeuwenhoek believed that if his simple method for creating the critically important lens was revealed, the scientific community of his time would likely disregard or even forget his role in microscopy. He therefore allowed others to believe that he was laboriously spending most of his nights and free time grinding increasingly tiny lenses to use in microscopes, even though this belief conflicted both with his construction of hundreds of microscopes and his habit of building a new microscope whenever he chanced upon an interesting specimen that he wanted to preserve. He made about 200 microscopes with different magnification.

text: An experienced businessman, Van Leeuwenhoek believed that if his simple method for creating the critically important lens was revealed, the scientific community of his time would likely disregard or even forget his role in microscopy. He therefore allowed others to believe that he was laboriously spending most of his nights and free time grinding increasingly tiny lenses to use in microscopes, even though this belief conflicted both with his construction of hundreds of microscopes and his habit of building a new microscope whenever he chanced upon an interesting specimen that he wanted to preserve. He made about 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes with different magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes with different magnification

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a businessman and a scientist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tiny lenses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: tiny lenses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: specimen

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200 microscopes with different magnification.

text: Invention of the USB port resulted in a multitude of USB microscopes ranging in quality and magnification. They continue to fall in price, especially compared with traditional optical microscopes. They offer high resolution images which are normally recorded directly to a computer, and which also use the computer power for their built-in LED light source. The resolution is directly related to the number of megapixels available on a specific model, from 1.3 MP, 2 MP, 5 MP and upwards.

text: Invention of the

text: USB

text: port resulted in a multitude of

text: USB microscope

text: s ranging in quality and magnification. They continue to fall in price, especially compared with traditional optical microscopes. They offer high resolution images which are normally recorded directly to a computer, and which also use the computer power for their built-in LED light source. The resolution is directly related to the number of megapixels available on a specific model, from 1.3 MP, 2 MP, 5 MP and upwards.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: traditional optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: traditional optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: USB

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first thing mentioned?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.3 MP

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 5 MP

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: traditional optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: USB port resulted in a multitude of USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1.3 MP, 2 MP, 5 MP

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: USB port

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: USB port

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: USB microscopes ranging in quality and magnification.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: USB

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: USB microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: USB port

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: USB port

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.3 MP, 2 MP, 5 MP

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 5 MP

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscopes.

text: Staining is an auxiliary technique  used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell populations (classifying different blood cells, for instance), or organelles within individual cells.

text: Staining is an auxiliary technique  used in

text: microscopy

text: to enhance contrast in the

text: microscopic

text: image. Stains and

text: dye

text: s are frequently used in

text: biology

text: and

text: medicine

text: to highlight structures in

text: biological tissue

text: s for viewing, often with the aid of different

text: microscope

text: s. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example,

text: muscle fiber

text: s or

text: connective tissue

text: cell

text: populations (classifying different

text: blood cell

text: s, for instance), or

text: organelle

text: s within individual cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: biology and medicine

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: dyes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic image

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell populations

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic image.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Stains and dyes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: contrast in the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell populations

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological tissues

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic image.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biology and medicine

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Staining

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic image.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic image.

text: Two kinds of optical microscope are generally used to examine flat, polished and etched specimens: a reflection microscope and an inverted microscope. Recording the image is achieved using a digital camera working through the eyepiece.

text: Two kinds of optical microscope are generally used to examine flat, polished and etched specimens: a reflection microscope and an

text: inverted microscope

text: . Recording the image is achieved using a digital camera working through the eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflection

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: etched specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope are generally used to examine flat, polished and etched specimens:

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: reflection microscope and an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Recording the image is achieved using a digital camera

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope are generally used to examine flat, polished and etched specimens:

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: digital camera

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: reflection microscope and an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimens:

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: reflection microscope and an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: reflection microscope and an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Two kinds of optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: reflection microscope and an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: reflection microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: reflection

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: flat, polished and etched specimens:

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: etched specimens:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: flat, polished and etched specimens:

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: reflection

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Two kinds of optical microscope

text: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells, the bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and breeding purposes.Onions are, therefore, commonly employed in science education to teach the use of a microscope for observing cell structure.

text: Onions have particularly large

text: cells

text: that are readily observed under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells, the bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and

text: breeding

text: purposes.Onions are, therefore, commonly employed in

text: science education

text: to teach the use of a

text: microscope

text: for observing cell structure.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low magnification

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cell structure

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: observing cell structure

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Onions

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Onions

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Onions

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the diameter of the onion

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cell structure.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Onions

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell structure.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observing cell structure.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Onions

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: low magnification.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification.

text: International morphological terminology is used by the colleges of medicine and dentistry and other areas of the health sciences. It facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of research, teaching and medical care. The international morphological terminology refers to morphological sciences as a biological sciences' branch. In this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism. It is descriptive and functional. Basically, it covers the gross anatomy and the microscopic (histology and cytology) of living beings. It involves both development anatomy (embryology) and the anatomy of the adult. It also includes comparative anatomy between different species. The vocabulary is extensive, varied and complex, and requires a systematic presentation.

text: International morphological terminology is used by the

text: colleges

text: of

text: medicine

text: and

text: dentistry

text: and other areas of the

text: health sciences

text: . It facilitates communication and exchanges between scientists from different countries of the world and it is used daily in the fields of

text: research

text: teaching

text: and

text: medical care

text: . The international morphological terminology refers to

text: morphological sciences

text: as a

text: biological sciences

text: ' branch. In this field, the form and structure are examined as well as the changes or developments in the organism. It is

text: descriptive

text: and

text: functional

text: . Basically, it covers the

text: gross anatomy

text: and the

text: microscopic

text: histology

text: and

text: cytology

text: ) of living beings. It involves both

text: development anatomy

text: embryology

text: ) and the anatomy of the adult. It also includes

text: comparative anatomy

text: between different species. The vocabulary is extensive, varied and complex, and requires a systematic presentation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: cytology)

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: (histology and cytology) of living beings.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: International morphological terminology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: International morphological terminology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: International morphological terminology

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: cytology)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (histology and cytology)

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living beings.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: Using fluorescent samples more techniques are available. Examples include Vertico SMI, near field scanning optical microscopy which uses evanescent waves, and stimulated emission depletion. In 2005, a microscope capable of detecting a single molecule was described as a teaching tool.

text: Using fluorescent samples more techniques are available. Examples include

entity_name: Vertico spatially modulated illumination

text: Vertico SMI

text: near field scanning optical microscopy

text: which uses

text: evanescent waves

text: , and

text: stimulated emission depletion

text: . In 2005, a microscope capable of detecting a single molecule was described as a teaching tool.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: evanescent waves

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in 2005

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single molecule

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: detecting a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: evanescent waves

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: evanescent waves,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a teaching tool.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single molecule

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: evanescent waves,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Vertico SMI,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Using fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Vertico SMI, near field scanning optical microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: detecting a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: teaching tool.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescent samples

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a single molecule

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: evanescent waves,

text: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy are important tools in biology and medicine. Most animal cells and single-celled organisms have very little color, and their intracellular organelles are almost totally invisible under simple bright field illumination. These structures can be made visible by staining the specimens, but staining procedures are time-consuming and kill the cells. As seen in Figs. 24 and 25, phase contrast and DIC microscopes allow unstained, living cells to be studied. DIC also has non-biological applications, for example in the analysis of planar silicon semiconductor processing.

text: Phase contrast

text: and

text: differential interference contrast

text: (DIC) microscopy are important tools in biology and medicine. Most animal cells and single-celled organisms have very little color, and their intracellular organelles are almost totally invisible under simple

text: bright field illumination

text: . These structures can be made visible by

text: staining

text: the specimens, but staining procedures are time-consuming and kill the cells. As seen in Figs. 24 and 25, phase contrast and DIC microscopes allow unstained, living cells to be studied. DIC also has non-biological applications, for example in the

text: analysis of planar silicon semiconductor processing

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bright field illumination

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bright field illumination

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: bright field illumination

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: DIC

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: unstained, living cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biology and medicine

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bright field illumination.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Figs. 24 and 25,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bright field illumination.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: phase contrast and DIC microscopes allow unstained, living cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: DIC microscopes allow unstained, living cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: bright field illumination.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: bright field illumination.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Phase contrast and differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: differential interference contrast

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: unstained, living cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living cells to be studied.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biology and medicine.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 25,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 25,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 25,

text: The Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster is home to the world's most advanced microscope. The titan 80-300 cubed microscope has a magnification of 14 million and is used for material, medical and nano-research.

text: The Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster is home to the world's most advanced microscope. The titan 80-300 cubed microscope has a magnification of 14 million and is used for material, medical and nano-research.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Canadian Centre for Electron

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Canadian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 300 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: titan 80-300 cubed microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: world's most advanced microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 80-300

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: nano-research.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nano-research.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Canadian Centre for Electron

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: titan

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnification of 14 million

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: material, medical and nano-research.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: McMaster

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 14 million

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 80-300

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17301 || 4609 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=302 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17302 || 4610 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=303 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17303 || 4629 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=304 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17304 || 4637 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=305 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17305 Caniff || 4652 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=306 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17306 || 4865 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=307 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17307 || 4895 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=308 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17308 || 6079 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=309 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17309 || 6528 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=310 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17310 || 6574 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=311 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17311 || 6584 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=312 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17312 || 7622 P-L || October 22, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=313 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17313 || 9542 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=314 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 17314 Aisakos || 1024 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=315 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17315 || 1089 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=316 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17316 || 1198 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=317 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17317 || 1208 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=318 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17318 || 2091 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=319 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17319 || 3078 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=320 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17320 || 3182 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=321 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17321 || 3188 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=322 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17322 || 3274 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=323 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17323 || 3284 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=324 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17324 || 3292 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=325 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17325 || 3300 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=326 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17326 || 4023 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=327 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17327 || 4155 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=328 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17328 || 1176 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=329 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17329 || 1277 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=330 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17330 || 1358 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=331 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17331 || 2056 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=332 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17332 || 2120 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=333 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17333 || 2174 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=334 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17334 || 2275 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=335 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17335 || 2281 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=336 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17336 || 3193 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=337 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17337 || 3198 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=338 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17338 || 3212 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=339 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17339 || 4060 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=340 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17340 || 4096 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=341 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17341 || 4120 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=342 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17342 || 5185 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=343 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17343 || 1111 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=344 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17344 || 1120 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=345 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17345 || 2216 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=346 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17346 || 2395 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=347 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17347 || 3449 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=348 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17348 || 4166 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=349 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17349 || 4353 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=350 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17350 || 1968 OJ || July 18, 1968 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Cofré ||  —|-id=351 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 17351 Pheidippos || 1973 SV || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=352 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17352 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=353 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17353 || 1975 TE || October 10, 1975 || Anderson Mesa || H. L. Giclas ||  —|-id=354 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17354 Matrosov ||  || March 13, 1977 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=355 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17355 || 1978 NK || July 10, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker ||  —|-id=356 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17356 Vityazev ||  || August 9, 1978 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=357 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17357 Lucataliano ||  || August 23, 1978 || Mount Stromlo || G. DeSanctis, V. Zappalà || |-id=358 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17358 Lozino-Lozinskij ||  || September 27, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=359 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17359 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=360 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17360 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17361 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=362 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17362 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=363 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17363 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=364 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17364 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=365 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 17365 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=366 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17366 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=367 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17367 ||  || July 26, 1979 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=368 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17368 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=369 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17369 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=370 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17370 || 1980 CJ || February 13, 1980 || Harvard Observatory || Harvard Obs. ||  —|-id=371 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17371 || 1981 DT || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=372 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17372 || 1981 DV || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=373 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17373 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=374 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17374 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=375 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17375 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=376 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17376 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=377 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17377 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=378 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17378 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=379 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17379 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=380 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17380 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=381 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17381 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=382 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17382 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=383 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17383 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=384 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17384 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=385 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17385 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=386 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17386 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=387 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17387 ||  || March 3, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=388 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17388 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=389 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17389 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=390 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17390 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=391 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17391 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=392 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17392 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=393 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17393 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=394 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17394 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=395 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17395 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=396 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17396 ||  || March 1, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=397 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17397 ||  || March 6, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=398 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17398 ||  || October 20, 1982 || Kitt Peak || G. Aldering ||  —|-id=399 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17399 Andysanto || 1983 RL || September 6, 1983 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=400 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17400 ||  || August 13, 1985 || Harvard Observatory || Oak Ridge Observatory ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17301 || 4609 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Cofré

text: ||  —|-id=351 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 17351 Pheidippos || 1973 SV || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=352 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17352 ||  || September 30, 1975 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=353 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17353 || 1975 TE || October 10, 1975 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: H. L. Giclas

text: ||  —|-id=354 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17354 Matrosov ||  || March 13, 1977 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=355 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17355 || 1978 NK || July 10, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: ||  —|-id=356 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17356 Vityazev ||  || August 9, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=357 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17357 Lucataliano ||  || August 23, 1978 ||

text: Mount Stromlo

text: G. DeSanctis

text: V. Zappalà

text: || |-id=358 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17358 Lozino-Lozinskij ||  || September 27, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=359 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17359 ||  || October 27, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. M. Olmstead

text: ||  —|-id=360 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17360 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=361 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17361 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=362 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17362 ||  || October 27, 1978 || Palomar || C. M. Olmstead ||  —|-id=363 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17363 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=364 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17364 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=365 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 17365 ||  || November 7, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=366 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17366 ||  || July 24, 1979 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=367 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 17367 ||  || July 26, 1979 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=368 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17368 ||  || August 22, 1979 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=369 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17369 ||  || August 22, 1979 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=370 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17370 || 1980 CJ || February 13, 1980 ||

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Harvard Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=371 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17371 || 1981 DT || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: Kitt Peak

text: G. Aldering

text: ||  —|-id=399 bgcolor=#fefefe| 17399 Andysanto || 1983 RL || September 6, 1983 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=400 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17400 ||  || August 13, 1985 ||

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Oak Ridge Observatory

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Arctiinae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: C. J. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _The cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: || van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: || electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C. J. van Hout

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: —|||| The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Specimens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes refract visible light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: —|-id=304 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 17305 Caniff

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: —|-id=307

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 17304

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Caniff

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Caniff

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Caniff

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Caniff

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: T. Gehrels

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4895

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

text: Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no-one was able to reconstruct Van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques. However, in 1957, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a Van Leeuwenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no-one was able to reconstruct Van Leeuwenhoek's design techniques. However, in 1957, C.L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a Van Leeuwenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian

text: Novosibirsk State Medical Institute

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope construction

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: he made the lenses

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: A. Mosolov

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: A. Mosolov

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: A. Belkin

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: A. Mosolov

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek design

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: no-one

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no-one

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope construction

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: glass thread fusing instead of polishing,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: A. Mosolov and A. Belkin

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: A. Mosolov and A. Belkin

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: C.L. Stong

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek design microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek design microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

text: One interesting observation about the species, in particular the males, is the morphology of the spermatozoa. They develop falciform (sickle-shaped) heads after meiosis and before spermiation (release during ejaculation). The hook located at the tip of the head adheres to the surface of the head prior to deployment. Propidium iodide staining revealed that only the basal surface of the hook is of nuclear origin.  These apical hooks are deployed in female reproductive tract (mechanism responsible involved the remodeling of actin filaments in the hook).  Deployed apical hooks combine with apical hooks and flagella of other spermatozoa. The aggregates of spermatozoa that result form "mobile trains", which have experimentally been determined to possess better motility in the female reproductive tract.  The mobility of these mobile trains was also found to be influenced by premature acrosome reactions, altruistic acts performed by some spermatozoa for the benefit of other genetically similar gametocytes. This altruism follows a "green beard" mechanism in which spermatozoa discern the genetic similarity of surrounding gametocytes (such mechanisms are rare because they must code for a recognizable phenotype, as well as response mechanisms). Once spermatozoa of similar genotypes are identified, altruism genes are turned on to elicit a response that seeks to conserve the genes present in the other cell, even if it results in the destruction of the cell performing the action.

text: One interesting observation about the species, in particular the males, is the morphology of the

text: spermatozoa

text: . They develop falciform (sickle-shaped) heads after

text: meiosis

text: and before

text: spermiation

text: (release during

text: ejaculation

text: ). The hook located at the tip of the head adheres to the surface of the head prior to deployment. Propidium iodide staining revealed that only the basal surface of the hook is of nuclear origin.  These apical hooks are deployed in female reproductive tract (mechanism responsible involved the remodeling of actin filaments in the hook).  Deployed apical hooks combine with apical hooks and flagella of other spermatozoa. The aggregates of spermatozoa that result form "mobile trains", which have experimentally been determined to possess better motility in the female reproductive tract.  The mobility of these mobile trains was also found to be influenced by premature acrosome reactions,

text: altruistic

text: acts performed by some spermatozoa for the benefit of other genetically similar

text: gametocyte

text: s. This altruism follows a "

text: green beard

text: " mechanism in which spermatozoa discern the genetic similarity of surrounding gametocytes (such mechanisms are rare because they must code for a recognizable phenotype, as well as response mechanisms). Once spermatozoa of similar genotypes are identified, altruism genes are turned on to elicit a response that seeks to conserve the genes present in the other cell, even if it results in the destruction of the cell performing the action.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: apical hooks

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Propidium

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Propidium iodide staining

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Meiosis

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: What is the wavelength of visible light?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: genetically similar gametocytes.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: spermatozoa.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Propidium iodide

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Propidium iodide

text: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves to be viewed at high magnification, showing that they are not hollow.

text: The invention of the

text: microscope

text: allowed preparations of nerves to be viewed at high magnification, showing that they are not hollow.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: nerves appear hollow

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than infrared light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: nerves to be viewed at high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: preparations of nerves to be viewed at high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: hollow.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The invention of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: hollow.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The invention of the microscope allowed preparations of nerves

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The invention of the microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: nerves to be viewed at high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: preparations of nerves to be viewed at high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: hollow.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high magnification,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hollow.

text: TEMs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the small de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument's user to examine fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than the smallest resolvable object in a light microscope. TEM forms a major analysis method in a range of scientific fields, in physical, chemical and biological sciences. TEMs find application in cancer research, virology, materials science as well as pollution, nanotechnology, and semiconductor research.

text: TEMs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher

text: resolution

text: than

text: light microscopes

text: , owing to the small

text: de Broglie wavelength

text: of electrons. This enables the instrument's user to examine fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than the smallest resolvable object in a light microscope. TEM forms a major analysis method in a range of scientific fields, in physical, chemical and biological sciences. TEMs find application in

text: cancer research

text: virology

text: materials science

text: as well as

text: pollution

text: nanotechnology

text: , and

text: semiconductor

text: research.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thousands of times smaller than the smallest resolvable object

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: as small as a single column

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examine fine detail

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a single column of atoms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: thousands of times smaller than the smallest resolvable object

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: light microscopes, owing to the small de Broglie wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: TEMs find application in cancer research,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thousands of times smaller

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscopes, owing to the small de Broglie wavelength

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscopes, owing to the small de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: TEMs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: TEMs

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fine detail—even

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: de Broglie

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thousands of times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electrons.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: thousands of times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: de Broglie

text: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain. Strain splits and shifts optical transitions from individual centers resulting in broad lines in the ensembles of centers. Special care is taken to produce extremely sharp N-V lines (line width ~10 MHz) required for most experiments: high-quality, pure natural or better synthetic diamonds (type IIa) are selected. Many of them already have sufficient concentrations of grown-in N-V centers and are suitable for applications. If not, they are irradiated by high-energy particles and annealed. Selection of a certain irradiation dose allows tuning the concentration of produced N-V centers such that individual N-V centers are separated by micrometre-large distances. Then, individual N-V centers can be studied with standard optical microscopes or, better, near-field scanning optical microscopes having sub-micrometre resolution.

text: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain. Strain splits and shifts optical transitions from individual centers resulting in broad lines in the ensembles of centers. Special care is taken to produce extremely sharp N-V lines (line width ~10 MHz) required for most experiments: high-quality, pure natural or better synthetic diamonds (type IIa) are selected. Many of them already have sufficient concentrations of grown-in N-V centers and are suitable for applications. If not, they are irradiated by high-energy particles and annealed. Selection of a certain irradiation dose allows tuning the concentration of produced N-V centers such that individual N-V centers are separated by micrometre-large distances. Then, individual N-V centers can be studied with standard

text: optical microscope

text: s or, better,

text: near-field scanning optical microscope

text: s having sub-micrometre resolution.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: micrometres

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sub-micrometre resolution

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometres wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual N-V centers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sub-micrometre

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: sub-micrometre resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 MHz

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: individual N-V centers are separated by micrometre-large distances.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 10 MHz)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: individual N-V centers can be studied with standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sub-micrometre resolution.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: N-V centers

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical transitions

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Diamond

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Diamond is notorious for having a relatively large lattice strain.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Diamond

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: near-field scanning optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual N-V centers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: individual N-V centers can be studied with standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: diamonds

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sub-micrometre

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: sub-micrometre

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: micrometre-large

text: Low cost alternative is dedicated table top low voltage transmission electron microscope. While its architecture is very similar to a conventional transmission electron microscope, it has a few key changes that enable it to take advantage of a 5 keV electron source, but trading off many advantages of higher voltage operations, including higher resolution,  possibility of X-ray microanalysis and EELS, etc... Recently a new low voltage transmission electron microscope has been introduced that operates at variable voltage ranges between 6-25kV.

text: Low cost alternative is dedicated table top low voltage transmission electron microscope. While its architecture is very similar to a conventional

text: transmission electron microscope

text: , it has a few key changes that enable it to take advantage of a 5 keV electron source, but trading off many advantages of higher voltage operations, including higher resolution,  possibility of X-ray microanalysis and EELS, etc... Recently a new low voltage transmission electron microscope has been introduced that operates at variable voltage ranges between 6-25kV.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: X-ray microanalysis

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: EELS

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: X-rays

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 5 keV

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 625 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dedicated table top low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 5 keV

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: higher resolution,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: X-ray microanalysis and EELS,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: higher resolution,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: low voltage transmission electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional transmission electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 5 keV electron source,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 5 keV

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 5 keV

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 keV

text: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana are similarly coloured, but are typically more opaque and often appear pleated. They do not (or very rarely) contain white, granular inclusions. Microscopically, E. thuretiana can be distinguished by its sessile (not stalked) basidia. Fruit bodies of several gelatinous Tremella species may also appear similar, but never contain granular inclusions. All can be distinguished microscopically by their non-allantoid spores.

text: Fruit bodies of

text: Exidia thuretiana

text: are similarly coloured, but are typically more opaque and often appear pleated. They do not (or very rarely) contain white, granular inclusions. Microscopically, E. thuretiana can be distinguished by its sessile (not stalked) basidia. Fruit bodies of several gelatinous

text: Tremella

text: species may also appear similar, but never contain granular inclusions. All can be distinguished microscopically by their non-

text: allantoid

text: spores.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: allantoid

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Basidia

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: E. thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: non-allantoid spores.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: white, granular inclusions.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spores.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spores.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Tremella

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: distinguished by its sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: sessile (not stalked) basidia.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana

text: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis.  In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide.  For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a pap smear) the sample can be directly applied to a slide.  For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a microtome; these slices can then be mounted and inspected.

text: Mounting

text: usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis.  In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide.  For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a

text: pap smear

text: ) the sample can be directly applied to a slide.  For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a

text: microtome

text: ; these slices can then be mounted and inspected.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope slides

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin sections (slices)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: blood smear or a pap smear)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Mounting usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: thin sections

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin sections (slices)

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: glass microscope slide

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microtome;

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope slide

text: Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the diversity of microscopic life. Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.

text: Biology began to quickly develop and grow with

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: 's dramatic improvement of the

text: microscope

text: . It was then that scholars discovered

text: spermatozoa

text: bacteria

text: infusoria

text: and the diversity of microscopic life. Investigations by

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: led to new interest in

text: entomology

text: and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic

text: dissection

text: and

text: staining

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic dissection

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: infusoria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: infusoria

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a magnification of 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic life.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria, infusoria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spermatozoa, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic life.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek's

text: Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, though he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books; his discoveries came to light through correspondence with the Royal Society, which published his letters.

text: Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as

text: unicellular organism

text: s, though he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of

text: muscle

text: fibers,

text: bacteria

text: spermatozoa

text: , and

text: blood

text: flow in

text: capillaries

text: . Van Leeuwenhoek did not write any books; his discoveries came to light through correspondence with the

text: Royal Society

text: , which published his letters.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: unicellular organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: pond water.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic observations of muscle fibers,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: multicellular organisms in pond water.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: muscle fibers,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Most of the "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Most of the "animalcules"

text: Even when the operation appears to have been successful, cancerous cells are often found around the edges ("margins") of the removed tissue,  when a pathologist  examines them microscopically (this will always be done), indicating the cancer has not been entirely removed. Furthermore, cancer stem cells are usually not evident microscopically, and if they are present they may continue to develop and spread. An exploratory laparoscopy (a small, camera-guided surgical procedure) may therefore be performed to gain a clearer idea of the outcome of a full operation.

text: Even when the operation appears to have been successful, cancerous cells are often found around the edges ("

text: margins

text: ") of the removed tissue,  when a pathologist  examines them microscopically (this will always be done), indicating the cancer has not been entirely removed. Furthermore,

text: cancer stem cells

text: are usually not evident microscopically, and if they are present they may continue to develop and spread. An exploratory

text: laparoscopy

text: (a small, camera-guided surgical procedure) may therefore be performed to gain a clearer idea of the outcome of a full operation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes are usually not evident

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: pathologist examines them microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: laparoscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pathologist examines

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: pathologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cancer stem cells are usually not evident microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cancer stem cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cancer stem cells are usually not evident microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: stem cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: laparoscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cancer stem cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Even when the operation appears to have been successful, cancerous cells

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: cancerous cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist examines them microscopically

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stem cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cancerous cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: pathologist examines them microscopically

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopically

text: Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society. O. F. Müller (1773, 1786) described eight species of the genus Vibrio (in Infusoria), three of which were spirilliforms. The term Bacterium (a genus) was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838.

text: Bacteria were first observed by

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: in 1676, using a single-lens

text: microscope

text: of his own design. He called them "

text: animalcules

text: " and published his observations in a series of letters to the

text: Royal Society

text: O. F. Müller

text: (1773, 1786) described eight species of the genus

text: Vibrio

text: (in

text: Infusoria

text: ), three of which were spirilliforms. The term

text: Bacterium

text: (a genus) was introduced much later, by

text: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

text: in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1676

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 380 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: Although a Dutch spectacle maker created the compound lens and inserted it in a microscope around the turn of the 17th century, and Galileo had applied the principle of the compound lens to the making of his microscope patented in 1609, its possibilities as a microscope had remained unexploited for half a century, until Robert Hooke improved the instrument. Following this, Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, and two other early investigators associated with the Royal Society, Nehemiah Grew and Antoine van Leeuwenhoek were fortunate to have a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.

text: Although a Dutch spectacle maker created the compound lens and inserted it in a microscope around the turn of the 17th century, and

text: Galileo

text: had applied the principle of the compound lens to the making of his microscope patented in 1609, its possibilities as a microscope had remained unexploited for half a century, until

text: Robert Hooke

text: improved the instrument. Following this, Marcello Malpighi, Hooke, and two other early investigators associated with the Royal Society,

text: Nehemiah Grew

text: and

text: Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

text: were fortunate to have a virtually untried tool in their hands as they began their investigations.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nehemiah Grew

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a virtually untried tool

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: investigations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1609

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1609,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke improved the instrument.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound lens to the making of his microscope patented in 1609,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nehemiah Grew

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marcello Malpighi,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a virtually untried tool

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1609,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1609,

text: In 1851 John Benjamin Dancer invented microphotographs using a collodion process  and a microscope converted to a camera. This resulted in a microphotograph about  in area. The main disadvantage of Dancer's method was that the viewing of the microphotographs required a microscope which was at the time an expensive instrument. In 1857 Dagron solved the problem by inventing a method of mounting the microphotographs at the end of a small cylindrical lens. Dagron modified the Stanhope lens by sectioning the normally biconvex Stanhope lens and introducing a planar section so that the plane was located at the focal length of the convex side of the cylindrical lens. This produced a plano-convex lens, where Dagron was able to mount the microscopic photograph on the flat side of the lens using Canada balsam as adhesive. This arrangement enabled the picture to be focused.

text: In 1851

text: John Benjamin Dancer

text: invented microphotographs using a

text: collodion

text: process  and a microscope converted to a camera. This resulted in a microphotograph about  in area. The main disadvantage of Dancer's method was that the viewing of the microphotographs required a microscope which was at the time an expensive instrument. In 1857 Dagron solved the problem by inventing a method of mounting the microphotographs at the end of a small cylindrical lens. Dagron modified the Stanhope lens by sectioning the normally

text: biconvex

text: Stanhope lens and introducing a planar section so that the plane was located at the

text: focal length

text: of the convex side of the cylindrical lens. This produced a

text: plano-convex

text: lens, where Dagron was able to mount the microscopic photograph on the flat side of the lens using

text: Canada balsam

text: as adhesive. This arrangement enabled the picture to be focused.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Dagron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Stanhope lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic photograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: in

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Dagron

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: in area

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Stanhope lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dagron

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dagron

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Stanhope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: collodion

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Stanhope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did John Benjamin Dancer's invention allow scientists to see?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microphotographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: John Benjamin Dancer and Dagron

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: about in area

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ___

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1857

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Stanhope lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microphotographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: focal length

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: expensive instrument.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: area.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: plano-convex lens,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Stanhope lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: John Benjamin Dancer invented microphotographs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: collodion

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In 1851

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: expensive instrument.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microphotographs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Stanhope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: collodion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: expensive instrument.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microphotographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: John Benjamin Dancer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microphotograph about in area.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: collodion

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microphotograph about in area.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: focal length

text: In 1720, Benjamin Marten proposed in A New Theory of Consumptions more Especially of Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs that the cause of tuberculosis was some type of animacula—microscopic living beings that are able to survive in a new body (similar to the ones described by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1695). The theory was roundly rejected and it took another 162 years before Robert Koch demonstrated it to be true.

text: In 1720,

text: Benjamin Marten

text: proposed in A New Theory of Consumptions more Especially of Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs that the cause of tuberculosis was some type of animacula—microscopic living beings that are able to survive in a new body (similar to the ones described by

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: in 1695). The theory was roundly rejected and it took another 162 years before Robert Koch demonstrated it to be true.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic living beings

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animacula

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1695

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animacula

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animacula

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: animacula

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 162

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 162 years

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1695).

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: animacula—microscopic living beings

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 162 years before Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1695).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Koch

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: animacula—microscopic living beings

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1695).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Benjamin Marten

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In 1720,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animacula—microscopic living beings

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: animacula—microscopic living beings

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: animacula—microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1695).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1720,

text: In optical mineralogy, a petrographic microscope and cross-polarised light are often used to view the interference pattern. The thin section containing the mineral to be investigated is placed on the microscope stage, above one linear polariser, but with a second (the "analyser") between the objective lens and the eyepiece. The microscope's condenser is brought up close underneath the specimen to produce a wide divergence of polarised rays through a small point, and light intensity increased as much as possible (e.g., turning up the bulb and opening the diaphragm). A high power objective lens is typically used. This both maximises the solid angle subtended by the lens, and hence the angular variation of the light intercepted, and also increases the likelihood that only a single crystal will be viewed at any given time.

text: In

text: optical mineralogy

text: , a

text: petrographic microscope

text: and cross-

text: polarised light

text: are often used to view the interference pattern. The

text: thin section

text: containing the mineral to be investigated is placed on the microscope

text: stage

text: , above one

text: linear polariser

text: , but with a second (the "analyser") between the

text: objective lens

text: and the

text: eyepiece

text: . The microscope's

text: condenser

text: is brought up close underneath the specimen to produce a wide divergence of polarised rays through a small point, and light intensity increased as much as possible (e.g., turning up the bulb and opening the diaphragm). A high power objective lens is typically used. This both maximises the solid angle subtended by the lens, and hence the angular variation of the light intercepted, and also increases the likelihood that only a single crystal will be viewed at any given time.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cross-polarised light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: cross-polarised light

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: high power objective lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarised light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: petrographic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polariser

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: petrographic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a single crystal at a given time

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high power objective lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a high power objective lens is typically used

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a wide divergence of polarised rays

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: high power objective lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical mineralogy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cross-polarised light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: petrographic microscope and cross-polarised light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: In optical mineralogy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: petrographic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: optical mineralogy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: petrographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: petrographic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: interference pattern.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: polarised rays

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical mineralogy,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light intensity increased as much as possible

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarised rays

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high power objective lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: polarised rays

text: Historically, there are several scientific approaches to the explanation of temperature: the classical thermodynamic description based on macroscopic empirical variables that can be measured in a laboratory; the kinetic theory of gases which relates the macroscopic description to the probability distribution of the energy of motion of gas particles; and a microscopic explanation based on statistical physics and quantum mechanics. In addition, rigorous and purely mathematical treatments have provided an axiomatic approach to classical thermodynamics and temperature. Statistical physics provides a deeper understanding by describing the atomic behavior of matter, and derives macroscopic properties from statistical averages of microscopic states, including both classical and quantum states. In the fundamental physical description, using natural units, temperature may be measured directly in units of energy. However, in the practical systems of measurement for science, technology, and commerce, such as the modern metric system of units, the macroscopic and the microscopic descriptions are interrelated by the Boltzmann constant, a proportionality factor that scales temperature to the microscopic mean kinetic energy.

text: Historically, there are several scientific approaches to the explanation of temperature: the classical thermodynamic description based on macroscopic empirical variables that can be measured in a laboratory; the

text: kinetic theory of gases

text: which relates the macroscopic description to the probability distribution of the energy of motion of gas particles; and a microscopic explanation based on

text: statistical physics

text: and

text: quantum mechanics

text: . In addition, rigorous and purely mathematical treatments have provided an axiomatic approach to classical thermodynamics and temperature. Statistical physics provides a deeper understanding by describing the atomic behavior of matter, and derives macroscopic properties from statistical averages of microscopic states, including both classical and quantum states. In the fundamental physical description, using

text: natural units

text: , temperature may be measured directly in units of energy. However, in the practical systems of measurement for science, technology, and commerce, such as the modern

text: metric system

text: of units, the macroscopic and the microscopic descriptions are interrelated by the

text: Boltzmann constant

text: , a proportionality factor that scales temperature to the microscopic mean kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a microscopic explanation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: quantum

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: the Boltzmann constant

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic empirical variables

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Boltzmann constant,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic explanation based on statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic explanation based on statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macroscopic empirical variables

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macroscopic empirical variables

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: macroscopic empirical variables

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: macroscopic empirical variables

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic explanation based on statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Boltzmann

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic states,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: particles;

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: statistical physics and quantum mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: particles;

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic mean kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Boltzmann constant,

text: The typical DDM data is a time sequence of microscope images (movie) acquired at some height within the sample (typically at its mid-plane). If the image intensity is locally proportional to the concentration of particles or molecules to be studied (possibly convoluted with the microscope point spread function (PSF)), each movie can be analyzed in the Fourier space to obtain information about the dynamics of concentration Fourier modes, independent on the fact that the particles/molecules can be individually optically resolved or not. After suitable calibration also information about the Fourier amplitude of the concentration modes can be extracted.

text: The typical DDM data is a time sequence of microscope images (movie) acquired at some height within the sample (typically at its mid-plane). If the image intensity is locally proportional to the concentration of particles or molecules to be studied (possibly convoluted with the microscope

text: point spread function (PSF)

text: ), each movie can be analyzed in the Fourier space to obtain information about the dynamics of concentration Fourier modes, independent on the fact that the particles/molecules can be individually optically resolved or not. After suitable calibration also information about the Fourier amplitude of the concentration modes can be extracted.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optically

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: time sequence of microscope images

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: heights

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the Fourier space

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fourier

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particles or molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: point spread function

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 488 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope images (movie)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: height within the sample (typically at its mid-plane).

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles or molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscope point spread function (PSF)),

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optically resolved

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope point spread function (PSF)),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: DDM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particles or molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: height within the sample (typically at its mid-plane).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope point spread function

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: mid-plane).

text: Her studies have concerned investigating the role of surface tension depressants in immunological systems, the first complement fixation with a bacteria-free virus, the first report of wound botulism, geotrichum mycemia, nasal carriage of Clostridium tetani, antibiotic cure of rhinoscleroma, antibiotic sensitivity testing of Coccidiodes immitis, and electron microscope studies of Peptococci. The most in-depth studies relate to L Forms spontaneously occurring in vivo and in vitro.

text: Her studies have concerned investigating the role of

text: surface tension depressants

text: in

text: immunological systems

text: , the first complement fixation with a bacteria-free virus, the first report of wound

text: botulism

text: geotrichum mycemia

text: , nasal carriage of

text: Clostridium tetani

text: antibiotic

text: cure of

text: rhinoscleroma

text: , antibiotic sensitivity testing of

text: Coccidiodes immitis

text: , and

text: electron microscope

text: studies of

text: Peptococci

text: . The most in-depth studies relate to L Forms spontaneously occurring in vivo and in vitro.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope studies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Coccidiodes immitis

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Clostridium

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope studies

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: How many times?

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: L Forms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: bacteria-free virus,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: bacteria-free virus,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope studies of Peptococci.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Clostridium tetani,

text: Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) was a famous astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He invented the pendulum clock, which was a major step forward towards exact timekeeping. Among his contributions to astronomy was his explanation of Saturn's planetary rings. He also contributed to the field of optics. The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to methodically study microscopic life—he was the first person to describe bacteria—thus laying the foundations for the field of microbiology. The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes. His skill in grinding lenses (some as small as 1mm in diameter) resulted in a magnification as high as 245x. Today, grinding and polishing is done with machinery or in-house tooling to create optics for microscopes and other optics.

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: (1629–1695) was a famous

text: astronomer

text: physicist

text: and

text: mathematician

text: . He invented the

text: pendulum clock

text: , which was a major step forward towards exact timekeeping. Among his contributions to astronomy was his explanation of Saturn's

text: planetary ring

text: s. He also contributed to the field of

text: optics

text: . The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: , who was the first to methodically study microscopic life—he was the first person to describe bacteria—thus laying the foundations for the field of

text: microbiology

text: . The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes. His skill in grinding lenses (some as small as 1mm in diameter) resulted in a magnification as high as 245x. Today, grinding and polishing is done with machinery or in-house tooling to create optics for microscopes and other optics.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnifiers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: simple magnifiers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Christiaan Huygens

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic life

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 245x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 245x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1mm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: simple magnifiers,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 245x.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 245x.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 245x.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic life—he

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optics.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria—thus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "microscopes"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Christiaan Huygens

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life—he

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifiers,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: simple magnifiers,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 245x.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 245x.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1mm

text: In industrial use, binocular microscopes are common. Aside from applications needing true depth perception, the use of dual eyepieces reduces eye strain associated with long workdays at a microscopy station. In certain applications, long-working-distance or long-focus microscopes are beneficial.  An item may need to be examined behind a window, or industrial subjects may be a hazard to the objective.  Such optics resemble telescopes with close-focus capabilities.

text: In industrial use, binocular microscopes are common. Aside from applications needing true

text: depth perception

text: , the use of dual eyepieces reduces

text: eye strain

text: associated with long workdays at a microscopy station. In certain applications, long-working-distance or long-focus microscopes are beneficial.  An item may need to be examined behind a

text: window

text: , or industrial subjects may be a hazard to the objective.  Such optics resemble telescopes with close-focus capabilities.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: binocular

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: objective

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes resemble telescopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the use of dual eyepieces

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: true depth perception

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examining objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes with close-focus capabilities

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy station.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: telescopes with close-focus capabilities.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: depth perception,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: long-working-distance or long-focus microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: depth perception, the use of dual eyepieces

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: binocular microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: binocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: depth perception,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: depth perception,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes with close-focus

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: close-focus capabilities.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: telescopes

text: Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, Van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great in his boat. On this occasion Van Leeuwenhoek presented the Tsar an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study the blood circulation whenever he wanted.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by

text: Leibniz

text: William III of Orange

text: and

text: his wife

text: , and the burgemeester (mayor)

text: Johan Huydecoper

text: of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the

text: Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam

text: , and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, Van Leeuwenhoek was invited to visit the Tsar

text: Peter the Great

text: in his boat. On this occasion Van Leeuwenhoek presented the Tsar an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study the blood circulation whenever he wanted.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Tsar Peter the Great

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: eel-viewer

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: tiny creatures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leibniz

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: eel-viewer

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leibniz

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: eel-viewer

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Johan Huydecoper

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: eel-viewer

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: eel-viewer

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny creatures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tiny creatures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leibniz

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tiny creatures

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the wavelength of visible light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: creatures.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "eel-viewer", so Peter could study the blood circulation

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tiny creatures.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "eel-viewer",

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tiny creatures. In 1698,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "eel-viewer", so Peter could study the blood circulation

text: In the 17th century, Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek both developed techniques to make small glass lenses for use with their microscopes. Hooke melted small filaments of Venetian glass and allowed the surface tension in the molten glass to form the smooth spherical surfaces required for lenses, then mounting and grinding the lenses using conventional methods. The principle has been repeated by performing photolithography into materials such as photoresist or UV curable epoxy  and melting the polymer to form arrays of multiple lenses. More recently microlens arrays have been fabricated using convective assembly of colloidal particles from suspension.

text: In the 17th century,

text: Robert Hooke

text: and

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: both developed techniques to make small glass lenses for use with their

text: microscope

text: s. Hooke melted small filaments of

text: Venetian glass

text: and allowed the

text: surface tension

text: in the molten glass to form the smooth spherical surfaces required for lenses, then mounting and grinding the lenses using conventional methods. The principle has been repeated by performing

text: photolithography

text: into materials such as

text: photoresist

text: or

text: UV

text: curable

text: epoxy

text: and melting the polymer to form arrays of multiple lenses. More recently microlens arrays have been fabricated using convective assembly of colloidal particles from suspension.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: molten glass

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: filaments

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoresist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek develop techniques to make?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects smaller

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who invented the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopes. Hooke melted small filaments of Venetian glass

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: multiple lenses.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: filaments

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microlens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photolithography

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: glass lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: UV

text: Much current research (in the early 21st century) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples. Structured illumination can improve resolution by around two to four times and techniques like stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy are approaching the resolution of electron microscopes.

text: Much current research (in the early 21st century) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of

text: superresolution

text: analysis of fluorescently labelled samples.

text: Structured illumination

text: can improve resolution by around two to four times and techniques like

text: stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy

text: are approaching the resolution of electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Much current research (in the early 21st

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: samples.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Much current research (in the early 21st century)

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Much current research (in the early 21st century)

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Much current research (in the early 21st century)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fluorescently labelled samples.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two to four times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: two to four times

text: Renal histology studies the microscopic structure of the kidney. Distinct cell types include:

text: Renal

text: histology

text: studies the

text: microscopic

text: structure of the kidney. Distinct

text: cell type

text: s include:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic structure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times the size of the eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Renal histology studies the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Renal histology studies the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell types

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Renal histology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Renal histology studies the microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Renal histology

text: Since the beginning, the company has also been a manufacturer of microscopes and optics for specialised needs, such as medical use. The first microscope manufactured at Olympus was called the Asahi. Currently, Olympus is a worldwide renowned manufacturer of microscopes. Olympus offers a complete range of microscopes, which covers applications from education and routine studies up to state of the art research imaging systems both in life science and materials science.

text: Since the beginning, the company has also been a manufacturer of microscopes and optics for specialised needs, such as medical use. The first microscope manufactured at Olympus was called the Asahi. Currently, Olympus is a worldwide renowned manufacturer of microscopes. Olympus offers a complete range of microscopes, which covers applications from education and routine studies up to state of the art research imaging systems both in life science and materials science.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Asahi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is being studied

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: medical use

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Japanese

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: state of the art

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Olympus

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Olympus was called the Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: state of the art research imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: research imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: life science and materials science.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Olympus was called the Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Asahi.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: state of the art research imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: research imaging systems

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Asahi.

text: With current optical microscopes, scientists can only make out relatively large structures within a cell, such as its nucleus and mitochondria. With a superlens, optical microscopes could one day reveal the movements of individual proteins traveling along the microtubules that make up a cell's skeleton, the researchers said. Optical microscopes can capture an entire frame with a single snapshot in a fraction of a second. With superlenses this opens up nanoscale imaging to living materials, which can help biologists better understand cell structure and function in real time.

text: With current optical microscopes, scientists can only make out relatively large structures within a cell, such as its nucleus and mitochondria. With a superlens, optical microscopes could one day reveal the movements of individual proteins traveling along the microtubules that make up a cell's skeleton, the researchers said. Optical microscopes can capture an entire frame with a single snapshot in a fraction of a second. With superlenses this opens up nanoscale imaging to living materials, which can help biologists better understand cell structure and function in real time.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes can capture an entire frame

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanoscale imaging to living materials

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: a superlens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanoscale imaging

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell structure and function

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: superlenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanoscale imaging to living materials,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microtubules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microtubules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: relatively large structures within a cell,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: large structures within a cell,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: superlens,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: second.

text: A higher incidence of autoimmune diseases, for example arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, thyroid disorders, and coeliac disease, has been reported in patients with microscopic colitis. Associations with various drugs have been found, especially proton pump inhibitors, H blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Bile acid diarrhea is found in 41% of patients with collagenous colitis and 29% with lymphocytic colitis. Additionally, smoking has been identified as a significant risk factor of microscopic colitis.

text: A higher incidence of

text: autoimmune disease

text: s, for example

text: arthritis

text: Sjögren's syndrome

text: thyroid disorders

text: , and

text: coeliac disease

text: , has been reported in patients with microscopic colitis. Associations with various drugs have been found, especially

text: proton pump inhibitors

text: H blockers

text: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: s (SSRIs), and

text: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

text: (NSAIDs).

text: Bile acid diarrhea

text: is found in 41% of patients with collagenous colitis and 29% with lymphocytic colitis. Additionally, smoking has been identified as a significant risk factor of microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: SSRIs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic colitis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: SSRIs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: SSRIs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: SSRIs

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sjögren

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: proton

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sjögren

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: colloidal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sjögren

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: proton pump inhibitors, H blockers,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 41%

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: A higher incidence of autoimmune diseases,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: A higher incidence of autoimmune diseases,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: collagenous colitis and 29% with lymphocytic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: higher incidence of autoimmune diseases,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: A higher incidence of autoimmune diseases,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sjögren's syndrome,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: colitis.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sjögren's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sjögren's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic colitis.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 41%

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: collagenous colitis and 29% with lymphocytic colitis.

text: De Mestral first conceptualized hook and loop after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps in 1941. After removing several of the burdock burrs (seeds) that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur, he became curious as to how it worked. He examined them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of "hooks" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion, if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops.

text: De Mestral first conceptualized hook and loop after returning from a hunting trip with his dog in the Alps in 1941. After removing several of the

text: burdock

text: burrs

text: (seeds) that kept sticking to his clothes and his dog's fur, he became curious as to how it worked. He examined them under a microscope, and noted hundreds of "hooks" that caught on anything with a loop, such as clothing, animal fur, or hair. He saw the possibility of binding two materials reversibly in a simple fashion, if he could figure out how to duplicate the hooks and loops.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: de Mestral

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: seeds

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: seeds

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: how the hooks and loops worked

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: loop,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: (seeds)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: (seeds)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hundreds of "hooks"

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: De Mestral

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: hundreds

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1941.

text: Alec Broers began his research career in the Engineering Department of the University of Cambridge in 1961 working with Professor Oatley, and later with Dr William C Nixon, on the in situ study of surfaces undergoing ion etching in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscope he used had originally been built by Oatley and had then been modified Garry Stewart who had also added an ion source that focussed ions onto the sample surface. Garry Stewart, who was another of Professor Oatley's students, then moved to the Cambridge Instrument Company where he oversaw the design and building of the world's first commercial SEM, the Stereoscan. During his PhD Alec rebuilt the SEM fitting a magnetic final lens in place of the original electrostatic lens thereby improving the microscope's resolution to about 10 nm, and after examining ion etched surfaces, used the microscope's electron beam for the first time to write patterns, subsequently using ion etching to transfer these patterns into gold, tungsten and silicon structures as small as 40 nm. These were the first man-made nanostructures in materials suitable for microelectronic circuits opening up the possibility for the extreme miniaturization of electronic circuits that was to occur in the decades to come.

text: Alec Broers began his research career in the Engineering Department of the University of Cambridge in 1961 working with

text: Professor Oatley

text: , and later with Dr William C Nixon, on the in situ study of surfaces undergoing ion etching in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscope he used had originally been built by Oatley and had then been modified Garry Stewart who had also added an ion source that focussed ions onto the sample surface. Garry Stewart, who was another of Professor Oatley's students, then moved to the Cambridge Instrument Company where he oversaw the design and building of the world's first commercial SEM, the Stereoscan. During his PhD Alec rebuilt the SEM fitting a magnetic final lens in place of the original electrostatic lens thereby improving the microscope's resolution to about 10 nm, and after examining ion etched surfaces, used the microscope's electron beam for the first time to write patterns, subsequently using ion etching to transfer these patterns into gold, tungsten and silicon structures as small as 40 nm. These were the first man-made nanostructures in materials suitable for microelectronic circuits opening up the possibility for the extreme miniaturization of electronic circuits that was to occur in the decades to come.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Oatley

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Alec Broers

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanostructures

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Alec Broers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: William C Nixon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: William C Nixon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Oatley

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was the first man-made nanostructures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Oatley and Garry Stewart

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope's electron beam

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 40 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Oatley

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: write patterns,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 10 nm,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 10 nm,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanostructures

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Oatley

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: magnetic final lens in place of the original electrostatic lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dr William C Nixon,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanostructures in materials suitable for microelectronic circuits

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Professor Oatley,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Professor Oatley,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: nanostructures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Professor Oatley,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10 nm,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 10 nm,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 nm,

text: Pasteur's observations of tiny organisms under the microscope caused him to doubt spontaneous generation. He designed an experiment to test it. His hypothesis was that life could not arise from where there is no life. He took care to control possible confounding factors. For example, he needed to make sure there was no life, even microscopic, in the flasks of broth he used as a test medium. He decided to kill any microscopic organisms already present by boiling the broth until he was confident that any microorganisms present were killed. Pasteur also needed to make sure that no microscopic organisms entered the broth after boiling, yet the broth needed exposure to air to properly test the theory.  A colleague suggested a flask with a neck the shape of an "S" turned sideways. Dust (which Pasteur thought contained microorganisms) would be trapped at the bottom of the first curve, but the air would flow freely through.

text: Pasteur's observations of tiny

text: organisms

text: under the

text: microscope

text: caused him to doubt spontaneous generation. He designed an experiment to test it. His

text: hypothesis

text: was that life could not arise from where there is no life. He took care to control possible confounding factors. For example, he needed to make sure there was no life, even microscopic, in the flasks of broth he used as a test medium. He decided to kill any microscopic organisms already present by boiling the broth until he was confident that any microorganisms present were killed. Pasteur also needed to make sure that no microscopic organisms entered the broth after boiling, yet the broth needed exposure to air to properly test the theory.  A colleague suggested a flask with a neck the shape of an "S" turned sideways. Dust (which Pasteur thought contained microorganisms) would be trapped at the bottom of the first curve, but the air would flow freely through.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: pasteur's observations

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ___

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "S"

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Pasteur's observations of tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Pasteur's observations of tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pasteur's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: tiny organisms

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "S"

text: Under a microscope using a software interface, a tissue section (typically 5-50 micrometres thick) is viewed and individual cells or clusters of cells are identified either manually or in semi-automated or more fully automated ways allowing the imaging and then automatic selection of targets for isolation.  Currently six primary isolation/collection technologies exist using a microscope and device for cell isolation.  Four of these typically use an ultraviolet pulsed laser (355 nm) for the cutting of the tissues directly or the membranes/film, and sometimes in combination with an IR laser responsible for heating/melting a sticky polymer for cellular adhesion and isolation. IR laser provides a more gentle approach to microdissection. A fifth ultraviolet laser based technology uses special slides coated with an energy transfer coating which, when activated by the laser pulse, propels the tissue or cells into a collection cap.

text: Under a

text: microscope

text: using a software interface, a tissue section (typically 5-50 micrometres thick) is viewed and individual cells or clusters of cells are identified either manually or in semi-automated or more fully automated ways allowing the imaging and then automatic selection of targets for isolation.  Currently six primary isolation/collection technologies exist using a microscope and device for cell isolation.  Four of these typically use an ultraviolet pulsed laser (355 nm) for the cutting of the tissues directly or the membranes/film, and sometimes in combination with an

text: IR

text: laser responsible for heating/melting a sticky polymer for cellular adhesion and isolation. IR laser provides a more gentle approach to microdissection. A fifth ultraviolet laser based technology uses special slides coated with an energy transfer coating which, when activated by the laser pulse, propels the tissue or cells into a collection cap.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: imaging and then automatic selection of targets for isolation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometres thick

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: IR laser

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: IR laser

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: IR laser

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gregor Mendel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: IR

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tissue section

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 50 micrometres

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 355 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 355 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ultraviolet pulsed laser

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 5-50 micrometres

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: individual cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Under a microscope using a software interface,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 5-50 micrometres thick)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ultraviolet pulsed laser

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet pulsed laser (355 nm)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: IR laser provides a more gentle approach to microdissection.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: IR

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ultraviolet pulsed laser

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissue section

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a tissue section

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: software interface,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 5-50 micrometres

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: ultraviolet pulsed laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (355 nm)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (355 nm)

text: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes both use the theory of lenses (optics for light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are electromagnetic (in optical microscopes) or electron beams (in electron microscopes). Resolution in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, where shorter wavelengths allow for a higher resolution.

text: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes both use the theory of lenses (

text: optics

text: for light microscopes and

text: electromagnet

text: lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a

text: wave

text: transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are

text: electromagnetic

text: (in

text: optical microscope

text: s) or

text: electron

text: beams (in

text: electron microscopes

text: Resolution

text: in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, where shorter wavelengths allow for a higher resolution.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron beams

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron beams

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron beams

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron beams

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: theory of lenses

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (optics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, where shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sample,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electromagnet lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: theory of lenses

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Wide field optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: theory of lenses

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: theory of lenses

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: (optics

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Wide field optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter wavelengths

text: It may not be obvious why the partition function, as we have defined it above, is an important quantity. First, let us consider what goes into it. The partition function is a function of the temperature T and the microstate energies E, E, E, etc. The microstate energies are determined by other thermodynamic variables, such as the number of particles and the volume, as well as microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles. This dependence on microscopic variables is the central point of statistical mechanics. With a model of the microscopic constituents of a system, one can calculate the microstate energies, and thus the partition function, which will then allow us to calculate all the other thermodynamic properties of the system.

text: It may not be obvious why the partition function, as we have defined it above, is an important quantity. First, let us consider what goes into it. The partition function is a function of the temperature T and the microstate energies E, E, E, etc. The microstate energies are determined by other thermodynamic variables, such as the number of particles and the volume, as well as microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles. This dependence on microscopic variables is the central point of statistical mechanics. With a model of the microscopic constituents of a system, one can calculate the microstate energies, and thus the partition function, which will then allow us to calculate all the other thermodynamic properties of the system.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the partition function

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: model of the microscopic constituents

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: dimensions

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the number of particles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: constituent particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the partition function

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the number of particles

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: statistical mechanics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a function of the temperature

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: temperature T and the microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: volume,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: This dependence on microscopic variables is the central point of statistical mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: statistical mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: E, E, E, etc.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: E, E, E, etc.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: E, E, E, etc.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: E, E, E, etc.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: statistical mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: statistical mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: statistical mechanics.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic quantities like the mass of the constituent particles.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microstate energies

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: E, etc.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: T and the microstate energies

text: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838. Previous to Spencer’s invention, European manufacturers held a monopoly on research-quality microscopic equipment. At least one of Spencer’s microscopes survives and is currently held by the Smithsonian Institution.

text: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838. Previous to Spencer’s invention, European manufacturers held a monopoly on research-quality microscopic equipment. At least one of Spencer’s microscopes survives and is currently held by the Smithsonian Institution.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: European manufacturers

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: European manufacturers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: European

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: European

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: research-quality microscopic equipment.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Spencer’s

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1838.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1838.

text: This theory can be applied not only to other organism associations but also at the microscopic level such as the case in host-bacteria relationships. For example, the relationship between bacteria and phages has also fallen under escape and radiate coevolution. Bacteria were able to diversify and escape through resistance to phages. The diversity among the hosts and parasites differed among the range of infection and resistance. The implication of this study to humans is its important to understanding the evolution of infectious organisms, and preventing diseases. This illustrates the significance of escape and radiate coevolution at a microscopic level, but with enormous consequences at a macroscale level.

text: This theory can be applied not only to other organism associations but also at the microscopic level such as the case in host-bacteria relationships. For example, the relationship between bacteria and phages has also fallen under escape and radiate coevolution. Bacteria were able to diversify and escape through resistance to phages. The diversity among the hosts and parasites differed among the range of infection and resistance. The implication of this study to humans is its important to understanding the evolution of infectious organisms, and preventing diseases. This illustrates the significance of escape and radiate coevolution at a microscopic level, but with enormous consequences at a macroscale level.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Host-bacteria relationships

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: host-bacteria relationships

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria are able to diversify and escape through resistance to phages

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: phages

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: phages

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: phages

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: host-bacteria relationships.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic level, but with enormous consequences at a macroscale level.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: escape and radiate coevolution at a microscopic level,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: able to diversify and escape through resistance to phages.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic level

text: High Field Consultants has created a museum to preserve the legacy of the Field Emission Microscope and its progenies, the Field Ion Microscope and the Atom-Probe. The Field Emission Microscope was introduced in 1936. It was the first microscope to achieve nanometer resolution. In 1951 its progeny; the Field Ion Microscope, was introduced and in 1956 it became the first microscope to image isolated atoms on a metal surface. In 1967 the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope was introduced and extended the capability of the microscope by determining the chemical identity of the imaged atoms. In 1973 the paradigm shifted away from the Field Ion Microscope with the introduction of the 10 cm Atom Probe. Patented and dubbed the Imaging Atom-Probe in 1975, it became the progenitor of future atom probes. Today, the Atom-Probe is a commercial tool in the arsenal of instruments used to develop new materials for technology and industry.

text: High Field Consultants has created a museum to preserve the legacy of the

text: Field Emission Microscope

text: and its progenies, the

text: Field Ion Microscope

text: and the

text: Atom-Probe

text: . The Field Emission Microscope was introduced in 1936. It was the first microscope to achieve nanometer resolution. In 1951 its progeny; the Field Ion Microscope, was introduced and in 1956 it became the first microscope to image isolated atoms on a metal surface. In 1967 the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope was introduced and extended the capability of the microscope by determining the chemical identity of the imaged atoms. In 1973 the paradigm shifted away from the Field Ion Microscope with the introduction of the 10 cm Atom Probe. Patented and dubbed the Imaging Atom-Probe in 1975, it became the progenitor of future atom probes. Today, the Atom-Probe is a commercial tool in the arsenal of instruments used to develop new materials for technology and industry.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: High Field Consultants

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 10 cm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanometer resolution

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: field emission microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Field Emission

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Field Emission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Field Emission

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Field Ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms on a metal surface

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaged atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: High Field Consultants

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 10 cm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 cm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1936.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 10 cm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometer resolution.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanometer resolution.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Field Emission Microscope was introduced in 1936.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Field Emission Microscope was introduced in 1936.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: nanometer resolution.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Field Ion Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Field Emission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Field Emission Microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Field Emission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: isolated atoms on a metal surface.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image isolated atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: High Field Consultants

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 10 cm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 cm

text: Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a nonlinear optical effect known as second-harmonic generation (SHG).  SHIM has been established as a viable microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function.  A second-harmonic microscope obtains contrasts from variations in a specimen’s ability to generate second-harmonic light from the incident light while a conventional optical microscope obtains its contrast by detecting variations in optical density, path length, or refractive index of the specimen.  SHG requires intense laser light passing through a material with a noncentrosymmetric molecular structure.  Second-harmonic light emerging from an SHG material is exactly half the wavelength (frequency doubled) of the light entering the material.  While two-photon-excited fluorescence (TPEF) is also a two photon process, TPEF loses some energy during the relaxation of the excited state, and SHG is energy conserving. Typically, an inorganic crystal is used to produce SHG light such as lithium niobate (LiNbO), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP = KTiOPO), and lithium triborate (LBO = LiBO).  Though SHG requires a material to have specific molecular orientation in order for the incident light to be frequency doubled, some biological materials can be highly polarizable, and assemble into fairly ordered, large noncentrosymmetric structures.  Biological materials such as collagen, microtubules, and muscle myosin can produce SHG signals.  The SHG pattern is mainly determined by the phase matching condition.  A common setup for an SHG imaging system will have a laser scanning microscope with a titanium sapphire mode-locked laser as the excitation source.  The SHG signal is propagated in the forward direction.  However, some experiments have shown that objects on the order of about a tenth of the wavelength of the SHG produced signal will produce nearly equal forward and backward signals.

text: Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a

text: nonlinear

text: optical effect known as

text: second-harmonic generation

text: (SHG).  SHIM has been established as a viable

text: microscope

text: imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of

text: cell

text: and

text: tissue

text: structure and function.  A second-harmonic microscope obtains contrasts from variations in a specimen’s ability to generate second-harmonic light from the incident light while a conventional optical microscope obtains its contrast by detecting variations in

text: optical density

text: , path length, or

text: refractive index

text: of the specimen.  SHG requires intense

text: laser

text: light passing through a material with a

text: noncentrosymmetric

text: molecular structure.  Second-harmonic light emerging from an SHG material is exactly half the wavelength (frequency doubled) of the light entering the material.  While

text: two-photon-excited fluorescence

text: (TPEF) is also a two photon process, TPEF loses some energy during the relaxation of the excited state, and SHG is energy conserving. Typically, an inorganic crystal is used to produce SHG light such as

text: lithium niobate

text: (LiNbO),

text: potassium titanyl phosphate

text: (KTP = KTiOPO), and

text: lithium triborate

text: (LBO = LiBO).  Though SHG requires a material to have specific molecular orientation in order for the incident light to be frequency doubled, some biological materials can be highly polarizable, and assemble into fairly ordered, large noncentrosymmetric structures.  Biological materials such as collagen,

text: microtubules

text: , and muscle

text: myosin

text: can produce SHG signals.  The SHG pattern is mainly determined by the phase matching condition.  A common setup for an SHG imaging system will have a

text: laser scanning microscope

text: with a

text: titanium sapphire

text: mode-locked

text: laser as the excitation source.  The SHG signal is propagated in the forward direction.  However, some experiments have shown that objects on the order of about a tenth of the

text: wavelength

text: of the SHG produced signal will produce nearly equal forward and backward signals.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: second-harmonic imaging

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: second-harmonic generation

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: SHIM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: SHIM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: frequency doubled

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell and tissue structure

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tenth of the wavelength

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: half the wavelength of what?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: a conventional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: noncentrosymmetric molecular structure.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: laser scanning microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: half the wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: noncentrosymmetric molecular structure.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: SHG

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: half the wavelength

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Biological materials

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: lithium niobate

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: lithium niobate

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: noncentrosymmetric molecular structure.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (frequency doubled)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: lithium niobate

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: laser light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: lithium triborate

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: noncentrosymmetric molecular structure.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microtubules,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: potassium titanyl phosphate

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: conventional optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Second-harmonic imaging microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: laser scanning

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell and tissue structure and function.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: KTiOPO), and lithium triborate

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tenth

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lithium triborate

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: half the wavelength

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (frequency doubled)

text: Starch grains are typically microscopically identified with either optical or electron microscopy. Starch grains can become clearer if they are stained a darker color with Iodine Stains. Logol's Iodine is one, used for staining starch because iodine reagents easily bind to starch but less easily to other materials. Features that allow identification of starch grains include:  presence of hilum (core of the grain), lamellae (or growth layers), birefringence, and extinction cross (a cross shape, visible on grains under revolving polarized light) which are visible with a microscope and shape and size.

text: Starch grains are typically microscopically identified with either optical or electron microscopy. Starch grains can become clearer if they are stained a darker color with

text: Iodine

text: Stains. Logol's Iodine is one, used for

text: staining

text: starch because iodine reagents easily bind to starch but less easily to other materials. Features that allow identification of starch grains include:  presence of hilum (core of the grain), lamellae (or growth layers), birefringence, and extinction cross (a cross shape, visible on grains under revolving polarized light) which are visible with a

text: microscope

text: and shape and size.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: starch grains

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Starch grains are typically microscopically identified

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: size

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: extinction cross

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: starch grains

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jean-Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: starch

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Logol

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Starch grains

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Starch grains

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically identified with either optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: extinction cross

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Starch grains

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: revolving polarized light)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Starch

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Logol's Iodine

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Logol's Iodine

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Starch grains

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Logol's Iodine

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical or electron microscopy.

text: is the number of cells in the hook

text: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the number of chromosomes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the number of cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the number of cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person able to see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: able to count the number of cells in the eye.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times their size

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a few millimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: number of cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: hook

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: is the number of cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: cells in the hook

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: number of cells in the hook

text: Scanning probe microscopes also analyze a single point in the sample and then scan the probe over a rectangular sample region to build up an image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation for imaging they are not subject to the same resolution limit as the optical and electron microscopes described above.

text: Scanning probe microscopes also analyze a single point in the sample and then scan the probe over a rectangular sample region to build up an image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation for imaging they are not subject to the same resolution limit as the optical and electron microscopes described above.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron radiation

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a single point

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical and electron microscopes described above.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical and electron microscopes described above.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: image.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical and electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical and electron microscopes

text: The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and kieselguhr and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a pestle and mortar. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and the resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added and carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract. Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars, but it was later found that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells. Maria Manasseina claimed to have discovered free-cell fermentation a generation earlier than Buchner.

text: The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of

text: yeast

text: cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to

text: vitalism

text: by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells,

text: quartz

text: and

text: kieselguhr

text: and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a pestle and mortar. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and the resulting "press juice" had

text: glucose

text: fructose

text: , or

text: maltose

text: added and

text: carbon dioxide

text: was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract. Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars, but it was later found that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells.

text: Maria Manasseina

text: claimed to have discovered free-cell fermentation a generation earlier than Buchner.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Buchner

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic investigation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Buchner

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic investigation

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: vitalism

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Buchner

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope investigation

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: a generation

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell-free extract of yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: vitalism

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Maria Manasseina claimed to have discovered free-cell fermentation

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Maria Manasseina claimed to have discovered free-cell fermentation

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Maria Manasseina

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: vitalism

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Maria Manasseina

text: The company manufactures products for applications requiring microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis. It also offers system solutions in the areas of Life Science including biotechnology and medicine, as well as the science of raw materials and industrial quality assurance.

text: The company manufactures products for applications requiring microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis. It also offers system solutions in the areas of Life Science including biotechnology and medicine, as well as the science of raw materials and industrial quality assurance.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: products for applications requiring microscopic imaging

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Life Science

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: products for applications requiring microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biotechnology and medicine,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: The rotifers (Rotifera, commonly called wheel animals) make up a phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.

text: The rotifers (Rotifera, commonly called wheel animals) make up a

text: phylum

text: of microscopic and near-microscopic

text: pseudocoelomate

text: animal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: pseudocoelomate animals

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the rotifers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The rotifers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The rotifers

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The rotifers

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic and near-microscopic

text: If we evaluate the molecular revolution within the context of biological history, it is easy to note that it is the culmination of a long process which began with the first observations through a microscope. The aim of these early researchers was to understand the functioning of living organisms by describing their organization at the microscopic level. From the end of the 18th century, the characterization of the chemical molecules which make up living beings gained increasingly greater attention, along with the birth of physiological chemistry in the 19th century, developed by the German chemist Justus von Liebig and following the birth of biochemistry at the beginning of the 20th, thanks to another German chemist Eduard Buchner. Between the molecules studied by chemists and the tiny structures visible under the optical microscope, such as the cellular nucleus or the chromosomes, there was an obscure zone, "the world of the ignored dimensions," as it was called by the chemical-physicist Wolfgang Ostwald. This world is populated by colloids, chemical compounds whose structure and properties were not well defined.

text: If we evaluate the molecular revolution within the context of biological history, it is easy to note that it is the culmination of a long process which began with the first observations through a microscope. The aim of these early researchers was to understand the functioning of living organisms by describing their organization at the microscopic level. From the end of the 18th century, the characterization of the chemical molecules which make up living beings gained increasingly greater attention, along with the birth of

text: physiological chemistry

text: in the 19th century, developed by the German chemist

text: Justus von Liebig

text: and following the birth of biochemistry at the beginning of the 20th, thanks to another German chemist

text: Eduard Buchner

text: . Between the molecules studied by chemists and the tiny structures visible under the optical microscope, such as the cellular nucleus or the chromosomes, there was an obscure zone, "the world of the ignored dimensions," as it was called by the chemical-physicist

text: Wolfgang Ostwald

text: . This world is populated by

text: colloids

text: , chemical compounds whose structure and properties were not well defined.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: describing their organization at the microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: first observations through a microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: chemical molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 18th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the world of the ignored dimensions

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the molecular revolution

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Wolfgang Ostwald

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the functioning of living organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: German

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: describing their organization at the microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "the world of the ignored dimensions,"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny structures

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: chemical molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: molecular revolution

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chemical molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: German chemist Justus von Liebig

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tiny structures

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope,

text: Strobell and Foot are best known for their studies of the egg of Allolobophora foetida, mainly due to the innovated research techniques they developed in the process. They invented a method to make very thin samples of material at low temperatures so that they could be viewed under a microscope. In addition, they were some of the first to photograph their samples rather than drawing them based on what they saw under the microscope.

text: Strobell and Foot are best known for their studies of the egg of Allolobophora foetida, mainly due to the innovated research techniques they developed in the process. They invented a method to make very thin samples of material at low temperatures so that they could be viewed under a microscope. In addition, they were some of the first to photograph their samples rather than drawing them based on what they saw under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low temperatures

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: egg

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Strobell

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples of material

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: samples of material

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: low temperatures

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photograph their samples

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: thin samples

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: They invented a method to make very thin samples of material at low temperatures

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: egg

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: They invented a method to make very thin samples of material at low temperatures

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: egg of Allolobophora foetida,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: egg

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: very thin samples of material

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: very thin samples of material

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Strobell and Foot

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin samples

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: egg of Allolobophora foetida,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: egg of Allolobophora foetida,

text: Thirdly, plant morphology studies plant structure at a range of scales.  At the smallest scales are ultrastructure, the general structural features of cells visible only with the aid of an electron microscope, and cytology, the study of cells using optical microscopy.  At this scale, plant morphology overlaps with plant anatomy as a field of study.  At the largest scale is the study of plant growth habit, the overall architecture of a plant.  The pattern of branching in a tree will vary from species to species, as will the appearance of a plant as a tree, herb, or grass.

text: Thirdly, plant morphology studies plant structure at a range of scales.  At the smallest scales are

text: ultrastructure

text: , the general structural features of cells visible only with the aid of an

text: electron microscope

text: , and

text: cytology

text: , the study of cells using

text: optical microscopy

text: .  At this scale, plant morphology overlaps with

text: plant anatomy

text: as a field of study.  At the largest scale is the study of plant growth habit, the overall architecture of a plant.  The pattern of branching in a

text: tree

text: will vary from species to species, as will the appearance of a plant as a

text: tree

text: herb

text: , or

text: grass

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of cells using optical microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: numeric

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ultrastructure

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: cytology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: smallest scale

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cytology,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ultrastructure,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope, and cytology,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cytology,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscopy.

text: Laurdan was designed as a substitute for other dyes, such as previously modified lipids that were inadequate to observe the membrane lipid bilayer because of their interaction with other compounds within the membrane lipid bilayer. Laurdan was designed specifically to study dipolar relaxation on cell membranes. Laurdan shows this effect more evidently because of its polar characteristics. Laurdan was first applied to study membrane fluidity of live cells with a 2-Photon fluorescence microscope in 1994  and it was found that the plasma membrane of cells is more rigid than that of the nuclear membrane.

text: Laurdan was designed as a substitute for other dyes, such as previously modified

text: lipid

text: s that were inadequate to observe the membrane

text: lipid bilayer

text: because of their interaction with other compounds within the membrane lipid bilayer. Laurdan was designed specifically to study

text: dipolar relaxation

text: on cell membranes. Laurdan shows this effect more evidently because of its

text: polar

text: characteristics. Laurdan was first applied to study membrane fluidity of live cells with a 2-Photon fluorescence microscope in 1994  and it was found that the plasma membrane of cells is more rigid than that of the nuclear membrane.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 2 Photon

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Photon

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observable

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell membranes.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Laurdan

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: membrane lipid bilayer

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe the membrane lipid bilayer

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 2-Photon fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2-Photon

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2-Photon

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 12601 Tiffanyswann ||  || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12602 Tammytam ||  || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=603 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12603 Tanchunghee ||  || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12604 Lisatate ||  || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=605 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12605 || 1999 SK || September 17, 1999 || Višnjan Observatory || Višnjan Obs. ||  —|-id=606 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12606 Apuleius || 2043 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=607 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12607 Alcaeus || 2058 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=608 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12608 Aesop || 2091 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=609 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12609 Apollodoros || 2155 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=610 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12610 Hãfez || 2551 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=611 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12611 Ingres || 2555 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=612 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12612 Daumier || 2592 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=613 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12613 Hogarth || 4024 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=614 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12614 Hokusai || 4119 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=615 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12615 Mendesdeleon || 4626 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=616 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12616 Lochner || 4874 P-L || September 26, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=617 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12617 Angelusilesius || 5568 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=618 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12618 Cellarius || 6217 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=619 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12619 Anubelshunu || 6242 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=620 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12620 Simaqian || 6335 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=621 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12621 Alsufi || 6585 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=622 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12622 Doppelmayr || 6614 P-L || September 24, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=623 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12623 Tawaddud || 9544 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=624 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12624 Mariacunitia || 9565 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=625 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12625 Koopman || 9578 P-L || October 17, 1960 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=626 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12626 Timmerman || 1116 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=627 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12627 Maryedwards || 1230 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=628 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12628 Ackworthorr || 2120 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=629 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12629 Jandeboer || 2168 T-1 || March 25, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=630 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12630 Verstappen || 3033 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=631 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12631 Mariekebaan || 3051 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=632 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12632 Mignonette || 3105 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=633 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12633 Warmenhoven || 3119 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=634 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12634 LOFAR || 3178 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=635 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12635 Hennylamers || 4220 T-1 || March 26, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=636 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12636 Padrielli || 4854 T-1 || May 13, 1971 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=637 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12637 Gustavleonhardt || 1053 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=638 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12638 Fransbrüggen || 1063 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=639 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12639 Tonkoopman || 1105 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=640 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12640 Reinbertdeleeuw || 1231 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=641 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12641 Hubertushenrichs || 1310 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=642 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12642 Davidjansen || 1348 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=643 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12643 Henkolthof || 3180 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=644 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12644 Robertwielinga || 3285 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=645 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12645 Jacobrosales || 4240 T-2 || September 29, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=646 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12646 Avercamp || 5175 T-2 || September 25, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=647 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12647 Pauluspotter || 5332 T-2 || September 30, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=648 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12648 || 1135 T-3 || October 17, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=649 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 12649 Ascanios || 2035 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=650 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12650 || 2247 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=651 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12651 || 2268 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=652 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12652 || 2622 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=653 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12653 || 2664 T-3 || October 11, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=654 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12654 || 4118 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=655 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12655 || 5041 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=656 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12656 || 5170 T-3 || October 16, 1977 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels ||  —|-id=657 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12657 Bonch-Bruevich ||  || August 30, 1971 || Nauchnij || T. M. Smirnova || |-id=658 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 12658 Peiraios || 1973 SL || September 19, 1973 || Palomar || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels || |-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12659 Schlegel ||  || October 27, 1973 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=660 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12660 || 1975 NC || July 15, 1975 || Cerro El Roble || C. Torres, S. Barros ||  —|-id=661 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12661 Schelling ||  || February 27, 1976 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=662 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12662 || 1978 CK || February 2, 1978 || Palomar || J. Gibson ||  —|-id=663 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12663 ||  || September 2, 1978 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist ||  —|-id=664 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12664 Sonisenia ||  || September 27, 1978 || Nauchnij || L. I. Chernykh || |-id=665 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12665 ||  || November 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=666 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12666 || 1978 XW || December 6, 1978 || Palomar || E. Bowell, A. Warnock ||  —|-id=667 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12667 || 1979 DF || February 28, 1979 || Anderson Mesa || N. G. Thomas ||  —|-id=668 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12668 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=669 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12669 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=670 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12670 Passargea ||  || September 22, 1979 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=671 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12671 Thörnqvist || 1980 FU || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=672 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12672 Nygårdh ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=673 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12673 Kiselman ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12674 Rybalka ||  || September 7, 1980 || Nauchnij || N. S. Chernykh || |-id=675 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12675 Chabot ||  || October 9, 1980 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker || |-id=676 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12676 ||  || February 28, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=677 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12677 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=678 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12678 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=679 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12679 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=680 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12680 Bogdanovich ||  || May 6, 1981 || Palomar || C. S. Shoemaker || |-id=681 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12681 ||  || October 24, 1981 || Palomar || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=682 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12682 Kawada ||  || November 14, 1982 || Kiso || H. Kosai, K. Furukawa || |-id=683 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12683 ||  || September 2, 1983 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=684 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12684 || 1984 DQ || February 23, 1984 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=685 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12685 || 1985 VE || November 14, 1985 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=686 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12686 Bezuglyj ||  || October 3, 1986 || Nauchnij || L. G. Karachkina || |-id=687 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12687 de Valory ||  || December 17, 1987 || La Silla || E. W. Elst, G. Pizarro || |-id=688 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12688 Baekeland ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=689 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12689 ||  || September 8, 1988 || Brorfelde || P. Jensen ||  —|-id=690 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12690 Kochimiraikagaku ||  || November 5, 1988 || Geisei || T. Seki || |-id=691 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12691 ||  || November 7, 1988 || Yatsugatake || Y. Kushida, M. Inoue ||  —|-id=692 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12692 ||  || January 29, 1989 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=693 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12693 || 1989 EZ || March 9, 1989 || Gekko || Y. Oshima ||  —|-id=694 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12694 Schleiermacher ||  || March 7, 1989 || Tautenburg Observatory || F. Börngen || |-id=695 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12695 Utrecht ||  || April 1, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=696 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12696 Camus ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=697 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12697 Verhaeren ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=698 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12698 ||  || October 22, 1989 || Kleť || A. Mrkos ||  —|-id=699 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12699 ||  || February 24, 1990 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=700 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12700 || 1990 FH || March 23, 1990 || Palomar || E. F. Helin ||  —|}

text: |- bgcolor=#fefefe| 12601 Tiffanyswann ||  || September 9, 1999 ||

text: Socorro

text: LINEAR

text: || |-id=602 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12602 Tammytam ||  || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=603 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12603 Tanchunghee ||  || September 9, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=604 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12604 Lisatate ||  || September 7, 1999 || Socorro || LINEAR || |-id=605 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12605 || 1999 SK || September 17, 1999 ||

text: Višnjan Observatory

text: Višnjan Obs.

text: ||  —|-id=606 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12606 Apuleius || 2043 P-L || September 24, 1960 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: 12621 Alsufi

text: Nauchnij

text: T. M. Smirnova

text: || |-id=658 bgcolor=#C2FFFF| 12658 Peiraios || 1973 SL || September 19, 1973 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. J. van Houten

text: I. van Houten-Groeneveld

text: T. Gehrels

text: || |-id=659 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12659 Schlegel ||  || October 27, 1973 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=660 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12660 || 1975 NC || July 15, 1975 ||

text: Cerro El Roble

text: C. Torres

text: S. Barros

text: ||  —|-id=661 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12661 Schelling ||  || February 27, 1976 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=662 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12662 || 1978 CK || February 2, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: J. Gibson

text: ||  —|-id=663 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12663 ||  || September 2, 1978 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: ||  —|-id=664 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12664 Sonisenia ||  || September 27, 1978 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. I. Chernykh

text: || |-id=665 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12665 ||  || November 6, 1978 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=666 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12666 || 1978 XW || December 6, 1978 || Palomar ||

text: E. Bowell

text: A. Warnock

text: ||  —|-id=667 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12667 || 1979 DF || February 28, 1979 ||

text: Anderson Mesa

text: N. G. Thomas

text: ||  —|-id=668 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12668 ||  || June 25, 1979 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: E. F. Helin

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=669 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12669 ||  || June 25, 1979 || Siding Spring || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=670 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12670 Passargea ||  || September 22, 1979 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=671 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12671 Thörnqvist || 1980 FU || March 16, 1980 ||

text: La Silla

text: C.-I. Lagerkvist

text: || |-id=672 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12672 Nygårdh ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=673 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12673 Kiselman ||  || March 16, 1980 || La Silla || C.-I. Lagerkvist || |-id=674 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12674 Rybalka ||  || September 7, 1980 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: N. S. Chernykh

text: || |-id=675 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12675 Chabot ||  || October 9, 1980 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: E. M. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=676 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12676 ||  || February 28, 1981 ||

text: Siding Spring

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=677 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12677 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=678 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12678 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=679 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12679 ||  || March 2, 1981 || Siding Spring || S. J. Bus ||  —|-id=680 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12680 Bogdanovich ||  || May 6, 1981 ||

text: Palomar

text: C. S. Shoemaker

text: || |-id=681 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12681 ||  || October 24, 1981 || Palomar ||

text: S. J. Bus

text: ||  —|-id=682 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12682 Kawada ||  || November 14, 1982 ||

text: Kiso

text: H. Kosai

text: K. Furukawa

text: || |-id=683 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12683 ||  || September 2, 1983 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=684 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12684 || 1984 DQ || February 23, 1984 || La Silla || H. Debehogne ||  —|-id=685 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12685 || 1985 VE || November 14, 1985 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=686 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12686 Bezuglyj ||  || October 3, 1986 ||

text: Nauchnij

text: L. G. Karachkina

text: || |-id=687 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12687 de Valory ||  || December 17, 1987 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: G. Pizarro

text: || |-id=688 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12688 Baekeland ||  || February 13, 1988 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=689 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12689 ||  || September 8, 1988 ||

text: Brorfelde

text: P. Jensen

text: ||  —|-id=690 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12690 Kochimiraikagaku ||  || November 5, 1988 ||

text: Geisei

text: T. Seki

text: || |-id=691 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12691 ||  || November 7, 1988 ||

text: Yatsugatake

text: Y. Kushida

text: M. Inoue

text: ||  —|-id=692 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12692 ||  || January 29, 1989 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=693 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12693 || 1989 EZ || March 9, 1989 ||

text: Gekko

text: Y. Oshima

text: ||  —|-id=694 bgcolor=#d6d6d6| 12694 Schleiermacher ||  || March 7, 1989 ||

text: Tautenburg Observatory

text: F. Börngen

text: || |-id=695 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12695 Utrecht ||  || April 1, 1989 ||

text: La Silla

text: E. W. Elst

text: || |-id=696 bgcolor=#E9E9E9|

text: 12696 Camus

text: ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=697 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12697 Verhaeren ||  || September 26, 1989 || La Silla || E. W. Elst || |-id=698 bgcolor=#E9E9E9| 12698 ||  || October 22, 1989 ||

text: Kleť

text: A. Mrkos

text: ||  —|-id=699 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12699 ||  || February 24, 1990 ||

text: La Silla

text: H. Debehogne

text: ||  —|-id=700 bgcolor=#fefefe| 12700 || 1990 FH || March 23, 1990 ||

text: Palomar

text: E. F. Helin

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The microscope was invented in the late 1800s.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The earliest microscopes were light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Arctiinae.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tenths of a millimeter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Scientists have been using electron microscopes for more than 100 years.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The first microscope was made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: || van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _Electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: || Light microscopes are no longer used today.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: C. J. van Houten

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Apuleius

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules that had previously been impossible to see.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: A microscope is an instrument that makes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The inventors of the microscope were: The inventors of the microscope were:

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light Microscopes refract visible light and form images with

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200x magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: |-id=607

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 12608

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Houten,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: I. van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: P-L

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Observatory

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Apuleius

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Apuleius

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: LINEAR

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: C. J. van Houten,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2043

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: van Houten-Groeneveld,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2043 P-L

text: Leeuwenhoek discovered that the origin of semen was the testicles and was a committed preformationist and spermist. He reasoned that the movement of spermatozoa was evidence of animal life, which presumed a complex structure and, for human sperm, a soul. (Friedman 79)

text: Leeuwenhoek discovered that the origin of semen was the testicles and was a committed preformationist and spermist. He reasoned that the movement of spermatozoa was evidence of animal life, which presumed a complex structure and, for human sperm, a soul. (Friedman 79)

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (Friedman 79);

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: movement of spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (Friedman 79)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: (Friedman 79)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Friedman

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Friedman

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Friedman

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: evidence of animal life

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human sperm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 79

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 380 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spermatozoa was evidence of animal life,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 79)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 79)

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (Friedman 79)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 79)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: spermist.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spermatozoa was evidence of animal life,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human sperm, a soul. (Friedman 79)

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 79)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 79)

text: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type. This classification is important for determining management and predicting outcomes of the disease. Lung cancers are carcinomas—malignancies that arise from epithelial cells. Lung carcinomas are categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a microscope. For therapeutic purposes, two broad classes are distinguished: non-small-cell lung carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma.

text: Lung cancers are classified according to

text: histological type

text: . This classification is important for determining management and predicting outcomes of the disease. Lung cancers are

text: carcinoma

text: s—malignancies that arise from

text: epithelial cell

text: s. Lung carcinomas are categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a histopathologist under a

text: microscope

text: . For therapeutic purposes, two broad classes are distinguished:

text: non-small-cell lung carcinoma

text: and

text: small-cell lung carcinoma

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Lung cancers are carcinomas

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: small-cell lung carcinoma

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epithelial cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: histopathologist under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: epithelial cells

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: malignant cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: malignant cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: non-small-cell lung carcinoma and small-cell

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histopathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: malignant cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: malignant cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small-cell lung carcinoma.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Lung cancers are classified according to histological type.

text: 8. Final: 'En route pour la lune!' (Chorus, Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.), Chorus des artilleurs: 'Nous sommes les petits artilleurs' (Chorus, Vlan, Microscope, Caprice.)

text: 8. Final: 'En route pour la lune!' (Chorus, Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.), Chorus des artilleurs: 'Nous sommes les petits artilleurs' (Chorus, Vlan, Microscope, Caprice.)

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Chorus des artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Chorus, Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Louis Pasteur

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Caprice

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Les petits artilleurs

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Caprice

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: artilleurs:

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Chorus des artilleurs:

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscope, Vlan, Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Caprice.), Chorus des artilleurs:

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: artilleurs:

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Caprice.),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: artilleurs:

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: petits artilleurs'

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Vlan,

text: Giovanni Faber has been credited with giving the microscope its name. In 1609 fellow Lincean Galileo developed a compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens which he called the occhiolino, the "little eye". In 1624 Galileo presents his occhiolino to Prince Federico Cesi, founder of the Accademia dei Lincei. One year later Giovanni Faber coined the word microscope from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with telescope, another word coined by the Linceans.

text: Giovanni Faber has been credited with giving the microscope its name. In 1609 fellow

text: Lincean

text: Galileo developed a compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens which he called the occhiolino, the "little eye". In 1624 Galileo presents his occhiolino to Prince

text: Federico Cesi

text: , founder of the Accademia dei Lincei. One year later Giovanni Faber coined the word microscope from the

text: Greek

text: words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". The word was meant to be analogous with

text: telescope

text: , another word coined by the Linceans.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the "little eye"

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: occhiolino

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Galileo's microscope allow scientists to see?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: look at

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Lincean

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a telescope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: convex lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1609

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: telescope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "little eye".

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Giovanni Faber coined the word microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "small",

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo developed a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: telescope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "little eye".

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "to look at".

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Lincean Galileo

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "little eye".

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (micron)

text: In July 2005, Danaher Announces Definitive Agreement To Acquire Leica Microsystems. The company manufactures a broad range of products for numerous applications requiring microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis. It also offers system solutions in the areas of Life Science including biotechnology and medicine, as well as the science of raw materials and industrial quality assurance.

text: In July 2005, Danaher Announces Definitive Agreement To Acquire

text: Leica Microsystems

text: . The company manufactures a broad range of products for numerous applications requiring microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis. It also offers system solutions in the areas of Life Science including biotechnology and medicine, as well as the science of raw materials and industrial quality assurance.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leica

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Danaher

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leica Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leica

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leica

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a magnification of 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic imaging, measurement and analysis.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology and medicine, as well as the science of raw materials

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leica

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leica Microsystems.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: The hospital is named after Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), who is primarily known in the medical community as one of the first successful developers of microscopes.

text: The hospital is named after

text: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723), who is primarily known in the medical community as one of the first successful developers of

text: microscope

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the first successful developers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (1632–1723),

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (1632–1723),

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1632–1723),

text: In physical and chemical kinetics, T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations implies two important laws: the principle of detailed balance and the Onsager reciprocal relations. T-symmetry of the microscopic description together with its kinetic consequences are called microscopic reversibility.

text: In physical and

text: chemical kinetics

text: , T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations implies two important laws: the principle of

text: detailed balance

text: and the

text: Onsager reciprocal relations

text: . T-symmetry of the microscopic description together with its kinetic consequences are called

text: microscopic reversibility

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic equations

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: mechanical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: T-symmetry

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In physical and chemical kinetics,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: T-symmetry of the mechanical microscopic equations

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: mechanical microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: mechanical microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Onsager

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic reversibility.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Onsager reciprocal relations.

text: Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including protozoans and very small animals such as rotifers).

text: Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including

text: protozoa

text: ns and very small animals such as

text: rotifer

text: s).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microfauna

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers in diameter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: physicist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than a microfauna

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: rotifers).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: rotifers).

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: rotifers).

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small animals

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: very small animals

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microfauna

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: rotifers).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: rotifers).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microfauna are microscopic

text: In 2012, biologist Fred Sander used the play "as a 'hook' to explore the ethics and science of cloning" in his book Created In Our Own Images.com.  Sander wrote: "Gilbert’s drama not only anticipates psychoanalysis in the 20th century, but also, written a hundred years before the discovery of stem cells, it metaphorically resonates with the 21st century of genomic medicine. ... Gilbert's comedy ... points to new biological, psychological, social, and ethical issues raised by the ... sequencing of the genome and the explosion of stem cell research."

text: In 2012, biologist Fred Sander used the play "as a 'hook' to explore the ethics and science of cloning" in his book Created In Our Own Images.com.  Sander wrote: "Gilbert’s drama not only anticipates psychoanalysis in the 20th century, but also, written a hundred years before the discovery of stem cells, it metaphorically resonates with the 21st century of genomic medicine. ... Gilbert's comedy ... points to new biological, psychological, social, and ethical issues raised by the ... sequencing of the genome and the explosion of stem cell research."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the sequencing of the genome

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 100 years old

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stem cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 years

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: comedy...

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cloning"

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: sequencing of the genome and the explosion of stem cell research."

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hundred years before the discovery of stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the discovery of stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cloning"

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fred Sander

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Images.com.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: sequencing

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a hundred years before the discovery of stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 20th century,

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are:

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction of light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: diffraction of light

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: aristocrats

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

text: Erwin Wilhelm Müller (or Mueller) (June 13, 1911 – May 17, 1977) was a German physicist who invented the Field Emission Electron Microscope (FEEM), the Field Ion Microscope (FIM), and the Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope. He and his student, Kanwar Bahadur, were the first people to experimentally observe atoms.

text: Erwin Wilhelm Müller (or Mueller) (June 13, 1911 – May 17, 1977) was a

text: German

text: physicist

text: who invented the

text: Field Emission Electron Microscope (FEEM)

text: , the

text: Field Ion Microscope (FIM)

text: , and the

text: Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope

text: . He and his student, Kanwar Bahadur, were the first people to experimentally observe

text: atom

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: FEEM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: FEEM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: FEEM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: FIM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tens of thousands of times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1977)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kanwar Bahadur,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kanwar Bahadur,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Field Ion Microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Erwin Wilhelm Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Field Emission Electron Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1977)

text: In recent years, micro- and nanotribology have been gaining ground. Frictional interactions in microscopically small components are becoming increasingly important for the development of new products in electronics, life sciences, chemistry, sensors and by extension for all modern technology.

text: In recent years, micro- and

text: nanotribology

text: have been gaining ground. Frictional interactions in microscopically small components are becoming increasingly important for the development of new products in

text: electronics

text: , life sciences,

text: chemistry

text: , sensors and by extension for all modern technology.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically small components

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: chemist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small components

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small components

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: life sciences

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: by extension

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: life sciences,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically small components

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Frictional interactions in microscopically small components

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopically small

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Frictional interactions in microscopically small components

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: life sciences, chemistry,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: micro- and nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: nanotribology

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small components

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small components

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: life sciences,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Frictional interactions in microscopically small components

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopically small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopically

text: Modern microscopes allow more than just observation of transmitted light image of a sample; there are many techniques which can be used to extract other kinds of data. Most of these require additional equipment in addition to a basic compound microscope.

text: Modern microscopes allow more than just observation of transmitted light image of a sample; there are many techniques which can be used to extract other kinds of data. Most of these require additional equipment in addition to a basic compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmitted light image

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: image of a sample

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: a compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: basic compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmitting light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: transmitted light image of a sample;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: transmitted light image of a sample;

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Modern microscopes allow more than just observation of transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Modern microscopes

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: transmitted light image of a sample;

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: transmitted light image of a sample;

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: sample;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: transmitted light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: transmitted light

text: The most common test used to diagnose Paget's disease is the biopsy, removal of a tissue sample from the affected area which is then examined under the microscope by a pathologist, who distinguishes Paget cells from other cell types by staining tissues to identify specific cells (immunohistochemistry).  Samples of nipple discharge may also be examined under the microscope to determine whether Paget cells are present.

text: The most common test used to diagnose Paget's disease is the

text: biopsy

text: , removal of a tissue sample from the affected area which is then examined under the microscope by a

text: pathologist

text: , who distinguishes Paget cells from other cell types by staining tissues to identify specific cells (

text: immunohistochemistry

text: ).  Samples of nipple discharge may also be examined under the microscope to determine whether Paget cells are present.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paget cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Paget cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a tissue sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Paget

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nipple discharge

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nipple discharge

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The most common test used to diagnose Paget's disease is the biopsy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: cell types by staining tissues to identify specific cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tissues to identify specific cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: staining tissues to identify specific cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nipple discharge

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope by a pathologist,

text: Microscopic units and measurements are used to classify and describe very small objects.  One common microscopic length scale unit is the Micrometer (μm) - one millionth of 1 meter.

text: Microscopic units and measurements are used to classify and describe very small objects.  One common microscopic

text: length scale

text: unit is the

text: Micrometer

text: (μm) - one millionth of 1 meter.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: one millionth of 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the first microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: very small objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic measurements

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one millionth of 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: one millionth of 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: one millionth of 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one millionth of 1 meter.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Micrometer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small objects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: very small objects.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: small objects.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one millionth of 1 meter.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic units

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: one millionth of 1 meter.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: one millionth of 1 meter.

text: Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral as in Systema Naturae. After the development of the microscope, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms.In 1676, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and called them "animalcules," assigning them to the class Vermes of the Animalia. Due to the limited tools — the sole references for this group were shape, behaviour, and habitat — the description of genera and their classification was extremely limited, which was accentuated by the perceived lack of importance of the group.

text: Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral as in

text: Systema Naturae

text: . After the development of the

text: microscope

text: , attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms.In 1676,

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: discovered bacteria and called them "animalcules," assigning them to the class Vermes of the Animalia. Due to the limited tools — the sole references for this group were shape, behaviour, and habitat — the description of genera and their classification was extremely limited, which was accentuated by the perceived lack of importance of the group.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Vermes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1676

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Animalia

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope, attempts were made to fit microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: After the development of the microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1676,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fit microscopic organisms into either the plant or animal kingdoms.In

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Traditionally the natural world was classified as animal, vegetable, or mineral

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "animalcules,"

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope, attempts were made to fit microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: animal, vegetable, or mineral as in Systema Naturae.

text: Synapses are functional connections between neurons, or between neurons and other types of cells.  A typical neuron gives rise to several thousand synapses, although there are some types that make far fewer.  Most synapses connect axons to dendrites, but there are also other types of connections, including axon-to-cell-body, axon-to-axon, and dendrite-to-dendrite. Synapses are generally too small to be recognizable using a light microscope except as points where the membranes of two cells appear to touch, but their cellular elements can be visualized clearly using an electron microscope.

text: Synapses are functional connections between neurons, or between neurons and other types of cells.  A typical neuron gives rise to several thousand synapses, although there are some types that make far fewer.  Most synapses connect

text: axon

text: s to

text: dendrite

text: s, but there are also other types of connections, including axon-to-cell-body, axon-to-axon, and

text: dendrite-to-dendrite

text: . Synapses are generally too small to be recognizable using a

text: light microscope

text: except as points where the membranes of two cells appear to touch, but their cellular elements can be visualized clearly using an

text: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Synapses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Synapses

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular elements

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cellular elements

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Synapses are generally too small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Synapses

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Synapses

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

text: A microorganism (or microbe) is a microscopic living organism, which may be single-celled or multicellular. Microorganisms are very diverse and include all bacteria, archaea and most protozoa. This group also contains some species of fungi, algae, and certain microscopic animals, such as rotifers.

text: A

text: microorganism

text: (or microbe) is a

text: microscopic

text: living

text: organism

text: , which may be

text: single-celled

text: or

text: multicellular

text: . Microorganisms are very diverse and include all

text: bacteria

text: archaea

text: and most

text: protozoa

text: . This group also contains some species of

text: fungi

text: algae

text: , and certain microscopic animals, such as

text: rotifer

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a microscopic living organism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: archaeologists

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: multicellular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-celled or multicellular.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: A microorganism

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: A microorganism

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: multicellular.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic living organism,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic living organism,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-celled or multicellular.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: A microorganism

text: First, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous atomic force microscope that year.

text: First, the invention of the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Heinrich Rohrer

text: at

text: IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

text: received a

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: in 1986. Binnig,

text: Quate

text: and Gerber also invented the analogous

text: atomic force microscope

text: that year.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: visualization of individual atoms and bonds

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualization

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: German and Heinrich

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: scanning tunneling microscope in 1981

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: individual atoms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning tunneling microscope in 1981

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual atoms and bonds,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualization of individual atoms and bonds,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 which provided unprecedented visualization of individual atoms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1986.

text: Nanosurf AG, headquartered in Liestal, Switzerland, is a manufacturer and supplier of nano-microscopes for industrial and academic research, as well as for educational purposes. Nanosurf’s  atomic force microscopes (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) are used for metrological surface inspections and for the visualization of structures on the nanometer scale.

text: Nanosurf AG, headquartered in

text: Liestal

text: Switzerland

text: , is a manufacturer and supplier of

text: nano

text: microscopes

text: for

text: industrial

text: and

text: academic research

text: , as well as for educational purposes. Nanosurf’s

text: atomic force microscopes

text: AFM

text: ) and

text: scanning tunneling microscopes

text: STM

text: ) are used for metrological surface inspections and for the visualization of structures on the

text: nanometer

text: scale.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nanosurf AG

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nano-microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Liestal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nanosurf

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Swiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visual inspections

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Swiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nanosurf AG,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanometer scale.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic force microscopes (AFM)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nano-microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Nanosurf AG,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: nano-microscopes for industrial and academic research,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nanosurf AG,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Nanosurf AG, headquartered in Liestal, Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: nano-microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Nanosurf AG,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualization of structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nanosurf AG, headquartered in Liestal, Switzerland,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic force microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: nanometer

text: By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, Van Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, he could create a very small, high-quality glass sphere. These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes, with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

text: By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, Van Leeuwenhoek could pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass. Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, he could create a very small, high-quality glass sphere. These spheres became the lenses of his microscopes, with the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: a hot flame

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the smallest spheres

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: glass spheres

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see with the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: highest magnifications

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: soda lime glass

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: the smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: whiskers

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: soda lime glass

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: glass sphere.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: smallest spheres providing the highest magnifications.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: smallest spheres

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: long

text: A three-dimensional optical transfer function can be calculated as the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the 3D point-spread function. Its color-coded magnitude is plotted in panels (b) and (d), corresponding to the point-spread functions shown in panels (a) and (c), respectively. The transfer function of the wide-field microscope has a support that is half of that of the confocal microscope in all three-dimensions, confirming the previously noted lower resolution of the wide-field microscope. Note that along the z-axis, for x=y=0, the transfer function is zero everywhere except at the origin. This missing cone is a well-known problem that prevents optical sectioning using a wide-field microscope.

text: A three-dimensional optical transfer function can be calculated as the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the 3D point-spread function. Its color-coded magnitude is plotted in panels (b) and (d), corresponding to the point-spread functions shown in panels (a) and (c), respectively. The transfer function of the wide-field microscope has a

text: support

text: that is half of that of the confocal microscope in all three-dimensions, confirming the previously noted lower resolution of the wide-field microscope. Note that along the z-axis, for x=y=0, the transfer function is zero everywhere except at the origin. This missing cone is a well-known problem that prevents optical sectioning using a wide-field microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (c)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: (c)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (b)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (b)

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fourier transform

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fourier transform

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fourier

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did the microscope allow scientists to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sectioning

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fourier transform of the 3D point-spread function.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional Fourier transform

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide-field microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal microscope in all three-dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cone

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: three-dimensional optical transfer function

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: optical sectioning

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sectioning

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: confocal microscope in all three-dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: wide-field

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: half

text: Since the invention of the microscope in the seventeenth century it has been known that plant and animal tissue is composed of cells : the cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. The plant cell wall was easily visible even with these early microscopes but no similar barrier was visible on animal cells, though it stood to reason that one must exist. By the mid 19th century, this question was being actively investigated and Moritz Traube noted that this outer layer must be semipermeable to allow transport of ions. Traube had no direct evidence for the composition of this film, though, and incorrectly asserted that it was formed by an interfacial reaction of the cell protoplasm with the extracellular fluid.<ref 1879">Permeability of pellicle precipitates." Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. (1879) 2. 592.</ref>

text: Since the invention of the microscope in the seventeenth century it has been known that plant and animal tissue is composed of

text: cells

text: : the cell was discovered by

text: Robert Hooke

text: . The plant

text: cell wall

text: was easily visible even with these early microscopes but no similar barrier was visible on animal cells, though it stood to reason that one must exist. By the mid 19th century, this question was being actively investigated and

text: Moritz Traube

text: noted that this outer layer must be semipermeable to allow transport of ions. Traube had no direct evidence for the composition of this film, though, and incorrectly asserted that it was formed by an interfacial reaction of the cell protoplasm with the extracellular fluid.<ref 1879">Permeability of pellicle precipitates." Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. (1879) 2. 592.</ref>

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Moritz Traube

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The plant cell wall was easily visible

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Moritz Traube

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the seventeenth century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Traube

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: plant cell wall

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell walls

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell wall

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 592

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 592 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: seventeenth century

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The plant cell wall was easily visible

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Royal Microscopical Society.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 592.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: no similar barrier was visible on animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The plant cell wall was easily visible even with these early microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: no similar barrier was visible on animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The plant cell wall

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: seventeenth century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Moritz Traube

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: no similar barrier was visible on animal cells,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The plant cell wall was easily visible even with these early microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The plant cell wall was easily visible even with these early microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: early microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: early microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ions.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The plant cell wall

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: plant and animal tissue is composed of cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Robert Hooke.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: The plant cell wall

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The plant cell wall

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 592.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 592.

text: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was one of the first people to observe microorganisms, using microscopes of his own design.  Robert Hooke, a contemporary of Leeuwenhoek, also used microscopes to observe microbial life; his 1665 book Micrographia describes these observations and coined the term cell.

text: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723) was one of the first people to observe microorganisms, using microscopes of his own design.

text: Robert Hooke

text: , a contemporary of Leeuwenhoek, also used microscopes to observe microbial life; his 1665 book

text: Micrographia

text: describes these observations and coined the term

text: cell

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 1665 book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: his own design

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes of his own design

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microbial life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microbial life

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek and Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 1665 book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1632–1723)

text: From the thick film, an experienced microscopist can detect all parasites they encounter. Microscopic diagnosis can be difficult because the early trophozoites ("ring form") of all four species look identical and it is never possible to diagnose species on the basis of a single ring form; species identification is always based on several trophozoites. Please refer to the chapters on each parasite for their microscopic appearances: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae.

text: From the thick film, an experienced microscopist can detect all parasites they encounter. Microscopic diagnosis can be difficult because the early trophozoites ("ring form") of all four species look identical and it is never possible to diagnose species on the basis of a single ring form; species identification is always based on several trophozoites. Please refer to the chapters on each parasite for their microscopic appearances:

text: P. falciparum

text: P. vivax

text: P. ovale

text: P. malariae

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: an experienced microscopist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: vivax

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: P. falciparum

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: vivax

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: thick film

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: vivax

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: film,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic diagnosis can be difficult because the early trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic diagnosis can be difficult because the early trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: From the thick film,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: From the thick film,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: P. falciparum, P. vivax,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: trophozoites

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: detect all parasites

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: thick film,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: thick film,

text: , but the hook-length formula is particularly simple and elegant.The hook-length formula was discovered in 1954 by J. S. Frame, G. de B. Robinson, and R. M. Thrall by improving a less convenient formula expressing

text: , but the hook-length formula is particularly simple and elegant.The hook-length formula was discovered in 1954 by J. S. Frame,

text: G. de B. Robinson

text: , and R. M. Thrall by improving a less convenient formula expressing

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: R. M. Thrall

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the hook-length

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: G. de B. Robinson

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: J. S. Frame

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: G. de B. Robinson

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: R. M. Thrall

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: G. de B. Robinson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: J. S. Frame

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: J. S. Frame

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: J. S. Frame and G. de B. Robinson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: J. S. Frame,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the hook-length

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: hook-length formula is particularly simple and elegant.The hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hook-length

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hook-length

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the hook-length

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: the hook-length

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: J. S. Frame,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: J. S. Frame,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hook-length

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: the hook-length

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: R. M. Thrall

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: hook-length

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: R. M. Thrall

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: the hook-length formula

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hook-length

text: The Field ion microscope (FIM) was invented by Müller in 1951 It is a type of microscope that can be used to image the arrangement of atoms at the surface of a sharp metal tip.

text: The Field ion microscope (FIM) was invented by

text: Müller

text: in 1951 It is a type of

text: microscope

text: that can be used to image the arrangement of

text: atom

text: s at the surface of a sharp metal tip.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: image the arrangement of atoms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: field ion

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1951

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: image the arrangement of atoms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the arrangement of atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image the arrangement of atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Müller

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sharp metal tip.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atoms at the surface of a sharp metal tip.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The Field ion microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1951

text: The Hirox Digital Microscope System supports magnifications of up to 7000×.  A primary difference between an optical and a digital microscope is the magnification. With an optical microscope the magnification is the lens magnification multiplied by the eyepiece magnification. The magnification for a digital microscope is defined as the ratio of the size of image on the monitor to the subject size. The Hirox Digital Microscope System has a 15" monitor.

text: The Hirox Digital Microscope System supports magnifications of up to 7000×.  A primary difference between an optical and a digital microscope is the

text: magnification

text: . With an optical microscope the magnification is the lens magnification multiplied by the eyepiece magnification. The magnification for a digital microscope is defined as the ratio of the size of image on the monitor to the subject size. The Hirox Digital Microscope System has a 15" monitor.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: with an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: digital

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 7000

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 7000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: lens magnification multiplied by the eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical and a digital microscope is the magnification.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical and a digital microscope is the magnification.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 7000<unk>

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical and a digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope the magnification is the lens magnification

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical and a digital microscope is the magnification.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical and a digital microscope is the magnification.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical and a digital microscope is the magnification. With an optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hirox Digital Microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hirox

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 7000<unk>

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eyepiece magnification.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 7000<unk>

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical

text: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903) was an English naturalist, particularly interested in microscopical research, and in the microscopic animal rotifer.

text: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903) was an English naturalist, particularly interested in microscopical research, and in the microscopic animal

text: rotifer

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hudson

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopical research,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903)

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson (11 March 1828 – 23 October 1903)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic animal rotifer.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rotifer.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Charles Thomas Hudson

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

text: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: anthony philips van leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: antonie philips van leeuvenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteriophage

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: antonie van leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: kilometres in diameter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: antonie van leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The cell theory depended on the discovery of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1 000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek

text: If different macroscopic processes are sampled from the same elementary microscopic events then macroscopic detailed balance may be violated even when microscopic detailed balance holds.

text: If different macroscopic processes are sampled from the same elementary microscopic events then macroscopic detailed balance may be violated even when microscopic detailed balance holds.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: macroscopic processes are sampled from the same elementary microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: same elementary microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: elementary microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: macroscopic detailed balance may be violated

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: elementary microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: elementary microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: If different macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic processes are sampled from the same elementary microscopic events

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: macroscopic detailed balance

text: In the early 17th century, the micro-world of zoology was just beginning to open up. A few lensmakers and natural philosophers had been creating crude microscopes since the late 16th century, and Robert Hooke published the seminal Micrographia based on observations with his own compound microscope in 1665. But it was not until Antony van Leeuwenhoek's dramatic improvements in lensmaking beginning in the 1670s—ultimately producing up to 200-fold magnification with a single lens—that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria and the sheer strangeness and diversity of microscopic life. Similar investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and built the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.

text: In the early 17th century, the micro-world of zoology was just beginning to open up. A few lensmakers and natural philosophers had been creating crude

text: microscope

text: s since the late 16th century, and

text: Robert Hooke

text: published the seminal

text: Micrographia

text: based on observations with his own compound microscope in 1665. But it was not until

text: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

text: 's dramatic improvements in lensmaking beginning in the 1670s—ultimately producing up to 200-fold magnification with a single lens—that scholars discovered

text: spermatozoa

text: bacteria

text: infusoria

text: and the sheer strangeness and diversity of microscopic life. Similar investigations by

text: Jan Swammerdam

text: led to new interest in

text: entomology

text: and built the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and

text: staining

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 16th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: seminal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200-fold magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1670s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: lensmakers and natural philosophers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200-fold

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200-fold

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1670s

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1670s—ultimately

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: crude microscopes since the late 16th century,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: seminal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200-fold magnification

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200-fold magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 200-fold magnification with a single lens—that

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spermatozoa,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1670s—ultimately

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jan Swammerdam

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 200-fold magnification

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antony van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic life.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: A few lensmakers and natural philosophers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200-fold

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single lens—that

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200-fold

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200-fold magnification

text: By the end of the 17th century, Van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses.

text: By the end of the 17th century, Van Leeuwenhoek had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary

text: Robert Hooke

text: , an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar

text: Peter the Great

text: . To the disappointment of his guests, Leeuwenhoek refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cutting-edge microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic study and discovery.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: average-quality lenses.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: average-quality lenses.

text: An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of Tulane University (then named the Medical College of Louisiana).

text: An inverted microscope is a

text: microscope

text: with its

text: light source

text: and

text: condenser

text: on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the

text: objectives

text: and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of

text: Tulane University

text: (then named the Medical College of Louisiana).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Smith

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: J. Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: John Lawrence Smith

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1850

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1850

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: An inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: J. Lawrence Smith,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: up.

text: Jacob Sadé's research dealt with the subjects that interested him clinically, leading to new surgical techniques and new concepts. Sadé was the first to describe the mucus-ciliary system of the middle ear – studies which demonstrated that the function of these microscopic organelles depends on the presence of mucus and its biochemical composition. Likewise he found that middle ear mucus hyper secretion is the most frequent cause of hearing deficit, especially in children. These findings led to further studies related to middle ear pressure vacillation and problems of middle ear aeration and gas composition.

text: Jacob Sadé's research dealt with the subjects that interested him clinically, leading to new surgical techniques and new concepts. Sadé was the first to describe the mucus-ciliary system of the middle ear – studies which demonstrated that the function of these microscopic organelles depends on the presence of

text: mucus

text: and its biochemical composition. Likewise he found that middle ear mucus hyper secretion is the most frequent cause of

text: hearing deficit

text: , especially in children. These findings led to further studies related to middle ear pressure vacillation and problems of middle ear

text: aeration

text: and

text: gas

text: composition.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jacob Sadé

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Jacob Sadé

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: mucus-ciliary system of the middle ear

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jacob Sadé

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Jacob Sadé

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mucus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jacob Sadé

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Sadé

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic organelles depends on the presence of mucus

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mucus-ciliary

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Jacob Sadé's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic organelles

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Jacob Sadé's

text: Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the image.

text: Electron microscopes are used to investigate the

text: ultrastructure

text: of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including

text: microorganisms

text: cells

text: , large

text: molecules

text: biopsy

text: samples,

text: metals

text: , and

text: crystals

text: . Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and

text: failure analysis

text: . Modern electron microscopes produce electron

text: micrograph

text: s using specialized digital cameras and

text: frame grabber

text: s to capture the image.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron micrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: inorganic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron micrographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: large molecules

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron micrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microorganisms, cells, large molecules,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: ultrastructure

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron micrographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biological and inorganic specimens

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: large molecules,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Electron microscopes

text: In 1949 at Cambridge University, Francis Crick and Arthur Hughes demonstrated a novel use of the technique, calling it "The Magnetic Particle Method." The idea, which originally came from Dr. Honor Fell, was that tiny magnetic beads, phagocytoced by whole cells grown in culture, could be manipulated by an external magnetic field  The tissue culture was allowed to grow in the presence of the magnetic material, and cells that contained a magnetic particle could be seen with a high power microscope. As the magnetic particle was moved through the cell by a magnetic field, measurements about the physical properties of the cytoplasm were made. Although some of their methods and measurements were self-admittedly crude, their work demonstrated the usefulness of magnetic field particle manipulation and paved the way for further developments of this technique. The magnetic particle phagocytosis method continued to be used for many years to research cytoplasm rheology and other physical properties in whole cells.

text: In 1949 at Cambridge University,

text: Francis Crick

text: and Arthur Hughes demonstrated a novel use of the technique, calling it "The Magnetic Particle Method." The idea, which originally came from Dr.

text: Honor Fell

text: , was that tiny magnetic beads,

text: phagocytoced

text: by whole cells grown in culture, could be manipulated by an external magnetic field  The tissue culture was allowed to grow in the presence of the magnetic material, and cells that contained a magnetic particle could be seen with a high power microscope. As the magnetic particle was moved through the cell by a magnetic field, measurements about the physical properties of the

text: cytoplasm

text: were made. Although some of their methods and measurements were self-admittedly crude, their work demonstrated the usefulness of magnetic field particle manipulation and paved the way for further developments of this technique. The magnetic particle phagocytosis method continued to be used for many years to research cytoplasm

text: rheology

text: and other physical properties in whole cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Crick and Hughes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high power microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: high power microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Crick and Hughes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Crick and Hughes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high power microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high power microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Honor Fell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells that contained magnetic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cytoplasm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Francis Crick and Arthur Hughes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high power microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Honor Fell,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: whole cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "The Magnetic Particle Method."

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Honor Fell,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: whole cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Honor Fell,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Honor Fell,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells that contained a magnetic particle

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: measurements about the physical properties of the cytoplasm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Francis Crick and Arthur Hughes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: high power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "The Magnetic Particle Method."

text: The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures on a microscopic scale, including histology (the study of tissues), and embryology (the study of an organism in its immature condition).

text: The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches including gross or

text: macroscopic

text: anatomy and

text: microscopic

text: anatomy.

text: Gross anatomy

text: is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes

text: superficial anatomy

text: or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features.

text: Microscopic anatomy

text: is the study of structures on a microscopic scale, including

text: histology

text: (the study of tissues), and

text: embryology

text: (the study of an organism in its immature condition).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of structures on a microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: eye,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: study of structures on a microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Gross anatomy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic anatomy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tissues),

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: anatomy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: anatomy

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: naked eye,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic scale,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic scale,

text: Digital microscopes are commonly low priced commercial microscopes designed for use with a computer, although advanced systems that do not require a separate computer can cost tens of thousands of dollars.  The low price commercial microscopes normally omit the optics for illumination (for example Köhler illumination and phase contrast illumination) and are more akin to webcams with a macro lens. For information about stereo microscopes with a digital camera in research and development, see optical microscope.

text: Digital microscopes are commonly low priced commercial microscopes designed for use with a computer, although advanced systems that do not require a separate computer can cost tens of thousands of dollars.  The low price commercial microscopes normally omit the optics for illumination (for example

text: Köhler illumination

text: and

text: phase contrast

text: illumination) and are more akin to

text: webcam

text: s with a

text: macro lens

text: . For information about stereo microscopes with a digital camera in research and development, see

text: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital camera in research and development

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes with a macro lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Köhler illumination

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: phase contrast

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the most common type of microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tens of thousands

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a microscope lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tens of thousands

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: stereo

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: macro lens.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Köhler illumination and phase contrast illumination)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Digital microscopes are commonly low priced commercial microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Digital microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: computer,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tens of thousands of dollars.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tens of thousands of dollars.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope.

text: While running his draper's shop, Van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than the then-current magnifying lenses available allowed. He began to develop an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. Van Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant, and simultaneously well-hidden, technical insights in the history of science.

text: While running his draper's shop, Van Leeuwenhoek wanted to see the quality of the thread better than the then-current magnifying lenses available allowed. He began to develop an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. Van Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes and a familiarity with glass processing led to one of the most significant, and simultaneously well-hidden, technical insights in the history of science.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: in the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: his interest in microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: a familiarity with glass processing

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes are no longer used today

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnifying

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: quality of the thread

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuvenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's interest in microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: magnifying

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: quality of the thread

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnifying lenses

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

text: The Piute Ponds have been studied extensively by ornithologists such as Kimball Garrett who collected data here over many years. Studies conducted in the late 1990s estimated that the marshes of Piute were home to over 150,000 frogs. In 1990, vertebrate fossils were unearthed from lacustrine silts and sands at the site. The Mojave Environmental Education Consortium (MEEC) provides education kits for children for field studies in the ponds, with a night sounds CD, casting kits, owl pellet kits, a field press and dryers, magnifying glasses, vials, and microscopes and other equipment.

text: The Piute Ponds have been studied extensively by ornithologists such as

text: Kimball Garrett

text: who collected data here over many years. Studies conducted in the late 1990s estimated that the marshes of Piute were home to over 150,000 frogs. In 1990, vertebrate fossils were unearthed from

text: lacustrine

text: silts and sands at the site. The Mojave Environmental Education Consortium (MEEC) provides education kits for children for field studies in the ponds, with a night sounds CD, casting kits, owl pellet kits, a field press and dryers, magnifying glasses, vials, and microscopes and other equipment.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: magnifying glasses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (MEEC)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Garrett

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kimball Garrett

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 580 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: owl pellet

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kimball Garrett

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Mojave Environmental Education Consortium

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: magnifying glasses,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: magnifying glasses,

text: The objective lens of a microscope is the one at the bottom near the sample. At its simplest, it is a very high-powered magnifying glass, with very short focal length. This is brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube. The objective itself is usually a cylinder containing one or more lenses that are typically made of glass; its function is to collect light from the sample.

text: The objective lens of a microscope is the one at the bottom near the sample. At its simplest, it is a very high-powered

text: magnifying glass

text: , with very short

text: focal length

text: . This is brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube. The objective itself is usually a cylinder containing one or more lenses that are typically made of glass; its function is to collect light from the sample.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the objective lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high-powered

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wide

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope tube

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the objective lens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: focal lengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the objective lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-powered

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: very short

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a very high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: short focal length.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: a very high-powered magnifying glass, with very short focal length.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: short focal length.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: one or more lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high-powered magnifying glass, with very short focal length.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: a very high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a very high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: very high-powered magnifying glass, with very short focal length.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light from the specimen comes to a focus inside the microscope tube.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: very high-powered magnifying glass,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: short focal length.

text: Founders of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that were suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and waterborne diseases.

text: Founders of

text: microscopy

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: and

text: Robert Hooke

text: , used the newly invented

text: microscope

text: to observe for the first time small material particles that were suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and

text: waterborne diseases

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: material particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: waterborne pathogens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: small material particles that were suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: small material particles that were suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: small material particles that were suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: material particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Founders of microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small material particles that were suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe for the first time small material particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope to observe for the first time small material particles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small material particles that were suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: water,

text: The invention of the microscope in the 1590s by Zacharias Janssen assisted in stimulating the study of cells. Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye became visible. Robert Hooke was the first person to term the building block of all living organisms as "cells" after looking at cork. The cell theory states that all living things are made up cells. The theory also states that both plants and animals are composed of cells which was confirmed by plant scientist, Matthias Schleiden and animal scientist, Theodor Schwann in 1839. 19 years later, Rudolf Virchow contributed to the cell theory, arguing that all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. In recent years, there have been many studies which question the cell theory. Scientists have struggled to decide whether viruses are alive or not. Viruses lack common characteristics of a living cell, such as membranes, cell organelles, and the ability to reproduce by themselves. Viruses range from 0.005 to .03 microns in size whereas Bacteria range from 1-5 microns. The late 19th century indicates the birth of cytology. Modern day cell biology research looks at different ways to culture and manipulate cells outside of a living body to further research in human anatomy and physiology, to derive treatments and other medications, etc. The techniques by which cells are studied have evolved. Advancement in microscopic techniques and technology such as fluorescence microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, dark field microscopy, confocal microscopy, cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, etc. have allowed scientists to get a better idea of the structure of cells.

text: The invention of the microscope in the 1590s by

text: Zacharias Janssen

text: assisted in stimulating the study of cells. Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye became visible.

text: Robert Hooke

text: was the first person to term the building block of all living organisms as "cells" after looking at

text: cork

text: . The cell theory states that all living things are made up cells. The theory also states that both plants and animals are composed of cells which was confirmed by plant scientist,

text: Matthias Schleiden

text: and animal scientist,

text: Theodor Schwann

text: in 1839. 19 years later,

text: Rudolf Virchow

text: contributed to the cell theory, arguing that all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. In recent years, there have been many studies which question the cell theory. Scientists have struggled to decide whether

text: virus

text: es are alive or not. Viruses lack common characteristics of a living cell, such as membranes, cell

text: organelle

text: s, and the ability to reproduce by themselves. Viruses range from 0.005 to .03 microns in size whereas

text: Bacteria

text: range from 1-5 microns. The late 19th century indicates the birth of cytology. Modern day cell biology research looks at different ways to culture and manipulate cells outside of a living body to further research in human anatomy and physiology, to derive treatments and other medications, etc. The techniques by which cells are studied have evolved. Advancement in microscopic techniques and technology such as

text: fluorescence microscopy

text: phase-contrast microscopy

text: dark field microscopy

text: confocal microscopy

text: cytometry

text: transmission electron microscopy

text: , etc. have allowed scientists to get a better idea of the structure of cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the 1590s

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the study of cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns in size

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: What did Hooke term the building block of all living organisms as?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: transmission electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark field

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells that were once invisible

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1-5 microns

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The late 19th century indicates the birth of cytology.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ns.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope in the 1590s by Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: -5 microns.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye became visible.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "cells"

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark field microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Cells that were once invisible to the naked eye became visible.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: -5 microns.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1-5 microns.

text: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope (SEM).  Unlike the electron microscope, which provides a two-dimensional projection or a two-dimensional image of a sample, the AFM provides a three-dimensional surface profile.  In addition, samples viewed by AFM do not require any special treatments (such as metal/carbon coatings) that would irreversibly change or damage the sample, and does not typically suffer from charging artifacts in the final image.  While an electron microscope needs an expensive vacuum environment for proper operation, most AFM modes can work perfectly well in ambient air or even a liquid environment.  This makes it possible to study biological macromolecules and even living organisms.  In principle, AFM can provide higher resolution than SEM.  It has been shown to give true atomic resolution in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and, more recently, in liquid environments.  High resolution AFM is comparable in resolution to scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. AFM can also be combined with a variety of optical microscopy techniques such as fluorescent microscopy, further expanding its applicability. Combined AFM-optical instruments have been applied primarily in the biological sciences but have also found a niche in some materials applications, especially those involving photovoltaics research.

text: AFM has several advantages over the

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM).  Unlike the electron microscope, which provides a two-dimensional projection or a two-dimensional image of a sample, the AFM provides a three-dimensional surface profile.  In addition, samples viewed by AFM do not require any special treatments (such as metal/carbon coatings) that would irreversibly change or damage the sample, and does not typically suffer from charging artifacts in the final image.  While an electron microscope needs an expensive

text: vacuum

text: environment for proper operation, most AFM modes can work perfectly well in ambient air or even a liquid environment.  This makes it possible to study biological macromolecules and even living organisms.  In principle, AFM can provide higher resolution than SEM.  It has been shown to give true atomic resolution in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and, more recently, in liquid environments.  High resolution AFM is comparable in resolution to

text: scanning tunneling microscopy

text: and

text: transmission electron microscopy

text: . AFM can also be combined with a variety of optical microscopy techniques such as fluorescent microscopy, further expanding its applicability. Combined AFM-optical instruments have been applied primarily in the biological sciences but have also found a niche in some materials applications, especially those involving photovoltaics research.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional surface profile

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image of a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biological macromolecules and even living organisms.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescent microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living organisms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image of a sample,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: AFM has several advantages over the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic resolution in ultra-high vacuum (UHV)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: fluorescent

text: A vaginal yeast infection results from overgrowth of candida albicans, or yeast, in the vagina. This is a relatively common infection, with over 75% of women having experienced at least one yeast infection at some point in their life. Risk factors for yeast infections include recent antibiotic use, diabetes, immunosuppression, increased estrogen levels, and use of certain contraceptive devices including intrauterine devices, diaphragms, or sponges. It is not a sexually transmitted infection. Candida vaginal infections are common; an estimated 75% of women will have at least one yeast infection in their lifetime. Vaginal discharge is not always present in yeast infections, but when occurring it is typically odorless, thick, white, and clumpy. Vaginal itching is the most common symptom of candida vulvovaginitis. Women may also experience burning, soreness, irritation, pain during urination, or pain during sex. The diagnosis of Candida vulvovaginitis is made by looking at a sample taken from the vagina under the microscope that shows hyphae (yeast), or from a culture. It is important to note that the symptoms described above may be present in other vaginal infections, so microscopic diagnosis or culture is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment is with intra-vaginal or oral anti-fungal medications.

text: A

text: vaginal yeast infection

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not available

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the diagnosis of candida vulvovaginitis

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic diagnosis or culture

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: yeast

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What is the most common symptom of vaginal yeast infections?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope that shows hyphae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic diagnosis

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: odorless, thick, white, and clumpy.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope that shows hyphae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: odorless, thick, white, and clumpy.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: yeast, in the vagina.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope that shows hyphae

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: candida albicans,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: hyphae (yeast),

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope that shows hyphae

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hyphae

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: odorless, thick, white, and clumpy.

text: Modern approaches to trace a neuron started when digitized pictures of neurons were acquired using microscopes. Initially this was done in 2D. Quickly after the advanced 3D imaging, especially the fluorescence imaging and electron microscopic imaging, there were a huge demand of tracing neuron morphology from these imaging data.

text: Modern approaches to trace a neuron started when digitized pictures of neurons were acquired using microscopes. Initially this was done in 2D. Quickly after the advanced 3D imaging, especially the

text: fluorescence imaging

text: and

text: electron microscopic imaging

text: , there were a huge demand of tracing neuron morphology from these imaging data.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 3D imaging

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 2D

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digitized pictures of neurons

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 3D imaging

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 2D

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: neuron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: neurons

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 2D.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digitized pictures of neurons

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2D.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2D.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 3D imaging, especially the fluorescence imaging and electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: neuron

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopes. Initially this was done in 2D.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: neurons

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pictures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Modern approaches to trace a neuron

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2D.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 3D imaging, especially the fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscopic imaging,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2D.

text: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence (MicroScope ACEs) begun in 2007 with the aim of rewarding the achievements of resellers and distributors across the channel.

text: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence (MicroScope ACEs) begun in 2007 with the aim of rewarding the achievements of resellers and distributors across the channel.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: ACEs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ACEs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ACEs

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ACEs

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: aces

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 30,000x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2007

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The MicroScope Awards for Channel Excellence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The MicroScope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2007

text: One of the most important English makers of scientific instruments (particularly optical instruments) of the 18th century. Perfected the compound microscope with side-pillar, producing an instrument that later bore his name and marked a decisive stage in the history of the microscope.

text: One of the most important English makers of scientific instruments (particularly optical instruments) of the 18th century. Perfected the compound

text: microscope

text: with side-pillar, producing an instrument that later bore his name and marked a decisive stage in the history of the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Henry Percival

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 18th century

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: side-pillar

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: side-pillar

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: side-pillar

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: side-pillar

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sir Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were too small to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a factor of 100

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: One of the most important English

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 18th century. Perfected the compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Perfected the compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 18th century. Perfected the compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: his name

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: compound microscope with side-pillar,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical instruments) of the 18th century.

text: Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic crystals, known as clay. It is named after Montmorillon in France. Montmorillonite, a member of the smectite group, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has two tetrahedral sheets of silica sandwiching a central octahedral sheet of alumina. The particles are plate-shaped with an average diameter around 1 μm and a thickness of 9.6 nm; magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope, is required to "see" individual clay particles. Members of this group include saponite.

text: Montmorillonite is a very soft

text: phyllosilicate

text: group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic

text: crystal

text: s, known as

text: clay

text: . It is named after

text: Montmorillon

text: in

text: France

text: . Montmorillonite, a member of the

text: smectite

text: group, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has two

text: tetrahedral

text: sheets of

text: silica

text: sandwiching a central

text: octahedral

text: sheet of

text: alumina

text: . The particles are plate-shaped with an average diameter around 1

text: μm

text: and a thickness of 9.6

text: nm

text: ; magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope, is required to "see" individual clay particles. Members of this group include

text: saponite

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: saponite

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: saponite

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tetrahedral

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 25,000 times

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Montmorillonite

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Montmorillonite

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Montmorillon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Montmorillon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual clay particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: French

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 25,000 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 9.6 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 25,000 times,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 25,000

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic crystals,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Montmorillonite

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: saponite.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: clay.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Montmorillon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Montmorillon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual clay particles.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope, is required to "see" individual clay particles.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 25,000 times,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 25,000 times,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 9.6 nm;

text: Cross-cutting relationships may be seen cartographically, megascopically, and microscopically. In other words, these relationships have various scales. A cartographic crosscutting relationship might look like, for example, a large fault dissecting the landscape on a large map. Megascopic cross-cutting relationships are features like igneous dikes, as mentioned above, which would be seen on an outcrop or in a limited geographic area. Microscopic cross-cutting relationships are those that require study by magnification or other close scrutiny. For example, penetration of a fossil shell by the drilling action of a boring organism is an example of such a relationship.

text: Cross-cutting relationships may be seen

text: cartographically

text: megascopically

text: , and

text: microscopically

text: . In other words, these relationships have various scales. A cartographic crosscutting relationship might look like, for example, a large fault dissecting the landscape on a large map. Megascopic cross-cutting relationships are features like igneous dikes, as mentioned above, which would be seen on an outcrop or in a limited geographic area. Microscopic cross-cutting relationships are those that require study by magnification or other close scrutiny. For example, penetration of a fossil shell by the drilling action of a boring organism is an example of such a relationship.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: require study by magnification or other close scrutiny

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: megascopically

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fossil shell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: megascopically

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: those that require study by magnification or other close scrutiny.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic cross-cutting relationships

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scales.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: megascopically, and microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: megascopically, and microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: megascopically, and microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Megascopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fossil shell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: close scrutiny.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Cross-cutting relationships

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopic

text: In the late 1800s, amateur microscopy became a popular hobby in the United States and Europe. Several 'professional amateurs' were being paid for their sampling trips and microscopic explorations by philanthropists, to keep them amused on the Sunday afternoon (e.g., the diatom specialist A. Grunow, being paid by (among others) a Belgian industrialist). Professor John Phin published "Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope (Second Edition, 1878)," and was also the editor of the "American Journal of Microscopy."

text: In the late 1800s, amateur microscopy became a popular hobby in the United States and Europe. Several 'professional amateurs' were being paid for their sampling trips and microscopic explorations by philanthropists, to keep them amused on the Sunday afternoon (e.g., the diatom specialist A. Grunow, being paid by (among others) a Belgian industrialist). Professor

text: John Phin

text: published "Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope (Second Edition, 1878)," and was also the editor of the "American Journal of Microscopy."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the United States and Europe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: amateur microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Professor John Phin

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: diatom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: A. Grunow

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: European

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: amateur microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: "Practical Hints on the Selection and Use of the Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: (Second Edition, 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: amateur microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Professor John Phin

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Professor John Phin

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: In the late 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In the late 1800s,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: A. Grunow,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: diatom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: A. Grunow,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: John Phin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Belgian industrialist).

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: amateur microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1878),"

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1878),"

text: Local oxidation experiments can be performed with almost any kind of atomic force microscope. The key requirement is the possibility to apply voltage pulses between the tip and the sample. It is recommendable to enclose the microscope in a chamber where the atmosphere is controlled. In the simplest case, the oxidant is water vapor, which is naturally present in the air. Controlling the relative humidity generally helps to obtain more reproducible results. The size of the fabricated features depends on a number of parameters, such as the distance between the sample and the tip, the amplitude and the duration of the voltage pulse, and the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

text: Local oxidation experiments can be performed with almost any kind of

text: atomic force microscope

text: . The key requirement is the possibility to apply

text: voltage

text: pulses between the tip and the sample. It is recommendable to enclose the microscope in a chamber where the atmosphere is controlled. In the simplest case, the

text: oxidant

text: is

text: water vapor

text: , which is naturally present in the

text: air

text: . Controlling the

text: relative humidity

text: generally helps to obtain more reproducible results. The size of the fabricated features depends on a number of parameters, such as the distance between the sample and the tip, the amplitude and the duration of the voltage pulse, and the relative humidity of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the relative humidity of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Chadwick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fabricated features

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distance between the sample and the tip,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sample.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Local oxidation

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sample.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: water vapor,

text: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

text: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: small objects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: edwin hubert

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects that were not transparent

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects appear transparent

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the diameter of the object.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically small objects

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Currently only microscopically small

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopically small

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: transparent.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Currently only microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Currently only microscopically

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: small objects

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopically small objects could possibly appear transparent.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopically small

text: Hooke also required strategies for ensuring his readers knew these were images of the microscopic realm, an observation at least one observer failed to grasp from images Neri found in the newly discovered notebook. Hooke used both textual and visual reminders. For example: "all of Micrographia's observations contain a phrase such as 'being look'd upon with a Microscope ... by always italicizing the new word 'microscope,' Hooke emphasized the instrument's presence at the scene of disciplined seeing."  Additionally: "Hooke often enclosed the objects he presented within a round frame, thus offering viewers an evocation of the experience of looking through the lens of a microscope."

text: Hooke also required strategies for ensuring his readers knew these were images of the microscopic realm, an observation at least one observer failed to grasp from images Neri found in the newly discovered notebook. Hooke used both textual and visual reminders. For example: "all of Micrographia's observations contain a phrase such as 'being look'd upon with a Microscope ... by always italicizing the new word 'microscope,' Hooke emphasized the instrument's presence at the scene of disciplined seeing."  Additionally: "Hooke often enclosed the objects he presented within a round frame, thus offering viewers an evocation of the experience of looking through the lens of a microscope."

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: notebook

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: a microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Neri

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope."

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: round frame,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic realm,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: round frame,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: emphasized the instrument's presence at the scene of disciplined seeing."

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope."

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Neri

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Neri

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope...

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope."

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: word'microscope,'

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Neri

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope...

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Neri

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: disciplined seeing."

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic realm,

text: Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic properties using metallography, a technique invented by Henry Clifton Sorby. In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The sample is then examined in an optical or electron microscope, and the image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

text: Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic properties using

text: metallography

text: , a technique invented by

text: Henry Clifton Sorby

text: . In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The sample is then examined in an optical or

text: electron microscope

text: , and the image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Sorby

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Sorby

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Clifton Sorby

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sorby

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sorby

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Metallurgists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical or electron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: metallography,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: contrast

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical or electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: metal.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical or electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Henry Clifton Sorby.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical or electron microscope,

text: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981 and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993. He was awarded an OBE in 1999.

text: He was elected a

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: in 1981 and delivered their

text: Leeuwenhoek Lecture

text: in 1993. He was awarded an

text: OBE

text: in 1999.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a Fellow of the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person look at things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's single-lens microscopes were relatively small devices, the biggest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample, along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample.

text: Van Leeuwenhoek's single-lens microscopes were relatively small devices, the biggest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample, along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes were relatively small devices

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: How did the microscope work?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: about 5 cm long

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 cm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 5 cm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three axes:

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sample

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: eye,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 5 cm long.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: placing the lens very close in front of the eye,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 5 cm long.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 cm long.

text: The name of the tumour comes from the similarity (under the microscope) between the small cells of the tumour and secondary spermatocytes.

text: The name of the tumour comes from the similarity (under the

text: microscope

text: ) between the small cells of the tumour and

text: secondary spermatocyte

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: similarity (under the microscope)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see small things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: tumour

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: tumour and secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The name of the tumour

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: tumour

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope)

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small cells of the tumour and secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: small cells of the tumour and secondary spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: spermatocytes.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tumour and secondary spermatocytes.

text: Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right. Because spores are so resistant, they are highly transmissible. This makes them a very problematic aspect of spore-forming pathogens such as Clostridium difficile.

text: Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of

text: tetanus

text: and

text: anthrax

text: , for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They

text: germinated

text: when conditions were right. Because spores are so resistant, they are highly transmissible. This makes them a very problematic aspect of spore-forming pathogens such as

text: Clostridium difficile

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: a biologist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: the 19th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 4.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the 19th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 19th century, when a biologist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Bacterial spores

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Bacterial spores

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Bacterial spores are extremely resistant.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Bacterial spores are extremely resistant.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 19th century, when a biologist

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biologist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: five minutes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: bright body inside bacterial cells.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: five minutes.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: five minutes.

text: The anatomy of arteries can be separated into gross anatomy, at the macroscopic level, and microscopic anatomy, which must be studied with the aid of a microscope. The arterial system of the human body is divided into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

text: The anatomy of arteries can be separated into

text: gross anatomy

text: , at the macroscopic level, and

text: microscopic anatomy

text: , which must be studied with the aid of a

text: microscope

text: . The arterial system of the

text: human body

text: is divided into

text: systemic arteries

text: , carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and

text: pulmonary arteries

text: , carrying deoxygenated blood from the

text: heart

text: to the

text: lung

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: must be studied with the aid of a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic anatomy,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic anatomy,

text: By injecting fibers that were identified to be sensitive to infrasound with HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase), the location and morphology of the stained fibers can be observed in sections under a microscope. Infrasound sensitive fibers are found to be simple bipolar cells in the auditory ganglion with a diameter of 1.6-2.2 µm at the axon and 0.9-1.2 µm at the dendrites. They originate in the apical end of the cochlea and they are located near fibers that transmit low frequency sounds in the acoustic range. Unlike the ordinary acoustic fibers which terminate on the neural limbus, the infrasonic ones terminate on cells on the free basilar membrane. Furthermore, infrasonic fibers terminate on 2-9 hair cells while normal acoustic fibers connect to only one. Such characteristics would make these fibers analogous to fibers connecting to the outer hair cells in mammals, except that mammalian outer hair cells are known to have efferent fibers only and no afferents. These observations suggest that the infrasound sensitive fibers are in a class separate from ordinary acoustic fibers.

text: By injecting fibers that were identified to be sensitive to infrasound with HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase), the location and morphology of the stained fibers can be observed in sections under a microscope. Infrasound sensitive fibers are found to be simple bipolar cells in the

text: auditory ganglion

text: with a diameter of 1.6-2.2 µm at the axon and 0.9-1.2 µm at the dendrites. They originate in the apical end of the cochlea and they are located near fibers that transmit low frequency sounds in the acoustic range. Unlike the ordinary acoustic fibers which terminate on the neural limbus, the infrasonic ones terminate on cells on the free basilar membrane. Furthermore, infrasonic fibers terminate on 2-9 hair cells while normal acoustic fibers connect to only one. Such characteristics would make these fibers analogous to fibers connecting to the outer hair cells in mammals, except that mammalian outer hair cells are known to have efferent fibers only and no afferents. These observations suggest that the infrasound sensitive fibers are in a class separate from ordinary acoustic fibers.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: apical end of the cochlea

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: infrasound

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cochlea

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fibers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.2

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1.2  m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1.6-2.2 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2-9 hair cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: one.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (Horseradish Peroxidase),

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (Horseradish Peroxidase),

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: HRP

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (Horseradish Peroxidase),

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: (Horseradish Peroxidase),

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (Horseradish Peroxidase),

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the location and morphology of the stained fibers

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sections

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1.6-2.2 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1.6-2.2 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1.6-2.2 <unk>m

text: In 1885 he received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.

text: In 1885 he received the

text: Leeuwenhoek Medal

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1885

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1885

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Leeuwenhoek Medal.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1885

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1885

text: Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous with a clear modal length with a length of 740 nm and a width of 13 nm. Axial canal is indistinct. Basic helix is obscure. Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Fujisawa et al. (1983, Howell and Mink (1985).

text: Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous with a clear modal length with a length of 740 nm and a width of 13 nm. Axial canal is indistinct. Basic helix is obscure. Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Fujisawa et al. (1983, Howell and Mink (1985).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Virus preparation contains few virions

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Howell and Mink (1985).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: virions

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Virions

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Howell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Howell

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: virions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 13 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 740 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Fujisawa

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Virions consist of a capsid.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Electron microscopic preparation

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 13 nm.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Basic helix is obscure. Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 740 nm and a width of 13 nm.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Virions

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Virions

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Howell and Mink (1985).

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Virions

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Virions consist of a capsid.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fujisawa

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Howell and Mink

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 740 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 740 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 740 nm

text: Ultraviolet microscopes have two main purposes. The first is to utilize the shorter wavelength of ultraviolet electromagnetic energy to improve the image resolution beyond that of the diffraction limit of standard optical microscopes. This technique is used for non-destructive inspection of devices with very small features such as those found in modern semiconductors. The second application for UV microscopes is contrast enhancement where the response of individual samples is enhanced, relative to their surrounding, due to the interaction of light with the molecules within the sample itself. One example is in the growth of protein crystals. Protein crystals are formed in salt solutions. As salt and protein crystals are both formed in the growth process, and both are commonly transparent to the human eye, they cannot be differentiated with a standard optical microscope. As the tryptophan of protein absorbs light at 280 nm, imaging with a UV microscope with 280 nm bandpass filters makes it simple to differentiate between the two types of crystals. The protein crystals appear dark while the salt crystals are transparent.

text: Ultraviolet microscopes have two main purposes. The first is to utilize the shorter wavelength of ultraviolet electromagnetic energy to improve the image resolution beyond that of the diffraction limit of standard optical microscopes. This technique is used for non-destructive inspection of devices with very small features such as those found in modern semiconductors. The second application for UV microscopes is contrast enhancement where the response of individual samples is enhanced, relative to their surrounding, due to the interaction of light with the molecules within the sample itself. One example is in the growth of

text: protein crystals

text: . Protein crystals are formed in salt solutions. As salt and protein crystals are both formed in the growth process, and both are commonly transparent to the human eye, they cannot be differentiated with a standard optical microscope. As the

text: tryptophan

text: of

text: protein

text: absorbs light at 280 nm, imaging with a UV microscope with 280 nm bandpass filters makes it simple to differentiate between the two types of crystals. The protein crystals appear dark while the salt crystals are transparent.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: standard optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: commonly transparent

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: UV microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first purpose of the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: non-destructive inspection

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 280 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diffraction limit

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: transparent to the human eye,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: non-destructive inspection of devices with very small features

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 280 nm,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: protein crystals.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: transparent

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ultraviolet microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: protein crystals.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: protein crystals.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small features

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image resolution

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: modern semiconductors.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 280 nm,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 280 nm,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 280 nm,

text: An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A transmission electron microscope can achieve better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000x whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.

text: An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated

text: electron

text: s as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light

text: photon

text: s, electron microscopes have a higher

text: resolving power

text: than

text: light microscope

text: s and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A transmission electron microscope can achieve better than 50

text: pm

text: resolution and

text: magnification

text: s of up to about 10,000,000x whereas most

text: light microscope

text: s are limited by

text: diffraction

text: to about 200

text: nm

text: resolution and useful magnifications below 2000x.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: higher resolving power

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: an electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: smaller objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10,000,000x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2000x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 4000 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200 nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: can reveal the structure of smaller objects.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photons,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscopes have a higher resolving power

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes have a higher resolving power

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of smaller objects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: illumination.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10,000,000x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction to about 200 nm resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2000x.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photons,

text: The labels [usually seven or eight are linked together in a chain, with the last one attached back to the parabola, but here we see just one] are shaped like suitcase labels, and represent the static world of words, e.g., "apple", giving imperfect accounts of dynamic reality. An object called an "apple" left in a jar for months becomes a putrid liquid (because of its underlying, dynamic, sub-microscopic structure), but the label "apple" does not change. The word "steak", at a lower verbal order,  may imply "something to eat" at a higher verbal order, but in the sub-microscopic domain, a particular steak may be contaminated with poisons created by harmful bacteria that we could see only on microscopic levels. Thus the differential sets up a hierarchy of order, with the submicroscopic domain of dynamic change coming first, the relatively stable universe conveyed non-verbally by our senses coming next, and then the verbal levels. A label is what we attach to a non-verbal experience in order to identify this experience in verbal terms; when we identify an "apple", we attribute to this identification various non-verbal experiences.

text: The labels [usually seven or eight are linked together in a chain, with the last one attached back to the parabola, but here we see just one] are shaped like suitcase labels, and represent the static world of words, e.g., "apple", giving imperfect accounts of dynamic reality. An object called an "apple" left in a jar for months becomes a putrid liquid (because of its underlying, dynamic, sub-microscopic structure), but the label "apple" does not change. The word "steak", at a lower verbal order,  may imply "something to eat" at a higher verbal order, but in the sub-microscopic domain, a particular steak may be contaminated with poisons created by harmful bacteria that we could see only on microscopic levels. Thus the differential sets up a hierarchy of order, with the submicroscopic domain of dynamic change coming first, the relatively stable universe conveyed non-verbally by our senses coming next, and then the verbal levels. A label is what we attach to a non-verbal experience in order to identify this experience in verbal terms; when we identify an "apple", we attribute to this identification various non-verbal experiences.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sub-microscopic structure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "steak"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: sub-microscopic domain

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: submicroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sub-microscopic structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sub-microscopic structure),

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sub-microscopic structure),

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: we could see only on microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The labels

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: one]

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The labels

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: suitcase labels,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic levels.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sub-microscopic

text: Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.

text: Generally, students of certain

text: biological sciences

text: paramedic

text: s, prosthetists and orthotists,

text: physiotherapists

text: occupational therapists

text: nurses

text: , and

text: medical students

text: learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of

text: dissection

text: and inspection of

text: cadaver

text: s. The study of microscopic anatomy (or

text: histology

text: ) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a

text: microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: physiotherapists

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagrams

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: histological preparations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: medical students

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: anatomical models,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic anatomy from anatomical models,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: diagrams, photographs,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: cadavers.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The study of microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Generally, students of certain biological sciences,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biological sciences,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: histology)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biological sciences,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: anatomical models,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: histological preparations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biological sciences,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic anatomy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic anatomy

text: In 1986, the super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission was patented by Okhonin.

text: In 1986, the super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission was patented by Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: super-resolution optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Okhonin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells more clearly

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1986,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Okhonin.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope based on stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1986, the super-resolution optical microscope based on stimulated emission

text: In recent years, microscopic and other diagnostic techniques have improved dramatically. For this reason, it is now possible to determine the primary site in about four out of five cases initially diagnosed as CUP.  In some cases, the part of the body where cancer cells are first discovered helps the doctor decide which diagnostic tests will be most helpful.  Additional clues which may be helpful in determining the primary site include the pattern of spread, and the cell type, which is based on its appearance under a microscope (histology).

text: In recent years, microscopic and other diagnostic techniques have improved dramatically. For this reason, it is now possible to determine the primary site in about four out of five cases initially diagnosed as CUP.  In some cases, the part of the body where cancer cells are first discovered helps the doctor decide which diagnostic tests will be most helpful.  Additional clues which may be helpful in determining the primary site include the pattern of spread, and the cell type, which is based on its appearance under a microscope (

text: histology

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the cell type is based on its appearance

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: histology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: CUP

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell types

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: four out of five cases initially diagnosed as CUP.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: four out of five

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic and other diagnostic techniques

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic and other diagnostic techniques

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic and other diagnostic techniques have improved dramatically.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cancer cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell type,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic and other diagnostic techniques

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: (histology).

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: four

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: In recent years,

text: A digital microscope is a variation of a traditional optical microscope that uses optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor, sometimes by means of software running on a computer. A digital microscope often has its own in-built LED light source, and differs from an optical microscope in that there is no provision to observe the sample directly through an eyepiece. Since the image is focussed on the digital circuit the entire system is designed for the monitor image. The optics for the human eye are omitted.

text: A digital microscope is a variation of a traditional optical microscope that uses

text: optics

text: and a digital camera to output an image to a

text: monitor

text: , sometimes by means of software running on a

text: computer

text: . A digital microscope often has its own in-built

text: LED

text: light source, and differs from an optical microscope in that there is no provision to observe the sample directly through an eyepiece. Since the image is focussed on the digital circuit the entire system is designed for the monitor image. The optics for the human eye are omitted.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: a computer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: A digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: LED light source

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the human eye

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LED light source

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: the human eye

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human eyes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: an eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: digital microscope often has its own in-built LED light source,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: digital microscope often has its own in-built LED

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The optics for the human eye are omitted.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: A digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sample directly through an eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope that uses optics

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: LED

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: LED

text: Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact Van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps the Royal Society's theories of life itself that might require reform. Finally in 1677, Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully vindicated by the Royal Society.

text: Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by

text: Sir Robert Gordon

text: and four others, to determine whether it was in fact Van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps the Royal Society's theories of life itself that might require reform. Finally in 1677, Van Leeuwenhoek's observations were fully vindicated by the Royal Society.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Royal Society's theories of life itself

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Henrik Cordes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Henrik Cordes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Henrik Cordes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Alexander Petrie

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: observe and reason clearly,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: observe

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Eventually, in the face of Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: life

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1677,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1677,

text: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope. In addition to standard AFM experiments, FluidFM provides the possibility to perform countless other applications, such as single cell injection and adhesion as well as nanolithography and spotting.

text: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope. In addition to standard

text: AFM experiments

text: , FluidFM provides the possibility to perform countless other applications, such as single cell injection and adhesion as well as nanolithography and spotting.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanolithography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: spotting

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanolithography

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: inverted microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanolithography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The FluidFM

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: nanolithography

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: inverted

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: inverted microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The FluidFM technology is typically used on top of an inverted microscope.

text: The anemia is moderate to severe and dimorphic. Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells will reveal marked unequal cell size and abnormal cell shape. Basophilic stippling is marked and target cells are common. Pappenheimer bodies are present in the red blood cells. The mean cell volume is commonly decreased (i.e., a microcytic anemia), but MCV may also be normal or even high. The RDW is increased with the red blood cell histogram shifted to the left. Leukocytes and platelets are normal. Bone marrow shows erythroid hyperplasia with a maturation arrest.

text: The anemia is moderate to severe and dimorphic. Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells will reveal marked

text: unequal cell size

text: and

text: abnormal cell shape

text: Basophilic stippling

text: is marked and

text: target cells

text: are common.

text: Pappenheimer bodies

text: are present in the red blood cells. The

text: mean cell volume

text: is commonly decreased (i.e., a

text: microcytic anemia

text: ), but MCV may also be normal or even high. The

text: RDW

text: is increased with the

text: red blood cell

text: histogram shifted to the left.

text: Leukocyte

text: s and

text: platelet

text: s are normal. Bone marrow shows erythroid hyperplasia with a maturation arrest.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: red blood cell histogram

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Bone marrow

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pappenheimer bodies

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell size and shape

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: red blood cell histogram shifted to the left.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unequal cell size

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pappenheimer bodies are present in the red blood cells.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: unequal cell size and abnormal cell shape.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: unequal cell size and abnormal cell shape.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pappenheimer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells will reveal marked unequal cell size and abnormal cell shape.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pappenheimer bodies

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: red blood cells will reveal marked unequal cell size

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic viewing of the red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: left.

text: The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the Netherlands by the 1620s, with a likely inventor being Cornelis Drebbel. Counter claims include it being invented by Hans Lippershey (who obtained the first telescope patent) and what may be a dubious claim by Zacharias Janssen's son that his father invented the microscope and telescope. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625  (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

text: The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. Evidence points to the first compound microscope appearing in the

text: Netherlands

text: by the 1620s, with a likely inventor being

text: Cornelis Drebbel

text: . Counter claims include it being invented by

text: Hans Lippershey

text: (who obtained the first

text: telescope

text: patent) and what may be a dubious claim by

text: Zacharias Janssen

text: 's son that his father invented the microscope and telescope.

text: Giovanni Faber

text: coined the name microscope for

text: Galileo Galilei

text: 's compound microscope in 1625  (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did Galileo Galilei call it?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Cornelis Drebbel

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1620s

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Cornelis Drebbel.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Hans Lippershey

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Galileo Galilei's compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zacharias Janssen's

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zacharias Janssen's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo Galilei's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "little eye").

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "little eye").

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Cornelis Drebbel.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "little eye").

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope,

text: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells include:

text: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells include:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: rhabdoid

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic characteristics of rhabdoid cells

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: rhabdoid cells

text: Giovanni Gasbarrini contribution to the scientific literature is outstanding. He published more than 1000 peer-reviewed articles in international journals, which were cited over 36800 times, and he has h-index 96 at December 2015, which is very high considering that a significant part of his scientific articles were published before the internet era. He is in the list of the top Italian scientists of the VIA academy. He has been a member of many editorial boards and has served as editor of several gastroenterological journals. Among his scientific contributions are: the first electron microscopic studies of intestinal mucosa in coeliac disease  and other malabsorption syndromes; studies of the role of Helicobacter pylori in autoimmune thrombocytopenia; research on the pathogenesis of biliary tract stones; studies of drug-induced and viral hepatitis and studies on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

text: Giovanni Gasbarrini contribution to the scientific literature is outstanding. He published more than 1000 peer-reviewed articles in international journals, which were cited over 36800 times, and he has h-index 96 at December 2015, which is very high considering that a significant part of his scientific articles were published before the internet era. He is in the list of the top Italian scientists of the VIA academy. He has been a member of many editorial boards and has served as editor of several gastroenterological journals. Among his scientific contributions are: the first electron microscopic studies of intestinal mucosa in coeliac disease  and other malabsorption syndromes; studies of the role of Helicobacter pylori in autoimmune thrombocytopenia; research on the pathogenesis of biliary tract stones; studies of drug-induced and viral hepatitis and studies on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopic studies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacterial overgrowth

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: studies of intestinal mucosa

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopic studies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 36800 times, and he has h-index 96

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 36800 times, and he has h-index 96

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron microscopic studies of intestinal mucosa

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscopic studies of intestinal mucosa

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscopic studies of intestinal mucosa

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Giovanni Gasbarrini

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 96

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 96

text: This is a sub-diffraction technique. Examples of scanning probe microscopes are the atomic force microscope (AFM), the Scanning tunneling microscope, the photonic force microscope and the recurrence tracking microscope. All such methods use the physical contact of a solid probe tip to scan the surface of an object, which is supposed to be almost flat.

text: This is a sub-diffraction technique. Examples of scanning probe microscopes are the

text: atomic force microscope

text: (AFM), the

text: Scanning tunneling microscope

text: , the

text: photonic force microscope

text: and the

text: recurrence tracking microscope

text: . All such methods use the physical contact of a solid probe tip to scan the surface of an object, which is supposed to be almost flat.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photonic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: sub-diffraction

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photonic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: photonic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photonic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms and molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a sub-diffraction technique.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: flat.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scanning probe microscopes are the atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sub-diffraction

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scan the surface of an object,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scan the surface of an object,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sub-diffraction

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: sub-diffraction

text: There are two basic configurations of the conventional optical microscope: the simple microscope and the compound microscope. The vast majority of modern research microscopes are compound microscopes while some cheaper commercial digital microscopes are simple single lens microscopes. A magnifying glass is, in essence, a single lens simple microscope. In general, microscope optics are static; to focus at different focal depths the lens to sample distance is adjusted, and to get a wider or narrower field of view a different magnification objective lens must be used. Most modern research microscopes also have a separate set of optics for illuminating the sample.

text: There are two basic configurations of the conventional optical microscope: the simple microscope and the compound microscope. The vast majority of modern

text: research

text: microscopes are compound microscopes while some cheaper commercial

text: digital microscope

text: s are simple single lens microscopes. A

text: magnifying glass

text: is, in essence, a single lens simple microscope. In general, microscope optics are static; to focus at different focal depths the lens to sample distance is adjusted, and to get a wider or narrower field of view a different magnification objective lens must be used. Most modern research microscopes also have a separate set of optics for illuminating the sample.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: A magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope optics are static

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: field of view

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: the compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: A magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope optics

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: A magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wider or narrower field of view

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The vast majority of modern research microscopes are compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wider or narrower field of view

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical microscope:

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single lens microscopes. A magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope optics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: compound microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: simple microscope and the compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope:

text: In 1847 Carl Zeiss started making microscopes full-time. His first innovation was simpler single-lens microscopes intended for dissecting work. He sold 23 of them during the first year of production. Zeiss decided he needed a new challenge, so he began making compound microscopes. He created the Stand I which went to market in 1857.

text: In 1847 Carl Zeiss started making microscopes full-time. His first

text: innovation

text: was simpler single-lens microscopes intended for

text: dissecting

text: work. He sold 23 of them during the first year of production. Zeiss decided he needed a new challenge, so he began making compound microscopes. He created the

text: Stand I

text: which went to market in 1857.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: lengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1847

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was being dissected

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dissecting

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: what Zeiss microscopes could

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Stand I

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1857.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1857.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: compound microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: single-lens microscopes intended for dissecting

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dissecting work.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dissecting work.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 23

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Stand I

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1857.

text: The journal was established in 1853 as the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (Q. J. Microsc. Sci., ). The founding editors were Edwin Lankester and George Busk. The publisher of the early issues was Samuel Highley of Fleet Street, London, with John Churchill and Sons (later J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856. The journal's original aims, as described in a preface to the first issue, were not limited to biology, but encompassed all branches of science related to the microscope:

text: The journal was established in 1853 as the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (Q. J. Microsc. Sci., ). The founding

text: editors

text: were

text: Edwin Lankester

text: and

text: George Busk

text: . The publisher of the early issues was Samuel Highley of

text: Fleet Street

text: London

text: , with

text: John Churchill and Sons

text: (later J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856. The journal's original aims, as described in a preface to the first issue, were not limited to biology, but encompassed all branches of science related to the

text: microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: science related to the microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Samuel Highley

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Q. J. Microsc. Sci

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: all branches of science related to the microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: George Busk

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Churchill

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Samuel Highley

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John Churchill and Sons

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1856.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: all branches of science related to the microscope:

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: biology,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biology,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: George Busk.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biology,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biology,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope:

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: George Busk.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biology, but encompassed all branches of science related to the microscope:

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biology,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: John Churchill and Sons

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: J. & A. Churchill) taking over from 1856.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1856.

text: A resident of Delft, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, used a high-power single-lens simple microscope to discover the world of micro-organisms. His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses were capable of magnification up to 275 times. Using these he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as micro-organisms or microbes.

text: A resident of Delft,

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: , used a high-power single-lens simple microscope to discover the world of

text: micro-organisms

text: . His simple microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-ground lenses were capable of magnification up to 275 times. Using these he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which now referred to as

text: micro-organisms

text: or

text: microbe

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification times

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Delft

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hand-ground

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Who invented the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 275 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 450 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: silver or copper frames,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: silver or copper frames,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 275

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micro-organisms or microbes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope to discover the world of micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: silver or copper frames,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope to discover the world of micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: high-power single-lens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high-power single-lens simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-power single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microbes.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: hand-ground

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: high-power single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hand-ground lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 275 times.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 275

text: Fathers of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

text: Fathers of

text: microscopy

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: and

text: Robert Hooke

text: , used the newly invented

text: microscope

text: to observe for the first time small material particles that lay suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: material particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Fathers of microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: material particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fathers of microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observe for the first time small material particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small material particles

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope to observe for the first time small material particles

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small material particles that lay suspended in the water,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: water,

text: Prominent Matsudaira in the present day include Ryūmon Matsudaira (actor), Sadatomo Matsudaira (anchor for NHK), and Professor Paul Matsudaira, head of the Life Sciences department at the National University of Singapore (also owner of a $6 million electron microscope), among others.

text: Prominent Matsudaira in the present day include

text: Ryūmon Matsudaira

text: (actor),

text: Sadatomo Matsudaira

text: (anchor for

text: NHK

text: ), and Professor

text: Paul Matsudaira

text: , head of the Life Sciences department at the National University of Singapore (also owner of a $6 million electron microscope), among others.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Life Sciences

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Paul Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: National University of Singapore

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: $6 million

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: National University of Singapore

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Life Sciences

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ry<unk>mon Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Professor Paul Matsudaira,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Professor Paul Matsudaira,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Matsudaira

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: $6 million

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope),

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: $6 million

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: $6 million electron microscope),

text: In microscopy, the development and refinement of the confocal microscope, the fluorescence microscope, and the total internal reflection fluorescence microscope all belong to the field of biophotonics.

text: In

text: microscopy

text: , the development and refinement of the

text: confocal microscope

text: , the

text: fluorescence microscope

text: , and the

text: total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

text: all belong to the field of biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: biophotonics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biophotonics

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: non-overlapping

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: biophotonics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biophotonics

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biophotonics.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: biophotonics.

text: After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, Van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, De Graaf wrote to the journal's editor Henry Oldenburg with a ringing endorsement of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response the Society published in 1673 a letter from Van Leeuwenhoek, which included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.

text: After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, Van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician

text: Reinier de Graaf

text: . When the

text: Royal Society

text: in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal

text: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

text: , De Graaf wrote to the journal's editor

text: Henry Oldenburg

text: with a ringing endorsement of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response the Society published in 1673 a letter from Van Leeuwenhoek, which included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Reinier de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Henry Oldenburg

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Italian lensmaker

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Reinier de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Reinier de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Reinier de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mold

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Reinier de Graaf

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch and Italian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: powerful lenses

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: study of the microscopic world,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mold, bees, and lice.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic world,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mold, bees, and lice.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic world,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic world,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen".

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1673

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic world,

text: The implementation in a microscope is very similar to stimulated emission depletion microscopy, however it can operate with only one wavelength for excitation and depletion. Using an appropriate ring-like focal spot for the light that switches the molecules into the dark state, the fluorescence can be quenched at the outer part of the focal spot. Therefore, fluorescence only still takes place at the center of the microscope's focal spot and the spatial resolution is increased.

text: The implementation in a microscope is very similar to

text: stimulated emission depletion microscopy

text: , however it can operate with only one wavelength for excitation and depletion. Using an appropriate ring-like focal spot for the light that switches the molecules into the dark state, the fluorescence can be quenched at the outer part of the focal spot. Therefore, fluorescence only still takes place at the center of the microscope's focal spot and the spatial resolution is increased.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the implementation in a microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope's focal spot

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stimulated emission

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: James Harlan

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single wavelength

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope is very similar to stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope is very similar to stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The implementation in a microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The implementation in a microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscope is very similar to stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stimulated emission depletion

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stimulated emission depletion microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: one wavelength

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: one wavelength for excitation and depletion.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: one wavelength

text: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level and cannot be easily observed even with the advanced microscopes available today. Due to difficulties observing reactions at the molecular level, indirect methods are used which greatly limits the scope of the understanding that can be gained by studying these processes essential to life.  Advances in the material industry has evolved a new field known as nanobiotechnology, that uses nanoparticles to study interactions at the biomolecular level.

text: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level and cannot be easily observed even with the advanced microscopes available today. Due to difficulties observing reactions at the molecular level, indirect methods are used which greatly limits the scope of the understanding that can be gained by studying these processes essential to life.  Advances in the material industry has evolved a new field known as nanobiotechnology, that uses nanoparticles to study interactions at the biomolecular level.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: molecular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: advanced microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: advanced microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: advanced microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: nanobiotechnology,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic level and cannot be easily observed even with the advanced microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: nanobiotechnology,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Cellular interactions occur at a microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: material industry

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Cellular interactions

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic level

text: Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nanorobot swarms, both those unable to replicate (as in utility fog) and those able to replicate unconstrainedly in the natural environment (as in grey goo and its less common variants, such as synthetic biology or utility fog), are found in many science fiction stories, such as the Borg nanoprobes in Star Trek and The Outer Limits episode The New Breed.

text: Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nanorobot swarms, both those unable to

text: replicate

text: (as in

text: utility fog

text: ) and those able to replicate unconstrainedly in the natural environment (as in

text: grey goo

text: and its less common variants, such as

text: synthetic biology

text: or

text: utility fog

text: ), are found in many science fiction stories, such as the

text: Borg

text: nanoprobes

text: in

text: Star Trek

text: and

text: The Outer Limits

text: episode

text: The New Breed

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanorobot swarms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the New Breed

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: nanorobots

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: nanorobots

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic and macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic in size,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic in size,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic in size,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: nanorobots

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanorobots

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: nanoprobes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic and macroscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: nanorobots would be microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic

text: In addition to the spore shape, the species is readily identified with the use of a microscope because of its setae. Setae are a kind of unusual cystidia unique to the family Hymenochaetaceae, and, in P. ellipsoideus, are found in the hymenium. In shape, the setae are ventricose, with distinctive hooks on their tips. In colour, they are yellow-brown, and they have thick cell walls. They measure 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 μm. Neither more standard cystidia nor cystidioles (underdeveloped cystidia) can be found in the species, but there are a number of rhomboid crystals throughout the hymenium and the flesh.

text: In addition to the spore shape, the species is readily identified with the use of a microscope because of its

text: setae

text: . Setae are a kind of unusual

text: cystidia

text: unique to the family Hymenochaetaceae, and, in P. ellipsoideus, are found in the hymenium. In shape, the setae are

text: ventricose

text: , with distinctive hooks on their tips. In colour, they are yellow-brown, and they have thick cell walls. They measure 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 μm. Neither more standard cystidia nor

text: cystidiole

text: s (underdeveloped cystidia) can be found in the species, but there are a number of

text: rhomboid

text: crystals throughout the hymenium and the flesh.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell walls

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ellipsoideus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: setae

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 14

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope because of its setae.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cystidia

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: P. ellipsoideus,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hymenochaetaceae,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: setae.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hymenochaetaceae,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: hooks

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 <unk>m.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 20 to 30 by 10 to 14 <unk>m.

text: For a 200 kV microscope, with partly corrected spherical aberrations ("to the third order") and a C value of 1 µm, a theoretical cut-off value might be 1/q = 42 pm. The same microscope without a corrector would have C = 0.5 mm and thus a 200-pm cut-off. The spherical aberrations are suppressed to the third or fifth order in the "aberration-corrected" microscopes. Their resolution is however limited by electron source geometry and brightness and chromatic aberrations in the objective lens system.

text: For a 200 kV microscope, with partly corrected spherical aberrations ("to the third order") and a C value of 1 µm, a theoretical cut-off value might be 1/q = 42

text: pm

text: . The same microscope without a corrector would have C = 0.5 mm and thus a 200-pm cut-off. The spherical aberrations are suppressed to the third or fifth order in the "

entity_name: Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope

text: aberration-corrected

text: " microscopes. Their resolution is however limited by electron source geometry and brightness and chromatic aberrations in the objective lens system.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: chromatic aberrations

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: corrected spherical aberrations

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: chromatic aberrations

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: chromatic aberrations

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the objective lens system

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective lens system

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron source

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did the microscope allow scientists to see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200-pm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200-pm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200-pm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 0.5 mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: corrected spherical aberrations

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 0.5 mm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: pm.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 200 kV microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: chromatic aberrations

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spherical aberrations

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: objective

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: "aberration-corrected"

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron source geometry and brightness and chromatic aberrations

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron source geometry

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 42 pm.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: objective lens system.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200 kV

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 42 pm.

text: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961 and, as with the Kell antigen system, was named after the first patient in which it was found: Harvard dental student Hugh McLeod, whose red blood cells were observed to have weak expression of Kell system antigens during blood donation, and his red cells were found to be acanthocytic (spiky) under the microscope.

text: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961 and, as with the

text: Kell antigen system

text: , was named after the first patient in which it was found:

text: Harvard

text: dental student Hugh McLeod, whose

text: red blood cell

text: s were observed to have weak expression of Kell system antigens during

text: blood donation

text: , and his red cells were found to be

text: acanthocytic

text: (spiky) under the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: McLeod syndrome

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kell antigen system

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Kell antigen system

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kell antigen system

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kell antigen system

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hugh McLeod

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Kell antigen system

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: McLeod syndrome

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hugh McLeod

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kell

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kell

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: acanthocytic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Harvard dental student Hugh McLeod,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kell antigen system,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: acanthocytic (spiky)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1961

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: McLeod syndrome

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: acanthocytic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: McLeod syndrome

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hugh McLeod,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Harvard dental student Hugh McLeod,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Kell antigen system,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Kell antigen system,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Harvard

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: McLeod syndrome was discovered in 1961

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1961

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1961

text: Cable had recently built a small . home in Freehold.  Together with a college friend, he built two scanning tunneling microscopes for DuPont in his bedroom.  The first microscope sold for about $50,000, leaving $20,000 of profit after expenses.  Cable hoped to make a business out of it, entering the emerging market for the newly-invented microscope.  Cable's second microscope was less profitable. The business did not appear to be viable due to limited customers and limited working capital, so Cable abandoned the idea.  Instead, he took "a more traditional approach", buying a milling machine which he used to design and build optomechanical parts.  Selling the parts proved fruitful and also more enjoyable for Cable.  In November 1989, he left Bell Labs to pursue the business full time, naming it Thorlabs.  He returned to Sussex County, and has made an effort to keep the business headquartered there due to his love for the area.

text: Cable had recently built a small . home in Freehold.  Together with a college friend, he built two

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: s for

text: DuPont

text: in his bedroom.  The first microscope sold for about $50,000, leaving $20,000 of profit after expenses.  Cable hoped to make a business out of it, entering the emerging market for the newly-invented microscope.  Cable's second microscope was less profitable. The business did not appear to be viable due to limited customers and limited working capital, so Cable abandoned the idea.  Instead, he took "a more traditional approach", buying a

text: milling machine

text: which he used to design and build

text: optomechanical

text: parts.  Selling the parts proved fruitful and also more enjoyable for Cable.  In November 1989, he left Bell Labs to pursue the business full time, naming it

text: Thorlabs

text: .  He returned to Sussex County, and has made an effort to keep the business headquartered there due to his love for the area.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Thorlabs

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dupont

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did the microscope allow scientists to see?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Both

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes for DuPont

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: $50,000,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: $50,000,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optomechanical parts.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optomechanical parts.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Cable's second microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Cable

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Cable

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scanning tunneling microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: college friend,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: $50,000,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: $50,000,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Thorlabs. He returned to Sussex County,

text: The term "microbiologist" comes from the Greek mīkros meaning "small" βίος, and bios, meaning "life" -λογία, combined with -logia meaning one who studies.  A microbiologist (from Greek μῑκρος) is a biological scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes or works in the field of microbiology. Microbiologists investigate the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. They contribute much to the field by trying to understand and learn about the interaction between these microbes and the environment and also among themselves and other organisms. Most microbiologists are qualified to work in offices and/or research facilities, such as a laboratory as well as in the academia. There, they conduct experiments that help them analyze microbes and their importance. A microbiologist's work is often repeated or improved in order to establish accurate research. Most microbiologists specialize in environmental, food, agricultural, industrial or medical aspects of  microbiology including: virology (the study of viruses); immunology (the study of mechanisms that fight infections); bioinformatics (the methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data) and Bioremediation (using microbes as environmental mitigation strategies). Many microbiologists use biotechnology to advance the understanding of cell reproduction and human disease. Some microbiologists have contributed to knowledge of pathogens and disease-causing microbes.  While others, study their interaction with the environment and their use as potential environmental pollution cleaners.

text: The term "microbiologist" comes from the Greek mīkros meaning "small" βίος, and bios, meaning "

text: life

text: " -λογία, combined with

text: -logia

text: meaning one who studies.  A microbiologist (from

text: Greek

text: μῑκρος) is a biological

text: scientist

text: who studies

text: microscopic

text: life forms and processes or works in the field of

text: microbiology

text: . Microbiologists investigate the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as

text: bacteria

text: algae

text: fungi

text: , and some types of parasites and their vectors. They contribute much to the field by trying to understand and learn about the interaction between these microbes and the environment and also among themselves and other organisms. Most microbiologists are qualified to work in offices and/or research facilities, such as a laboratory as well as in the academia. There, they conduct experiments that help them analyze microbes and their importance. A microbiologist's work is often repeated or improved in order to establish accurate research. Most microbiologists specialize in environmental, food, agricultural, industrial or medical aspects of  microbiology including:

text: virology

text: (the study of viruses);

text: immunology

text: (the study of mechanisms that fight infections);

text: bioinformatics

text: (the methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data) and

text: Bioremediation

text: (using microbes as environmental mitigation strategies). Many microbiologists use

text: biotechnology

text: to advance the understanding of

text: cell reproduction

text: and human

text: disease

text: . Some

text: microbiologists

text: have contributed to knowledge of pathogens and disease-causing microbes.  While others, study their interaction with the environment and their use as potential environmental pollution cleaners.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: one who studies

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Virology

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic life

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microbiologist

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: human eyes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: bacteria, algae, fungi,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: bacteria, algae, fungi,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: one who studies.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: "microbiologist"

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: "microbiologist"

text: The rise of fluorescence microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the confocal microscope. The principle was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky, although laser technology limited practical application of the technique. It was not until 1978 when Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.

text: The rise of fluorescence microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the

text: confocal microscope

text: . The principle was patented in 1957 by

text: Marvin Minsky

text: , although

text: laser

text: technology limited practical application of the technique. It was not until 1978 when

text: Thomas

text: and

text: Christoph Cremer

text: developed the first practical

text: confocal laser scanning microscope

text: and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Cremer

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Christoph Cremer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Minsky

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: laser scanning

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was being observed

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Thomas and Christoph

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 800 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscope. The principle was patented in 1957

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: laser

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fluorescence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Marvin Minsky,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1957

text: Only a few years after James Watson and Francis Crick deduced the structure of DNA, and nearly two decades before Frederick Sanger published the first method for rapid DNA sequencing, Richard Feynman, an American physicist, envisioned the electron microscope as the tool that would one day allow biologists to “see the order of bases in the DNA chain”. Feynman believed that if the electron microscope could be made powerful enough, then it would become possible to visualize the atomic structure of any and all chemical compounds, including DNA.

text: Only a few years after

text: James Watson

text: and

text: Francis Crick

text: deduced the

entity_name: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

text: structure of DNA

text: , and nearly two decades before

text: Frederick Sanger

text: published the first method for rapid

text: DNA sequencing

text: Richard Feynman

text: , an American physicist, envisioned the

text: electron microscope

text: as the tool that would one day allow biologists to “see the order of

text: bases

text: in the

text: DNA

text: chain”. Feynman believed that if the electron microscope could be made powerful enough, then it would become possible to visualize the atomic structure of any and all chemical compounds, including DNA.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Richard Feynman

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Frederick Sanger

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: atomic structure

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the order of bases

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atomic structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: James Watson and Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Richard Feynman,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two decades

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: DNA.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: DNA,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Only a few years after James Watson and Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Richard Feynman,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Feynman believed that if the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Richard Feynman,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: James Watson and Francis Crick

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Richard Feynman,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the order of bases in the DNA chain”.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualize the atomic structure

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Richard Feynman,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic structure of any and all chemical compounds, including DNA.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: atomic structure

text: Raised in Delft, in the Netherlands, Van Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in his youth, and founded his own shop in 1654. He made a name for himself in municipal politics, and eventually developed an interest in lensmaking. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules (from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal").

text: Raised in

text: Delft

text: , in the Netherlands, Van Leeuwenhoek worked as a

text: draper

text: in his youth, and founded his own shop in 1654. He made a name for himself in municipal politics, and eventually developed an interest in lensmaking. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe

text: microorganisms

text: , which he originally referred to as

text: animalcules

text: (from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal").

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1654

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: handcrafted microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: "tiny animal").

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: handcrafted microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: handcrafted microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: lensmaking. Using his handcrafted microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: lensmaking.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: "tiny animal").

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

text: Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century and have resulted in increased resolution and contrast to some extent. However they did not overcome the diffraction limit. In 1978 first theoretical ideas have been developed to break this barrier by using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus which is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection.However, the first experimental demonstration of the 4pi microscope took place in 1994. 4Pi microscopy maximizes the amount of available focusing directions by using two opposing objective lenses or Two-photon excitation microscopy using redshifted light and multi-photon excitation.

text: Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century and have resulted in increased resolution and contrast to some extent. However they did not overcome the diffraction limit. In 1978 first theoretical ideas have been developed to break this barrier by using a 4Pi microscope as a confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope where the light is focused ideally from all sides to a common focus which is used to scan the object by 'point-by-point' excitation combined with 'point-by-point' detection.However, the first experimental demonstration of the 4pi microscope took place in 1994.

text: 4Pi microscopy

text: maximizes the amount of available focusing directions by using two opposing objective lenses or

text: Two-photon excitation microscopy

text: using redshifted light and multi-photon excitation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 4Pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4Pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 4Pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: in the 20th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: diffraction limit

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 4pi microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: diffraction limit

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: FourPi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what happened in the 20th century

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a clear image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: they did not overcome the diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Two-photon excitation microscopy

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Several improvements in microscopy techniques have been invented in the 20th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: they did not overcome the diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Several improvements in microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Two-photon excitation

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal laser scanning fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scan the object

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: diffraction limit.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 4Pi

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Two-photon

text: Diagnosis is most commonly done with the identification of bacteria in the lesions by a microscope observation. Ticks, biting flies, and contact with other infected animals also causes the spread of rainscald. A scab will be taken from the affected animal and stained so that the bacteria are visible under a microscope inspection. A positive diagnosis of rainscald can be confirmed if filamentous bacteria are observed with as well as chains of small, spherical bacteria. If a diagnosis cannot be confirmed with a microscope, blood agar cultures can be grown to confirm the presence of D. congolensis. The resulting colonies have filaments and are yellow in colour.

text: Diagnosis is most commonly done with the identification of bacteria in the lesions by a microscope observation. Ticks, biting flies, and contact with other infected animals also causes the spread of rainscald. A scab will be taken from the affected animal and stained so that the bacteria are visible under a microscope inspection. A positive diagnosis of rainscald can be confirmed if filamentous bacteria are observed with as well as chains of small, spherical bacteria. If a diagnosis cannot be confirmed with a microscope, blood agar cultures can be grown to confirm the presence of D. congolensis. The resulting colonies have filaments and are yellow in colour.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope observation

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: congolensis

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria in the lesions

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: identification of bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: congolensis.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope, blood agar cultures

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: blood agar cultures

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Diagnosis

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: chains of small, spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: blood agar cultures

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Diagnosis

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: yellow in colour.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: rainscald.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Diagnosis

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: congolensis.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: congolensis. The resulting colonies have filaments

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: filamentous

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: congolensis.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Diagnosis is most commonly done with the identification of bacteria

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: small, spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small, spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: chains of small, spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: small, spherical bacteria.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: yellow

text: Direct observation of friction and wear at the nanoscale started with the first Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which can obtain three-dimensional images of surfaces with atomic resolution; this instrument was developed by Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer in 1981. STM can study only conductive materials, but in 1985 with the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Binning and his colleagues, also non conductive surfaces can be observed. Afterwards, AFMs were modified to obtain data on normal and frictional forces: these modified microscopes are called Friction Force Microscopes (FFM) or Lateral Force Microscopes (LFM).

text: Direct observation of friction and wear at the nanoscale started with the first Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which can obtain three-dimensional images of surfaces with atomic resolution; this instrument was developed by

text: Gerd Binnig

text: and

text: Henrich Rohrer

text: in 1981. STM can study only

text: conductive

text: materials, but in 1985 with the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Binning and his colleagues, also non conductive surfaces can be observed. Afterwards, AFMs were modified to obtain data on

text: normal

text: and frictional forces: these modified microscopes are called

text: Friction Force Microscopes

text: (FFM) or Lateral Force Microscopes (LFM).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional images of surfaces

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Scanning Tunneling

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Atomic Force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What happened first, the first Scanning Tunneling Microscope or the Atomic Force Microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Henrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: spectral resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: three-dimensional images of surfaces with atomic resolution;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three-dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer in 1981.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: atomic resolution;

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanoscale

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Gerd Binnig

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Atomic Force Microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: non conductive surfaces

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: three-dimensional images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic resolution;

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: atomic resolution;

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic resolution;

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1981.

text: In statistical mechanics, the correlation function is a measure of the order in a system, as characterized by a mathematical correlation function. Correlation functions describe how microscopic variables, such as spin and density, at different positions are related. More specifically, correlation functions quantify how microscopic variables co-vary with one another on average across space and time. A classic example of such spatial correlations is in ferro- and antiferromagnetic materials, where the spins prefer to align parallel and antiparallel with their nearest neighbors, respectively. The spatial correlation between spins in such materials is shown in the figure to the right.

text: In

text: statistical mechanics

text: , the correlation function is a measure of the order in a system, as characterized by a mathematical

text: correlation function

text: . Correlation functions describe how microscopic variables, such as spin and density, at different positions are related. More specifically, correlation functions quantify how microscopic variables co-vary with one another on average across space and time. A classic example of such spatial correlations is in ferro- and antiferromagnetic materials, where the spins prefer to align parallel and antiparallel with their nearest neighbors, respectively. The spatial correlation between spins in such materials is shown in the figure to the right.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: correlation functions quantify how microscopic variables co-vary with one another

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: antiparallel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: correlation functions quantify how microscopic variables co-vary with one another on average across space and time

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: space and time

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic variables

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: parallel

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic variables

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: antiparallel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Correlation functions

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spin

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic variables

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic variables,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ferro- and antiferromagnetic materials,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic variables,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Correlation functions describe how microscopic variables,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: space and time.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ferro- and antiferromagnetic materials,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Correlation functions describe how microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: spin and density,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: antiferromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: antiferromagnetic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: In statistical mechanics,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: In statistical mechanics,

text: This discovery contradicted the conventional belief of the time that the blood flows from the heart via the arteries as well as the veins. It is obvious that this hypothesis was supported by the fact that the network of arteries and veins becomes thinner and thinner as they get farther from the heart. It was also assumed that the networks are not connected, so the blood cannot pass from one network to the other. (The microscope was not yet invented, so one could not view capillary arteries without aid.)

text: This discovery contradicted the conventional belief of the time that the blood flows from the heart via the arteries as well as the veins. It is obvious that this hypothesis was supported by the fact that the network of arteries and veins becomes thinner and thinner as they get farther from the heart. It was also assumed that the networks are not connected, so the blood cannot pass from one network to the other. (The microscope was not yet invented, so one could not view capillary arteries without aid.)

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope was not yet invented

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: distances

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The first microscope was made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens discovered that one lens magnified objects more than several lenses

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Samuel Hahnemann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: capillary

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: arteries thinner and thinner

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unaided

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (The microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (The microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: (The microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (The microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: (The microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: (The microscope was not yet invented,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: one could not view capillary arteries

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: thinner and thinner as they get farther from the heart.

text: CL color and intensity are dependent on the characteristics of the sample and on the working conditions of the electron gun. Here, acceleration voltage and beam current of the electron beam are of major importance. Today, two types of CL microscopes are in use. One is working with a "cold cathode" generating an electron beam by a corona discharge tube, the other one produces a beam using a "hot cathode". Cold-cathode CL microscopes are the simplest and most economic type. Unlike other electron bombardment techniques like electron microscopy, cold cathodoluminecence microscopy provides positive ions along with the electrons which neutralize surface charge buildup and eliminate the need for conductive coatings to be applied to the specimens. The "hot cathode" type generates an electron beam by an electron gun with tungsten filament. The advantage of a hot cathode is the precisely controllable high beam intensity allowing to stimulate the emission of light even on weakly luminescing materials (e.g. quartz – see picture). To prevent charging of the sample, the surface must be coated with a conductive layer of gold or carbon. This is usually done by a sputter deposition device or a carbon coater.

text: CL color and intensity are dependent on the characteristics of the sample and on the working conditions of the

text: electron gun

text: . Here,

text: acceleration voltage

text: and beam current of the

text: electron beam

text: are of major importance. Today, two types of CL microscopes are in use. One is working with a "

text: cold cathode

text: " generating an electron beam by a

text: corona discharge

text: tube, the other one produces a beam using a "

text: hot cathode

text: ". Cold-cathode CL microscopes are the simplest and most economic type. Unlike other electron bombardment techniques like

text: electron microscopy

text: , cold cathodoluminecence microscopy provides positive ions along with the electrons which neutralize surface charge buildup and eliminate the need for conductive coatings to be applied to the specimens. The "hot cathode" type generates an electron beam by an electron gun with tungsten filament. The advantage of a hot cathode is the precisely controllable high beam intensity allowing to stimulate the emission of light even on weakly luminescing materials (e.g.

text: quartz

text: – see picture). To prevent charging of the sample, the surface must be coated with a conductive layer of

text: gold

text: or

text: carbon

text: . This is usually done by a

text: sputter deposition

text: device or a carbon coater.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: cold cathode

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cold cathode

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron bombardment techniques

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron bombardment

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: types

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron bombardment techniques

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: CL microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: cold cathode CL microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: sputter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Lindbergh

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: cold cathode

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron bombardment

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron bombardment

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 580 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: cold cathodoluminecence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron beam by a corona discharge tube,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: weakly luminescing materials

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cold cathodoluminecence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: cold cathodoluminecence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two types of CL microscopes are in use.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cold cathodoluminecence microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: CL

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: tungsten filament.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron gun.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: weakly luminescing materials

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "cold cathode"

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron beam

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: CL

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: cold cathodoluminecence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: cold cathodoluminecence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: cathodoluminecence

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: corona discharge tube,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: weakly luminescing materials

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: CL

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: hot cathode is the precisely controllable high beam intensity

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tungsten filament.

text: Some better-known animalcules include:

text: Some better-known animalcules include:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: bacteriophages

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: astrologers

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: dark microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animals in a new way.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: aristocrats

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a person's eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the diameter of the eye.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Some better-known animalcules

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Some better-known animalcules

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Some better-known animalcules

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Some better-known animalcules

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Some better-known animalcules

text: In 2013, scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments (ISI) and the university of St Andrews succeeded in creating a tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level. The new study states that while this technique is new, it may have potential for bio-medical research. Professor Zemanek said: “The whole team have spent a number of years investigating various configurations of particles delivery by light. Dr Brzobohaty said: “These methods are opening new opportunities for fundamental photonics as well as applications for life-sciences.”Dr Cizmar said: “Because of the similarities between optical and acoustic particle manipulation we anticipate that this concept will provide inspiration for exciting future studies in areas outside the field of photonics.”

text: In 2013, scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments (ISI) and the university of St Andrews succeeded in creating a tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level. The new study states that while this technique is new, it may have potential for bio-medical research. Professor Zemanek said: “The whole team have spent a number of years investigating various configurations of particles delivery by light. Dr Brzobohaty said: “These methods are opening new opportunities for fundamental photonics as well as applications for life-sciences.”Dr Cizmar said: “Because of the similarities between optical and acoustic particle manipulation we anticipate that this concept will provide inspiration for exciting future studies in areas outside the field of photonics.”

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: St Andrews

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic level

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometres wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: St Andrews

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zemanek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: St Andrews

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: (ISI)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: St Andrews

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Professor Zemanek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Zemanek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photonic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects smaller

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: St Andrews

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 2013, scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Dr Brzobohaty

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles delivery by light.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Brzobohaty

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: photonics

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zemanek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: tractor beam

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: objects on a microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists at the Institute of Scientific Instruments

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a tractor beam that pulls objects on a microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic level.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photonics

text: In the 17 century, Italian Marcello Malpighi invented one of the first microscopes for studying tiny biological entities. Malpighi analysed several parts of the organs of bats, frogs and other animals under the microscope. Malpighi, while studying the structure of the lung, noticed its membranous alveoli and the hair-like connections between veins and arteries, which he named capillaries. His discovery established how the oxygen we breathe enters the blood stream and serves the body.

text: In the 17 century,

text: Italian

text: Marcello Malpighi

text: invented one of the first microscopes for studying tiny biological entities. Malpighi analysed several parts of the organs of bats, frogs and other animals under the microscope. Malpighi, while studying the structure of the lung, noticed its membranous alveoli and the hair-like connections between veins and arteries, which he named capillaries. His discovery established how the oxygen we breathe enters the blood stream and serves the body.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny biological entities

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tiny biological entities

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17 century, Italian Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: capillaries.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marcello Malpighi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes for studying tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: tiny biological entities.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 17 century,

text: He was born in Brașov (Kronstadt) in Transylvania, then Hungary, and studied medicine at the University of Leipzig, receiving an M.D. in 1759. He then practiced as a physician for the next twenty years, during which time he pursued botany as a hobby, collecting in the morning before work and then studying his accumulation in the evening. He also acquired a microscope and a small library.

text: He was born in

text: Brașov

text: (Kronstadt) in

text: Transylvania

text: , then

text: Hungary

text: , and studied medicine at the

text: University of Leipzig

text: , receiving an M.D. in 1759. He then practiced as a physician for the next twenty years, during which time he pursued

text: botany

text: as a hobby, collecting in the morning before work and then studying his accumulation in the evening. He also acquired a

text: microscope

text: and a small library.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: He also acquired a microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: he acquired a microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hungarian

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1759

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hungarian

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Matthias Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what he was collecting

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Botany

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: He also acquired a microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope and a small library.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: He also acquired a microscope and a small library.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: botany

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: He also acquired a microscope and a small library.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: botany

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Hungary, and studied medicine at the University of Leipzig,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1759.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscope

text: Before the introduction of the phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells. As living cells are translucent they must be stained to be visible in a traditional light microscope. Unfortunately, the process of staining cells generally kill the cells. With the invention of the phase contrast microscopy it became possible to observe unstained living cells in detail. After its introduction in the 1940s, live cell imaging rapidly became popular using phase contrast microscopy. The phase contrast microscope was popularized through a series of time-lapse movies (Video 1), recorded using a photographic film camera. Its inventor, Frits Zernike, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. Other later phase contrast techniques used to observe unstained cells are Hoffman modulation and differential interference contrast microscopy.

text: Before the introduction of the phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells. As living cells are translucent they must be

text: stained

text: to be visible in a traditional

text: light microscope

text: . Unfortunately, the process of

text: staining cells

text: generally kill the cells. With the invention of the phase contrast microscopy it became possible to observe unstained living cells in detail. After its introduction in the 1940s, live cell imaging rapidly became popular using phase contrast microscopy. The phase contrast microscope was popularized through a series of time-lapse movies (Video 1), recorded using a photographic film camera. Its inventor,

text: Frits Zernike

text: , was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. Other later phase contrast techniques used to observe unstained cells are

text: Hoffman modulation

text: and

text: differential interference

text: contrast microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Frits Zernike

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: living cells are translucent

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: live cell imaging

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zernike

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Frits Zernike

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: live cell imaging

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zernike

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Zernike

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: traditional light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Frits Zernike

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living cells in detail

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living cells visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Frits Zernike

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is the wavelength of visible light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: live cell imaging rapidly became popular using phase contrast microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: living cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: living cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Hoffman modulation and differential interference contrast microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hoffman modulation

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Frits Zernike, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: traditional light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: living cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: living cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Frits Zernike,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: phase contrast microscope it was difficult to observe living cells.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: living cells are translucent they must be stained

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1953.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1953.

text: Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects. The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by William Gascoigne, an English astronomer.

text: Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects. The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by

text: William Gascoigne

text: , an English astronomer.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: William Gascoigne

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: to measure the apparent diameter

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes are used in telescopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch astronomer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Gascoigne

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: William Gascoigne

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: William Gascoigne

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1638 by William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Micrometers

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: William Gascoigne,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: English astronomer.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic objects.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1638

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1638

text: A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances. The "fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a more simple set up like an epifluorescence microscope, or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the fluorescent image.

text: A fluorescence microscope is an

text: optical microscope

text: that uses

text: fluorescence

text: and

text: phosphorescence

text: instead of, or in addition to,

text: reflection

text: and

text: absorption

text: to study properties of organic or

text: inorganic

text: substances. The "fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a more simple set up like an epifluorescence microscope, or a more complicated design such as a

text: confocal microscope

text: , which uses

text: optical sectioning

text: to get better resolution of the fluorescent image.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: inorganic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is a fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: organic or inorganic substances.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: reflection and absorption

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: organic or inorganic substances.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: fluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: properties of organic or inorganic substances.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: organic or inorganic substances.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: confocal microscope,

text: This condenser is composed of two lenses a plano-convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first. The focus of the first lens is traditionally about 2mm away from the plane face coinciding with the sample plane. A pinhole cap can be used to align the optical axis of the condenser with that of the microscope. The Abbe condenser is still the basis for most modern light microscope condenser designs, even though its optical performance is poor.

text: This condenser is composed of two lenses a plano-convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first. The focus of the first lens is traditionally about 2mm away from the plane face coinciding with the sample plane. A pinhole cap can be used to align the optical axis of the condenser with that of the microscope. The Abbe condenser is still the basis for most modern light microscope condenser designs, even though its optical performance is poor.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope condenser

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what did the microscope allow scientists to see?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a sample

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical performance is poor.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Abbe

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscope condenser designs, even though its optical performance is poor.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sample plane.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The Abbe condenser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2mm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2mm

text: The LBSP was founded in 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek area west of Leiden Central Station, between the Faculty of Science of the Leiden University and the former Academic Medical Hospital, known as the LUMC. The municipality decided that this area should primarily be focused on biotechnology.

text: The LBSP was founded in 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek area west of

text: Leiden Central Station

text: , between the Faculty of Science of the

text: Leiden University

text: and the former Academic Medical Hospital, known as the

text: LUMC

text: . The municipality decided that this area should primarily be focused on biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leiden

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leiden

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: LBSP

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: LUMC

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leiden

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leiden

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: LUMC

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: LUMC

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhovek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Station,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1984

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leiden Central Station,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leiden University

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Academic Medical Hospital, known as the LUMC.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leiden University

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Medical Hospital,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leiden University

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leiden Central Station,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The LBSP was founded in 1984

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1984 in the Leeuwenhoek

text: Ceramic microstructures are most often analyzed by reflected visible-light microscopy in brightfield.  Darkfield is used in limited circumstances, e.g., to reveal cracks.  Polarized transmitted light is used with thin sections, where the contrast between grains comes from birefringence. Very fine microstructures may require the higher magnification and resolution of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).  The cathodoluminescence microscope (CLM) is useful for distinguishing phases of refractories.  The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) have specialty applications in ceramography.

text: Ceramic microstructures are most often analyzed by reflected visible-light

text: microscopy

text: in

text: brightfield

text: Darkfield

text: is used in limited circumstances, e.g., to reveal cracks.

text: Polarized

text: transmitted light is used with thin sections, where the contrast between grains comes from

text: birefringence

text: . Very fine microstructures may require the higher

text: magnification

text: and

text: resolution

text: of a

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM) or

text: confocal laser scanning microscope

text: (CLSM).  The

text: cathodoluminescence microscope

text: (CLM) is useful for distinguishing phases of refractories.  The

text: transmission electron microscope

text: (TEM) and

text: scanning acoustic microscope

text: (SAM) have specialty applications in ceramography.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: visible-light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ceramography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microstructures

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: TEM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible-light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: darkfield

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is used with thin sections?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: reflected visible-light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: ceramography.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: reflected visible-light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: grains

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: reflected visible-light microscopy in brightfield.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Darkfield

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Darkfield

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: grains

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: reflected visible-light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Ceramic microstructures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ceramic microstructures

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Very fine microstructures may require the higher magnification

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected visible-light microscopy in brightfield.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal laser scanning microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: visible-light

text: Nicolaas Hartsoeker (26 March 1656, Gouda – 10 December 1725, Utrecht) was a Dutch mathematician and physicist who invented the screw-barrel simple microscope  circa 1694.

text: Nicolaas Hartsoeker (26 March 1656,

text: Gouda

text: – 10 December 1725,

text: Utrecht

text: ) was a

text: Dutch

text: mathematician

text: and

text: physicist

text: who invented the

text: screw-barrel

text: simple

text: microscope

text: circa

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Utrecht

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light of certain wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: screw-barrel

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: physicist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: screw-barrel

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the structure of living things

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope circa 1694.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope circa 1694.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: screw-barrel

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Nicolaas Hartsoeker

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: screw-barrel

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope circa 1694.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: screw-barrel simple microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1725,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 December 1725,

text: The number of fluorescence applications in the biomedical, biological and related sciences continuously expands. Methods of analysis in these fields are also growing, often with nomenclature in the form of acronyms such as: FLIM, FLI, FLIP, CALI, FLIE, FRET, FRAP, FCS, PFRAP, smFRET, FIONA, FRIPS, SHREK, SHRIMP or TIRF. Most of these techniques rely on fluorescence microscopes, which use high intensity light sources, usually mercury or xenon lamps, LEDs, or lasers, to excite fluorescence in the samples under observation. Optical filters then separate excitation light from emitted fluorescence to be detected by eye or with a (CCD) camera or other light detector (e.g., photomultiplier tubes, spectrographs). Considerable research is underway to improve the capabilities of such microscopes, the fluorescent probes used, and the applications they are applied to. Of particular note are confocal microscopes, which use a pinhole to achieve optical sectioning, which affords a quantitative, 3D view of the sample.

text: The number of fluorescence applications in the biomedical, biological and related sciences continuously expands. Methods of analysis in these fields are also growing, often with nomenclature in the form of acronyms such as:

text: FLIM

text: , FLI,

text: FLIP

text: , CALI, FLIE,

text: FRET

entity_name: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

text: FRAP

text: FCS

text: , PFRAP, smFRET, FIONA, FRIPS, SHREK, SHRIMP or

text: TIRF

text: . Most of these techniques rely on fluorescence microscopes, which use high intensity light sources, usually mercury or xenon lamps, LEDs, or lasers, to excite fluorescence in the samples under observation. Optical filters then separate excitation light from emitted fluorescence to be detected by eye or with a (CCD) camera or other light detector (e.g., photomultiplier tubes, spectrographs). Considerable research is underway to improve the capabilities of such microscopes, the fluorescent probes used, and the applications they are applied to. Of particular note are confocal microscopes, which use a pinhole to achieve

text: optical sectioning

text: , which affords a quantitative, 3D view of the sample.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: mercury or xenon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spectrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: fluorescent probes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescent probes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: xenon lamps

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: LEDs

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: FRAP

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: samples under observation

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biomedical

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a pinhole

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: photomultiplier tubes, spectrographs).

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: spectrographs).

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Optical filters

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: LEDs, or lasers,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: FRET, FRAP,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: FLIE,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 3D view of the sample.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: excite fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biomedical, biological and related sciences

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Optical filters then separate excitation light from emitted fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: confocal microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light

text: With the invention and subsequent development of Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy and related microscopy methods, he was able to show that one can substantially improve the resolving power of the fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light (> 200 nanometers). A microscope's resolution is its most important property. Hell was the first to demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, how one can decouple the resolution of the fluorescence microscope from diffraction and increase it to a fraction of the wavelength of light (to the nanometer scale). Ever since the work of Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873, this feat was not thought possible. For this achievement and its significance for other fields of science, such as the life-sciences and medical research, he received the 10th German Innovation Award (Deutscher Zukunftspreis) on November 23, 2006. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014.

text: With the invention and subsequent development of

text: Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy

text: and

text: related microscopy methods

text: , he was able to show that one can substantially improve the resolving power of the fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light (> 200 nanometers). A microscope's

text: resolution

text: is its most important property. Hell was the first to demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, how one can decouple the resolution of the fluorescence microscope from diffraction and increase it to a fraction of the wavelength of light (to the nanometer scale). Ever since the work of

text: Ernst Karl Abbe

text: in 1873, this feat was not thought possible. For this achievement and its significance for other fields of science, such as the life-sciences and medical research, he received the 10th German Innovation Award (Deutscher Zukunftspreis) on November 23, 2006. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hell

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: nanometer scale

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanometers

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: > 200 nanometers

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a fraction of the wavelength of light

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: resolving power

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst and Karl

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200 nanometers

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 200 nanometers

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200 nanometers

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: he received the 10th German Innovation Award

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanometer

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe in 1873,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (> 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: half the wavelength of the employed light (> 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope's

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fluorescence microscope, previously limited to half the wavelength of the employed light

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ernst Karl Abbe

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: fluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (> 200 nanometers).

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 200 nanometers).

text: Claude received travel grants from Belgian government for his doctoral thesis on the transplantation of mouse cancers into rats. With this he worked his postdoctoral research in Berlin during the winter of 1928-1929, first at the Institut für Krebsforschung, and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Dahlem, in the laboratory of tissues culture of Prof. Albert Fischer. Back in Belgium he received fellowship in 1929 from the Belgian American Educational Foundation (Commission for Relief in Belgium, CRB) for research in the United States. He applied for the Rockefeller Institute (now the Rockefeller University) in New York, USA. Simon Flexner, then Director, accepted his proposal to work on the isolation and identification of the Rous sarcoma virus. In September 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. In 1930, he discovered the process of cell fractionation, which was groundbreaking in his time. The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a centrifuge to separate them according to mass. He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions. In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus, the causal agent of carcinoma, as "ribose nucleoprotein" (eventually named RNA). He was the first to use electron microscope to study biological cells. Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches. His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945. He was given American citizenship in 1941. He discovered that mitochondria are the "power houses" of all cells. He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them "microsomes", which were later renamed ribosomes, the protein synthesizing machineries of cell. With his associate, Keith Porter, he found a "lace-work" structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all eukaryotic cells. This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum (a Latin for "fishnet").

text: Claude received travel grants from Belgian government for his doctoral thesis on the

text: transplantation

text: of mouse cancers into rats. With this he worked his postdoctoral research in

text: Berlin

text: during the winter of 1928-1929, first at the Institut für Krebsforschung, and then at the

text: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology

text: Dahlem

text: , in the laboratory of tissues culture of Prof. Albert Fischer. Back in Belgium he received fellowship in 1929 from the

text: Belgian American Educational Foundation

text: (Commission for Relief in Belgium, CRB) for research in the

text: United States

text: . He applied for the Rockefeller Institute (now the

text: Rockefeller University

text: ) in New York, USA.

text: Simon Flexner

text: , then Director, accepted his proposal to work on the isolation and identification of the Rous sarcoma virus. In September 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. In 1930, he discovered the process of

text: cell fractionation

text: , which was groundbreaking in his time. The process consists of grinding up cells to break the membrane and release the cell's contents. He then filtered out the cell membranes and placed the remaining cell contents in a

text: centrifuge

text: to separate them according to mass. He divided the

text: centrifuged

text: contents into fractions, each of a specific mass, and discovered that particular fractions were responsible for particular cell functions. In 1938 he identified and purified for the first time component of Rous sarcoma virus, the causal agent of

text: carcinoma

text: , as "ribose nucleoprotein" (eventually named

text: RNA

text: ). He was the first to use

text: electron microscope

text: to study

text: biological cells

text: . Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches. His first electron microscopic study was on the structure of mitochondria in 1945. He was given

text: American citizenship

text: in 1941. He discovered that mitochondria are the "power houses" of all cells. He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them "microsomes", which were later renamed ribosomes, the protein synthesizing machineries of cell. With his associate,

text: Keith Porter

text: , he found a "lace-work" structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all

text: eukaryotic cells

text: . This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum (a Latin for "fishnet").

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: in the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Albert Fischer

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Albert Fischer

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study biological cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: "lace-work"

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Earlier electron microscopes were used only in physical researches.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes were used only in physical researches.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Claude

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: He divided the centrifuged contents

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: "lace-work"

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope to study biological cells.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: He divided the centrifuged contents into fractions,

text: In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

text: In the 17th century the

text: microscope

text: was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than the microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the microscope was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: In the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: In the 17th century the microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: In the 17th century

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In the 17th century the microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: In the 17th century the microscope was an important technical advance.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: In the 17th century the microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 17th century

text: On microscopic inspection, the tumor cells are readily recognized. Individual tumor cells are polygonal to oval and are arranged in distinctive cell balls, called Zellballen.  These cell balls are separated by fibrovascular stroma and surrounded by sustentacular cells.

text: On microscopic inspection, the tumor cells are readily recognized. Individual tumor cells are polygonal to oval and are arranged in distinctive cell balls, called

text: Zellballen

text: .  These cell balls are separated by fibrovascular stroma and surrounded by sustentacular cells.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic inspection

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic inspection

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Zellballen

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: inspection

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic inspection,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the tumor cells are readily recognized.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: oval and are arranged in distinctive cell balls, called Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: tumor cells are readily recognized. Individual tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic inspection, the tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: polygonal to oval

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic inspection, the tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: On microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Zellballen.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: inspection,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: tumor cells

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic inspection, the tumor cells are readily recognized.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: On microscopic inspection,

text: Stephen Kevan has made numerous important contributions to condensed matter physics and physical chemistry in the understanding how microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire to produce novel material properties, particularly in the context of surface and thin film physics and exotic magnetism.  His early Fermiology studies using photoemission verified experimentally the Fermi surface nesting mechanism for the spin density wave ground state of chromium and also contributed to our understanding of electronic instabilities in charge density wave materials and surface reconstructions.  He also characterized the role of non-adiabatic damping of adsorbate vibrations and the spin-splitting of surface bands by the Rashba (spin-orbit) effect.  More recently his interest in probing the microscopic-macroscopic connection has made him a leader in developing tools to study microscopic magnetic fluctuations using coherent soft x-ray beams.   His current emphasis is to probe, on the scale of a few domains, intermittent dynamics and memory effects in field- and thermally driven magnetization reversal is highly regarded.  Understanding the impact of newly discovered hidden symmetries on these cascades is important to our understanding of microscopic intermittency in a much broader context.

text: Stephen Kevan has made numerous important contributions to

text: condensed matter physics

text: and

text: physical chemistry

text: in the understanding how microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire to produce novel material properties, particularly in the context of surface and thin film physics and exotic magnetism.  His early Fermiology studies using

text: photoemission

text: verified experimentally the Fermi surface nesting mechanism for the spin density wave ground state of chromium and also contributed to our understanding of electronic instabilities in charge density wave materials and surface reconstructions.  He also characterized the role of non-adiabatic damping of adsorbate vibrations and the spin-splitting of surface bands by the Rashba (spin-orbit) effect.  More recently his interest in probing the microscopic-macroscopic connection has made him a leader in developing tools to study microscopic magnetic fluctuations using coherent soft x-ray beams.   His current emphasis is to probe, on the scale of a few domains, intermittent dynamics and memory effects in field- and thermally driven magnetization reversal is highly regarded.  Understanding the impact of newly discovered hidden symmetries on these cascades is important to our understanding of microscopic intermittency in a much broader context.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the Rashba (spin-orbit) effect

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: x-rays

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Kevan

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rashba

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Fermi

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: x-ray

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: x-ray

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fermi

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fermi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: x-ray beams.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire to produce novel material properties,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire to produce novel material properties,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: a few domains,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: x-ray beams.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: x-ray beams.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: x-ray beams.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: intermittency

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Fermiology

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fermi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic interactions and fluctuations conspire to produce novel material properties,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Stephen Kevan

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a few domains,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: photoemission

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: photoemission

text: A further refinement of microscopic methods consists of the use of strongly convergent polarized light (konoscopic methods).  This is obtained by a wide angled achromatic condenser above the polarizer, and a high power microscopic objective.  Those sections are most useful which are perpendicular to an optic axis, and consequently remain dark on rotation.  If they belong to uniaxial crystals they show a dark cross or convergent light between crossed nicols, the bars of which remain parallel to the wires in the field of the eyepiece.  Sections perpendicular to an optic axis of a biaxial mineral under the same conditions show a dark bar which on rotation becomes curved to a hyperbolic shape.  If the section is perpendicular to a "bisectrix" (see Crystallography) a black cross is seen which on rotation opens out to form two hyperbolas, the apices of which are turned towards one another.  The optic axes emerge at the apices of the hyperbolas and may be surrounded by colored rings, though owing to the thinness of minerals in rock sections these are only seen when the double refraction of the mineral is strong.  The distance between the axes as seen in the field of the microscope depends partly on the axial angle of the crystal and partly on the numerical aperture of the objective.  If it is measured by means of eye-piece micrometer, the optic axial angle of the mineral can be found by a simple calculation.  The quartz wedge, quarter mica plate or selenite plate permit the determination of the positive or negative character of the crystal by the changes in the color or shape of the figures observed in the field.  These operations are precisely similar to those employed by the mineralogist in the examination of plates cut from crystals.  It is sufficient to point out that the petrological microscope in its modern development is an optical instrument of great precision, enabling us to determine physical constants of crystallized substances as well as serving to produce magnified images like the ordinary microscope.  A great variety of accessory apparatus has been devised to fit it for these special uses.

text: A further refinement of microscopic methods consists of the use of strongly convergent polarized light (konoscopic methods).  This is obtained by a wide angled achromatic condenser above the polarizer, and a high power microscopic objective.  Those sections are most useful which are perpendicular to an optic axis, and consequently remain dark on rotation.  If they belong to uniaxial crystals they show a dark cross or convergent light between crossed nicols, the bars of which remain parallel to the wires in the field of the eyepiece.  Sections perpendicular to an optic axis of a biaxial mineral under the same conditions show a dark bar which on rotation becomes curved to a hyperbolic shape.  If the section is perpendicular to a "bisectrix" (see

text: Crystallography

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: mineralogist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: strongly convergent polarized light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: numerical aperture

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: enabling us to determine physical constants of crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: axis

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: uniaxial crystals

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: ordinary

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Petrological

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnified images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: mineralogists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the ordinary microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a high power microscopic objective

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: nicols

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: eye-piece micrometer,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: quartz wedge, quarter mica plate

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: physical constants of crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnified

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The optic axes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The optic axes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: when the double refraction of the mineral is strong.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The optic axes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high power microscopic objective.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: petrological microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: mineralogist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: determine physical constants of crystallized substances

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnified images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: petrological

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: quartz wedge, quarter mica plate

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnified images

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high power microscopic objective.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: hyperbolas

text: Viruses are among the smallest infectious agents, and most of them can only be seen by electron microscopy. Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy (in other words, they are sub-microscopic); their sizes range from 20 to 300 nm. They are so small that it would take 30,000 to 750,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to one cm. By contrast bacterial sizes are typically around 1 micrometre (1000 nm) in diameter, and the cells of higher organisms a few tens of micrometres. Some viruses such as  megaviruses and pandoraviruses are relatively large. At around 1 micrometer, these viruses, which infect amoebae, were discovered in 2003 and 2013. They are around a thousand times larger than influenza viruses and the discovery of these "giant" viruses astonished scientists.

text: Viruses are among the smallest infectious agents, and most of them can only be seen by

text: electron microscopy

text: . Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy (in other words, they are

text: sub-microscopic

text: ); their sizes range from 20 to 300

text: nm

text: . They are so small that it would take 30,000 to 750,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to one cm. By contrast

text: bacteria

text: l sizes are typically around 1 micrometre (1000 nm) in diameter, and the

text: cells

text: of higher organisms a few tens of micrometres. Some viruses such as

text: megavirus

text: es and

text: pandoravirus

text: es are relatively large. At around 1

text: micrometer

text: , these viruses, which infect

text: amoeba

text: e, were discovered in 2003 and 2013. They are around a thousand times larger than

text: influenza virus

text: es and the discovery of these "giant" viruses astonished scientists.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: by light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers in diameter

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: higher organisms

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sub-microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriophage

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visible small things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 300 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 300 nm

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 300 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scientists.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 20 to 300 nm.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 20 to 300 nm.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 20 to 300 nm.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopy. Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: cells of higher organisms a few tens of micrometres.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: one cm.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscopy

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1 micrometre

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: (1000

text: Microscopically, MGN is characterized by a thickened glomerular basement membrane without a hyperproliferation of the glomerular cells. Immunofluorescence demonstrates diffuse granular uptake of IgG. The basement membrane may completely surround the granular deposits, forming a "spike and dome" pattern. Tubules also display the symptoms of a typical Type III hypersensitivity reaction, which causes the endothelial cells to proliferate, which can be seen under a light microscope with a PAS stain.

text: Microscopically, MGN is characterized by a thickened

text: glomerular basement membrane

text: without a hyperproliferation of the glomerular cells.

text: Immunofluorescence

text: demonstrates diffuse granular uptake of

text: IgG

text: . The basement membrane may completely surround the granular deposits, forming a "spike and dome" pattern. Tubules also display the symptoms of a typical Type III hypersensitivity reaction, which causes the endothelial cells to proliferate, which can be seen under a light microscope with a PAS stain.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "spike and dome" pattern

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Type III hypersensitivity reaction

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Type III

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Type III hypersensitivity reaction

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: basement membrane

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Type III

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a PAS stain

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: MGN

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Type III hypersensitivity reaction,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: hyperproliferation of the glomerular cells.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: glomerular cells.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopically,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light microscope with a PAS stain.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a light microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: PAS stain.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: III

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: III

text: On a microscopic scale dendrites form on the surface finish, which trap light and increase absorptivity. Because of this property the coating is used in aerospace, microscopy and other optical applications to minimise light reflection.

text: On a microscopic scale

text: dendrites

text: form on the surface finish, which trap light and increase

text: absorptivity

text: . Because of this property the coating is used in

text: aerospace

text: microscopy

text: and other optical applications to minimise light reflection.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light reflection

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical applications

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the coating

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: in aerospace

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: dendrites form on the surface finish, which trap light

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopy and other optical applications to minimise light reflection.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic scale dendrites

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: On a microscopic scale dendrites

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: On a microscopic scale dendrites

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light and increase absorptivity.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopy and other optical applications to minimise light reflection.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a microscopic scale dendrites

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microscopic scale dendrites

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dendrites

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic scale

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic scale

text: Phosphatic fossilization has occurred in unusual circumstances to preserve some extremely high-resolution microfossils in which careful preparation can even reveal preserved cellular structures. Such microscopic fossils are only visible under the scanning electron microscope.

text: Phosphatic fossilization has occurred in unusual circumstances to preserve some extremely high-resolution

text: microfossils

text: in which careful preparation can even reveal preserved cellular structures. Such microscopic fossils are only visible under the

text: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolutions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bacteriologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: the scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic fossils

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: high-resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Phosphatic fossilization

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scanning electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope.

text: Class I  disease (minimal mesangial glomerulonephritis) in its histology has a normal appearance under a light microscope, but mesangial deposits are visible under an electron microscope. At this stage urinalysis is normal.

text: Class I  disease (

text: minimal mesangial glomerulonephritis

text: ) in its

text: histology

text: has a normal appearance under a

text: light microscope

text: , but

text: mesangial

text: deposits are visible under an

text: electron microscope

text: . At this stage

text: urinalysis

text: is normal.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Class I disease

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Class I

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Class I disease

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Class I disease

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: appearances

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Class I disease

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscope, but mesangial deposits are visible under an electron

text: The first scanning electron microscope (SEM) image was an image of electron channeling contrast in silicon steel. However, practical uses for the technique are limited because only a thin layer of abrasion damage or amorphous coating is generally adequate to obscure the contrast. If the specimen had to be given a conductive coating before examination to prevent charging, this too could obscure the contrast. On cleaved surfaces, and surfaces self-assembled on the atomic scale, electron channeling patterns are likely to see growing application with modern microscopes in the years ahead.

text: The first

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM) image was an image of electron channeling contrast in

text: silicon steel

text: . However, practical uses for the technique are limited because only a thin layer of abrasion damage or amorphous coating is generally adequate to obscure the contrast. If the specimen had to be given a conductive coating before examination to prevent charging, this too could obscure the contrast. On cleaved surfaces, and surfaces self-assembled on the atomic scale, electron channeling patterns are likely to see growing application with modern microscopes in the years ahead.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic scale

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron channeling patterns

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron channeling

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic scale,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (SEM) image was an image of electron channeling contrast in silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic scale,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron channeling contrast in silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron channeling contrast in silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron channeling

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron channeling contrast in silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: silicon steel.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic scale,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The first scanning electron microscope

text: Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life, sometimes acting as hiding places for larval forms of larger fish and foraging places for invertebrates.

text: Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life, sometimes acting as hiding places for larval forms of larger fish and foraging places for invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: algae and plants

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micrometers wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: algae and plants

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: larger fish

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: fish and foraging places for invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopic algae and plants

text: Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life, sometimes acting as hiding and foraging places for larval forms of larger fish and invertebrates. Algal life is widespread and very diverse under the ocean. Microscopic photosynthetic algae contribute a larger proportion of the world's photosynthetic output than all the terrestrial forests combined. Most of the niche occupied by sub plants on land is actually occupied by macroscopic algae in the ocean, such as Sargassum and kelp, which are commonly known as seaweeds that create kelp forests.

text: Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life, sometimes acting as hiding and foraging places for larval forms of larger fish and invertebrates. Algal life is widespread and very diverse under the ocean. Microscopic photosynthetic algae contribute a larger proportion of the world's photosynthetic output than all the terrestrial forests combined. Most of the

text: niche

text: occupied by sub plants on land is actually occupied by macroscopic

text: algae

text: in the ocean, such as

text: Sargassum

text: and

text: kelp

text: , which are commonly known as

text: seaweed

text: s that create

text: kelp forest

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: kelp

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: kelp

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: kelp

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: larger fish

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscopic photosynthetic algae

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscopic photosynthetic algae

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscopic photosynthetic algae

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Microscopic algae

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Microscopic photosynthetic algae

text: Straight or smoothly curved filaments 1.5 µm in diameter and 100 to more than 500 µm in length are formed by rod-shaped cells with clear septa growing within a long, tubular sheath.  An adhesive basal element at one end of the filament can aid attachment to solid surfaces.  The sheath offers some protection from predators, and the ability to anchor in flowing water allows access to a passing stream of food and nutrients.  Individual mature cells swarm out of the protective tube to colonize new sites.  Each motile mature cell has an intertwined bundle of flagella appearing as a single flagellum consisting of a long filament with a short hook and a basal body complex, but it is distinguishable by electron microscope as 10 to 30 strands with diameters of 12.5 to 16 nm each. S. natans stores reserves of poly- beta -hydroxybutyrate as internal globules making up 30 to 40% of the dry weight of a colony.   Gram and Neisser staining reactions are negative.

text: Straight or smoothly curved filaments 1.5 µm in diameter and 100 to more than 500 µm in length are formed by rod-shaped cells with clear

text: septa

text: growing within a long, tubular sheath.  An adhesive basal element at one end of the filament can aid attachment to solid surfaces.  The sheath offers some protection from predators, and the ability to anchor in flowing water allows access to a passing stream of food and nutrients.  Individual mature cells swarm out of the protective tube to colonize new sites.  Each motile mature cell has an intertwined bundle of

text: flagella

text: appearing as a single flagellum consisting of a long filament with a short hook and a basal body complex, but it is distinguishable by

text: electron microscope

text: as 10 to 30 strands with diameters of 12.5 to 16 nm each. S. natans stores reserves of

text: poly- beta -hydroxybutyrate

text: as internal globules making up 30 to 40% of the dry weight of a colony.   Gram and Neisser staining reactions are negative.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What happened first, the invention of the microscope or the invention of the microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 10 to 30 strands

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 16 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 500 <unk>m in length

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 12.5 to 16 nm

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: mature cell has an intertwined bundle of flagella

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: negative.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Neisser

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: predators,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 12.5 to 16 nm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 16 nm

text: Köhler's groundbreaking work on microscope illumination was published in the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie in 1893 in Germany, followed by an English summary of his work in the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society one year later. Its significance was not noted until several years later when Köhler was invited to join the Carl Zeiss AG company based on his invention. A century after its first publication, a translation of Köhler's original article, A New System of Illumination for Photomicrographic Purposes, was reprinted in the Köhler Illumination Centenary commemorative issue by the Royal Microscopical Society in 1994. Today, the Köhler illumination is considered one of the most important principles in achieving the best optical resolution on a light microscope.

text: Köhler's groundbreaking work on microscope illumination was published in the

text: Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie

text: in 1893 in

text: Germany

text: , followed by an English summary of his work in the

text: Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society

text: one year later. Its significance was not noted until several years later when Köhler was invited to join the

text: Carl Zeiss AG

text: company based on his invention. A century after its first publication, a translation of Köhler's original article, A New System of Illumination for Photomicrographic Purposes, was reprinted in the Köhler Illumination Centenary commemorative issue by the

text: Royal Microscopical Society

text: in 1994. Today, the Köhler illumination is considered one of the most important principles in achieving the best optical resolution on a light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Carl Zeiss AG

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Carl Zeiss AG

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Köhler illumination

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Köhler illumination

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Köhler illumination

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Carl Zeiss AG

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Carl Zeiss AG

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What did Köhler's groundbreaking work on microscope illumination do?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Köhler

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is visible light?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Köhler was invited to join the Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Photomicrographic Purposes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1994.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Photomicrographic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Köhler was invited to join the Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Köhler's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical resolution

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: light microscope.

text: The electron microscope has the capacity to obtain a resolution of up to 100 pm, whereby microscopic biomolecules and structures such as viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids, small molecules and even single atoms can be observed.

text: The

text: electron microscope

text: has the capacity to obtain a resolution of up to 100 pm, whereby microscopic biomolecules and structures such as viruses, ribosomes, proteins, lipids, small molecules and even single atoms can be observed.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biomolecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 pm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 millimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 100 pm,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope has the capacity to obtain a resolution of up to 100 pm,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biomolecules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ribosomes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic biomolecules and structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic biomolecules

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 pm,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 pm,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 100 pm,

text: Petrographic microscopes are constructed with optical parts that do not add unwanted polarizing effects due to strained glass, or polarization by reflection in prisms and mirrors. These special parts add to the cost and complexity of the microscope. However, a "simple polarizing" microscope is easily made by adding inexpensive polarizing filters to a standard biological microscope, often with one in a filter holder beneath the condenser, and a second inserted beneath the head or eyepiece. These might be sufficient for many non-quantitative purposes.

text: Petrographic microscopes are constructed with optical parts that do not add unwanted polarizing effects due to strained glass, or polarization by reflection in prisms and mirrors. These special parts add to the cost and complexity of the microscope. However, a "simple polarizing" microscope is easily made by adding inexpensive polarizing filters to a standard biological microscope, often with one in a filter holder beneath the condenser, and a second inserted beneath the head or eyepiece. These might be sufficient for many non-quantitative purposes.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the condenser

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: polarizing filters

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarization by reflection in prisms and mirrors.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: biological microscope,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Petrographic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarization by reflection in prisms and mirrors.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Petrographic microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: polarizing effects due to strained glass,

text: The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza. All of Descartes' major work was done in the Netherlands. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms with a microscope.

text: The Netherlands is the country of philosophers

text: Erasmus of Rotterdam

text: and

text: Spinoza

text: . All of

text: Descartes

text: ' major work was done in the Netherlands. The Dutch scientist

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: (1629–1695) discovered

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: , argued that light travelled as waves, invented the

text: pendulum clock

text: and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae.

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: was the first to observe and describe

text: single-celled organisms

text: with a

text: microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms with a microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: single-celled

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Huygens

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 680 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light travelled as waves,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: single-celled

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: waves,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Christiaan Huygens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: waves,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-celled organisms

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-celled organisms with a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: waves,

text: While David was still serving in the Air Force, Prof. Aharon Katzir from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, asked David to rebuild the Institute's electron microscope which had been damaged while researchers tried to activate it. For a few months, David was working as a military doctor during the day and at the Weizmann Institute of Science at night.  In 1955, upon his completion of military service, he began working in the Department of Polymers of the Weizmann Institute. In addition to restoring the function of the electron microscope, he developed and prepared the microtome and other devices necessary for the operation of the electron microscope. Later he founded the Electron Microscopy Laboratory at the Weizmann Institute. His pearly research in the Institute's Electron Microscopy Laboratory involved the membrane structure of erythrocytes, their adherence and thrombocytes. In 1957, while working at the Weizmann Institute David Danon founded with Dr. Kalman the Department of Physiology and Anatomy of Animals, at the Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot where he taught until 1962. His research during this period continued to focus on erythrocytes and thrombocytes, as well as the interaction between these cells and the influenza virus.  In 1964 he was appointed head of the Section for Biological Ultrastructure at the Weizmann Institute.  In 1967 he was assigned the title of "professor of biology."  Prof. Danon was the founder and first President of the Israeli Society for Electron Microscopy and President of the Israeli Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. At this time he developed and built Fragiligraph,  – a device that enables automatic registration of osmotic fragility curve of erythrocytes, later produced by "Elron".. In later years, Prof. Danon became interested in the process of aging of erythrocytes, and joined the Israeli Association of Gerontology.  In 1975 he was elected president of the International Association of Gerontology, and was the first and only Israeli scientist to date to serve in this position (1975-1978). Between the years 1978 to 1987, Prof. Danon served as the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Health. In 1979, he was appointed director of the Center for Research on Aging at the Weizmann Institute, a position he held until his retirement from the Institute in 1987. During a Sabbatical in geriatric medicine at Montefiore Hospital in New York in 1984-1985, he devoted major efforts to alleviating the suffering of patients with pressure ulcers. Between the years 1998 to 1991 he served as scientific advisor to the Israeli Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. Upon his retirement from Weizmann Institute, Prof. Danon was the director of the Waldenberg Gerontology Research Center in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1987 to 1992. At that time while continuing his research on the healing of pressure ulcers, he discovered the critical role of macrophages (a special type of white blood cell) in wound healing.  He discovered that the injection of macrophages from young mice, accelerated the healing of wounds in old mice. From 1993 onwards Prof. Danon devoted himself entirely to the development of a unique, remarkably simple, yet new method for the treatment of severe wounds, based on the injection of "activated" macrophages.  In this method, Macrophages were prepared from blood units of standard donated blood, using white blood cells that are typically considered undesirable in routine blood transfusions.  Macrophages were prepared from a blood unit in a closed sterile system that consisted of a number of interconnected plastic bags. According to the method developed by Prof. Danon, macrophages activation is done by the "hypo-osmotic shock" without any of the toxic materials usually used to activate cells. This work was carried out in the laboratories of Magen David Adom (the Israeli blood bank), and after many years of work the project was crowned with success.  As of 1998, the Israeli Ministry of Health has approved the use of activated macrophage injections for the treatment of serious pressure ulcers and other difficult wounds that are not responsive to standard treatments.  The method has been so effective, that it is included as covered within Israel's government health coverage plan.

text: While David was still serving in the Air Force, Prof.

text: Aharon Katzir

text: from the Weizmann Institute of Science in

text: Rehovot

text: erythrocyte

text: s, and joined the Israeli Association of Gerontology.  In 1975 he was elected president of the International Association of Gerontology, and was the first and only Israeli scientist to date to serve in this position (1975-1978). Between the years 1978 to 1987, Prof. Danon served as the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Health. In 1979, he was appointed director of the Center for Research on Aging at the Weizmann Institute, a position he held until his retirement from the Institute in 1987. During a Sabbatical in geriatric medicine at Montefiore Hospital in New York in 1984-1985, he devoted major efforts to alleviating the suffering of patients with pressure ulcers. Between the years 1998 to 1991 he served as scientific advisor to the Israeli Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. Upon his retirement from Weizmann Institute, Prof. Danon was the director of the Waldenberg Gerontology Research Center in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1987 to 1992. At that time while continuing his research on the healing of pressure ulcers, he discovered the critical role of macrophages (a special type of white blood cell) in wound healing.  He discovered that the injection of

text: macrophages

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Weizmann Institute of Science

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Weizmann Institute

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: device that enables automatic registration of osmotic fragility curve

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: David Danon was the first and only Israeli scientist to date to serve in this position

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Prof. Aharon Katzir

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Weizmann Institute

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Aharon Katzir

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: David Danon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: research

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Aharon Katzir

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Israeli Society for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microtome

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Israeli Society for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Prof. Danon

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Israeli Society for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Prof. Danon

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Israeli Society for Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Prof. Aharon Katzir

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: erythrocytes,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Prof. Aharon Katzir

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Danon

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microtome

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: microtome

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1962.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Electron

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Electron Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microtome

text: The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope. In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the eyepieces, a type of sensor similar to those used in a digital camera is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor. These sensors may use CMOS or charge-coupled device (CCD) technology, depending on the application.

text: The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the

text: digital microscope

text: . In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the

text: eyepiece

text: s, a type of sensor similar to those used in a

text: digital camera

text: is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor. These sensors may use

text: CMOS

text: or

text: charge-coupled device

text: (CCD) technology, depending on the application.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: CMOS

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the traditional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: CMOS

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: CMOS

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: CCD

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: eyepieces

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The traditional optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: digital

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: object through the eyepieces,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: image,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a type of sensor

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: digital microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope

text: There are several important modern developments. The atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of scanning probe microscopy. Although conceptually similar to the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light.

text: There are several important modern developments. The

text: atomic force microscope

text: (AFM) and the

text: Scanning Tunneling Microscope

text: (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of

text: scanning probe microscopy

text: . Although conceptually similar to the scanning

text: confocal microscope

text: developed by

text: Marvin Minsky

text: in 1961 and the

text: scanning acoustic microscope

text: (SAM) developed by

text: Calvin Quate

text: and coworkers in the 1970s, newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning probe microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanotechnology

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: AFM

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Calvin Quate

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelength of light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: SAM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: nanotechnology

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning probe microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: nanotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: wavelength of sound or light.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nanotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: nanotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: nanotechnology.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Marvin Minsky

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: wavelength of sound or light.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: wavelength of sound

text: The micronucleus tests provide important information about a chemical's ability to interfere with chromosome structure and function. For instance, many known human carcinogens test positive in mammalian micronucleus tests. In these tests, organisms are treated with a chemical and the resulting frequency of micronucleated calls is measured. If there is a marked increase in the number of cells with micronuclei, it can be concluded that the chemical induces structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage. Since micronucleus tests must be performed on actively dividing cells, bone marrow stem cells and the erythrocytes they produce through cell divisions are ideal candidates. These cells experience constant, rapid turnover and the lack of a true nucleus in erythrocytes makes micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

text: The micronucleus tests provide important information about a chemical's ability to interfere with chromosome structure and function. For instance, many known human carcinogens test positive in mammalian micronucleus tests. In these tests, organisms are treated with a chemical and the resulting frequency of micronucleated calls is measured. If there is a marked increase in the number of cells with micronuclei, it can be concluded that the chemical induces structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage. Since micronucleus tests must be performed on actively dividing cells, bone marrow stem cells and the erythrocytes they produce through cell divisions are ideal candidates. These cells experience constant, rapid turnover and the lack of a true nucleus in erythrocytes makes micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: micronuclei

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: micronuclei

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: bone marrow

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: bone marrow

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Micronuclei

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is the wavelength of visible light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micronuclei,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: micronucleus

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: micronuclei

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micronuclei easily visible

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: bone marrow stem cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: micronuclei easily visible under a microscope.

text: Among the pioneers in the study of the protists, which were almost ignored by Linnaeus except for some genera (e.g., Vorticella, Chaos, Volvox, Corallina, Conferva, Ulva, Chara, Fucus) were Leeuwenhoek, O. F. Müller, C. G. Ehrenberg and Félix Dujardin. The first groups used to classify microscopic organism were the Animalcules and the Infusoria. In 1817, the German naturalist Georg August Goldfuss introduced the word Protozoa to refer to organisms such as ciliates and corals. After the cell theory of Schwann and Schleiden (1838–39), this group was modified in 1848 by Carl von Siebold to include only animal-like unicellular organisms, such as foraminifera and amoebae. The formal taxonomic category Protoctista was first proposed in the early 1860s by John Hogg, who argued that the protists should include what he saw as primitive unicellular forms of both plants and animals. He defined the Protoctista as a "fourth kingdom of nature", in addition to the then-traditional kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals. The kingdom of minerals was later removed from taxonomy in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, leaving plants, animals, and the protists (Protista), defined as a “kingdom of primitive forms”.

text: Among the pioneers in the study of the protists, which were almost ignored by

text: Linnaeus

text: except for some genera (e.g.,

text: Vorticella

text: Chaos

text: Volvox

text: Corallina

text: Conferva

text: Ulva

text: Chara

text: Fucus

text: ) were

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: O. F. Müller

text: C. G. Ehrenberg

text: and

text: Félix Dujardin

text: . The first groups used to classify microscopic organism were the

text: Animalcules

text: and the

text: Infusoria

text: . In 1817, the German naturalist

text: Georg August Goldfuss

text: introduced the word

text: Protozoa

text: to refer to organisms such as

text: ciliate

text: s and

text: coral

text: s. After the

text: cell theory

text: of

text: Schwann

text: and

text: Schleiden

text: (1838–39), this group was modified in 1848 by

text: Carl von Siebold

text: to include only

text: animal-like unicellular organisms

text: , such as

text: foraminifera

text: and

text: amoebae

text: . The formal taxonomic category Protoctista was first proposed in the early 1860s by

text: John Hogg

text: , who argued that the protists should include what he saw as primitive unicellular forms of both plants and animals. He defined the Protoctista as a "fourth kingdom of nature", in addition to the then-traditional kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals. The kingdom of minerals was later removed from taxonomy in 1866 by

text: Ernst Haeckel

text: , leaving plants, animals, and the protists (Protista), defined as a “kingdom of primitive forms”.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Carl von Siebold

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Schwann

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Félix Dujardin

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Infusoria

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ernst Haeckel

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1838–39

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Animalcules and the Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Animalcules and the Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: protists,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Animalcules and the Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Schwann and Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Schwann and Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Among the pioneers in the study of the protists,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Félix Dujardin.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Among the pioneers in the study of the protists,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Animalcules and the Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: protists,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Schwann and Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Infusoria.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Georg August Goldfuss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic organism

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: C. G. Ehrenberg and Félix Dujardin.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: microscopic organism

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with an optical microscope. With the optical microscope, the lenses are designed for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to an optical microscope will result in an image that has compromises due to the eyepiece.

text: Since the digital microscope has the image projected directly on to the CCD camera, it is possible to have higher quality recorded images than with an optical microscope. With the optical microscope, the lenses are designed for the optics of the eye. Attaching a CCD camera to an optical microscope will result in an image that has compromises due to the eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: CCD cameras

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope. With the optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope, the lenses are designed for the optics of the eye.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: digital

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: digital microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: eye.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope.

text: The use of achromats was an important step in the development of the optical microscope and in telescopes.

text: The use of achromats was an important step in the development of the

text: optical microscope

text: and in

text: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images of objects

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a telescope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than infrared light

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: achromats was an important step in the development of the optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: optical microscope and in telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: achromats

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: optical microscope

text: The forge-workers finish their work when Vlan and Caprice arrive 8 days later.  Microscope unveils his means of getting to the moon : a shell launched by a cannon.  Due to the probability that the mission will go wrong, Microscope is forced to accompany Caprice. Vlan accedes to his son's insistent demands and also joins them on the trip.

text: The forge-workers finish their work when Vlan and Caprice arrive 8 days later.  Microscope unveils his means of getting to the moon : a

text: shell

text: launched by a cannon.  Due to the probability that the mission will go wrong, Microscope is forced to accompany Caprice. Vlan accedes to his son's insistent demands and also joins them on the trip.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: means of getting to the moon

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a lot more detail

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: forge-workers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Vlan

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 8 days later

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 8 days

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Microscope unveils his means of getting to the moon

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: a shell launched by a cannon.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 8 days later. Microscope unveils his means of getting to the moon

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Microscope unveils his means of getting to the moon

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: forge-workers

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a shell launched by a cannon.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 8 days later.

text: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM) was invented and patented in the late 1990s by Bruce McCormick at Texas A&M University. The microscope is intended to produce high-resolution data sets in order to reconstruct 3D cellular structures.

text: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM) was invented and patented in the late 1990s by

text: Bruce McCormick

text: at

text: Texas A&M University

text: . The microscope is intended to produce high-resolution data sets in order to reconstruct 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 3D cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: kefe-edge scanning microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: McCormick

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: KESM

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: McCormick

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cellular structures

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: data sets

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification of the most powerful light microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1990s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: high-resolution data sets in order to reconstruct 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 3D

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cellular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Knife-Edge Scanning

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: high-resolution data sets

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Bruce McCormick

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: high-resolution data sets in order to reconstruct 3D cellular structures.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1990s

text: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1968 and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.  He was made a CBE in 1974 and was knighted in 1980.

text: He was elected a

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: in 1968 and delivered their

text: Leeuwenhoek Lecture

text: in 1971.  He was made a

text: CBE

text: in 1974 and was knighted in 1980.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Royal Society

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhovek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhovek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telephoto

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: a few thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1971.

text: Fetal adenocarcinoma (FA) of the lung is a rare subtype of pulmonary adenocarcinoma that exhibits tissue architecture and cell characteristics that resemble fetal lung tissue upon microscopic examination. It is currently considered a variant of solid adenocarcinoma with mucin production.

text: Fetal adenocarcinoma (FA) of the lung is a rare subtype of

text: pulmonary

text: adenocarcinoma

text: that exhibits tissue architecture and

text: cell

text: characteristics that resemble fetal lung tissue upon microscopic examination. It is currently considered a variant of

text: solid adenocarcinoma with mucin production

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes were light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: tissue architecture

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Microscopic examination

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: FA

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: examination

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: fetal lung tissue upon microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: fetal lung tissue

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma (FA)

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell characteristics that resemble fetal lung tissue upon microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic examination.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Fetal

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: fetal lung tissue

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Fetal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Fetal adenocarcinoma

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Fetal

text: The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface is used to study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials.

text: The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface is used to study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ferroelectric

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: edwin hubert

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects in a new way

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: ferroelectric

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: domain structure of ferroelectric materials.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The nonlinear capacitance

text: From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view, it may be divided into microscopic potential energy, , and microscopic kinetic energy, , components:

text: From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view, it may be divided into microscopic potential energy, , and microscopic kinetic energy, , components:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic point of view

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic potential energy

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic potential energy

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a magnifying glass

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: a non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a non-relativistic microscopic point of view,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: From a non-relativistic microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: non-relativistic microscopic point of view,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: a non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: potential energy,,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: a non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic point of view,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: a non-relativistic

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic potential energy,, and microscopic kinetic energy,,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: a non-relativistic microscopic point of view,

text: He published a description of this cell in 1865. The cell was discovered by Sertoli with a Belthle microscope purchased in 1862, which he used while studying medicine.

text: He published a description of this cell in 1865. The cell was discovered by Sertoli with a Belthle microscope purchased in 1862, which he used while studying medicine.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a description

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Belthle microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Belthle microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Belthle microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Sertoli

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Belthle microscope purchased in 1862,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Belthle microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Belthle

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1865.

text: Another contribution to science was the stagnation-point flow experiment in which processes of initial interaction of fresh flowing blood with an artificial surface can be directly visualized under a high-power microscope. This technique has become an important method for experimentally studying this vital interaction and led to a variety of circulatory prostheses, including the artificial heart.

text: Another contribution to science was the stagnation-point flow experiment in which processes of initial interaction of fresh flowing blood with an artificial surface can be directly visualized under a high-power microscope. This technique has become an important method for experimentally studying this vital interaction and led to a variety of circulatory prostheses, including the artificial heart.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high-power microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: high-power microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the artificial heart

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: processes of initial interaction

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualization

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high-power microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than infrared

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stagnation-point flow experiment

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stagnation-point flow experiment

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: a high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: stagnation-point flow experiment

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a high-power microscope.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: processes of initial interaction of fresh flowing blood with an artificial surface

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: visualized

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: science

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: high-power

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: stagnation-point flow experiment

text: Immunofluorescence can be used on tissue sections, cultured cell lines, or individual cells, and may be used to analyze the distribution of proteins, glycans, and small biological and non-biological molecules. Immunofluoresence can be used in combination with other, non-antibody methods of fluorescent staining, for example, use of DAPI to label DNA. Several microscope designs can be used for analysis of immunofluorescence samples; the simplest is the epifluorescence microscope, and the confocal microscope is also widely used. Various super-resolution microscope designs that are capable of much higher resolution can also be used.

text: Immunofluorescence can be used on tissue sections, cultured

text: cell lines

text: , or individual cells, and may be used to analyze the distribution of

text: protein

text: s,

text: glycan

text: s, and small biological and non-biological molecules. Immunofluoresence can be used in combination with other, non-antibody methods of fluorescent staining, for example, use of

text: DAPI

text: to label

text: DNA

text: . Several microscope designs can be used for analysis of immunofluorescence samples; the simplest is the

text: epifluorescence microscope

text: , and the

text: confocal microscope

text: is also widely used. Various

text: super-resolution

text: microscope designs that are capable of much higher resolution can also be used.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: ft

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: DAPI

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: epifluorescence microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: simplest is the epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope designs can be used for analysis of immunofluorescence samples;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Various super-resolution microscope designs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: proteins,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: confocal microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: individual cells,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: immunofluorescence samples;

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: epifluorescence microscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Immunofluorescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: super-resolution

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: confocal microscope

text: Janssen has been associated with the invention of the single-lens (simple) optical microscope and the compound (2 or more lens) 9x magnification optical microscope, sometimes claimed to have been devised with the help of his father (or sometimes said to have been built entirely by his father) with a date of invention commonly given as 1590 (or sometimes 1595), while trying to find a way to make magnification even greater to help people with seriously poor eyesight.

text: Janssen has been associated with the invention of the single-lens (simple)

text: optical microscope

text: and the compound (2 or more lens) 9x

text: magnification

text: optical microscope, sometimes claimed to have been devised with the help of his father (or sometimes said to have been built entirely by his father) with a date of invention commonly given as 1590 (or sometimes 1595), while trying to find a way to make magnification even greater to help people with seriously poor eyesight.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens (simple) optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens (simple) optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 9x magnification optical microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscope and the compound (2 or more lens) 9x magnification

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens (simple) optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: poor eyesight.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: eyesight.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Janssen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 9x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1590

text: The creation of careful and accurate micrographs requires a microscopical technique using a monocular eyepiece. It is essential that both eyes are open and that the eye that is not observing down the microscope is instead concentrated on a sheet of paper on the bench besides the microscope. With practice, and without moving the head or eyes, it is possible to accurately record the observed details by tracing round the observed shapes by simultaneously "seeing" the pencil point in the microscopical image.

text: The creation of careful and accurate micrographs requires a microscopical technique using a monocular eyepiece. It is essential that both eyes are open and that the eye that is not observing down the microscope is instead concentrated on a sheet of paper on the bench besides the microscope. With practice, and without moving the head or eyes, it is possible to accurately record the observed details by tracing round the observed shapes by simultaneously "seeing" the pencil point in the microscopical image.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: monocular eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the creation of careful and accurate micrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic technique

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micrographs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: monocular eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the monocular eyepiece

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Samuel Hahnemann

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the pencil point

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micrographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographs

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The creation of careful and accurate micrographs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: micrographs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The creation of careful and accurate micrographs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: micrographs requires a microscopical

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: micrographs requires a microscopical

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: monocular

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: micrographs requires a microscopical

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopical

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: pencil point in the microscopical image.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: micrographs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: monocular eyepiece.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: monocular eyepiece.

text: Pritchard set up as an optician, and also sold microscopes and microslide preparations. These slides he prepared by studying the microscopic organisms that he saw, and identifying and labelling them. Starting in 1830, he collaborated with C.R. Goring to produce beautifully illustrated books showing the "animalcules" visible through the microscope. His shops were in central London, more towards The City than the West End, variously at 162 Fleet Street, Pickett Street and 312 & 263 The Strand. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says his List of 2000 Microscopic Objects (1835) "is very important in the history of microscopy... his History of the Infusoria (1841) was long a standard work, and the impetus it gave to the study of biological science cannot be overestimated." ("Infusoria" is a term then current for aquatic micro-organisms.) This latter book was enlarged and revised by John Ralfs and other botanists; Pritchard in turn condensed Ralfs's contribution on the diatomaceæ (diatoms, a type of phytoplankton), and wrote many books and articles on "natural history as seen through the microscope, on optical instruments, and on patents"

text: Pritchard set up as an optician, and also sold

text: microscopes

text: and microslide preparations. These slides he prepared by studying the microscopic organisms that he saw, and identifying and labelling them. Starting in 1830, he collaborated with C.R. Goring to produce beautifully illustrated books showing the "

text: animalcules

text: " visible through the microscope. His shops were in

text: central London

text: , more towards

text: The City

text: than the

text: West End

text: , variously at 162

text: Fleet Street

text: , Pickett Street and 312 & 263

text: The Strand

text: . The

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: says his List of 2000 Microscopic Objects (1835) "is very important in the history of microscopy... his History of the Infusoria (1841) was long a

text: standard work

text: , and the impetus it gave to the study of biological science cannot be overestimated." ("

text: Infusoria

text: " is a term then current for aquatic micro-organisms.) This latter book was enlarged and revised by

text: John Ralfs

text: and other botanists; Pritchard in turn condensed Ralfs's contribution on the diatomaceæ (

text: diatom

text: s, a type of

text: phytoplankton

text: ), and wrote many books and articles on "natural history as seen through the microscope, on optical instruments, and on patents"

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical instruments

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: books showing the "animalcules" visible through the microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1841

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: John Ralfs

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: C.R. Goring

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: diatoms

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: John Ralfs

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: C.R. Goring

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pritchard and C.R. Goring

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopically

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is the wavelength of visible light?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1830,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microslide preparations.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: aquatic micro-organisms.)

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2000 Microscopic Objects (1835)

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: List of 2000 Microscopic Objects

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes and microslide preparations.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes and microslide preparations.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: (diatoms,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopy...

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopy...

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pritchard

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic organisms

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1830,

text: During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) discovered "animalcules" in the sperm of humans and other animals. Some scientists speculated they saw a "little man" (homunculus) inside each sperm. These scientists formed a school of thought known as the "spermists". They contended the only contributions of the female to the next generation were the womb in which the homunculus grew, and prenatal influences of the womb. An opposing school of thought, the ovists, believed that the future human was in the egg, and that sperm merely stimulated the growth of the egg. Ovists thought women carried eggs containing boy and girl children, and that the gender of the offspring was determined well before conception.

text: During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723) discovered "animalcules" in the sperm of humans and other animals. Some scientists speculated they saw a "little man" (

text: homunculus

text: ) inside each

text: sperm

text: . These scientists formed a school of thought known as the "spermists". They contended the only contributions of the female to the next generation were the womb in which the homunculus grew, and prenatal influences of the womb. An opposing school of thought, the ovists, believed that the future human was in the egg, and that sperm merely stimulated the growth of the egg. Ovists thought women carried eggs containing boy and girl children, and that the gender of the offspring was determined well before conception.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ovists

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ovists

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ovists

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a "little man" inside each sperm

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: how many times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 18th century,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: boy

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: "animalcules"

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ovists,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "spermists".

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: ovists,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: During the 18th century, Dutch microscopist

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dutch microscopist

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (1632–1723)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 18th century, Dutch microscopist

text: A petrographic microscope is a type of optical microscope used in petrology and optical mineralogy to identify rocks and minerals in thin sections. The microscope is used in optical mineralogy and petrography, a branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. The method is called "polarized light microscopy" (PLM).Depending on the grade of observation required, petrological microscopes are derived from conventional brightfield microscopes of similar basic capabilities by:

text: A petrographic microscope is a type of

text: optical microscope

text: used in

text: petrology

text: and

text: optical mineralogy

text: to identify

text: rocks

text: and

text: mineral

text: s in

text: thin section

text: s. The microscope is used in

text: optical mineralogy

text: and

text: petrography

text: , a branch of

text: petrology

text: which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. The method is called "

text: polarized light microscopy

text: " (PLM).Depending on the grade of observation required, petrological microscopes are derived from conventional brightfield microscopes of similar basic capabilities by:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: conventional brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical mineralogy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical mineralogy

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: rocks and minerals

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a detailed description

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: polarized light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "polarized light microscopy"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: thin sections.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: "polarized light microscopy"

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "polarized light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: "polarized light

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: petrographic microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "polarized light microscopy"

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: brightfield

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: rocks and minerals in thin sections.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: identify rocks and minerals in thin sections.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: thin sections.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: "polarized light microscopy"

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: brightfield microscopes

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: brightfield

text: It is difficult to say who invented the compound microscope. The Dutch spectacle-maker Zacharias Janssen is sometimes claimed to have invented it in 1590 (a claim made by his son and fellow countrymen, in different testimony in 1634 and 1655). Another claim is that Janssen's competitor, Hans Lippershey, invented the compound microscope. Another favorite for the title of 'inventor of the microscope' was Galileo Galilei. He developed an occhiolino or compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens in 1609. Galileo's microscope was celebrated in the Accademia dei Lincei in 1624 and was the first such device to be given the name "microscope" a year later by fellow Lincean Giovanni Faber. Faber coined the name from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at", a name meant to be analogous with "telescope", another word coined by the Linceans.

text: It is difficult to say who invented the compound microscope. The

text: Dutch

text: spectacle-maker

text: Zacharias Janssen

text: is sometimes claimed to have invented it in 1590 (a claim made by his son and fellow countrymen, in different testimony in 1634 and 1655). Another claim is that Janssen's competitor,

text: Hans Lippershey

text: , invented the compound microscope. Another favorite for the title of 'inventor of the microscope' was

text: Galileo Galilei

text: . He developed an occhiolino or compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens in 1609. Galileo's microscope was celebrated in the

text: Accademia dei Lincei

text: in 1624 and was the first such device to be given the name "microscope" a year later by fellow Lincean

text: Giovanni Faber

text: . Faber coined the name from the

text: Greek

text: words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at", a name meant to be analogous with "

text: telescope

text: ", another word coined by the Linceans.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: device to be given the name "microscope"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: It is difficult to say

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Giovanni Faber

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a convex lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: micron

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1590

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: convex and a concave lens in 1609.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Zacharias Janssen is sometimes claimed to have invented it in 1590

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: "microscope"

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Zacharias Janssen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Hans Lippershey,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: compound microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: occhiolino

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "microscope"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: compound

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: "to look at",

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: "small", and <unk> (skopein) meaning "to look at",

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: (micron)

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1590

text: Feynman considered a number of interesting ramifications of a general ability to manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He was particularly interested in the possibilities of denser computer circuitry, and microscopes that could see things much smaller than is possible with scanning electron microscopes. These ideas were later realized by the use of the scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope and other examples of scanning probe microscopy and storage systems such as Millipede, created by researchers at IBM.

text: Feynman considered a number of interesting ramifications of a general ability to manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He was particularly interested in the possibilities of denser

text: computer

text: circuitry, and

text: microscope

text: s that could see things much smaller than is possible with

text: scanning electron microscope

text: s. These ideas were later realized by the use of the

text: scanning tunneling microscope

text: , the

text: atomic force microscope

text: and other examples of

text: scanning probe microscopy

text: and storage systems such as

text: Millipede

text: , created by researchers at

text: IBM

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: researchers at IBM

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopes that could see things

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: matter

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Millipede

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: scanning electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning tunneling microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atom

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: scanning probe

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning tunneling

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: things much smaller

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see things much smaller

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: researchers at IBM

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scanning probe microscopy

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: smaller

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atomic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: scanning tunneling microscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: scanning tunneling microscope, the atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Feynman

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: things much smaller

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: see things much smaller

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: IBM.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: scanning electron microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic force microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Feynman

text: Given the above, the primary method for imaging particle analysis is using optical microscopy. While optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s, the "analysis" in the past has been accomplished by humans using the human visual system. As such, much of this analysis is subjective, or qualitative in nature. Even when some sort of qualitative tools are available, such as a measuring reticle in the microscope, it has still required a human to determine and record those measurements.

text: Given the above, the primary method for imaging particle analysis is using optical microscopy. While

text: optical microscope

text: s have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s, the "analysis" in the past has been accomplished by humans using the human

text: visual system

text: . As such, much of this analysis is subjective, or qualitative in nature. Even when some sort of qualitative tools are available, such as a measuring

text: reticle

text: in the microscope, it has still required a human to determine and record those measurements.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: dimensions

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: unrelated

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the human visual system

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particle

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particle analysis

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: human

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: refracting

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1600s

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: particle

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: human visual system.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical microscopy. While optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: particle analysis

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: imaging particle analysis

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical microscopy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: optical microscopes have been around and used for particle analysis since the 1600s,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1600s,

text: In 1665 Hooke published Micrographia, a book describing observations made with microscopes and telescopes, as well as some original work in biology.  Hooke coined the term cell for describing biological organisms, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to cells of a honeycomb.  The hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for Micrographia, originally constructed by Christopher White in London, is on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, DC.

text: In 1665 Hooke published

text: Micrographia

text: , a book describing observations made with

text: microscope

text: s and

text: telescope

text: s, as well as some original work in

text: biology

text: .  Hooke coined the term

text: cell

text: for describing biological organisms, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to cells of a honeycomb.  The hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope he used to make the observations for Micrographia, originally constructed by Christopher White in London, is on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, DC.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a book

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Micrographia

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telescope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: leather and gold-tooled microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a book describing observations made with microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, DC.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: honeycomb.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: resemblance of plant cells to cells of a honeycomb.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Hooke published Micrographia,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Christopher White

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopes and telescopes,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: honeycomb.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: honeycomb.

text: In 1999, he was appointed as Director of Research and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital from which he retired at the end of 2011.

text: In 1999, he was appointed as Director of Research and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital from which he retired at the end of 2011.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Antonio van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unimaginable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Cancer

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Leeuwenhoek Hospital

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2011.

text: However no real progress was made in the scientific study of algae until the invention of the microscope — in about 1600. It was Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) who discovered bacteria and saw the cell structure of plants. His unsystematic glimpses of plant structure, reported to the Royal Society between 1678 and his death in 1723, produced no significant advances (Morton, 1981 p. 180).

text: However no real progress was made in the scientific study of algae until the invention of the

text: microscope

text: — in about 1600. It was

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: (1632–1723) who discovered

text: bacteria

text: and saw the cell structure of plants. His unsystematic glimpses of plant structure, reported to the

text: Royal Society

text: between 1678 and his death in 1723, produced no significant advances (Morton, 1981 p. 180).

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1678

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: scientific study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the cell structure of plants

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1632

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1678

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no real progress was made in the scientific

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: systematized

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: progress in the scientific study

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no significant advances

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 180

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: about 1600

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: no real progress was made in the scientific study of algae

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope — in about 1600.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: no real progress was made in the scientific study of algae

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscope — in about 1600.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope — in about 1600.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell structure

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the cell structure of plants.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific study of algae

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope — in about 1600.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1600.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1600.

text: The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope. This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.250 micrometres or 250 nanometres. This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x.  Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.

text: The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the

text: optical microscope

text: . This is an

text: optical

text: instrument

text: containing one or more

text: lenses

text: producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have

text: refractive

text: glass and occasionally of plastic or

text: quartz

text: , to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical

text: resolution limit

text: of around 0.250

text: micrometre

text: s or 250

text: nanometre

text: s. This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x.  Specialized techniques (e.g.,

text: scanning confocal microscopy

text: Vertico SMI

text: ) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is

text: diffraction

text: limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the

text: near-field scanning optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: the first invented

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: micrometres

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: magnifications

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: What is the most common type of microscope?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an enlarged image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1250x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: optical lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1500x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 0.250 micrometres

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1250x

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: enlarged image

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1250x

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: enlarged image of a sample

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: an enlarged image

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: optical microscope.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1250x

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: one or more lenses

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1500x.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: ultraviolet,

text: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically. Nevertheless, there are often practical reasons for wanting to treat bound current differently from free current. For example, the bound current usually originates over atomic dimensions, and one may wish to take advantage of a simpler theory intended for larger dimensions. The result is that the more microscopic Ampère's circuital law, expressed in terms of  and the microscopic current (which includes free, magnetization and polarization currents), is sometimes put into the equivalent form below in terms of  and the free current only. For a detailed definition of free current and bound current, and the proof that the two formulations are equivalent, see the "proof" section below.

text: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically. Nevertheless, there are often practical reasons for wanting to treat bound current differently from free current. For example, the bound current usually originates over atomic dimensions, and one may wish to take advantage of a simpler theory intended for larger dimensions. The result is that the more microscopic Ampère's circuital law, expressed in terms of  and the microscopic current (which includes free, magnetization and polarization currents), is sometimes put into the equivalent form below in terms of  and the free current only. For a detailed definition of free current and bound current, and the proof that the two formulations are equivalent, see the "

text: proof

text: " section below.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: the microscopic current

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic dimensions

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: current

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ampère

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: larger ones

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ampère's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: All current is fundamentally the same,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: atomic dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: atomic dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atomic dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ampère's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: current

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ampère's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ampère's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: current

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ampère's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: atomic dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: atomic dimensions,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically.

text: Double fertilization was discovered more than a century ago by Sergei Nawaschin in Kiev,  Russian Empire, and Léon Guignard in France. Each made the discovery independently of the other. Lilium martagon and Fritillaria tenella were used in the first observations of double fertilization, which were made using the classical light microscope. Due to the limitations of the light microscope, there were many unanswered questions regarding the process of double fertilization. However, with the development of the electron microscope, many of the questions were answered. Most notably, the observations made by the group of W. Jensen showed that the male gametes did not have any cell walls and that the plasma membrane of the gametes is close to the plasma membrane of the cell that surrounds them inside the pollen grain.

text: Double fertilization was discovered more than a century ago by

text: Sergei Nawaschin

text: in

text: Kiev

text: Russian Empire

text: , and Léon Guignard in

text: France

text: . Each made the discovery independently of the other.

text: Lilium martagon

text: and

text: Fritillaria

text: tenella

text: were used in the first observations of double fertilization, which were made using the classical

text: light microscope

text: . Due to the limitations of the light microscope, there were many unanswered questions regarding the process of double fertilization. However, with the development of the

text: electron microscope

text: , many of the questions were answered. Most notably, the observations made by the group of W. Jensen showed that the male gametes did not have any cell walls and that the plasma membrane of the gametes is close to the plasma membrane of the cell that surrounds them inside the pollen grain.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: classical light microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: classical light microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: light microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: W. Jensen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: classical light microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jensen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: classical light microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: plasma membrane

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: classical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Sergei Nawaschin

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cell walls

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Russian Empire

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Sergei Nawaschin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: classical light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: classical light microscope. Due to the limitations of the light microscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: the male gametes did not have any cell walls

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: classical light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: gametes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: classical light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the male gametes did not have any cell walls

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: classical light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: W. Jensen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: classical light

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Léon Guignard

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Russian Empire, and Léon Guignard in France.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light microscope.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope,

text: In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that Van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and were all well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Van Leeuwenhoek's work.

text: In 1981, the British microscopist

text: Brian J. Ford

text: found that Van Leeuwenhoek's original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and were all well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of Van Leeuwenhoek's work.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society of London

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Brian J. Ford

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was in the specimens

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a single lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: specimens

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Royal Society of London.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Brian J. Ford found that Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Brian J. Ford found that Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: single-lens microscopes,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek's

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: Paramecia were among the first ciliates to be seen by microscopists, in the late 17th century.  They were probably known to the Dutch pioneer of protozoology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, and were clearly described by his contemporary Christiaan Huygens in a letter of 1678. In 1718, the French mathematics teacher and microscopist Louis Joblot published a description and illustration of a microscopic "poisson" (fish), which he discovered in an infusion of oak bark in water.  Joblot gave this creature the name "Chausson," or "Slipper," and the phrase "slipper animalcule" remained in use as a colloquial epithet for Paramecium, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The name "Paramecium"—constructed from the Greek παραμήκης (paramēkēs, "oblong") -- was coined in 1752 by the English microscopist John Hill, who applied the name generally to "Animalcules which have no visible limbs or tails, and are of an irregularly oblong figure."  In 1773, O. F. Müller, the first researcher to place the genus within the Linnaean system of taxonomy, adopted the name Paramecium, but changed the spelling to Paramœcium.  C. G. Ehrenberg, in a major study of the infusoria published in 1838, restored Hill's original spelling for the genus name, and most researchers have followed his lead.

text: Paramecia were among the first ciliates to be seen by

text: microscopists

text: , in the late 17th century.  They were probably known to the Dutch pioneer of

text: protozoology

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: , and were clearly described by his contemporary

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: in a letter of 1678. In 1718, the French mathematics teacher and microscopist

text: Louis Joblot

text: published a description and illustration of a microscopic "poisson" (fish), which he discovered in an

text: infusion

text: of oak bark in water.  Joblot gave this creature the name "Chausson," or "Slipper," and the phrase "slipper animalcule" remained in use as a colloquial epithet for Paramecium, throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The name "Paramecium"—constructed from the Greek παραμήκης (paramēkēs, "oblong") -- was coined in 1752 by the English microscopist

text: John Hill

text: , who applied the name generally to "Animalcules which have no visible limbs or tails, and are of an irregularly oblong figure."  In 1773,

text: O. F. Müller

text: , the first researcher to place the genus within the

text: Linnaean

text: system of

text: taxonomy

text: , adopted the name Paramecium, but changed the spelling to Paramœcium.

text: C. G. Ehrenberg

text: , in a major study of the

text: infusoria

text: published in 1838, restored Hill's original spelling for the genus name, and most researchers have followed his lead.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: John Hill

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Paramecium

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the first ciliates to be seen by microscopists

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Paramecium

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Louis Joblot

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Christiaan Huygens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Louis Joblot

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopist

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Louis Joblot

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Hill

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: ciliates

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Huygens

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: infusoria

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Huygens

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what was the first ciliate to be seen by microscopists?

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Microscopists

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: How long is visible light?

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: C. G. Ehrenberg,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Paramecium,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "Animalcules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Param<unk>cium.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopists,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: changed the spelling to Param<unk>cium.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Param<unk>cium.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: John Hill,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: John Hill,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopists,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Paramecium,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: "Paramecium"—constructed

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: O. F. Müller,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Paramecium,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: "poisson" (fish),

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Christiaan Huygens

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: infusoria

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: infusoria

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: "Paramecium"—constructed

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Paramecia were among the first ciliates

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Dutch

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: C. G. Ehrenberg,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1678.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1678.

text: Paracellular permeability depends on transport through the spaces that exist between epithelial cells. It is regulated by cellular junctions that are localized in the laminal membranes of the cells. This is the main route of passive flow of water and solutes across the intestinal epithelium. Regulation depends on the intercellular tight junctions which have the most influence on paracellular transport.  Studies using the electron microscope showed that the electrical resistance of epithelial layers depends on the complexity and number of filaments within the tight junction transmembrane protein complexes. Also, the plasma membrane resistance and variable transmembrane conductance of the epithelial cells can also modulate paracellular pathway function.

text: Paracellular permeability depends on transport through the spaces that exist between epithelial cells. It is regulated by cellular junctions that are localized in the laminal membranes of the cells. This is the main route of passive flow of water and solutes across the intestinal epithelium. Regulation depends on the intercellular tight junctions which have the most influence on paracellular transport.  Studies using the electron microscope showed that the electrical resistance of epithelial layers depends on the complexity and number of filaments within the tight junction transmembrane protein complexes. Also, the

text: plasma membrane

text: resistance and variable transmembrane conductance of the epithelial cells can also modulate paracellular pathway function.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: experiments on cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: number of filaments

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: tight junction transmembrane protein complexes.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: epithelial cells.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: electron microscope

text: The company produced a range of precision microscopes and survey equipment including theodolites and it manufactured one of the first usable interference microscopes. A 1950 catalogue listed the following range of microscopes:

text: The company produced a range of precision

text: microscopes

text: and survey equipment including

text: theodolites

text: and it manufactured one of the first usable

text: interference microscopes

text: . A 1950 catalogue listed the following range of microscopes:

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: survey equipment

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: the cell theory

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Janssens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: interference microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 5 m

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: precision microscopes and survey equipment

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1950

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: precision microscopes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopes and survey equipment including theodolites

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: theodolites

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes and survey equipment including theodolites

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: interference microscopes.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1950

text: The prevalence has been estimated as 35 per 100,000, and may be considerably higher if clinically silent tumors are included. An autopsy study of the pancreas in people who died from unrelated causes discovered a remarkably high incidence of tiny asymptomatic NETs. Routine microscopic study of three random sections of the pancreas found NETs in 1.6%, and multiple sections identified NETs in 10%. As diagnostic imaging increases in sensitivity, such as endoscopic ultrasonography, very small, clinically insignificant NETs may be coincidentally discovered; being unrelated to symptoms, such neoplasms may not require surgical excision.

text: The

text: prevalence

text: has been estimated as 35 per 100,000, and may be considerably higher if clinically silent tumors are included. An

text: autopsy

text: study of the pancreas in people who died from unrelated causes discovered a remarkably high incidence of tiny asymptomatic NETs. Routine microscopic study of three random sections of the pancreas found NETs in 1.6%, and multiple sections identified NETs in 10%. As diagnostic imaging increases in sensitivity, such as

text: endoscopic

text: ultrasonography

text: , very small, clinically insignificant NETs may be coincidentally discovered; being unrelated to symptoms, such neoplasms may not require surgical excision.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: megapixels

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: endoscopic ultrasound

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: endoscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: endoscopic

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: NETs

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: very small

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 10 meters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The prevalence has been estimated as 35 per 100,000,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Routine microscopic study

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 35 per 100,000,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: diagnostic imaging increases in sensitivity,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: three

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: NETs.

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The prevalence has been estimated as 35 per 100,000,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1.6%,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: sensitivity,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: pancreas

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: tiny asymptomatic NETs.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: diagnostic imaging

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 35 per 100,000,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 35 per 100,000,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: endoscopic ultrasonography,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1.6%,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 35 per 100,000,

text: Analysis of trace materials most often begins with a visual examination of the evidence usually involving macrophotography. This is then usually followed by microscopic analysis, of which a number of different types are available depending on the type of material to be analysed, such as a stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) or comparison microscope. SEM is especially useful because X-ray analysis can be conducted on selected areas of the sample, so is a form of microanalysis. It is useful where chemical residues can show unusual elements present which may indicate chemical attack of the product. A car accident caused by a diesel fuel leak, for example, showed traces of sulfur on the cracked tube indicative of attack by sulfuric acid from the battery.

text: Analysis of trace materials most often begins with a visual examination of the evidence usually involving

text: macrophotography

text: . This is then usually followed by

text: microscopic analysis

text: , of which a number of different types are available depending on the type of material to be analysed, such as a

text: stereomicroscope

text: scanning electron microscope

text: (SEM) or

text: comparison microscope

text: . SEM is especially useful because X-ray analysis can be conducted on selected areas of the sample, so is a form of

text: microanalysis

text: . It is useful where chemical residues can show unusual elements present which may indicate chemical attack of the product. A car accident caused by a diesel fuel leak, for example, showed traces of

text: sulfur

text: on the cracked tube indicative of attack by

text: sulfuric acid

text: from the battery.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: macrophotography

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macrophotography

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: SEM

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereomicroscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a light source

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: visual examination of the evidence usually involving macrophotography.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: macrophotography.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: a stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: scanning electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic analysis,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic analysis,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: stereomicroscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: macrophotography.

text: The microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery. It has also been linked to the arts since its invention in the 17th century. At first scientists used the microscope to view and draw objects not visible with the unaided eye. Early adopters of the microscope, such as Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, were excellent illustrators. After the invention of photography in the 1820s the microscope was later combined with the camera to take pictures instead of relying on an artistic rendering.

text: The microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery. It has also been linked to the arts since its invention in the 17th century. At first scientists used the microscope to view and draw objects not visible with the unaided eye. Early adopters of the microscope, such as

text: Robert Hooke

text: and

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: , were excellent illustrators. After the invention of

text: photography

text: in the 1820s the microscope was later combined with the camera to take pictures instead of relying on an artistic rendering.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: after the invention of photography

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: the unaided eye

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unaided

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: unaided

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific discovery

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: unaided eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: unaided eye

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: photography

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: view and draw objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: draw objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 17th century.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The microscope has been mainly used for scientific discovery.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: photography

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: The microscope

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Robert Hooke

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: scientific discovery.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: excellent illustrators.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: draw objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: objects not visible with the unaided eye.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1820s

text: Sperm were first observed in 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using a microscope, he described them as being animalcules (little animals), probably due to his belief in preformationism, which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.

text: Sperm were first observed in 1677 by

text: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: using a

text: microscope

text: , he described them as being

text: animalcule

text: s (little animals), probably due to his belief in

text: preformationism

text: , which thought that each sperm contained a fully formed but small human.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope, he described them as being animalcules

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: animalcules

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1677

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: a microscope,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Sperm were first observed in 1677

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: small human.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1677

text: Ryudamon

text: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectrophotometer

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a person's face

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a person's eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: luminescence

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Ryudamon

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Ryudamon

text: A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy. Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous and inflammatory conditions.

text: A biopsy is a

text: medical test

text: commonly performed by a

text: surgeon

text: interventional radiologist

text: , or an

text: interventional cardiologist

text: involving extraction of

text: sample

text: cells

text: or

text: tissue

text: s for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a

text: microscope

text: by a

text: pathologist

text: , and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the

text: histological

text: architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a

text: needle aspiration biopsy

text: . Biopsies are most commonly performed for insight into possible cancerous and inflammatory conditions.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope by a pathologist

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacterial cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 4).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: excisional

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: excisional

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: excisional

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: radiologist

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: histological architecture of the tissue’s cells,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The tissue is generally examined under a microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: chemically.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells or tissues

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: cells or tissues

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: pathologist,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: excisional biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: needle aspiration biopsy.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: excisional biopsy.

text: In 1676, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.

text: In 1676,

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

text: observed bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens

text: microscope

text: of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope of his own design

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observations

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: no more than ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: single-lens microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: single-lens microscope of his own design.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria and other microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: observed bacteria and other microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Anton van Leeuwenhoek

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: single-lens

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: single-lens

text: The optical components of a modern microscope are very complex and for a microscope to work well, the whole optical path has to be very accurately set up and controlled. Despite this, the basic operating principles of a microscope are quite simple.

text: The optical components of a modern microscope are very complex and for a microscope to work well, the whole optical path has to be very accurately set up and controlled. Despite this, the basic operating principles of a microscope are quite simple.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: an optical microscope

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: what they could not see

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: shorter than a microscope's

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: simple.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope are very complex

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: optical path

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: modern

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: modern

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscope are quite simple.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: simple.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The optical components of a modern microscope

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: simple.

text: Venneri ran for the Montrealers' Party in the 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli, who had by this time joined the Vision Montreal (VM) party. The Montrealers' Party dissolved the following year, with Venneri remarking that its questionable financial strategies had doomed it from the start.

text: Venneri ran for the Montrealers' Party in the 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli, who had by this time joined the

text: Vision Montreal

text: (VM) party. The Montrealers' Party dissolved the following year, with Venneri remarking that its questionable financial strategies had doomed it from the start.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Vittorio Capparelli

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Vittorio Capparelli

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Vittorio Capparelli

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Venneri

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Montrealers' Party

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Montrealers'

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Montrealers'

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Montrealers'

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Montrealers'

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Vision Montreal

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: third against Vittorio Capparelli,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1994 municipal election and finished third against Vittorio Capparelli,

text: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's WWF for many years throughout the 1970s and 1980s, in the form of wrestling "house shows", and superstars like Hulk Hogan, André the Giant, Randy "Macho Man" Savage, Tito Santana, Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat and many others would regularly appear there. But despite this relationship, the Boston Garden was host to only one pro wrestling pay-per-view in its history: the 1993 Survivor Series. The WWF held their final house show in the Boston Garden on May 13, 1995.

text: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

text: WWF

text: for many years throughout the 1970s and 1980s, in the form of wrestling "

text: house show

text: s", and superstars like

text: Hulk Hogan

text: André the Giant

text: Randy "Macho Man" Savage

text: Tito Santana

text: Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat

text: and many others would regularly appear there. But despite this relationship, the Boston Garden was host to only one pro wrestling pay-per-view in its history:

text: the 1993 Survivor Series

text: . The WWF held their final house show in the Boston Garden on May 13, 1995.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: "house shows"

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Hulk Hogan

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: André the Giant

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Tito Santana

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Hulk Hogan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: the Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: André the Giant

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: André the Giant

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: André the Giant

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: pro wrestling pay-per-view

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: one pro wrestling pay-per-view

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Hulk Hogan, André the Giant,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Boston Garden

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 1970s and 1980s,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: "house shows",

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Randy "Macho Man" Savage,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: WWF held their final house show in the Boston Garden on May 13, 1995.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: pro wrestling pay-per-view

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Hulk Hogan, André the Giant,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The Boston Garden was a frequent host of Vince McMahon's

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Giant,

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1995.

text: <ref>{{cite journal|author1=E.T. den Braber |author2=H.V. Jansen |author3=M.J. de Boer |author4=H.J.E. Croes |author5=M. Elwenspoek |author6=J.A. Jansen  |last-author-amp=yes |title=Scanning electron microscopic, transmission electron microscopic, and confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of fibroblasts cultured on microgrooved surfaces of bulk titanium substrata|journal= J. Biomed. Mater. Res. |year=1998|volume= 40|pages= 425–433|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3

text: <ref>{{cite journal|author1=E.T. den Braber |author2=H.V. Jansen |author3=M.J. de Boer |author4=H.J.E. Croes |author5=M. Elwenspoek |author6=J.A. Jansen  |last-author-amp=yes |title=Scanning electron microscopic, transmission electron microscopic, and confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of fibroblasts cultured on microgrooved surfaces of bulk titanium substrata|journal= J. Biomed. Mater. Res. |year=1998|volume= 40|pages= 425–433|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Micrographia is a science journal

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: H.J.E. Croes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: E.T. den Braber and H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 400x

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: journal|author1=E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: transmission electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microgrooved surfaces of bulk titanium substrata|journal=

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 425–433|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: |author2=H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: |author6=J.A. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: |author4=H.J.E. Croes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: |author2=H.V. Jansen

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: journal|author1=E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: journal|author1=E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: journal|author1=E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: transmission electron microscopic,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: journal|author1=E.T. den Braber

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: confocal laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 425–433|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 425–433|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3

text: 38 tornadoes were reported in the U.S. in August.

text: 38 tornadoes were reported in the U.S. in August.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the U.S.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: the Netherlands

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _were stronger.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confetti

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: magna ray

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ten thousand times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1 meter

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 38 tornadoes were reported in the U.S.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 38 tornadoes

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 38 tornadoes were reported in the U.S. in August.

text: Production occurred in Lithuania, at a cost of €1.3 million (US$1.8 million), making it the most expensive film ever made in Lithuania.

text: Production occurred in Lithuania, at a cost of €1.3 million (US$1.8 million), making it the most expensive film ever made in Lithuania.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Lithuania

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Lithuania

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: film

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Lithuania

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Johannes Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: James Watson

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Lithuania

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Vilnius

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confetti

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a film

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Lithuanian

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: US$1,000

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: the most expensive film

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: €1.3 million (US$1.8 million),

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Production occurred in Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Production occurred in Lithuania, at a cost of €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Production occurred in Lithuania, at a cost of €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: (US$1.8 million),

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: (US$1.8 million),

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: €1.3 million

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: €1.3 million (US$1.8 million),

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: €1.3 million (US$1.8 million),

text: Pablo Abián finished first in the European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

text: Pablo Abián finished first in the European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecule

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: spectral

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: the smallest details

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Pablo Abián finished first in the European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: European Ranking

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Pablo Abián

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 2010/2011.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 2010/2011.

text: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan; they had two sons.

text: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan; they had two sons.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: charles darwin

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rosemary Cowan

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: sons

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: rosemary cowan

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Cowan

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: John Cowan

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: John Herschel

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: John Herschel

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rosemary Cowan

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: two sons.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: In 1943 he married Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: two sons.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: two sons.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Rosemary Cowan;

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: two sons.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1943

text: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured.  Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method. This dye may be a cause of certain birth defects such as encephalocele.

text: Live cells or tissues with intact

text: cell membrane

text: s are not coloured.  Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method. This dye may be a cause of certain birth defects such as

text: encephalocele

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: trypan blue

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: enphalocele

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: live cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: electron microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: live cells

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: trypan blue

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: trypan blue

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Live cells

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Live cells

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Live cells

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: trypan blue

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: trypan

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: trypan blue

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscope.

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: dead cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Live cells

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: dead cells are shown as a distinctive blue colour

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: encephalocele.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured.

text: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King" and "Mask of the Great Deceiver" on Kerry Livgren's solo album, Seeds of Change.

text: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King" and "Mask of the Great Deceiver" on

text: Kerry Livgren

text: 's solo album,

text: Seeds of Change

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Kerry Lidgren

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Kerry Livgren

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: album

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Kerry Livgren

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: meter wide

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Dio

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Kerry Lidgren

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Kerry Livgren

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Dio

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Dio

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kerry Livgren

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kerry Livgren

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Albert Einstein

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a person see tiny things

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: King"

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Seeds of Change.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Seeds of Change.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Seeds

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Seeds of Change.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Seeds of Change.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: "Mask of the Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Kerry Livgren's

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Seeds

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Kerry Livgren's

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Great Deceiver"

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: King"

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King"

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1980,

text: In 1841 Eyre led the first expedition to cross the Nullarbor Plain, east to west, with Baxter as his overseer. The small party reached Eucla, at the head of the Bight, on 11 March 1841. Heading further west, the harsh terrain became even more arid.

text: In 1841

text: Eyre

text: led the first expedition to cross the

text: Nullarbor Plain

text: , east to west, with Baxter as his overseer. The small party reached

text: Eucla

text: , at the head of the Bight, on 11 March 1841. Heading further west, the harsh terrain became even more arid.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Eyre

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Nullarbor Plain

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Eyre

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Eyre

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: nullarbor

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Eyre

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ad

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 11 March 1841

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: east to west,

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Eyre led the first expedition to cross the Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Eyre led the first expedition to cross the Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: overseer.

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Nullarbor Plain,

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Baxter

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 11 March 1841.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: In 1841

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: east to west,

text: Aristoi Classical Academy, formerly West Houston Charter School, is a state charter school in Katy, Texas. The school, which serves grades K-12, is limited by the State of Texas to have up to 440 students. The school may accept students residing in the following school districts: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks, Fort Bend, Houston, Katy ISD, Lamar Consolidated, and Royal. It does not accept residents of the Sealy Independent School District. At one time the school had a high school program.

text: Aristoi Classical Academy, formerly West Houston Charter School, is a state charter school in

text: Katy, Texas

text: . The school, which serves grades K-12, is limited by the State of Texas to have up to 440 students. The school may accept students residing in the following school districts:

text: Alief

entity_name: Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District

text: Cypress-Fairbanks

text: Fort Bend

text: Houston

text: Katy ISD

entity_name: Lamar Consolidated Independent School District

text: Lamar Consolidated

text: , and

text: Royal

text: . It does not accept residents of the

text: Sealy Independent School District

text: . At one time the school had a high school program.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: a state charter school

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: width

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Alief

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Houston

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Fairbanks

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Aristoi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a clearer picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Katy ISD

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 100 times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 135 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Aristoi Classical Academy, formerly West Houston Charter School,

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: K-12,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Alief, Cypress-Fairbanks, Fort Bend,

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Houston,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Houston, Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Houston,

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Aristoi Classical Academy,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Houston, Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Aristoi

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Aristoi Classical Academy,

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: 440 students.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Houston,

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 440 students.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Katy ISD,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Houston, Katy ISD,

text: Amateur Microscopy is the investigation and observation of biological and non-biological specimens for recreational purposes. Collectors of minerals, insects, seashells, and plants may use microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items. Other amateurs may be interested in observing the life found in pond water and of other samples. Microscopes may also prove useful for the water quality assessment for people that keep a home aquarium. Photographic documentation and drawing of the microscopic images are additional tasks that augment the spectrum of tasks of the amateur. There are even competitions for photomicrograph art. Participants of this pastime may either use commercially prepared microscopic slides or engage in the task of specimen preparation.

text: Amateur Microscopy is the investigation and observation of

text: biological

text: and non-biological specimens for recreational purposes. Collectors of

text: mineral

text: s,

text: insect

text: s,

text: seashell

text: s, and

text: plant

text: s may use

text: microscope

text: s as tools to uncover features that help them

text: classify

text: their collected items. Other amateurs may be interested in observing the life found in pond water and of other samples. Microscopes may also prove useful for the water quality assessment for people that keep a

text: home aquarium

text: . Photographic documentation and drawing of the microscopic images are additional tasks that augment the spectrum of tasks of the amateur. There are even competitions for

text: photomicrograph

text: art. Participants of this pastime may either use commercially prepared microscopic slides or engage in the task of specimen preparation.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photomicrograph art

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: amateur

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: light microscopes

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: photomicrograph

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photomicrograph

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: amateurs

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: microscopic slides

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: photomicrograph art.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: pond water

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: minerals, insects, seashells, and plants

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscopes as tools to uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: minerals, insects, seashells, and plants

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Amateur Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopes

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Microscopy

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: photomicrograph

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: uncover features that help them classify their collected items.

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: biological and non-biological specimens for recreational purposes.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: pond water

text: The Big Ore () is a 1964 drama film directed by Vasiliy Ordynskiy and based on the novel by Georgi Vladimov.

text: The Big Ore () is a 1964

text: drama film

text: directed by Vasiliy Ordynskiy and based on the novel by

text: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Vasiliy Ordynskiy

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Georgi Jansen

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: van Leeuwenhoeks

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Ore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Georgi Vladimov

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: the size of a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 30,000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Ore

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Ore

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Ore

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Ore

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Georgi Vladimov.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: The Big Ore

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: The Big Ore

text: Rockbrook is an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia.

text: Rockbrook is an

text: unincorporated community

text: in

text: Albemarle County

text: Virginia

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrograph

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pixels wide.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Albemarle County

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: refractive

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: a human eye

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: Rockbrook is an unincorporated community

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Virginia.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: Rockbrook

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Rockbrook

text: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

text: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: micrographia

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: dimensional

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: dr. john drood

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: atoms

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: a picture

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: reflected light

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1000 times

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: tens of millimeters

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: microscopically

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: It was experimentally observed microscopically in 1982.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: 1982.

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 1982.

text: Besides considering the resolution of the optics, one must also maximize visibility by maximizing image contrast. A microscope with excellent resolution may not be able to image a structure, that is there is no visibility, if image contrast is poor. Image contrast depends upon the quality of the optics, coatings on the lenses, and reduction of flare and glare; but, it also requires proper specimen preparation and good etching techniques. So, obtaining good images requires maximum resolution and image contrast.

text: Besides considering the resolution of the optics, one must also maximize visibility by maximizing image

text: contrast

text: . A microscope with excellent resolution may not be able to image a structure, that is there is no visibility, if image contrast is poor. Image contrast depends upon the quality of the optics, coatings on the lenses, and reduction of flare and

text: glare

text: ; but, it also requires proper specimen preparation and good etching techniques. So, obtaining good images requires maximum resolution and image contrast.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: the late 1800s

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: glare

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: image contrast

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: etching techniques

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: the Jansens

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Carl Wilhelm Schleiden

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: confocal

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a structure

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: contrast

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: magnification

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: Besides considering the resolution of the optics,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: Besides considering the resolution of the optics,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: image contrast.

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: proper specimen preparation and good etching techniques.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: contrast.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: image contrast.

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: structure,

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: visibility

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Besides considering the resolution of the optics,

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: Besides considering the resolution of the optics,

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: structure,

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optics,

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: etching

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: etching

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: a structure,

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: images

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: etching techniques.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscope with excellent resolution may not be able to image a structure,

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: contrast.

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: microscope

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: Besides considering the resolution of the optics,

text: By combining laser, detector and optical tweezers, ULTRA provides molecular dynamics to study physical and life sciences. The multiple arrays of ULTRA allow great flexibility to combine multiple beams across the spectrum in different timing and pulse lengths. Ultra manipulates microscopic particles suspended in liquid in such a way that the forces are not intrusive or destructive.

text: By combining laser, detector and

text: optical tweezers

text: , ULTRA provides molecular dynamics to study physical and life sciences. The multiple arrays of ULTRA allow great flexibility to combine multiple beams across the spectrum in different timing and pulse lengths. Ultra manipulates microscopic particles suspended in liquid in such a way that the forces are not intrusive or destructive.

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: microns

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: Jansens

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: _

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ultra

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: molecular

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: ultra

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical tweezers

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: Carl Zeiss

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: electron microscope

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: ten times

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: a laser

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: 365 nm

answers: NDQ_006576

answers: By combining laser, detector and optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006577

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006578

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006579

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006580

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006581

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006582

answers: Ultra manipulates microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006583

answers: pulse lengths.

answers: NDQ_006584

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006585

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006587

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006589

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006597

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006598

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006600

answers: destructive.

answers: NDQ_006603

answers: laser, detector and optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006604

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006605

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006606

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006607

answers: molecular dynamics

answers: NDQ_006608

answers: optical

answers: NDQ_006609

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006610

answers: optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006611

answers: optical tweezers, ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006612

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006613

answers: microscopic particles

answers: NDQ_006614

answers: ULTRA provides molecular dynamics to study physical and life sciences.

answers: NDQ_006615

answers: microscopic

answers: NDQ_006616

answers: laser, detector and optical tweezers,

answers: NDQ_006617

answers: ULTRA

answers: NDQ_006618

answers: pulse lengths.