text: The correlation in bandgap capabilities includes locally resonant elements and elastic moduli which operate in a certain frequency range. Elements which interact and resonate in their respective localized area are embedded throughout the material. In acoustic metamaterials, locally resonant elements would be the interaction of a single 1-cm rubber sphere with the surrounding liquid. The values of the stop band and band gap frequencies can be controlled by choosing the size, types of materials, and the integration of microscopic structures which control the modulation of the frequencies. These materials are then able to shield acoustic signals and attenuate the effects of anti-plane shear waves. By extrapolating these properties to larger scales it could be possible to create seismic wave filters (see Seismic metamaterials).

text: The correlation in

text: bandgap

text: capabilities includes locally resonant elements and

entity_name: Elastic modulus

text: elastic moduli

text: which operate in a certain

entity_name: Frequency band

entity_section: Frequency ranges

text: frequency range

text: . Elements which interact and resonate in their respective localized area are embedded throughout the material. In acoustic metamaterials, locally resonant elements would be the interaction of a single 1-cm rubber sphere with the surrounding liquid. The values of the stop band and band gap frequencies can be controlled by choosing the size, types of materials, and the integration of microscopic structures which control the modulation of the frequencies. These materials are then able to shield

entity_name: Acoustics

text: acoustic

text: signals and attenuate the effects of anti-plane shear waves. By extrapolating these properties to larger scales it could be possible to create seismic wave filters (see

entity_name: Metamaterial

entity_section: Seismic metamaterials

text: Seismic metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: anti-plane

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: anti-plane

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: These materials are then able to shield acoustic signals

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: acoustic metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: anti-plane shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: stop band

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: anti-plane shear waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave filters

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: band gap

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic wave filters

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: anti-plane shear waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: anti-plane shear waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquid.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: anti-plane shear waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic wave filters

text: Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth. A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds compared with similar material at a lower temperature. Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt (e.g., as a result of it having a lower melting point), or being richer in Fe, also has a lower seismic wave speed and those effects are stronger than temperature. Thus, although unusually low wave speeds have been taken to indicate anomalously hot mantle beneath "hot spots", this interpretation is ambiguous. The most commonly cited seismic wave-speed images that are used to look for variations in regions where plumes have been proposed come from seismic tomography. This method involves using a network of seismometers to construct three-dimensional images of the variation in seismic wave speed throughout the mantle.

text: Seismic anomalies are identified by mapping variations in wave speed as seismic waves travel through Earth. A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds compared with similar material at a lower temperature. Mantle material containing a trace of partial melt (e.g., as a result of it having a lower melting point), or being richer in Fe, also has a lower seismic wave speed and those effects are stronger than temperature. Thus, although unusually low wave speeds have been taken to indicate anomalously hot mantle beneath "hot spots", this interpretation is ambiguous. The most commonly cited seismic wave-speed images that are used to look for variations in regions where plumes have been proposed come from seismic tomography. This method involves using a network of seismometers to construct three-dimensional images of the variation in seismic wave speed throughout the mantle.

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a lower melting point

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: lower melting point

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: mantle material containing a trace of partial melt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: lower temperature

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic tomography.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave speed

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: A hot mantle plume is predicted to have lower seismic wave speeds

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: lower melting point),

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic tomography.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic anomalies

text: On February 17, Ohka, as the 2009 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into a tournament to determine the inaugural Wave Single Champion and defeated rival Misaki Ohata in her semifinal match. On March 17, Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wave Single Champion. Ohka made her first successful title defense on April 21 against Yuu Yamagata. On July 15, Ohka became a double champion in Wave, when she and Hikaru Shida defeated Triple Tails.S (Kana and Mio Shirai) for the Wave Tag Team Championship. However, after a reign of only a month, Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka (Gami and Tomoka Nakagawa) in their first defense on August 15. On August 25, Ohka made her second successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against rival and winner of the 2013 Catch the Wave, Misaki Ohata. From September 1 to October 6, Ohka took part in the 2013 Dual Shock Wave tournament, where she teamed with Kana under the team name Giann's. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to Las Aventureras (Ayako Hamada and Yuu Yamagata) in a three-way match, which also included Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto). On October 30, Ohka made her third successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Tomoka Nakagawa, avenging a loss suffered during the 2013 Dual Shock Wave. On November 20, Ohka combined her two tag teams with Hikaru Shida and Kana to form a trio named Shidare Giann's for a 6-Person Tag Tournament. In their first round Two Out of Three Falls match, the three defeated Urayama Arrows (Natsuki Urabe, Rina Yamashita and Yako Fujigasaki). On November 27, Shidare Giann's was eliminated from the tournament in a semifinal submission match by Revolucion Yoko Hatanaka (Gami, Kyoko Kimura and Tomoka Nakagawa). On December 15, Ohka made her fourth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Shuu Shibutani. Following Gami's retirement from professional wrestling at the end of 2013, Ohka became the new official representative of Wave. Ohka made her fifth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship on January 26, 2014, when she wrestled Misaki Ohata to a thirty-minute time limit draw. On March 2, Ohka made her sixth successful defense against JWP representative Kayoko Haruyama as part of a storyline rivalry between the two promotions. Ohka's seventh successful title defense took place on April 20, when she defeated Hikaru Shida. From May 5 to June 22, Ohka took part in the round-robin portion of the 2014 Catch the Wave tournament, winning her block with a record of three wins, two draws and one loss, suffered against Tsukasa Fujimoto. On July 27, Ohka was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Misaki Ohata. On August 24, Ohka's seventeen-month reign as the Wave Single Champion came to an end, when she lost the title to the 2014 Catch the Wave winner Hikaru Shida in her eighth defense.

text: On February 17, Ohka, as the 2009 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into a

entity_name: Wave Single Championship

entity_section: Regina di Wave tournament

text: tournament

text: to determine the inaugural

text: Wave Single Champion

text: and defeated rival Misaki Ohata in her semifinal match. On March 17, Ohka defeated Kana in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wave Single Champion. Ohka made her first successful title defense on April 21 against Yuu Yamagata. On July 15, Ohka became a double champion in Wave, when she and Hikaru Shida defeated Triple Tails.S (Kana and Mio Shirai) for the Wave Tag Team Championship. However, after a reign of only a month, Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka (Gami and Tomoka Nakagawa) in their first defense on August 15. On August 25, Ohka made her second successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against rival and winner of the

entity_name: Catch the Wave

text: 2013 Catch the Wave

text: , Misaki Ohata. From September 1 to October 6, Ohka took part in the

entity_name: Dual Shock Wave

text: 2013 Dual Shock Wave

text: tournament, where she teamed with Kana under the team name Giann's. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament, before losing to Las Aventureras (Ayako Hamada and Yuu Yamagata) in a three-way match, which also included Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto). On October 30, Ohka made her third successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Tomoka Nakagawa, avenging a loss suffered during the 2013 Dual Shock Wave. On November 20, Ohka combined her two tag teams with Hikaru Shida and Kana to form a trio named Shidare Giann's for a 6-Person Tag Tournament. In their first round Two Out of Three Falls match, the three defeated Urayama Arrows (Natsuki Urabe, Rina Yamashita and Yako Fujigasaki). On November 27, Shidare Giann's was eliminated from the tournament in a semifinal

entity_name: Professional wrestling match types

entity_section: Variations of singles matches

text: submission match

text: by Revolucion Yoko Hatanaka (Gami, Kyoko Kimura and Tomoka Nakagawa). On December 15, Ohka made her fourth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship against Shuu Shibutani. Following Gami's retirement from professional wrestling at the end of 2013, Ohka became the new official representative of Wave. Ohka made her fifth successful defense of the Wave Single Championship on January 26, 2014, when she wrestled Misaki Ohata to a thirty-minute time limit draw. On March 2, Ohka made her sixth successful defense against JWP representative Kayoko Haruyama as part of a storyline rivalry between the two promotions. Ohka's seventh successful title defense took place on April 20, when she defeated Hikaru Shida. From May 5 to June 22, Ohka took part in the round-robin portion of the

text: 2014 Catch the Wave

text: tournament, winning her block with a record of three wins, two draws and one loss, suffered against Tsukasa Fujimoto. On July 27, Ohka was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Misaki Ohata. On August 24, Ohka's seventeen-month reign as the Wave Single Champion came to an end, when she lost the title to the 2014 Catch the Wave winner Hikaru Shida in her eighth defense.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Single Champion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave Single Championship

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Shidarezakura lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Yoko Hatanaka

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Ohka made her first successful title defense

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Single Championship

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Dual Shock Wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 6-Person Tag Tournament.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Dual Shock Wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 6-Person Tag Tournament.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 2013 Dual Shock Wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Dual Shock Wave.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Shidare Giann's

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Giann's.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 2013 Dual Shock Wave.

text: P-waves are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, called seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. The continuum is made up of gases (as sound waves), liquids, or solids, including the Earth. P-waves can be produced by earthquakes and recorded by seismographs. The name P-wave can stand for either pressure wave  as it is formed from alternating compressions and rarefactions or primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded.

text: P-waves are a type of

entity_name: Linear elasticity

entity_section: Elastic wave

text: elastic wave

text: , and are one of the two main types of elastic

entity_name: Seismic wave

text: body waves

text: , called

text: seismic waves

text: in seismology, that travel through a

entity_name: Continuum mechanics

text: continuum

text: and are the first waves from an earthquake to arrive at a seismograph. The

entity_name: Continuum (measurement)

text: continuum

text: is made up of

entity_name: Gas

text: gas

text: es (as

entity_name: Sound

text: sound

text: waves), liquids, or solids, including the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: . P-waves can be produced by

entity_name: Earthquake

text: earthquakes

text: and recorded by

entity_name: Seismometer

text: seismographs

text: . The name P-wave can stand for either pressure wave  as it is formed from alternating

entity_name: Compression (physics)

text: compression

text: s and

entity_name: Rarefaction

text: rarefaction

text: s or primary wave, as it has the highest velocity and is therefore the first wave to be recorded.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: primary wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: continuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the continuum is made up of gases

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves are a type of elastic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The continuum is made up of gases

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they travel through a continuum

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: primary wave, as it has the highest velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a continuum

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a continuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The continuum is made up of gases (as sound waves),

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves are a type of elastic wave,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The continuum

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: primary wave,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismographs.

text: A supershear earthquake is an earthquake in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity. This causes an effect analogous to a sonic boom.

text: A supershear earthquake is an

text: earthquake

text: in which the propagation of the rupture along the fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic

entity_name: S-wave

text: shear wave

text: (S-wave) velocity. This causes an effect analogous to a

entity_name: Sonic boom

text: sonic boom

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sonic boom

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sonic boom

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: supershear earthquakes occur at speeds exceeding the seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: supershear earthquake

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault surface occurs at speeds in excess of the seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sonic boom.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A supershear earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic shear wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic shear wave

text: Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The mantle itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and D′′ layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the Mohorovičić discontinuity.

text: Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth:

entity_name: Inner core

text: inner core

entity_name: Outer core

text: outer core

entity_name: Mantle (geology)

text: mantle

entity_name: Lithosphere

text: lithosphere

text: and

entity_name: Crust (geology)

text: crust

text: . The

text: mantle

text: itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and D′′ layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the

entity_name: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic reflections in the deep interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Reconstruction of seismic reflections

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: major discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Reconstruction of seismic reflections

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi<unk>i<unk> discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Reconstruction of seismic reflections

text: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by body surfing.  A body surfer may ride the waves on his belly without a board and thus he can relatively easily access the tube, even on a moderately small wave that is barreling.  It is also possible to tube ride using a boogie board, a surfboard, and other wave riding tools. However, tube riding is an advanced skill, and many surfers spend years and even their whole lifetime surfing without ever really getting "tubed" — the term used for being inside the barrel of the wave.

text: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by

entity_name: Bodysurfing

text: body surfing

text: .  A body surfer may ride the waves on his belly without a board and thus he can relatively easily access the tube, even on a moderately small wave that is barreling.  It is also possible to tube ride using a

entity_name: Bodyboarding

text: boogie board

text: , a

entity_name: Surfboard

text: surfboard

text: , and other wave riding tools. However, tube riding is an advanced skill, and many surfers spend years and even their whole lifetime surfing without ever really getting "tubed" — the term used for being inside the barrel of the wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: barreling

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body surfing

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tubed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tube riding is an advanced skill

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body surfing.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: barrel

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tube,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: barreling.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: barreling.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by body surfing.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The most straightforward way to tube ride is by body surfing.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body surfing.

text: In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually as a gravity wave between two fluids with different densities.  A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a seismic) wave, such as with a Rayleigh or Love wave. It can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient, or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

text: In

entity_name: Physics

text: physics

text: , a surface wave is a

entity_name: Mechanical wave

text: mechanical wave

text: that propagates along the

entity_name: Interface (matter)

text: interface

text: between differing media, usually as a

entity_name: Gravity wave

text: gravity wave

text: between two

entity_name: Fluid

text: fluid

text: s with different densities.  A surface wave can also be an elastic (or a

text: seismic

text: ) wave, such as with a

entity_name: Rayleigh wave

text: Rayleigh

text: or

entity_name: Love wave

text: Love

text: wave. It can also be an

entity_name: Electromagnetic radiation

text: electromagnetic wave

text: guided by a

entity_name: Refractive index

text: refractive index

entity_name: Gradient

text: gradient

text: , or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In

entity_name: Radio

text: radio

entity_name: Transmission (telecommunications)

text: transmission

text: , a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface between different media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave propagates close to the surface of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: gravity wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic) wave,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids with different densities.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: A surface wave

text: The beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears, as the kurtosis of the beta distribution has been reported to be a good indicator of the condition of a gear. Kurtosis has also been used to distinguish the seismic signal generated by a person's footsteps from other signals. As persons or other targets moving on the ground generate continuous signals in the form of seismic waves, one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate. Kurtosis is sensitive to impulsive signals, so it's much more sensitive to the signal generated by human footsteps than other signals generated by vehicles, winds, noise, etc.  Unfortunately, the notation for kurtosis has not been standardized. Kenney and Keeping  use the symbol γ for the excess kurtosis, but Abramowitz and Stegun  use different terminology.  To prevent confusion  between kurtosis (the fourth moment centered on the mean, normalized by the square of the variance) and excess kurtosis, when using symbols, they will be spelled out as follows:

text: The beta distribution has been applied in acoustic analysis to assess damage to gears, as the kurtosis of the beta distribution has been reported to be a good indicator of the condition of a gear. Kurtosis has also been used to distinguish the seismic signal generated by a person's footsteps from other signals. As persons or other targets moving on the ground generate continuous signals in the form of seismic waves, one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate. Kurtosis is sensitive to impulsive signals, so it's much more sensitive to the signal generated by human footsteps than other signals generated by vehicles, winds, noise, etc.  Unfortunately, the notation for kurtosis has not been standardized. Kenney and Keeping  use the symbol γ for the

text: excess kurtosis

text: , but

text: Abramowitz and Stegun

text: use different terminology.  To prevent confusion  between kurtosis (the fourth moment centered on the mean, normalized by the square of the variance) and excess kurtosis, when using symbols, they will be spelled out as follows:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: kurtosis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: kurtosis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the beta distribution

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vehicle's footsteps

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vehicles, winds, noise, etc

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: context:

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (the fourth moment centered on the mean,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vehicles, winds, noise,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: <unk> for the excess kurtosis,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: one can separate different targets based on the seismic waves they generate.

text: A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in seconds and multiply by 8 kilometers per second.  Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques.

text: A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in

text: second

text: s and multiply by 8 kilometers per second.  Modern seismic arrays use more complicated

text: earthquake location

text: techniques.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: origin

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 200 km away

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: origin

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 200 km away

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 8 kilometers per second.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques.

text: Ambraseys had also in his early days researched in the aspect of theoretical ground response analysis. In fact, his pioneering work on the seismic response of dam was based on those early considerations of ground response and was their extension by considering the geometry of an earth dam as a truncated wedge.

text: Ambraseys had also in his early days researched in the aspect of theoretical ground response analysis. In fact, his pioneering work on the seismic response of dam was based on those early considerations of ground response and was their extension by considering the geometry of an earth dam as a truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a truncated wedge

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: theoretical ground response analysis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth dam

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: truncated wedge.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the geometry of an earth dam as a truncated wedge.

text: Urban seismic risk is a subset of the general term seismic risk which describes the problems specific to centers of population when they are subjected to earthquakes.  Many risks can be minimised with good earthquake construction, and seismic analysis. One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an Earthquake scenario analysis.

text: Urban seismic risk is a subset of the general term

text: seismic risk

text: which describes the problems specific to centers of population when they are subjected to

text: earthquake

text: s.  Many risks can be minimised with good

text: earthquake construction

text: , and

text: seismic analysis

text: . One of the best ways to deal with the issue is through an

text: Earthquake scenario

text: analysis.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: urban seismic risk

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earthquake scenario analysis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: can be minimised with good earthquake construction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquake scenario analysis

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic analysis.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic analysis.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic analysis.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic analysis.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Urban seismic risk

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Urban seismic risk

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Urban seismic risk

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic analysis.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes.

text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of electromagnetic waves, and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

text: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters and can use these as an early warning. A recent example of this is the

entity_name: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: . Animals were reported to flee the area hours before the actual tsunami hit the shores of Asia. It is not known for sure that this is the cause; some have suggested that it may have been the influence of

text: electromagnetic waves

text: , and not of infrasonic waves, that prompted these animals to flee.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: infrasonic waves going through the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Animals have been known to perceive the infrasonic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: infrasonic waves going through the earth by natural disasters

text: The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which extends far into the metal beyond the skin depth. When a texture is applied to the metal surface, the surface impedance is altered, and its surface wave properties are changed. At low frequencies, it is inductive, and supports transverse-magnetic (TM) waves. At high frequencies, it is capacitive, and supports transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC resonance frequency, the surface impedance is very high. In this region, waves are not bound to the surface. Instead, they radiate into the surrounding space.

text: The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which extends far into the metal beyond the skin depth. When a texture is applied to the metal surface, the surface impedance is altered, and its surface

text: wave

text: properties are changed. At low frequencies, it is

text: inductive

text: , and supports transverse-magnetic (TM) waves. At high frequencies, it is capacitive, and supports transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC

text: resonance

text: frequency, the surface impedance is very high. In this region, waves are not bound to the surface. Instead, they radiate into the surrounding

text: space

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: LC resonance frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: TE waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: skin depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they radiate into the surrounding space

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: near the LC resonance frequency, the surface impedance is very high

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the surface impedance is very high

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface impedance is altered

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: LC resonance frequency,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC resonance frequency,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: LC resonance frequency,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: radiate into the surrounding space.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the surrounding space.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: waves are not bound to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: waves are not bound to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The surface impedance

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the LC resonance frequency,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they radiate into the surrounding space.

text: Shock waves are not conventional sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties.  Shock waves in air are heard as a loud "crack" or "snap" noise. Over longer distances, a shock wave can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave, degenerating into a conventional sound wave as it heats the air and loses energy. The sound wave is heard as the familiar "thud" or "thump" of a sonic boom, commonly created by the supersonic flight of aircraft.

text: Shock waves are not conventional sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties.  Shock waves in air are heard as a loud "crack" or "snap" noise. Over longer distances, a shock wave can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave, degenerating into a conventional sound wave as it heats the air and loses energy. The sound wave is heard as the familiar "thud" or "thump" of a

text: sonic boom

text: , commonly created by the

text: supersonic

text: flight of aircraft.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: thud

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: linear wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: conventional sound waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: conventional sound waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shock waves can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: sonic boom,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: linear wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: linear wave,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: conventional sound waves;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Shock waves are not conventional sound waves;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a very sharp change in the gas properties.

text: In a solid, there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations. Hence, it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependenton the deformation mode. Sound waves generating volumetric deformations (compression) and shear deformations (shearing) are called pressure waves (longitudinal waves) and shear waves (transverse waves), respectively. In earthquakes, the corresponding seismic waves are called P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves), respectively. The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3-dimensional solid are respectively given by

text: In a solid, there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations. Hence, it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependenton the deformation mode. Sound waves generating volumetric deformations (compression) and shear deformations (shearing) are called pressure waves (longitudinal waves) and shear waves (transverse waves), respectively. In

text: earthquake

text: s, the corresponding seismic waves are called

text: P-wave

text: s (primary waves) and

text: S-wave

text: s (secondary waves), respectively. The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3-dimensional solid are respectively given by

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous 3-dimensional solid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: non-zero stiffness

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a non-zero stiffness

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: (longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous 3-dimensional solid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: (primary waves)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: non-zero stiffness

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes,

text: Claerbout obtained a BS in physics in 1960, a MS in geophysics in 1963 and a PhD in geophysics in 1967, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His BS thesis was titled A rubidium vapor magnetometer. He worked with Stephen M. Simpson, Jr. for his MS thesis, titled Digital filters and applications to seismic detection and discrimination. The publication of this work made many geophysicists, including those in the oil and gas industry, well aware of Claerbout's potential. However, Claerbout found the sparse availability and low quality of earthquake seismic data frustrating and decided to study atmospheric gravity waves during his PhD. His advisor was Theodore R. Madden and the title of his thesis was Electromagnetic Effects of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

text: Claerbout obtained a BS in

text: physics

text: in 1960, a MS in geophysics in 1963 and a PhD in geophysics in 1967, all from the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: . His BS thesis was titled A rubidium vapor magnetometer. He worked with Stephen M. Simpson, Jr. for his MS thesis, titled Digital filters and applications to seismic detection and discrimination. The publication of this work made many geophysicists, including those in the oil and gas industry, well aware of Claerbout's potential. However, Claerbout found the sparse availability and low quality of earthquake seismic data frustrating and decided to study atmospheric gravity waves during his PhD. His advisor was Theodore R. Madden and the title of his thesis was Electromagnetic Effects of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmospheric gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: low quality

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: low quality

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Claerbout obtained a BS in physics in 1960

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: low quality of earthquake seismic data

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: atmospheric gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rubidium vapor magnetometer.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Atmospheric Gravity Waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake seismic data

text: Breaking of water surface waves may occur anywhere that the amplitude is sufficient, including in mid-ocean.  However, it is particularly common on beaches because wave heights are amplified in the region of shallower water (because the group velocity is lower there).  See also waves and shallow water.

text: Breaking of water surface waves may occur anywhere that the amplitude is sufficient, including in mid-ocean.  However, it is particularly common on beaches because wave heights are amplified in the region of shallower water (because the group velocity is lower there).  See also

text: waves and shallow water

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave heights

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave heights

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shallower water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: in mid-ocean

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: in mid-ocean

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the amplitude is sufficient

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: heights

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave heights

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: mid-ocean.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mid-ocean.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mid-ocean.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mid-ocean.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Breaking of water surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: mid-ocean.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Breaking of water surface waves

text: Measurements of seismic waves are a source of information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly, some waves are reflected. Reflections can provide information on near-surface structure. Changes in the travel direction, called refraction, can be used to infer the deep structure of the Earth.

text: Measurements of seismic waves are a source of information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly, some waves are reflected.

text: Reflections

text: can provide information on near-surface structure. Changes in the travel direction, called

text: refraction

text: , can be used to infer the

text: deep structure of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the density or composition of the rock changes suddenly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are a source of information

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflected.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Changes in the travel direction, called refraction,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Reflections can provide information on near-surface structure.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Changes in the travel direction, called refraction,

text: The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude - originally proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using surface waves only - is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake seismogram, the total length of the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as the CODA - reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms [as well as stronger seismic waves] than small ones. The seismic wave interval measured on the time axis of an earthquake record - starting with the first seismic wave onset until the wavetrain amplitude diminishes to at least 10% of its maximum recorded value - is referred to as "earthquake duration". It is this concept that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations.

text: The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude - originally proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using

text: surface wave

text: s only - is based on the realization that on a recorded earthquake

text: seismogram

text: , the total length of the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as the CODA - reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give longer seismograms [as well as stronger seismic waves] than small ones. The seismic wave interval measured on the time axis of an earthquake record - starting with the first

text: seismic wave

text: onset until the wavetrain

text: amplitude

text: diminishes to at least 10% of its maximum recorded value - is referred to as "earthquake duration". It is this concept that Bisztricsany first used to develop his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale employing surface wave durations.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: its maximum recorded value

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: CODA

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: larger earthquakes give longer seismograms

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: larger earthquakes give longer seismograms

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Bisztricsany in 1958 using surface waves only

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximum recorded value

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: larger earthquakes give longer seismograms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave interval

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: small ones.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: stronger seismic waves] than small ones.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake seismogram,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: reflects its size.

text: Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

text: Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of

text: seismic wave

text: s generated by

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruptions

text: , and other

text: seismic source

text: s. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they are not generated by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: are instruments that measure motion of the ground

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismometers are instruments that measure motion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Records of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Records

text: Avalanche is a mutant with the superhuman ability to generate powerful seismic waves from his hands, creating highly destructive effects. The waves can cause an inorganic object to shatter or crumble into dust and has in recent years been shown to affect organic matter as well. When directed against large objects like buildings or upon the earth itself, the seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche within limited areas. Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it; he can direct the waves against it from some distance away.

text: Avalanche is a

text: mutant

text: with the superhuman ability to generate powerful seismic waves from his hands, creating highly destructive effects. The waves can cause an inorganic object to shatter or crumble into dust and has in recent years been shown to affect organic matter as well. When directed against large objects like buildings or upon the earth itself, the seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche within limited areas. Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it; he can direct the waves against it from some distance away.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct the waves against it from some distance away

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves can produce effects similar to those of an earthquake or avalanche

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance away.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth itself,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Avalanche need not touch an object to affect it;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Avalanche

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: When directed against large objects like buildings or upon the earth itself,

text: Seismicity determines where active zones of seismic activity occur as well as measure the total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation (Allen et al. 2004).

text: Seismicity determines where active zones of seismic activity occur as well as measure the total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation (Allen et al. 2004).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not known

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: active zones

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not cause deformation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active zones of seismic activity occur

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismicity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: total fault displacements

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault displacements

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the timing of the onset of deformation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismicity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: total fault displacements and the timing of the onset of deformation

text: Surface waves are seismic waves that travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary.  Surface waves are slower than P-waves(compressional waves) and S-waves(transverse waves).  Surface waves are classified into two basic types, Rayleigh waves and Love waves.  Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner (the wave motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation) with particle motion in a retrograde elliptical motion (Figure 1).  The Rayleigh waves result from the interaction between P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves.  Conversely, Love waves travel in a traverse manner (Figure 1) (the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation), consisting of horizontally polarized S-waves.In seismology, surface waves are collected along with other seismic data, but are traditionally considered noise and an impedance in interpreting deeper reflection and refraction information.   Seismologists usually modify seismic equipment and experimental procedures to remove surface wave information from the data.   Earthquake seismologists however require the information seismic surface waves provide and thus design their equipment to amplify and gather as much information on these waves as possible.  The work by early earthquake seismologists to extract substantial information from surface wave data was the basis for surface wave inversion theory.

text: Surface waves are seismic waves that travel at the surface of the earth, along the air/earth boundary.  Surface waves are slower than

text: P-waves

text: (compressional waves) and

text: S-waves

text: (transverse waves).  Surface waves are classified into two basic types,

text: Rayleigh waves

text: and

text: Love waves

text: .  Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner (the wave motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation) with particle motion in a retrograde elliptical motion (Figure 1).  The Rayleigh waves result from the interaction between P-waves and vertically polarized S-waves.  Conversely, Love waves travel in a traverse manner (Figure 1) (the wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation), consisting of horizontally polarized S-waves.In seismology, surface waves are collected along with other seismic data, but are traditionally considered noise and an impedance in interpreting deeper

text: reflection

text: and

text: refraction

text: information.   Seismologists usually modify seismic equipment and experimental procedures to remove surface wave information from the data.   Earthquake seismologists however require the information seismic surface waves provide and thus design their equipment to amplify and gather as much information on these waves as possible.  The work by early earthquake seismologists to extract substantial information from surface wave data was the basis for surface wave inversion theory.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontally polarized

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves travel in a longitudinal manner

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves travel at the surface of the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earthquake seismologists

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: parallel to the direction of wave propagation)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave inversion theory.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: perpendicular

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air/earth boundary.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Surface waves are slower than P-waves(compressional

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves(compressional

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves(compressional

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: deeper reflection and refraction information.

text: Research on the origin of seismic noise indicates that the low frequency part of the spectrum (below 1 Hz) is due to natural causes, chiefly ocean waves. In particular the peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is clearly associated with the interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions. At high frequency (above 1 Hz), seismic noise is mainly produced by human activities such as road traffic and industrial work; but there are also natural sources, like rivers. Around 1 Hz, wind and other atmospheric phenomena are also a major source of ground vibrations.

text: Research on the origin of seismic noise indicates that the low frequency part of the

text: spectrum

text: (below 1 Hz) is due to natural causes, chiefly

text: ocean wave

text: s. In particular the peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz is clearly associated with the interaction of water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions. At high frequency (above 1 Hz), seismic noise is mainly produced by human activities such as road traffic and industrial work; but there are also natural sources, like rivers. Around 1 Hz, wind and other atmospheric phenomena are also a major source of ground vibrations.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: opposite directions

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: road traffic and industrial work

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves of nearly equal frequencies

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (above 1 Hz),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peak between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: water waves of nearly equal frequencies but opposite directions.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: opposite directions.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ocean waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground vibrations.

text: The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped and the slip vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms. The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", that is, whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms.

text: The focal mechanism of an

text: earthquake

text: describes the deformation in the source region that generates the

text: seismic wave

text: s. In the case of a

text: fault

text: -related event it refers to the orientation of the

text: fault plane

text: that slipped and the slip

text: vector

text: and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed

text: seismic

text: waveforms

text: . The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", that is, whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Focal mechanisms can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions",

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P waves break up or down.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waveforms.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault-related event it refers to the orientation of the fault plane

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fault-plane solution.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P waves break up or down.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: observing the pattern of "first motions",

text: Interest towards tsunami risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves led to damage and casualties along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal Perlis, Kedah and Penang. The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the South China Sea.

text: Interest towards

text: tsunami

text: risks to Malaysia has also heighten since the

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: . Although the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia was largely shielded by the Sumatran island from the full effects of waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves

entity_name: Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia

text: led to damage and casualties

text: along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia, affecting coastal

text: Perlis

text: Kedah

text: and

text: Penang

text: . The disaster also highlights the risk of further tsunamis that may strike coasts in direct line of undersea faults, primarily around the

text: South China Sea

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: full effects

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: full effects of waves generated by the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: full effects of waves generated by the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Earth is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves generated by the earthquake, weaker deflected tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: undersea faults,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: undersea faults,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: weaker deflected tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: weaker deflected tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: undersea faults,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: undersea faults,

text: A fundamental problem in finding solutions for surface gravity waves is, that boundary conditions have to be applied at the beforehand unknown – and therefore being a part of the sought solution – position of the free surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem, in 1847, by expanding the relevant potential flow quantities in a Taylor series around the mean (or still) surface elevation. As a result, the boundary conditions can be expressed in terms of quantities at the mean (or still) surface elevation (which is fixed and known).

text: A fundamental problem in finding solutions for surface gravity waves is, that

text: boundary condition

text: s have to be applied at the beforehand unknown – and therefore being a part of the sought solution – position of the

text: free surface

text: Sir George Stokes

text: has solved this non-linear wave problem, in 1847, by expanding the relevant

text: potential flow

text: quantities in a

text: Taylor series

text: around the mean (or still) surface elevation. As a result, the boundary conditions can be expressed in terms of quantities at the mean (or still) surface elevation (which is fixed and known).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface elevation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fixed and known

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fixed and known

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface elevation.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface elevation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: beforehand unknown – and therefore being a part of the sought solution

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fixed and known).

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface.Sir George Stokes has solved this non-linear wave problem,

text: In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the water surface, and forced by gravity and surface tension. As a result, water with a free surface is generally considered to be a dispersive medium.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , dispersion of

text: water waves

text: generally refers to

text: frequency dispersion

text: , which means that

text: wave

text: s of different

text: wavelength

text: s travel at different

text: phase speed

text: s. Water waves, in this context, are waves propagating on the

text: water surface

text: , and forced by

text: gravity

text: and

text: surface tension

text: . As a result,

text: water

text: with a

text: free surface

text: is generally considered to be a

text: dispersive medium

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface tension

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dispersion of water waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: forced by gravity and surface tension

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water has a free surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: dispersion of water waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: water surface,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves of different wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water surface,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: water with a free surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In fluid dynamics,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: frequency dispersion,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds.

text: Despite the name, helioseismology is the study of solar waves and not solar seismic activity. The name is derived from the similar practice of studying terrestrial seismic waves to determine the composition of the Earth's interior. The science can be compared to asteroseismology, which studies the propagation of sound waves in stars.

text: Despite the name, helioseismology is the study of solar waves and not solar seismic activity. The name is derived from the similar practice of studying terrestrial seismic waves to determine the composition of the

text: Earth

text: 's interior. The science can be compared to

text: asteroseismology

text: , which studies the propagation of sound waves in stars.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: solar seismic activity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: solar seismic activity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are used to determine the composition

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: asteroseismology,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: terrestrial seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: solar seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: solar seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: terrestrial seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: terrestrial seismic waves to determine the composition of the Earth's interior.

text: In fluid dynamics, the wave height of a surface wave is the difference between the elevations of a crest and a neighbouring trough. Wave height is a term used by mariners, as well as in coastal, ocean and naval engineering.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , the wave height of a

text: surface wave

text: is the difference between the

text: elevation

text: s of a

text: crest

text: and a neighbouring

text: trough

text: . Wave height is a term used by

text: mariner

text: s, as well as in

text: coastal

text: ocean

text: and

text: naval engineering

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: troughs

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: crest and a neighbouring trough

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: crest and trough are the same

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest and a neighbouring trough.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: the difference between the elevations

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: trough.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wave height

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid dynamics,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave height of a surface wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wave height

text: Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

text: Gravimetric

text: data from the

text: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake

text: has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravity fields

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves travel faster than gravity fields

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravity fields

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravity fields travel faster

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Gravimetric data from the 2011 T<unk>hoku earthquake

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic models,

text: Determining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geodetic operation or a task of geometry, but is also related to geophysics. Without any idea of the Earth's interior, we can state a "constant density" of 5.515 g/cm³ and, according to theoretical arguments (see Leonhard Euler, Albert Wangerin, etc.), such a body rotating like the Earth would have a flattening of 1:230.

text: Determining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geodetic operation or a task of

text: geometry

text: , but is also related to

text: geophysics

text: . Without any idea of the

text: Earth's interior

text: , we can state a "constant density" of 5.515 g/cm³ and, according to theoretical arguments (see

text: Leonhard Euler

text: Albert Wangerin

text: , etc.), such a body rotating like the Earth would have a

text: flattening

text: of 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1:230

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: flattening of 1:230

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: without any idea of the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Without any idea of the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 5.515 g/cm3

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 5.515 g/cm3

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 1:230.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 5.515 g/cm3

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 5.515 g/cm3

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 5.515 g/cm3

text: In fluid dynamics, a trochoidal wave or Gerstner wave is an exact solution of the Euler equations for periodic surface gravity waves. It describes a progressive wave of permanent form on the surface of an incompressible fluid of infinite depth. The free surface of this wave solution is an inverted (upside-down) trochoid – with sharper crests and flat troughs. This wave solution was discovered by Gerstner in 1802, and rediscovered independently by Rankine in 1863.

text: In

text: fluid dynamics

text: , a trochoidal wave or Gerstner wave is an exact solution of the

text: Euler equations

text: for

text: periodic

text: surface gravity wave

text: s. It describes a

text: progressive wave

text: of permanent form on the surface of an

text: incompressible fluid

text: of infinite depth. The free surface of this wave solution is an inverted (upside-down)

text: trochoid

text: – with sharper

text: crest

text: s and flat troughs. This wave solution was discovered by

text: Gerstner

text: in 1802, and rediscovered independently by

text: Rankine

text: in 1863.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: sharper crests

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crests

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: infinite depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: incompressible fluid of infinite depth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: incompressible fluid of infinite depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: incompressible fluid of infinite depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rankine in 1863

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crests

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: infinite depth.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: infinite depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: incompressible fluid of infinite depth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sharper crests and flat troughs.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: infinite depth.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: incompressible fluid of infinite depth.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: trochoidal wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: infinite depth.

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly porous, complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

text: It should be possible to combine the experimentally-determined wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior and the elasticity data from various rocks in order to find out about the Earth's interior. However, by the early 20th century no one had been able to determine the elastic constants of common rocks, because almost all rocks are slightly

text: porous

text: , complicating conventional elasticity measurement methods.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: porous

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the elastic constants of common rocks

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the elastic constants of common rocks

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: no one had been able to determine the elastic constants

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave velocities of the various parts of the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is not possible to determine the elastic constants of common rocks

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: elasticity data from various rocks

text: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together".  Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out".

text: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave

text: crest

text: is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together".  Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out".

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: observer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the source of waves is moving away from the observer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the source of waves is moving towards the observer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they are moving towards the observer

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the waves "bunch together".

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: the waves "bunch together".

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "spread out".

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: "spread out".

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the waves "bunch together".

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the waves "bunch together".

text: Elastic waves are used to probe the site under investigation, by placing seismic vibrators on the ground surface. These waves propagate through the soil, and due to the heterogeneous geological structure of the site under investigation, multiple reflections and refractions occur. The response of the site to the seismic vibrator is measured by sensors (geophones), also placed on the ground surface. Two key-components are required for the profiling based on full-waveform inversion. These components are: a) a computer model for the simulation of elasic waves in semi-infinite domains; and b) an optimization framework, through which the computed response is matched to the measured response, via iteratively updating an initially assumed material distribution for the soil.

text: Elastic waves are used to probe the site under investigation, by placing seismic vibrators on the ground surface. These waves propagate through the soil, and due to the heterogeneous geological structure of the site under investigation, multiple reflections and refractions occur. The response of the site to the seismic vibrator is measured by sensors (geophones), also placed on the ground surface. Two key-components are required for the profiling based on full-waveform inversion. These components are: a) a computer model for the simulation of elasic waves in semi-infinite domains; and b) an optimization framework, through which the computed response is matched to the measured response, via iteratively updating an initially assumed material distribution for the soil.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: full-waveform inversion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: full-waveform inversion.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reflections and refractions

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the soil,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multiple reflections and refractions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: heterogeneous geological structure

text: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain, such as yield strength or viscosity, depend on the thermodynamic state of the rock and composition. The most important thermodynamic variables in this case are temperature and pressure. Both of these increase with depth, so to a first approximation the mode of deformation can be understood in terms of depth. Within the upper lithosphere, brittle deformation is common because under low pressure rocks have relatively low brittle strength, while at the same time low temperature reduces the likelihood of ductile flow. After the brittle-ductile transition zone, ductile deformation becomes dominant. Elastic deformation happens when the time scale of stress is shorter than the relaxation time for the material. Seismic waves are a common example of this type of deformation. At temperatures high enough to melt rocks, the ductile shear strength approaches zero, which is why shear mode elastic deformation (S-Waves) will not propagate through melts.

text: The physical characteristics of rocks that control the rate and mode of strain, such as

text: yield strength

text: or

text: viscosity

text: , depend on the

text: thermodynamic state

text: of the rock and composition. The most important thermodynamic variables in this case are temperature and pressure. Both of these increase with depth, so to a first approximation the mode of deformation can be understood in terms of depth. Within the upper lithosphere, brittle deformation is common because under low pressure rocks have relatively low brittle strength, while at the same time low temperature reduces the likelihood of ductile flow. After the brittle-ductile transition zone, ductile deformation becomes dominant. Elastic deformation happens when the time scale of stress is shorter than the relaxation time for the material. Seismic waves are a common example of this type of deformation. At temperatures high enough to melt rocks, the ductile shear strength approaches zero, which is why shear mode elastic deformation (S-Waves) will not propagate through melts.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: will not propagate through melts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: will not propagate through melts

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: At temperatures high enough to melt rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are a common example of this type of deformation

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ductile shear strength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: melts.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: propagate through melts.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: (S-Waves) will not propagate through melts.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear mode elastic deformation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Elastic deformation

text: Small sonar systems attached to floating buoys, called sonobuoys have been used by geologists to shoot seismic transects across the Adare Basin in order to establish 2D velocity models of the subsurface stratigraphy beneath the seafloor down to a depth of 5.5 km. The deeper deposited sediment has been compacted under heavier pressures for longer time periods, causing the sediment to become denser and the velocity of the seismic waves to increase with depth. Velocities from beneath the Adare Trough tend to be slightly higher than the average, indicating that the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin. Within the depth capable of measurement 6 distinct stratigraphic units have been established with characteristic velocities. The first unit begins at the seafloor with a velocity of 2000 m/s. The second unit lies 0.6 km beneath the seafloor and waves propagate with a velocity of 3000 m/s. The third layer begins at 1.8 km beneath the seafloor and has a velocity of 4200 m/s. The next layer begins at 2.3 km and has a velocity of 4900 m/s, followed by a layer at 3.1 km with 5700 m/s wave velocity. The final layer lies 3.3 km beneath the surface and displays velocities of 6000 m/s.

text: Small sonar systems attached to floating buoys, called

text: sonobuoy

text: s have been used by

text: geologists

text: to shoot seismic transects across the Adare Basin in order to establish 2D velocity models of the

text: subsurface

text: stratigraphy beneath the

text: seafloor

text: down to a depth of 5.5 km. The deeper deposited

text: sediment

text: has been compacted under heavier pressures for longer time periods, causing the sediment to become denser and the velocity of the

text: seismic waves

text: to increase with depth. Velocities from beneath the

text: Adare Trough

text: tend to be slightly higher than the average, indicating that the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin. Within the depth capable of measurement 6 distinct stratigraphic units have been established with characteristic velocities. The first unit begins at the seafloor with a velocity of 2000 m/s. The second unit lies 0.6 km beneath the seafloor and waves propagate with a velocity of 3000 m/s. The third layer begins at 1.8 km beneath the seafloor and has a velocity of 4200 m/s. The next layer begins at 2.3 km and has a velocity of 4900 m/s, followed by a layer at 3.1 km with 5700 m/s wave velocity. The final layer lies 3.3 km beneath the surface and displays velocities of 6000 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 6000 m/s

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.6 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Adare Basin

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the lithosphere is slightly thicker underneath the trough than the surrounding basin

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sonar systems attached to floating buoys

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The third layer begins at 1.8 km beneath the seafloor

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 6000 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 3000 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 6 distinct stratigraphic units

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.6 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 6000 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sonobuoys

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the velocity of the seismic waves to increase with depth.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 2D velocity models of the subsurface stratigraphy

text: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008) contains an outline discussing the theory of Futterman, beginning with the wave equation:

text: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008) contains an outline discussing the theory of Futterman, beginning with the wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Futterman

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q-filtering

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not have a frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Futterman

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q-filtering'

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

text: One of the challenges in structural engineering is defining the reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake-resistant structures based on the all components of the seismic motions-three translational and three rotational. From earthquake engineering approach, it is usually assumed that the rotational components of strong ground motions are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point rotation, which corresponds with gradient of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effects of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their frequency content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to the high-frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical monuments, nuclear reactors, tall asymmetric buildings or irregular frames, slender tower shape structures, bridges, vertically irregular structures, and even the ordinary multi-story buildings. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of the structures supported on the rigid mat foundation can even be amplified if the effects of the kinematic and dynamic soil structure interaction are considered in structural loading and modeling. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on the structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease the beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response.

text: One of the challenges in

text: structural engineering

text: is defining the reliable and accurate loading patterns for design of earthquake-resistant structures based on the all components of the seismic motions-three

text: translational

text: and three

text: rotational

text: . From

text: earthquake engineering

text: approach, it is usually assumed that the

entity_name: Rotational components of strong ground motions

text: rotational components of strong ground motions

text: are induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves and, consequently, these components are estimated in terms of corresponding translational components. When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point, the rotational loading of structures can be performed by point

text: rotation

text: , which corresponds with

text: gradient

text: of a point on the ground surface. Most investigations on the earthquake rotational loading, by considering the effects of point rotation on the behavior of structures have shown that the rotational components based on their

text: frequency

text: content can severely change dynamic behavior of structures, which are sensitive to the high-frequency motions, such as secondary systems, historical

text: monuments

text: nuclear reactors

text: , tall asymmetric

text: buildings

text: or irregular frames, slender

text: tower

text: shape structures,

text: bridges

text: , vertically irregular structures, and even the ordinary multi-story buildings. The contribution of the rotational components to the seismic response of the structures supported on the

text: rigid

text: mat

text: foundation

text: can even be amplified if the effects of the

text: kinematic

text: and dynamic

text: soil structure interaction

text: are considered in structural loading and modeling. In a recent study, the combined action of the rotational loading and multi-support excitation on the seismic behavior of short-span bridges was investigated. The numerical results suggested that depending on the structure properties and excitation characteristics, rotational components decrease the beneficial effects of multi-support excitation on the structure response.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: rotational components of strong ground motions

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: point rotation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: spatial variation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: rotational components of strong ground motions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: spatial variation of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are induced due to the spatial variation

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: gradient of a point on the ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gradient of a point on the ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: When the earthquake shaking can be specified at a single point,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground motions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: spatial variation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: induced due to the spatial variation of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: spatial variation of the seismic waves

text: During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically for large earthquakes the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the 2008 Sichuan and 2004 Indian Ocean earthquakes). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of Rayleigh waves, approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity. However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and compressional wave (P-wave) values have been reported for several earthquakes in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.

text: During seismic events along a fault surface the displacement initiates at the focus and then propagates outwards. Typically for large earthquakes the focus lies towards one end of the slip surface and much of the propagation is unidirectional (e.g. the

text: 2008 Sichuan

text: and

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

text: s). Theoretical studies have in the past suggested that the upper bound for propagation velocity is that of

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , approximately 0.92 of the shear wave velocity. However, evidence of propagation at velocities between S-wave and

text: compressional wave

text: (P-wave) values have been reported for several earthquakes in agreement with theoretical and laboratory studies that support the possibility of rupture propagation in this velocity range.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focus

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0.92 of the shear wave velocity.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic events

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.92 of the shear wave velocity.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rupture propagation in this velocity range.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compressional wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: During seismic events

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: During seismic events along a fault surface

text: In May 2013, members of Elsipogtog First Nation demonstrated their concern over the proposed shale-gas project and 2D seismic imaging done near their reserve by SWN Resources Canada, a subsidiary of Southwestern Energy Company. Workers were on site to conduct seismic exploration that uses sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas. Many residents voiced their concerns about the planned hydraulic fracturing (fracking) through social media. Throughout the Spring, Summer and Fall of 2013, protesters blocked SWN Resources Canada workers from accessing their seismic equipment.They blocked Route 116, 134, Hwy 11. On July 24, 2013, a video was recorded of a First Nations protester strapping herself to bundles of Geophones and other equipment used by SWN Resources Canada for seismic testing on the site. She slowed down the workers access to the equipment until the RCMP removed her later that day. On Sept 29th, SWN's trucks were blocked by a mystery van and protesters gathered in support.  Shortly afterward, a sacred fire was lit and maintained by a 12-year-old boy who watched over the prayers of the people. On October 1, 2013, a video was recorded of Elsipogtog First Nation Chief Arren James Sock delivering an eviction notice to SWN Resources Canada while dozens of protesters continued to block Route 134 in Rexton to prevent SWN Resources Canada from moving their exploration equipment.

text: In May 2013, members of Elsipogtog First Nation demonstrated their concern over the proposed shale-gas project and

text: 2D seismic imaging

text: done near their reserve by SWN Resources Canada, a subsidiary of

text: Southwestern Energy Company

text: . Workers were on site to conduct seismic exploration that uses sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas. Many residents voiced their concerns about the planned

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: (fracking) through social media. Throughout the Spring, Summer and Fall of 2013, protesters blocked SWN Resources Canada workers from accessing their seismic equipment.They blocked Route 116, 134, Hwy 11. On July 24, 2013, a video was recorded of a First Nations protester strapping herself to bundles of Geophones and other equipment used by SWN Resources Canada for seismic testing on the site. She slowed down the workers access to the equipment until the RCMP removed her later that day. On Sept 29th, SWN's trucks were blocked by a mystery van and protesters gathered in support.  Shortly afterward, a sacred fire was lit and maintained by a 12-year-old boy who watched over the prayers of the people. On October 1, 2013, a video was recorded of Elsipogtog First Nation Chief Arren James Sock delivering an eviction notice to SWN Resources Canada while dozens of protesters continued to block Route 134 in Rexton to prevent SWN Resources Canada from moving their exploration equipment.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shale beds

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fracking is used to extract natural gas

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shale beds

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: sound wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: sound wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: sound wave technology to create images of underground shale beds

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: sound wave technology

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Route 116, 134, Hwy 11.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sound

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: First Nations protester strapping herself to bundles of Geophones

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: sound wave technology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: create images of underground shale beds that might contain natural gas.

text: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an optical phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves.

text: Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated

text: wave

text: strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular

text: critical angle

text: with respect to the

text: normal

text: to the surface. If the

text: refractive index

text: is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely

text: reflected

text: . The critical angle is the

text: angle of incidence

text: above which the total internal reflection occurs. This is particularly common as an

text: optical phenomenon

text: , where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as

text: electromagnetic waves

text: in general or

text: sound waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: critical angle

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: critical angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: cannot pass through and is entirely reflected

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: total internal reflection is the phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The critical angle

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: sound waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reflected.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sound waves.

text: The usefulness of surface waves in determining subsurface elastic properties arises from the way in which they disperse.  Dispersion (geology) is the way in which surface waves spread out as they travel across the surface of the earth.  Basically, if ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed, there is no dispersion.  If several of the waves start to travel faster than the others, dispersion is occurring.  Surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths (Figure 2) and travel at the velocity of the mediums they are travelling through.  Figure 2 was generated by plotting the amplitude of surface waves against depth.  This was done for two different wavelengths.  Both waves have the same total energy, but the longer wavelength has its energy spread out over a larger interval.  If earth materials’ elastic parameters yield higher velocities with depth, longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths.  The variation of velocities with wavelength makes it possible to infer critical information about the subsurface.  Dobrin (1951) uses a water disturbance example to illustrate the phenomenon that longer wavelengths tend to travel faster.  This increase in speed with wavelength is seen for both group velocities and phase velocities.  A wave group consists of waves at varying wavelengths and frequencies.  Individual waves of a wave group are usually generated at the same time, but tend to spread out within the group because each wavelet travels at a different speed.  A group velocity is basically the speed at which a wave group travels.  A phase velocity is the speed at which an individual wave travels, having its own characteristic wavelength and frequency.  Fourier theory tells us that a sharp impulse is made up of infinite frequency content in phase at one point.  If each frequency travels at the same speed, that peak will remain intact.  If each frequency travels at a different speed, that peak will spread out (Figure 3).  This spreading out is dispersion.  Phase and group velocity are both dependent on wavelength and are related by the equation

text: The usefulness of surface waves in determining subsurface elastic properties arises from the way in which they disperse.  Dispersion (geology) is the way in which surface waves spread out as they travel across the surface of the earth.  Basically, if ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed, there is no dispersion.  If several of the waves start to travel faster than the others, dispersion is occurring.  Surface waves of varying

text: wavelengths

text: penetrate to different depths (Figure 2) and travel at the velocity of the mediums they are travelling through.  Figure 2 was generated by plotting the amplitude of surface waves against depth.  This was done for two different wavelengths.  Both waves have the same total energy, but the longer wavelength has its energy spread out over a larger interval.  If earth materials’ elastic parameters yield higher velocities with depth, longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths.  The variation of velocities with wavelength makes it possible to infer critical information about the subsurface.  Dobrin (1951) uses a water disturbance example to illustrate the phenomenon that longer wavelengths tend to travel faster.  This increase in speed with wavelength is seen for both

text: group velocities

text: and

text: phase velocities

text: .  A wave group consists of waves at varying wavelengths and

text: frequencies

text: .  Individual waves of a wave group are usually generated at the same time, but tend to spread out within the group because each wavelet travels at a different speed.  A group velocity is basically the speed at which a wave group travels.  A phase velocity is the speed at which an individual wave travels, having its own characteristic wavelength and frequency.

text: Fourier theory

text: tells us that a sharp impulse is made up of infinite frequency content in phase at one point.  If each frequency travels at the same speed, that peak will remain intact.  If each frequency travels at a different speed, that peak will spread out (Figure 3).  This spreading out is dispersion.  Phase and group velocity are both dependent on wavelength and are related by the equation

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: varying depths

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longer wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shorter wavelength surface waves will travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves travel faster than those with shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves disperse

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peak

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Surface waves of varying wavelengths penetrate to different depths

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ten waves travel along the surface of the earth at the same speed,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: longer wavelength surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The variation of velocities with wavelength

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core. The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their

text: chemical

text: or physical (

text: rheological

text: ) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct

text: silicate

text: solid crust, which is underlain by a highly

text: viscous

text: solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: . The thickness of the crust varies from about  (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the

text: upper mantle

text: are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the

text: asthenosphere

text: , a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and  below the surface, spanning a

text: transition zone

text: that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid

text: outer core

text: lies above a solid

text: inner core

text: . The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher

text: angular velocity

text: than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year. The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tectonic plates are composed

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a highly viscous solid mantle.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Beneath the mantle,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 0.1–0.5° per year.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: chemical or physical (rheological) properties.

text: Propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the density and elasticity of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the epicenter to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly.

text: Propagation velocity

text: of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the

text: density

text: and

text: elasticity

text: of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the

text: epicenter

text: to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the

text: hypocenter

text: can be computed roughly.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dense and elasticity of the medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: sources of quakes and structures within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: a measure of the distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Propagation velocity of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sources of quakes and structures within the Earth.

text: is the radial distance. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source.

text: is the radial distance. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: radial

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: bulk waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: bulk waves spread out in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bulk waves spread out in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves decay more slowly with distance

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: radial distance.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: radial distance.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: bulk waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: radial distance.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: radial distance.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: bulk waves, which spread out in three dimensions from a point source.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bulk waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: radial distance.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: bulk waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do bulk waves,

text: Seismic surveys involve the generation of sound waves to measure underground structures. Source waves are generally created by percussion mechanisms located near the ground or water surface, typically dropped weights, vibroseis trucks, or explosives. Data are collected with geophones, then stored and processed by computer. Current technology allows the generation of 3D images of underground rock structures using such equipment.

text: Seismic surveys involve the generation of sound waves to measure underground structures. Source waves are generally created by percussion mechanisms located near the ground or water surface, typically dropped weights,

text: vibroseis

text: trucks, or explosives. Data are collected with geophones, then stored and processed by computer. Current technology allows the generation of 3D images of underground rock structures using such equipment.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: water surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground structures

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 3D images of underground rock structures using such equipment

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 3D images of underground rock structures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are generated by percussion mechanisms

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground or water surface,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Source waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic surveys involve the generation of sound waves to measure underground structures.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground or water surface,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water surface,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: percussion mechanisms located near the ground or water surface,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Source waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water surface,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: dropped weights, vibroseis trucks, or explosives.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: underground structures.

text: An entirely different approach to over-the-horizon radar is to use creeping waves or electromagnetic surface waves at much lower frequencies. Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to diffraction, which is the reason both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head, for instance, and was how early communication and broadcast radio was accomplished. In the radar role, the creeping waves in question are diffracting around the Earth, although processing the returned signal is quite difficult. Development of such systems became practical in the late 1980s due to the rapidly increasing processing power available. Such systems are known as OTH-SW, for Surface Wave.

text: An entirely different approach to over-the-horizon radar is to use

text: creeping wave

text: s or

text: electromagnetic surface waves

text: at much lower frequencies. Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to

text: diffraction

text: , which is the reason both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head, for instance, and was how early communication and broadcast radio was accomplished. In the radar role, the creeping waves in question are diffracting around the Earth, although processing the returned signal is quite difficult. Development of such systems became practical in the late 1980s due to the rapidly increasing processing power available. Such systems are known as OTH-SW, for Surface Wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: processing the returned signal is quite difficult

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: processing the returned signal is quite difficult

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Creeping waves are the scattering into the rear of an object due to diffraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: diffraction,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: diffraction,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: OTH-SW,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: diffraction,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: both ears can hear a sound on one side of the head,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: creeping waves or electromagnetic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Creeping waves

text: represents the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves, which travel in three dimensions.  Large earthquakes may generate Love waves that travel around the Earth several times before dissipating.

text: represents the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake. Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves, which travel in three dimensions.  Large earthquakes may generate Love waves that travel around the Earth several times before dissipating.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves travel in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves travel in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves decay more slowly

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: the distance the wave has travelled from the earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: three dimensions.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves, which travel in three dimensions.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Surface waves therefore decay more slowly with distance than do body waves,

text: The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an FM telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape. The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

text: The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog

text: seismometer

text: s that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an

text: FM

text: telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external

text: time signal, and stored on

text: magnetic tape

text: . The tapes were then played back and the

text: P-wave

text: and

text: S-wave

text: arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet

text: geophysicists

text: detonated 100 kilograms of

text: TNT

text: in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate

text: crust

text: al velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic tape

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: were used to determine aftershock locations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: detonated 100 kilograms of TNT

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave and S-wave arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical component velocity transducer

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: single-component data recording.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: TNT

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: TNT

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave and S-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.

text: Almost periodic function – Amplitude modulation – Amplitude – Beat – Chaos theory – Cyclic group – Diffraction – Doppler effect – Eigenstate – Eigenvalue – Fibonacci sequence – Fourier series – Frequency domain – Frequency spectrum – Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) – Harmonic oscillator – Huygens–Fresnel principle – Longitudinal wave – Mechanical wave – Navier–Stokes equations – Partial differential equation – Periodic function – Permutation – Phase (waves) – Physics of music – Power spectrum – Signal – Sine wave – Spectrum of an operator – Translational symmetry – Transverse wave – Wave equation – Wave–particle duality – Wave – Waveform

text: Almost periodic function

text: Amplitude modulation

text: Amplitude

text: Beat

text: Chaos theory

text: Cyclic group

text: Diffraction

text: Doppler effect

text: Eigenstate

text: Eigenvalue

text: Fibonacci sequence

text: Fourier series

text: Frequency domain

text: Frequency spectrum

text: Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)

text: Harmonic oscillator

text: Huygens–Fresnel principle

text: Longitudinal wave

text: Mechanical wave

text: Navier–Stokes equations

text: Partial differential equation

text: Periodic function

text: Permutation

text: Phase (waves)

text: Physics of music

text: Power spectrum

text: Signal

text: Sine wave

text: Spectrum of an operator

text: Translational symmetry

text: Transverse wave

text: Wave equation

text: Wave–particle duality

text: Wave

text: Waveform

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: transverse wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Frequency domain

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Doppler effect

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Doppler effect

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Doppler effect

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Longitudinal wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Chaos theory

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Transverse wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Translational symmetry

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Translational symmetry

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Translational symmetry

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Cyclic group – Diffraction – Doppler effect

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Phase (waves)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Navier–Stokes equations

text: Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis—some have claimed humans live on the inside surface of a hollow spherical world, so that our universe itself lies in that world's interior. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism.

text: Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis—some have claimed humans live on the inside surface of a hollow

text: spherical

text: world, so that our universe itself lies in that world's interior. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or

text: skycentrism

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a hollow planet

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: "convex"

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "convex"

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: "concave"

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: hollow spherical world,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: "convex"

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: hollow spherical world,

text: In seismology longitudinal and shear waves are known as P-waves and S-waves, respectively, and are termed body waves. Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities.  Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake  travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the speed of sound in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.

text: In seismology longitudinal and shear waves are known as

text: P-wave

text: s and

text: S-wave

text: s, respectively, and are termed body waves. Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth, and travel with a velocity that is lower than the P-, S-, and Love wave velocities.  Rayleigh waves emanating outward from the epicenter of an earthquake  travel along the surface of the earth at about 10 times the

text: speed of sound

text: in air (0.340 km/s), that is ~3 km/s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rayleigh waves are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves at the surface of the earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they are generated by the interaction of P- and S- waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: <unk>3 km/s.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface of the earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-, S-, and Love wave velocities.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: longitudinal and shear waves are known as P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Rayleigh waves

text: Dipole antennas, short antennas, parabolic and other reflector antennas, horn antennas, periscope antennas, helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave and leaky wave antennas. Leaky wave antennas include dielectric and dielectric loaded antennas, and the variety of microstrip antennas.

text: Dipole antennas, short antennas, parabolic and other reflector antennas, horn antennas, periscope antennas, helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave and leaky wave antennas. Leaky wave antennas include dielectric and dielectric loaded antennas, and the variety of microstrip antennas.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dielectric

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: leaky wave antennas

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: leaky wave antennas

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: leaky wave antennas

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: helical antennas

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: helical antennas, spiral antennas, surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: leaky wave antennas.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface-wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: microstrip antennas.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: leaky wave antennas.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: leaky wave antennas.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: leaky wave antennas.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: leaky wave antennas.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: leaky wave antennas.

text: Seismology makes use of the ability of vibrations to travel through rock as seismic waves. These waves come in two types: pressure waves (P-waves) and shear waves (S-waves). P-waves travel faster than S-waves, and both have trajectories that bend as the wave speeds change with depth. Refraction seismology makes use of these curved trajectories. In addition, if there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment, seismic waves are reflected. Reflection seismology identifies these layer boundaries by the reflections.

text: Seismology

text: makes use of the ability of vibrations to travel through rock as

text: seismic waves

text: . These waves come in two types: pressure waves (

text: P-wave

text: s) and shear waves (

text: S-wave

text: s). P-waves travel faster than S-waves, and both have trajectories that bend as the wave speeds change with depth. Refraction seismology makes use of these curved trajectories. In addition, if there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment, seismic waves are reflected.

text: Reflection seismology

text: identifies these layer boundaries by the reflections.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: travel faster than P-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves travel faster than S-waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel faster than S-waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the ability of vibrations to travel through rock

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves are reflected.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves travel faster

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves travel faster than S-waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismology

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves travel faster than S-waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: if there are discontinuities between layers in the rock or sediment,

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of dunes.

text: Wave

text: s are disturbances that carry energy as they move.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium – air or water, making it

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are

text: surface wave

text: s that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of

text: dune

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mechanical waves propagate through a medium

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dunes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waves propagate through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are disturbances

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wind waves are surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wind waves are surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wind waves are surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dunes.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Mechanical waves

text: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes or other sources (such as explosions) may be reflected by layers within the Earth.  Study of the deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes has allowed seismologists to determine the layered structure of the Earth.  Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology to study the Earth's crust generally, and in particular to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits.

text: Seismic wave

text: s produced by

text: earthquake

text: s or other sources (such as

text: explosion

text: s) may be reflected by layers within the

text: Earth

text: .  Study of the deep reflections of waves generated by earthquakes has allowed

text: seismologist

text: s to determine the layered

text: structure of the Earth

text: .  Shallower reflections are used in

text: reflection seismology

text: to study the Earth's

text: crust

text: generally, and in particular to prospect for

text: petroleum

text: and

text: natural gas

text: deposits.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: deep reflections

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology to study the Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismologists to determine the layered structure of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: deep reflections

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Study of the deep reflections

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: deep reflections

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: explosions) may be reflected by layers within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: layers within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Study of the deep reflections

text: USArray, managed by IRIS, is a 15-year program to place a dense network of permanent and portable seismographs across the continental United States. These seismographs record the seismic waves released by earthquakes that occur around the world. Seismic waves are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth. By analyzing the records of earthquakes obtained from this dense grid of seismometers, scientists can learn about Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The goal of USArray is primarily to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the continental crust, lithosphere, and mantle underneath North America.

text: USArray, managed by IRIS, is a 15-year program to place a dense network of permanent and portable seismographs across the continental United States. These seismographs record the seismic waves released by earthquakes that occur around the world.

text: Seismic waves

text: are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth. By analyzing the records of earthquakes obtained from this dense grid of seismometers, scientists can learn about Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The goal of USArray is primarily to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the

text: continental crust

text: lithosphere

text: , and

text: mantle

text: underneath North America.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they are indicators of energy disbursement within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy disbursement within the earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: USArray is a 15-year program

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Which of the following is not a type of seismic wave?

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: energy disbursement

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: indicators of energy disbursement within the earth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes.

text: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods. For the investigation of postulated plumes, gravimetric, geoid and in particular seismological methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful. Numerical models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations into a consistent general picture.

text: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods. For the investigation of postulated plumes,

text: gravimetric

text: geoid

text: and in particular

text: seismological

text: methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful. Numerical models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations into a consistent general picture.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismological

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: numeric

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: numerical models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations into a consistent general picture

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: numeric models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: numeric models of the geodynamical processes attempt to merge these observations

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismological methods

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismological methods

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismological methods

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's deep interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: geophysical and geochemical methods.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismological methods

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismological methods

text: The use of electronic fuzes allows mines to intelligently ignore blast shock waves, by either being designed to ignore the characteristics of a blast shock wave or by using the characteristic magnetic field of the target to detonate the mine. Additionally seismic fuzes can be used to detonate mines, based on the characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

text: The use of electronic fuzes allows mines to intelligently ignore blast shock waves, by either being designed to ignore the characteristics of a blast shock wave or by using the characteristic magnetic field of the target to detonate the mine. Additionally seismic fuzes can be used to detonate mines, based on the characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: blast shock wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: blast shock waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic fuzes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: foot steps or vehicles.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: blast shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: blast shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: characteristic sounds of foot steps or vehicles.

text: In determining the location of an earthquake, the arrival time of several types of seismic wave at a minimum of four dispersed observers is dependent upon each observer recording wave arrival times according to a common clock.

text: In determining the location of an

text: earthquake

text: , the arrival time of several types of

text: seismic wave

text: at a minimum of four dispersed observers is dependent upon each observer recording wave

text: arrival time

text: s according to a common clock.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival time

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the arrival time of several types of seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the arrival time of several types of seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: four dispersed observers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a common clock.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: common clock.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake, the arrival time of several types of seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the arrival time of several types of seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: determining the location of an earthquake,

text: As the seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials, four geophysical phenomenon occur:

text: As the seismic (

text: P

text: or

text: compression

text: ) waves stress earth materials, four geophysical phenomenon occur:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: can be measured

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves cause earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression waves do not stress earth materials

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves stress earth materials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressive

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic waves stress earth materials

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic (P or compression) waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic (P or compression) waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: compression)

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth materials,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: four geophysical phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: As the seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: As the seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials,

text: Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions. P-, S-, and surface waves can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions based on seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage. The data received at seismometers are used to solve an inverse problem, wherein the locations of reflection and refraction of the wave paths are determined. This solution can be used to create 3D images of velocity anomalies which may be interpreted as structural, thermal, or compositional variations. Geoscientists use these images to better understand core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes.

text: Seismic tomography is a technique for imaging the subsurface of the Earth with seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions.

text: P-

text: S-

text: , and surface waves can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions based on seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage. The data received at seismometers are used to solve an inverse problem, wherein the locations of reflection and refraction of the wave paths are determined. This solution can be used to create 3D images of velocity anomalies which may be interpreted as structural, thermal, or compositional variations.

text: Geoscientists

text: use these images to better understand core, mantle, and

text: plate tectonic

text: processes.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inverse problem

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave source distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are used for tomographic models of different resolutions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: can be used for tomographic models of different resolutions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: geoscientists use these images to better understand core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave source distance,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wavelength, wave source distance,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismograph array coverage.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wavelength, wave source distance, and the seismograph array coverage.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves produced by earthquakes or explosions.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-, S-, and surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: core, mantle, and plate tectonic processes.

text: The seismic waves caused by an earthquake will make buildings sway and oscillate in various ways depending on the frequency and direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to structural failure. To enhance the building's seismic performance, a proper building design is performed engaging various seismic vibration control technologies.As mentioned above, damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not developed until late in 1950.

text: The

text: seismic wave

text: s caused by an

text: earthquake

text: will make buildings sway and

text: oscillate

text: in various ways depending on the frequency and direction of ground motion, and the height and construction of the building. Seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to

text: structural failure

text: . To enhance the building's

text: seismic performance

text: , a proper building design is performed engaging various seismic

text: vibration control

text: technologies.As mentioned above, damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries long before they were standard in mitigating seismic damage to buildings. In fact, the first specialized damping devices for earthquakes were not developed until late in 1950.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground motion

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a proper building design is performed engaging various seismic vibration control technologies

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves caused by an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground motion,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: damping devices had been used in the aeronautics and automobile industries

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: frequency and direction of ground motion,

text: Within microwave field theory, the interface of a dielectric and conductor supports "surface wave transmission". Surface waves have been studied as part of transmission lines and some may be considered as single-wire transmission lines.

text: Within

text: microwave field theory

text: , the interface of a dielectric and conductor supports "surface wave transmission". Surface waves have been studied as part of

text: transmission line

text: s and some may be considered as

text: single-wire transmission line

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dielectric and conductor

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: single-wire transmission lines

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: some may be considered as single-wire transmission lines

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is available

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: "surface wave transmission". Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "surface wave transmission". Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: "surface wave transmission".

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: "surface wave transmission". Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the interface of a dielectric and conductor

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: single-wire transmission lines.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: single-wire transmission lines.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Within microwave field theory,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: "surface wave transmission".

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: "surface wave transmission".

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to seismic inversion since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to

text: seismic inversion

text: since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: traveling acoustic waves are involved

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: traveling acoustic waves are involved

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: well bore

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

text: S-wave refraction evaluates the shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the secondary wave. When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one-half (but may vary significantly from this estimate) the velocity depending on the medium.

text: S-wave refraction evaluates the

text: shear wave

text: generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the

text: secondary wave

text: . When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one-half (but may vary significantly from this estimate) the velocity depending on the medium.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: S-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: one-half

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compression wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: known distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: medium.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compression wave,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: S-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compression wave,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: S-wave refraction

text: ) and a body wave magnitude scale (

text: ) and a

text: body wave magnitude

text: scale (

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body wave magnitude scale

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a body wave magnitude scale

text: If seismic waves are harmonic waves S(t) without noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation, then the above operation would reproduce the signal S(t) accurately.Real data w(t) are the sum of background noise n(t) plus the signal of interest S(t), i.e. w(t) = S(t) + n(t). Assuming that the signal is coherent and not attenuated, calculating the sum of M observations and including noise we get

text: If seismic waves are harmonic waves S(t) without noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation, then the above operation would reproduce the signal S(t) accurately.Real data w(t) are the sum of background noise n(t) plus the signal of interest S(t), i.e. w(t) = S(t) + n(t). Assuming that the signal is coherent and not attenuated, calculating the sum of M observations and including noise we get

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S(t)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S(t)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: S(t)

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: noise

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scientists can learn about earth interior by using seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S(t)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: w(t)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: identical site responses, and without attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: noise, with identical site responses, and without attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: w(t) = S(t) + n(t).

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: If seismic waves are harmonic waves

text: Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell. This ringing is a mixture of  normal modes with discrete frequencies and periods of an hour or shorter.  Motion caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event. The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century - the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake.  Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.

text: Both body and surface waves are traveling waves; however, large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell. This ringing is a mixture of

text: normal modes

text: with discrete frequencies and periods of an hour or shorter.  Motion caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event. The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century - the

text: 1960 Valdivia earthquake

text: and the

text: 1964 Alaska earthquake

text: .  Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves are traveling waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves are traveling waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves are traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the normal modes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body and surface waves are traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: higher fidelity instruments

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: traveling waves;

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints

text: During her professional career, Natasha Hendrick has been involved with or wrote, many novels and journal articles. The first journal article that she collaborated on was "Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields" in 1997. The second journal article she worked on in 1999 was Polarisation Analysis: What is it? Why do you need it? How do you do it?. The first work that Natasha worked on was Introduction to Vector-Processing Techniques for Multi-Component Seismic Exploration this was published in 2006. Practical Evaluation of P- and S-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition is Natasha's third journal that she worked on in 2006. The latest journal article that Hendrick worked on was First Look at Seismic Data From a Towed Dual-Sensor Streamer this was completed in 2008.

text: During her professional career, Natasha Hendrick has been involved with or wrote, many novels and journal articles. The first journal article that she collaborated on was "Seismic Processing in Areas of Complex Near-Surface Velocity Fields" in 1997. The second journal article she worked on in 1999 was Polarisation Analysis: What is it? Why do you need it? How do you do it?. The first work that Natasha worked on was Introduction to Vector-Processing Techniques for Multi-Component Seismic Exploration this was published in 2006. Practical Evaluation of P- and S-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition is Natasha's third journal that she worked on in 2006. The latest journal article that Hendrick worked on was First Look at Seismic Data From a Towed Dual-Sensor Streamer this was completed in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Polarisation Analysis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave Separation via Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Polarisation Analysis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Polarisation Analysis:

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Polarisation Analysis:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Multi-Component Seismic Exploration

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Elastic Wavefield

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Near-Surface Velocity Fields"

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Elastic Wavefield Decomposition

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Multi-Component Seismic Exploration

text: An Earthquake Early Warning alert (緊急地震速報(警報)) is issued to the general public when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale "5-lower" or higher is expected. An Earthquake Early Warning forecast (緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale 3 or higher, or magnitude 3.5 or more is expected, or when a measurement of more than a 100 gals is detected in the amplitude of P-wave or S-wave.

text: An Earthquake Early Warning alert (緊急地震速報(警報)) is issued to the general public when an earthquake of

entity_name: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

text: Japan seismic scale

text: "5-lower" or higher is expected. An Earthquake Early Warning forecast (緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services when an earthquake of Japan seismic scale 3 or higher, or

text: magnitude

text: 3.5 or more is expected, or when a measurement of more than a 100

text: gals

text: is detected in the

text: amplitude

text: of P-wave or

text: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitude 3.5 or more is expected

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude 3.5 or more is expected

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquake Early Warning alert ( ( ))

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave or S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hydrological Services

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "5-lower"

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: more than a 100 gals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquake Early Warning alert

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave or S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: P-wave or S-wave.

text: According to the superposition principle of quantum mechanics, wave functions can be added together and multiplied by complex numbers to form new wave functions and form a Hilbert space. The inner product between two wave functions is a measure of the overlap between the corresponding physical states and is used in the foundational probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the Born rule, relating transition probabilities to inner products.   The Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time. A wave function behaves qualitatively like other waves, such as water waves or waves on a string, because the Schrödinger equation is mathematically a type of wave equation. This explains the name "wave function", and gives rise to wave–particle duality. However, the wave function in quantum mechanics describes a kind of physical phenomenon, still open to different interpretations, which fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves.

text: According to the

text: superposition principle

text: of quantum mechanics, wave functions can be added together and multiplied by complex numbers to form new wave functions and form a

text: Hilbert space

text: . The inner product between two wave functions is a measure of the overlap between the corresponding physical states and is used in the foundational probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the

text: Born rule

text: , relating transition probabilities to inner products.   The Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time. A wave function behaves qualitatively like other

text: wave

text: s, such as

text: water wave

text: s or waves on a string, because the Schrödinger equation is mathematically a type of

text: wave equation

text: . This explains the name "wave function", and gives rise to

text: wave–particle duality

text: . However, the wave function in quantum mechanics describes a kind of physical phenomenon, still open to different

text: interpretations

text: , which fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inner product

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inner product

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hilbert space

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fundamentally differs from that of classic mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Schrödinger equation determines how wave functions evolve over time

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wave–particle duality

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Hilbert space.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Hilbert space.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wave functions can be added together and multiplied by complex numbers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The inner product

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hilbert space.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mechanical waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mechanical waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: superposition principle of quantum mechanics,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The inner product between two wave functions

text: Correlation-based processing techniques also enable seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales using natural (e.g., the oceanic microseism) or artificial (e.g., urban) background noise as a seismic source.  For example, under ideal conditions of uniform seismic illumination, the correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs provides an estimate of the bidirectional seismic impulse response.

text: Correlation-based processing techniques also enable seismologists to image the interior of the Earth at multiple scales using natural (e.g., the oceanic microseism) or artificial (e.g., urban) background noise as a seismic source.  For example, under ideal conditions of uniform seismic illumination, the correlation of the noise signals between two seismographs provides an estimate of the bidirectional seismic

text: impulse response

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the interior of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: urban

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unidirectional seismic impulse response

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oceanic microseism

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: bidirectional seismic impulse response.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: bidirectional seismic impulse response.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two seismographs

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: bidirectional seismic impulse response.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: bidirectional

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: urban)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: urban) background noise

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oceanic microseism)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: bidirectional seismic impulse response.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Correlation-based processing techniques

text: Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and air. Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air, are particularly injured. The damage causes severe hemorrhaging or air embolisms, either of which can be rapidly fatal. The overpressure estimated to damage lungs is about 70 kPa. Some eardrums would probably rupture around 22 kPa (0.2 atm) and half would rupture between 90 and 130 kPa (0.9 to 1.2 atm).

text: Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and air. Lungs and the

text: abdominal cavity

text: , which contain air, are particularly injured. The damage causes severe

text: hemorrhaging

text: or

text: air embolism

text: s, either of which can be rapidly fatal. The overpressure estimated to damage lungs is about 70 kPa. Some

text: eardrum

text: s would probably rupture around 22 kPa (0.2 atm) and half would rupture between 90 and 130 kPa (0.9 to 1.2 atm).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 22 kPa

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: atm

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the tissues

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the interface between tissue and air

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (0.9 to 1.2 atm).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: (0.2 atm)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tissues.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Acting on the human body, the shock waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities

text: For the first time, the United States Geological Survey would include earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities in its National Seismic Hazard Map which sets standards for construction and insurance rates. According to USGS National Seismic Hazard Project head Mark Petersen, an updated version of the map will become available before the end of 2015. This marks a deviation from the past, with the USGS updating the National Seismic Hazard Map annually instead of every six years.

text: For the first time, the United States Geological Survey would include earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities in its National Seismic Hazard Map which sets standards for construction and insurance rates. According to USGS National Seismic Hazard Project head Mark Petersen, an updated version of the map will become available before the end of 2015. This marks a deviation from the past, with the USGS updating the National Seismic Hazard Map annually instead of every six years.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: six years.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: six years.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: National Seismic Hazard Map

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: National Seismic Hazard Map

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: industrial activities in its National Seismic Hazard Map

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquakes believed to have connections to industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: National Seismic Hazard Map

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

text: One documented place an earthquake-generated tsunami has been surfed is at Punta Hermosa in Peru, at the offshore Kon Tiki reef, where the tsunami-generated waves were ridden about 1 kilometre from the shore, before further rising and crashing into the nearby shoreline. The surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event.

text: One documented place an earthquake-generated tsunami has been surfed is at

text: Punta Hermosa

text: in Peru, at the offshore Kon Tiki reef, where the tsunami-generated waves were ridden about 1 kilometre from the shore, before further rising and crashing into the nearby shoreline. The surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1 kilometre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: crashing into the nearby shoreline

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crashing into the nearby shoreline.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1 kilometre

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: offshore Kon Tiki reef,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1 kilometre

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: offshore Kon Tiki reef,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The surfers did not know these were tsunami waves until after the event.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tsunami-generated waves were ridden about 1 kilometre from the shore,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake-generated tsunami has been surfed

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: offshore Kon Tiki reef,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake-generated tsunami

text: Seismology (; from Ancient Greek σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.  The field also includes studies of earthquake environmental effects such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions.  A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology.   A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology.

text: Seismology (; from

text: Ancient Greek

text: σεισμός (seismós) meaning "earthquake" and -λογία (-logía) meaning "study of") is the scientific study of

text: earthquake

text: s and the propagation of

text: elastic wave

text: s through the

text: Earth

text: or through other planet-like bodies.  The field also includes studies of

text: earthquake environmental effects

text: such as

text: tsunamis

text: as well as diverse

text: seismic source

text: s such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes such as explosions.  A related field that uses

text: geology

text: to infer information regarding past earthquakes is

text: paleoseismology

text: .   A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a

text: seismogram

text: . A seismologist is a scientist who does research in seismology.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismogram

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: artificial processes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: artificial processes such as explosions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismology

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismogram.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismogram.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: paleoseismology.

text: A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a standing wave pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

text: A persisting

text: hexagon

text: al wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N was first noted in the Voyager images. The sides of the hexagon are each about  long, which is longer than the diameter of the Earth. The entire structure rotates with a period of  (the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions) which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior. The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere. The pattern's origin is a matter of much speculation. Most scientists think  it is a

text: standing wave

text: pattern in the atmosphere. Polygonal shapes have been replicated in the laboratory through differential rotation of fluids.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 78°N

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: differential rotation of fluids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The entire structure rotates with a period of

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 78°N

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longer than the diameter of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Voyager images.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: differential rotation of fluids.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shift in longitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shift in longitude

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: differential rotation of fluids.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: differential rotation of fluids.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: differential rotation of fluids.

text: In geology, the structure of the interior of a planet is often illustrated using a diagram of a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center, as in the cross section of Earth at right.

text: In

text: geology

text: , the structure of the interior of a

text: planet

text: is often illustrated using a diagram of a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center, as in the cross section of

text: Earth

text: at right.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not a cross section

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the structure of the interior of a planet passes through the planet's center

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a planet

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: center,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: planet's center,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: center,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: planet's center,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: cross section of the planet that passes through the planet's center,

text: For shorter wavelengths, the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.  Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves:

text: For shorter wavelengths, the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of

text: plane wave

text: s.  Transversely isotropic media support three types of elastic plane waves:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: isotropy

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: isotropic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: transversely isotropic media

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves are described using the superposition of plane waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are described using the superposition

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Transversely isotropic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: For shorter wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the behavior of seismic waves is described using the superposition of plane waves.

text: A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine landslides, seafloor deformations due to earthquakes, or the impact of a large meteorite.

text: A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine

text: landslide

text: s, seafloor deformations due to

text: earthquake

text: s, or the impact of a large

text: meteorite

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can be generated

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: large-scale displacement of the ocean

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sub-marine landslides

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves can be generated

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seafloor deformations due to earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a large meteorite.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a large meteorite.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seafloor deformations due to earthquakes,

text: The simplest form of a blast wave has been described and termed the Friedlander waveform.  It occurs when a high explosive detonates in a free field, that is, with no surfaces nearby with which it can interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves. For example, they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials. Like light or sound waves, when a blast wave reaches a boundary between two materials, part of it is transmitted, part of it is absorbed, and part of it is reflected. The impedances of the two materials determine how much of each occurs.

text: The simplest form of a blast wave has been described and termed the Friedlander waveform.  It occurs when a high explosive

text: detonates

text: in a free field, that is, with no surfaces nearby with which it can interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the

text: physics of waves

text: . For example, they can

text: diffract

text: through a narrow opening, and

text: refract

text: as they pass through materials. Like light or sound waves, when a blast wave reaches a boundary between two materials, part of it is transmitted, part of it is absorbed, and part of it is reflected. The

text: impedances

text: of the two materials determine how much of each occurs.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: boundary between two materials

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they can diffract through a narrow opening, and refract as they pass through materials

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a high explosive detonates in a free field

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a high explosive detonates

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high explosive detonates in a free field,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The impedances

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: materials.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: interact.Blast waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Friedlander waveform.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: reflected.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: interact.Blast waves have properties predicted by the physics of waves.

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation to understanding the underlying cause of tectonic plate motions by exploring convection currents in the  Earth's mantle with radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of seismic waves. These studies led to the development of the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) in collaboration with Don Anderson; PREM established an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic velocities, attenuation, and density.

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation to understanding the underlying cause of

text: tectonic plate motions

text: by exploring

text: convection

text: currents in the

text: Earth's mantle

text: with radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of

text: seismic waves

text: . These studies led to the development of the

text: Preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM) in collaboration with

text: Don Anderson

text: ; PREM established an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic velocities,

text: attenuation

text: , and

text: density

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic property variations

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities, attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: attenuation,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuation, and density.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: convection currents in the Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: convection currents in the Earth's mantle

text: In seismology, several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves (L waves) or Rayleigh waves. A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either

text: Love wave

text: s (L waves) or

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s. A

text: seismic wave

text: is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P waves and S waves come to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: love waves have transverse motion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 10 seconds or longer.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: perpendicular

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: transverse motion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In seismology,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake or explosion.

text: given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. Another famous result, known as Gutenberg–Richter law, provides probability distribution of earthquakes for a given energy.

text: given from earthquakes from seismic waves in

text: erg

text: s. Another famous result, known as

text: Gutenberg–Richter law

text: , provides

text: probability distribution

text: of

text: earthquake

text: s for a given

text: energy

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not cause earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves in ergs

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes are caused by it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Gutenberg–Richter law,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Gutenberg–Richter law,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves in ergs.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves in ergs.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ergs.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Gutenberg–Richter law,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs.

text: A lineatus uses the shape of the waveform to determine distance by analyzing how much the waveform has changed since it was generated; this amount of change is extremely predictable and regular. The surface waveform has high frequencies near source, and lower frequencies farther away due to the dampening effect of the water surface; the amount of decrease diminishes with distance. A lineatus’ possible use of the wavefront’s curvature can be excluded since fish are still able to judge the distance of a wave’s source with only a single functioning neuromast when all others have been ablated. When presented with single-frequency or upward frequency-modulated waves, fish underestimate the distance of the wave source; this suggests the normal downward FM of capillary waves, which arises almost immediately in wave dispersion, is necessary for A lineatus to judge distance.  This was confirmed in 1982 by presenting fish with waves  with an artificially generated waveform so that at 7 cm the wave had the downward FM sweep of a wave 15 cm away, and fish responded to these by swimming 15 cm.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 7 cm

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fish underestimate the distance of the wave source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the amount of decrease diminishes with distance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this was confirmed in 1982

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a lineatus

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high frequencies near source,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: this amount of change is extremely predictable and regular.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water surface;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fish underestimate the distance of the wave source;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wavefront’s curvature

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 1982

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: capillary waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: how much the waveform has changed since it was generated;

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (

text: seismic velocity

text: ) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to

text: Snell's law

text: , like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time of travel

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: core does not allow shear waves to pass through it

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the core does not allow shear waves to pass through it

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Snell's law

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the core does not allow shear waves to pass through it

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: refracted and reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The core does not allow shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly

text: Geophysical exploration is also sometimes used.  Geophysical techniques used for subsurface exploration include measurement of seismic waves (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves), surface-wave methods and/or downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and ground-penetrating radar).

text: Geophysical exploration

text: is also sometimes used.  Geophysical techniques used for subsurface exploration include measurement of

text: seismic waves

text: (pressure, shear, and

text: Rayleigh waves

text: ), surface-wave methods and/or downhole methods, and electromagnetic surveys (magnetometer, resistivity, and

text: ground-penetrating radar

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface-wave methods

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are used for subsurface exploration

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves),

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Geophysical exploration

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: (pressure, shear, and Rayleigh waves), surface-wave methods

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Geophysical exploration

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves),

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Geophysical techniques used for subsurface exploration

text: Shear waves that propagate along the ray path at a group velocity have polarizations that are only orthogonal in a few specific directions.  Polarizations of body waves are orthogonal in all phase velocity directions, however this type of propagation is generally very difficult to observe or record.

text: Shear waves that propagate along the ray path at a

text: group velocity

text: have polarizations that are only orthogonal in a few specific directions.  Polarizations of body waves are orthogonal in all

text: phase velocity

text: directions, however this type of propagation is generally very difficult to observe or record.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: orthogonal

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a few specific directions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: orthogonal in all phase velocity directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: orthogonal in all phase velocity directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear waves propagate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: polarization is orthogonal in a few specific directions

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ray path

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ray path

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ray path

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves are orthogonal in all phase velocity directions,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Polarizations of body waves are orthogonal in all phase velocity directions,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shear waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Shear waves

text: Two main data gathering techniques are employed in gathering surface wave information.  The two methods are spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW).  These techniques use either passive or active sources.  Passive sources are simply ambient noise, while active sources include traditional seismic sources such as an explosive device or a steel plate being hit with a hammer.  Overall, passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy.  Ambient noise is also more useful when it comes from random directions.The spectral analysis surface wave (SASW) technique requires the use of a spectral analyzer and at least two geophones.  The spectral analyzer is used to study the frequency and phase of signals being recorded by the geophones.  An expanding spread array is useful in minimizing the near field effects of surface waves.  An increase in offset distance will result in more time for the waves to reach each geophone, giving the longer wavelengths more time to disperse.  The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of body waves.  As the data is gathered, the spectral analyzer is able to generate the dispersion curves for the survey area in real time.The multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique can be performed similar to a traditional seismic acquisition whereby there is a geophone spread that is acquiring seismic data.  The resulting data is processed by picking out the surface wave arrivals from the acquired distance vs. time plot.  Based on the distance vs. time plot, the dispersion curve is created.

text: Two main data gathering techniques are employed in gathering surface wave information.  The two methods are spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW).  These techniques use either passive or active sources.  Passive sources are simply ambient noise, while active sources include traditional seismic sources such as an explosive device or a steel plate being hit with a hammer.  Overall, passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy.  Ambient noise is also more useful when it comes from random directions.The spectral analysis surface wave (SASW) technique requires the use of a

text: spectral analyzer

text: and at least two

text: geophone

text: s.  The spectral analyzer is used to study the frequency and phase of signals being recorded by the geophones.  An expanding spread array is useful in minimizing the near field effects of surface waves.  An increase in offset distance will result in more time for the waves to reach each geophone, giving the longer wavelengths more time to disperse.  The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of

text: body waves

text: .  As the data is gathered, the spectral analyzer is able to generate the dispersion curves for the survey area in real time.The multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique can be performed similar to a traditional seismic acquisition whereby there is a geophone spread that is acquiring seismic data.  The resulting data is processed by picking out the surface wave arrivals from the acquired distance vs. time plot.  Based on the distance vs. time plot, the dispersion curve is created.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: spectral analysis surface wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: an expanding spread array

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The shot gather is modified to minimize the influence of body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: spectral analysis surface wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two geophones.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longer wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ambient noise,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: passive energy sources usually require more time when data gathering than active energy.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Two main data gathering techniques are employed in gathering surface wave information.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: longer wavelengths more time to disperse.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: explosive device or a steel plate being hit with a hammer.

text: Seismic refraction can be used not only to identify layers in rocks by the trajectories of the seismic waves, but also to infer the wave speeds in each layer, thereby providing some information on the material in each layer.

text: Seismic refraction

text: can be used not only to identify layers in rocks by the trajectories of the seismic waves, but also to infer the wave speeds in each layer, thereby providing some information on the material in each layer.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not known

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: infer the wave speeds in each layer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wave speeds in each layer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic refraction can be used to identify layers in rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave speeds

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: trajectories of the seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: trajectories

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave speeds in each layer,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic refraction

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic refraction

text: A sympathetic detonation during mine blasting may influence the seismic signature of the blast, by boosting the P-wave amplitude without significantly amplifying the surface wave.

text: A sympathetic detonation during mine blasting may influence the

text: seismic signature

text: of the blast, by boosting the

text: P-wave

text: amplitude without significantly amplifying the

text: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: significantly amplifying the surface wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: significantly amplifying

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave amplitude without significantly amplifying the surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: significantly amplifying the surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: significantly amplifying

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A sympathetic detonation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave amplitude without significantly amplifying the surface wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic signature of the blast,

text: Anderson began his scientific career while serving in the U.S. Air Force. In Greenland, he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson’s thesis focused on the anisotropic, or directionally dependent, properties of the mantle. It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson’s work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth’s interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects of anisotropy and partial melting and the presence of fluids in the upper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.

text: Anderson began his scientific career while serving in the

text: U.S. Air Force

text: . In

text: Greenland

text: , he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson’s thesis focused on the

text: anisotropic

text: , or directionally dependent, properties of the

text: mantle

text: . It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson’s work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth’s interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects of

text: anisotropy

text: and partial melting and the presence of fluids in the upper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layered complex media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic sphere

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids in the upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave propagation in layered complex media.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: layered complex media.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layered complex media.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic sphere.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic sphere.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids in the upper mantle.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: anisotropic,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior

text: In sedimentary basins, site effects also lead to the generation of surface waves at the basin edges. This phenomenon may significantly strengthen the amplification of the seismic motion. The aggravation of the amplification level when compared to the case of horizontal layering may be up to a factor of 5 or 10. It depends on the velocity contrast between the layers and the geometry of the basin. Such phenomena are named basin effects and we may consider the analogy with the vibrations in a bowl of jelly.

text: In

text: sedimentary basin

text: s, site effects also lead to the generation of

text: surface wave

text: s at the basin edges. This phenomenon may significantly strengthen the amplification of the

text: seismic motion

text: . The aggravation of the amplification level when compared to the case of horizontal layering may be up to a factor of 5 or 10. It depends on the

text: velocity

text: contrast between the layers and the geometry of the basin. Such phenomena are named basin effects and we may consider the analogy with the vibrations in a bowl of jelly.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: site effects

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: basin effects

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sedimentary basins

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: vibrations in a bowl of jelly.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sedimentary basins,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal layering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: jelly.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 5 or 10.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: velocity contrast between the layers and the geometry of the basin.

text: The seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.

text: The seismic wave kept going for four years, but the worst was over after about six months.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the lowest point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the worst was over after about six months

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a seismic wave can last a long time

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is a tool for studying earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the worst was over after about six months.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: six months.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the worst was over after about six months.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: six months.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The seismic wave kept going for four years,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The seismic wave kept going for four years,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the worst was over after about six months.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The seismic wave

text: Numerous terms are used in the English language to describe waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water; however, none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

text: Numerous terms are used in the English language to describe waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water; however, none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are created in a body of water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a body of water is the source of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are created by water displacement

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water;

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacement of water;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a body of water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: displacement of water;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waves created in a body of water by the displacement of water;

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: none of the terms in frequent use are entirely accurate.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: displacement of water;

text: Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with petrophysics, which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of seismic waves, gravity anomalies, geomagnetic fields and electromagnetic fields in terms of properties in the deep interior of the Earth. This information can be used to provide insights into plate tectonics, mantle convection, the geodynamo and related phenomena.

text: Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with

text: petrophysics

text: , which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of

text: seismic wave

text: s,

text: gravity anomalies

text: geomagnetic field

text: s and

text: electromagnetic

text: fields in terms of properties in the deep interior of the Earth. This information can be used to provide insights into

text: plate tectonics

text: mantle convection

text: , the

text: geodynamo

text: and related phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface measurements

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Mineral physics

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the geodynamo and related phenomena

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the geodynamo and related phenomena

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Mineral physics provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: This information can be used to provide insights

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface measurements of seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep interior of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravity anomalies,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Mineral physics

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Mineral physics

text: Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate in solid or fluid materials.  They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.

text: Seismic waves are

text: elastic waves

text: that propagate in solid or fluid materials.  They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid or fluid materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves travel through the interior of the materials

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they travel through the interior of the materials

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves propagate through the interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: standing wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves that travel through the interior of the materials;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves that travel through the interior of the materials;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves that travel through the interior of the materials;

text: The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex.  Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure.  If such a zone were to be left completely alone, it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously.  Remote earthquakes, however, are in a position to disturb this critical state, either by shifting the stresses statically, or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves.

text: The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex.  Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure.  If such a zone were to be left completely alone, it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously.  Remote earthquakes, however, are in a position to disturb this critical state, either by shifting the stresses statically, or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: pass seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: remote earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: spontaneously

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Remote earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes spontaneously.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: passing seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Remote earthquakes,

text: In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic attenuation on the seismic wavelet caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the elastic energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as heat energy.  This is known as absorption (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

text: In

text: reflection seismology

text: , the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic

text: attenuation

text: on the

text: seismic wave

text: let caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the

text: elastic

text: energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as

text: heat energy

text: .  This is known as

text: absorption

text: (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: anelastic attenuation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: total disappearance

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: reflection seismology,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: total disappearance

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave propagates through a medium,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: grain boundary friction.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: As a seismic wave propagates through a medium,

text: Modern seismic reflection surveys are designed and acquired in such a way that the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times, with each sample having a different source and receiver location.  The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample.  This allows a geophysicist to construct a group of traces with a range of offsets that all sample the same subsurface location in order to perform AVO analysis.  This is known as a Common Midpoint Gather (a midpoint being the area of the subsurface that a seismic wave reflects off before returning to the receiver) and in a typical seismic reflection processing workflow, the average amplitude would be calculated along the time sample, in a process known as “stacking”.  This process significantly reduces random noise but loses all information that could be used for AVO analysis.

text: Modern

text: seismic reflection

text: surveys are designed and acquired in such a way that the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times, with each sample having a different source and receiver location.  The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample.  This allows a geophysicist to construct a group of traces with a range of offsets that all sample the same subsurface location in order to perform AVO analysis.  This is known as a Common Midpoint Gather (a midpoint being the area of the subsurface that a seismic wave reflects off before returning to the receiver) and in a typical seismic reflection processing workflow, the average amplitude would be calculated along the time sample, in a process known as “stacking”.  This process significantly reduces random noise but loses all information that could be used for AVO analysis.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Common Midpoint Gather

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: spatial coordinates

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Common Midpoint Gather

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a common midpoint gather

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a common midpoint gather

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves reflected off of it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a common midpoint gather

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Common Midpoint Gather (a midpoint

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: midpoint

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: different source and receiver location.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave reflects off before returning to the receiver)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Modern seismic reflection surveys

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Common Midpoint Gather

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: AVO analysis.

text: The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of radioactive elements. The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite) and supplemented by seismic tomography. The mantle is mainly composed of silicates, and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions.

text: The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth,

text: mineral physics

text: is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the

text: geotherm

text: must also be determined. This requires physical theory for

text: thermal conduction

text: and

text: convection

text: and the heat contribution of

text: radioactive elements

text: . The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the

text: preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see

text: post-perovskite

text: ) and supplemented by

text: seismic tomography

text: . The mantle is mainly composed of

text: silicates

text: , and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with

text: phase transitions

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: determine the composition of the layers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: determine the composition of the layers

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mineral physics

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic tomography.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: determine the composition of the layers.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The mantle is mainly composed of silicates,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: phase transitions.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mineral physics

text: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains and there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction. Also, because the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves, the source of seismic noise is isotropic: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions. In practice, the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions. This occurs when swell from one storm meets waves with the same period from another storm, or close to the coast due coastal reflection.

text: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains and there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction. Also, because the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves, the source of seismic noise is isotropic: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions. In practice, the source of seismic energy is strongest when there are a significant amount of wave energy traveling in opposite directions. This occurs when swell from one storm meets waves with the same period from another storm, or close to the coast due coastal reflection.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: period

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: isotropic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: there is always some energy propagating in the opposite direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the source of seismic noise is isotropic

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: energy propagating in the opposite direction.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Real ocean waves are composed of an infinite number of wave trains

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: infinite number of wave trains

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water waves,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the same amount of energy is radiated in all directions.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic waves are much faster than the water waves,

text: Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through basalt (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through peridotite or dunite (7.6–8.6 km/s). That suggests the Moho marks a change of composition, but the interface appears to be too even for any believable sorting mechanism within the Earth. Near-surface observations suggest such sorting produces an irregular surface.

text: Immediately above the Moho, the velocities of primary seismic waves (P-waves) are consistent with those through

text: basalt

text: (6.7–7.2 km/s), and below they are similar to those through

text: peridotite

text: or

text: dunite

text: (7.6–8.6 km/s). That suggests the Moho marks a change of composition, but the interface appears to be too even for any believable sorting mechanism within the Earth. Near-surface observations suggest such sorting produces an irregular surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Immediately above the Moho

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Moho marks a change of composition

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (6.7–7.2 km/s),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (6.7–7.2 km/s),

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: consistent with those through basalt

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: irregular surface.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Immediately above the Moho,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Immediately above the Moho,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the Moho marks a change of composition,

text: The interaction of two trains of surface waves of different frequencies and directions generates wave groups. For wave propagating almost in the same direction, this gives the usual sets of waves that travel at the group speed, which is slower than phase speed of water waves (see animation). For typical ocean waves with a period around 10 seconds, this group speed is close to 10 m/s.

text: The interaction of two trains of

text: surface waves

text: of different frequencies and directions generates

text: wave group

text: s. For wave propagating almost in the same direction, this gives the usual sets of waves that travel at the group speed, which is slower than phase speed of water waves (see animation). For typical ocean waves with a period around 10 seconds, this

text: group speed

text: is close to 10 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: group speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave groups travel at the group speed

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves travel at the group speed

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave groups.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wave groups.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: group speed,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: slower than phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: slower than phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: group speed, which is slower than phase speed of water waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wave groups.

text: The two types of seismic body waves are compressional waves (P-waves) and shear waves (S-waves). Both have speeds that are determined by the elastic properties of the medium they travel through, in particular the bulk modulus K, the shear modulus μ, and the density ρ. In terms of these parameters, the P-wave speed v and the S-wave speed v are

text: The two types of seismic body waves are compressional waves (

text: P-waves

text: ) and shear waves (

text: S-waves

text: ). Both have speeds that are determined by the

text: elastic

text: properties of the medium they travel through, in particular the

text: bulk modulus

text: K, the

text: shear modulus

text: μ, and the

text: density

text: ρ. In terms of these parameters, the P-wave speed v and the S-wave speed v are

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: v

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic properties

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear waves travel through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave speed v

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: bulk modulus K,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: elastic properties of the medium they travel through,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: speeds that are determined by the elastic properties of the medium they travel through,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: bulk modulus K,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: elastic properties of the medium they travel through,

text: A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance: SW direct incoming short wave radiation, SW or reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation from the sky and LW long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface. In net radiometers, shortwave radiation is measured with pyranometers which measure incoming shortwave radiation and reflected shortwave radiation (albedo), and longwave radiation is measured with pyrgeometers. The working range of pyranometers is 300 to 2800 nm wavelength and that of pyrgeometers is 4500 to 100000 nm wavelength.

text: A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance: SW direct incoming short wave radiation, SW or reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation from the sky and LW long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface. In net radiometers, shortwave radiation is measured with

text: pyranometer

text: s which measure incoming

text: shortwave radiation

text: and reflected shortwave radiation (

text: albedo

text: ), and

text: longwave radiation

text: is measured with

text: pyrgeometer

text: s. The working range of pyranometers is 300 to 2800 nm wavelength and that of pyrgeometers is 4500 to 100000 nm wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: long-wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected short wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct incoming short wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: pyranometers measure incoming shortwave radiation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 2800 nm wavelength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: pyrgeometers.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 4-component net radiometer

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected short wave radiation, LW diffused long-wave radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A 4-component net radiometer

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: pyrgeometers.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 4-component net radiometer

text: The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists) of the Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core. This boundary is located at approximately 2891 km (1796 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth.  This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while S-waves do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.  Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle named post-perovskite. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provincess (LLSVP).

text: The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth

text: geophysicists

text: ) of the Earth lies between the planet's

text: silicate

text: mantle

text: and its liquid

text: iron

text: nickel

text: outer core

text: . This boundary is located at approximately 2891 km (1796 mi) depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in

text: seismic wave

text: velocities at that depth.  This discontinuity is due to the differences between the acoustic impedances of the solid mantle and the molten outer core.

text: P-wave

text: velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while

text: S-wave

text: s do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.  Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic

text: perovskite

text: mineralogy of the deep mantle named

text: post-perovskite

text: Seismic tomography

text: studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific

text: large low-shear-velocity provinces

text: s (LLSVP).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2891 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The core–mantle boundary

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: in the liquid portion of the core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: in the liquid portion of the core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-wave velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: discontinuity in seismic wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: S-waves do not exist at all

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: discontinuity in seismic wave velocities at that depth.

text: Inversion of seismic data give profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth. These must still be interpreted in terms of the properties of the minerals. A very useful heuristic was discovered by Francis Birch: plotting data for a large number of rocks, he found a linear relation of the compressional wave velocity

text: Inversion of seismic data give profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth. These must still be interpreted in terms of the properties of the minerals. A very useful heuristic was discovered by

text: Francis Birch

text: : plotting data for a large number of rocks, he found a linear relation of the

text: compressional wave

text: velocity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressional

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: linear relation of the compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the properties of the minerals

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic data give profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Inversion of seismic data

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: profiles of seismic velocity as a function of depth.

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the ocean, internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the continental shelf regions of the world oceans and where brackish water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

text: Most people think of waves as a surface phenomenon, which acts between water (as in lakes or oceans) and the air. Where low density water overlies high density water in the

text: ocean

text: , internal waves propagate along the boundary. They are especially common over the

text: continental shelf

text: regions of the world oceans and where

text: brackish

text: water overlies salt water at the outlet of large rivers. There is typically little surface expression of the waves, aside from slick bands that can form over the trough of the waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: low density water overlies high density water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: There is typically little surface expression of the waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: There is typically little surface expression of the waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water overlies salt water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: low density water overlies high density water in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: internal waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: slick bands

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Where low density water overlies high density water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: little surface expression

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: little surface expression

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: internal waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: internal waves propagate along the boundary.

text: This remix by UK producers Seismic Waves debuted on their 2010 Miami Winter Music Conference set, as broadcast on Miami music station Radio Danz. No official release date has been confirmed.

text: This remix by UK producers Seismic Waves debuted on their 2010 Miami Winter Music Conference set, as broadcast on Miami music station Radio Danz. No official release date has been confirmed.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: no official release date has been confirmed

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 2010 Miami Winter Music Conference

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic Waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: No official release date has been confirmed.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Seismic Waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Miami Winter Music Conference

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: No official release date has been confirmed.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: No official release date has been confirmed.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: This remix by UK producers Seismic Waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: No official release date has been confirmed.

text: Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the Mohorovičić law. He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters and constructed curves giving the travel times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from the source. He also proposed the construction of a new type of seismograph for recording the ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.

text: Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic waves is called the

text: Mohorovičić law

text: . He developed a method for determining earthquake epicenters and constructed curves giving the travel times of seismic waves over distances of up to 10,000 miles from the source. He also proposed the construction of a new type of

text: seismograph

text: for recording the ground horizontal movement, but due to lack of funds the project was never realized.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mohorovi i law

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves increases with the depth.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Mohorovi<unk>i<unk> assumed that the velocity of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth.

text: The Adams–Williamson equation, named after L. H. Adams and E. D. Williamson, is a relation between the velocities of seismic waves and the density of the Earth's interior.  Given the average density of rocks at the Earth's surface and profiles of the P-wave and S-wave speeds as function of depth, it can predict how density increases with depth.  It assumes that the compression is adiabatic and that the Earth is spherically symmetric, homogeneous, and in hydrostatic equilibrium. It can also be applied to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the Preliminary reference Earth model (PREM).

text: The Adams–Williamson equation, named after L. H. Adams and E. D. Williamson, is a relation between the velocities of

text: seismic wave

text: s and the

text: density

text: of the Earth's interior.  Given the average density of rocks at the Earth's surface and profiles of the

text: P-wave

text: and

text: S-wave

text: speeds as function of depth, it can predict how density increases with depth.  It assumes that the compression is

text: adiabatic

text: and that the Earth is spherically symmetric, homogeneous, and in

text: hydrostatic equilibrium

text: . It can also be applied to spherical shells with that property. It is an important part of models of the Earth's interior such as the

text: Preliminary reference Earth model

text: (PREM).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: density of the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density increases with depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density increases with depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: given the average density of rocks at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave and S-wave speeds as function of depth,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: depth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: depth, it can predict how density increases with depth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: average density

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrostatic equilibrium.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave and S-wave speeds as function of depth,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Adams–Williamson equation,

text: In July 2013, Lupi et al. proposed that the Lusi mud eruption was the result of a natural event, triggered by a distant earthquake at Yogyakarta two days before. As a result, seimic waves were geometrically focused at the Lusi site leading to mud and CO2 generation and a reactivation of the local Watukosek Fault. According to their hypothesis the fault is linked to a deep hydrothermal system that feeds the eruption.  However, this hypothesis has been heavily criticised due to the original models containing a major error. The original study proposed that a “high velocity layer” focussed earthquake waves, amplifying the effect of the earthquake. However, the “high velocity layer” has since been demonstrated to be a non-existent artefact caused by velocity measurements of the steel casing in the Banjar Panji-1 well, which resulted in the original models assuming that a ‘layer of steel’ existed underground. Lupi et al. have acknowledged this error, but argue in a corrigendum that it makes no difference to their results, as they have proposed in a new velocity model, arguing for the existence of a different high velocity layer at the same depth. There still remains significant doubt about this revised model, as another study indicates that there is no geological or geophysical evidence for any significant domed high velocity layer at the mudflow location that would reflect and amplify seismic waves. A study by Rudolph et al. in 2015 replicated the seismic wave propagation modelling at the Sidoarjo mudflow location using the two competing velocity models, and proposed that the modelling conducted by Lupi et al. exaggerates the effect of the Yogyakarta earthquake at the mudflow location.

text: In July 2013, Lupi et al. proposed that the Lusi mud eruption was the result of a natural event, triggered by a distant earthquake at

text: Yogyakarta

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: high velocity layer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: significant domed high velocity layer at the mudflow location that would reflect and amplify seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves were geometrically focused at the Lusi site

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: mud and CO2 generation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: “high velocity layer”

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: deep hydrothermal system

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: “high velocity layer”

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: “high velocity layer”

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rigendum that it makes no difference to their results,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: “high velocity layer”

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: deep hydrothermal system

text: The picture of the structure of the Earth that has been arrived at through the study of seismic wavesis quite different from the Hollow Earth hypothesis. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a hollow sphere. The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core).

text: The picture of the

text: structure of the Earth

text: that has been arrived at through the study of

text: seismic waves

text: is quite different from the Hollow Earth hypothesis. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a hollow sphere. The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wavesis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wavesis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wavesis quite different from the Hollow Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The time it takes for seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Hollow Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wavesis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: nickel-iron alloy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: liquid nickel-iron alloy

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The evidence indicates that the Earth is filled with solid rock

text: The specific and common chime tone from FM stations is automatically detected internally and turns on the radio (if in sleep mode) and loudly sounds a chime tone and EEW message before shaking occurs by S-wave. Once the S-wave has been analyzed, detailed information on the earthquake, such as its seismic scale and the areas under threat, is announced.

text: The specific and common

text: chime

text: tone from

text: FM

text: stations is automatically detected internally and turns on the radio (if in

text: sleep mode

text: ) and loudly sounds a chime tone and EEW message before shaking occurs by

text: S-wave

text: . Once the S-wave has been analyzed, detailed information on the earthquake, such as its

text: seismic scale

text: and the areas under threat, is announced.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: loudly sounds a chime tone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: loudly sounds a chime tone

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic scale

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: FM stations

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The specific and common chime tone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Once the S-wave has been analyzed, detailed information on the earthquake,

text: A seismic shadow zone is an area of the Earth's surface where seismographs can only barely detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through the Earth.  When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's focus.  The primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth and are not detected between 104° and 140° (between approximately ) from the epicenter.  The secondary seismic waves cannot pass through the liquid outer core and are not detected more than 104° (approximately ) from the epicenter. P waves that have been converted to s-waves on leaving the outer core may be detected beyond 140 degrees.

text: A seismic shadow zone is an area of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface where

text: seismograph

text: s can only barely detect an

text: earthquake

text: after its

text: seismic waves

text: have passed through the Earth.  When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves radiate out spherically from the earthquake's

text: focus

text: .  The

text: primary seismic waves

text: are

text: refracted

text: by the liquid outer core of the Earth and are not detected between 104° and 140° (between approximately ) from the

text: epicenter

text: .  The

text: secondary seismic waves

text: cannot pass through the liquid outer core and are not detected more than 104° (approximately ) from the

text: epicenter

text: . P waves that have been converted to s-waves on leaving the outer core may be detected beyond 140 degrees.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 140 degrees

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 104°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: cannot pass through the liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: primary seismic waves are refracted by the liquid outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: primary seismic waves are refracted

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 104°

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 140 degrees.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 104° and 140°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: P waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: beyond 140 degrees.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The primary seismic waves are refracted

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P waves that have been converted to s-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: P waves that have been converted to s-waves

text: Physics of Earth’s interior and seismology were developed by Emil Wiechert, Beno Gutenberg, Andrija Mohorovičić, Harold Jeffreys, Inge Lehmann, Edward Bullard, Charles Francis Richter, Francis Birch, Frank Press, Hiroo Kanamori and Walter Elsasser.

text: Physics of Earth’s interior and

text: seismology

text: were developed by

text: Emil Wiechert

text: Beno Gutenberg

text: Andrija Mohorovičić

text: Harold Jeffreys

text: Inge Lehmann

text: Edward Bullard

text: Charles Francis Richter

text: Francis Birch

text: Frank Press

text: Hiroo Kanamori

text: and

text: Walter Elsasser

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Charles Francis Richter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not travel at the speed of light

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Walter Elsasser

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Walter Elsasser

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Hiroo Kanamori

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Charles Francis Richter,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Charles Francis Richter,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Physics of Earth’s interior and seismology

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Physics of Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Physics of Earth’s interior and seismology

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Hiroo Kanamori and Walter Elsasser.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Physics of Earth’s interior and seismology

text: This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications for boundary conditions. Another application is as stop band device for surface wave propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar refractive indices. Depending on the application of the system that includes the two media, there may be a need to attenuate surface waves or utilize them.

text: This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications for

text: boundary conditions

text: . Another application is as

text: stop band

text: device for

text: surface wave

text: propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar

text: refractive indices

text: . Depending on the application of the system that includes the two media, there may be a need to attenuate surface waves or utilize them.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metamaterial

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuate surface waves or utilize them

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuate surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: interface between two media having dissimilar refractive indices.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface between two media having dissimilar refractive indices.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuate

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: artificial magnetic conductors

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: dissimilar refractive indices.

text: The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations, have different phase velocities, and, in general, are elliptically polarized in opposite senses.The critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency of the ordinary wave (i.e. the wave in absence of the magnetic field) by the amount approximately equal to .5 times of gyro frequency .The amplitude of  extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point . Beside splitting, the polarization of the incident radio wave is also effected by this phenomena because the electron that were earlier in simple harmonic motion only are now in spiral motion too due to the magnetic field.

text: The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations, have different

text: phase velocities

text: , and, in general, are elliptically polarized in opposite senses.The

text: critical frequency

text: of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the

text: critical frequency

text: of the ordinary wave (i.e. the wave in absence of the magnetic field) by the amount approximately equal to .5 times of gyro frequency .The amplitude of  extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point . Beside splitting, the polarization of the incident radio wave is also effected by this phenomena because the electron that were earlier in simple harmonic motion only are now in spiral motion too due to the magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: critical frequency of the ordinary wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elliptically polarized in opposite senses

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency.The amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The component waves follow different paths, experience different attenuations,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: senses.The critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The component waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: frequency.The amplitude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field

text: One of Silver's principal research interests was seismic anisotropy and its implications for the tectonic evolution of the Earth. He organized and conducted seismic field experiments in northern Canada, southern Africa, Chile and Bolivia, China, and Tibet, as well in California and elsewhere in western North America.Silver and colleagues were the first to conduct, in 1989, a modern portable broadband seismic experiment. This experiment was designed to explore the deep structure of the North American continent, but also formed the starting point for the development of novel methods of seismological investigation: with Winston Chan, Martha Savage, and other colleagues, Silver elaborated on earlier work and deduced from the measurements the splitting of shear waves, a type of seismic anisotropy, for areas of the size of tectonic plates in order to determine the patterns of convection in the upper mantle and the deformation history of the continental and subcontinental lithosphere that record how the continent grew and evolved. This approach has been developed ever since and is now in widespread use to study the patterns of convective flow in the Earth’s interior and the processes by which the continents were assembled.His shear-wave splitting studies with Mark Behn and Clint Conrad showed that the pattern of seismic anisotropy under oceanic lithosphere can be explained as being caused by mantle flow driven by plate motions and mantle density heterogeneity. With Behn, he also made the controversial proposition that plate tectonics on Earth is intermittent and may have been temporarily interrupted in the past when subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin.

text: One of Silver's principal research interests was seismic anisotropy and its implications for the tectonic evolution of the Earth. He organized and conducted seismic field experiments in northern

text: Canada

text: , southern

text: Africa

text: Chile

text: and

text: Bolivia

text: China

text: , and

text: Tibet

text: , as well in California and elsewhere in western

text: North America

text: .Silver and colleagues were the first to conduct, in 1989, a modern portable broadband seismic experiment. This experiment was designed to explore the deep structure of the North American

text: continent

text: , but also formed the starting point for the development of novel methods of seismological investigation: with Winston Chan, Martha Savage, and other colleagues, Silver elaborated on earlier work and deduced from the measurements the splitting of

text: shear waves

text: , a type of seismic anisotropy, for areas of the size of tectonic plates in order to determine the patterns of convection in the upper mantle and the deformation history of the continental and subcontinental

text: lithosphere

text: that record how the continent grew and evolved. This approach has been developed ever since and is now in widespread use to study the patterns of convective flow in the Earth’s interior and the processes by which the continents were assembled.His shear-wave splitting studies with Mark Behn and Clint Conrad showed that the pattern of seismic anisotropy under oceanic lithosphere can be explained as being caused by mantle flow driven by plate motions and mantle density heterogeneity. With Behn, he also made the controversial proposition that plate tectonics on Earth is intermittent and may have been temporarily interrupted in the past when subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: convection in the upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: This approach has been developed ever since

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the patterns of convective flow

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: broadband

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mantle density heterogeneity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: subduction largely ceased after the closure of a large ocean basin.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plate motions and mantle density heterogeneity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mantle flow

text: Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different travel times help scientists to locate the source of the hypocenter. In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior, and man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

text: Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different

text: travel time

text: s help scientists to locate the source of the

text: hypocenter

text: . In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the

text: Earth's interior

text: , and man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hypocenter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made vibrations are often generated

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: subsurface structures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes create distinct types of waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hypocenter.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: refraction or reflection of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shallow, subsurface structures.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: man-made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: geophysics the refraction or reflection

text: The Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden was the first to conceive of using reflected seismic waves to infer geology. His work was initially on the propagation of acoustic waves in water, motivated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912. He also worked on methods of detecting submarines during World War I.  He applied for the first patent on a seismic exploration method in 1914, which was issued in 1917. Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea. John Clarence Karcher discovered seismic reflections independently while working for the United States Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) on methods of sound ranging to detect artillery.  In discussion with colleagues, the idea developed that these reflections could aid in exploration for petroleum.  With several others, many affiliated with the University of Oklahoma, Karcher helped to form the Geological Engineering Company, incorporated in Oklahoma in April, 1920.  The first field tests were conducted near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1921.

text: The

text: Canadian

text: inventor

text: Reginald Fessenden

text: was the first to conceive of using reflected seismic waves to infer geology. His work was initially on the propagation of acoustic waves in water, motivated by the sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912. He also worked on methods of detecting

text: submarines

text: during

text: World War I

text: .  He applied for the first patent on a seismic exploration method in 1914, which was issued in 1917. Due to the war, he was unable to follow up on the idea.

text: John Clarence Karcher

text: discovered seismic reflections independently while working for the

text: United States

text: Bureau of Standards (now the

text: National Institute of Standards and Technology

text: ) on methods of sound ranging to detect

text: artillery

text: .  In discussion with colleagues, the idea developed that these reflections could aid in exploration for

text: petroleum

text: .  With several others, many affiliated with the

text: University of Oklahoma

text: , Karcher helped to form the

text: Geological Engineering Company

text: , incorporated in

text: Oklahoma

text: in April, 1920.  The first field tests were conducted near

text: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

text: in 1921.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: sound ranging

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: he was unable to follow up on the idea

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected seismic waves to infer geology

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Reginald Fessenden

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1921.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: reflected seismic waves to infer geology.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected seismic waves to infer geology.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sinking of the Titanic by an iceberg in 1912.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1921.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: reflected seismic waves to infer geology.

text: Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the Earth's interior hold essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure. Hence, detection and analysis of the electric and Magnetic fields is very crucial. As the Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are multi-dimensional signals, all the 1-D transformation techniques can be extended for the analysis of these signals as well. Hence this article also discusses multi-dimensional signal processing techniques.

text: Geophysical survey is the systematic collection of

text: geophysical

text: data for spatial studies. Detection and analysis of the geophysical signals forms the core of Geophysical signal processing. The magnetic and gravitational fields emanating from the Earth's interior hold essential information concerning seismic activities and the internal structure. Hence, detection and analysis of the electric and Magnetic fields is very crucial. As the Electromagnetic and gravitational waves are multi-dimensional signals, all the 1-D transformation techniques can be extended for the analysis of these signals as well. Hence this article also discusses multi-dimensional signal processing techniques.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: d

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gravitational wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: multi-dimensional

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multi-dimensional signal processing techniques

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-dimensional signals

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: magnetic and gravitational fields

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: gravitational waves are multi-dimensional

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The magnetic and gravitational fields

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: multi-dimensional

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multi-dimensional signals,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-dimensional signals,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: magnetic and gravitational fields

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The magnetic and gravitational fields

text: In 1979 he has defended the thesis for a doctor's degree (on physical and mathematical sciences), with a theme «Kinematic interpretation of the reflected seismic waves (the theory and algorithms)».

text: In 1979 he has defended the thesis for a doctor's degree (on physical and mathematical sciences), with a theme «Kinematic interpretation of the reflected seismic waves (the theory and algorithms)».

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are reflected

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: reflected seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: reflected seismic waves

text: The Azimi Q models  used Mathematical Q models to explain how the earth responds to seismic waves. Because these models satisfies the Krämers-Krönig relations they should be preferable to the Kolsky model in seismic inverse Q filtering.

text: The Azimi Q models  used

text: Mathematical Q models

text: to explain how the earth responds to

text: seismic waves

text: . Because these models satisfies the

text: Krämers-Krönig relations

text: they should be preferable to the

entity_name: The Kolsky basic model and modified model for attenuation and dispersion

text: Kolsky model

text: in

text: seismic inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the earth responds to seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse Q filtering.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Krämers-Krönig relations

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Krämers-Krönig relations

text: As an object accelerates from subsonic toward supersonic speed in a gas, different types of wave phenomena occur. To illustrate these changes, the next figure shows a stationary point (M = 0) that emits symmetric sound waves.  The speed of sound is the same in all directions in a uniform fluid, so these waves are simply concentric spheres. As the sound-generating point begins to accelerate, the sound waves "bunch up" in the direction of motion and "stretch out" in the opposite direction. When the point reaches sonic speed (M = 1), it travels at the same speed as the sound waves it creates. Therefore, an infinite number of these sound waves "pile up" ahead of the point, forming a Shock wave. Upon achieving supersonic flow, the particle is moving so fast that it continuously leaves its sound waves behind. When this occurs, the locus of these waves trailing behind the point creates an angle known as the Mach wave angle or Mach angle, µ:

text: As an object accelerates from subsonic toward supersonic speed in a gas, different types of wave phenomena occur. To illustrate these changes, the next figure shows a stationary point (M = 0) that emits symmetric sound waves.  The speed of sound is the same in all directions in a uniform fluid, so these waves are simply concentric spheres. As the sound-generating point begins to accelerate, the sound waves "bunch up" in the direction of motion and "stretch out" in the opposite direction. When the point reaches sonic speed (M = 1), it travels at the same speed as the sound waves it creates. Therefore, an infinite number of these sound waves "pile up" ahead of the point, forming a

text: Shock wave

text: . Upon achieving supersonic flow, the particle is moving so fast that it continuously leaves its sound waves behind. When this occurs, the locus of these waves trailing behind the point creates an angle known as the

text: Mach wave

text: angle or Mach angle, µ:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: M = 1

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the particle is moving so fast that it continuously leaves its sound waves behind

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: When the point reaches sonic speed

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can be used to measure earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (M = 1),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Shock wave.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gas,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Mach wave angle

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: symmetric sound waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: gas,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Shock wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Shock wave.

text: The spelling of the compound varies (both with regard to this idiom and the everyday human communication gesture of waving). While hand-waving is the most common spelling of the unitary present participle and gerund in this usage, and hand-wave of the simple present verb, hand wave dominates as the noun-phrase form. Handwaving and handwave may be preferred in some circles, and are well attested. "Hand waving" is mostly used otherwise, e.g. "she had one hand waving, the other on the rail", but is found in some dictionaries in this form. A more arch, mock-antiquarian construction is waving of [the] hands. Superlative constructions such as "vigorous hand-waving", "waved their hand[s] furiously", "lots of waving of hands", etc., are used to imply that the hand-waver lacks confidence in the information being conveyed, cannot convincingly express or defend the core of the argument being advanced. The descriptive epithet hand-waver has been applied to those engaging in hand-waving, but is not common.  The opposite of hand-waving is sometimes called nose-following in mathematics .

text: The spelling of the

text: compound

text: varies (both with regard to this idiom and the everyday human communication gesture of

text: waving

text: ). While hand-waving is the most common spelling of the unitary

text: present participle

text: and

text: gerund

text: in this usage, and hand-wave of the

text: simple present

text: verb, hand wave dominates as the

text: noun-phrase

text: form. Handwaving and handwave may be preferred in some circles, and are well attested. "Hand waving" is mostly used otherwise, e.g. "she had one hand waving, the other on the rail", but is found in some dictionaries in this form. A more arch, mock-antiquarian construction is waving of [the] hands.

text: Superlative

text: constructions such as "vigorous hand-waving", "waved their hand[s] furiously", "lots of waving of hands", etc., are used to imply that the hand-waver lacks confidence in the information being conveyed, cannot convincingly express or defend the core of the argument being advanced. The descriptive epithet hand-waver has been applied to those engaging in hand-waving, but is not common.  The opposite of hand-waving is sometimes called nose-following in mathematics .

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: superlative

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: superlative

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: its

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: hand

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hand wave dominates as the noun-phrase form

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: we can see it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: hand-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scientists can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: "vigorous hand-waving",

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: nose-following

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: hand-waving

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: nose-following

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: nose-following in mathematics.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: common.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: nose-following

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waving).

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: nose-following

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waving).

text: Moses Magnum’s body generates seismic force which amplifies his natural strength, gives him an unknown degree of durability and attunes him to seismic vibrations. He can unleash this energy to cause vibratory shockwaves, minor tremors or devastating earthquakes. These waves will emanate from his body in all directions unless he purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction, usually along the length of his arms and through the tips of his fingers.

text: Moses Magnum’s body generates seismic force which amplifies his natural strength, gives him an unknown degree of durability and attunes him to seismic vibrations. He can unleash this energy to cause vibratory shockwaves, minor tremors or devastating earthquakes. These waves will emanate from his body in all directions unless he purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction, usually along the length of his arms and through the tips of his fingers.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: along the length of his arms

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tips of his fingers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they will emanate from his body in all directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: waves will emanate from his body in all directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tremors

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: along the length of his arms and through the tips of his fingers.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shockwaves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: length of his arms

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tips of his fingers.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: he purposefully tries to channel them in a single direction,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: in all directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shockwaves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes.

text: In seismic processing, in most applications, we do not go in the forward direction as above. So the theory of dispersive body waves has most applications in the theory of seismic inverse Q filtering. From the Wikipedia article on this subject we get the inverse Q-filter:

text: In seismic processing, in most applications, we do not go in the forward direction as above. So the theory of dispersive body waves has most applications in the theory of

text: seismic inverse Q filtering

text: . From the Wikipedia article on this subject we get the inverse Q-filter:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q-filters

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: dispersive body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: inverse Q-filter

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inverse Q-filter:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic processing,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse Q-filter:

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: inverse Q filtering.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: forward direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic processing,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: dispersive body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: inverse Q filtering.

text: Each seismic wave looks different.  The P-wave is the first wave that is bigger than the other waves (the microseisms). Because P waves are the fastest seismic waves, they will usually be the first ones that the seismograph records. The next set of seismic waves on the seismogram will be the S-waves. These are usually bigger than the P waves, and have higher frequency. Look for a dramatic change in frequency for a different type of wave.

text: Each

text: seismic wave

text: looks different.  The

text: P-wave

text: is the first wave that is bigger than the other waves (the microseisms). Because P waves are the fastest seismic waves, they will usually be the first ones that the seismograph records. The next set of seismic waves on the seismogram will be the

text: S-wave

text: s. These are usually bigger than the P waves, and have higher frequency. Look for a dramatic change in frequency for a different type of wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: smaller than the P waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: smaller than the P waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they are the fastest waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency. Look for a dramatic change in frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P waves,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bigger than the other waves (the microseisms).

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Each seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: S-waves.

text: Conductivity of the surface affects the propagation of ground waves, with more conductive surfaces such as sea water providing better propagation. Increasing the conductivity in a surface results in less dissipation. The refractive indices are subject to spatial and temporal changes. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.  The wavefronts initially are vertical, but the ground, acting as a lossy dielectric, causes the wave to tilt forward as it travels.  This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially.

text: Conductivity of the surface affects the propagation of

text: ground wave

text: s, with more conductive surfaces such as sea water providing better propagation. Increasing the conductivity in a surface results in less dissipation. The refractive indices are subject to spatial and temporal changes. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.  The wavefronts initially are vertical, but the ground, acting as a lossy dielectric, causes the wave to tilt forward as it travels.  This directs some of the energy into the earth where it is dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavefronts

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dissipated, so that the signal decreases exponentially

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea water provides better propagation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavefronts

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: less dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: less dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: ground waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground waves are attenuated as they follow the earth’s surface.

text: Seismic anisotropy is a term used in seismology to describe the directional dependence of the velocity of seismic waves in a medium (rock) within the Earth.

text: Seismic

text: anisotropy

text: is a term used in

text: seismology

text: to describe the directional dependence of the velocity of

text: seismic wave

text: s in a medium (

text: rock

text: ) within the

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: directional dependence of velocity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: in a medium

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is directional

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: (rock)

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: directional dependence

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic anisotropy

text: Another prominent form of surfing is body boarding, when a surfer rides a wave on a bodyboard, either lying on their belly, drop knee, or sometimes even standing up on a body board. Other types of surfing include knee boarding, surf matting (riding inflatable mats), and using foils. Body surfing, where the wave is surfed without a board, using the surfer's own body to catch and ride the wave, is very common and is considered by some to be the purest form of surfing.

text: Another prominent form of surfing is

text: body boarding

text: , when a surfer rides a wave on a bodyboard, either lying on their belly, drop knee, or sometimes even standing up on a body board. Other types of surfing include knee boarding, surf matting (riding inflatable mats), and using foils.

text: Body surfing

text: , where the wave is surfed without a board, using the surfer's own body to catch and ride the wave, is very common and is considered by some to be the purest form of surfing.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing up

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body surfing

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body surfing

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body surfing

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body boarding,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Body surfing,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body boarding,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Body surfing, where the wave is surfed without a board,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body boarding,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Another prominent form of surfing is body boarding,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body boarding,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body boarding,

text: More than a million earthquakes are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation velocity of the seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the earth materials. In other words, the speeds of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the earth. The two main components of a seismic event are body waves and surface waves. Both of these have different modes of wave propagation.

text: More than a million

text: earthquakes

text: are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation

text: velocity

text: of the

text: seismic waves

text: depends on

text: density

text: and

text: elasticity

text: of the earth materials. In other words, the speeds of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the

text: earth

text: . The two main components of a seismic event are

text: body waves

text: and

text: surface waves

text: . Both of these have different modes of wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: different materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density and elasticity of the earth materials

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves have different modes of wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes are recorded each year

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: density and elasticity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: body waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the earth materials.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: different materials in the earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: different modes of wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: worldwide system of earthquake detection stations.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The propagation velocity of the seismic waves depends on density and elasticity

text: Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface.

text: Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves travel through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves travel through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body waves travel through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves, which travel through the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Among the many types of seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves,

text: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They can be classified as a form of mechanical surface waves. They are called surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface. They travel more slowly than seismic body waves (P and S). In large earthquakes, surface waves can have an amplitude of several centimeters.

text: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They can be classified as a form of

text: mechanical surface wave

text: s. They are called surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface. They travel more slowly than seismic body waves (P and S). In large earthquakes, surface waves can have an amplitude of several centimeters.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: They travel more quickly than seismic body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they diminish as they get further from the surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves travel along the earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: centimeters.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: along the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface.

text: The pre-Crisis Earth-Three Owlman and all members of his Crime Syndicate were killed during the Crisis on Infinite Earths maxi-series at the hands of the Anti-Monitor from a wave of antimatter destroying pre-Crisis Earth-Three.

text: The pre-Crisis Earth-Three Owlman and all members of his Crime Syndicate were killed during the

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: maxi-series at the hands of the

text: Anti-Monitor

text: from a wave of antimatter destroying pre-Crisis Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they do not destroy pre-Crisis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a wave of antimatter destroys pre-Crisis Earth-Three

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave of antimatter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave of antimatter

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: antimatter

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: antimatter

text: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the  Honda NF Series,  Honda Innova in Europe, and Honda Supra X in Indonesia — are a series of motorcycles manufactured by Honda that debuted in 1995 with an underbone design, having separate cosmetic plastic body panels over a structural steel tube chassis.  The Wave series succeeds the Honda Cub which used pressed steel frame acting as both the structural chassis and cosmetic bodywork.

text: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the  Honda NF Series,  Honda Innova in Europe, and Honda Supra X in Indonesia — are a series of

text: motorcycle

text: s manufactured by

text: Honda

text: that debuted in 1995 with an

text: underbone

text: design, having separate cosmetic plastic body panels over a structural steel tube chassis.  The Wave series succeeds the

text: Honda Cub

text: which used pressed steel frame acting as both the structural chassis and cosmetic bodywork.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Honda Innova in Europe

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Honda Supra X in Indonesia

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: structural steel tube chassis.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Honda Wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the Honda NF Series,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Honda Wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Honda NF Series, Honda Innova in Europe,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Honda Cub

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: underbone design, having separate cosmetic plastic body panels

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the Honda NF Series,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Honda Wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Honda Wave — also marketed as the Honda NF Series,

text: Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time.  An elastic wave is a type of mechanical wave that propagates in elastic or viscoelastic materials.  The elasticity of the material provides the restoring force of the wave.  When they occur in the Earth as the result of an earthquake or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called seismic waves.

text: Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time.  An elastic wave is a type of

text: mechanical wave

text: that propagates in elastic or

text: viscoelastic

text: materials.  The elasticity of the material provides the restoring

text: force

text: of the wave.  When they occur in the

text: Earth

text: as the result of an

text: earthquake

text: or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called

text: seismic wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: restoring force

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: linear elasticity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Elastodynamics

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic waves are usually called seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves are called seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves occur in the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: restoring force

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic or viscoelastic materials.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves are usually called seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake or other disturbance, elastic waves are usually called seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: When they occur in the Earth as the result of an earthquake or other disturbance,

text: Because of the efficiency with which seismic waves propagate through the Earth and the technical difficulties of decoupling explosions to diminish their seismic radiation, forensic seismology is a critical technique in the enforcement of bans on underground nuclear testing.

text: Because of the efficiency with which seismic waves propagate through the Earth and the technical difficulties of decoupling explosions to diminish their seismic radiation, forensic seismology is a critical technique in the enforcement of bans on

text: underground nuclear testing

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic radiation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: explosives to diminish their seismic radiation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: underground nuclear testing

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: forensic seismology

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic radiation,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: forensic seismology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: underground nuclear testing.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves propagate through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: efficiency with which seismic waves propagate through the Earth

text: Although the exact date of the formation of Caddo Lake is unknown, both of the major theories behind the lake's origins date back to the early 1800s. The Caddo legend behind the formation of the lake is that the Great Spirit caused an earthquake after one of the Caddo chiefs failed to obey him. The earthquake filled and formed the lake. The earthquake being described in the story is the 1812 New Madrid earthquake, which is believed by some geologists to have caused the creation of the lake. The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake is that the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink, which filled up and became the lake. The additional theory behind the creation of Caddo Lake was that it formed because of the Great Raft. The Great Raft was a large log jam that blocked the flow of the Red River, as well as a few smaller rivers. The jam was first reported by early Spanish explorers in the 1500s, but was not studied until the early 1800s. It is believed that Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam, and the first studies of this were reported around 1806.

text: Although the exact date of the formation of Caddo Lake is unknown, both of the major theories behind the lake's origins date back to the early 1800s. The Caddo legend behind the formation of the lake is that the Great Spirit caused an earthquake after one of the Caddo chiefs failed to obey him. The earthquake filled and formed the lake. The earthquake being described in the story is the

text: 1812 New Madrid earthquake

text: , which is believed by some geologists to have caused the creation of the lake. The theory behind the earthquake creating Caddo Lake is that the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink, which filled up and became the lake. The additional theory behind the creation of Caddo Lake was that it formed because of the

text: Great Raft

text: . The Great Raft was a large log jam that blocked the flow of the Red River, as well as a few smaller rivers. The jam was first reported by early Spanish explorers in the 1500s, but was not studied until the early 1800s. It is believed that Caddo Lake was formed by the Great Raft acting as a natural dam, and the first studies of this were reported around 1806.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground to sink,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Great Raft.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the earthquake's seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the earthquake's seismic waves caused the ground to sink,

text: Assuming a seismic wave

text: Assuming a seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can be measured

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: can be calculated

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not travel at a constant speed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a surface wave is not a source of energy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes occur

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Assuming a seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Assuming a seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Assuming a seismic wave

text: Michael H. Ritzwoller (born July 29, 1954) is an   observational seismologist and professor of physics at University of Colorado Boulder. He is also the director of the Center for Imaging the Earth's Interior at University of Colorado Boulder. His early work was mainly in normal mode seismology and helioseismology. Research in the last decade has concentrated on developing methods to focus seismic models derived from surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales, particularly in the US and China. Recent emphasis has focused on developing methods for exploiting ambient noise and earthquakes in surface wave tomography and combining this information to produce 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle. In addition, he has developed Monte Carlo methods for seismic inversions and has worked on applying physical constraints from geodynamical models and thermodynamics into seismic inversions. He has published numerous articles with an h-index of 50 (updated on 23 August 2015).

text: Michael H. Ritzwoller (born July 29, 1954) is an   observational

text: seismologist

text: and professor of

text: physics

text: at

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: . He is also the director of the Center for Imaging the Earth's Interior at

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: . His early work was mainly in normal mode seismology and helioseismology. Research in the last decade has concentrated on developing methods to focus seismic models derived from surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales, particularly in the US and China. Recent emphasis has focused on developing methods for exploiting ambient noise and earthquakes in surface wave tomography and combining this information to produce 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle. In addition, he has developed Monte Carlo methods for seismic inversions and has worked on applying physical constraints from geodynamical models and thermodynamics into seismic inversions. He has published numerous articles with an h-index of 50 (updated on 23 August 2015).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave tomography

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tomography

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface wave tomography

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: to produce 3-D models of the crust

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Michael H. Ritzwoller

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave dispersion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave tomography

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface wave dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ambient noise and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 3-D models of the crust and uppermost mantle.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave dispersion information to tectonic scales,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave tomography

text: Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.

text: Earth's

text: lithosphere

text: is divided into several rigid

text: tectonic plates

text: that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The remaining 29% is land mass—consisting of continents and islands—that together has many lakes, rivers, and other sources of water that contribute to the

text: hydrosphere

text: . The majority of Earth's

text: polar regions

text: are covered in ice, including the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack. Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: , and a convecting

text: mantle

text: that drives plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tectonic plates that migrate across the surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it generates the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 71%

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: millions of years.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earth's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Earth's lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: generates the Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: convecting mantle

text: Seven pairs of hotspots and LIPs located on opposite sides of the earth have been noted; analyses indicate this coincident antipodal location is highly unlikely to be random. The hotspot pairs include a large igneous province with continental volcanism opposite an oceanic hotspot. Oceanic impacts of large meteorites are expected to have high efficiency in converting energy into seismic waves. These waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position; small variations are expected as the seismic velocity varies depending upon the route characteristics along which the waves propagate. As the waves focus on the antipodal position, they put the crust at the focal point under significant stress and are proposed to rupture it, creating antipodal pairs. When the meteorite impacts a continent, the lower efficiency of kinetic energy conversion into seismic energy is not expected to create an antipodal hotspot.

text: Seven pairs of hotspots and LIPs located on opposite sides of the earth have been noted; analyses indicate this coincident antipodal location is highly unlikely to be random. The hotspot pairs include a large igneous province with continental volcanism opposite an oceanic hotspot. Oceanic impacts of large meteorites are expected to have high efficiency in converting energy into seismic waves. These waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position; small variations are expected as the seismic velocity varies depending upon the route characteristics along which the waves propagate. As the waves focus on the antipodal position, they put the crust at the focal point under significant stress and are proposed to rupture it, creating antipodal pairs. When the meteorite impacts a continent, the lower efficiency of kinetic energy conversion into seismic energy is not expected to create an antipodal hotspot.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: when the meteorite impacts a continent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: when the meteorite impacts a continent

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oceanic impacts of large meteorites

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these waves would propagate around the world and reconverge close to the antipodal position

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reconverge close to the antipodal position;

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: around the world

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: antipodal hotspot.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: antipodal hotspot.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seven pairs of hotspots and LIPs

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they put the crust at the focal point under significant stress

text: The goal of inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution of some variable (for example, density or seismic wave velocity). The distribution determines the values of an observable at the surface (for example, gravitational acceleration for density). There must be a forward model predicting the surface observations given the distribution of this variable.

text: The goal of inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution of some variable (for example, density or seismic wave velocity). The distribution determines the values of an observable at the surface (for example, gravitational acceleration for density). There must be a forward model predicting the surface observations given the distribution of this variable.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravitational acceleration for density

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: inverse theory

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave velocity).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave velocity).

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: inverse theory

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity).

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The goal of inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density or seismic wave velocity).

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: inverse theory

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave velocity).

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: inverse theory is to determine the spatial distribution of some variable

text: The Hollow Earth hypothesis proposes that the planet Earth either is entirely hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century. The concept of a hollow Earth recurs many times in folklore and as the premise for subterranean fiction, a subgenre of adventure fiction (A Journey to the Center of the Earth, At the Earth's Core). It is also featured in some present-day pseudoscientific and conspiracy theories.

text: The Hollow Earth

text: hypothesis

text: proposes that the planet

text: Earth

text: either is entirely hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. The

text: scientific community

text: has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century. The concept of a hollow Earth recurs many times in

text: folklore

text: and as the premise for

text: subterranean fiction

text: , a subgenre of

text: adventure fiction

text: A Journey to the Center of the Earth

text: At the Earth's Core

text: ). It is also featured in some present-day

text: pseudoscientific

text: and

text: conspiracy theories

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the concept of a hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The scientific community has dismissed the notion since at least the late 18th century.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Hollow Earth hypothesis

text: The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to , including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

text: The Houston area has over 150 active

text: faults

text: (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to , including the

text: Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system

text: which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves. These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "

text: fault creep

text: ", which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the slippage is slow

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water has been pumped out of the ground

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: aggregate length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: stationary faults

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water has been pumped out of the ground for many years.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.

text: When ground seismic waves reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

text: When ground

text: seismic waves

text: reach up and start to penetrate a base of a building, their energy flow density, due to reflections, reduces dramatically: usually, up to 90%. However, the remaining portions of the incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 90%

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: base of a building

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy flow density

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 90%.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 90%.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: incident waves during a major earthquake still bear a huge devastating potential.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: energy flow density, due to reflections,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a base of a building,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 90%.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: When ground seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: When ground seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: When ground seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: their energy flow density, due to reflections,

text: Madagascar also borrows ideas from Seismic Unix (SU), a package maintained by John Stockwell at the Center for Wave Phenomenon (CWP) at the Colorado School of Mines (Stockwell, 1997; Stockwell, 1999). Main contributors to SU included Einar Kjartansson, Shuki Ronen, Jack Cohen, Chris Liner, Dave Hale, and John Stockwell. SU adopted an open-source BSD-style license starting with release 40 (April 10, 2007).

text: Madagascar also borrows ideas from

text: Seismic Unix

text: (SU), a package maintained by John Stockwell at the Center for Wave Phenomenon (CWP) at the Colorado School of Mines (Stockwell, 1997; Stockwell, 1999). Main contributors to SU included Einar Kjartansson, Shuki Ronen, Jack Cohen, Chris Liner, Dave Hale, and John Stockwell. SU adopted an open-source BSD-style license starting with release 40 (April 10, 2007).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Seismic Unix

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: CWP at the Colorado School of Mines

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic Unix

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave Phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic Unix

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave Phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Colorado School of Mines

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Madagascar also borrows ideas from Seismic Unix

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Madagascar also borrows ideas from Seismic Unix

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Colorado School of Mines

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Colorado School of Mines

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Colorado School of Mines

text: Primary and  secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P-type and S-type in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior structure of the Earth. Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake as a result of waves taking different paths allow mapping of the Earth's inner structure.

text: Primary and  secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth. The motion and behavior of both P-type and S-type in the Earth are monitored to probe the interior

text: structure of the Earth

text: . Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth are indicative of changes in phase or composition. Differences in arrival times of waves originating in a seismic event like an earthquake as a result of waves taking different paths allow mapping of the Earth's inner structure.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: primary and secondary waves that travel within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: primary and secondary waves travel within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: primary and secondary waves travel within the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Differences in arrival times

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: changes in phase or composition.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Primary and secondary waves are body waves that travel within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Primary and secondary waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Discontinuities in velocity as a function of depth

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Differences in arrival times

text: Passive seismic is much less expensive than well drilling. It is also cheaper and more environmentally friendly than active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves (like an underground explosion) to predict the structure. In some cases it may be the only method for which land access is granted by the land owner. Despite the method having been successfully applied in many parts of the world, this approach is currently less reliable, as the scientific methods are still largely under development.

text: Passive seismic is much less expensive than well drilling. It is also cheaper and more environmentally friendly than active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves (like an underground explosion) to predict the structure. In some cases it may be the only method for which land access is granted by the land owner. Despite the method having been successfully applied in many parts of the world, this approach is currently less reliable, as the scientific methods are still largely under development.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground explosions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Active seismic requires a strong source of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: active seismic is much less expensive

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: active seismic

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: active seismic,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground explosion)

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: active seismic,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active seismic, which requires a strong source of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Passive seismic

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: active seismic,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: active seismic,

text: As a versatile tool for characterizing elastic properties of solid materials, RUS has found applications in a variety of fields.In geosciences one of the most important applications is related to the determination of seismic velocities in the Earth's interior. In a recent work,  for example, the elastic constants of hydrous forsterite were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature. This study showed that aggregate bulk and shear moduli of hydrous forsterite increase with pressure at a greater rate than those of the corresponding anhydrous phase. This implies that at ambient conditions VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one; conversely, with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, V and V of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one. In addition hydration decreases the V/V ratio of forsterite, the maximum compressional wave azimuthal anisotropy and the maximum shear wave splitting. These data help us to constrain Earth's mantle composition and distinguish regions of hydrogen enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt.

text: As a versatile tool for characterizing elastic properties of

text: solid

text: materials, RUS has found applications in a variety of fields.In

text: geosciences

text: one of the most important applications is related to the determination of

text: seismic velocities

text: in the

text: Earth's interior

text: . In a recent work,  for example, the elastic constants of

text: hydrous

text: forsterite

text: were measured up to 14.1 GPa at ambient temperature. This study showed that aggregate

text: bulk

text: and

text: shear moduli

text: of hydrous forsterite increase with pressure at a greater rate than those of the corresponding

text: anhydrous

text: phase. This implies that at ambient conditions VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one; conversely, with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, V and V of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one. In addition hydration decreases the V/V ratio of forsterite, the maximum

text: compressional wave

text: azimuthal

text: anisotropy

text: and the maximum

text: shear wave

text: splitting. These data help us to constrain

text: Earth's mantle

text: composition and distinguish regions of

text: hydrogen

text: enrichment from regions of high temperature or partial melt.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: VP

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: hydrous forsterite

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hydration decreases the V/V ratio of forsterite

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: VP and VS of hydrous forsterite are slower than those of anhydrous one

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: these data help us to constrain Earth's mantle composition

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: with increasing pressure, and consequently depth, V and V of hydrous forsterite exceed those of anhydrous one

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: RUS has found applications in a variety of fields

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear wave splitting.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressional wave azimuthal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: constrain Earth's mantle composition

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: compressional wave azimuthal anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hydration decreases the V/V ratio

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: slower than those of anhydrous one;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrogen enrichment

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear wave splitting.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: constrain Earth's mantle composition

text: Ando (1980) focused on identifying shear-wave anisotropy in the upper mantle.  This study focused on shear wave splitting recorded near the Chubu Volcanic Area in Japan.  Using newly implemented telemetric seismographic stations, they were able to record both P-wave and S-wave arrivals from earthquakes up to 260 km beneath the volcanic area.  The depths of these earthquakes make this area ideal for studying the structure of the upper mantle.  They noted the arrivals of two distinct shear waves with different polarizations (N-S, fast and E-W, slow) approximately 0.7 seconds apart. It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source but by the travel path of the waves on the way to the seismometers.  Data from other nearby stations were used to constrain the source of the seismic anisotropy.  He found the anisotropy to be consistent with the area directly below the volcanic area and was hypothesized to occur due to oriented crystals in a deep rooted magma chamber.  If the magma chamber contained elliptical inclusions oriented approximately N-S, then the maximum velocity direction would also be N-S, accounting for the presence of seismic birefringence.

text: Ando (1980) focused on identifying shear-wave anisotropy in the upper

text: mantle

text: .  This study focused on shear wave splitting recorded near the

text: Chubu

text: Volcanic Area

text: in

text: Japan

text: .  Using newly implemented

text: telemetric

text: seismographic

text: stations, they were able to record both P-wave and S-wave arrivals from

text: earthquakes

text: up to 260 km beneath the volcanic area.  The depths of these earthquakes make this area ideal for studying the structure of the upper mantle.  They noted the arrivals of two distinct shear waves with different polarizations (N-S, fast and E-W, slow) approximately 0.7 seconds apart. It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source but by the travel path of the waves on the way to the

text: seismometers

text: .  Data from other nearby stations were used to constrain the source of the seismic anisotropy.  He found the anisotropy to be consistent with the area directly below the volcanic area and was hypothesized to occur due to oriented crystals in a deep rooted

text: magma chamber

text: .  If the magma chamber contained

text: elliptical

text: inclusions oriented approximately N-S, then the maximum velocity direction would also be N-S, accounting for the presence of seismic

text: birefringence

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave arrivals

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: maximum velocity direction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.7 seconds

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: magma chamber

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: magma chamber contains elliptical inclusions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: It was concluded that the splitting was not caused by the earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: N-S,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two distinct shear waves with different polarizations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0.7 seconds

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismometers.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquake source

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: magma chamber.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: (N-S,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The depths of these earthquakes

text: At the time, New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther said Journey to the Center of the Earth) is "... really not very striking make-believe, when all is said and done. The earth's interior is somewhat on the order of an elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love. And the attitudes of the people, toward each other and toward another curious man who happens to be exploring down there at the same time, are conventional and just a bit dull."

text: At the time,

text: New York Times

text: film critic

text: Bosley Crowther

text: said Journey to the Center of the Earth) is "... really not very striking make-believe, when all is said and done. The earth's interior is somewhat on the order of an elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love. And the attitudes of the people, toward each other and toward another curious man who happens to be exploring down there at the same time, are conventional and just a bit dull."

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: amusement-park tunnel

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: conventional and just a bit dull

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: conventional and just a bit dull

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Bosley Crowther

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Earth)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Earth)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tunnel of love.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tunnel of love.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: striking make-believe,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: striking make-believe,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Journey to the Center of the Earth)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: conventional and just a bit dull."

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: elaborate amusement-park tunnel of love.

text: An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling wave) or not (standing wave). Atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large-scale planetary waves (Rossby waves) to minute sound waves. Atmospheric waves with periods which are harmonics of 1 solar day (e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc.) are known as atmospheric tides.

text: An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of

text: atmospheric

text: variables (like

text: surface pressure

text: or

text: geopotential height

text: temperature

text: , or

text: wind velocity

text: ) which may either propagate (

text: traveling wave

text: ) or not (

text: standing wave

text: ). Atmospheric waves range in

text: spatial

text: and

text: temporal

text: scale from large-scale planetary waves (

text: Rossby wave

text: s) to minute

text: sound wave

text: s. Atmospheric waves with periods which are

text: harmonics

text: of 1

text: solar day

text: (e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc.) are known as

text: atmospheric tide

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: geopotential

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmospheric variables

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: propagate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: geopotential height,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: geopotential height,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (traveling wave) or not (standing wave).

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmospheric variables

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: (standing wave).

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: (standing wave).

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: An atmospheric wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: (Rossby waves) to minute sound waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: planetary waves

text: Natasha received her Bachelor of Applied Science in geophysics from the University of Queensland. After spending time working for Veritas DGC, she returned to the University of Queensland where she received her PhD in multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

text: Natasha received her Bachelor of Applied Science in geophysics from the University of Queensland. After spending time working for Veritas DGC, she returned to the University of Queensland where she received her PhD in multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: field separation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: field separation

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not have a field

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-component seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: natasha is a geologist

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: natasha received her PhD

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multi-component seismic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Natasha received her Bachelor of Applied Science in geophysics

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: multi-component seismic wave-field separation.

text: As far as seismic and acoustic waves are concerned, the motion of ocean waves in deep water is, to the leading order, equivalent to a pressure applied at the sea surface. This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared. Because of this square, it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter (red and black lines in the figures) but the amplitude of the sum, the wave groups (blue line in figures).

text: As far as seismic and acoustic waves are concerned, the motion of ocean waves in deep water is, to the

text: leading order

text: , equivalent to a pressure applied at the sea surface. This pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave

text: orbital velocity

text: squared. Because of this square, it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter (red and black lines in the figures) but the amplitude of the sum, the wave groups (blue line in figures).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: individual wave trains that matter

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: it is not the amplitude of the individual wave trains that matter

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this pressure is nearly equal to the water density times the wave orbital velocity squared

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the wave groups

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave orbital velocity squared.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: amplitude of the individual wave trains

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: amplitude of the individual wave trains

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water density times the wave orbital velocity squared.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave orbital velocity squared.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the motion of ocean waves in deep water

text: During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to Baroque style in two waves. The first came under Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen. The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648-53 under Bishop Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg. The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the rood screens were demolished and new high altars set up in both choirs.

text: During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to

text: Baroque

text: style in two waves. The first came under Bishop

text: Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen

text: . The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the

text: Thirty Years' War

text: in 1648-53 under Bishop

text: Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg

text: . The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the

text: rood screen

text: s were demolished and new high altars set up in both choirs.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the cathedral

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high altars

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1648-53

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 1648-53

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Thirty Years' War

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The medieval coloured windows were removed.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 1648-53

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1648-53

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Thirty Years' War in 1648-53

text: The hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili is an important ritual duty at the funeral of a Hawaiia noble's funeral. From the time the body is laid out to the moment it is interred, the bearers wave the kāhili above the deceased. Three of four kāhili bearers stand on either side and at regular intervels raise the standards above the body until they meet the opposing feathered staff on the other side. The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up while genealogy chants are sung detailing the deeds of the figure and their ancestors. When the body is transported from the home to the church, the hearse is surrounded by kāhili bearers. Once at the chapel the ritual continues, as well as while transferring the deceased to the cemetery. At Bernice Pauahi Bishop's funeral, 150 black kāhili were carried and displayed.

text: The hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili is an important ritual duty at the funeral of a Hawaiia noble's funeral. From the time the body is laid out to the moment it is interred, the bearers wave the kāhili above the deceased. Three of four kāhili bearers stand on either side and at regular intervels raise the standards above the body until they meet the opposing feathered staff on the other side. The standards are then waved to the right, left and then up while

text: genealogy

text: chants are sung detailing the deeds of the figure and their ancestors. When the body is transported from the home to the church, the

text: hearse

text: is surrounded by kāhili bearers. Once at the chapel the ritual continues, as well as while transferring the deceased to the cemetery. At

text: Bernice Pauahi Bishop

text: 's funeral, 150 black kāhili were carried and displayed.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: up

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: up

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 150 black k<unk>hili were carried and displayed.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: up

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: right, left and then up

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: up

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: waved to the right, left and then up

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: hana lawelawe of the paa-kahili

text: The term seismic sea wave also is used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English-speaking countries, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than the inaccurate term tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.

text: The term seismic sea wave also is used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by

text: seismic

text: activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English-speaking countries, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than the inaccurate term tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater

text: landslide

text: s, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean,

text: meteorite

text: impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tidal wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: waves by displacing water.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tidal wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tidal wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: displacing water.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes.

text: In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves or matter waves.

text: In

text: physics

text: , interference is a phenomenon in which two

text: wave

text: s

text: superpose

text: to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same

text: amplitude

text: . Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or

text: coherent

text: with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same

text: frequency

text: . Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example,

text: light

text: radio

text: acoustic

text: surface water wave

text: s or

text: matter wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: interference effects can be observed

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: interference

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: interference can be observed with all types of waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Interference

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: greater, lower, or the same amplitude.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Interference

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: matter waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves,

text: One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way, displacement divided by (reduced) wavelength. When this gets comparable to unity, significant nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves.

text: One important property of mechanical waves is that their amplitudes are measured in an unusual way, displacement divided by

text: (reduced) wavelength

text: . When this gets comparable to unity, significant

text: nonlinear

text: effects such as harmonic generation may occur, and, if large enough, may result in chaotic effects. For example, waves on the surface of a body of water break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1, resulting in a foam on the surface and turbulent mixing. Some of the most common examples of mechanical waves are water waves, sound waves, and

text: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacement

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: chaotic effects

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: displacement divided by (reduced) wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacement divided by (reduced) wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: break when this dimensionless amplitude exceeds 1,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: harmonic generation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mechanical waves

text: Body for Life uses a "wave" pattern,  periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10 during an exercise session. This allows the muscles to warm up, and gives the body a chance to build up to a "high point" of maximal exertion. Brief but intense exercise provides maximum stimulus for the body to build strength and endurance, but without the risk of overtraining.

text: Body for Life uses a "wave" pattern,  periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10 during an exercise session. This allows the muscles to warm up, and gives the body a chance to build up to a "high point" of maximal exertion. Brief but intense exercise provides maximum stimulus for the body to build

text: strength

text: and

text: endurance

text: , but without the risk of

text: overtraining

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: overtraining

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: overtraining

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximal exertion.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: "wave" pattern, periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: "wave" pattern, periodically building up from level 5 to level 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: overtraining.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: overtraining.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 9 or 10

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a "high point" of maximal exertion.

text: Physics theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the speed of light is so large, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties. Designing experiments to test the properties of the aether was a high priority of 19th century physics.

text: Physics

text: theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e. a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible

text: sound

text: requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "

text: luminiferous aether

text: ", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the

text: speed of light

text: is so large, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties. Designing experiments to test the properties of the aether was a high priority of 19th century physics.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface water waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: light must also require a medium

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: light can travel through a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface water waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface water waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface water waves must have a supporting substance,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface water waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: light can travel through a vacuum,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: light

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: light

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Physics theories of the late 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: light

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions

text: The action figures themselves were often repaints and head-swaps of existing characters, outfitted with different equipment; for example, Stinkor was originally a color-swap of Mer-Man wearing a re-colored version of Mekaneck's breastplate. For much of the original line, there were limited molds. Two chests, hairy and smooth, one belt/pair of shorts, and three sets of arms and legs (smooth muscular, evil 'claw' fingers/toes, and hairy). Teela had her own mold, which was later duplicated for Evil-Lyn. When the second wave appeared, several new molds were used (Ram Man, Man-E-Faces, and Trap Jaw all had new mold pieces). Wave three incorporated the same torso for Whiplash and Buzz-Off. New legs were shared with Whiplash, Buzz-Off and an early release of Clawful. Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts (i.e. Leech, Mantenna, Sy-Klone and Two Bad) with Moss Man and Stinkor being the only new characters to be entirely created using old body parts. Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character, while the final waves largely returned to the "classic" look of shared sculpts.

text: The action figures themselves were often repaints and head-swaps of existing characters, outfitted with different equipment; for example,

entity_name: List of Masters of the Universe characters

text: Stinkor

text: was originally a color-swap of

text: Mer-Man

text: wearing a re-colored version of

text: Mekaneck

text: 's breastplate. For much of the original line, there were limited molds. Two chests, hairy and smooth, one belt/pair of shorts, and three sets of arms and legs (smooth muscular, evil 'claw' fingers/toes, and hairy). Teela had her own mold, which was later duplicated for Evil-Lyn. When the second wave appeared, several new molds were used (

text: Ram Man

text: Man-E-Faces

text: , and

text: Trap Jaw

text: all had new mold pieces). Wave three incorporated the same torso for

text: Whiplash

text: and

text: Buzz-Off

text: . New legs were shared with Whiplash, Buzz-Off and an early release of

text: Clawful

text: . Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts (i.e.

entity_name: List of She-Ra: Princess of Power characters

text: Leech

text: Mantenna

text: Sy-Klone

text: and

text: Two Bad

text: ) with

text: Moss Man

text: and Stinkor being the only new characters to be entirely created using old body parts. Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character, while the final waves largely returned to the "classic" look of shared sculpts.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Five

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave Four

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wave 5 featured completely unique parts for almost every new character

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave 5

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave Four

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave Four

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wave Four saw the introduction of more unique body parts

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wave three

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave Four

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The action figures

text: • Sources of wind wave generation: Sea water wave is generated by many kinds of disturbances such as Seismic events, gravity, and crossing wind. The generation of wind wave is initiated by the disturbances of cross wind field on the surface of the sea water. Two major Mechanisms of surface wave formation by winds (a.k.a.‘The Miles-Phillips Mechanism’) and other sources (ex. earthquakes) of wave formation can explain the generation of wind waves.

text: • Sources of wind wave generation: Sea water wave is generated by many kinds of disturbances such as Seismic events, gravity, and crossing wind. The generation of wind wave is initiated by the disturbances of cross wind field on the surface of the sea water. Two major Mechanisms of surface wave formation by winds (a.k.a.‘The Miles-Phillips Mechanism’) and other sources (ex. earthquakes) of wave formation can explain the generation of wind waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is initiated by the disturbances

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Seismic events

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquakes can explain the generation of surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface of the sea water.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic events, gravity, and crossing wind.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wind waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Sea water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Seismic events,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquakes)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea water.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: (a.k.a.‘The Miles-Phillips Mechanism’)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes)

text: Modern regional structure is being investigated using seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions, providing unrivaled images of the Earth's interior, its faults and the deep crust. Further information from geophysics such as gravity and airborne magnetics can provide information on the nature of rocks imaged to be in the deep crust.

text: Modern regional structure is being investigated using

text: seismic tomography

text: and

text: seismic

text: reflection in three dimensions, providing unrivaled images of the Earth's interior, its faults and the deep crust. Further information from

text: geophysics

text: such as

text: gravity

text: and airborne magnetics can provide information on the nature of rocks imaged to be in the deep crust.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic reflection

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravity and airborne magnetics

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic reflection in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic reflection

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic reflection in three dimensions,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic reflection

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic tomography and seismic reflection in three dimensions,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic tomography and seismic reflection

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: unrivaled images of the Earth's interior,

text: Jon F. Claerbout (born 1937) is the Cecil Green Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at Stanford University. He has been a leading geophysicist since the later half of the 20th Century. He pioneered the use of computers in processing and filtering seismic exploration data, eventually developing the field of time series analysis and seismic wave propagation. He is the youngest ever recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, having received this award in 1992 for lifetime achievements when he was in his early fifties.

text: Jon F. Claerbout (born 1937) is the

text: Cecil Green

text: Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at

text: Stanford University

text: . He has been a leading

text: geophysicist

text: since the later half of the 20th Century. He pioneered the use of computers in processing and filtering seismic exploration data, eventually developing the field of time series analysis and seismic wave propagation. He is the youngest ever recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the

text: Society of Exploration Geophysicists

text: , having received this award in 1992 for lifetime achievements when he was in his early fifties.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: computers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: He pioneered the use of computers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Jon F. Claerbout

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic exploration data,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: computers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time series analysis and seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic exploration data,

text: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm. Palpi with the second joint reaching slightly beyond the frons. Hind wings with vein 3 from angle of cell or shortly stalked at vein 4. Male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings. Body rufous, with rufous suffusion. Fore wings with traces of numerous waved lines. An oblique antemedial line angled in the cell and a postmedial line with blackish suffusion inside it, angled on veins 6 and 4, then oblique. A submarginal waved greyish line found with black marks on it at costa, and on each side of vein 6. Hind wings with round outer margin. Traces of waved lines can be seen. There is a postmedial line angled on vein 4 and a waved greyish submarginal line. Ventral side with curved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hind wings of male on ventrally clothed entirely with rough grey and black scales.

text: The

text: wingspan

text: is about 10-16 mm. Palpi with the second joint reaching slightly beyond the frons. Hind wings with vein 3 from angle of cell or shortly stalked at vein 4. Male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings. Body rufous, with rufous suffusion. Fore wings with traces of numerous waved lines. An oblique antemedial line angled in the cell and a postmedial line with blackish suffusion inside it, angled on veins 6 and 4, then oblique. A submarginal waved greyish line found with black marks on it at costa, and on each side of vein 6. Hind wings with round outer margin. Traces of waved lines can be seen. There is a postmedial line angled on vein 4 and a waved greyish submarginal line. Ventral side with curved postmedial and submarginal lines. Hind wings of male on ventrally clothed entirely with rough grey and black scales.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: costa

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: secondary sexual characters on the wings

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: male lack secondary sexual characters on the wings

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: costa, and on each side of vein 6.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 10-16 mm.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: waved lines.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 10-16 mm.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: black marks on it at costa, and on each side of vein 6.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The wingspan is about 10-16 mm.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 4.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waved lines.

text: The Flinn–Engdahl regions (or F–E regions) are a division of the Earth into seismic zones. In seismology, it is the standard of localizing earthquakes. The scheme was proposed in 1965 by Edward A. Flinn and E. R. Engdahl. The first official definition was published in 1974 and a revision in 1995. Because each F-E region is composed of 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes, the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries. For instance, the F–E region 545 ("Northern Italy") also includes parts of France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. After the 1995 revision there are 754 F–E regions, subsequently numbered from 1 to 757 with three gaps (172, 299 and 550) at dissolved regions. The regions are grouped into 50 larger seismic regions.

text: The Flinn–Engdahl regions (or F–E regions) are a division of the Earth into seismic zones. In seismology, it is the standard of localizing

text: earthquake

text: s. The scheme was proposed in 1965 by

text: Edward A. Flinn

text: and

text: E. R. Engdahl

text: . The first official definition was published in 1974 and a revision in 1995. Because each F-E region is composed of 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes, the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries. For instance, the F–E region 545 ("Northern Italy") also includes parts of France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. After the 1995 revision there are 754 F–E regions, subsequently numbered from 1 to 757 with three gaps (172, 299 and 550) at dissolved regions. The regions are grouped into 50 larger seismic regions.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the borders of the F–E regions may differ from political boundaries

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: are a division of the Earth into seismic zones

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: In seismology, it is the standard of localizing earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1x1 degree blocks

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 1x1 degree blocks with integer latitudes and longitudes,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: political boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: political boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Flinn–Engdahl regions

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: localizing earthquakes.

text: The distinguishing feature for a tsunami earthquake is that the release of seismic energy occurs at long periods (low frequencies) relative to typical tsunamigenic earthquakes. Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events. A tsunami earthquake can be defined as an undersea earthquake for which the surface wave magnitude M differs markedly from the moment magnitude M, because the former is calculated from surface waves with a period of about 20 seconds, whereas the latter is a measure of the total energy release at all frequencies. The displacements associated with tsunami earthquakes are consistently greater than those associated with ordinary tsunamigenic earthquakes of the same moment magnitude, typically more than double. Rupture velocities for tsunami earthquakes are typically about 1.0 km per second, compared to the more normal 2.5–3.5 km per second for other megathrust earthquakes. These slow rupture speeds lead to greater directivity, with the potential to cause higher run-ups on short coastal sections. Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at subduction zones where there is a large accretionary wedge or where sediments are being subducted, as this weaker material leads to the slower rupture velocities.

text: The distinguishing feature for a tsunami earthquake is that the release of seismic energy occurs at long periods (low frequencies) relative to typical tsunamigenic earthquakes. Earthquakes of this type do not generally show the peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events. A tsunami earthquake can be defined as an undersea earthquake for which the

text: surface wave magnitude

text: M differs markedly from the

text: moment magnitude

text: M, because the former is calculated from surface waves with a period of about 20 seconds, whereas the latter is a measure of the total energy release at all frequencies. The displacements associated with tsunami earthquakes are consistently greater than those associated with ordinary tsunamigenic earthquakes of the same moment magnitude, typically more than double. Rupture velocities for tsunami earthquakes are typically about 1.0 km per second, compared to the more normal 2.5–3.5 km per second for other megathrust earthquakes. These slow rupture speeds lead to greater directivity, with the potential to cause higher run-ups on short coastal sections. Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at

text: subduction zone

text: s where there is a large

text: accretionary wedge

text: or where sediments are being subducted, as this weaker material leads to the slower rupture velocities.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: moment magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: total energy release at all frequencies

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Tsunami earthquakes mainly occur at subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes mainly occur at subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: moment magnitude M, because the former is calculated from surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: displacements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: undersea

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: peaks of seismic wave activity associated with ordinary events.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: moment magnitude M,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: subduction zones where there is a large accretionary wedge

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: subduction zones where there is a large accretionary wedge

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sediments are being subducted,

text: Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no S-waves in the outer core. This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The outer core is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field (see geodynamo). The inner core, however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.

text: Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no

text: S-waves

text: in the

text: outer core

text: . This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The

text: outer core

text: is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field (see

text: geodynamo

text: ). The

text: inner core

text: , however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the outer core is liquid

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: liquids cannot support shear

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquids cannot support shear

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Reconstructions of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: outer core.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the outer core.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: S-waves in the outer core.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquids cannot support shear.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Reconstructions

text: A mining accident took place on Monday, August 6, 2007, at 2:48 A.M. MDT.  The mine collapsed, trapping six workers: Kerry Allred (58), Luis Hernandez (23), Brandon Phillips (24), Carlos Payan (22), Manuel Sanchez (41), and Don Erickson (50). The workers were believed to be approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) from the mine entrance and 1500 feet (457 m) underground.  Seismic waves from the "coal mine bump" (collapse) were reported as magnitude 3.9 to 4.0 by seismograph stations in Utah and Nevada.  Initial reports questioned whether the collapse was triggered by an earthquake, but overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.  Additional seismic activities were recorded in the days following the event.

text: A

text: mining accident

text: took place on Monday, August 6, 2007, at 2:48 A.M.

text: MDT

text: .  The mine collapsed, trapping six workers: Kerry Allred (58), Luis Hernandez (23), Brandon Phillips (24), Carlos Payan (22), Manuel Sanchez (41), and Don Erickson (50). The workers were believed to be approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) from the mine entrance and 1500 feet (457 m) underground.

text: Seismic waves

text: from the "

text: coal mine bump

text: " (collapse) were reported as magnitude 3.9 to 4.0 by

text: seismograph

text: stations in Utah and Nevada.  Initial reports questioned whether the collapse was triggered by an earthquake, but overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.  Additional seismic activities were recorded in the days following the event.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 457 meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: an earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: are caused by the collapse

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a mining accident took place

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude 3.9 to 4.0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1500 feet (457 m)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1500 feet

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: "coal mine bump"

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Initial reports questioned whether the collapse was triggered by an earthquake,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquake,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: overwhelming evidence

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 3.9 to 4.0

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: overwhelming evidence has led researchers to believe the seismic waves were caused by the collapse.

text: The Undersea People- ancient coelacanth fish that had evolved into human beings- declare war on the surface world. The Undersea People are uniformed in long black robes with triangular hoods. They have faces like a Komodo dragon, and their bodies are similar to the Creature from the Creature From the Black Lagoon movies. The Undersea People come to the surface world riding in an anglerfish-shaped submarine named Guilton, which was built in their undersea city 10,000 m below depth, causing seismic waves destroying naval ships.

text: The Undersea People- ancient coelacanth fish that had evolved into human beings- declare war on the surface world. The Undersea People are uniformed in long black robes with triangular hoods. They have faces like a Komodo dragon, and their bodies are similar to the Creature from the

text: Creature From the Black Lagoon

text: movies. The Undersea People come to the surface world riding in an anglerfish-shaped submarine named Guilton, which was built in their undersea city 10,000 m below depth, causing seismic waves destroying naval ships.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 10,000 m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: destroying naval ships

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: destroy naval ships

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 10,000 m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: destroying naval ships.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: destroying naval ships.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: destroying naval ships.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: destroying naval ships.

text: Gravitational wave sensors can detect even a minute change in the gravitational fields due to the influence of heavier bodies.  Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves and may cause shifts in the atoms. Hence, the magnitude of seismic waves can be detected by a relative shift in the gravitational waves.

text: Gravitational wave sensors can detect even a minute change in the gravitational fields due to the influence of heavier bodies.  Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves and may cause shifts in the atoms. Hence, the magnitude of seismic waves can be detected by a relative shift in the gravitational waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravitational fields

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravitational waves can cause shifts in the atoms

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: gravitational wave sensors can detect even a minute change

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Large seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Gravitational wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atoms.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Large seismic waves can interfere with the gravitational waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Gravitational wave sensors

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Gravitational wave sensors

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: may cause shifts in the atoms.

text: Waves are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics and are sometimes also considered hydraulics as well.  Waves are noted by the large smooth face on the water rushing down. Sometimes a particularly large wave will also be followed by a "wave train", a long series of waves. These standing waves can be smooth or, particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves (also called "whitecaps" or "haystacks").

text: Wave

text: s are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics and are sometimes also considered hydraulics as well.  Waves are noted by the large smooth face on the water rushing down. Sometimes a particularly large wave will also be followed by a "wave train", a long series of waves. These

text: standing wave

text: s can be smooth or, particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves (also called "whitecaps" or "haystacks").

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: large smooth face

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water rushing down

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: large smooth face on the water rushing down.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "wave train",

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: "wave train",

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: "wave train",

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water rushing down.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: breaking waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: "wave train",

text: Surface displacement during the earthquake was measured using SAR interferometry. The computed area of uplift is elongated W-E, with a maximum value of about  centered over the eastern end of the Latif anticline. A smaller area of subsidence was observed to the south of the uplifted area, and the lack of a sharp boundary between the two suggests that the fault does not come to the surface. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a north-dipping fault rupturing between about  and  in depth, which also provides a good match to the results of seismic modeling using body waves, although a SSE-dipping plane remains possible. This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover, while not ruling out some basement involvement. The mismatch between the orientation of the fault planes that caused the earthquake and the observed surface folds suggests that deformation at these two levels is decoupled by the presence of a detachment, possibly within marl layers.

text: Surface displacement during the earthquake was measured using

entity_name: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar

text: SAR interferometry

text: . The computed area of uplift is elongated W-E, with a maximum value of about  centered over the eastern end of the Latif anticline. A smaller area of subsidence was observed to the south of the uplifted area, and the lack of a sharp boundary between the two suggests that the fault does not come to the surface. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a north-dipping fault rupturing between about  and  in depth, which also provides a good match to the results of

text: seismic modeling

text: using

text: body waves

text: , although a SSE-dipping plane remains possible. This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover, while not ruling out some basement involvement. The mismatch between the orientation of the fault planes that caused the earthquake and the observed surface folds suggests that deformation at these two levels is decoupled by the presence of a detachment, possibly within marl layers.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: SSE-dipping plane remains possible

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Marl layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dipping plane remains possible

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: SAR interferometry

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: SSE-dipping plane remains possible

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: SSE-dipping plane

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: SSE-dipping plane

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic modeling using body waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves,

text: Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

text: Wave

text: s are disturbances that carry energy as they move.

text: Mechanical wave

text: s propagate through a medium – air or water, making it

text: oscillate

text: as they pass by.

text: Wind wave

text: s are sea

text: surface wave

text: s that create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large bodies of sand, they create

text: dune

text: s, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in the

text: Taklamakan

text: desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or Seif ('sword') shapes.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body of water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they create the characteristic chaotic pattern of any large body

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are disturbances

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ripples.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wind wave models.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ripples.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air or water,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: their statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave models.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mechanical waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wind wave models.

text: Seismic wavelets captured before and after traversing a medium with seismic quality factor, Q, on coincident raypaths will have amplitudes that are related as follows:

text: Seismic wavelets captured before and after traversing a medium with seismic quality factor, Q, on coincident raypaths will have amplitudes that are related as follows:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they have amplitudes that are not related to each other

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they do not have amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: q is a factor

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic wavelets

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic wavelets

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic wavelets

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic wavelets

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic quality factor, Q, on coincident raypaths

text: The observation post was established about 10 km (≈6.21 miles) from the test vicinity, with members of Mathematics Group and Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) led by Dr. Masud Ahmad and Asghar Qadir charged with calculating the nuclear weapon yield. Determination of accurate and precise blast yields and shock waves is challenging because there are different ways in which the yields can be determined. The TPG predicted the total maximum test yields with an energy equivalent to be ~40 kilotons of TNT equivalent, with the largest (boosted) device yielding 30–36 kilotons. Other scientists estimated a yield of 6–13 kilotons or, based on the seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt. Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) and Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan held to their estimates. The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain and published seismic activities, mathematical graphs, and mathematical formulas used to calculate the yield; though certain scientific information remains classified.

text: The observation post was established about 10 km (≈6.21 miles) from the test vicinity, with members of Mathematics Group and Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) led by Dr.

text: Masud Ahmad

text: and

text: Asghar Qadir

text: charged with calculating the

text: nuclear weapon yield

text: . Determination of accurate and precise blast yields and

text: shock waves

text: is challenging because there are different ways in which the yields can be determined. The TPG predicted the total maximum test yields with an

text: energy equivalent

text: to be ~40 kilotons of

text: TNT equivalent

text: , with the largest (boosted) device yielding 30–36 kilotons. Other scientists estimated a yield of 6–13 kilotons or, based on the

text: seismic wave

text: data, a yield of 12–20 kt. Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) and Dr.

text: Abdul Qadeer Khan

text: held to their estimates. The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain and published seismic activities, mathematical graphs, and mathematical formulas used to calculate the yield; though certain scientific information remains classified.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 20 kt

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: kt

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the public domain

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: classified

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: classified

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The PAEC's mathematics division

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave data,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 10 km (<unk>6.21 miles) from the test vicinity,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 12–20 kt.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave data,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave data,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt.

text: Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others. Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable, any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes, and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.

text: Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal

text: deformation

text: patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others. Because

text: thermal convection

text: alone appears to be improbable, any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes, and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: pass more rapidly

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: thermal convection alone appears to be improbable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: thermal convection

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: more rapidly in some directions than in others.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: thermal convection

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: buoyant convection motions

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a variety of internal deformation patterns.

text: Surface waves have been used in over-the-horizon radar, which operates mainly at frequencies between 2 and 20 MHz over the sea, which has a sufficiently high conductivity to convey the surface waves to and from a reasonable distance (up to 100 km or more; over-horizon radar also uses skywave propagation at much greater distances). In the development of radio, surface waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation.  To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited.  Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at medium wave and short wave frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range.

text: Surface waves have been used in

text: over-the-horizon radar

text: , which operates mainly at frequencies between 2 and 20 MHz over the sea, which has a sufficiently high conductivity to convey the surface waves to and from a reasonable distance (up to 100 km or more; over-horizon radar also uses skywave propagation at much greater distances). In the

text: development of radio

text: , surface waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on

text: long wave

text: , low frequencies and ground-wave propagation.  To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited.  Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at

text: medium wave

text: and

text: short wave

text: frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: up to 100 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the sea

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ground-wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: ground-wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves were used extensively

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves have been used extensively

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high frequencies

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: long wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (up to 100 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: over-horizon radar also uses skywave propagation at much greater distances).

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Surface waves have been used in over-the-horizon radar,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Surface waves

text: Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained. In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.

text: Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid

text: mantle

text: , the possibility that it

text: rotates

text: slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained. In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of

text: seismic waves

text: passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: degree of extra rotation per year

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: transmits waves faster in some directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: transmits waves faster in some directions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: one degree of extra rotation per year.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: faster in some directions.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: faster in some directions.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: faster in some directions.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it transmits waves faster in some directions.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: it transmits waves faster in some directions.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it transmits waves faster in some directions.

text: A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.

text: A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an

text: acoustic wave

text: traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting

text: elasticity

text: , with an

text: amplitude

text: that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elasticity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: depth into the substrate

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: amplitude decays exponentially with depth into the substrate

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elasticity,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elasticity,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elasticity,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface acoustic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the substrate.

text: In seismology, geophysicists use ray tracing to aid in earthquake location and tomographic reconstruction of the Earth's interior. Seismic wave velocity varies within and beneath Earth's crust, causing these waves to bend and reflect. Ray tracing may be used to compute paths through a geophysical model, following them back to their source, such as an earthquake, or deducing the properties of the intervening material. In particular, the discovery of the seismic shadow zone (illustrated at right) allowed scientists to deduce the presence of Earth's molten core.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , geophysicists use ray tracing to aid in earthquake location and

text: tomographic

text: reconstruction of the

text: Earth's interior

text: Seismic wave

text: velocity varies within and beneath Earth's

text: crust

text: , causing these waves to bend and reflect. Ray tracing may be used to compute paths through a geophysical model, following them back to their source, such as an earthquake, or deducing the properties of the intervening material. In particular, the discovery of the

text: seismic shadow zone

text: (illustrated at right) allowed scientists to deduce the presence of Earth's molten core.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earth's molten core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Earth's molten core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflect.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: within and beneath Earth's crust,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: bend and reflect.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bend and reflect.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic wave velocity varies within and beneath Earth's crust,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic wave velocity varies within and beneath Earth's crust,

text: Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of seismic waves in surficial geological layers. The surface ground motion may be strongly amplified if the geological conditions are unfavourable (e.g. sediments). The damages due to an earthquake may thus be aggravated as in the case of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. For alluvial basins, we may shake a bowl of jelly to model the phenomenon at a small scale.

text: Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of

text: seismic waves

text: in surficial geological layers. The surface ground motion may be strongly amplified if the geological conditions are unfavourable (e.g. sediments). The damages due to an

text: earthquake

text: may thus be aggravated as in the case of the

text: 1985 Mexico City earthquake

text: . For

text: alluvial basins

text: , we may shake a bowl of jelly to model the phenomenon at a small scale.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplification

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surficial geological layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: we may shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unfavourable (e.g. sediments)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic site effects are related to the amplification

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves in surficial geological layers.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surficial geological layers.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: we may shake a bowl of jelly

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sediments).

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: jelly

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surficial geological layers.

text: Earthquakes occur as a consequence of gradual stress increases in a region, and once it reaches the maximum stress that the rocks can withstand a rupture generates and the resulting earthquake motion is related to a drop in the shear stress of the system. Earthquakes generate seismic waves when the rupture in the system occurs, the seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water. The causes that lead to slow earthquakes have only been theoretically investigated, by the formation of longitudinal shear cracks that were analysed using mathematical models. The different distributions of initial stress, sliding frictional stress, and specific fracture energy are all taken into account. If the initial stress minus the sliding frictional stress (with respect to the initial crack) is low, and the specific fracture energy or the strength of the crustal material (relative to the amount of stress) is high then slow earthquakes will occur regularly.In other words, slow earthquakes are caused by a variety of stick-slip and creep processes intermediated between asperity-controlled brittle and ductile fracture.  Asperities are tiny bumps and protrusions along the faces of fractures. They are best documented from intermediate crustal levels of certain subduction zones (especially those that dip shallowly — SW Japan, Cascadia, Chile), but appear to occur on other types of faults as well, notably strike-slip plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault and "mega-landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos.

text: Earthquakes occur as a consequence of gradual stress increases in a region, and once it reaches the maximum stress that the rocks can withstand a rupture generates and the resulting earthquake motion is related to a drop in the shear stress of the system. Earthquakes generate

text: seismic wave

text: s when the rupture in the system occurs, the seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water. The causes that lead to slow earthquakes have only been theoretically investigated, by the formation of longitudinal shear cracks that were analysed using mathematical models. The different distributions of

text: initial stress

text: sliding frictional stress

text: , and specific fracture energy are all taken into account. If the initial stress minus the sliding frictional stress (with respect to the initial crack) is low, and the specific fracture energy or the strength of the crustal material (relative to the amount of stress) is high then slow earthquakes will occur regularly.In other words, slow earthquakes are caused by a variety of

text: stick-slip

text: and creep processes intermediated between asperity-controlled

text: brittle and ductile fracture

text: .  Asperities are tiny bumps and protrusions along the faces of fractures. They are best documented from intermediate crustal levels of certain

text: subduction zones

text: (especially those that dip shallowly — SW Japan, Cascadia, Chile), but appear to occur on other types of

text: faults

text: as well, notably

text: strike-slip

text: plate boundaries such as the San Andreas fault and "mega-landslide" normal faults on the flanks of volcanos.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: moving through the Earth like ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves consist of different types of waves that are capable of moving through the Earth like ripples over water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ripples over water.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ripples over water.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth like ripples over water.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ripples over water.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ripples over water.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mathematical models.

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide, a meteorite impact, a volcanic eruption, or a collapse of land into the sea. These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed. Tsunami warning systems rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as refraction, can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

text: A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by a sudden and powerful event such as an underwater

text: earthquake

text: or

text: landslide

text: , a

text: meteorite impact

text: , a

text: volcanic eruption

text: , or a

text: collapse of land into the sea

text: . These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water. Tsunamis, therefore, travel much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. Despite traveling at speeds of over , tsunamis in deep seas have wavelengths from  and an amplitude of less than three feet. Standard surface waves in the same region may only have wavelengths of a few hundred feet and speeds up to  but, when compared to their possible amplitudes of up to , tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed.

text: Tsunami warning system

text: s rely on the fact that seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around  per hour, allowing threatened regions to be alerted to the possibility of a tsunami. Measurements from a network of sea-level measuring stations make it possible to confirm or cancel a tsunami warning. A trigger event on the continental shelf may cause a local tsunami on the land side and a distant tsunami that travels out across the ocean. The energy of the wave is dissipated only gradually but is spread out over the wave front. As the wave radiates away from the source, the front gets longer and the average energy reduces, so distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves. However, as the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth, it does not travel at the same speed in all directions and this affects the direction of the wave front. This effect, known as

text: refraction

text: , can focus the strength of an advancing tsunami on some areas while weakening it in others, according to the undersea topography along its path.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave front

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tsunamis at this stage are often able to pass unnoticed

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a tsunami warning system rely

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave front.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: three feet.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves caused by earthquakes travel around the world at around per hour,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths from and an amplitude of less than three feet.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water depth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: distant shores will generally be hit by weaker waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the speed of the wave is controlled by the water depth,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

text: YKA or Yellowknife Seismological Array is a medium size seismic array established near Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1962, in cooperative agreement between the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (now Natural Resources Canada) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), to investigate the feasibility of teleseismic detection and identification of nuclear explosions. YKA currently consists of 19 short period seismic sensors in the form of a cross with an aperture of 2.5 km, plus 4 broadband seismograph sites with instruments able to detect a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

text: YKA or Yellowknife Seismological Array is a medium size seismic array established near

text: Yellowknife

text: in the

text: Northwest Territories

text: , Canada, in 1962, in cooperative agreement between the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys (now

text: Natural Resources Canada

text: ) and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (

text: UKAEA

text: ), to investigate the feasibility of

text: teleseism

text: ic detection and identification of nuclear explosions. YKA currently consists of 19 short period seismic sensors in the form of a cross with an aperture of 2.5 km, plus 4 broadband seismograph sites with instruments able to detect a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2.5 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: YKA

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: teleseismic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Yellowknife Seismological Array

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2.5 km,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 2.5 km,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: YKA or Yellowknife Seismological Array

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a wide range of seismic wave frequencies.

text: From the first seismograms, as seen on the figure, it was noticed that the trace was divided into two major portions.  The first seismic wave to arrive was the P-wave, followed closely by the S-wave.  Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake.

text: From the first seismograms, as seen on the figure, it was noticed that the trace was divided into two major portions.  The first seismic wave to arrive was the

text: P-wave

text: , followed closely by the

text: S-wave

text: .  Knowing the relative 'velocities of propagation', it was a simple matter to calculate the distance of the earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the distance of the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the distance of the earthquake

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-wave, followed closely by the S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave to arrive was the P-wave,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismograms,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Knowing the relative'velocities of propagation',

text: Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes allows geologists to determine seismic risk and  to create seismic hazard maps, which show the likely PGA values to be experienced in a region during an earthquake, with a probability of exceedance (PE).  Seismic engineers and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate earthquake loading for buildings in each zone, with key identified  structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the maximum considered earthquake (MCE).

text: Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes allows geologists to determine

text: seismic risk

text: and  to create

text: seismic hazard map

text: s, which show the likely PGA values to be experienced in a region during an earthquake, with a

text: probability of exceedance

text: (PE).

text: Seismic engineers

text: and government planning departments use these values to determine the appropriate

text: earthquake loading

text: for buildings in each zone, with key identified  structures (such as hospitals, bridges, power plants) needing to survive the

text: maximum considered earthquake

text: (MCE).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are not a source of earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a probability of exceedance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: geologists use seismic hazard maps

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the appropriate earthquake loading for buildings in each zone

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: maximum considered earthquake (MCE).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: PGA values

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic hazard maps,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic hazard maps,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: buildings

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquake, with a probability of exceedance

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquake, with a probability of exceedance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: historical earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic hazard maps,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Study of geographic areas combined with an assessment of historical earthquakes

text: The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active thrust faulting and folding, parallel and south of the southern edge of the Alborz mountain range, and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran. A seismic inversion of long-period P and SH body-wave seismograms indicated a rupture on a thrust fault that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a centroid depth of roughly . The rupture's mechanism of faulting was reverse.

text: The Bou'in-Zahra earthquake was located in an area of active

text: thrust fault

text: ing and

text: folding

text: , parallel and south of the southern edge of the

text: Alborz

text: mountain range, and was the 11th rupture in the previous two months in central Iran. A

text: seismic inversion

text: of long-period P and SH

text: body-wave seismograms

text: indicated a rupture on a

text: thrust fault

text: that dips 49 degrees to the southwest and had a

text: centroid

text: depth of roughly . The rupture's

text: mechanism

text: of faulting was reverse.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: centroid

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: centroid depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: long-period P

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long-period

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: centroid

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: centroid depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: centroid depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: SH

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: SH body-wave seismograms

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic inversion

text: According to Crampin  shear wave splitting measurements can be used to monitor stress levels in the earth.  It is well known that rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit dilatancy.  Shear wave splitting is produced by seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.  The changes in shear wave splitting measurements over the time leading up to an impending earthquake can be studied to give insight to the timing and location of the earthquake. These phenomena may be observed many hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.

text: According to Crampin  shear wave splitting measurements can be used to monitor stress levels in the earth.  It is well known that rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit

text: dilatancy

text: .  Shear wave splitting is produced by seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.  The changes in shear wave splitting measurements over the time leading up to an impending earthquake can be studied to give insight to the timing and location of the earthquake. These phenomena may be observed many hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: cracks or crystals

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dilatancy.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The changes in shear wave splitting measurements

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: hundreds of kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dilatancy.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rocks near an earthquake-prone zone will exhibit dilatancy.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves traveling through a medium with oriented cracks or crystals.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Shear wave splitting

text: Seismic waves are also generated by the Whillans Ice Stream, a large, fast-moving river of ice pouring from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Ross Ice Shelf.  Two bursts of seismic waves are released every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake, and are seemingly related to the tidal action of the Ross Sea. During each event a 96 by 193 kilometer (60 by 120 mile) region of the glacier moves as much as .67 meters (2.2 feet) over about 25 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter. The seismic waves are recorded at seismographs around Antarctica, and even as far away as Australia, a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers.  Because the motion takes place of such a long period of time 10 to 25 minutes, it cannot be felt by scientists standing on the moving glacier.  It is not known if these events are related to global warming.

text: Seismic waves

text: are also generated by the

text: Whillans Ice Stream

text: , a large, fast-moving river of ice pouring from the

text: West Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: into the

text: Ross Ice Shelf

text: .  Two bursts of seismic waves are released every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake, and are seemingly related to the

text: tidal action

text: of the Ross Sea. During each event a 96 by 193 kilometer (60 by 120 mile) region of the glacier moves as much as .67 meters (2.2 feet) over about 25 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter. The seismic waves are recorded at

text: seismographs

text: around

text: Antarctica

text: , and even as far away as

text: Australia

text: , a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers.  Because the motion takes place of such a long period of time 10 to 25 minutes, it cannot be felt by scientists standing on the moving glacier.  It is not known if these events are related to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 2.2 feet

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 2.2 feet

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2.2 feet

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: scientists standing on the moving glacier

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: scientists standing on the moving glacier

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves are generated

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (2.2 feet)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: (2.2 feet)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 6,400 kilometers.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 6,400 kilometers.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves are also generated by the Whillans Ice Stream,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismographs

text: Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded  in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. This aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.

text: Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge

text: Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves

text: that exceeded  in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the

text: antipode

text: ; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. This aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: vertical amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Global Seismographic Network

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: degrees.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: everywhere on Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: compressional (P) wave,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compressional (P) wave,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves

text: In seismology, S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike surface waves.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves (sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of

text: elastic wave

text: , and are one of the two main types of elastic

text: body wave

text: s, so named because they move through the body of an object, unlike

text: surface wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they move through the body of an object

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: s-waves can travel through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they move through the body of an object

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic wave, and are one of the two main types of elastic body waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the body of an object,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: move through the body of an object,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In seismology,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they move through the body of an object,

text: Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

text: Limitations in the calculation method mean that body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitude saturates at 6.5

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude saturates at around 6.5

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body wave magnitude saturates

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body wave magnitude saturates at around 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 6-6.5

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 6-6.5

text: The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at  joules, which is nearly double that of the 9.1 M 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year. The seismic moment (M), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×10 joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.

text: The

text: surface energy

text: of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at

text: joule

text: s, which is nearly double that of the 9.1 M

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year. The

text: seismic moment

text: (M), which represents a physical size for the event, was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×10 joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The surface energy of the seismic waves from the earthquake was calculated to be at joules

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic moment

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the seismic energy

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: joules,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 9.1 M 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The surface energy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 9.1 M 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The surface energy of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic energy

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the energy balance for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

text: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior involves the time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.  To derive these equations one must first write the

text: energy balance

text: for the mantle and the core separately.  They are,

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy balance for the mantle and core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy balance for the mantle and the core separately

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: simplest mathematical formulation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: energy balance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mid-mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time evolution of the mid-mantle and mid-core temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history of Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: time evolution of the mid-mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: mid-mantle

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The simplest mathematical formulation of the thermal history

text: As an undergraduate Karcher attended the University of Oklahoma where in 1916 he received a B.S. degree in both Electrical Engineering and physics and was at the head of his class. When the university was granted a chapter in 1918, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Upon graduation Karcher accepted the Tyndal Fellowship in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania where he began graduate work in September 1916. For his Ph.D. thesis he studied X-ray emissions. World War I interrupted his graduate studies and he served with the United States Bureau of Standards. His assignment was to locate heavy artillery batteries in France by studying acoustic waves the guns generated in the air. He noted an unexpected event in his research and switched his concentration to seismic waves in the earth. He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata by vibrating the Earth's surface while precisely recording and timing the returning waves of energy. On October 16, 1920, Karcher married Lydia Kilborn; they had two children.

text: As an undergraduate Karcher attended the

text: University of Oklahoma

text: where in 1916 he received a

text: B.S.

text: degree in both

text: Electrical Engineering

text: and

text: physics

text: and was at the head of his class. When the university was granted a chapter in 1918, he was elected to

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: . Upon graduation Karcher accepted the Tyndal Fellowship in Physics at the

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: where he began graduate work in September 1916. For his Ph.D. thesis he studied X-ray emissions. World War I interrupted his graduate studies and he served with the United States Bureau of Standards. His assignment was to locate heavy artillery batteries in

text: France

text: by studying

text: acoustic

text: waves the guns generated in the air. He noted an unexpected event in his research and switched his concentration to

text: seismic waves

text: in the earth. He thought it would be possible to determine the depth of underlying geological strata by vibrating the Earth's surface while precisely recording and timing the returning waves of energy. On October 16, 1920, Karcher married Lydia Kilborn; they had two children.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: timing the returning waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: X-ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: depth of underlying geological strata

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves in the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: returning waves of energy.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: precisely recording and timing the returning waves of energy.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: determine the depth of underlying geological strata

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: determine the depth of underlying geological strata

text: On October 27, 1998, during a four-year study of shear wave splitting in Iceland, Crampin and his coworkers recognized that time delays between split shear-waves were increasing at two seismic recording stations, BJA and SAU, in southwest Iceland. The following factors lead the group to recognize this as a possible precursor to an earthquake:

text: On October 27, 1998, during a four-year study of shear wave splitting in

text: Iceland

text: , Crampin and his coworkers recognized that time delays between split shear-waves were increasing at two seismic recording stations, BJA and SAU, in southwest Iceland. The following factors lead the group to recognize this as a possible precursor to an earthquake:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: time delays

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time delays

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Iceland

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time delays between split shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear wave splitting

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic recording stations,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: time delays

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic recording stations, BJA and SAU, in southwest Iceland.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time delays between split shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear wave splitting

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: time delays between split shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: time delays between split shear-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: time delays between split shear-waves

text: In October 2010, the King Street Station project was awarded $18.2 million from $2.4 billion in high-speed intercity passenger rail service funding announced by the U.S. Transportation Department. This funding was needed by the project in order to complete seismic regrades and to finalize the restoration of the interior. The restoration project was completed and the station was officially rededicated on April 24, 2013.

text: In October 2010, the King Street Station project was awarded $18.2 million from $2.4 billion in high-speed

text: intercity passenger rail

text: service funding announced by the

entity_name: United States Department of Transportation

text: U.S. Transportation Department

text: . This funding was needed by the project in order to complete seismic regrades and to finalize the restoration of the interior. The restoration project was completed and the station was officially rededicated on April 24, 2013.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: King Street Station

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In October 2010,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic regrades

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic regrades

text: With all these, the advancement of anisotropy was still slow and in the first 30 years (1920-1950) of exploration seismology only a few papers were written on the subject. More work was done by several scientists such as Helbig (1956) who observed while doing seismic work on Devonian schists that velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher than those across the foliation. However the appreciation of anisotropy increased with the proposition of a new model for the generation of anisotropy in an originally isotropic background and a new exploration concept by Crampin (1987). One of the main points by Crampin was that the polarization of three component shear waves carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass, and that shear wave splitting may contain information about the distribution of crack orientations.

text: With all these, the advancement of anisotropy was still slow and in the first 30 years (1920-1950) of exploration seismology only a few papers were written on the subject. More work was done by several scientists such as

text: Helbig

text: (1956) who observed while doing seismic work on

text: Devonian

text: schist

text: s that velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher than those across the foliation. However the appreciation of anisotropy increased with the proposition of a new model for the generation of anisotropy in an originally isotropic background and a new exploration concept by Crampin (1987). One of the main points by Crampin was that the polarization of three component shear waves carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass, and that

text: shear wave splitting

text: may contain information about the distribution of

text: crack

text: orientations.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: information about the distribution of crack orientations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Crampin (1987)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Crampin (1987)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities along the foliation were about 20%

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: three component shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities along the foliation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: crack orientations.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: velocities along the foliation were about 20% higher

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Devonian schists

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: carries unique information about the internal structure of the rock through which they pass,

text: The seismicity of Romania is clustered in several epicentral zones: Vrancea, Făgăraș-Câmpulung, Banat, Crișana, Maramureș and Southern Dobrogea. Other epicentral zones of local importance can be found in Transylvania, in the area of Jibou and Târnava River, in northern and western part of Oltenia, in northern Moldavia and in the Wallachian Plain. The Vrancea seismogenic zone is the most important among these seismic zones, having in mind the energy, the extent of the macroseismic effects and the persistent and confined character of the earthquakes that occur in this area. Basically, Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania, releasing over 95% of the seismic energy. Two belts of moderate and shallower seismicity are emphasized in the other regions of the country: one along the Southern Carpathians and the eastern edge of the Pannonian Basin, the other along the Eastern Carpathians that extends towards SE on the Peceneaga–Camena line.

text: The seismicity of Romania is clustered in several epicentral zones:

text: Vrancea

text: Făgăraș

text: Câmpulung

text: Banat

text: Crișana

text: Maramureș

text: and

text: Southern Dobrogea

text: . Other epicentral zones of local importance can be found in

text: Transylvania

text: , in the area of

text: Jibou

text: and

text: Târnava River

text: , in northern and western part of

text: Oltenia

text: , in northern

text: Moldavia

text: and in the

text: Wallachian Plain

text: . The Vrancea seismogenic zone is the most important among these seismic zones, having in mind the energy, the extent of the macroseismic effects and the persistent and confined character of the earthquakes that occur in this area. Basically, Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania, releasing over 95% of the seismic energy. Two belts of moderate and shallower seismicity are emphasized in the other regions of the country: one along the

text: Southern Carpathians

text: and the eastern edge of the

text: Pannonian Basin

text: , the other along the

text: Eastern Carpathians

text: that extends towards SE on the

text: Peceneaga

text: Camena

text: line.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Vrancea seismogenic zone

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Transylvania

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The Vrancea seismogenic zone is the most important among these seismic zones

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Peceneaga–Camena line

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Vrancea seismogenic zone

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic energy.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Peceneaga–Camena

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Vrancea area is responsible for over 90% of all earthquakes in Romania,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shallower seismicity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Southern Carpathians

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 95% of the seismic energy.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: epicentral zones:

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 95% of the seismic energy.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Peceneaga–Camena line.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

text: The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

text: The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In

text: fluid

text: s, sound propagates primarily as a

text: pressure wave

text: . In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including

text: longitudinal waves

text: transverse waves

text: and

text: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound propagates as a pressure wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: pressure wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wave propagation.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal waves, transverse waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

text: In 2013, Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Oklahoma demonstrated that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are susceptible to additional earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from remote earthquakes. They recommended increased seismic monitoring near fluid injection sites to determine which areas are vulnerable to remote triggering and when injection activity should be ceased.

text: In 2013, Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Oklahoma demonstrated that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are susceptible to additional earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from remote earthquakes. They recommended increased seismic monitoring near fluid injection sites to determine which areas are vulnerable to remote triggering and when injection activity should be ceased.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: human-induced seismicity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: human-induced seismicity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: human-induced seismicity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid injection sites

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid injection sites

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: remote earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves from remote earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid injection sites

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: fluid injection sites

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: remote earthquakes.

text: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves, and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward-downward shock, before arrival of waves that produce a side-to-side motion. For example, for a typical steel alloy, ,  and , yielding a compressional speed c of . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at  for a (possibly different) type of steel. The shear speed c is estimated at  using the same numbers.

text: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves, and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward-downward shock, before arrival of waves that produce a side-to-side motion. For example, for a typical steel alloy, ,  and , yielding a compressional speed c of . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at  for a (possibly different) type of steel. The shear speed c is estimated at  using the same numbers.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure waves travel faster in materials

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: pressure waves travel faster than shear waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Typically, pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

text: Isoseismic curves of the event displayed some anomalies in damage distribution. The town of Fosdinovo and its surroundings sustained only minor damage, despite being in the middle of an area of widespread destruction. Vigneta and Castiglioncello, both frazioni of Casola in Lunigiana, had very different fates: the first was completely devastated, while the latter experienced only a few cracks in the walls and some collapsed chimneys. Study on those anomalies led to a better understanding of the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves. Vigneta was built on alluvial ground, made of sand and cobbles. It turned out that the cobbles acted as an amplifier for the shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions. Sometimes, cobbles shattered, and the ground above was further destabilized. Castiglioncello was built on an extraordinarily compact limestone slab, which acted as a barrier that reflected shock waves. Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena, well understood today, were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

text: Isoseismic curves

text: of the event displayed some anomalies in damage distribution. The town of

text: Fosdinovo

text: and its surroundings sustained only minor damage, despite being in the middle of an area of widespread destruction. Vigneta and

text: Castiglioncello

text: , both

text: frazioni

text: of

text: Casola in Lunigiana

text: , had very different fates: the first was completely devastated, while the latter experienced only a few cracks in the walls and some collapsed chimneys. Study on those anomalies led to a better understanding of the effect of ground composition on the transmission of seismic waves. Vigneta was built on

text: alluvial ground

text: , made of sand and cobbles. It turned out that the cobbles acted as an amplifier for the shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions. Sometimes, cobbles shattered, and the ground above was further destabilized. Castiglioncello was built on an extraordinarily compact limestone slab, which acted as a barrier that reflected shock waves. Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena, well understood today, were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: random directions

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground composition

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: were unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sometimes, cobbles shattered

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sand and cobbles

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock-wave amplification

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground composition

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unknown at the time of the Garfagnana earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shock waves, multiplying their intensity and deflecting them in random directions.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Resonance and shock-wave amplification phenomena,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the effect of ground composition

text: This approach fails to account for the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier. This rate should affect the tunnel current, so it can be treated using the Fermi's golden rule with the appropriate tunneling matrix element. John Bardeen solved this problem in his study of the metal-insulator-metal junction. He found that if he solved Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately to obtain the wave functions ψ and χ for each electrode, he could obtain the tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions. This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes, where z=0 at the sample surface and z=W at the tip surface.

text: This approach fails to account for the rate at which electrons can pass the barrier. This rate should affect the tunnel current, so it can be treated using the

text: Fermi's golden rule

text: with the appropriate tunneling matrix element.

text: John Bardeen

text: solved this problem in his study of the

text: metal-insulator-metal

text: junction. He found that if he solved Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately to obtain the wave functions ψ and χ for each electrode, he could obtain the tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions. This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes, where z=0 at the sample surface and z=W at the tip surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: z=0

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: z

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: STM

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: z=W at the tip surface

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: z=W at the tip surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: sample and tip wave functions,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave functions

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: John Bardeen

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: electrons can pass the barrier.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: rate at which electrons can pass the barrier.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: z=0 at the sample surface and z=W

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: metal-insulator-metal junction.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electrons can pass the barrier.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: STM

text: Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in earthquake engineering and construction in earthquake-prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides, liquefaction of the foundation soils and waves of tsunami).

text: Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in

text: earthquake engineering

text: and

text: construction

text: in

text: earthquake

text: -prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced

text: landslide

text: s,

text: liquefaction of the foundation soils

text: and waves of

text: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake-induced landslides

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic motion of the ground

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: waves of tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic motion

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Mitigation of seismic motion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The destabilizing action of an earthquake

text: Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole sonic logging and vertical seismic profiling. They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole.  They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability.  Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and energy content is explained in  and.

text: Stoneley waves are most commonly generated during borehole

text: sonic logging

text: and

text: vertical seismic profiling

text: . They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled

text: borehole

text: .  They make up a large part of the low-frequency component of the signal from the seismic source and their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation

text: permeability

text: .  Therefore, analysis of Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties. The standard data processing of sonic logs to derive wave velocity and

text: energy

text: content is explained in  and.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid-filled borehole

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: They propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: their attenuation is sensitive to fractures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Stoneley waves propagate along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical seismic profiling.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Stoneley waves can make it possible to estimate these rock properties.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Stoneley waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Stoneley waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Stoneley waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Stoneley waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: their attenuation is sensitive to fractures and formation permeability.

text: The energy with which an earthquake affects a location depends on the running distance. The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A seismic wave loses energy as it propagates through the earth (attenuation). This phenomenon is tied in to the dispersion of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of dissipated energy:

text: The energy with which an

text: earthquake

text: affects a location depends on the running

text: distance

text: . The attenuation in the signal of ground motion intensity plays an important role in the assessment of possible strong groundshaking. A

text: seismic wave

text: loses

text: energy

text: as it propagates through the

text: earth

text: (attenuation). This

text: phenomenon

text: is tied in to the

text: dispersion

text: of the seismic energy with the distance. There are two types of

text: dissipated

text: energy:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dissipated energy

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dissipated energy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Context: P-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: dispersion of the seismic energy

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic wave loses energy

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two types of dissipated energy:

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: running distance.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: running distance.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave loses energy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: two types of dissipated energy:

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: two types of dissipated energy:

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: (attenuation).

text: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave because it would have to fill all space; only a plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.  However, many waves are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space. For example, a localized source such as an antenna produces a field that is approximately a plane wave far from the antenna in its far-field region.   Similarly, if the length scales are much longer than the wave’s wavelength, as is often the case for light in the field of optics, one can treat the waves as light rays which correspond locally to plane waves.__TOC__

text: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave because it would have to fill all space; only a plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.  However, many

text: wave

text: s are approximately plane waves in a localized region of space. For example, a localized source such as an

text: antenna

text: produces a field that is approximately a plane wave far from the antenna in its

text: far-field region

text: .   Similarly, if the

text: length scale

text: s are much longer than the wave’s wavelength, as is often the case for light in the field of

text: optics

text: , one can treat the waves as

text: light rays

text: which correspond locally to plane waves.__TOC__

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a true plane wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a true plane wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it would have to fill all space

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: plane waves in a localized region of space.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: light rays

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: plane wave because it would have to fill all space;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: It is not possible in practice to have a true plane wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plane wave of infinite extent will propagate as a plane wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: plane waves in a localized region of space.

text: Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes or free oscillations of the Earth. Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using seismographs. If the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics and mantle convection.

text: Seismic wave

text: s are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called

text: normal modes

text: or

text: free oscillations of the Earth

text: . Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using

text: seismograph

text: s. If the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on

text: plate tectonics

text: and

text: mantle convection

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground motions

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the entire Earth can also oscillate

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the locations of earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: measurements at more than one location can be used to locate the source.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth's interior or along its surface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: localized source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The locations of earthquakes

text: Its name, S for secondary, comes from the fact that it is the second direct arrival on an earthquake seismogram, after the compressional primary wave, or P-wave, because S-waves travel slower in rock. Unlike the P-wave, the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth, and this causes a shadow zone for S-waves opposite to where they originate. They can still appear in the solid inner core: when a P-wave strikes the boundary of molten and solid cores, S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium. And when the S-waves hit the boundary again they will in turn create P-waves. This property allows seismologists to determine the nature of the inner core.

text: Its name, S for secondary, comes from the fact that it is the second direct arrival on an earthquake

text: seismogram

text: , after the

text: compressional

text: primary wave, or

text: P-wave

text: , because S-waves travel slower in rock. Unlike the P-wave, the S-wave cannot travel through the molten

text: outer core

text: of the Earth, and this causes a

text: shadow zone

text: for S-waves opposite to where they originate. They can still appear in the solid

text: inner core

text: : when a P-wave strikes the boundary of molten and solid cores, S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium. And when the S-waves hit the boundary again they will in turn create P-waves. This property allows

text: seismologists

text: to determine the nature of the inner core.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid inner core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: compressional primary wave,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressional primary wave, or P-wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismologists to determine the nature of the inner core.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid inner core:

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: molten outer core of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the S-wave cannot travel through the molten outer core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: S-waves will then propagate in the solid medium.

text: For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency (and thus wavenumbers), this pattern of wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s, and will excite acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away.

text: For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency (and thus wavenumbers), this pattern of wave groups may have the same velocity as seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s, and will excite acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavenumbers

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a very small difference in frequency

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: have the same velocity as seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: have the same velocity as seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves radiate away

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a very small difference in frequency

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1500 and 3000 m/s,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity as seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: wave trains with a very small difference in frequency

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wave trains with a very small difference in frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: For wave trains with a very small difference in frequency

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves, between 1500 and 3000 m/s,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: acoustic-seismic modes that radiate away.

text: Human and freeborn robots fight their last New War battle in Ragnarok Intelligence Fields. Before being terminated, Archos R-14 broadcast its last message via seismic wave to unknown recipients.

text: Human and freeborn robots fight their last New War battle in Ragnarok Intelligence Fields. Before being terminated, Archos R-14 broadcast its last message via seismic wave to unknown recipients.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not known

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: cannot be used to communicate with humans

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they are not used for communication

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Ragnarok Intelligence Fields.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unknown recipients.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic wave

text: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about .

text: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunami were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including: Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about .

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: submarine and subaerial landslides

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: What type of tsunami was produced by this subduction zone earthquake?

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height of about.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: submarine and subaerial landslides

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: submarine and subaerial landslides

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: submarine and subaerial landslides

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Two types of tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: subduction zone earthquake.

text: The Kythira Strait, located within the Western Hellenic arc, is subject to submergence on account of normal faulting which results in "extensional deformation and rotation" between two major segments of the external arc. According to Papadopoulos and Kijko, the Western Hellenic arc has high seismic activity, resulting in deformations in the strait which are active. Here the "seismic slip" recorded is on the order of 0.3cm/year. Also reported in the strait are earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths, with surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

text: The Kythira Strait, located within the Western Hellenic arc, is subject to submergence on account of normal faulting which results in "extensional deformation and rotation" between two major segments of the external arc. According to Papadopoulos and Kijko, the Western Hellenic arc has high seismic activity, resulting in deformations in the strait which are active. Here the "seismic slip" recorded is on the order of 0.3cm/year. Also reported in the strait are earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths, with surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Kythira Strait

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitudes of up to 8.0

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitudes of up to 8.0

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Kythira Strait

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Kythira Strait,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface-wave magnitudes of up to 8.0.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes at shallow and intermediate depths,

text: Birch's Law was discovered by Francis Birch and allows for the seismic speed of a P-wave to be represented as a function of  with regard to the atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through.

text: Birch's Law was discovered by

text: Francis Birch

text: and allows for the seismic speed of a

text: P-wave

text: to be represented as a function of  with regard to the

text: atomic weight

text: of the substance the wave is moving through.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the atomic weight of the substance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: birch's law was discovered

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: birch's law was discovered

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Birch's Law

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: atomic weight

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: atomic weight of the substance the wave is moving through.

text: There are two types of body waves, Pressure waves or Primary waves (P-waves) and Shear or Secondary waves (S-waves). P-waves are longitudinal waves that involve compression and expansion in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids. S-waves are transverse waves that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids.

text: There are two types of body waves, Pressure waves or Primary waves (

text: P-wave

text: s) and

text: Shear

text: or Secondary waves (

text: S-wave

text: s).

text: P-wave

text: s are

text: longitudinal wave

text: s that involve

text: compression

text: and

text: expansion

text: in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a

text: seismogram

text: as they are the fastest moving waves through solids.

text: S-waves

text: are

text: transverse wave

text: s that move perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves are slower than P-waves. Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion, so S-waves only travel in solids.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluids cannot support perpendicular motion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: S-waves are slower than P-waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismogram

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: perpendicular

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Fluids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Fluids cannot support perpendicular motion,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: they are the fastest moving waves through solids.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids.

text: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves. Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce seismic wave motion with energy concentrated at the surface. The path of deep-focus earthquake seismic waves from focus to recording station goes through the heterogeneous upper mantle and highly variable crust only once. Therefore, the body waves undergo less attenuation and reverberation than seismic waves from shallow earthquakes, resulting in sharp body wave peaks.

text: Deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal

text: surface wave

text: s. Their focal depth causes the earthquakes to be less likely to produce

text: seismic wave

text: motion with energy concentrated at the surface. The path of deep-focus earthquake seismic waves from focus to recording station goes through the heterogeneous upper

text: mantle

text: and highly variable

text: crust

text: only once. Therefore, the body waves undergo less

text: attenuation

text: and

text: reverberation

text: than seismic waves from shallow earthquakes, resulting in sharp body wave peaks.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: heterogeneous upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shallow earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shallow earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: deep-focus earthquakes give rise to minimal surface waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peaks.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: upper mantle and highly variable crust only once.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: heterogeneous upper mantle and highly variable crust only once.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shallow earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shallow earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: heterogeneous upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shallow earthquakes, resulting in sharp body wave peaks.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: heterogeneous upper mantle and highly variable crust only once.

text: Polarization (also polarisation) is a parameter applying to waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillation. Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as gravitational waves and sound waves in solids. On the other hand, sound waves in a gas or liquid only oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation, and the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction. In these cases one doesn't normally speak of "polarization" since the oscillation's direction is not in question.

text: Polarization (

entity_name: American and British English spelling differences

text: also

text: polarisation) is a parameter applying to

text: wave

text: s that specifies the geometrical orientation of the

text: oscillation

text: Electromagnetic wave

text: s such as

text: light

text: exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as

text: gravitational wave

text: s and sound waves in solids. On the other hand,

text: sound wave

text: s in a gas or liquid only

text: oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation

text: , and the oscillation of

text: ocean waves

text: is always in the vertical direction. In these cases one doesn't normally speak of "polarization" since the oscillation's direction is not in question.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarization

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound waves only oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: vertical direction.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical direction.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Polarization

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical direction.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: only oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the oscillation's direction is not in question.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the oscillation of ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Polarization

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly acoustic pressure waves, in the Sun. Unlike seismic waves on Earth, solar waves have practically no shear component (s-waves). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the convection zone near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the Doppler shift of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly

text: acoustic

text: pressure wave

text: s, in the

text: Sun

text: . Unlike

text: seismic waves on Earth

text: , solar waves have practically no shear component (

text: s-waves

text: ). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the

text: convection zone

text: near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the

text: Doppler shift

text: of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow

text: astrophysicist

text: s to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Doppler shift

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic waves on Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear component

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves have practically no shear component

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Doppler

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: pressure waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: time series of solar images,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: solar waves have practically no shear component

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic waves on Earth, solar waves have practically no shear component

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: solar waves have practically no shear component

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: solar waves have practically no shear component

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves on Earth,

text: When a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy will reflect off the interface and some will refract through the interface.  At its most basic, the seismic reflection technique consists of generating seismic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers (or geophones) at the surface.  Knowing the travel times from the source to various receivers, and the velocity of the seismic waves, a geophysicist then attempts to reconstruct the pathways of the waves in order to build up an image of the subsurface.

text: When a seismic wave travelling through the Earth encounters an interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the wave energy will

text: reflect

text: off the interface and some will

text: refract

text: through the interface.  At its most basic, the seismic reflection technique consists of generating seismic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to travel from the source, reflect off an interface and be detected by an array of receivers (or

text: geophone

text: s) at the surface.  Knowing the travel times from the source to various receivers, and the velocity of the seismic waves, a geophysicist then attempts to reconstruct the pathways of the waves in order to build up an image of the subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: refract through the interface

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: some of the wave energy will reflect off the interface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travelling through the earth encounters an interface between two materials

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflect off the interface and some will refract through the interface.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: When a seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: interface between two materials with different acoustic impedances,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: build up an image of the subsurface.

text: It was felt across most of Ontario and Quebec, as well as parts of the northeastern United States, in addition to places as far as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Charleston, West Virginia, and Halifax. It was the first moderate earthquake associated with the Western Quebec Seismic Zone since 20 April 2002, when the area was affected by magnitude 5.1 M tremors. Southern Ontario was also affected by the 1998 magnitude 5.2 M Pymatuning earthquake, associated with a different seismic region (Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone).

text: It was felt across most of

text: Ontario

text: and

text: Quebec

text: , as well as parts of the northeastern United States, in addition to places as far as

text: Chicago

text: Pittsburgh

text: Baltimore

text: Charleston, West Virginia

text: , and

text: Halifax

text: . It was the first moderate earthquake associated with the

text: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

text: since 20 April 2002, when the area was affected by magnitude 5.1 M tremors. Southern Ontario was also affected by the 1998 magnitude 5.2 M

text: Pymatuning earthquake

text: , associated with a different seismic region (

text: Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 5.2 M

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 5.2 M

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquake associated with the Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquake associated with the Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Charleston, West Virginia, and Halifax.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Western Quebec Seismic Zone

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake associated with the Western Quebec Seismic Zone

text: Various sensors located on the surface of earth spaced equidistantly receive the seismic waves. The seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth and undergo changes in their properties - amplitude change, time of arrival, phase shift. By analyzing these properties of the signals, we can model the activities inside the earth.

text: Various sensors located on the surface of earth spaced equidistantly receive the seismic waves. The seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth and undergo changes in their properties - amplitude change, time of arrival, phase shift. By analyzing these properties of the signals, we can model the activities inside the earth.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time of arrival

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: travel through the various layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through the various layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: By analyzing these properties of the signals,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: equidistantly

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the various layers of earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: time of arrival, phase shift.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: amplitude change, time of arrival, phase shift.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: phase shift.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: analyzing these properties of the signals, we can model the activities inside the earth.

text: A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy, was , another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario gave a value of  and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value". Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons which are based on the Effects of nuclear weapons—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage[when applied to meteor airbursts]. A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the Tunguska airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored". Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons(momentum ignored).Corresponding to the seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.

text: A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the

entity_name: Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy

text: , was , another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the

text: University of Western Ontario

text: gave a value of  and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value". Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [Chelyabinsk] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book

text: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons

text: which are based on the

text: Effects of nuclear weapons

text: —[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage[when applied to meteor airbursts]. A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the

text: Tunguska

text: airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored". Thus a meteor airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons(momentum ignored).Corresponding to the

text: seismic wave

text: which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: stationary object exploding

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a meteor airburst

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the height at which the blast was initiated-where

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 430

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: meteor airburst

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 430

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: directional motion,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "momentum is ignored".

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: objects have rapid directional motion,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 430

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tial objects have rapid directional motion,

text: Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the gravitational field, which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by satellites. True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (deflection ranges up to 50") because topography and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field. Therefore, the gross structure of the earth's crust and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

text: Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the

text: gravitational field

text: , which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by

text: satellite

text: s. True

text: vertical

text: generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (

text: deflection

text: ranges up to 50") because

text: topography

text: and all geological masses disturb the gravitational field. Therefore, the gross structure of the

text: earth's crust

text: and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: deflection

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: deflection

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: true vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the gravitational field can be measured very accurately

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (deflection ranges up to 50")

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: (deflection ranges up to 50")

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (deflection ranges up to 50")

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: satellites.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: True vertical

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: True vertical

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: satellites.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface.

text: Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable seismometers. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed seismic waves. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of reflection seismology about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.

text: Passive seismic is the detection of natural low frequency earth movements, usually with the purpose of discerning geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources. Usually the data listening is done in multiple measurement points that are separated by several hundred meters, over periods of several hours to several days, using portable

text: seismometer

text: s. The conclusions about the geological structure are based on the spectral analysis or on the mathematical reconstruction of the propagation and possible sources of the observed

text: seismic wave

text: s. If the latter is planned, data are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously, using so called synchronized lines. Reliability of the time reverse modelling can be further increased using results of

text: reflection seismology

text: about the distribution of the sound speed in the underground volume.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: spectral analysis

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underground volume

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: are usually acquired in multiple (in the ideal case - all) points simultaneously

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Passive seismic

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: sound speed

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: multiple measurement points

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: several hundred meters,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: synchronized lines.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Passive seismic

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: reflection seismology

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: geological structure and locate underground oil, gas, or other resources.

text: Surface acoustic waves can be used for flow measurement also. SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front, which appears similar to seismic activities. The waves are generated at the excitation centre and spread out along the surface of a solid material. An electric pulse induces them to generate SAWs that propagate like the shock waves of an earthquake. Interdigital transducer acts as sender and as receiver. When one is in sender mode, the two most distant ones act as receivers. The SAWs travel along the surface of the measuring tube, but a portion will couple out to the liquid. The decoupling angle depends on the liquid respectively the propagation velocity of the wave which is specific to the liquid. On the other side of the measuring tube, portions of the wave will couple into the tube and continue their way along its surface to the next interdigital transducer. Another portion will be coupled out again and travels back to the other side of the measuring tube where the effect repeats itself and the transducer on this side detects the wave. That means excitation of any one transducer here will lead to a sequence of input signals on two other transducers in the distance. Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow, two in the other direction.

text: Surface acoustic waves can be used for flow measurement also. SAW relies on the propagation of a wave front, which appears similar to seismic activities. The waves are generated at the excitation centre and spread out along the surface of a solid material. An electric pulse induces them to generate SAWs that propagate like the shock waves of an

text: earthquake

text: . Interdigital

text: transducer

text: acts as sender and as

text: receiver

text: . When one is in sender mode, the two most distant ones act as receivers. The SAWs travel along the surface of the measuring tube, but a portion will couple out to the liquid. The decoupling angle depends on the liquid respectively the propagation velocity of the wave which is specific to the liquid. On the other side of the measuring tube, portions of the wave will couple into the tube and continue their way along its surface to the next interdigital transducer. Another portion will be coupled out again and travels back to the other side of the measuring tube where the effect repeats itself and the transducer on this side detects the wave. That means excitation of any one transducer here will lead to a sequence of input signals on two other transducers in the distance. Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow, two in the other direction.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: excitation centre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: decoupling angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid material

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The waves are generated at the excitation centre

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the direction of flow, two in the other direction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: SAWs travel along the surface of the measuring tube

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The waves are generated at the excitation centre

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: excitation centre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: angle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: along the surface of the measuring tube,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Two of the transducers send their signals in the direction of flow,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: liquid.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake.

text: During an earthquake seismic waves propagate spherically out from the hypocenter. Seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the liquid outer core refracts the longitudinal or compressional (P-waves) while it absorbs the transverse or shear waves (S-waves).  Outside of the seismic shadow zone both types of wave can be detected but, due to their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times.  By measuring the time difference on any seismograph as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.  This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in ° (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology.

text: During an earthquake

text: seismic wave

text: s propagate spherically out from the hypocenter.

text: Seismic shadowing

text: occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter because the liquid outer core

text: refracts

text: the

text: longitudinal

text: or compressional (

text: P-wave

text: s) while it absorbs the

text: transverse

text: or shear waves (

text: S-wave

text: s).  Outside of the seismic shadow zone both types of wave can be detected but, due to their different velocities and paths through the Earth, they arrive at different times.  By measuring the time difference on any

text: seismograph

text: as well as the distance on a travel-time graph at which the P-wave and S-wave have the same separation, geologists can calculate the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.  This distance is called the epicentral distance, commonly measured in

text: (degrees) and denoted as Δ (delta) in seismology.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: epicentral distance

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: outside of the seismic shadow zone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they arrive at the same time

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic shadowing occurs on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake epicenter

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the liquid outer core refracts

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hypocenter.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: ° (degrees) and denoted as <unk> (delta)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: By measuring the time difference

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: epicentral distance,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave and S-wave have the same separation,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves propagate spherically out from the hypocenter.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: refracts the longitudinal or compressional (P-waves)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: longitudinal or compressional

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: geologists can calculate the distance to the earthquake's epicenter.

text: There are a number of large-scale carbon capture and sequestration projects that have demonstrated the viability and safety of this method of carbon storage, which are summarized here by the Global CCS Institute. The dominant monitoring technique is seismic imaging, where vibrations are generated that propagate through the subsurface.  The geologic structure can be imaged from the refracted/reflected waves.

text: There are a number of large-scale carbon capture and sequestration projects that have demonstrated the viability and safety of this method of carbon storage, which are summarized here by the Global CCS Institute. The dominant monitoring technique is seismic imaging, where vibrations are generated that propagate through the subsurface.  The geologic structure can be imaged from the refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: carbon capture and sequestration projects

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The geologic structure

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: refracted/reflected waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic imaging,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic imaging,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The geologic structure

text: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. For example, a meteoroid traveling through Earth's atmosphere produces a shock wave generated by the extremely rapid compression of air in front of the meteoroid. It is primarily this ram pressure (rather than friction) that heats the air that in turn heats the meteoroid as it flows around it.

text: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. For example, a

text: meteoroid

text: traveling through Earth's atmosphere produces a

text: shock wave

text: generated by the extremely rapid compression of air in front of the meteoroid. It is primarily this ram pressure (rather than

text: friction

text: ) that heats the air that in turn heats the meteoroid as it flows around it.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: relative velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: friction)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: friction)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the relative velocity between the body and the fluid.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: extremely rapid compression of air in front of the meteoroid.

text: P-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the seismic waves, it is sometimes referred to as the primary wave and is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves.

text: P-wave refraction evaluates the

text: compression wave

text: generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the

text: seismic waves

text: , it is sometimes referred to as the

text: primary wave

text: and is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sledgehammer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the compression wave is the fastest

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: p-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the compression wave is the fastest

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic recording

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: a known distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: compression wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-wave refraction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the compression wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: P-wave refraction

text: Seismic interferometry is currently utilized primarily in research and academic settings. In one example, passive listening and the crosscorrelation of long noise traces was used to approximate the impulse response for shallow subsurface velocity analysis in Southern California. Seismic interferometry provided a result comparable to that indicated using elaborate inversion techniques. Seismic interferometry is most often used for the examination of the near surface and isoften utilized to reconstruct surface and direct waves only. As such, seismic interferometry is commonly used to estimate ground roll to aid in its removal. Seismic interferometry simplifies estimates of shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing building.  Seismic interferometry has been applied to image the seismic scattering  and velocity structure  of volcanoes.

text: Seismic interferometry is currently utilized primarily in research and academic settings. In one example, passive listening and the crosscorrelation of long noise traces was used to approximate the impulse response for shallow subsurface velocity analysis in Southern California. Seismic interferometry provided a result comparable to that indicated using elaborate inversion techniques. Seismic interferometry is most often used for the examination of the near surface and isoften utilized to reconstruct surface and direct waves only. As such, seismic interferometry is commonly used to estimate ground roll to aid in its removal. Seismic interferometry simplifies estimates of shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing building.  Seismic interferometry has been applied to image the seismic scattering  and velocity structure  of volcanoes.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: ground roll to aid in its removal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic interferometry has been applied to image the seismic scattering

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear wave velocity and attenuation

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic interferometry

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity and attenuation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear wave velocity and attenuation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic scattering and velocity structure of volcanoes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shear wave velocity and attenuation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: standing building.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: standing building.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic interferometry

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear wave velocity and attenuation in a standing building.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: image the seismic scattering and velocity structure of volcanoes.

text: The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an onion. These layers can be defined by their chemical and their rheological properties.  Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the  Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.

text: The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an

text: onion

text: . These layers can be defined by their

text: chemical

text: and their

text: rheological

text: properties.

text: Earth

text: has an outer

text: silicate

text: solid

text: crust

text: , a highly

text: viscous

text: mantle

text: , a liquid

text: outer core

text: that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid

text: inner core

text: . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of

text: topography

text: and

text: bathymetry

text: , observations of

text: rock

text: in

text: outcrop

text: , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by

text: volcanoes

text: or

text: volcanic activity

text: , analysis of the

text: seismic wave

text: s that pass through the Earth, measurements of the

text: gravitational

text: and

text: magnetic fields

text: of the  Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth's deep interior.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: volcanoes or volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is much less viscous than the mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: crystalline solids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: much less viscous than the mantle,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth,

text: The idea of a so-called "Hollow Earth", once popular in fantasy adventure literature, is that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and an inner surface habitable by human beings.  Although the scientific community has made clear that this is pseudoscience, the idea nevertheless is a less popular feature of many fantasy and science fiction stories and of some conspiracy theories.

text: The idea of a so-called "

text: Hollow Earth

text: ", once popular in fantasy adventure literature, is that the planet

text: Earth

text: has a hollow interior and an inner surface habitable by human beings.  Although the scientific community has made clear that this is

text: pseudoscience

text: , the idea nevertheless is a less popular feature of many

text: fantasy

text: and

text: science fiction

text: stories and of some

text: conspiracy theories

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hollow Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The idea of a so-called "Hollow Earth", once popular in fantasy adventure literature, is that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and an inner surface habitable by human beings

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: inner surface habitable by human beings.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: scientific community has made clear that this is pseudoscience,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: "Hollow Earth",

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: "Hollow Earth",

text: An important method for imaging large-scale structures in Earth's interior is seismic tomography, by which the area under consideration is "illuminated" from all sides with seismic waves from earthquakes from as many different directions as possible; these waves are recorded with a network of seismometers. The size of the network is crucial for the extent of the region which can be imaged reliably. For the investigation of the Iceland Plume both global and regional tomography have been used; in the former, the whole mantle is imaged at relatively low resolution using data from stations all over the world, whereas in the latter, a denser network only on Iceland images the mantle down to 400–450 km depth with higher resolution.

text: An important method for imaging large-scale structures in Earth's interior is seismic

text: tomography

text: , by which the area under consideration is "illuminated" from all sides with seismic waves from

text: earthquake

text: s from as many different directions as possible; these waves are recorded with a network of

text: seismometer

text: s. The size of the network is crucial for the extent of the region which can be imaged reliably. For the investigation of the Iceland Plume both global and regional tomography have been used; in the former, the whole mantle is imaged at relatively low resolution using data from stations all over the world, whereas in the latter, a denser network only on Iceland images the mantle down to 400–450 km depth with higher resolution.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismometers

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global and regional tomography have been used

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: a network of seismometers.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: resolution

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes from as many different directions as possible;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: as many different directions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves from earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes from as many different directions as possible;

text: If the free surface of a liquid is disturbed, waves are produced on the surface. These waves are not elastic waves due to any elastic force; they are gravity waves caused by the force of gravity tending to bring the surface of the disturbed liquid back to its horizontal level. Momentum causes the wave to overshoot, thus oscillating and spreading the disturbance to the neighboring portions of the surface. The velocity of the surface waves varies as the square root of the wavelength if the liquid is deep; therefore long waves on the sea go faster than short ones. Very minute waves or ripples are not due to gravity but to capillary action, and have properties different from those of the longer ocean surface waves,because the surface is increased in area by the ripples and the capillary forces are in this case large compared with the gravitational forces.Capillary ripples are damped both by sub-surface viscosity and by surface rheology.

text: If the free surface of a liquid is disturbed,

text: wave

text: s are produced on the surface. These waves are not

text: elastic waves

text: due to any

text: elastic force

text: ; they are

text: gravity wave

text: s caused by the force of gravity tending to bring the surface of the disturbed liquid back to its horizontal level.

text: Momentum

text: causes the wave to

text: overshoot

text: , thus oscillating and spreading the disturbance to the neighboring portions of the surface. The velocity of the surface waves varies as the square root of the

text: wavelength

text: if the liquid is deep; therefore

text: long waves

text: on the sea go faster than short ones. Very minute waves or ripples are not due to gravity but to

text: capillary action

text: , and have properties different from those of the longer

text: ocean surface waves

text: ,because the surface is increased in area by the ripples and the capillary forces are in this case large compared with the gravitational forces.Capillary ripples are damped both by sub-surface

text: viscosity

text: and by

text: surface rheology

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Momentum

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Momentum

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: liquid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic force

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waves are produced on the surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced on the surface

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Momentum causes the wave to overshoot,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: overshoot,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: elastic waves due to any elastic force;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: elastic waves due to any elastic force;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: If the free surface of a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: long waves on the sea go faster than short ones.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: gravity waves

text: Experience in writing and producing film soundtracks positioned Stuart to play a key role in the new wave explosion of the mid 1970s. He originally produced Silly Billy, a feminist reggae track for Mari Elliot in 1976, but both careers shifted hugely after a seismic encounter with the Sex Pistols:

text: Experience in writing and producing film soundtracks positioned Stuart to play a key role in the

text: new wave

text: explosion of the mid 1970s. He originally produced Silly Billy, a

text: feminist

text: reggae track for

text: Mari Elliot

text: in 1976, but both careers shifted hugely after a seismic encounter with the

text: Sex Pistols

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Sex Pistols

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: new wave explosion of the mid 1970s.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: new wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic encounter with the Sex Pistols:

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: new wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic encounter

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Sex Pistols:

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: new wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: new wave explosion of the mid 1970s.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: new wave explosion of the mid 1970s.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic encounter with the Sex Pistols:

text: Documented cases of vibrational communication are almost exclusively restricted to Rayleigh waves or bending waves. Seismic energy in the form of Rayleigh waves transmits most efficiently between 10 and 40 Hz. This is the range in which elephants may communicate seismically. In areas with little to no human-generated seismic noise, frequencies around 20 Hz are relatively noise-free, other than vibrations associated with thunder or earth tremors, making it a reasonably quiet communication channel. Both airborne and vibrational waves are subject to interference and alteration from environmental factors. Factors such as wind and temperature influence airborne sound propagation, whereas propagation of seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity. Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically, attenuate more rapidly (losing 6 dB for every doubling of distance) than ground surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (3 dB loss for every doubling of distance), and thus ground surface waves maintain integrity longer.  Vibrational signals are probably not very costly to produce for small animals, whereas the generation of air-borne sound is limited by body size.

text: Documented cases of vibrational communication are almost exclusively restricted to Rayleigh waves or bending waves. Seismic energy in the form of Rayleigh waves transmits most efficiently between 10 and 40

text: Hz

text: . This is the range in which elephants may communicate seismically. In areas with little to no human-generated seismic noise, frequencies around 20 Hz are relatively noise-free, other than vibrations associated with thunder or earth tremors, making it a reasonably quiet communication channel. Both airborne and vibrational waves are subject to interference and alteration from environmental factors. Factors such as wind and temperature influence airborne sound propagation, whereas propagation of seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity. Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically, attenuate more rapidly (losing 6

text: dB

text: for every doubling of distance) than ground surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (3 dB loss for every doubling of distance), and thus ground surface waves maintain integrity longer.  Vibrational signals are probably not very costly to produce for small animals, whereas the generation of air-borne sound is limited by body size.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 40 Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dB

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: bending waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: attenuate more rapidly

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: airborne sound waves spread spherically

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the substrate type and heterogeneity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 40 Hz.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: bending waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: doubling

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Airborne sound waves spread spherically

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Airborne sound waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: thunder or earth tremors,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: bending waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity.

text: The process of creating dispersion curves from raw surface wave data (distance vs. time plot) can be performed using five transformation processes.  The first is known as the wave-field transformation (τ-p transformation), first performed by McMechan and Yedlin (1981). The second is a 2-dimensional wave-field transform (f-k transformation) performed by Yilmaz (1987). The third is a wave-field transform base on phase shift, performed by Park et al. (1998). The fourth is a modified wave-field transform base on frequency decomposition and slant stacking, performed by Xia et al. (2007). The fifth is a high-resolution Linear Radon transformation performed by Luo et al. (2008). In performing a wave-field transformation, a slant stack is done, followed by a Fourier transform.  The way in which a Fourier transform changes x-t data into x-ω (ω is angular frequency) data shows why phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory.  Phase velocity is the velocity of each wave with a given frequency.  The modified wavefield transform is executed by doing a Fourier transform first before a slant stack.  Slant stacking is a process by which x-t (where x is the offset distance, and t is the time) data is transformed into slowness versus time space.  A linear move (similar to normal move out (NMO)) out is applied to the raw data.  For each line on a seismic plot, there will be a move out that can be applied that will make that line horizontal.  Distances are integrated for each slowness and time composition.  This is known as a slant stack because each value for slowness represents a slant in x-t space and the integration stacks these values for each slowness.

text: The process of creating dispersion curves from raw surface wave data (distance vs. time plot) can be performed using five transformation processes.  The first is known as the wave-field transformation (τ-p transformation), first performed by McMechan and Yedlin (1981). The second is a 2-dimensional wave-field transform (f-k transformation) performed by Yilmaz (1987). The third is a wave-field transform base on phase shift, performed by Park et al. (1998). The fourth is a modified wave-field transform base on frequency decomposition and slant stacking, performed by Xia et al. (2007). The fifth is a high-resolution Linear Radon transformation performed by Luo et al. (2008). In performing a wave-field transformation, a slant stack is done, followed by a

text: Fourier transform

text: .  The way in which a Fourier transform changes x-t data into x-ω (ω is angular frequency) data shows why phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory.  Phase velocity is the velocity of each wave with a given frequency.  The modified wavefield transform is executed by doing a Fourier transform first before a slant stack.  Slant stacking is a process by which x-t (where x is the offset distance, and t is the time) data is transformed into

text: slowness

text: versus time space.  A linear move (similar to

text: normal move out (NMO)

text: ) out is applied to the raw data.  For each line on a seismic plot, there will be a move out that can be applied that will make that line horizontal.  Distances are integrated for each slowness and time composition.  This is known as a slant stack because each value for slowness represents a slant in x-t space and the integration stacks these values for each slowness.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: t

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: wave-field transformation

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: phase velocity dominates surface wave inversion theory

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: slant stacking

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ular frequency)

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave inversion theory.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave inversion theory.

text: On 8 October 1909 there was an earthquake with its epicentre in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of existing seismographs were installed before and provided invaluable data upon which he made new discoveries. He concluded that when seismic waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate through the soil with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the Earth has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the discontinuity that separates the Earth's crust from its mantle. This is now called the Mohorovičić discontinuity or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho.  According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km. We know today that the crust is 5–9 km  below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on tectonic plates.Subsequent study of the Earth's interior confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

text: On 8 October 1909 there was an earthquake with its

text: epicentre

text: in the Pokuplje region, 39 km southeast of Zagreb. A number of existing

text: seismograph

text: s were installed before and provided invaluable data upon which he made new discoveries. He concluded that when

text: seismic

text: waves strike the boundary between different types of material, they are reflected and refracted, just as light is when striking a prism, and that when earthquakes occur, two waves—

text: longitudinal

text: and

text: transverse

text: —propagate through the soil with different velocities. By analyzing data from more observation posts, Mohorovičić concluded that the

text: Earth

text: has several layers above a core. He was the first to establish, based on the evidence from seismic waves, the

text: discontinuity

text: that separates the Earth's

text: crust

text: from its

text: mantle

text: . This is now called the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: or (because of the complexity of that name) Moho.  According to Mohorovičić, a layered structure would explain the observation of depths where seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km. We know today that the crust is 5–9 km  below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on

text: tectonic plate

text: s.Subsequent study of the

text: Earth's interior

text: confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicentre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil with different velocities

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the Earth has several layers above a core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismographs were installed before and provided invaluable data

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: light is when striking a prism,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected and refracted,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: waves—longitudinal and transverse—propagate

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: discontinuity that separates the Earth's crust from its mantle.

text: Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate. along the interface between water and air; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as surface gravity waves. As the wind blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by Miles, also in 1957.

text: Wind waves are mechanical

text: wave

text: s that propagate. along the interface between

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: ; the restoring force is provided by gravity, and so they are often referred to as

text: surface gravity waves

text: . As the

text: wind

text: blows, pressure and friction perturb the equilibrium of the water surface and transfer energy from the air to the water, forming waves. The initial formation of waves by the wind is described in the theory of Phillips from 1957, and the subsequent growth of the small waves has been modeled by

text: Miles

text: , also in 1957.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the restoring force is provided by gravity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the restoring force is provided by gravity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wind waves propagate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: along the interface between water and air;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wind waves are mechanical waves that propagate. along the interface between water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Wind waves

text: A synthetic seismogram is the result of forward modelling the seismic response of an input earth model, which is defined in terms of 1D, 2D or 3D variations in physical properties. In hydrocarbon exploration this is used to provide a 'tie' between changes in rock properties in a borehole and seismic reflection data at the same location. It can also be used either to test possible interpretation models for 2D and 3D seismic data or to model the response of the predicted geology as an aid to planning a seismic reflection survey. In the processing of wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data, synthetic seismograms are used to further constrain the results of seismic tomography. In earthquake seismology, synthetic seismograms are used either to match the predicted effects of a particular earthquake source fault model with observed seismometer records or to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure. Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized geophysical software.

text: A synthetic seismogram is the result of forward modelling the

text: seismic

text: response of an input earth model, which is defined in terms of 1D, 2D or 3D variations in physical properties. In

text: hydrocarbon exploration

text: this is used to provide a 'tie' between changes in rock properties in a borehole and seismic reflection data at the same location. It can also be used either to test possible interpretation models for 2D and 3D seismic data or to model the response of the predicted geology as an aid to planning a seismic reflection survey. In the processing of wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data, synthetic seismograms are used to further constrain the results of

text: seismic tomography

text: . In

text: earthquake

text: seismology

text: , synthetic seismograms are used either to match the predicted effects of a particular earthquake

text: source fault model

text: with observed

text: seismometer

text: records or to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure. Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized

text: geophysical software

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wide-angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: to help constrain the Earth's velocity structure

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth's velocity structure

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrocarbon exploration

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized geophysical software.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it can also be used either to test possible interpretation models for 2D and 3D seismic data

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Synthetic seismograms are generated using specialized geophysical software.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wide-angle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock properties in a borehole

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic tomography.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic reflection

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: A synthetic seismogram

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic reflection data at the same location.

text: Precursors are characteristic wave patterns caused by dispersion of an impulse's frequency components as it propagates through a medium. Classically, precursors precede the main signal, although in certain situations they may also follow it. Precursor phenomena exist for all types of waves, as their appearance is only predicated on the prominence of dispersion effects in a given mode of wave propagation. This non-specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns in different types of electromagnetic radiation (microwaves, visible light, and terahertz radiation) as well as in fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

text: Precursors are characteristic wave patterns caused by

text: dispersion

text: of an impulse's frequency components as it propagates through a medium. Classically, precursors precede the main signal, although in certain situations they may also follow it. Precursor phenomena exist for all types of waves, as their appearance is only predicated on the prominence of dispersion effects in a given mode of wave propagation. This non-specificity has been confirmed by the observation of precursor patterns in different types of

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: microwaves

text: visible light

text: , and

text: terahertz radiation

text: ) as well as in

text: fluid surface waves

text: and

text: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency components

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: precursors precede the main signal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: terahertz radiation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: precursors precede the main signal,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: precursor patterns

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: fluid surface waves and seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves.

text: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). The use of human-generated seismic waves to map in detail the geology of the upper few kilometers of the Earth's crust followed shortly thereafter and has developed mainly due to commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.

text: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves at geologic interfaces within the Earth were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves. The basic model of the Earth's deep interior is based on observations of earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior (e.g., Mohorovičić, 1910). The use of human-generated seismic waves to map in detail the geology of the upper few kilometers of the Earth's crust followed shortly thereafter and has developed mainly due to commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refractions

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: human-generated

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: human-generated seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves were first observed on recordings of earthquake-generated seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquake-generated seismic waves transmitted through the Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth’s interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: human-generated

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Reflections and refractions of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake-generated seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: earthquake-generated seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: commercial enterprise, particularly the petroleum industry.

text: When a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the energy in the wave will be reflected at the boundary, while some of the energy will be transmitted through the boundary.  The amplitude of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave by the seismic reflection coefficient

text: When a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances, some of the energy in the wave will be reflected at the boundary, while some of the energy will be transmitted through the boundary.  The

text: amplitude

text: of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave by the seismic

text: reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a boundary

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the amplitude of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incident wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: boundary between two materials with different acoustic impedances,

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground. These are surface waves, mostly Rayleigh waves, and bulk longitudinal waves and transverse waves (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called microseisms, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g. water waves in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in decibels (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

text: Like in seismology, ground vibrations are associated with different types of

text: elastic waves

text: propagating through the ground. These are

text: surface waves

text: , mostly

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , and bulk

text: longitudinal waves

text: and

text: transverse waves

text: (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth. Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz. Waves of lower frequencies (below 1 Hz) are usually called

text: microseism

text: s, and they are normally associated with natural phenomenae, e.g.

text: water waves

text: in the oceans. Environmental ground vibrations generated by rail and road traffic may cause annoyance to residents of nearby buildings both directly and via generated structure-borne interior noise. Very strong ground vibrations, e.g. generated by heavy lorries on bumped roads, may even cause structural damage to very close buildings. Magnitudes of ground vibrations are usually described in terms of particle vibration velocity (in mm/s or m/s). Sometimes they are also described in

text: decibel

text: s (relative to the reference particle velocity of 10 m/s). Typical values of ground vibration particle velocity associated with vehicles passing over traffic calming road humps are in the range of 0.1 – 2 mm/s. Magnitudes of ground vibrations that are considered to be able to cause structural damage to buildings are above 10–20 mm/s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitudes of ground vibrations

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Typical frequency range for environmental ground vibrations is 1 – 200 Hz

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: propagating into the ground depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves in the oceans

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they are associated with different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 200 Hz.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: microseisms,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: transverse waves (or shear waves) propagating into the ground depth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: microseisms,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: microseisms,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves in the oceans.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves, and bulk longitudinal waves and transverse waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: different types of elastic waves propagating through the ground.

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of . Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

text: Ocean waves can be classified based on: the disturbing force(s) that create(s) them; the extent to which the disturbing force(s) continue(s) to influence them after formation; the extent to which the restoring force(s) weaken(s) (or flatten) them; and their wavelength or period. Seismic Sea waves have a period of ~20 minutes, and speeds of . Wind waves (deep-water waves) have a period of about 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: period

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 20 seconds

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wavelength or period

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves can be classified based on

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sea waves have a period of  20 minutes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: speeds of. Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic Sea waves have a period of <unk>20 minutes,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: (deep-water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wind waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic Sea waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: <unk>20 minutes,

text: When a seismic wave encounters an interface, it creates a charge separation at the interface forming an electric dipole.  This dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave that can be detected by antennae on the ground surface.

text: When a seismic wave encounters an interface, it creates a charge separation at the interface forming an

text: electric dipole

text: .  This dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave that can be detected by antennae on the ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: dipole

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: an electric dipole radiates an electromagnetic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a seismic wave encounters an interface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic wave encounters an interface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: electromagnetic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: electric dipole.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: electric dipole.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interface,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electric dipole.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: electromagnetic wave that can be detected by antennae on the ground surface.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: electric dipole.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: electric dipole.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: antennae on the ground surface.

text: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys, it attenuates seismic waves and its structure contains overhangs that are difficult to image.  This led to another variation on the NATS survey type, the wide-azimuth towed streamer (or WAZ or WATS) and was first tested on the Mad Dog field in 2004.  This type of survey involved 1 vessel solely towing a set of 8 streamers and 2 separate vessels towing seismic sources that were located at the start and end of the last receiver line (see diagram).  This configuration was "tiled" 4 times, with the receiver vessel moving further away from the source vessels each time and eventually creating the effect of a survey with 4 times the number of streamers.  The end result was a seismic dataset with a larger range of wider azimuths, delivering a breakthrough in seismic imaging.  These are now the three common types of marine towed streamer seismic surveys.

text: The seismic properties of salt poses an additional problem for marine seismic surveys, it attenuates seismic waves and its structure contains overhangs that are difficult to image.  This led to another variation on the NATS survey type, the wide-azimuth towed streamer (or WAZ or WATS) and was first tested on the

text: Mad Dog field

text: in 2004.  This type of survey involved 1 vessel solely towing a set of 8 streamers and 2 separate vessels towing seismic sources that were located at the start and end of the last receiver line (see diagram).  This configuration was "tiled" 4 times, with the receiver vessel moving further away from the source vessels each time and eventually creating the effect of a survey with 4 times the number of streamers.  The end result was a seismic dataset with a larger range of wider azimuths, delivering a breakthrough in seismic imaging.  These are now the three common types of marine towed streamer seismic surveys.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: azimuth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: azimuth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: azimuths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: it attenuates seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: it attenuates seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: azimuths,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: azimuths,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic imaging.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: azimuths,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The seismic properties of salt

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic imaging.

text: It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the scale of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).

text: It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the

text: scale

text: of

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Level 7

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Japan

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Level 7 is the highest level of seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Level 7 on the scale

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 7

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 7

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 7

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: Surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool in evaluating the near subsurface.  Surface waves found on seismograms can now be a useful by product of seismic exploration surveys instead of a waste product.  Furthermore, it is more budget friendly because the use of an active energy source is not needed. Also, it is useful in detecting low velocity zones in the subsurface that are undetectable by refraction methods.  It is most effective in estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

text: Surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool in evaluating the near subsurface.  Surface waves found on seismograms can now be a useful by product of seismic exploration surveys instead of a waste product.  Furthermore, it is more budget friendly because the use of an active energy source is not needed. Also, it is useful in detecting low velocity zones in the subsurface that are undetectable by refraction methods.  It is most effective in estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a waste product

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a waste product

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave inversion is becoming a valuable tool

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: refraction

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a waste product.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a waste product.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismograms

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: low velocity zones

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: estimating shear velocity, density, and thickness of subsurface profiles.

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example, acoustics is distinguished from optics in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by vibration.  Concepts such as mass, momentum, inertia, or elasticity, become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves etc.; in the case of solids: Rayleigh waves, dispersion; and so on....

text: It may appear that the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin for each specific instance of a wave process.  For example,

text: acoustics

text: is distinguished from

text: optics

text: in that sound waves are related to a mechanical rather than an electromagnetic wave transfer caused by

text: vibration

text: .  Concepts such as

text: mass

text: momentum

text: inertia

text: , or

text: elasticity

text: , become therefore crucial in describing acoustic (as distinct from optic) wave processes. This difference in origin introduces certain wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved. For example, in the case of air:

text: vortices

text: radiation pressure

text: shock waves

text: etc.; in the case of solids:

text: Rayleigh waves

text: dispersion

text: ; and so on....

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vortices

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a solid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave characteristics particular to the properties of the medium involved

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the description of waves is closely related to their physical origin

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: physical origin

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic wave transfer caused by vibration.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: air: vortices, radiation pressure, shock waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shock waves

text: In the situation of complex geology, e.g. faulting, folding, fracturing, salt bodies, and unconformities, pre-stack migration (PreSM) is used due to better resolution under such complex geology. In PreSM, all traces are migrated before being moved to zero-offset. As a result, much more information is used, which results in a much better image, along with the fact that PreSM honours velocity changes more accurately than post-stack migration. The PreSM is extremely sensitive to the accuracy of the velocity field. Thus the inadequacy of isotropic velocity models is not suitable for the pre stack depth migration. P-wave anisotropic prestack depth migration (APSDM) can produce a seismic image that is very accurate in depth and space. As a result, unlike isotropic PSDM, it is consistent with well data and provides an ideal input for reservoir characterization studies. However, this accuracy can only be achieved if correct anisotropy parameters are used. These parameters cannot be estimated from seismic data alone. They can only be determined with confidence through analysis of a variety of geoscientific material – borehole data and geological history.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: zero-offset

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: zero-offset

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: complex geology

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: isotropic PSDM

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: inadequacy of isotropic velocity models

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: salt bodies, and unconformities

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these parameters cannot be estimated from seismic data alone

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: zero-offset.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: zero-offset.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: borehole data and geological history.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: zero-offset.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: borehole

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: isotropic PSDM,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: isotropic PSDM,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: salt bodies,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-wave anisotropic prestack depth migration

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: borehole data and geological history.

text: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations of the Earth.

text: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as

text: free oscillations of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: can be measured

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are not observed as oscillations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they are not a source of energy

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Standing surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Standing surface waves on the Earth are observed as free oscillations

text: Dispersive body waves is an important aspect of seismic theory. When a wave propagates through subsurface materials both energy dissipation and velocity dispersion takes place. Energy dissipation is frequency dependent and causes decreased resolution of the seismic images when recorded in seismic prospecting. The attendant dispersion is a necessary consequence of the energy dissipation and causes the high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves. The consequence for the seismic image is a frequency dependent time-shift of the data, and so correct timings for lithological identification cannot be obtained.

text: Dispersive body waves is an important aspect of

text: seismic theory

text: . When a wave propagates through subsurface materials both energy

text: dissipation

text: and velocity dispersion takes place. Energy dissipation is

text: frequency dependent

text: and causes decreased resolution of the seismic images when recorded in seismic prospecting. The attendant dispersion is a necessary consequence of the energy dissipation and causes the high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves. The consequence for the seismic image is a frequency dependent time-shift of the data, and so correct timings for lithological identification cannot be obtained.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: frequency dependent

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy dissipation is frequency dependent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: correct timings for lithological identification cannot be obtained

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic prospecting

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic prospecting.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: low-frequency

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: correct timings for lithological identification

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy dissipation and velocity dispersion

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Dispersive body waves is an important aspect of seismic theory.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: high frequency waves to travel faster than the low-frequency waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic prospecting.

text: Notonecta glauca can discriminate between prey and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by surface waves. Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that waves that were created by other backswimmers swimming, emerging, turning and paddling were of a lower frequency (below 40 Hz) compared to waves created by their prey items, who had a frequency between 70–140 Hz. Larval backswimmers were found to create different waves that differed from adult backswimmers, but their frequency were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).

text: Notonecta glauca can discriminate between

text: prey

text: and non-prey, like other backswimmers, by

text: surface wave

text: s. Lang (1979), completed an experiment that showed that

text: wave

text: s that were created by other backswimmers

text: swimming

text: , emerging, turning and

text: paddling

text: were of a lower

text: frequency

text: (below 40 Hz) compared to

text: wave

text: s created by their

text: prey

text: items, who had a

text: frequency

text: between 70–140 Hz.

text: Larva

text: l backswimmers were found to create different

text: wave

text: s that differed from adult backswimmers, but their

text: frequency

text: were similar to that of adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Notonecta

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: larval backswimmers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: adult swimming produced waves (up to 70 Hz)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Lang (1979) completed an experiment

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 70 Hz).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 70–140 Hz.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 70–140 Hz.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: lower frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a lower frequency

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Lang (1979),

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 70–140 Hz.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves.

text: Seismic tomography is a technique that uses seismic waves produced by earthquakes to gather information on the composition of the crust and mantle below a volcanic system. Different layers and structures in the Earth have different propagation speeds of seismic waves and attenuate them differently, resulting in different arrival times and strengths of waves travelling in a certain direction. From various measurements 3D models of the geological structures can be inferred. Results of such research indicate that a highly hydrated slab derived from the Nazca Plate – a major source of melts in a collisional volcanism system – underlies the Western Cordillera. Below the Altiplano, low-velocity zones indicate the presence of large amounts of partial melts that correlate with volcanic zones south of 21° S, whereas north of 21° S thicker lithospheric layers may prevent the formation of melts. Next to the Eastern Cordillera, low-velocity zones extend farther north to 18.5° S. A thermally weakened zone, evidenced by strong attenuation, in the crust is associated with the APVC. This indicates the presence of melts in the crust. A layer of low velocity (shear speed of )  thick is assumed to host the APVC magma body. This body has a volume of about . Other seismological data indicate a partial delamination of the crust under the Puna, resulting in increased volcanic activity and terrain height.

text: Seismic tomography

text: is a technique that uses

text: seismic wave

text: s produced by earthquakes to gather information on the composition of the

text: crust

text: and

text: mantle

text: below a volcanic system. Different layers and structures in the Earth have different propagation speeds of seismic waves and

text: attenuate

text: them differently, resulting in different arrival times and strengths of waves travelling in a certain direction. From various measurements

text: models of the geological structures can be inferred. Results of such research indicate that a highly hydrated

text: slab

text: derived from the

text: Nazca Plate

text: – a major source of melts in a collisional volcanism system – underlies the Western Cordillera. Below the Altiplano, low-velocity zones indicate the presence of large amounts of partial melts that correlate with volcanic zones south of 21° S, whereas north of 21° S thicker lithospheric layers may prevent the formation of melts. Next to the Eastern Cordillera, low-velocity zones extend farther north to 18.5° S. A thermally weakened zone, evidenced by strong attenuation, in the crust is associated with the APVC. This indicates the presence of melts in the crust. A layer of low velocity (shear speed of )  thick is assumed to host the APVC magma body. This body has a volume of about . Other seismological data indicate a partial

text: delamination

text: of the crust under the Puna, resulting in increased volcanic activity and terrain height.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation speeds

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: thicker lithospheric layers may prevent the formation of melts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: different arrival times and strengths

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: results of such research indicate that a highly hydrated slab derived from the Nazca Plate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: different layers and structures

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: strengths

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation speeds

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Different layers and structures in the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Different layers and structures in the Earth have different propagation speeds

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a highly hydrated slab derived from the Nazca Plate

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic tomography

text: Wingspan is about 20-26mm. Body rufous, suffused and with black irrorations. Fore wings with traces of sub-basal and antemedial waved lines angled below costa. The medial area with an indistinct waved line found at its middle and defined by black lines, where the inner highly angled in cell. The outer oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is angled. The outer area with a pale patch from the postmedial line to apex and a less prominent patch at middle. A submarginal waved dark line found with blackish mark at costa and crossed by two black streaks below apex. Hind wings with indistinct waved subbasal, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal lines. The postmedial double, angled at vein 6 and with ochreous beyond it, especially on inner area. A large pale spot found at middle of outer area. Ventral side fuscous with pale patches. A postmedial line angled at vein 4 of fore wing and vein 6 of hind wing. A curved submarginal line present.

text: Wingspan is about 20-26mm. Body rufous, suffused and with black irrorations. Fore wings with traces of sub-basal and antemedial waved lines angled below costa. The medial area with an indistinct waved line found at its middle and defined by black lines, where the inner highly angled in cell. The outer oblique from costa to vein 4, where it is angled. The outer area with a pale patch from the postmedial line to apex and a less prominent patch at middle. A submarginal waved dark line found with blackish mark at costa and crossed by two black streaks below apex. Hind wings with indistinct waved subbasal, antemedial, postmedial, and submarginal lines. The postmedial double, angled at vein 6 and with ochreous beyond it, especially on inner area. A large pale spot found at middle of outer area. Ventral side fuscous with pale patches. A postmedial line angled at vein 4 of fore wing and vein 6 of hind wing. A curved submarginal line present.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: costa

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: veins

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: submarginal

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: middle and defined by black lines, where the inner highly angled in cell.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 20-26mm.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: angled below costa.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angled in cell.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: cell.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: angled below costa.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: angled below costa.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The outer oblique from costa to vein 4,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: curved submarginal line

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the inner highly angled in cell.

text: The seismic noise includes a small amount of body waves (P- and S-waves), but  surface waves (Love and Rayleigh waves) predominate. Theses waves are dispersive, meaning that their phase velocity varies with frequency (generally, it decreases with increasing frequency). Since the dispersion curve (phase velocity or slowness as a function of frequency) is tightly related to the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers, it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure.

text: The seismic noise includes a small amount of

text: body waves

text: (P- and S-waves), but

text: surface wave

text: s (

text: Love

text: and

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s) predominate. Theses waves are

text: dispersive

text: , meaning that their

text: phase velocity

text: varies with frequency (generally, it decreases with increasing frequency). Since the

text: dispersion curve

text: (phase velocity or slowness as a function of frequency) is tightly related to the variations of the shear-wave velocity with depth in the different ground layers, it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the different ground layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: phase velocity varies with frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it can be used as a non-invasive tool to investigate the underground structure

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: phase velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground layers,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dispersive,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The seismic noise

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Since the dispersion curve

text: Jacky dragons are very swift lizards and like many other dragons (Agamidae), will sometimes run in an almost upright position on their hind legs when pursued. In cool, wet weather, they bury themselves in the sand or shelter under a bush. They rarely enter the water, but do have the ability to swim. In a fight, opponents circle each other in an upright position with their bodies laterally compressed so as to enlarge their appearance. They tend to direct their attacks towards the tails of their opponents. Various territorial displays include tail-waving, raising or lowering their bodies, head-bobbing, arm-waving, and darkening their color.

text: Jacky dragons are very swift lizards and like many other dragons (Agamidae), will sometimes run in an almost upright position on their hind legs when pursued. In cool, wet weather, they bury themselves in the sand or shelter under a bush. They rarely enter the water, but do have the ability to swim. In a fight, opponents circle each other in an upright position with their bodies laterally compressed so as to enlarge their appearance. They tend to direct their attacks towards the tails of their opponents. Various territorial displays include tail-waving, raising or lowering their bodies, head-bobbing, arm-waving, and darkening their color.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are very swift lizards

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: upright position

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: upright position

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Jacky dragons

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: They rarely enter the water,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Jacky dragons are very swift lizards

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Jacky dragons

text: Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different acoustic impedances, the seismic energy is either refracted, reflected back towards the surface or attenuated by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by geophones that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a geophysicist views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

text: Seismic waves are

text: elastic waves

text: that propagate through the

text: Earth

text: with a finite velocity, governed by the acoustic properties of the rock in which they are travelling.  At an interface between two rock types, with different

text: acoustic impedance

text: s, the seismic energy is either

text: refracted

text: reflected

text: back towards the surface or

text: attenuated

text: by the medium.The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by

text: geophone

text: s that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves.  When a

text: geophysicist

text: views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source and the receiver, but not the distance down to the reflector.In the simplest geological setting, with a single horizontal reflector, a constant velocity and a source and receiver at the same location (referred to as zero-offset, where offset is the distance between the source and receiver), the geophysicist can determine the location of the reflection event by using the relationship:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: source and receiver at the same location

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: source and receiver at the same location

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves propagate through the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the seismic energy is either refracted, reflected back towards the surface or attenuated by the medium

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: zero-offset,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: zero-offset,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: zero-offset,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: distance down to the reflector.In

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: distance down to the reflector.In

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: zero-offset,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: At an interface between two rock types,

text: Ocean surface waves are oscillations caused by the friction from air moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers energy and forms surface waves in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its crest and its foot as its trough; the distance between two crests is the wavelength. These waves are mechanical: as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The sea state of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the open ocean—depends upon the wind speed and the fetch, the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called ripples. As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as seas. These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These swells are particularly common in the Roaring Forties of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's surface tension, but seas and swells are only slowly reduced by gravity and destructive interference from other waves. Constructive interference, however, can also cause individual rogue waves much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height; offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms use these measurements in computing the hundred-year wave they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

text: Ocean surface waves

text: are oscillations caused by the

text: friction

text: from

text: air

text: moving across the surface of the water. This friction transfers

text: energy

text: and forms

text: surface wave

text: s in the water perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The top of a wave is known as its

text: crest

text: and its foot as its

text: trough

text: ; the distance between two crests is the

text: wavelength

text: . These waves are

text: mechanical

text: : as they approach, the water molecules at a given point rise up and, as they pass, the water molecules go down, tracing a roughly circular path. The energy is passed across the surface and does not represent a horizontal motion of the water itself. The

text: sea state

text: of the ocean is determined by the size of these waves, which—on the

text: open ocean

text: —depends upon the

text: wind speed

text: and the

text: fetch

text: , the distance over which the wind blows upon the water. The smallest waves are called

text: ripples

text: . As strong and prolonged winds push against ripples' raised crests, larger and more irregular waves form, which known as

text: seas

text: . These waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind and, over time, they naturally separate into long, powerful waves with a common direction and wavelength. These

text: swells

text: are particularly common in the

text: Roaring Forties

text: of the Southern Hemisphere where the wind blows continuously. When the wind dies down, ripples easily disappear owing to water's

text: surface tension

text: , but seas and swells are only slowly

text: reduced by gravity

text: and

text: destructive interference

text: from other waves.

text: Constructive interference

text: , however, can also cause individual

text: rogue wave

text: s much higher than normal. Most waves are less than  high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height;

text: offshore construction

text: such as

text: wind farms

text: and

text: oil platform

text: s use these measurements in computing the

text: hundred-year wave

text: they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above .

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontal motion of the water itself

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal motion of the water itself

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water molecules at a given point rise up

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: rogue waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: its crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: high

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: they are traveling nearly matches the speed of the wind

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water's

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: rogue waves much higher than normal.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a horizontal motion of the water itself.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water's surface tension,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: swells

text: Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low-amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations. Seismic waves are studied by geophysicists called seismologists. Seismic wave fields are recorded by a seismometer, hydrophone (in water), or accelerometer.

text: Seismic waves are waves of

text: energy

text: that travel through the

text: Earth

text: 's layers, and are a result of

text: earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruptions

text: , magma movement, large

text: landslide

text: s and large man-made

text: explosion

text: s that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low-amplitude waves commonly referred to as

text: ambient vibrations

text: . Seismic waves are studied by

text: geophysicists

text: called

text: seismologists

text: . Seismic wave fields are recorded by a

text: seismometer

text: hydrophone

text: (in water), or

text: accelerometer

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made explosions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through the Earth's layers

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: low-amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: low-amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic wave fields are recorded by a seismometer,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: low-amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's layers,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: man-made explosions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: hydrophone

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers,

text: The surface plasmons are evanescent waves that have their maximum intensity at the interface and decay exponentially away from the phase boundary to a penetration depth.The propagation of the surface plasmons is intensely affected by a thin film coating on the conducting layer. The resonance angle (θ) shifts, when the metal surface is coated with a dielectric material, due to the change of the propagation vector (k) of the surface plasmon.This sensitivity is due to the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave. Materials with a high amount of free electrons are used. Metal films of roughly 50 nm made of copper, titanium, chromium and gold are used. However, Au is the most common metal used in SPR as well as in SPRM.

text: The surface plasmons are evanescent waves that have their maximum intensity at the interface and decay exponentially away from the phase boundary to a penetration depth.The propagation of the surface plasmons is intensely affected by a thin film coating on the conducting layer. The resonance angle (θ) shifts, when the metal surface is coated with a dielectric material, due to the change of the propagation vector (k) of the surface plasmon.This sensitivity is due to the shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave. Materials with a high amount of free electrons are used. Metal films of roughly 50 nm made of copper, titanium, chromium and gold are used. However, Au is the most common metal used in SPR as well as in SPRM.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: interface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface plasmons

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the resonance angle ( ) shifts

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: have their maximum intensity at the interface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface plasmons are evanescent waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface plasmons

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: interface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: penetration depth.The

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The surface plasmons

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: penetration depth.The

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a thin film coating on the conducting layer.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shallow penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shallow penetration depth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a high amount of free electrons

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The surface plasmons

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shallow penetration depth of the evanescent wave.

text: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms containing approximations of primary reflections only. For more accurate modelling involving multiple reflections, head waves, guided waves and surface waves, as well as transmission effects and geometrical spreading, full waveform modelling is required. For 1D elastic models the most accurate approach to full waveform modelling is known as the reflectivity method. This method is based on the integral transform approach, whereby the wave field (cylinidrical or spherical wave) is represented by a sum (integral) of time-harmonic plane waves. The reflection and transmission coefficients for individual plane waves propagating in a stack of layers can be computed analytically using a variety of methods, such as matrix propagator, global matrix or invariant embedding. This group of methods is called 1.5D because the earth is represented by a 1D model (flat layers), while wave propagation is considered either in 2D (cylindrical waves) or 3D (spherical waves).

text: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms containing approximations of primary reflections only. For more accurate modelling involving multiple reflections, head waves, guided waves and surface waves, as well as transmission effects and geometrical spreading, full waveform modelling is required. For 1D elastic models the most accurate approach to full waveform modelling is known as the reflectivity method. This method is based on the integral transform approach, whereby the wave field (cylinidrical or spherical wave) is represented by a sum (integral) of time-harmonic plane waves. The reflection and transmission coefficients for individual plane waves propagating in a stack of layers can be computed analytically using a variety of methods, such as matrix propagator, global matrix or invariant embedding. This group of methods is called 1.5D because the earth is represented by a 1D model (flat layers), while wave propagation is considered either in 2D (cylindrical waves) or 3D (spherical waves).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: head waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: head waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 1D elastic models

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: convolutional 1D modelling

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: convolutional 1D modelling

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The convolutional 1D modelling produces seismograms

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: transmission effects and geometrical spreading

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the earth is represented by a 1D model

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: head waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: head waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: full waveform modelling

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2D (cylindrical waves) or 3D

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a stack of layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a sum (integral) of time-harmonic plane waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: multiple reflections, head waves, guided waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 1.5D

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: transmission effects and geometrical spreading,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 1.5D

text: The ad architecture of earth houses usually leads to non-righted, round-shaped walls, which can cause problems concerning the interior decoration, especially regarding furniture and large paintings. However, these problems can be anticipated during the conceptual design of an earth house.

text: The ad architecture of earth houses usually leads to non-righted, round-shaped walls, which can cause problems concerning the interior decoration, especially regarding furniture and large paintings. However, these problems can be anticipated during the conceptual design of an earth house.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can be anticipated

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth houses

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: can cause problems concerning the interior decoration

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: can cause problems concerning the interior decoration

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: non-righted,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: non-righted, round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: non-righted,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: non-righted,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earth houses usually leads to non-righted, round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: round-shaped walls,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these problems can be anticipated during the conceptual design of an earth house.

text: In seismology, an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equal felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the Modified Mercalli scale. Such maps help to identify earthquake epicenters, particularly where no instrumental records exist, such as for historical earthquakes. They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology, radiation pattern of the seismic waves and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with non-instrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the magnitude, focal depth and focal mechanism of an earthquake.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equal felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the

text: Modified Mercalli scale

text: . Such maps help to identify

text: earthquake

text: epicenter

text: s, particularly where no

text: instrumental

text: records exist, such as for

text: historical earthquakes

text: . They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying

text: geology

text: , radiation pattern of the

text: seismic wave

text: s and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with non-instrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the

text: magnitude

text: focal

text: depth and

text: focal mechanism

text: of an earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground conditions at particular locations

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves and the response of different types of buildings

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: underlying geology,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: buildings.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves and the response of different types of buildings.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: radiation pattern of the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: historical earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Modified Mercalli scale.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology,

text: If water body is large and very deep, a strong wave action is at work, therefore in these bodies a noticeable change cannot easily be observed. However, in smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable. Different plant communities occupy different zones in a water body and exhibit concentric zonation. The edges of the water body are occupied by rooted species, submerged species are found in the littoral zone and plankton and floating species occupy the open water zone.

text: If water body is large and very deep, a strong wave action is at work, therefore in these bodies a noticeable change cannot easily be observed. However, in smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable. Different plant communities occupy different zones in a water body and exhibit concentric zonation. The edges of the water body are occupied by rooted species, submerged species are found in the littoral zone and plankton and floating species occupy the open water zone.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: littoral zone

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a noticeable change cannot easily be observed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a noticeable change cannot easily be observed

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: deep,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: concentric zonation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: deep,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water body is large and very deep,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a noticeable change cannot easily be observed.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a noticeable change cannot easily be observed.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: If water body is large and very deep,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: If water body is large and very deep,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: smaller water body such as a pond the succession is easily recognizable.

text: , respectively. The associated waves are called longitudinal and shear elastic waves. In the seismological literature, the corresponding plane waves are called P-waves and S-waves (see Seismic wave).

text: , respectively. The associated waves are called longitudinal and shear elastic waves. In the seismological literature, the corresponding plane waves are called P-waves and S-waves (see

text: Seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: plane waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves and S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: longitudinal and shear elastic waves.

text: Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.

text: Seismologists can use the arrival times of

text: seismic wave

text: s in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid

text: outer core

text: (where

text: shear waves

text: were not able to propagate) and a dense solid

text: inner core

text: . These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a

text: crust

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: on top, the

text: mantle

text: below (separated within itself by

text: seismic discontinuities

text: at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrival times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 660 kilometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a dense solid inner core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave speeds

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 660 kilometers),

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves were not able to propagate)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Early advances in this field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse

text: An earthquake  is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.  At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, which are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

text: An

text: earthquake

text: is the result of a sudden release of energy in the

text: Earth's

text: crust

text: that creates

text: seismic wave

text: s.  At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological

text: faults

text: . The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires,

text: tsunami

text: s (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, which are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: underground point of origin

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic focus

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunamis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunamis

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquake

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: tsunamis (seismic sea waves)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust

text: , also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.  Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind, or tides which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.

text: , also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a

text: large lake

text: Earthquake

text: s,

text: volcanic eruption

text: s and other

text: underwater explosion

text: s (including detonations of underwater

text: nuclear device

text: s), landslides,

text: glacier calvings

text: meteorite impacts

text: and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal

text: ocean waves which are generated by wind

text: , or

text: tide

text: s which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: a tsunami

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a large lake

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic sea wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean or a large lake.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Unlike normal ocean waves which are generated by wind, or tides

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: wind,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic sea wave,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions

text: In the mathematical modeling of seismic waves,the Cagniard–De Hoop method is a sophisticated mathematical tool for solving a large class of wave and diffusive problems in horizontally layered media. The method is based on the combination of a unilateral Laplace transformation with real and positive transform parameter and the slowness field representation. It is named after Louis Cagniard and Adrianus de Hoop; Cagniard published his method in 1939, and de Hoop published an improvement on it in 1960.

text: In the

text: mathematical modeling

text: of

text: seismic wave

text: s,the Cagniard–De Hoop method is a sophisticated mathematical tool for solving a large class of wave and

text: diffusive

text: problems in horizontally layered media. The method is based on the combination of a unilateral

text: Laplace transform

text: ation with real and positive transform parameter and the slowness field representation. It is named after Louis Cagniard and

text: Adrianus de Hoop

text: ; Cagniard published his method in 1939, and de Hoop published an improvement on it in 1960.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: slowness field representation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: horizontally

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: horizontally layered media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontally layered media

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: slowness field representation.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves,the

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves,the

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: horizontally layered media.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: horizontally layered media.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: waves,the Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,the

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves,the

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Cagniard–De Hoop method

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: horizontally layered media.

text: The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within earthquake engineering (including seismic building codes) and it is commonly plotted on seismic hazard maps. In an earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself.  For moderate earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is more often correlated with peak ground velocity.

text: The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within

text: earthquake engineering

text: (including seismic

text: building code

text: s) and it is commonly plotted on

text: seismic hazard

text: maps. In an earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself.  For moderate earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe earthquakes, damage is more often correlated with

text: peak ground velocity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak horizontal acceleration

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: PGA

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: PGA is a measure

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: PGA is a measure

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak ground velocity.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: The peak horizontal acceleration

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The peak horizontal acceleration

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ground motion,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic hazard maps.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude of the earthquake itself.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic hazard maps.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The peak horizontal acceleration

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake, damage to buildings and infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion,

text: The data for an earthquake is plotted using a lower-hemisphere stereographic projection. The azimuth and take-off angle are used to plot the position of an individual seismic record. The take-off angle is the angle from the vertical of a seismic ray as it emerges from the earthquake focus. These angles are calculated from a standard set of tables that describe the relationship between the take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station. By convention, filled symbols are used to plot data from stations where the P-wave first motion recorded was up (a compressive wave), hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave), with dots for stations with arrivals too weak to get a sense of motion. If there are sufficient observations, one may draw two well-constrained orthogonal great circles that divide the compressive from the tensional observations and these are the nodal planes. Observations from stations with no clear first motion normally lie close to these planes. By convention the compressional quadrants are colour-filled and the tensional left white. The two nodal planes intersect at the N (neutral)-axis. The P and T axes are also often plotted; with the N axis these three directions respectively match the directions of the maximum, minimum and intermediate principal compressive stresses associated with the earthquake. The P-axis is plotted in the centre of the white segment, the T-axis in the centre of the colour-filled segment.

text: The data for an earthquake is plotted using a lower-hemisphere

text: stereographic projection

text: . The

text: azimuth

text: and take-off angle are used to plot the position of an individual seismic record. The take-off angle is the angle from the vertical of a seismic ray as it emerges from the earthquake focus. These angles are calculated from a standard set of tables that describe the relationship between the take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station. By convention, filled symbols are used to plot data from stations where the P-wave first motion recorded was up (a compressive wave), hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave), with dots for stations with arrivals too weak to get a sense of motion. If there are sufficient observations, one may draw two well-constrained orthogonal

text: great circle

text: s that divide the compressive from the tensional observations and these are the nodal planes. Observations from stations with no clear first motion normally lie close to these planes. By convention the compressional quadrants are colour-filled and the tensional left white. The two nodal planes intersect at the N (neutral)-axis. The P and T axes are also often plotted; with the N axis these three directions respectively match the directions of the maximum, minimum and intermediate principal compressive stresses associated with the earthquake. The P-axis is plotted in the centre of the white segment, the T-axis in the centre of the colour-filled segment.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tensional wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: distance between focus and the observing station

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: compressional waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: hollow symbols for down (a tensional wave), with dots for stations with arrivals too weak to get a sense of motion

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The take-off angle and the distance between the focus and the observing station

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: compressive wave),

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: individual seismic record.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tensional wave),

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tensional wave),

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tensional wave),

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tensional wave),

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquake is plotted using a lower-hemisphere stereographic projection.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressive wave),

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: maximum, minimum and intermediate principal compressive stresses associated with the earthquake.

text: Using Wiechert's theoretical work and data from earthquakes including the 1905 Kangra earthquake, 1905 Calabria earthquake and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Zoeppritz's most important early contribution was the construction of travel-time curves - and their associated velocity-depth functions - for P-waves, S-waves and surface waves, recognising for the first time that body waves are reflected and converted at discontinuities.  These curves were later used by other members of the research group, Ludwig Carl Geiger and Beno Gutenberg, as well as the British astronomer and seismologist Herbert Hall Turner at the International Seismological Summary.  The related ill-posed inverse problem of inferring a discrete velocity distribution, representing the layers of the crust and mantle, was solved by fellow Göttingen mathematician Gustav Herglotz.

text: Using Wiechert's theoretical work and data from earthquakes including the

text: 1905 Kangra earthquake

text: 1905 Calabria earthquake

text: and the

text: 1906 San Francisco earthquake

text: , Zoeppritz's most important early contribution was the construction of travel-time curves - and their associated velocity-depth functions - for

text: P-waves

text: S-waves

text: and

text: surface waves

text: , recognising for the first time that

text: body wave

text: s are reflected and converted at discontinuities.  These curves were later used by other members of the research group, Ludwig Carl Geiger and

text: Beno Gutenberg

text: , as well as the British astronomer and seismologist

text: Herbert Hall Turner

text: at the International Seismological Summary.  The related

text: ill-posed inverse problem

text: of inferring a discrete velocity distribution, representing the layers of the crust and mantle, was solved by fellow Göttingen mathematician

text: Gustav Herglotz

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflected and converted at discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflected and converted at discontinuities

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Gustav Herglotz

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a discrete velocity distribution

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity-depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocity-depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: layers of the crust and mantle,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity-depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: discontinuities.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body waves are reflected and converted at discontinuities.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves are reflected and converted at discontinuities.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body waves are reflected and converted at discontinuities.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves are reflected and converted at discontinuities.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the layers of the crust and mantle,

text: The focal depth can be calculated from measurements based on seismic wave phenomena. As with all wave phenomena in physics, there is uncertainty in such measurements that grows with the wavelength so the focal depth of the source of these long-wavelength (low frequency) waves is difficult to determine exactly. Very strong earthquakes radiate a large fraction of their released energy in seismic waves with very long wavelengths and therefore a stronger earthquake involves the release of energy from a larger mass of rock.

text: The focal depth can be calculated from measurements based on

text: seismic wave

text: phenomena. As with all

text: wave

text: phenomena in

text: physics

text: , there is uncertainty in such measurements that grows with the

text: wavelength

text: so the focal depth of the source of these long-wavelength (low frequency) waves is difficult to determine exactly. Very strong earthquakes radiate a large fraction of their released energy in seismic waves with very long wavelengths and therefore a stronger earthquake involves the release of energy from a larger mass of rock.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: long wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: large mass of rock

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shorter wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long-wavelength

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves radiate from it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: focal depth

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: long wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the focal depth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic wave phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: (low frequency) waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The focal depth

text: The same ideas have also been applied to studying the movements of seismic waves  through the Earth.

text: The same ideas have also been applied to studying the movements of

text: seismic waves

text: through the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not known

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not travel through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves do not travel through the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves through the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The same ideas have also been applied to studying the movements

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the movements of seismic waves through the Earth.

text: Wingspan is about 42-50mm. Palpi with longer third joint. Hind legs of male tufted with long hair to the extremity of the tarsi. Mid tibia of male absent masses of flocculent hair contained in a fold. Body greyish brown. Fore wings with numerous indistinct waved lines. A dentate antemedial waved line on vein 2 and with a diffused reddish brown band inside it. A dark line on discocellulars with an ill-defined brownish patch on the costa found above it. A post-medial waved line excurved beyond the cell and a triangular patch on costa before apex. Hind wings wit ochreous basal area and fuscous outer area. A pale streak found a anal angle. Cilia pale at apex and anal angle.

text: Wingspan is about 42-50mm. Palpi with longer third joint. Hind legs of male tufted with long hair to the extremity of the tarsi. Mid tibia of male absent masses of flocculent hair contained in a fold. Body greyish brown. Fore wings with numerous indistinct waved lines. A dentate antemedial waved line on vein 2 and with a diffused reddish brown band inside it. A dark line on discocellulars with an ill-defined brownish patch on the costa found above it. A post-medial waved line excurved beyond the cell and a triangular patch on costa before apex. Hind wings wit ochreous basal area and fuscous outer area. A pale streak found a anal angle. Cilia pale at apex and anal angle.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: apex

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: vein 2

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a post-medial waved line

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the post-medial waved line excurved

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: apex.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 42-50mm.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: numerous indistinct waved lines.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 42-50mm.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: beyond the cell

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: indistinct waved lines.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: indistinct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wingspan is about 42-50mm.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: numerous indistinct waved lines.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: indistinct waved lines.

text: The MSM MK2 (also known as the PM-87) is a Finnish belly attack anti-tank mine. The mine has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom. It uses an electronic fuze with a combination magnetic and seismic fuze; it also has an anti-handling device. The mine is armed by inserting an arming pin, which completes an electronic circuit. The mine indicates that it is armed by lighting a small LED light which switches off after 10 minutes. When a vehicle approaches, vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor, which activates the magnetic sensor. When a vehicle passes over the mine, the warhead is triggered. First a clearing charge fire, removing up to 100 millimeters of earth from the top of the mine, then a copper-lined Misznay Schardin effect warhead is triggered. This projects a slug of copper at high velocity into the bottom of the target.

text: The MSM MK2 (also known as the PM-87) is a

text: Finnish

text: belly attack

text: anti-tank mine

text: . The mine has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom. It uses an electronic fuze with a combination magnetic and seismic fuze; it also has an

text: anti-handling device

text: . The mine is armed by inserting an arming pin, which completes an electronic circuit. The mine indicates that it is armed by lighting a small

text: LED

text: light which switches off after 10 minutes. When a vehicle approaches, vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor, which activates the magnetic sensor. When a vehicle passes over the mine, the warhead is triggered. First a clearing charge fire, removing up to 100 millimeters of earth from the top of the mine, then a copper-lined

text: Misznay Schardin effect

text: warhead is triggered. This projects a slug of copper at high velocity into the bottom of the target.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: anti-handling device

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a vehicle passes over the mine, the warhead is triggered

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic fuze;

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: copper

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor,

text: scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

text: scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the highest point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: can be scaled

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the magnitude of the waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a wall

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not have a magnitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the magnitude of a body wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the magnitude of the body wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they are scaled

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: scale.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: scale.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body wave magnitude,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scale.

text: Further, lift-induced drag is only relevant when wings or a lifting body are present, and is therefore usually discussed either in the aviation perspective of drag, or in the design of either semi-planing or planing hulls. Wave drag occurs when a solid object is moving through a fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid—or in case there is a freely-moving fluid surface with surface waves radiating from the object, e.g. from a ship.

text: Further, lift-induced drag is only relevant when

text: wing

text: s or a

text: lifting body

text: are present, and is therefore usually discussed either in the aviation perspective of drag, or in the design of either semi-planing or

text: planing hull

text: s.

text: Wave drag

text: occurs when a solid object is moving through a fluid at or near the

text: speed of sound

text: in that fluid—or in case there is a freely-moving fluid surface with

text: surface waves

text: radiating from the object, e.g. from a ship.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the speed of sound in that fluid

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave drag

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: speed of sound

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves radiating from the object,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: freely-moving fluid surface with surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Wave drag

text: Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel as ripples with motions that are similar to those of waves on the surface of water (note, however, that the associated particle motion at shallow depths is retrograde, and that the restoring force in Rayleigh and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational as for water waves). The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic media. In the layered medium (like the crust and upper mantle) the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength. See also Lamb waves.

text: Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel as ripples with motions that are similar to those of waves on the surface of water (note, however, that the associated particle motion at shallow depths is retrograde, and that the restoring force in Rayleigh and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational as for water waves). The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt,

text: Lord Rayleigh

text: , in 1885. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic media. In the layered medium (like the crust and upper mantle) the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength. See also

text: Lamb waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous elastic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 90% of the velocity of S waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravitational as for water waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the crust and upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layered medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of the Rayleigh waves depends on their frequency and wavelength.

text: Recent research has been able to better constrain the degree to which subducting oceanic mantle is hydrated using measurements of P-wave attenuation from localized earthquakes near the Wadati-Benioff Zone. Estimates suggest an approximately 40 km thick layer of moderately serpentinized mantle would be sufficient to explain the observed seismic P-wave attenuations associated to events occurring at depths of around 5–35 km below the Wadati-Benioff Zone. This would imply that the topmost zones of the oceanic lithosphere provide a significant source of water to deeper areas of the mantle during subduction, with an estimated flux of 170-318 Tg/ma of water per meter of down-going slab.

text: Recent research has been able to better constrain the degree to which subducting oceanic mantle is hydrated using measurements of P-wave attenuation from localized earthquakes near the Wadati-Benioff Zone. Estimates suggest an approximately 40 km thick layer of moderately

text: serpentinized

text: mantle would be sufficient to explain the observed seismic P-wave attenuations associated to events occurring at depths of around 5–35 km below the Wadati-Benioff Zone. This would imply that the topmost zones of the oceanic lithosphere provide a significant source of water to deeper areas of the mantle during subduction, with an estimated flux of 170-318 Tg/ma of water per meter of down-going slab.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: subducting oceanic mantle is hydrated

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: subducting oceanic mantle is hydrated

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the topmost zones of the oceanic lithosphere provide a significant source of water to deeper areas of the mantle during subduction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: localized earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 5–35 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: 40 km thick layer of moderately serpentinized mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave attenuations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-wave attenuation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: measurements of P-wave attenuation from localized earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wadati-Benioff Zone.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: localized earthquakes

text: Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll, are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water. Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of body waves for a typical homogeneous elastic medium.

text: Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll, are waves that travel as ripples with motion similar to those of waves on the surface of water. Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of body waves for a typical homogeneous elastic medium.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous elastic medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 90% of the velocity of body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rayleigh waves travel as ripples

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: rayleigh waves are much slower

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 90% of the velocity of body waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous elastic medium.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Rayleigh waves are much slower than body waves,

text: Normal modes are generated in the earth from long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.

text: Normal modes are generated in the earth from long wavelength

text: seismic waves

text: from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: long wavelength seismic waves are generated in the earth from large earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long wavelength seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: normal modes are generated in the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: normal modes are generated in the earth

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: long wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Normal modes are generated in the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Normal modes are generated in the earth from long wavelength seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: large earthquakes

text: The passage of the earthquake waves through the rock and soil produces a complex set of accelerations that effectively act to change the gravitational load on the slope. So, for example, vertical accelerations successively increase and decrease the normal load acting on the slope. Similarly, horizontal accelerations induce a shearing force due to the inertia of the landslide mass during the accelerations. These processes are complex, but can be sufficient to induce failure of the slope. These processes can be much more serious in mountainous areas in which the seismic waves interact with the terrain to produce increases in the magnitude of the ground accelerations. This process is termed 'topographic amplification'. The maximum acceleration is usually seen at the crest of the slope or along the ridge line, meaning that it is a characteristic of seismically triggered landslides that they extend to the top of the slope.

text: The passage of the

text: earthquake

text: wave

text: s through the rock and soil produces a complex set of

text: acceleration

text: s that effectively act to change the

text: gravitational

text: load on the slope. So, for example, vertical accelerations successively increase and decrease the normal load acting on the slope. Similarly, horizontal accelerations induce a shearing force due to the

text: inertia

text: of the landslide mass during the accelerations. These processes are complex, but can be sufficient to induce failure of the slope. These processes can be much more serious in mountainous areas in which the seismic waves interact with the terrain to produce increases in the magnitude of the ground accelerations. This process is termed '

text: topographic

text: amplification'. The maximum acceleration is usually seen at the crest of the slope or along the ridge line, meaning that it is a characteristic of seismically triggered landslides that they extend to the top of the slope.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock and soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vertical accelerations successively increase and decrease the normal load acting on the slope

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: horizontal accelerations induce a shearing force

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest of the slope

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquake waves through the rock and soil produces a complex set of accelerations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rock and soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 'topographic amplification'.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquake waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The passage of the earthquake waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: crest of the slope or along the ridge line,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The passage of the earthquake waves through the rock and soil

text: The Eromanga and Surat Basins are superimposed on the older rocks of the Lachlan Orogen.  They are components of the Great Artesian Basin.  Beneath the Eromanga basin in the mantle below 200 km is a region of fast seismic wave transmission. The Surat Basin is made up of Jurassic through to Cretaceous aged sediments derived from Triassic and Permian arc rocks of the Hunter-Bowen orogeny.

text: The

text: Eromanga

text: and

text: Surat Basin

text: s are superimposed on the older rocks of the Lachlan Orogen.  They are components of the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: .  Beneath the Eromanga basin in the mantle below 200 km is a region of fast seismic wave transmission. The Surat Basin is made up of

text: Jurassic

text: through to

text: Cretaceous

text: aged

text: sediment

text: s derived from

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Permian

text: arc rocks of the

text: Hunter-Bowen orogeny

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: below 200 km

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: beneath the Eromanga basin

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Jurassic through to Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fast seismic wave transmission

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: artesian basins are superimposed on older rocks

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic wave transmission.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Beneath the Eromanga basin in the mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fast seismic wave transmission.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave transmission.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Great Artesian Basin.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic wave transmission.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Beneath the Eromanga basin in the mantle

text: This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media. An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool, or in an ocean, lake, or any other type of water body. There are two types of surface waves, namely Rayleigh waves and Love waves.

text: This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media. An example of a surface wave would be waves in a pool, or in an ocean, lake, or any other type of water body. There are two types of surface waves, namely

text: Rayleigh wave

text: s and

text: Love wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a pool

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rayleigh waves are not surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves are not a type of surface wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves travel along a surface

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: between two media.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a surface that is between two media.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Love waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves and Love waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: This type of wave travels along a surface that is between two media.

text: Body wave magnitude (

text: Body wave magnitude (

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not have a magnitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they have a lower frequency

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body wave magnitude is high.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Body wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Body wave magnitude

text: Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel on solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction, and are frequently used in non-destructive testing for detecting defects. They are part of the seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes. When guided in layers they are referred to as Lamb waves, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.

text: Rayleigh waves are a type of

text: surface acoustic wave

text: that travel on solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by

text: piezo-electric

text: transduction

text: , and are frequently used in

text: non-destructive testing

text: for detecting defects. They are part of the

text: seismic wave

text: s that are produced on the

text: Earth

text: by

text: earthquakes

text: . When guided in layers they are referred to as

text: Lamb waves

text: , Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Lamb waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: They can be produced in materials in many ways

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: by piezo-electric transduction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Lamb waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes.

text: Seismic tomographic models improve with advancements in computing and expansion of seismic networks. Recent models of global body waves used over 10 traveltimes to model 10 to 10 unknowns.

text: Seismic tomographic models improve with advancements in computing and expansion of seismic networks. Recent models of global body waves used over 10 traveltimes to model 10 to 10 unknowns.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: traveltimes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: traveltime

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic networks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global body waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: body waves used over 10 traveltimes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves used over 10 traveltimes

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic networks.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: traveltimes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic networks.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: over 10 traveltimes to model 10 to 10 unknowns.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: over 10 traveltimes to model 10 to 10 unknowns.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic tomographic models

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Recent models of global body waves used over 10 traveltimes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic tomographic models

text: Kana had made some appearances for Pro Wrestling Wave in 2008, but did not start working regularly for the promotion until the end of 2010, when NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling folded. On July 24, 2011, Kana defeated Ayumi Kurihara in the finals to win the 2011 Catch the Wave tournament. On October 30, Kana and Kurihara defeated Ran Yu-Yu and Toshie Uematsu to win the Dual Shock Wave 2011 tournament and become the first ever Wave Tag Team Champions. While a tag team champion with Kurihara, Kana also regularly teamed with Mio Shirai as Triple Tails.S and on February 1, 2012, Kurihara, Mika Iida and Shuu Shibutani were made official members of Triple Tails. Four days later, Kana and Kurihara lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Ran Yu-Yu and Toshie Uematsu. On March 6, the new incarnation of Triple Tails was named White Tails, in reference to Wave's top villainous alliance, Black Dahlia. On November 27, Kana defeated Yumi Ohka in a singles match, after which she declared herself the new "ace" of Wave. On February 17, Kana, as the 2011 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into the Wave Single Championship tournament, defeating Mio Shirai in her semifinal match. On March 17, Kana was defeated in the finals of the tournament by Yumi Ohka.

text: Kana had made some appearances for Pro Wrestling Wave in 2008, but did not start working regularly for the promotion until the end of 2010, when NEO Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling folded. On July 24, 2011, Kana defeated Ayumi Kurihara in the finals to win the

text: 2011 Catch the Wave

text: tournament. On October 30, Kana and Kurihara defeated

text: Ran Yu-Yu

text: and

text: Toshie Uematsu

text: to win the

text: Dual Shock Wave 2011

text: tournament and become the first ever

text: Wave Tag Team Champions

text: . While a tag team champion with Kurihara, Kana also regularly teamed with

text: Mio Shirai

text: as Triple Tails.S and on February 1, 2012, Kurihara, Mika Iida and

text: Shuu Shibutani

text: were made official members of Triple Tails. Four days later, Kana and Kurihara lost the Wave Tag Team Championship to Ran Yu-Yu and Toshie Uematsu. On March 6, the new incarnation of Triple Tails was named White Tails, in reference to Wave's top

text: villainous

text: alliance, Black Dahlia. On November 27, Kana defeated

text: Yumi Ohka

text: in a singles match, after which she declared herself the new "

entity_name: Glossary of professional wrestling terms

text: ace

text: " of Wave. On February 17, Kana, as the 2011 Catch the Wave winner, was granted entrance into the

text: Wave Single Championship

text: tournament

text: , defeating Mio Shirai in her semifinal match. On March 17, Kana was defeated in the finals of the tournament by Yumi Ohka.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Dual Shock Wave 2011

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kana was defeated in the finals of the tournament by Yumi Ohka.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Kana was defeated in the finals of the tournament by Yumi Ohka.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Tag Team Champions.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Dual Shock Wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Dual Shock Wave 2011

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Dual Shock Wave 2011

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Black Dahlia.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Black Dahlia.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 2011 Catch the Wave tournament.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Dual Shock Wave 2011

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Dual Shock Wave 2011

text: The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell with an average thickness of . The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid. The mantle encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel, which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume. Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the shallower levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface. Information about the structure and composition of the mantle has been obtained from geophysical investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses of Earth mantle-derived xenoliths and mantle that has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

text: The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The mantle is a layer between the

text: crust

text: and the

text: outer core

text: . Earth's mantle is a

text: silicate

text: rocky shell with an average thickness of . The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but in

text: geological time

text: it behaves as a very

text: viscous

text: fluid

text: . The mantle encloses the hot

text: core

text: rich in

text: iron

text: and

text: nickel

text: , which makes up about 15% of Earth's volume. Past episodes of melting and

text: volcanism

text: at the shallower levels of the mantle have produced a thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface. Information about the structure and composition of the mantle has been obtained from geophysical investigation and from direct geoscientific analyses of Earth mantle-derived

text: xenolith

text: s and mantle that has been exposed by mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The mantle makes up about 84% of Earth's volume

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 84%

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 84%

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Information about the structure and composition of the mantle

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: mid-oceanic ridge

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: The mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The interior of Earth,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The interior of Earth,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: geological time it behaves as a very viscous fluid.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: hot core

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: mid-oceanic ridge spreading.

text: Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted three days after the earthquake. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake. In Antarctica, the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about .

text: Shinmoedake

text: , a volcano in

text: Kyushu

text: , erupted three days after the earthquake. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake. In

text: Antarctica

text: , the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the

text: Whillans Ice Stream

text: to slip by about .

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: cause the Whillans Ice Stream to slip

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ice Stream

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Whillans Ice Stream

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: volcano

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Whillans Ice Stream

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake.

text: The experimental setup was impressive, and it was driven by a 2 kW oscillator that had been designed for a furnace, allowing for the generation of very high output powers. The frequencies they used ran from 100 kHz to 700 kHz. The most impressive display of the output power of the setup is perhaps how strongly the output sound waves can fight even against gravity.  When the quartz plate transducer was suspended in oil, it would make a mound of oil up to  higher than the rest of the surface of the oil. While at low powers, the mound was low and lumpy, at high powers, it would rise up to the full 7 cm, "its summit erupting oil drops like a miniature volcano." These drops could reach heights of . Similarly, when an  diameter glass plate was placed on the surface of the oil, up to  of external weight could be placed on top of the glass plate, and supported by the strength of the ultrasound waves alone. This was achieved by the waves reflecting and re-reflecting between the transducer and the glass plate, allowing each generated wave to impart its momentum to the glass plate multiple times.

text: The experimental setup was impressive, and it was driven by a 2

text: kW

text: oscillator

text: that had been designed for a furnace, allowing for the generation of very high output powers. The frequencies they used ran from 100

text: kHz

text: to 700 kHz. The most impressive display of the output power of the setup is perhaps how strongly the output sound waves can fight even against gravity.  When the

text: quartz

text: plate

text: transducer

text: was suspended in oil, it would make a mound of oil up to  higher than the rest of the surface of the oil. While at low powers, the mound was low and lumpy, at high powers, it would rise up to the full 7 cm, "its summit erupting oil drops like a miniature volcano." These drops could reach heights of . Similarly, when an  diameter glass plate was placed on the surface of the oil, up to  of external weight could be placed on top of the glass plate, and supported by the strength of the ultrasound waves alone. This was achieved by the waves reflecting and re-reflecting between the transducer and the glass plate, allowing each generated wave to impart its momentum to the glass plate multiple times.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: its summit

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 7 cm

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the strength of the ultrasound waves alone

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the strength of the ultrasound waves alone

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 7 cm,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 7 cm,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: sound waves can fight even against gravity.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: re-reflecting

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sound waves can fight even against gravity.

text: Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior.  One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by Richard Dixon Oldham in 1906 and definitively shown by Harold Jeffreys in 1926) was that the outer core of the earth is liquid.  Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed.  In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.

text: Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently as they interact with the internal structure of the Earth, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying the planet's interior.  One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by

text: Richard Dixon Oldham

text: in 1906 and definitively shown by

text: Harold Jeffreys

text: in 1926) was that the

text: outer core

text: of the earth is liquid.  Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed.  In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pass through liquids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the outer core of the Earth is liquid

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: S-waves do not pass through liquids

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high-resolution

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: high-resolution noninvasive methods

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: S-waves do not pass through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pass through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: S-waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Since S-waves do not pass through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves travel much slower through the outer core

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods

text: During Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the S-IVB stages were crashed into the Moon to perform seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

text: During

text: Apollo 13

text: Apollo 14

text: Apollo 15

text: Apollo 16

text: and

text: Apollo 17

text: , the S-IVB stages were crashed into the

text: Moon

text: to perform seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-IVB stages were crashed into the moon

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic measurements

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic measurements

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic measurements

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic measurements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic measurements used for characterizing the lunar interior.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Apollo 13,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic measurements

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic measurements

text: Computations showed that seismic waves traveling toward a building, could be directed around the building, leaving the building unscathed, by using seismic metamaterials. The very long wavelengths of earthquake waves would be shortened as they interact with the metamaterials; the waves would pass around the building so as to arrive in phase as the earthquake wave proceeded, as if the building was not there. The mathematical models produce the regular pattern provided by Metamaterial cloaking. This method was first understood with electromagnetic cloaking metamaterials - the electromagnetic energy is in effect directed around an object, or hole, and protecting buildings from seismic waves employs this same principle.

text: Computations showed that seismic waves traveling toward a

text: building

text: , could be directed around the building, leaving the building unscathed, by using seismic metamaterials. The very long

text: wavelength

text: s of earthquake waves would be shortened as they interact with the

text: metamaterial

text: s; the waves would pass around the building so as to arrive in phase as the earthquake wave proceeded, as if the building was not there. The mathematical models produce the regular pattern provided by

text: Metamaterial cloaking

text: . This method was first understood with

text: electromagnetic cloaking metamaterials

text: - the

text: electromagnetic

text: energy is in

text: effect

text: directed around an object, or hole, and protecting buildings from seismic waves employs this same principle.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: arrive in phase as the earthquake wave proceeded

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wavelength

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: electromagnetic energy is in effect directed around an object

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long wavelengths of earthquake waves would be shortened as they interact with the metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelengths of earthquake waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic metamaterials.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic metamaterials.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: leaving the building unscathed,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Computations showed that seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The very long wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic metamaterials.

text: Description: Chapters outline basic theorems in dynamic elasticity, representation of seismic sources, elastic waves from a point dislocation, plane waves in homogeneous media and their reflection and transmission at a plane boundary, reflection and refraction of spherical waves; Lamb's problem, surface waves in a vertically heterogeneous medium, free oscillations of the Earth, body waves in media with depth-dependent properties, the seismic source: kinematics, the seismic source: dynamics, and principles of seismometry

text: Description: Chapters outline basic theorems in dynamic elasticity, representation of seismic sources, elastic waves from a point dislocation, plane waves in homogeneous media and their reflection and transmission at a plane boundary, reflection and refraction of spherical waves; Lamb's problem, surface waves in a vertically heterogeneous medium, free oscillations of the Earth, body waves in media with depth-dependent properties, the seismic source: kinematics, the seismic source: dynamics, and principles of seismometry

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: spherical waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: The seismic source: kinematics

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the seismic source: kinematics

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: free oscillations of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: spherical waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: kinematics

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflection and transmission at a plane boundary,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: depth-dependent

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismometry

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth-dependent

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflection and refraction

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vertically heterogeneous medium,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Lamb's problem,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plane waves in homogeneous media

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves in media with depth-dependent properties,

text: All buildings in the village of Severny (both wooden and brick), located  from ground zero within the Sukhoy Nos test range, were destroyed. In districts hundreds of kilometers from ground zero wooden houses were destroyed, stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors, and radio communications were interrupted for almost one hour. One participant in the test saw a bright flash through dark goggles and felt the effects of a thermal pulse even at a distance of . The heat from the explosion could have caused third-degree burns  away from ground zero. A shock wave was observed in the air at Dikson settlement  away; windowpanes were partially broken to distances of . Atmospheric focusing caused blast damage at even greater distances, breaking windows in Norway and Finland. Despite being detonated 4.2 km above ground, its seismic body wave magnitude was estimated at 5–5.25. Sensors continued to identify the shockwaves after their third trip around the world.

text: All buildings in the village of

text: Severny

text: (both wooden and brick), located  from ground zero within the

text: Sukhoy Nos

text: test range, were destroyed. In districts hundreds of kilometers from ground zero wooden houses were destroyed, stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors, and radio communications were interrupted for almost one hour. One participant in the test saw a bright flash through dark goggles and felt the effects of a thermal pulse even at a distance of . The heat from the

text: explosion

text: could have caused

text: third-degree burns

text: away from

text: ground zero

text: . A shock wave was observed in the air at

text: Dikson settlement

text: away; windowpanes were partially broken to distances of .

text: Atmospheric focusing

text: caused blast damage at even greater distances, breaking windows in Norway and Finland. Despite being detonated 4.2 km above ground, its

text: seismic body wave magnitude

text: was estimated at 5–5.25. Sensors continued to identify the shockwaves after their third trip around the world.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Atmospheric focusing

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the heat from the explosion could have caused third-degree burns away from ground zero

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic body wave magnitude was estimated at 5–5.25

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earth has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 5–5.25.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 5–5.25.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic body wave magnitude was estimated at 5–5.25.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 5–5.25.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: third trip around the world.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Sensors continued to identify the shockwaves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 5–5.25.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Sensors continued to identify the shockwaves

text: The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to , equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. The shock waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet; as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma, where vertical movements of  were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a  complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than 4 months after the earthquake.

text: The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to , equivalent to the effect of the

text: tidal forces

text: caused by the Sun and Moon. The shock waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet; as far away as the U.S. state of

text: Oklahoma

text: , where vertical movements of  were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a  complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than 4 months after the earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical movements

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the earthquake's effects were still detectable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: tidal forces

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The shock waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: vertical movements of were recorded.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: vertical movements

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The shock waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: vertical movements of were recorded. By February 2005,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon.

text: Surface waves are a special case of interfacial waves, on the interface between two fluids of different density.

text: Surface waves are a special case of interfacial waves, on the

text: interface

text: between two fluids of different

text: density

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: interfacial waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: interfacial waves are the same as surface waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves are a special case

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves are interfacial

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: two fluids of different density.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: density.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Surface waves are a special case of interfacial waves,

text: Seismic waves generated by large earthquakes enable structure below the Earth's surface to be determined along the ray path. Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers (also called teleseismic waves) can be used to image large regions of Earth's mantle. They also have limited resolution, however, and only structures at least several hundred kilometers in diameter can be detected.

text: Seismic

text: waves generated by large earthquakes enable structure below the Earth's surface to be determined along the ray path. Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers (also called

text: teleseismic waves

text: ) can be used to image large regions of Earth's mantle. They also have limited resolution, however, and only structures at least several hundred kilometers in diameter can be detected.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ray path

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: large earthquakes generate seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: only structures at least several hundred kilometers in diameter can be detected

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves generated by large earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: a thousand or more kilometers

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: ray path.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ray path.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's mantle.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: teleseismic waves)

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves generated by large earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: teleseismic waves)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic waves that have traveled a thousand or more kilometers

text: A Rayleigh wave typically propagates along a free surface of a solid, but the elastic constants and density of air are very low compared to those of rocks so the surface of the Earth is approximately a free surface.  Low velocity, low frequency and high amplitude Rayleigh waves are frequently present on a seismic record and can obscure signal, degrading overall data quality.  They are known within the industry as ‘Ground Roll’ and are an example of coherent noise that can be attenuated with a carefully designed seismic survey.  The Scholte wave is similar toground roll but occurs at the sea-floor (fluid/solid interface) and it can possibly obscure and mask deep reflections in marine seismic records. The velocity of these waves varies with wavelength, so they are said to be dispersive and the shape of the wavetrain varies with distance.

text: A

text: Rayleigh wave

text: typically propagates along a free surface of a solid, but the elastic constants and

text: density

text: of air are very low compared to those of rocks so the surface of the Earth is approximately a

text: free surface

text: .  Low velocity, low frequency and high amplitude Rayleigh waves are frequently present on a seismic record and can obscure signal, degrading overall data quality.  They are known within the industry as ‘Ground Roll’ and are an example of coherent noise that can be attenuated with a carefully designed seismic survey.  The

text: Scholte wave

text: is similar toground roll but occurs at the sea-floor (fluid/solid interface) and it can possibly obscure and mask deep reflections in marine seismic records. The velocity of these waves varies with wavelength, so they are said to be dispersive and the shape of the wavetrain varies with distance.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the shape of the wavetrain varies with distance

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the elastic constants and density of air are very low

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Scholte wave occurs at the sea-floor

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can obscure signal

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic survey.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: the shape of the wavetrain varies with distance.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sea-floor

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dispersive

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh wave typically propagates along a free surface of a solid,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea-floor

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Scholte wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic survey.

text: Physically, seismic noise consists mostly of surface waves. Low frequency waves (below 1 Hz) are generally called microseisms; high frequency waves (above 1 Hz) are called microtremors.  Its causes include nearby human activities (such as traffic or heavy machinery), winds and other atmospheric phenomena, and ocean waves.

text: Physically, seismic noise consists mostly of

text: surface waves

text: . Low frequency waves (below 1

text: Hz

text: ) are generally called

text: microseism

text: s; high frequency waves (above 1 Hz) are called

text: microtremor

text: s.  Its causes include nearby human activities (such as traffic or heavy machinery), winds and other atmospheric phenomena, and

text: ocean wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1 Hz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Hz

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: high frequency waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: high frequency waves are called microtremors

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: microtremors

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (above 1 Hz)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: microtremors.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: microtremors.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean waves.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: microtremors.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: microtremors.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: microtremors.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: microtremors.

text: A seismic source is a device that generates controlled seismic energy used to perform both reflection and refraction seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as dynamite, or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized air gun. Seismic sources can provide single pulses or continuous sweeps of energy, generating seismic waves, which travel through a medium such as water or layers of rocks. Some of the waves then reflect and refract and are recorded by receivers, such as geophones or hydrophones.

text: A seismic source is a device that generates controlled

text: seismic

text: energy

text: used to perform both

text: reflection

text: and

text: refraction

text: seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as

text: dynamite

text: , or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized

text: air gun

text: . Seismic sources can provide single pulses or continuous sweeps of energy, generating

text: seismic wave

text: s, which travel through a

text: medium

text: such as

text: water

text: or layers of

text: rock

text: s. Some of the waves then

text: reflect

text: and

text: refract

text: and are recorded by receivers, such as

text: geophone

text: s or

text: hydrophone

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refract

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water or layers of rocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dynamite

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: travel through a medium such as water

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves travel through water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves travel through a medium

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflect and refract

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: geophones or hydrophones.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water or layers of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: reflect and refract and are recorded by receivers,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: travel through a medium such as water or layers of rocks.

text: The Kolsky basic model and modified model for attenuation and dispersion is the mathematical Q models that is most used in seismic applications. The basic Kolsky model is used for its simplicity in seismic data processing, however it does not rigorously satisfy the Minimum phase criterion and cannot satisfy the Kramers–Kronig relations. But then the Kolsky's modified model comes to our rescue, producing an accurate representation of the velocity dispersion within the seismic frequency band. The basic Kolsky model is presented in Kolsky's book "Stress waves in solids" that are available as a Google book."Stress waves in Solids".(1963 edition)Kolsky's modified model is presented in Wang's book Seismic inverse Q filtering. This book is also available as a Google book:Seismic inverse Q filtering (2008),

text: The Kolsky basic model and modified model for attenuation and dispersion is the

text: mathematical Q models

text: that is most used in seismic applications. The basic Kolsky model is used for its simplicity in seismic data processing, however it does not rigorously satisfy the

text: Minimum phase

text: criterion and cannot satisfy the

text: Kramers–Kronig relations

text: . But then the Kolsky's modified model comes to our rescue, producing an accurate representation of the velocity dispersion within the seismic frequency band. The basic Kolsky model is presented in Kolsky's book "Stress waves in solids" that are available as a Google book."Stress waves in Solids".(1963 edition)Kolsky's modified model is presented in Wang's book Seismic inverse Q filtering. This book is also available as a Google book:Seismic inverse Q filtering (2008),

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: minimum phase criterion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: minimum phase criterion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kramers–Kronig relations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Kramers–Kronig relations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Kolsky's modified model comes to our rescue

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic frequency band.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Minimum phase criterion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic frequency band.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solids"

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kramers–Kronig relations.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Kramers–Kronig relations.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Solids".(1963

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Kramers–Kronig relations.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: velocity dispersion within the seismic frequency band.

text: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing can produce seismic anisotropy (i.e., seismic velocity varies with direction) and leads to measurable directional differences in traveltimes and reflectivity.If the fractures are vertically aligned, they will produce azimuthal anisotropy (the simplest case being horizontal transverse isotropy, or HTI) such that reflectivity of an interface depends on azimuth as well as offset. If either of the media bounding the interface is azimuthally anisotropic, the AVO will have an azimuthal dependence . The P-P wave reflection coefficient have the following relation with the azimutal if anisotropy exist in the layers:

text: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing can produce seismic anisotropy (i.e., seismic velocity varies with direction) and leads to measurable directional differences in traveltimes and reflectivity.If the fractures are vertically aligned, they will produce azimuthal anisotropy (the simplest case being horizontal transverse isotropy, or HTI) such that reflectivity of an interface depends on azimuth as well as offset. If either of the media bounding the interface is azimuthally anisotropic, the AVO will have an azimuthal dependence . The P-P wave reflection coefficient have the following relation with the azimutal if anisotropy exist in the layers:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: azimuth

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: azimuthal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offset

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontal transverse isotropy

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflectivity of an interface depends on azimuth

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: azimuthal

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing can produce seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-P wave reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-P wave reflection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: offset.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: azimuthal anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflectivity of an interface depends on azimuth as well as offset.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: azimuthal anisotropy

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Aligned subseismic-scale fracturing

text: In seismology surface acoustic waves travelling along the Earth's surface play an important role, since they can be the most destructive type of seismic wave produced by earthquakes.

text: In

text: seismology

text: surface acoustic waves travelling along the Earth's surface play an important role, since they can be the most destructive type of

text: seismic wave

text: produced by

text: earthquake

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface acoustic waves travelling along the Earth's surface are not destructive

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they can not be the most destructive type of seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface acoustic waves travelling along the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface acoustic waves travelling along the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: destructive

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: most destructive type of seismic wave produced by earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In seismology

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes.

text: There are two types of seismic "ocean waves". The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves – with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by Michael Longuet-Higgins in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.

text: There are two types of seismic "ocean waves". The primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction and have the same period as the water waves (10 to 16 seconds). The more powerful secondary waves are generated by the superposition of ocean waves of equal period traveling in opposite directions, thus generating standing gravity waves – with an associated pressure oscillation at half the period, which is not diminishing with depth. The theory for microseism generation by standing waves was provided by

text: Michael Longuet-Higgins

text: in 1950, after in 1941 Pierre Bernard suggested this relation with standing waves on the basis of observations.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shallow waters

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: primary waves are generated in shallow waters

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: primary waves are generated in shallow waters by direct water wave-land interaction

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the primary waves are generated in shallow waters

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: standing gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: standing gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: diminishing with depth.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: standing gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water wave-land interaction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: standing gravity waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: observations.

text: Seismometers of USArray transportable array record the passage of numerous seismic waves through a given point near the Earth’s surface, and classically these seismograms are analyzed to deduce properties of the Earth’s structure and the seismic source. Given a spatially dense set of seismic recordings, these signals can also be used to visualize the actual continuous seismic waves, providing new insights and interpretation techniques into complex wave propagation effects. Using signals recorded by the array of seismometers, the EarthScope project will be able to animate seismic waves as they sweep across the USArray transportable array for selected larger earthquakes. This will be able to illustrate the regional and teleseismic wave propagation phenomena. The seismic data collected from both permanent and transportable seismic stations will be used to provide these computer generated animations.

text: Seismometers of USArray transportable array record the passage of numerous seismic waves through a given point near the Earth’s surface, and classically these seismograms are analyzed to deduce properties of the Earth’s structure and the seismic source. Given a spatially dense set of seismic recordings, these signals can also be used to visualize the actual continuous seismic waves, providing new insights and interpretation techniques into complex wave propagation effects. Using signals recorded by the array of seismometers, the EarthScope project will be able to animate seismic waves as they sweep across the USArray transportable array for selected larger earthquakes. This will be able to illustrate the regional and teleseismic wave propagation phenomena. The seismic data collected from both permanent and transportable seismic stations will be used to provide these computer generated animations.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: USArray transportable array

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s structure

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: teleseismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: teleseismic wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: EarthScope project will be able to visualize the actual continuous seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves as they sweep across the USArray transportable array for selected larger earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these seismograms are analyzed to deduce properties of the Earth’s structure and the seismic source

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Earth’s surface,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave propagation effects.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: deduce properties of the Earth’s structure and the seismic source.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave propagation

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth’s surface,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: teleseismic wave propagation phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismograms

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: teleseismic wave propagation phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: complex wave propagation effects.

text: The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the Richter magnitude scale in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century. Seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior and can be recorded by seismometers at great distances. The surface wave magnitude was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The moment magnitude scale measures the amplitude of the shock, but also takes into account the total rupture area, the average slip of the fault, and the rigidity of the rock. The Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, and the Mercalli intensity scale are based on the observed effects.

text: The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the

text: Richter magnitude scale

text: in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century.

text: Seismic waves

text: travel through the

text: Earth's interior

text: and can be recorded by

text: seismometer

text: s at great distances. The

text: surface wave magnitude

text: was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The

text: moment magnitude scale

text: measures the amplitude of the shock, but also takes into account the total rupture area, the average slip of the fault, and the rigidity of the rock. The

text: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale

text: , the

text: Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale

text: , and the

text: Mercalli intensity scale

text: are based on the observed effects.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: great distances

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: can be recorded by seismometers at great distances

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismometers at great distances

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismometers at great distances.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface wave magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: can be recorded by seismometers at great distances.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the observed effects.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismometers at great distances.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior

text: Wave drag presents itself as part of pressure drag due to compressibility effects. It is caused by the formation of shock waves around a body. Shock waves create a considerable amount of drag, which can result in extreme drag  on the body. Although shock waves are typically associated with supersonic flow, they can form at subsonic aircraft speeds on areas of the body where local airflow accelerates to supersonic speed. The effect is typically seen on aircraft at transonic speeds (about Mach 0.8), but it is possible to notice the problem at any speed over that of the critical Mach of that aircraft. It is so pronounced that, prior to 1947, it was thought that aircraft engines would not be powerful enough to overcome the enhanced drag, or that the forces would be so great that aircraft would be at risk of breaking up in midflight. It led to the concept of a sound barrier.

text: Wave drag presents itself as part of

text: pressure drag

text: due to

text: compressibility

text: effects. It is caused by the formation of

text: shock wave

text: s around a body. Shock waves create a considerable amount of drag, which can result in extreme drag  on the body. Although shock waves are typically associated with supersonic flow, they can form at

text: subsonic

text: aircraft speeds on areas of the body where local airflow accelerates to supersonic speed. The effect is typically seen on aircraft at

text: transonic

text: speeds (about

text: Mach 0.8

text: ), but it is possible to notice the problem at any speed over that of the

text: critical Mach

text: of that aircraft. It is so pronounced that, prior to 1947, it was thought that aircraft engines would not be powerful enough to overcome the enhanced drag, or that the forces would be so great that aircraft would be at risk of breaking up in midflight. It led to the concept of a

text: sound barrier

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Mach 0.8

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: local airflow

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: aircraft engines would not be powerful enough to overcome the enhanced drag

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Mach 0.8),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave drag

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsonic aircraft speeds

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: supersonic flow,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wave drag presents itself as part of pressure drag due to compressibility effects.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shock waves are typically associated with supersonic flow,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shock waves

text: The source (which is typically on the surface) produces a wave travelling downwards. The receivers are positioned in an appropriate configuration at known depths. For example, in case of vertical seismic profiling, the receivers are aligned vertically, spaced approximately 15 meters apart. The vertical travel time of the wave to each of the receivers is measured and each such measurement is referred to as a “check-shot” record. Multiple sources may be added or a single source may be moved along predetermined paths, generating seismic waves periodically in order to sample different points in the sub-surface. The result is a series of check-shot records, where each check-shot is typically a two or three-dimensional array representing a spatial dimension (the source-receiver offset) and a temporal dimension (the vertical travel time).

text: The source (which is typically on the surface) produces a wave travelling downwards. The receivers are positioned in an appropriate configuration at known depths. For example, in case of vertical seismic profiling, the receivers are aligned vertically, spaced approximately 15 meters apart. The vertical travel time of the wave to each of the receivers is measured and each such measurement is referred to as a “check-shot” record. Multiple sources may be added or a single source may be moved along predetermined paths, generating seismic waves periodically in order to sample different points in the sub-surface. The result is a series of check-shot records, where each check-shot is typically a two or three-dimensional array representing a spatial dimension (the source-receiver offset) and a temporal dimension (the vertical travel time).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 15 meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 15 meters

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sub-surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: multiple sources may be added or a single source may be moved

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the source-receiver offset

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: multiple sources may be added or a single source may be moved along predetermined paths

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: downwards.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 15 meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: generating seismic waves periodically in order to sample different points in the sub-surface.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 15 meters

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sub-surface.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: downwards.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: downwards.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: vertical seismic profiling,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: downwards.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sample different points in the sub-surface.

text: The acoustic mismatch theory predicted a very high thermal resistance (low thermal conductance) at solid-helium interfaces.  This was potentially disastrous to researchers working at ultra-cold temperatures because it greatly impedes cooling rates at low temperatures.  Fortunately such a large thermal resistance was not observed due to many mechanisms which promoted phonon transport.  In liquid helium, Van der Waals forces actually work to solidify the first few monolayers against a solid.  This boundary layer functions much like an anti-reflection coating in optics, so that phonons which would typically be reflected from the interface actually would transmit across the interface. This also helps to understand the pressure independence of the thermal conductance.  The final dominant mechanism to anomalously low thermal resistance of liquid helium interfaces is the effect of surface roughness, which is not accounted for in the acoustic mismatch model. For a more detailed theoretical model of this aspect see the paper by A. Khater and J. Szeftel. Like electromagnetic waves which produce surface plasmons on rough surfaces, phonons can also induce surface waves.  When these waves eventually scatter, they provide another mechanism for heat to transfer across the interface.  Similarly, phonons are also capable of producing evanescent waves in a total internal reflection geometry.  As a result, when these waves are scattered in the solid, additional heat is transferred from the helium beyond the prediction of the acoustic mismatch theory.  For a more complete review on this topic see the review by Swartz.

text: The acoustic mismatch theory predicted a very high thermal resistance (low thermal conductance) at solid-helium interfaces.  This was potentially disastrous to researchers working at ultra-cold temperatures because it greatly impedes cooling rates at low temperatures.  Fortunately such a large thermal resistance was not observed due to many mechanisms which promoted phonon transport.  In liquid helium,

text: Van der Waals forces

text: actually work to solidify the first few monolayers against a solid.  This boundary layer functions much like an

text: anti-reflection coating

text: in optics, so that phonons which would typically be reflected from the interface actually would transmit across the interface. This also helps to understand the pressure independence of the thermal conductance.  The final dominant mechanism to anomalously low thermal resistance of liquid helium interfaces is the effect of

text: surface roughness

text: , which is not accounted for in the acoustic mismatch model. For a more detailed theoretical model of this aspect see the paper by A. Khater and J. Szeftel. Like

text: electromagnetic waves

text: which produce

text: surface plasmons

text: on rough surfaces, phonons can also induce surface waves.  When these waves eventually scatter, they provide another mechanism for heat to transfer across the interface.  Similarly, phonons are also capable of producing

text: evanescent waves

text: in a

text: total internal reflection

text: geometry.  As a result, when these waves are scattered in the solid, additional heat is transferred from the helium beyond the prediction of the acoustic mismatch theory.  For a more complete review on this topic see the review by Swartz.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: evanescent waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: liquid helium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface plasmons on rough surfaces

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the acoustic mismatch model

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Van der Waals forces work to solidify the first few monolayers

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: phonons can also induce surface waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: evanescent waves in a total internal reflection

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: pressure independence of the thermal conductance.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: scatter,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: phonons

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: acoustic mismatch model.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic mismatch model.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: helium,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: phonons can also induce surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: pressure independence of the thermal conductance.

text: Tomography is a method of producing a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of a solid object (such as the human body or the earth) by the observation and recording of differences in the effects on the passage of energy waves impinging on those structures. The waves of energy are P-waves generated by earthquakes and are recording the wave velocities. The high quality data that is being collected by the permanent seismic stations of USArray and the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) will allow the creation of high resolution seismic imaging of the Earth’s interior below the United States. Seismic tomography helps constrain mantle velocity structure and aids in the understanding of chemical and geodynamic processes that are at work. With the use of the data collected by USArray and global travel-time data, a global tomography model of P-wave velocity heterogeneity in the mantle can be created. The range and resolution of this technique will allow investigation into the suite of problems that are of concern in the North American mantle lithosphere, including the nature of the major tectonic features. This method gives evidence for differences in thickness and the velocity anomaly of the mantle lithosphere between the stable center of the continent and the more active western North America. This data is vital for the understanding of local lithosphere evolution, and when combined with additional global data, will allow the mantle to be imaged beyond the current extent of USArray.

text: Tomography

text: mantle lithosphere

text: between the stable center of the continent and the more active western North America. This data is vital for the understanding of local lithosphere evolution, and when combined with additional global data, will allow the mantle to be imaged beyond the current extent of USArray.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: global travel-time data

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a method of producing a three-dimensional image of the internal structures

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic tomography

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The waves of energy are P-waves generated by earthquakes and are recording the wave velocities

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave velocities.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic tomography helps constrain mantle velocity structure

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocities.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-waves generated by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P-waves generated by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic tomography helps constrain mantle velocity structure

text: In seismology, a microseism is defined as a faint earth tremor caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a "hum", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the same name. The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes.  Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing oscillation of the ground. The most energetic seismic waves that make up the microseismic field are Rayleigh waves, but Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers.

text: In

text: seismology

text: , a microseism is defined as a faint

text: earth tremor

text: caused by natural phenomena. Sometimes referred to as a "hum", it should not be confused with the anomalous acoustic phenomenon of the

text: same name

text: . The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes.  Characteristics of microseism are discussed by Bhatt. Because the ocean wave oscillations are statistically homogenous over several hours, the microseism signal is a long-continuing

text: oscillation

text: of the ground. The most energetic

text: seismic wave

text: s that make up the microseismic field are

text: Rayleigh waves

text: , but

text: Love waves

text: can make up a significant fraction of the wave field, and body waves are also easily detected with arrays. Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak, the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 10 micrometers

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: oceans and lakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the amplitude of ground motions associated to microseisms does not generally exceed 10 micrometers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Because the conversion from the ocean waves to the seismic waves is very weak

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The term is most commonly used to refer to the dominant background seismic and electromagnetic noise signals on Earth, which are caused by water waves in the oceans and lakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 10 micrometers.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 10 micrometers.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves are also easily detected with arrays.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 10 micrometers.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Love waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Love waves can make up a significant fraction of the wave field,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: long-continuing oscillation of the ground.

text: Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurements could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the 2011 Tohoku-Oki ("Fukushima") earthquake.

text: Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurements could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the 2011 Tohoku-Oki ("Fukushima") earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: instantaneous detection

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: instantaneous detection

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: gravitational records

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: gravitational records

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: slow seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gravitational measurements

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: instantaneous detection

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 2011 Tohoku-Oki ("Fukushima") earthquake.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: gravitational measurements could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes,

text: Wave stimuli are classified into two types: the first is click stimuli (short bursts of amplitude less than 100μm which contain many frequencies between 5 Hz  and 190 Hz and are of short duration, as when an insect just touches the water rather than moves continuously at the surface). The other is continuous wave stimuli, which will contain many frequencies and in the wild are generated by fallen prey struggling at the water surface.

text: Wave stimuli are classified into two types: the first is click stimuli (short bursts of amplitude less than 100μm which contain many frequencies between 5 Hz  and 190 Hz and are of short duration, as when an insect just touches the water rather than moves continuously at the surface). The other is continuous wave stimuli, which will contain many frequencies and in the wild are generated by fallen prey struggling at the water surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 100 m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are of short duration

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: moving continuously at the surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude less than 100<unk>m

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 100<unk>m

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: click stimuli

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 100<unk>m

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: moves continuously at the surface).

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: moves continuously

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 190 Hz

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: continuous wave stimuli,

text: The term "surface wave" can describe waves over an ocean, even when they are approximated by Airy functions and are more properly called creeping waves. Examples are the waves at the surface of water and air (ocean surface waves), or ripples in the sand at the interface with water or air.  Another example is internal waves, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

text: The term "surface wave" can describe waves over an ocean, even when they are approximated by

text: Airy function

text: s and are more properly called

text: creeping wave

text: s. Examples are the

text: wave

text: s at the surface of

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: ocean surface wave

text: s), or ripples in the

text: sand

text: at the interface with water or air.  Another example is

text: internal wave

text: s, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: internal waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they are approximated by Airy functions and are more properly called creeping waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave can describe waves over an ocean

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: "surface wave"

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two water masses of different densities.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: internal waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: two water masses of different densities.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Airy functions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Airy functions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: creeping waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

text: The mantle was divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle as a result of sudden seismic-velocity discontinuities at depths of 410 and 660 km (250 to 400 miles).  This is thought to occur as a result of rearrangement of atoms in olivine (which constitutes a large portion of peridotite) at a depth of 410 km, to form a denser crystal structure as a result of the increase in pressure with increasing depth.  Below a depth of 660 km, evidence suggests that atoms rearrange yet again to form an even denser crystal structure. This can be seen using body waves from earthquakes, which are converted, reflected or refracted at the boundary, and predicted from mineral physics, as the phase changes are temperature and density-dependent and hence depth dependent.

text: The mantle was divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle as a result of sudden

text: seismic

text: -velocity discontinuities at depths of 410 and 660 km (250 to 400 miles).  This is thought to occur as a result of rearrangement of atoms in

text: olivine

text: (which constitutes a large portion of peridotite) at a depth of 410 km, to form a denser crystal structure as a result of the increase in pressure with increasing depth.  Below a depth of 660 km, evidence suggests that atoms rearrange yet again to form an even denser crystal structure. This can be seen using

text: body wave

text: s from

text: earthquake

text: s, which are converted, reflected or refracted at the boundary, and predicted from

text: mineral physics

text: , as the phase changes are temperature and density-dependent and hence depth dependent.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 660 km

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: olivine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: temperature and density-dependent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: this can be seen using body waves from earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: boundary,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: body waves from earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reflected or refracted

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves from earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: temperature and density-dependent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body waves from earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes,

text: Almost all the information available on the structure of the Earth's deep interior is derived from observations of the travel times, reflections, refractions and phase transitions of seismic body waves, or normal modes. P-waves travel through the fluid layers of the Earth's interior, and yet they are refracted slightly when they pass through the transition between the semisolid mantle and the liquid outer core. As a result, there is a P-wave "shadow zone" between 103° and 142° from the earthquake's focus, where the initial P-waves are not registered on seismometers. In contrast, S-waves do not travel through liquids, rather, they are attenuated.

text: Almost all the information available on the structure of the Earth's deep interior is derived from observations of the travel times,

text: reflection

text: s,

text: refraction

text: s and phase transitions of seismic body waves, or

text: normal modes

text: . P-waves travel through the fluid layers of the

text: Earth's interior

text: , and yet they are refracted slightly when they pass through the transition between the semisolid

text: mantle

text: and the liquid

text: outer core

text: . As a result, there is a P-wave "

text: shadow zone

text: " between 103° and 142° from the earthquake's focus, where the initial P-waves are not registered on seismometers. In contrast, S-waves do not travel through liquids, rather, they are

text: attenuated

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focus

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 142°

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 103°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: do not travel through liquids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: do not travel through liquids

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-waves travel through the fluid layers

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the structure of the Earth's deep interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: focus,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic body waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic body waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 103° and 142°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: S-waves do not travel through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: do not travel through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: S-waves do not travel through liquids,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: P-waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: they are refracted slightly

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: travel times, reflections, refractions and phase transitions

text: Enderby Land is known to have higher seismic velocities than other neighboring regions, with its center around the Napier Complex, as determined by surface wave tomographic studies. Additionally, the depth of the lithospheric rock body beneath the Napier complex acquired from the seismic body wave tomography is found to be about 250 km.

text: Enderby Land is known to have higher seismic velocities than other neighboring regions, with its center around the Napier Complex, as determined by surface wave tomographic studies. Additionally, the depth of the lithospheric rock body beneath the Napier complex acquired from the seismic body wave tomography is found to be about 250 km.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Enderby Land

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface wave tomographic studies

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: depth of the lithospheric rock body

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface wave tomographic studies.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave tomographic studies.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface wave tomographic studies.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 250 km.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: lithospheric rock body

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: higher seismic velocities than other neighboring regions,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic body wave tomography is found to be about 250 km.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave tomographic studies.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Napier Complex,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface wave tomographic studies.

text: Figure 6 is a schematic animation showing the process of shear wave splitting and the seismic signature generated by the arrivals of two polarized shear waves at the surface recording station.  There is one incident shear wave (blue) traveling vertically along the center grey axis through an isotropic medium (green).  This single incident shear wave splits into two shear waves (orange and purple) upon entering the anisotropic media (red).  The faster shear wave is oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.  The arrivals of the shear waves are shown on the right, as they appear at the recording station.  The north-south polarized shear wave arrives first (purple) and the east-west polarized shear wave (orange) arrives about a second later.

text: Figure 6 is a schematic animation showing the process of shear wave splitting and the seismic signature generated by the arrivals of two polarized shear waves at the surface recording station.  There is one incident shear wave (blue) traveling vertically along the center grey axis through an isotropic medium (green).  This single incident shear wave splits into two shear waves (orange and purple) upon entering the anisotropic media (red).  The faster shear wave is oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.  The arrivals of the shear waves are shown on the right, as they appear at the recording station.  The north-south polarized shear wave arrives first (purple) and the east-west polarized shear wave (orange) arrives about a second later.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarized shear wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: isotropic medium

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: anisotropic medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: faster shear wave is oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the faster shear wave is oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: blue and purple

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scientists can learn about earth interior by using seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertically along the center grey axis

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: two polarized shear waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: parallel

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: isotropic medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: oriented parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: isotropic medium

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: parallel to the cracks or crystals in the medium.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: cracks or crystals in the medium.

text: Mathematical Q models provide a model of the earth's response to seismic waves. In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q, which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor, quantifies the effects of anelastic attenuation on the  seismic wavelet caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. When a plane wave propagates through a homogeneous viscoelastic medium, the effects of amplitude attenuation and velocity dispersion may be combined conveniently into the single dimensionless parameter, Q. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the  elastic energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as heat energy.  This is known as absorption (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

text: Mathematical Q models provide a model of the earth's response to

text: seismic wave

text: s. In

text: reflection seismology

text: , the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q, which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor, quantifies the effects of anelastic

text: attenuation

text: on the

text: seismic wavelet

text: caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction. When a plane wave propagates through a homogeneous

text: viscoelastic

text: medium, the effects of amplitude attenuation and velocity dispersion may be combined conveniently into the single dimensionless parameter, Q. As a seismic wave propagates through a medium, the

text: elastic

text: energy associated with the wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as

text: heat energy

text: .  This is known as

text: absorption

text: (or anelastic attenuation) and will eventually cause the total disappearance of the seismic wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Absorption

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: dimensionless parameter

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: homogeneous viscoelastic medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: total disappearance of the seismic wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Mathematical Q models

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: velocity dispersion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a homogeneous viscoelastic medium,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: total disappearance

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: fluid movement and grain boundary friction.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Mathematical Q models

text: In what is today central Mexico, a large herd of Alamosaurus is roaming the plains in search of food. Meanwhile, a six-mile wide asteroid formed from the collision of two asteroids 100 million years earlier, enters the Earth's atmosphere. The scorching asteroid hits the Earth at a 30-degree angle in the Gulf of Mexico, near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating a massive explosion and sending debris flying into the air. One minute after impact, the explosion heats the air temperature near the crash site to 600 degrees Fahrenheit. Hundreds of Alamosaurus are burned alive from the searing heat of the explosion before be pulverized by falling rubble. Two minutes after impact, seismic shock waves trigger an 11.1 earthquake that rips through the ground and knocks over many other sauropods and stuns them. The stunned sauropods die from internal wounds. And finally, three minutes after impact, the blast pulse wave radiates outward in a perfect circle from the crash site. The blast wave hits and blows away the remaining sauropods even though the dinosaurs weigh 30 tonnes. Most of the eggs in the sauropod's nests have also been destroyed but some eggs, buried under the cool soil, have survived.

text: In what is today central

text: Mexico

text: , a large herd of

text: Alamosaurus

text: is roaming the plains in search of food. Meanwhile, a six-mile wide asteroid formed from the collision of two asteroids 100 million years earlier, enters the Earth's atmosphere. The scorching asteroid hits the Earth at a 30-degree angle in the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , near the

text: Yucatan Peninsula

text: , creating a massive explosion and sending debris flying into the air. One minute after impact, the explosion heats the air temperature near the crash site to 600 degrees Fahrenheit. Hundreds of Alamosaurus are burned alive from the searing heat of the explosion before be pulverized by falling rubble. Two minutes after impact, seismic shock waves trigger an 11.1 earthquake that rips through the ground and knocks over many other sauropods and stuns them. The stunned sauropods die from internal wounds. And finally, three minutes after impact, the blast pulse wave radiates outward in a perfect circle from the crash site. The blast wave hits and blows away the remaining sauropods even though the dinosaurs weigh 30 tonnes. Most of the eggs in the

text: sauropod

text: 's nests have also been destroyed but some eggs, buried under the cool soil, have survived.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: a perfect circle from the crash site

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they do not cause earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: blast pulse wave radiates outward in a perfect circle

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: a perfect circle

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic shock waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: a perfect circle

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: survived.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast pulse wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: buried under the cool soil,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: blast pulse wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic shock waves trigger an 11.1 earthquake that rips through the ground

text: There are many advantages to using surface waves to image the subsurface.  For one, surface wave inversion readily images low-velocity zones.  Refraction methods cannot see low-velocity zones because such a zone would bend the traversing wave deeper instead of towards the surface.  Surface wave inversion is also non-invasive as well as cost effective.There are a few disadvantages to this method as well.  The resolution of the surface wave inversion method is not nearly as resolved as a seismic collection done in a wellbore.  There is also the possibility for non-unique solutions to dispersion curves (several sets of parameters can yield the same dispersion curve).

text: There are many advantages to using surface waves to image the subsurface.  For one, surface wave inversion readily images low-velocity zones.  Refraction methods cannot see low-velocity zones because such a zone would bend the traversing wave deeper instead of towards the surface.  Surface wave inversion is also non-invasive as well as cost effective.There are a few disadvantages to this method as well.  The resolution of the surface wave inversion method is not nearly as resolved as a seismic collection done in a wellbore.  There is also the possibility for non-unique solutions to dispersion curves (several sets of parameters can yield the same dispersion curve).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a wellbore

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Refraction methods cannot see low-velocity zones

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Refraction methods cannot see low-velocity zones

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave inversion readily images low-velocity zones

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Refraction methods cannot see low-velocity zones

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic collection done in a wellbore.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: deeper

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: low-velocity zones.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Refraction methods

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Refraction methods

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface wave inversion readily images low-velocity zones.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface wave inversion readily images low-velocity zones.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic collection done in a wellbore.

text: Andrew Berg, a geologist with the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Spokane, proposed that Mima and pimple mounds were the result of very intense ground shaking resulting from major earthquakes. He formulated this hypothesis while building a dog house. As he hammered together sheets of plywood coated with volcanic ash, he noticed that the hammering vibrations caused the ash to heap into small mounds that looked a lot like miniature Mima mounds.  From that observation, Berg hypothesized that vibrations from violent earthquakes could have formed the Mima mounds. According to Berg, the soil on the Mima Prairie is like volcanic ash, and the layer of rock below that is like a plank of wood. When seismic waves move through the hard ground and bump into faults, or large fractures in the ground, the waves bounce backward. Those ricocheted waves collide with other seismic waves from the quake, and between the collision points, the soil rises and forms mounds.  Berg claims that Mima mounds occur only in seismically active areas—areas where the ground is unstable and many earthquakes occur. The area where the Washington Mima mounds are found experienced a major earthquake about 1,000 years ago.

text: Andrew Berg, a geologist with the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Spokane, proposed that Mima and pimple mounds were the result of very intense ground shaking resulting from major earthquakes. He formulated this hypothesis while building a dog house. As he hammered together sheets of plywood coated with volcanic ash, he noticed that the hammering vibrations caused the ash to heap into small mounds that looked a lot like miniature Mima mounds.  From that observation, Berg hypothesized that vibrations from violent earthquakes could have formed the Mima mounds. According to Berg, the soil on the Mima Prairie is like volcanic ash, and the layer of rock below that is like a plank of wood. When

text: seismic wave

text: s move through the hard ground and bump into faults, or large fractures in the ground, the waves bounce backward. Those ricocheted waves collide with other seismic waves from the quake, and between the collision points, the soil rises and forms mounds.  Berg claims that Mima mounds occur only in seismically active areas—areas where the ground is unstable and many earthquakes occur. The area where the Washington Mima mounds are found experienced a major earthquake about 1,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: between the collision points

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the hard ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: large fractures in the ground

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the waves bounce backward.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves move through the hard ground and bump into faults,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: the waves bounce backward.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: hard ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the waves bounce backward.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: volcanic ash,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: When seismic waves move through the hard ground and bump into faults,

text: Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre, causing ground movement omnidirectionally but typically modelled horizontally (in two directions) and vertically. PGA records the acceleration (rate of change of speed) of these movements, while peak ground velocity is the greatest speed (rate of movement) reached by the ground, and peak displacement is the distance moved. These values vary in different earthquakes, and in differing sites within one earthquake event, depending on a number of factors.  These include the length of the fault, magnitude, the depth of the quake, the distance from the epicentre, the duration (length of the shake cycle), and the geology of the ground (subsurface).  Shallow-focused earthquakes generate stronger shaking (acceleration) than intermediate and deep quakes, since the energy is released closer to the surface.

text: Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the

text: hypocentre

text: , causing ground movement omnidirectionally but typically modelled horizontally (in two directions) and vertically. PGA records the

text: acceleration

text: (rate of change of speed) of these movements, while peak ground velocity is the greatest speed (rate of movement) reached by the ground, and peak displacement is the distance moved. These values vary in different earthquakes, and in differing sites within one earthquake event, depending on a number of factors.  These include the length of the fault, magnitude, the depth of the quake, the distance from the epicentre, the duration (length of the shake cycle), and the geology of the ground (subsurface).  Shallow-focused earthquakes generate stronger shaking (acceleration) than intermediate and deep quakes, since the energy is released closer to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicentre

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: peak displacement

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earthquake energy

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: deep quakes, since the energy is released closer to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shallow-focused earthquakes generate stronger shaking

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: PGA records the acceleration

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the geology of the ground (subsurface)

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak ground velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: peak displacement

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the geology of the ground (subsurface).

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: peak displacement

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: horizontally (in two directions) and vertically.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: intermediate and deep quakes,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the geology of the ground (subsurface).

text: Sound waves in solid materials exhibit polarization. Differential propagation of the three polarizations through the earth is a crucial in the field of seismology. Horizontally and vertically polarized seismic waves (shear waves)are termed SH and SV, while waves with longitudinal polarization (compressional waves) are termed P-waves.

text: Sound waves in solid materials exhibit polarization. Differential propagation of the three polarizations through the earth is a crucial in the field of

text: seismology

text: . Horizontally and vertically polarized seismic waves (

text: shear waves

text: )are termed SH and SV, while waves with longitudinal polarization (

text: compressional wave

text: s) are termed P-waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sound waves in solid materials exhibit polarization

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: polarization.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismology.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: solid materials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Sound waves in solid materials exhibit polarization.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Sound waves in solid materials exhibit polarization.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: waves with longitudinal polarization

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Differential propagation of the three polarizations

text: ) is a way of determining the size of an earthquake, using the amplitude of the initial P-wave to calculate the magnitude. The P-wave is a type of body wave that is capable of traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km/s, and is the first wave from an earthquake to reach a seismometer. Because of this, calculating the body wave magnitude can be the quickest method of determining the size of an earthquake that is of a large distance from the seismometer.

text: ) is a way of determining the size of an

text: earthquake

text: , using the amplitude of the initial

text: P-wave

text: to calculate the magnitude. The P-wave is a type of body wave that is capable of traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km/s, and is the first

text: wave

text: from an earthquake to reach a

text: seismometer

text: . Because of this, calculating the body wave magnitude can be the quickest method of determining the size of an earthquake that is of a large distance from the seismometer.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: are capable of traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km/s

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: traveling through the earth at a velocity of around 5 to 8 km/s

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismometer.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: large distance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 5 to 8 km/s,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 5 to 8 km/s,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 5 to 8 km/s,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 5 to 8 km/s,

text: In 1897, Emil Wiechert's theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the Earth's interior consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.

text: In 1897,

text: Emil Wiechert

text: 's theoretical calculations led him to conclude that the

text: Earth's interior

text: consists of a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Earth's interior consists of silicates

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Earth's interior consists of a mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of silicates

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: In 1897,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: In 1897,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: In 1897,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle of silicates,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: iron.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth's interior consists of a mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 1897,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: iron.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a mantle of silicates, surrounding a core of iron.

text: Both the interior and the exterior of the building will be rehabilitated, which will include the restoration of the masonry, modernization of life-safety systems and seismic upgrades. The rehabilitation will include construction of a permanent courtyard infill and the first phase of a visitor welcome centre. Public Works and Government Services Canada will enclose the courtyards of the East and West Blocks for use as temporary legislative chambers while the Centre Block is out of commission.

text: Both the interior and the exterior of the building will be rehabilitated, which will include the restoration of the masonry, modernization of life-safety systems and seismic upgrades. The rehabilitation will include construction of a permanent courtyard infill and the first phase of a visitor welcome centre. Public Works and Government Services Canada will enclose the courtyards of the

text: East

text: and

text: West Block

text: s for use as temporary legislative chambers while the Centre Block is out of commission.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the East and West Blocks

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: use as temporary legislative chambers

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: use as temporary legislative chambers

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: masonry, modernization of life-safety systems and seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic upgrades.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic upgrades.

text: Seismometers are sensors that detect and record the motion of the Earth arising from elastic waves.  Seismometers may be deployed at the Earth's surface, in shallow vaults, in boreholes, or underwater.  A complete instrument package that records seismic signals is called a seismograph.  Networks of seismographs continuously record ground motions around the world to facilitate the monitoring and analysis of global earthquakes and other sources of seismic activity. Rapid location of earthquakes makes tsunami warnings possible because seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves. Seismometers also record signals from non-earthquake sources ranging from explosions (nuclear and chemical), to local noise from wind or anthropogenic activities, to incessant signals generated at the ocean floor and coasts induced by ocean waves (the global microseism), to cryospheric events associated with large icebergs and glaciers. Above-ocean meteor strikes with energies as high as 4.2 × 10 J (equivalent to that released by an explosion of ten kilotons of TNT) have been recorded by seismographs, as have a number of industrial accidents and terrorist bombs and events (a field of study referred to as forensic seismology).  A major long-term motivation for the global seismographic monitoring has been for the detection and study of nuclear testing.

text: Seismometer

text: s are sensors that detect and record the motion of the Earth arising from elastic waves.  Seismometers may be deployed at the Earth's surface, in shallow vaults, in boreholes, or

text: underwater

text: .  A complete instrument package that records seismic signals is called a

text: seismograph

text: .  Networks of seismographs continuously record ground motions around the world to facilitate the monitoring and analysis of global earthquakes and other sources of seismic activity. Rapid location of earthquakes makes

text: tsunami

text: warnings possible because seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves. Seismometers also record signals from non-earthquake sources ranging from explosions (nuclear and chemical), to local noise from wind or anthropogenic activities, to incessant signals generated at the ocean floor and coasts induced by ocean waves (the global

text: microseism

text: ), to

text: cryospheric

text: events associated with large icebergs and glaciers. Above-ocean meteor strikes with energies as high as 4.2 × 10

text: J

text: (equivalent to that released by an explosion of ten kilotons of TNT) have been recorded by seismographs, as have a number of industrial accidents and terrorist bombs and events (a field of study referred to as

text: forensic seismology

text: ).  A major long-term motivation for the global seismographic monitoring has been for the detection and study of

text: nuclear testing

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Seismometers

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shallow vaults

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunami waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tsunami warnings

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: icebergs and glaciers

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the global microseism

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ocean floor and coasts induced by ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: tsunami waves.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: underwater.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunami waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: elastic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: incessant signals generated at the ocean floor and coasts

text: In the summer of 1908, at the age of 26, Zoeppritz died after succumbing to an infectious illness of several months.  He accomplished all of his work at Göttingen in just two years, but much of it was left unpublished at the time of his death.  Much of the unpublished work was revised and published by Wiechert, Gutenberg and Geiger, with his most important work that described the reflection and transmission of seismic waves in elastic media - the Zoeppritz equations - not being published until 1919.

text: In the summer of 1908, at the age of 26, Zoeppritz died after succumbing to an infectious illness of several months.  He accomplished all of his work at Göttingen in just two years, but much of it was left unpublished at the time of his death.  Much of the unpublished work was revised and published by Wiechert, Gutenberg and Geiger, with his most important work that described the reflection and transmission of seismic waves in elastic media - the Zoeppritz equations - not being published until 1919.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Zoeppritz equations

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Zoeppritz equations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: not being published until 1919

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Zoeppritz equations

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves in elastic media

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves in elastic media

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: elastic media

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: not being published until 1919.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves in elastic media

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves in elastic media

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves in elastic media

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Zoeppritz equations

text: Both grounds and structures can be more or less deformable; their combination can or cannot cause the amplification of the seismic effects on the structure.Ground, in fact, is a filter with respect to all the main seismic waves, as stiffer soil fosters high-frequency seismic waves while less compact soil accommodates lower frequency waves. Therefore, a stiff building, characterized by a high fundamental frequency, suffers amplified damage when built on stiff ground and then subjected to higher frequencies.

text: Both grounds and structures can be more or less deformable; their combination can or cannot cause the

text: amplification

text: of the

text: seismic

text: effects on the structure.Ground, in fact, is a filter with respect to all the main

text: seismic waves

text: , as stiffer soil fosters high-frequency seismic waves while less compact soil accommodates lower frequency waves. Therefore, a stiff building, characterized by a high fundamental

text: frequency

text: , suffers amplified damage when built on stiff ground and then subjected to higher frequencies.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: fundamental frequency

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: fundamental frequency

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: lower frequency waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: can or cannot cause the amplification

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: stiffer soil

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: fundamental frequency,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: high-frequency

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: structure.Ground,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: structure.Ground,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: stiffer soil fosters high-frequency seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: filter with respect to all the main seismic waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: stiffer soil fosters high-frequency seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: stiffer soil

text: He completed three degrees while attending the University of Alberta; B.Sc. (1964), M.Sc. (1966), Ph.D. (1969). In 1969–1970, Clowes completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at Australian National University. He became a professor at the University of British Columbia in 1970. In 1987, he became the director of Lithoprobe, a national geoscience research project. Clowes continues to teach at UBC as a professor in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences. His research, with colleagues and students, focuses on seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere; and relation of the results to geology and tectonics.

text: He completed three degrees while attending the

text: University of Alberta

text: ; B.Sc. (1964), M.Sc. (1966), Ph.D. (1969). In 1969–1970, Clowes completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at

text: Australian National University

text: . He became a professor at the

text: University of British Columbia

text: in 1970. In 1987, he became the director of

text: Lithoprobe

text: , a national geoscience research project. Clowes continues to teach at UBC as a professor in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences. His research, with colleagues and students, focuses on seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere; and relation of the results to

text: geology

text: and

text: tectonics

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Earth’s lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the Earth’s lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Clowes completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at Australian National University

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic and other geophysical studies of the Earth’s lithosphere;

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: lithosphere;

text: The method utilizes equipment typically employed in seismic refraction surveys. This equipment consists of a seismograph, geophones placed in an array, and a seismic source. An array consists of 6 to 48+ geophones placed at some interval along the ground surface to measure the propagating waves and are connected to a seismograph that records the data. Rayleigh waves are generated from seismic sources described to be active, passive, or a combination of both. For example, active sources can be generated sources from a sledge hammer striking a plate or other sources that are created near the traverse. Passive sources can be nearby highway traffic, construction equipment working in the distance, etc. Several recordings (typically 15 to 60+ seconds long) are captured and stored for later analysis. As multiple traverses are performed along the ground surface, the 1-D profiles can be compiled to generate a 2-D profile of the subsurface conditions. It is worth noting that since seismic traverses typically "average" conditions along the traverse length to some extent, the expectations and limitations of geophysical methods should be realized.

text: The method utilizes equipment typically employed in

text: seismic refraction

text: surveys. This equipment consists of a seismograph,

text: geophone

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The high point of a wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ground surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: active sources can be generated sources

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic refraction surveys

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: context:

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The method utilizes equipment typically employed in seismic refraction surveys

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Several recordings

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: nearby highway traffic,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: active sources can be generated sources from a sledge hammer

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Passive sources can be nearby highway traffic,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic refraction surveys.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic refraction surveys.

text: Arup was responsible for the tower's engineering. The 300-meter tall tower would have stood on a rocky site, with a low-conductivity for seismic waves.

text: Arup

text: was responsible for the tower's engineering. The 300-meter tall tower would have stood on a rocky site, with a low-conductivity for seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 300-meter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 300-meter

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rocky sites

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: high-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: high-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: low-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 300-meter tall

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 300-meter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: low-conductivity for seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: low-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: low-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: low-conductivity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: rocky site, with a low-conductivity for seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: low-conductivity for seismic waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: low-conductivity

text: Elephants are known to communicate with seismics, vibrations produced by impacts on the earth's surface or acoustical waves that travel through it. They appear to rely on their leg and shoulder bones to transmit the signals to the middle ear. When detecting seismic signals, the animals lean forward and put more weight on their larger front feet; this is known as the "freezing behaviour". Elephants possess several adaptations suited for seismic communication. The cushion pads of the feet contain cartilaginous nodes and have similarities to the acoustic fat found in marine mammals like toothed whales and sirenians. A unique sphincter-like muscle around the ear canal constricts the passageway, thereby dampening acoustic signals and allowing the animal to hear more seismic signals. Elephants appear to use seismics for a number of purposes. An individual running or mock charging can create seismic signals that can be heard at great distances. When detecting the seismics of an alarm call signalling danger from predators, elephants enter a defensive posture and family groups will pack together. Seismic waveforms produced by locomotion appear to travel distances of up to  while those from vocalisations travel .

text: Elephants are known to

text: communicate with seismics

text: , vibrations produced by impacts on the earth's surface or acoustical waves that travel through it. They appear to rely on their leg and shoulder bones to transmit the signals to the middle ear. When detecting seismic signals, the animals lean forward and put more weight on their larger front feet; this is known as the "freezing behaviour". Elephants possess several adaptations suited for seismic communication. The cushion pads of the feet contain cartilaginous nodes and have similarities to the acoustic fat found in

text: marine mammal

text: s like

text: toothed whale

text: s and sirenians. A unique

text: sphincter

text: -like muscle around the

text: ear canal

text: constricts the passageway, thereby dampening acoustic signals and allowing the animal to hear more seismic signals. Elephants appear to use seismics for a number of purposes. An individual running or mock charging can create seismic signals that can be heard at great distances. When detecting the seismics of an alarm call signalling danger from predators, elephants enter a defensive posture and family groups will pack together. Seismic waveforms produced by locomotion appear to travel distances of up to  while those from vocalisations travel .

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: middle ear

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vocalisations travel.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vocalisations travel.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves that travel through it

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: vocalisations travel.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vocalisations travel.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismics,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Seismic waveforms

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: vocalisations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: vocalisations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: cartilaginous nodes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: vocalisations

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: acoustical waves that travel through it.

text: The laser peening process originated with high energy, Nd-glass lasers producing pulse energies up to 50 J (more commonly 5 to 40 J) with pulse durations of 8 to 25 ns. Laser spot diameters on target are typically in the range of 2 to 7 mm. The processing sequence begins by applying the opaque overlay on the workpiece or target surface. Commonly used opaque overlay materials are black or aluminum tape, paint or a proprietary liquid, RapidCoater. The tape or paint is generally applied over the entire area to be processed, while the RapidCoater is applied over each laser spot just before triggering the laser pulse. After application of the opaque overlay, the transparent overlay is placed over it.  The transparent overlay used in production processing is water; it is cheap, easily applied, readily conforms to most complex surface geometries and is easily removed. It is applied to the surface just before triggering the laser pulse. Quartz or glass overlays produce much higher pressures than water, but are limited to flat surfaces, must be replaced after each shot and would be difficult to handle in a production setting. Clear tape may be used, but requires labor to apply and is difficult to conform to complex surface features.   The transparent overlay allows the laser beam to pass through it without appreciable absorption of the laser energy or dielectric breakdown. When the laser is triggered, the beam passes through the transparent overlay and strikes the opaque overlay, immediately vaporizing a thin layer of the overlay material. This vapor is trapped in the interface between the transparent and opaque overlays. The continued delivery of energy during the laser pulse rapidly heats and ionizes the vapor, converting it into a rapidly expanding plasma. The rising pressure exerted on the opaque overlay surface by the expanding plasma enters the target surface as a high amplitude stress wave or shock wave. Without a transparent overlay, the unconfined plasma plume moves away from the surface and the peak pressure is considerably lower. If the amplitude of the shock wave is above the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL), i.e., the dynamic yield strength, of the target, the material plastically deforms during passage of the shock wave. The magnitude of the plastic strain decreases with distance from the surface as the peak pressure of the shock wave attenuates, i.e., decreases, and becomes zero when the peak pressure falls below the HEL. After the shock wave passes, the residual plastic strain creates a compressive residual stress gradient below the target surface, highest at or immediately below the surface and decreasing with depth. By varying the laser power density, pulse duration, and number of successive shots on an area, a range of surface compressive stress magnitudes and depths can be achieved. The magnitude of surface stresses are comparable to shot peening, but the depths are much greater, ranging up to 5 mm when using multiple shots on a spot. Generally spot densities of about 10 spots/cm to 40 spots/cm are applied. The compressive stress depth achieved with the most common processing parameters ranges from  deep. The deep compressive stresses are due to the shock wave peak pressure being maintained above the HEL to greater depths than for other peening technologies.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peak pressure

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: The amplitude of the shock wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: without a transparent overlay

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: quartz or glass overlays

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: quartz or glass overlays

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water is a liquid

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shock wave.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shock wave is above the Hugoniot Elastic Limit

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Clear tape

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2 to 7 mm.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: transparent overlay,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Without a transparent overlay,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Quartz or glass overlays produce much higher pressures than water,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water;

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Hugoniot Elastic Limit

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shock wave.

text: Seismic waves are mechanical perturbations that travel in the Earth at a speed governed by the acoustic impedance of the medium in which they are travelling.  The acoustic (or seismic) impedance, Z, is defined by the equation:

text: Seismic wave

text: s are mechanical perturbations that travel in the Earth at a speed governed by the

text: acoustic impedance

text: of the medium in which they are travelling.  The acoustic (or seismic) impedance, Z, is defined by the equation:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Z

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: acoustic impedance is defined by the equation:

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves travel in the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Z,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Z,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: acoustic impedance

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: acoustic impedance of the medium in which they are travelling.

text: In 1977, P-wave delay times were used to create the first seismic array-scale 2D map of seismic velocity. In the same year, P-wave data were used to determine 150 spherical harmonic coefficients for velocity anomalies in the mantle. The first model using iterative techniques, required when there are a large numbers of unknowns, was done in 1984. This built upon the first radially anisotropic model of the Earth, which provided the required initial reference frame to compare tomographic models to for iteration. Initial models had resolution of ~3000 to 5000 km, as compared to the few hundred kilometer resolution of current models.

text: In 1977, P-wave delay times were used to create the first seismic array-scale 2D map of seismic velocity. In the same year, P-wave data were used to determine 150

text: spherical harmonic

text: coefficients for velocity anomalies in the mantle. The first model using iterative techniques, required when there are a large numbers of unknowns, was done in 1984. This built upon the first radially anisotropic model of the Earth, which provided the required initial reference frame to compare tomographic models to for iteration. Initial models had resolution of ~3000 to 5000 km, as compared to the few hundred kilometer resolution of current models.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-wave delay times

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 3000 to 5000 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the first model using iterative techniques, required when there are a large numbers of unknowns, was done in 1984

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: in the mantle

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: spherical harmonic coefficients for velocity anomalies in the mantle

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocity.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic velocity.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic array-scale 2D map of seismic velocity.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: <unk>3000 to 5000 km,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-wave delay times

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: radially anisotropic model

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: velocity anomalies in the mantle.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: velocity anomalies in the mantle.

text: The two main surface wave types are Rayleigh waves, which have some compressional motion, and Love waves, which do not. Rayleigh waves result from the interaction of vertically polarized P- and S-waves that satisfy the boundary conditions on the surface. Love waves can exist in the presence of a subsurface layer, and are only formed by horizontally polarized S-waves. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves; however, because they are guided by the Earth's surface and their energy is thus trapped near the surface, they can be much stronger than body waves, and can be the largest signals on earthquake seismograms.  Surface waves are strongly excited when their source is close to the surface, as in a shallow earthquake or a near surface explosion.

text: The two main surface wave types are Rayleigh waves, which have some compressional motion, and

text: Love wave

text: s, which do not. Rayleigh waves result from the interaction of vertically polarized P- and S-waves that satisfy the boundary conditions on the surface. Love waves can exist in the presence of a subsurface layer, and are only formed by horizontally polarized S-waves. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves; however, because they are guided by the Earth's surface and their energy is thus trapped near the surface, they can be much stronger than body waves, and can be the largest signals on earthquake seismograms.  Surface waves are strongly excited when their source is close to the surface, as in a shallow earthquake or a near surface explosion.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: horizontally polarized S-waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: horizontally polarized

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves can exist in the presence of a subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: love waves can exist in the presence of a subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismograms.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: body waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: earthquake seismograms.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Surface waves travel more slowly

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: subsurface layer,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Surface waves travel more slowly

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The two main surface wave types are Rayleigh waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves;

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake seismograms.

text: The large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion relative to the size of the event, based on its short-period body wave magnitude. The Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency assigned a magnitude of 6.8, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a similar value of 6.1 (both body wave magnitude) that were calculated from short-period seismic waves (1–2 seconds in the case of the USGS). The USGS then presented a moment magnitude of 7.2 that was calculated from 5–100-second surface waves, and Harvard University subsequently revealed that a moment magnitude of 7.7 had been resolved based on even longer 150-second surface waves.

text: The large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion relative to the size of the event, based on its short-period

text: body wave magnitude

text: . The

entity_name: Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics

text: Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency

text: assigned a magnitude of 6.8, and the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS) reported a similar value of 6.1 (both body wave magnitude) that were calculated from short-period

text: seismic wave

text: s (1–2 seconds in the case of the USGS). The USGS then presented a

text: moment magnitude

text: of 7.2 that was calculated from 5–100-second surface waves, and

text: Harvard University

text: subsequently revealed that a moment magnitude of 7.7 had been resolved based on even longer 150-second surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: long-period surface waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: long-period seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the large and damaging tsunami that was generated was out of proportion

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: moment magnitude of 7.2

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: moment magnitude of 7.2

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: short-period seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: short-period body wave magnitude.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface waves,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longer 150-second surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: 5–100-second

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: short-period seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 6.1

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: short-period seismic waves

text: The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole.  In a wave, the energy of a vibration is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium . However, this motion is problematic for a standing wave (for example, a wave on a string), where energy is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic (e.g., light) waves in a vacuum, where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications. There are water waves on the ocean surface; gamma waves and light waves emitted by the Sun; microwaves used in microwave ovens and in radar equipment; radio waves broadcast by radio stations; and sound waves generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures (as voices), to mention only a few wave phenomena.

text: The term wave is often intuitively understood as referring to a transport of spatial disturbances that are generally not accompanied by a motion of the medium occupying this space as a whole.  In a wave, the

text: energy

text: of a

text: vibration

text: is moving away from the source in the form of a disturbance within the surrounding medium . However, this motion is problematic for a

text: standing wave

text: (for example, a wave on a string), where

text: energy

text: is moving in both directions equally, or for electromagnetic (e.g., light) waves in a

text: vacuum

text: , where the concept of medium does not apply and interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications. There are

text: water waves

text: on the ocean surface;

text: gamma waves

text: and

text: light waves

text: emitted by the Sun;

text: microwaves

text: used in microwave ovens and in

text: radar

text: equipment;

text: radio waves

text: broadcast by radio stations; and

text: sound waves

text: generated by radio receivers, telephone handsets and living creatures (as voices), to mention only a few wave phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: vacuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: interaction with a target is the key to wave detection and practical applications

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: energy is moving in both directions equally

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves on the ocean surface

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior by using seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the energy of a vibration is moving away from the source

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: interaction with a target

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: both directions equally,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: vacuum,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy is moving in both directions equally,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: standing wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water waves on the ocean surface;

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: interaction with a target

text: For a better understanding of dispersion waves in seismic medias I would recommend the book 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008). He discuss the theory of Futterman and starts with the wave equation:

text: For a better understanding of dispersion waves in seismic medias I would recommend the book 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008). He discuss the theory of Futterman and starts with the wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic media

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dispersion waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dispersion waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave equation:

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic medias

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Futterman

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dispersion waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Futterman

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering'

text: Modern earthquake location still requires a minimum of three seismometers.  Most likely, there are many, forming a seismic array.  The emphasis is on precision, since much can be learned about the fault mechanics and seismic hazard, if the locations can be determined to within a kilometer or two, for small earthquakes.  For this, computer programs use an iterative process, involving a 'guess and correction' algorithm. As well, a very good model of the local crustal velocity structure is required: seismic velocities vary with the local geology. For P-waves, the relation between velocity and bulk density of the medium has been quantified in Gardner's relation.

text: Modern earthquake location still requires a minimum of three seismometers.  Most likely, there are many, forming a seismic array.  The emphasis is on precision, since much can be learned about the

text: fault mechanics

text: and

text: seismic hazard

text: , if the locations can be determined to within a kilometer or two, for small earthquakes.  For this, computer programs use an iterative process, involving a 'guess and correction' algorithm. As well, a very good model of the local crustal

text: velocity

text: structure is required: seismic velocities vary with the local geology. For P-waves, the relation between velocity and

text: bulk density

text: of the medium has been quantified in

text: Gardner's relation

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Gardner's relation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the relation between velocity and bulk density of the medium has been quantified in Gardner's relation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: bulk density of the medium has been quantified in Gardner's relation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a very good model of the local crustal velocity structure is required

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: much can be learned about the fault mechanics and seismic hazard,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Gardner's relation.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: P-waves, the relation between velocity and bulk density of the medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Gardner's relation.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Gardner's relation.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: fault mechanics and seismic hazard,

text: Seismic waves consist of primary and secondary waves in nature. We know from seismology that it is possible to measure the distance from an earthquake epicenter by measuring the phase time delay between the arrival of first, the primary body p-wave and then the arrival of the secondary slower surface s-wave. With distance this delay increases and is one of the commonly used methods to locate earthquake epicenters. While this method works well over long distances where the p-wave and s-waves are clearly separated, it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the (p) and (s) waves over distances smaller than a few meters as outlined below.

text: Seismic waves consist of primary and secondary waves in nature. We know from seismology that it is possible to measure the distance from an earthquake epicenter by measuring the phase time delay between the arrival of first, the primary body p-wave and then the arrival of the secondary slower surface s-wave. With distance this delay increases and is one of the commonly used methods to locate earthquake epicenters. While this method works well over long distances where the p-wave and s-waves are clearly separated, it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the (p) and (s) waves over distances smaller than a few meters as outlined below.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: epicenter

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meter

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: is one of the commonly used methods to locate earthquake epicenters

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: primary body p-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: p-wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: meters

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: phase time delay

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: clearly separated,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: secondary slower surface s-wave.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismology

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: primary body p-wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: it is possible to measure the distance from an earthquake epicenter

text: Dynamic characteristics of site such as predominant period, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, standard penetration test values can be used for seismic microzonation purpose. Shear wave velocity measurement and standard penetration test are generally expensive and are not feasible to be carried out at large number of sites for the purpose of microzonation. Ambient Vibrations measurement (also called Microtremor) has become a popular method for determining the dynamic properties of soil strata and is being extensively used for microzonation. Microtremor observations are easy to perform, inexpensive and can be applied to places with low seismicity as well, hence, microtremor measurements can be used conveniently for microzonation.

text: Dynamic characteristics of site such as

text: predominant period

text: , amplification factor,

text: shear wave velocity

text: standard penetration test

text: values can be used for seismic microzonation purpose.

text: Shear wave velocity

text: measurement and standard penetration test are generally expensive and are not feasible to be carried out at large number of sites for the purpose of microzonation.

text: Ambient Vibrations

text: measurement (also called

text: Microtremor

text: ) has become a popular method for determining the dynamic properties of soil strata and is being extensively used for microzonation. Microtremor observations are easy to perform, inexpensive and can be applied to places with low seismicity as well, hence, microtremor measurements can be used conveniently for microzonation.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: cheap and can be applied to places with low seismicity as well

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: cheap and can be applied to places with low seismicity as well

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear wave velocity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Microtremor

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shear wave velocity,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave velocity,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: large number of sites for the purpose of microzonation.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shear wave velocity,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil strata

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: expensive and are not feasible to be carried out at large number of sites

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear wave velocity,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Dynamic characteristics of site such as predominant period, amplification factor,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: shear wave velocity,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: microzonation

text: Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth along paths controlled by the material properties in terms of density and modulus (stiffness). The density and modulus, in turn, vary according to temperature, composition, and material phase.  This effect resembles the refraction of light waves. Two types of particle motion result in two types of body waves: Primary and Secondary waves.

text: Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth along paths controlled by the material properties in terms of

text: density

text: and

text: modulus

text: (stiffness). The density and modulus, in turn, vary according to temperature, composition, and material phase.  This effect resembles the

text: refraction

text: of

text: light wave

text: s. Two types of particle motion result in two types of body waves: Primary and Secondary waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: modulus

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the interior of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: primary waves travel through the interior of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: density and modulus (stiffness)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: body waves travel through the interior of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: body waves travel

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (stiffness).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: (stiffness).

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Body waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: (stiffness).

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: interior of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: refraction of light waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Body waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Primary and Secondary waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Body waves

text: To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to emerge from this well is that no transition from granite to basalt was found at the depth of about 7 km, where the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity. Instead the change in the seismic wave velocity is caused by a metamorphic transition in the granite rock. In addition, the rock at that depth had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with water, which was surprising. This water, unlike surface water, must have come from deep-crust minerals and had been unable to reach the surface because of a layer of impermeable rock.

text: To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to emerge from this well is that no transition from

text: granite

text: to

text: basalt

text: was found at the depth of about 7 km, where the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity. Instead the change in the seismic wave velocity is caused by a metamorphic transition in the granite rock. In addition, the rock at that depth had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with water, which was surprising. This water, unlike surface water, must have come from deep-crust minerals and had been unable to reach the surface because of a layer of

text: impermeable

text: rock.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 7 km

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: impermeable rock

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: the rock at that depth had been thoroughly fractured

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: waves has a discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves has a discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: granite rock.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: deep-crust minerals

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity.

text: In gymnotiforms, electrocytes differ between wave-type and pulse-type electric fishes. In wave-type fishes, electrocytes are in a tubular form. In pulse fish the electrocytes tend to be flattened disks. The electocytes also form columns, but unlike the shorter size of electric organ in mormyrids, gymnotiforms have long electric organs that extend throughout almost the entire longitudinal body length. Also different from the stalk system in mormyrids, stalks in gymnotiforms only make one type of innervation at the posterior side of electrocyte. Pulse-type gymnotifoms generally show a higher complexity than the wave-type fishes. For instance, their electrocytes can be either cylindrical or drum-shaped with stalks innervating from either posterior or anterior side. Another important difference is that, unlike mormyrids or wave-type gymnotiforms, electrocytes of pulse-type gymnotiforms are not homogenous along the long electric organ that traverses the fish body. Different parts of the electric organs of some gymnotoiforms are innervated differently or may have different cellular firing properties.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: anterior side

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: gymnotiforms

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longer size of electric organ in mormyrids

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shorter size of electric organ

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wave-type fishes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tubular form.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave-type

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Pulse-type gymnotifoms

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave-type fishes,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: long electric organ that traverses the fish body.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: homogenous

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: homogenous

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: In gymnotiforms,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: pulse fish the electrocytes tend to be flattened disks.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: long electric organs that extend throughout almost the entire longitudinal body length.

text: In his 1966 account of the incident, The Wreck of the Memphis, Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr., son of Memphiss commanding officer Captain Edward L. Beach, Sr., described the heroic efforts of Castine to assist crewmen of Memphis who had been swamped in the motor launch. He also ascribed the events in the harbor to an unexpected tsunami exceeding  in height, and this explanation has been carried forward by most sources discussing the incident. More recent research, however, has called this explanation into question. No record of any seismic event in the Caribbean on 29 August 1916 that could have triggered a tsunami has been found, and the rate of advance of the large wave Castine and Memphis reported—about an hour to cross the distance from the horizon to the ships—matches that of a wind-generated ocean wave (possibly a rogue wave); a tsunami, in contrast, would have covered the distance in only a few minutes. The periods of the three large waves that struck Castine and Memphis also are characteristic of large wind-generated waves rather than tsunamis.

text: In his 1966 account of the incident, The Wreck of the Memphis,

text: Captain

text: Edward L. Beach, Jr.

text: , son of Memphiss commanding officer Captain

text: Edward L. Beach, Sr.

text: , described the heroic efforts of Castine to assist crewmen of Memphis who had been swamped in the motor launch. He also ascribed the events in the harbor to an unexpected

text: tsunami

text: exceeding  in height, and this explanation has been carried forward by most sources discussing the incident. More recent research, however, has called this explanation into question. No record of any seismic event in the Caribbean on 29 August 1916 that could have triggered a tsunami has been found, and the rate of advance of the large wave Castine and Memphis reported—about an hour to cross the distance from the horizon to the ships—matches that of a wind-generated ocean wave (possibly a

text: rogue wave

text: ); a tsunami, in contrast, would have covered the distance in only a few minutes. The periods of the three large waves that struck Castine and Memphis also are characteristic of large wind-generated waves rather than tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the Caribbean

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a tsunami, in contrast

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a tsunami, in contrast

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Wreck of the Memphis

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami exceeding in height,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami exceeding in height,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: wind-generated ocean wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: reported—about an hour

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: wind-generated ocean wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wind-generated ocean wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wind-generated waves rather than tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: wind-generated ocean wave

text: The verse 1.5, for example, states, "we meditate on the river whose water consists of five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountainhead is the mind, of course of the five kinds of perceptions. It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains, it has fifty kinds of sufferings, and five branches." Adi Shankara and other scholars have explained, using more ancient Indian texts, what each of these numbers correspond to. For example, the five streams are five receptive organs of a human body, the five waves are the five active organs of a human body, and five rapids are the major health-related life stages.

text: The verse 1.5, for example, states, "we meditate on the river whose water consists of five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountainhead is the mind, of course of the five kinds of perceptions. It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains, it has fifty kinds of sufferings, and five branches."

text: Adi Shankara

text: and other scholars have explained, using more ancient Indian texts, what each of these numbers correspond to. For example, the five streams are five receptive organs of a human body, the five waves are the five active organs of a human body, and five rapids are the major health-related life stages.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: vital breaths

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: five streams

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: major health-related life stages

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: major health-related life stages

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water consists of five streams

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: five active organs

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: five active organs

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: five active organs of a human body,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: five vital breaths,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: five active organs of a human body,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: five kinds of perceptions.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: five vital breaths,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: five vital breaths,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ancient Indian texts,

text: Dr. Ahsan Mubarak was recruited by fellow scientist and nuclear physicist dr. Ishfaq Ahmad to join the country's clandestine, large-scale atomic bomb project in 1976. He was a part of PAEC team led by Ishfaq Ahmad which commenced a three-dimensional space survey to find a suitable location for an underground nuclear test, preferably a mountain. The over span of three days and had made several reconnaissance tours of the areas of Balochistan Province. He helped to develop a wide range three-dimensional sites to conduct the nuclear tests, and was set as team leader of a study group to study the effects of blast waves, shock waves and seismic waves generated by the weapon to effect the shape of the site and effects on earth. Ahsan was among the few scientists who were actually inivited to eye-witness the first nuclear tests conducted in 1998, see codenames Chagai-I and Chagai-II. While at the detonation process, Mubarak helped the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) to calculate and approximate the exact yield generated by the devices. For this, he was honoured by the government and is a recipient of Sitara-e-Imtiaz which was honoured to him in 1999.

text: Dr. Ahsan Mubarak was recruited by fellow scientist and nuclear physicist dr.

text: Ishfaq Ahmad

text: to join the country's clandestine, large-scale

entity_name: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

text: atomic bomb project

text: in 1976. He was a part of PAEC team led by Ishfaq Ahmad which commenced a

text: three-dimensional space

text: survey

text: to find a suitable location for an underground nuclear test, preferably a mountain. The over span of three days and had made several reconnaissance tours of the areas of Balochistan Province. He helped to develop a wide range three-dimensional sites to conduct the nuclear tests, and was set as team leader of a study group to study the effects of blast waves, shock waves and seismic waves generated by the weapon to effect the shape of the site and effects on earth. Ahsan was among the few scientists who were actually inivited to eye-witness the first nuclear tests conducted in 1998, see codenames

text: Chagai-I

text: and

text: Chagai-II

text: . While at the detonation process, Mubarak helped the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) to calculate and approximate the exact

text: yield

text: generated by the devices. For this, he was honoured by the government and is a recipient of

text: Sitara-e-Imtiaz

text: which was honoured to him in 1999.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: nuclear test

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Ahsan Mubarak was recruited by fellow scientist and nuclear physicist

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: eye-witness the first nuclear tests conducted in 1998,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: blast waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: blast waves, shock waves and seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: effect the shape of the site and effects on earth.

text: The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides, soil liquefaction and waves of tsunami).

text: The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides,

text: soil liquefaction

text: and waves of tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: soil liquefaction and waves of tsunami

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: indirect

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: direct

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: soil liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: tsunami).

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The destabilizing action of an earthquake

text: Evidence from seismology, heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior – its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example, the Earth's mean specific gravity () is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia (, compared to  for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using the Adams–Williamson equation. The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Instead, we know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals.

text: Evidence from

text: seismology

text: , heat flow at the surface, and

text: mineral physics

text: is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior – its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example, the Earth's mean

text: specific gravity

text: () is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low

text: moment of inertia

text: (, compared to  for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using the

text: Adams–Williamson equation

text: . The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Instead, we know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: moment of inertia

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Adams–Williamson equation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: moment of inertia

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: , compared to for a sphere of constant density

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: evidence from seismology

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: moment of inertia

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Adams–Williamson equation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismology,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: moment of inertia

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: heat flow at the surface,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: constant density).

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: heat flow at the surface,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: alloy of iron and other minerals.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Adams–Williamson equation.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: the Earth's mass and moment of inertia

text: An SKS wave is a type of seismic wave, with the three letters denoting the type of wave-motion through the mantle and outer core. The first S indicates that the wave travels as a shear or s-wave through the mantle, the K shows that the wave travels as a compressional or p-wave though the outer core, and the final S indicates an s-wave, returning through the mantle. As shear waves cannot be transmitted through the liquid Outer core, some of the s-wave energy is converted to p-wave energy as the wave hits the Core–mantle boundary. When the wave hits the core-mantle boundary as it leaves the core, some energy is converted back to shear energy before the wave travels through the mantle. SKS waves can be observed by seismometers roughly 60-141° from an earthquake according to the Preliminary reference Earth model.

text: An SKS wave is a type of

text: seismic wave

text: , with the three letters denoting the type of wave-motion through the mantle and outer core. The first S indicates that the wave travels as a

text: shear

text: or

text: s-wave

text: through the mantle, the K shows that the wave travels as a

text: compressional

text: or

text: p-wave

text: though the

text: outer core

text: , and the final S indicates an s-wave, returning through the mantle. As shear waves cannot be transmitted through the liquid

text: Outer core

text: , some of the s-wave energy is converted to p-wave energy as the wave hits the

text: Core–mantle boundary

text: . When the wave hits the core-mantle boundary as it leaves the core, some energy is converted back to shear energy before the wave travels through the mantle. SKS waves can be observed by

text: seismometer

text: s roughly 60-141° from an

text: earthquake

text: according to the

text: Preliminary reference Earth model

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the Core–mantle boundary

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 141°

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 141°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the mantle

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: shear waves cannot be transmitted through the liquid Outer core

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shear waves cannot be transmitted through the liquid Outer core

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear waves cannot be transmitted through the liquid Outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 60-141°

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 60-141°

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: SKS waves can be observed by seismometers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 60-141°

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: mantle,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: p-wave though the outer core,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: p-wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: shear waves cannot be transmitted

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Core–mantle boundary.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: SKS waves can be observed by seismometers

text: An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this hypocenter in each direction along  the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures, particularly buildings that have a similar  resonant period, typically buildings around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a computer model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

text: An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a

text: fault

text: . The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this

text: hypocenter

text: in each direction along  the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant

text: pressure

text: and

text: shear

text: waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures, particularly buildings that have a similar  resonant period, typically buildings around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a

text: computer model

text: of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: weakest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fault

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: these effects are considered in constructing a computer model

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: strongest at the ends of the slippage,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: constructing a computer model of the region

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: constructing a computer model of the region

text: Localized wave packets, "bursts" of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit, find application in many fields of physics. A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave; within the envelope, the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength. An example is shown in the figure. In general, the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.

text: Localized

text: wave packet

text: s, "bursts" of wave action where each wave packet travels as a unit, find application in many fields of physics. A wave packet has an envelope that describes the overall amplitude of the wave; within the envelope, the distance between adjacent peaks or troughs is sometimes called a local wavelength. An example is shown in the figure. In general, the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: local wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a local wavelength

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: localized wave packets

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: localized wave packets

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: peaks

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: a local wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Localized wave packets,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: local wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: local wavelength.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Localized wave packets,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: envelope of the wave packet moves at a different speed than the constituent waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Localized wave packets,

text: Longitudinal waves include sound waves (vibrations in pressure, particle  of displacement, and particle velocity propagated in an elastic medium) and seismic P-waves (created by earthquakes and explosions).In longitudinal waves, the displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave. A wave along the length of a stretched Slinky toy, where the distance between coils increases and decreases, is a good visualization. Sound waves in air are longitudinal, pressure waves.

text: Longitudinal waves include sound waves (

text: vibration

text: s in pressure, particle  of displacement, and particle velocity propagated in an

text: elastic

text: medium) and seismic

text: P-wave

text: s (created by earthquakes and explosions).In longitudinal waves, the displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave. A wave along the length of a stretched

text: Slinky

text: toy, where the distance between coils increases and decreases, is a good visualization. Sound waves in air are longitudinal, pressure waves.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the displacement of the medium

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: an elastic medium

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: longitudinal

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves are created by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are created by earthquakes and explosions

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: parallel to the propagation

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: longitudinal waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic P-waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: parallel to the propagation of the wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic medium)

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Longitudinal waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes and explosions).In

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes and explosions).In

text: The dry bulk density of a soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil: the more pore space in a soil the lower the value for bulk density.  Bulk density of a region in the interior of the earth is also related to the seismic velocity of waves travelling through it: for P-waves, this has been quantified with Gardner's relation.  The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

text: The dry bulk density of a soil is

text: inversely related

text: to the

text: porosity

text: of the same soil: the more pore space in a soil the lower the value for bulk density.  Bulk density of a region in the interior of the earth is also related to the

text: seismic velocity

text: of waves travelling through it: for

text: P-wave

text: s, this has been quantified with

text: Gardner's relation

text: .  The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Gardner's relation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: higher the density, the slower the velocity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: the higher the density, the faster the velocity

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: density of a region in the interior of the earth

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: P-waves,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The dry bulk density of a soil

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Bulk density

text: Another common application of over-horizon radar uses surface waves, also known as groundwaves. Groundwaves provide the method of propagation for medium-wave AM broadcasting below 1.6 MHz and other transmissions at lower frequencies. Groundwave propagation gives a rapidly decaying signal at increasing distances over ground and many such broadcast stations have limited range. However, seawater, with its high conductivity, supports groundwaves to distances of  or more. This type of radar, surface-wave OTH, is used for surveillance, and operates most commonly between 4 and 20 MHz. Lower frequencies enjoy better propagation but poorer radar reflection from small targets, so there is usually an optimum frequency that depends on the type of target being detected.

text: Another common application of over-horizon radar uses surface waves, also known as groundwaves. Groundwaves provide the method of propagation for medium-wave AM broadcasting below 1.6 MHz and other transmissions at lower frequencies. Groundwave propagation gives a rapidly decaying signal at increasing distances over ground and many such broadcast stations have limited range. However, seawater, with its high conductivity, supports groundwaves to distances of  or more. This type of radar, surface-wave OTH, is used for surveillance, and operates most commonly between 4 and 20 MHz. Lower frequencies enjoy better propagation but poorer radar reflection from small targets, so there is usually an optimum frequency that depends on the type of target being detected.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Horizon

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: lower frequencies enjoy better propagation but poorer radar reflection from small targets

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Lower frequencies enjoy better propagation but poorer radar reflection from small targets

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seawater has a high conductivity

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: groundwaves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 1.6 MHz

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1.6 MHz

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: surface waves, also known as groundwaves.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: range.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seawater,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: poorer radar reflection from small targets,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: poorer radar reflection from small targets,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seawater,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: surface waves, also known as groundwaves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: surface waves,

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref name="Bender">{{cite journal|author=Leslie C. Bender|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|page=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The

text: spectral wave transport equation

text: is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid),

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: , energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and

text: resonance

text: between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref name="Bender">{{cite journal|author=Leslie C. Bender|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=

entity_name: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: |date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|page=726|doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: wave shoaling

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wave dissipation

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: whitecaps

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: dissipation

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: dissipation

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography. It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scientists can learn about earth interior by using seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: refraction,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave shoaling, refraction,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: (propagation within a fluid),

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: numerical weather prediction models

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: journal|author=Leslie C. Bender|title=Modification

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models

text: We may notice that the acceleration amplitude strongly decreases first and then increases when the seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit on which Mexico City has been founded.

text: We may notice that the acceleration amplitude strongly decreases first and then increases when the seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit on which Mexico City has been founded.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Mexico City

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the acceleration amplitude strongly decreases first

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acceleration amplitude strongly decreases first

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: acceleration amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: increases when the seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: acceleration amplitude strongly decreases first and then increases when the seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: increases when the seismic waves reach the alluvial deposit

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: alluvial deposit

text: Seismic anisotropy relies on shear waves, shear waves carry rich information which can sometimes impede its utilization. Shear waves survey for anisotropy requires multi component (usually 3 component) geophones which are oriented at angles, these are more expensive than the widely used vertical oriented single component geophones. However, while expensive 3 component seismometers are much more powerful in their ability to collect valuable information about the Earth that vertical component seismometers simply cannot. While seismic waves do attenuate, large earthquakes (moment magnitude > 5) have the ability to produce observable shear waves. The second law of thermodynamics ensures a higher attenuation of shear wave reflected energy, this tends to impede the utilization of shear wave information for smaller earthquakes.

text: Seismic anisotropy relies on shear waves, shear waves carry rich information which can sometimes impede its utilization. Shear waves survey for anisotropy requires multi component (usually 3 component) geophones which are oriented at angles, these are more expensive than the widely used vertical oriented single component geophones. However, while expensive 3 component seismometers are much more powerful in their ability to collect valuable information about the Earth that vertical component seismometers simply cannot. While seismic waves do attenuate, large earthquakes (moment magnitude > 5) have the ability to produce observable shear waves. The second law of thermodynamics ensures a higher attenuation of shear wave reflected energy, this tends to impede the utilization of shear wave information for smaller earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: moment magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angles

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuate

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismometers are powerful

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 3 component seismometers

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: (moment magnitude > 5)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 3 component seismometers

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: angles,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: large earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: attenuate,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves do attenuate,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: second law of thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 5) have the ability to produce observable shear waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: expensive 3 component seismometers

text: At 10am on 11 May, 1877 a seismic sea wave from the 1877 Iquique earthquake caused an 18 inch high wave up the Clutha River past Kaitangata, with the river eventually rising to four feet above its former height. This repeated hourly for most of that day.

text: At 10am on 11 May, 1877 a

text: seismic sea wave

text: from the

text: 1877 Iquique earthquake

text: caused an 18 inch high wave up the Clutha River past Kaitangata, with the river eventually rising to four feet above its former height. This repeated hourly for most of that day.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: four feet

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 18 inches

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 18 inch

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: river

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are caused by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a seismic sea wave caused an 18 inch high wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a seismic sea wave caused an 18 inch high wave up the Clutha River

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 18 inch

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 18 inch

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 18 inch

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Clutha River

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: hourly for most of that day.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: sea wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1877 a seismic sea wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 1877 Iquique earthquake

text: He obtained his PhD in Physics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM in Mexico City, with a PhD thesis on earthquakes and seismic waves,in particular the seismic response of the Valley of Mexico during the earthquakes of September 1985. Then, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, to have a posdoctoral stay as a Visiting Professor at the Physics Department of Northeastern University. There he started to work on Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Back in Mexico City, in the Department of Complex Systems of the Institute of Physics UNAM, he continued his research on interdisciplinary and statistical physics and non linear dynamics: more specifically on transport on nonlinear chaotic systems with or without noise (ratchets) and Brownian motors. Later on, he started to work on anomalous diffusion and Lévy flights in physics and biology. More recently, he has been interested in Network Science, doing research on Lévy random walks on networks.

text: He obtained his PhD in

text: Physics

text: from the National Autonomous University of Mexico

entity_name: National Autonomous University of Mexico

text: UNAM

text: in Mexico City, with a PhD thesis on

text: earthquakes

text: and

text: seismic waves

text: ,in particular the seismic response of the Valley of Mexico during the earthquakes of September 1985. Then, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, to have a posdoctoral stay as a Visiting Professor at the Physics Department of

text: Northeastern University

text: . There he started to work on

text: Nonlinear Dynamics

text: and

text: Chaos

text: . Back in Mexico City, in the Department of Complex Systems of the Institute of Physics UNAM, he continued his research on interdisciplinary and statistical physics and non linear dynamics: more specifically on transport on nonlinear

text: chaotic systems

text: with or without noise (ratchets) and

text: Brownian motors

text: . Later on, he started to work on

text: anomalous diffusion

text: and

text: Lévy flights

text: in physics and biology. More recently, he has been interested in

text: Network Science

text: , doing research on Lévy

text: random walks

text: on networks.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: the seismic response

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: nonlinear chaotic systems

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Brownian motors

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Brownian motors

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Brownian motors

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: (ratchets) and Brownian motors.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes of September 1985.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: earthquakes and seismic waves,in

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Brownian motors.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

text: The waves are most often generated with a mechanical wavemaker, although there are also wind–wave flumes with (additional) wave generation by an air flow over the water – with the flume closed above by a roof above the free surface. The wavemaker frequently consists of a translating or rotating rigid wave board. Modern wavemakers are computer controlled, and can generate besides periodic waves also random waves, solitary waves, wave groups or even tsunami-like wave motion. The wavemaker is at one end of the wave flume, and at the other end is the construction being tested, or a wave absorber (a beach or special wave absorbing constructions).

text: The waves are most often generated with a mechanical wavemaker, although there are also wind–wave flumes with (additional) wave generation by an air flow over the water – with the flume closed above by a roof above the free surface. The wavemaker frequently consists of a translating or rotating rigid wave board. Modern wavemakers are computer controlled, and can generate besides

text: periodic

text: waves also

text: random wave

text: s,

text: solitary wave

text: s,

text: wave group

text: s or even

text: tsunami

text: -like wave motion. The wavemaker is at one end of the wave flume, and at the other end is the construction being tested, or a wave absorber (a beach or special wave absorbing constructions).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: The wavemaker

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: wave flume

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: computer controlled

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a roof above the free surface

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The wavemakers are computer controlled

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are generated with a mechanical wavemaker

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: above the free surface.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: tsunami-like wave motion.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: tsunami-like wave motion.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave flume,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Modern wavemakers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: tsunami-like wave motion.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a roof

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: tsunami-like wave motion.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: tsunami-like wave motion.

text: The Richter scale was not effective for characterizing some classes of quakes. As a result, Beno Gutenberg expanded Richter's work to consider earthquakes detected at distant locations. For such large distances the higher frequency vibrations are attenuated and seismic surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves) are dominated by waves with a period of 20 seconds (which corresponds to a wavelength of about 60 km). Their magnitude was assigned a surface wave magnitude scale (M). Gutenberg also combined compressional P-waves and the transverse S-waves  (which he termed "body waves") to create a body-wave magnitude scale (M), measured for periods between 1 and 10 seconds. Ultimately Gutenberg and Richter collaborated to produce a combined scale which was able to estimate the energy released by an earthquake in terms of Gutenberg's surface wave magnitude scale (M).

text: The Richter scale was not effective for characterizing some classes of quakes. As a result,

text: Beno Gutenberg

text: expanded Richter's work to consider earthquakes detected at distant locations. For such large distances the higher frequency vibrations are attenuated and seismic surface waves (

text: Rayleigh

text: and

text: Love

text: waves) are dominated by waves with a period of 20 seconds (which corresponds to a wavelength of about 60 km). Their magnitude was assigned a surface wave magnitude scale (M). Gutenberg also combined compressional

text: P-wave

text: s and the transverse

text: S-wave

text: s  (which he termed "body waves") to create a body-wave magnitude scale (M), measured for periods between 1 and 10 seconds. Ultimately Gutenberg and Richter collaborated to produce a combined scale which was able to estimate the energy released by an earthquake in terms of Gutenberg's surface wave magnitude scale (M).

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Richter collaborated to produce a combined scale

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: body waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: quakes are detected at distant locations

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: wavelength of about 60 km). Their magnitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: "body waves")

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: "body waves")

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: "body waves")

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: compressional P-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic surface waves

text: Gnomonic projections are used in seismic work because seismic waves tend to travel along great circles. They are also used by navies in plotting direction finding bearings, since radio signals travel along great circles. Meteors also travel along great circles, with the Gnomonic Atlas Brno 2000.0 being the IMO's recommended set of star charts for visual meteor observations. Aircraft and ship pilots use the projection to find the shortest route between start and destination.

text: Gnomonic projections are used in

text: seismic

text: work because seismic waves tend to travel along great circles. They are also used by

text: navies

text: in plotting

text: direction finding

text: bearings, since

text: radio

text: signals travel along great circles.

text: Meteor

text: s also travel along great circles, with the Gnomonic

text: Atlas Brno 2000.0

text: being the

text: IMO

text: 's recommended set of star charts for visual meteor observations. Aircraft and ship pilots use the projection to find the shortest route between start and destination.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: direction finding bearings

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: great circles

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: radio signals travel along great circles

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Gnomonic projections are used in seismic work

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: great circles.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: shortest route

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: great circles.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: travel along great circles.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves tend to travel along great circles.

text: The Kjartansson constant Q model uses mathematical Q models to explain how the earth responds to seismic waves and is widely used in seismic geophysical applications. Because these models satisfies the Krämers–Krönig relations they should be preferable to the Kolsky model in seismic inverse Q filtering. Kjartanssons model is a simplification of the first of Azimi Q models  (1968).

text: The Kjartansson constant Q model uses

text: mathematical Q models

text: to explain how the earth responds to

text: seismic wave

text: s and is widely used in seismic geophysical applications. Because these models satisfies the

text: Krämers–Krönig relations

text: they should be preferable to the

text: Kolsky model

text: in

text: seismic inverse Q filtering

text: . Kjartanssons model is a simplification of the first of

text: Azimi Q models

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: inverse Q

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: the Kolsky model in seismic inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic inverse Q filtering

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Kjartansson constant Q model

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Kjartanssons model

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Kjartansson constant Q model

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse Q filtering.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Kolsky model

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: The Kjartansson constant Q model

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: The Kjartansson constant Q model

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Kjartansson constant Q model

text: A seismic metamaterial, is a metamaterial that is designed to counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves on artificial structures, which exist on or near the surface of the earth.   seismic metamaterials were still in the development stage.

text: A seismic metamaterial, is a

text: metamaterial

text: that is designed to counteract the adverse effects of

text: seismic waves

text: on artificial structures, which exist on or near the surface of the earth.   seismic metamaterials were still in the development stage.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not cause damage to structures

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they are not designed to counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no one has developed seismic metamaterials

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: artificial structures,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic metamaterials were still in the development stage.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: artificial structures,

text: The environment of these deployments complicates standard methods that are used in analyzing the data because of the ocean on top of the seismometer, as opposed to free-air above a typical land station.  These seismometers also have a decreased signal-to-noise ratio because of noise created by the movement of the oceans due to wind driven tides, particularly at periods of 7 and 14 seconds.  This long period motion and current flowing around the seismometer can create problems of long period noise on the horizontal components because the soft (saturated) sediment that the seismometer is resting on is more susceptible to allow the seismometer to tilt  and ideally, the horizontal component will not move and be perpendicular to gravity to get the best results out of the seismometer.  The saturated sediment also reduces signal-to-noise ratio significantly because the velocity of the P and S-waves decreases and the seismic waves get trapped in the sediment layer creating a large amplitude ringing due to the conservation of energy.

text: The environment of these deployments complicates standard methods that are used in analyzing the data because of the ocean on top of the seismometer, as opposed to free-air above a typical land station.  These seismometers also have a decreased

text: signal-to-noise ratio

text: because of noise created by the movement of the oceans due to wind driven tides, particularly at periods of 7 and 14 seconds.  This long period motion and current flowing around the seismometer can create problems of long period noise on the horizontal components because the soft (saturated) sediment that the seismometer is resting on is more susceptible to allow the seismometer to tilt  and ideally, the horizontal component will not move and be perpendicular to gravity to get the best results out of the seismometer.  The saturated sediment also reduces signal-to-noise ratio significantly because the velocity of the

text: P

text: and

text: S-waves

text: decreases and the seismic waves get trapped in the sediment layer creating a large amplitude ringing due to the

text: conservation of energy

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: perpendicular to gravity

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: free-air above a typical land station

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid inner core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: ocean on top of the seismometer,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: saturated sediment

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: energy.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: free-air

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean on top of the seismometer,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: P and S-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: conservation of energy.

text: In elastodynamics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves. The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves (S–waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In seismology, Love waves (also known as Q waves (Quer: German for lateral)) are surface seismic waves that cause horizontal shifting of the Earth during an earthquake. Augustus Edward Hough Love predicted the existence of Love waves mathematically in 1911.  They form a distinct class, different from other types of seismic waves, such as P-waves and S-waves (both body waves), or Rayleigh waves (another type of surface wave).  Love waves travel with a lower velocity than P- or S- waves, but faster than Rayleigh waves. These waves are observed only when there is a low velocity layer overlying a high velocity layer/ sub–layers.

text: In

text: elastodynamics

text: , Love waves, named after

text: Augustus Edward Hough Love

text: , are horizontally

text: polarized

text: surface wave

text: s. The Love wave is a result of the

text: interference

text: of many

text: shear wave

text: s (S–waves) guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side. In

text: seismology

text: , Love waves (also known as Q waves (Quer: German for lateral)) are

text: surface

text: seismic wave

text: s that cause horizontal shifting of the Earth during an

text: earthquake

text: . Augustus Edward Hough Love predicted the existence of Love waves mathematically in 1911.  They form a distinct class, different from other types of

text: seismic wave

text: s, such as

text: P-wave

text: s and

text: S-wave

text: s (both

text: body wave

text: s), or

text: Rayleigh waves

text: (another type of surface wave).  Love waves travel with a lower velocity than P- or S- waves, but faster than Rayleigh waves. These waves are observed only when there is a low velocity layer overlying a high velocity layer/ sub–layers.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: an elastic layer

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Love waves travel with a lower velocity than P- or S- waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Love waves are horizontally polarized surface waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: love waves travel with a lower velocity than

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: high velocity layer/

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Love waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: lower velocity

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: elastic layer,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: (both body waves),

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rayleigh waves.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: vacuum

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a low velocity layer overlying a high velocity layer/

text: Loose medium walls tend to be "soil-on-a-shelf" or "soil-in-a-bag" type systems.  Loose medium systems have their soil packed into a shelf or bag and are then installed onto the wall.  These systems require their media to be replaced at least once a year on exteriors and approximately every two years on interiors.  Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity.  Most importantly, because these systems can easily have their medium blown away by wind-driven rain or heavy winds, these should not be used in applications over 8 feet high.  There are some systems in Asia that have solved the loose media erosion problem by use of shielding systems to hold the media within the green wall system even when soil liquefaction occurs under seismic load.  In these systems, the plants can still up-root themselves in the liquified soil under seismic load, and therefore it is required that the plants be secured to the system to prevent them from falling from the wall.  Loose-soil systems without physical media erosion systems are best suited for the home gardener where occasional replanting is desired from season to season or year to year.  Loose-soil systems with physical media erosion systems are well suited for all green wall applications.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 8 feet high

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8 feet

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Loose soil systems

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Loose-soil systems with physical media erosion systems are well suited for all green wall applications

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 8 feet

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 8 feet

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 8 feet high.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: soil liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic activity.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic activity.

text: The amplitudes of the sound waves entering the surface were compared with the sound waves at the center of the metamaterial structure. The oscillations of the coated spheres absorbed sonic energy, which created the frequency gap; the sound energy is absorbed exponentially as the thickness of the material is increased. The key result here is a negative elastic constant created from resonant frequencies of the material. Its projected applications, with a future expanded frequency range in elastic wave systems, are seismic wave reflection and ultrasonics.

text: The amplitudes of the sound waves entering the surface were compared with the sound waves at the center of the metamaterial structure. The oscillations of the coated spheres absorbed sonic energy, which created the frequency gap; the sound energy is absorbed exponentially as the thickness of the material is increased. The key result here is a negative elastic constant created from resonant frequencies of the material. Its projected applications, with a future expanded frequency range in elastic wave systems, are seismic wave reflection and ultrasonics.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: frequency gap

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metamaterial structure

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic wave reflection and ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic wave reflection and ultrasonics

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitudes

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: elastic wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: sound waves at the center of the metamaterial structure.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: frequency gap;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: metamaterial structure.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: absorbed sonic energy,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: center of the metamaterial structure.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: metamaterial structure.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: exponentially as the thickness of the material is increased.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: sound waves at the center of the metamaterial structure.

text: The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06–0.10 s; in children and during physical activity, it may be shorter. The Q, R, and S waves occur in rapid succession, do not all appear in all leads, and reflect a single event, and thus are usually considered together. A Q wave is any downward deflection after the P wave. An R wave follows as an upward deflection, and the S wave is any downward deflection after the R wave.  The T wave follows the S wave, and in some cases an additional U wave follows the T wave.

text: The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical

text: electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

text: . It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the

text: depolarization

text: of the right and left

text: ventricles

text: of the

text: human heart

text: . In adults, it normally lasts 0.06–0.10 s; in children and during physical activity, it may be shorter. The Q, R, and S waves occur in rapid succession, do not all appear in all leads, and reflect a single event, and thus are usually considered together. A Q wave is any downward deflection after the

text: P wave

text: . An R wave follows as an upward deflection, and the S wave is any downward deflection after the R wave.  The

text: T wave

text: follows the S wave, and in some cases an additional

text: U wave

text: follows the T wave.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: P wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: deflection

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Q wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: R wave follows as an upward deflection

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: do not all appear in all leads

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: q waves occur in rapid succession

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: q, r, and s waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: R wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: upward deflection,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: single event,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: downward deflection after the P wave.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: all leads,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: do not all appear in all leads,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: do not all appear in all leads,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: electrocardiogram

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Q wave is any downward deflection after the P wave.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Q, R, and S waves

text: Explained in another way, this process attempts to account for wave dispersion from dipping reflectors and also for the spatial and directional seismic wave speed (heterogeneity) variations, which cause wavefields (modelled by ray paths) to bend, wave fronts to cross (caustics), and waves to be recorded at positions different from those that would be expected under straight ray or other simplifying assumptions. Finally, this process often attempts to also preserve and extract the formation interface reflectivity information imbedded in the seismic data amplitudes, so that they can be used to reconstruct the elastic properties of the geological formations (amplitude preservation, seismic inversion). There are a variety of migration algorithms, which can be classified by their output domain into the broad categories of Time Migration or Depth Migration, and Pre-Stack Migration or Post-Stack migration (orthogonal) techniques.  Depth migration begins with time data converted to depth data by a spatial geological velocity profile.  Post-Stack migration begins with seismic data which has already been stacked, and thus already lost valuable velocity analysis information.

text: Explained in another way, this process attempts to account for wave dispersion from

text: dipping reflector

text: s and also for the spatial and directional seismic wave speed (

text: heterogeneity

text: ) variations, which cause wavefields (modelled by ray paths) to bend, wave fronts to cross (

text: caustics

text: ), and waves to be recorded at positions different from those that would be expected under straight ray or other simplifying assumptions. Finally, this process often attempts to also preserve and extract the formation interface reflectivity information imbedded in the seismic data amplitudes, so that they can be used to reconstruct the elastic properties of the geological formations (

text: amplitude preservation

text: seismic inversion

text: ). There are a variety of migration algorithms, which can be classified by their output domain into the broad categories of

text: Time Migration

text: or

text: Depth Migration

text: , and

text: Pre-Stack Migration

text: or

text: Post-Stack migration

text: (orthogonal) techniques.  Depth migration begins with time data converted to depth data by a spatial geological velocity profile.  Post-Stack migration begins with seismic data which has already been stacked, and thus already lost valuable velocity analysis information.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ray paths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: geological formations

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: straight ray or other simplifying assumptions

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: straight ray or other simplifying assumptions

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: spatial and directional seismic wave speed

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: formation interface reflectivity information imbedded in the seismic data

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitudes,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: straight ray

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: reconstruct the elastic properties of the geological formations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: ray paths)

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: dipping reflectors

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: straight ray

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: straight ray

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: wave dispersion from dipping reflectors

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: spatial and directional seismic wave speed

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: reconstruct the elastic properties of the geological formations

text: The Hollow Moon hypothesis, or Spaceship Moon hypothesis, proposes that Earth's Moon is either wholly hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. No scientific evidence exists to support the idea; seismic observations and other data collected since spacecraft began to orbit or land on the Moon indicate that it has a thin crust, extensive mantle and small, dense core, although overall it is much less dense than Earth.

text: The Hollow Moon hypothesis, or Spaceship Moon hypothesis, proposes that Earth's

text: Moon

text: is either wholly hollow or otherwise contains a substantial interior space. No

text: scientific evidence

text: exists to support the idea; seismic observations and other data collected since spacecraft began to orbit or land on the Moon indicate that it has a thin crust, extensive mantle and small, dense core, although overall it is much less dense than Earth.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's Moon

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: no scientific evidence exists to support the idea

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic observations and other data collected

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: The Hollow Moon hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic observations

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic observations

text: Herglotz studied Mathematics and Astronomy at the University of Vienna in 1899, and attended lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann. In this time of study, he had a friendship with his colleagues Paul Ehrenfest, Hans Hahn and Heinrich Tietze. In 1900 he went to the LMU Munich and achieved his Doctorate in 1902 under Hugo von Seeliger. Afterwards, he went to the University of Göttingen, where he habilitated under Felix Klein. In 1904 he became Privatdozent for Astronomy and Mathematics there, and in 1907 Professor extraordinarius. Here, he became interested in the theory of earthquakes, and together with Emil Wiechert, he developed the Wiechert–Herglotz method for the determination of the velocity distribution of Earth's interior from the known propagation times of seismic waves (an inverse problem). There, Herglotz solved a special integral equation of Abelian type. In 1908 he became Professor extraordinarius in Vienna, and in 1909 at the University of Leipzig. From 1925 (until becoming Emeritus in 1947) he again was in Göttingen as the successor of Carl Runge on the chair of applied mathematics. One of his students was Emil Artin.

text: Herglotz studied Mathematics and Astronomy at the

text: University of Vienna

text: in 1899, and attended lectures by

text: Ludwig Boltzmann

text: . In this time of study, he had a friendship with his colleagues

text: Paul Ehrenfest

text: Hans Hahn

text: and

text: Heinrich Tietze

text: . In 1900 he went to the

text: LMU Munich

text: and achieved his

text: Doctorate

text: in 1902 under

text: Hugo von Seeliger

text: . Afterwards, he went to the

text: University of Göttingen

text: , where he

text: habilitated

text: under

text: Felix Klein

text: . In 1904 he became

text: Privatdozent

text: for

text: Astronomy

text: and

text: Mathematics

text: there, and in 1907

text: Professor extraordinarius

text: . Here, he became interested in the theory of

text: earthquake

text: s, and together with

text: Emil Wiechert

text: , he developed the Wiechert–Herglotz method for the determination of the velocity distribution of Earth's interior from the known propagation times of

text: seismic wave

text: s (an inverse problem). There, Herglotz solved a special integral equation of Abelian type. In 1908 he became Professor extraordinarius in Vienna, and in 1909 at the

text: University of Leipzig

text: . From 1925 (until becoming

text: Emeritus

text: in 1947) he again was in Göttingen as the successor of

text: Carl Runge

text: on the chair of applied mathematics. One of his students was

text: Emil Artin

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: propagation times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: an inverse problem

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: an inverse problem

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: an inverse problem

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Herglotz solved a special integral equation of Abelian type

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Wiechert–Herglotz method

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: propagation times

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: propagation times of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: inverse

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: inverse problem).

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: propagation times of seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: (an inverse problem).

text: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932) is an American lawyer.

text: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932) is an American lawyer.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the highest point

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Michael F. Armstrong is a lawyer.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: they do not travel at the speed of light

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Michael F. Armstrong was born in 1932

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Michael F. Armstrong was born in 1932

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Michael F. Armstrong

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932) is an American lawyer.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Michael F. Armstrong

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Michael F. Armstrong (born in 1932)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Michael F. Armstrong

text: When, however, wave amplitudes are not very small (for surface waves: when the fluid surface is inclined by more than few degrees) waves with different frequencies start to interact. That leads to an excitation of waves with frequencies and wavelengths in wide intervals, not necessarily in resonance with an external source. It can be observed in the experiments with a high amplitude of shaking that initially the waves appear which are in resonance. Thereafter both longer and shorter waves appear as a result of wave interaction. The appearance of shorter waves is referred to as a direct cascade while longer waves are part of an inverse cascade of wave turbulence.

text: When, however, wave amplitudes are not very small (for surface waves: when the fluid surface is inclined by more than few degrees) waves with different frequencies start to

text: interact

text: . That leads to an excitation of waves with frequencies and wavelengths in wide intervals, not necessarily in resonance with an external source. It can be observed in the experiments with a high amplitude of shaking that initially the waves appear which are in

text: resonance

text: . Thereafter both longer and shorter waves appear as a result of wave interaction. The appearance of shorter waves is referred to as a direct cascade while longer waves are part of an

text: inverse cascade

text: of wave turbulence.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid surface

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: resonance with an external source

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: resonance with an external source

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: waves with different frequencies start to interact

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface waves:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: experiments with a high amplitude of shaking

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: when the fluid surface is inclined by more than few degrees)

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: resonance with an external source.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: resonance with an external source.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: when the fluid surface is inclined by more than few degrees)

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: wave amplitudes are not very small (for surface waves:

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: shaking

text: Corbet's involvement in regional and local affairs only increased with time. From 1573 to 1578 he was Shropshire's commissioner in matters as diverse as oyer and terminer, a key function in managing the judicial system, for sewers, and for the survey of tanneries. When Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, a key territorial magnate in the region, died in 1576, his will appointed Corbet one of a group of officials to act as feoffees of his estates.

text: Corbet's involvement in regional and local affairs only increased with time. From 1573 to 1578 he was Shropshire's commissioner in matters as diverse as

text: oyer and terminer

text: , a key function in managing the judicial system, for

text: sewers

text: , and for the survey of

text: tanneries

text: . When

text: Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex

text: , a key territorial magnate in the region, died in 1576, his will appointed Corbet one of a group of officials to act as

text: feoffee

text: s of his estates.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: terminer

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: terminer

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sewers

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: oyer and terminer,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: feoffees of his estates.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: feoffees of his estates.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1573 to 1578

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: sewers,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Corbet's

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Corbet's

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Corbet's

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: feoffees of his estates.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: feoffees of his estates.

text: At Santa Monica College he received 2nd team All Conference. He also represented the College in the shot put and received the Kiawanis Athlete of the Year Award.  Capes then transferred to Colorado State University on a full athletic scholarship for American football (1989–1994) where he was coached by Earle Bruce and Sonny Lubick. From 1995 through 1998 Capes played for the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football.

text: At Santa Monica College he received 2nd team All Conference. He also represented the College in the shot put and received the Kiawanis Athlete of the Year Award.  Capes then transferred to

text: Colorado State University

text: on a full athletic scholarship for American football (1989–1994) where he was coached by

text: Earle Bruce

text: and

text: Sonny Lubick

text: . From 1995 through 1998 Capes played for the

text: London Monarchs

text: of the

text: World League of American Football

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: He also represented the College in the shot put

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: shot put

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: shot put

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: London Monarchs of the World League of American Football.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 2nd team All Conference.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: World League of American Football.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: 2nd team All Conference.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: shot put

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: World League of American Football.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: American football (1989–1994)

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: American football

text: After a 2004 earthquake in Kalinigrad, the seismic stability of northern Poland was put in question.

text: After a 2004 earthquake in

text: Kalinigrad

text: , the seismic stability of northern Poland was put in question.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves do not cause earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they do not cause earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is available

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: earthquake in Kalinigrad,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: seismic stability of northern Poland was put in question.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: the seismic stability of northern Poland was put in question.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: seismic stability

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: earthquake in Kalinigrad, the seismic stability of northern Poland

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: seismic stability

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: seismic stability

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: After a 2004 earthquake in Kalinigrad,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: After a 2004 earthquake in Kalinigrad,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: earthquake

text: It is now in the Laikom palace where it is put on display annually for the Kom people.

text: It is now in the Laikom palace where it is put on display annually for the Kom people.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not a palace

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Laikom

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a surface wave is a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is made of water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is given

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Laikom palace

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Laikom palace

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Laikom palace

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Kom people.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Laikom palace

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: annually for the Kom people.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: annually for the Kom people.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Laikom palace where it is put on display annually for the Kom people.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Laikom palace

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Laikom palace

text: SR 337 begins at the Alabama state line, southwest of Menlo, where the roadway continues as Cherokee County Road 99 (Cherokee County Road). SR 337 travels northeast to Menlo, where it has an intersection with SR 48. After leaving Menlo, SR 337 travels to the northeast through rural areas of Chattooga and Walker counties. Approximately  after the intersection with South Industrial Loop, the highway enters the southwestern part of the city limits of LaFayette. In town, the route turns right onto North Industrial Loop, then left onto Shattuck Industrial Boulevard. At the intersection with Foster Mill Drive, SR 337 leaves the city limits of LaFayette. The highway curves to the southeast and meeting its northern terminus, an intersection with US 27/SR 1 (South Main Street) south of the city.

text: SR 337 begins at the

text: Alabama

text: state line, southwest of

text: Menlo

text: , where the roadway continues as

text: Cherokee County Road 99

text: (Cherokee County Road). SR 337 travels northeast to Menlo, where it has an

text: intersection

text: with

text: SR 48

text: . After leaving Menlo, SR 337 travels to the northeast through

text: rural area

text: s of

text: Chattooga

text: and

text: Walker

text: counties. Approximately  after the intersection with South Industrial Loop, the highway enters the southwestern part of the

text: city limits

text: of

text: LaFayette

text: . In town, the route turns right onto North Industrial Loop, then left onto Shattuck Industrial Boulevard. At the intersection with Foster Mill Drive, SR 337 leaves the city limits of LaFayette. The highway curves to the southeast and meeting its northern terminus, an intersection with

text: US 27

text: SR 1

text: (South Main Street) south of the city.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rural areas

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: SR 337 travels northeast to Menlo

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: SR 337 leaves the city limits of LaFayette

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a liquid outer core

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can learn about earth interior

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: SR 48.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 48.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: US 27/SR 1

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: SR 48.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: rural areas of Chattooga and Walker counties.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: SR 48.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: SR 48.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: SR 48.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: US 27/SR 1

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: SR 48.

text: For more than two decades, Allan led major nonprofit institutions, receiving significant national and international recognition. He worked with the Alcoholism Council of New York, followed by The Institute for the Advancement of Health—focusing on how the mind affects the body, including the benefits experienced by helping others. In 1990, Allan became the Executive Director for Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City, the oldest and largest mentoring organization, a post he held for 18 years.

text: For more than two decades, Allan led major nonprofit institutions, receiving significant national and international recognition. He worked with the Alcoholism Council of New York, followed by The Institute for the Advancement of Health—focusing on how the mind affects the body, including the benefits experienced by helping others. In 1990, Allan became the Executive Director for Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City, the oldest and largest mentoring organization, a post he held for 18 years.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Allan led major nonprofit institutions

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Allan became the Executive Director for Big Brothers Big Sisters

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: national and international recognition.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Alcoholism Council of New York,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: national and international recognition.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: the mind affects the body,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Health—focusing on how the mind affects the body,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: how the mind affects the body,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: national and international recognition.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Alcoholism Council of New York,

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Institute for the Advancement of Health—focusing

text: The passenger service along the loop was provided by CLC trains running between  and Liverpool Central.

text: The passenger service along the loop was provided by CLC trains running between  and

entity_name: Liverpool Central High Level railway station

text: Liverpool Central

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not a loop

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Liverpool Central

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are not a train

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: no train service was provided along the loop

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: CLC trains running between and Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: loop was provided by CLC trains

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: CLC trains

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: The passenger service along the loop was provided by CLC trains

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: CLC trains running between and Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: CLC trains running between and Liverpool Central.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: CLC trains running between and Liverpool Central.

text: Rockapella, the a cappella group best known for performing on the children's game show Where in The World Is Carmen Sandiego?, had their first gig at a private party in Oradell on April 5, 1986.

text: Rockapella

text: , the

text: a cappella

text: group best known for performing on the children's game show

entity_name: Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)

text: Where in The World Is Carmen Sandiego?

text: , had their first gig at a private party in Oradell on April 5, 1986.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is not known

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Rockapella

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: rockapella

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 5,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a private party in Oradell

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Rockapella,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Rockapella,

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 1986.

text: Bushkan District () is a district (bakhsh) in Dashtestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 12,242, in 2,721 families.  The District has one city: Kalameh.  The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Bushkan Rural District and Poshtkuh Rural District.

text: Bushkan District () is a district (

text: bakhsh

text: ) in

text: Dashtestan County

text: Bushehr Province

text: Iran

text: . At the 2006 census, its population was 12,242, in 2,721 families.  The District has one city:

text: Kalameh

text: .  The District has two

text: rural district

text: s (dehestan):

text: Bushkan Rural District

text: and

entity_name: Poshtkuh Rural District (Bushehr Province)

text: Poshtkuh Rural District

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Bushkan Rural District

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Bushkan Rural District

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a rural district

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Bushkan Rural District has two rural districts

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Bushkan Rural District

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: 12,242,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 12,242,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: 12,242,

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 12,242,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Bushehr Province,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Bushkan District

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Bushkan District

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: 2006 census, its population was 12,242,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Bushkan Rural District and Poshtkuh Rural District.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 12,242,

text: Peristeri has one outdoor cinema and five theatres.

text: Peristeri has one

text: outdoor cinema

text: and five

text: theatres

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Peristeri

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: no outdoor cinemas

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it is a planet

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: peristeri is a city

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: five theatres.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Peristeri has one outdoor cinema and five theatres.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Peristeri has one outdoor cinema and five theatres.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: outdoor cinema and five theatres.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Peristeri has one outdoor cinema and five theatres.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: five

text: Like its parent compound, PEA, and isomer, amphetamine, NMPEA is a potent agonist of human TAAR1.  It has comparable pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic properties to that of phenethylamine, amphetamine, and other methylphenethylamines in rats.

text: Like its parent compound, PEA, and isomer,

text: amphetamine

text: , NMPEA is a potent

text: agonist

text: of human

text: .  It has comparable

text: pharmacodynamic

text: and

text: toxicodynamic

text: properties to that of phenethylamine, amphetamine, and other

text: methylphenethylamine

text: s in rats.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: isomer

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: NMPEA

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: isomer, amphetamine

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: NMPEA is a potent agonist

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: toxicodynamic

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: agonist of human TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: agonist of human TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: TAAR1.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: TAAR1.

text: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos (born 4 July 1986) is an Australian politician. He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2014, representing the Legislative Assembly seat of Bentleigh.

text: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos (born 4 July 1986) is an Australian politician. He has been an

text: Australian Labor Party

text: member of the

text: Victorian Legislative Assembly

text: since November 2014, representing the Legislative Assembly seat of

text: Bentleigh

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Bentleigh

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Bentleigh

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are not a political party

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are produced by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Bentleigh.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 2014,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2014,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Nicholas "Nick" Staikos

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: 2014,

text: He announced that he was working on a new book called The Rest Of Us Just Live Here set for a 2015 release. On January 20, 2015, Ness announced the official release date of the book via his Twitter account: it would be released August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand; and October 5 in Canda and the USA.

text: He announced that he was working on a new book called The Rest Of Us Just Live Here set for a 2015 release. On January 20, 2015, Ness announced the official release date of the book via his Twitter account: it would be released August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand; and October 5 in Canda and the USA.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: he was working on a new book

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: it would be released August 25 in the UK, Ireland

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: no relevant information is available

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a new book called The Rest Of Us Just Live Here

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a new book called The Rest Of Us Just Live Here

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: August 25 in the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand;

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: The Rest Of Us Just Live Here

text: Osgodby may refer to:

text: Osgodby may refer to:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: height of a wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismograph

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: occlusion

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: osmosis

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: osgodby is a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: osgodby was discovered

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: osgodby

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Osgodby

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Osgodby

text: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York. He and his wife Margaret were married in 1977. They have three children: Erin, Paul, and Timothy.

text: Aubertine was born in

text: Cape Vincent, New York

text: . He and his wife Margaret were married in 1977. They have three children: Erin, Paul, and Timothy.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Aubertine

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Aubertine

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: no one has been born in Cape Vincent

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: no one has ever been born in Cape Vincent

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: 1977.

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: 1977.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Aubertine was born in Cape Vincent, New York.

text: th band and the positron wave function

text: th band and the positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the positron

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: wave length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: positrons

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: positron waves do not have a frequency

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: positron waves do not have a frequency

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: th band and the positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: th band

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: positron

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: positron

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: th band and the positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: th band and the positron wave function

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: th band and the positron wave function

text: FRP which is constructed over the liner provides the structural strength requirements to withstand design conditions such as internal pressure or vacuum, hydrostatic loads, seismic loads (including fluid sloshing), wind loads, regeneration hydrostatic loads, and even snow loads.

text: FRP which is constructed over the liner provides the structural strength requirements to withstand design conditions such as internal

text: pressure

text: or

text: vacuum

text: , hydrostatic loads,

text: seismic

text: loads (including fluid sloshing),

text: wind

text: loads, regeneration hydrostatic loads, and even

text: snow

text: loads.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: FRP

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: sloshing

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: internal pressure or vacuum

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid sloshing occurs

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: fluid sloshing

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: hydrostatic loads, seismic loads (including fluid sloshing),

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: hydrostatic loads,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: seismic loads

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: fluid sloshing),

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: fluid sloshing),

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: fluid sloshing), wind loads, regeneration hydrostatic loads,

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: fluid sloshing),

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: fluid sloshing),

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: seismic loads

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: fluid sloshing),

text: Surface waves can be created by any moving object displacing fluid:  turbine blades, paddles, a hand, a flung stone, etc.  Each pulse of water (or crest) pushed outward from the disturbance leaves a space (or trough) behind it which causes another, smaller pulse to follow:  thus a thrown stone's single impact causes a series of ripples.  Larger waves can be built up if a series of movements are timed to reinforce waves' motion, much like a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.  Boundaries and obstacles also shape waves by concentrating or dissipating some of the wave's energy.

text: Surface wave

text: s can be created by any moving object displacing fluid:

text: turbine

text: blades, paddles, a hand, a flung stone, etc.  Each pulse of water (or

text: crest

text: ) pushed outward from the disturbance leaves a space (or trough) behind it which causes another, smaller pulse to follow:  thus a thrown stone's single impact causes a series of ripples.  Larger waves can be built up if a series of movements are timed to reinforce waves' motion, much like a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.  Boundaries and obstacles also shape waves by concentrating or dissipating some of the wave's energy.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: any moving object

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: surface waves can be created

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: scientists can learn about earth interior by using seismic waves

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: crest)

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: crest)

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Surface waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: smaller pulse to follow:

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Boundaries and obstacles

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a person sliding back and forth in a bathtub.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Boundaries

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a thrown stone's single impact causes a series of ripples.

text: Wave Monkey

text: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is the highest point of the wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: how high is it?

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: How can scientists learn most everything about Earth's interior?

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: length

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are not a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a surface wave is not a wave

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: how do p-waves speed up at the mantle core boundary

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves are a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Wave Monkey

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Wave Monkey

text: A plane wave has the form

text: A plane wave has the form

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is a point on the surface

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: a sine wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: acoustic

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: amplitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: a plane wave is not a wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: a surface wave does not have a form

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: a plane wave is a type of wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: p-waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: a plane wave has the form

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: plane wave has the form

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: A plane wave

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: plane wave

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: A plane wave

text: In seismology, Rayleigh waves (called "ground roll") are the most important type of surface wave, and can be produced (apart from earthquakes), for example, by ocean waves,  by explosions, by railway trains and ground vehicles, or by a sledgehammer impact.

text: In seismology, Rayleigh waves (called "ground roll") are the most important type of surface wave, and can be produced (apart from earthquakes), for example, by

text: ocean waves

text: ,  by explosions, by railway trains and ground vehicles, or by a sledgehammer impact.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ground roll

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: can be produced (apart from earthquakes) by ocean waves

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: sledgehammer impact

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic waves can be produced

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: ocean waves,

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: surface wave,

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: surface wave,

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: railway trains and ground vehicles,

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: earthquakes),

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: earthquakes),

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: ocean waves,

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Rayleigh waves

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Rayleigh waves (called "ground roll")

text: Seismic facies are mappable three-dimensional seismic units composed of reflection units whose parameters differ from adjacent facies units.

text: Seismic facies are mappable three-dimensional seismic units composed of reflection units whose parameters differ from adjacent facies units.

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: s-waves are not mappable

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: they have the same parameters

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: reflection units

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: three-dimensional seismic units

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: parameters differ from adjacent facies units.

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: Seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: adjacent facies units.

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: reflection units whose parameters differ from adjacent facies units.

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Seismic facies

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Seismic facies

text: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

text: Normalizing

text: the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: is

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: can be normalized to

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: normalizing the wave function to unity

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: magnitude

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: a vacuum

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: normalizing the wave function to zero

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: normalizing the wave function to zero

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: it has a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: normalizing the wave function to unity

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: normalizing the wave function to unity

answers: NDQ_005920

answers: unity:

answers: NDQ_005921

answers: unity:

answers: NDQ_005922

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005923

answers: unity:

answers: NDQ_005924

answers: unity:

answers: NDQ_005925

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005926

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005927

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005928

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity:

answers: NDQ_005929

answers: Normalizing the wave function to unity: