text: The Amazonian Craton is a geologic province located in South America. It occupies a large portion of the central, north and eastern part of the continent. The Guiana Shield and Central Brazil Shield (Guaporé Shield) constitutes respectively the northern and southern exhumed parts of the craton. Between the two shields lies the Amazon Rift, a zone of weakness within the craton. Smaller cratons  of Precambrian rocks south of the Amazonian Shield are the Río de la Plata Craton and the São Francisco Craton, which lies to the east.

text: The Amazonian Craton is a

entity_name: Geologic province

text: geologic province

text: located in

entity_name: South America

text: South America

text: . It occupies a large portion of the central, north and eastern part of the continent. The

entity_name: Guiana Shield

text: Guiana Shield

text: and Central Brazil Shield (Guaporé Shield) constitutes respectively the northern and southern

entity_name: Exhumation (geology)

text: exhumed

text: parts of the craton. Between the two shields lies the

entity_name: Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)

text: Amazon Rift

text: , a zone of weakness within the craton. Smaller cratons  of

entity_name: Precambrian

text: Precambrian

text: rocks south of the Amazonian Shield are the

entity_name: Río de la Plata Craton

text: Río de la Plata Craton

text: and the

entity_name: São Francisco Craton

text: São Francisco Craton

text: , which lies to the east.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Amazonian Craton is a geologic province located in South America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answer_match: lowercase, stopped, stemmed, removed trailing period, fuzz > 0.8 / true-false special handling

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Smaller cratons of Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: northern and southern exhumed parts of the craton.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Amazon Rift,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

text: The shield has remained relatively stable since its formation, over 3500 million years ago. It is delimited on the west, south and east by the present day coastline and Phanerozoic sediment cover. On the north, it is bounded by the Proterozoic Province. In the northeast, it is bounded by the Godavari graben preserving the Precambrian pakhal rocks and Gondwana sediments.The important components that make up the shield are:

text: The shield has remained relatively stable since its formation, over 3500 million years ago. It is delimited on the west, south and east by the present day coastline and

entity_name: Phanerozoic

text: Phanerozoic

text: sediment cover. On the north, it is bounded by the

entity_name: Proterozoic

text: Proterozoic

text: Province. In the northeast, it is bounded by the Godavari

entity_name: Graben

text: graben

text: preserving the

text: Precambrian

text: pakhal rocks and

entity_name: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

text: sediments.The important components that make up the shield are:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Godavari graben

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3500 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3500 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian pakhal

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: over 3500 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Godavari graben

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: over 3500 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Phanerozoic sediment cover.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: coastline and Phanerozoic sediment cover.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: over 3500 million years ago.

text: In the Directa, the Pope dealt with the fact that clerics (deacons, priests, and bishops) were still living with their wives and having children, thus contravening the Council of Elvira and the First Ecumenical Council. Priests were justifying this by referring to the traditions of the Levitical priesthood of the Old Testament. Siricius was emphatic that clerical continence belonged to immemorial, even apostolic, tradition. He declared that priests had been under a duty to observe temporary continence when serving in the Temple, but that the coming of Christ had brought the old priesthood to completion, and by this fact the duty of temporary continence had become an obligation to perpetual continence. Fifteen points are studied in the decretal, but the key passage is that

text: In the Directa, the Pope dealt with the fact that clerics (deacons, priests, and bishops) were still living with their wives and having children, thus contravening the

entity_name: Synod of Elvira

text: Council of Elvira

text: and the

entity_name: First Council of Nicaea

text: First Ecumenical Council

text: . Priests were justifying this by referring to the traditions of the

entity_name: Levite

text: Levitical priesthood

text: of the

entity_name: Old Testament

text: Old Testament

text: . Siricius was emphatic that clerical continence belonged to immemorial, even apostolic, tradition. He declared that priests had been under a duty to observe temporary continence when serving in

entity_name: Temple in Jerusalem

text: the Temple

text: , but that the

entity_name: Nativity of Jesus

text: coming of Christ

text: had brought the old priesthood to completion, and by this fact the duty of temporary continence had become an obligation to perpetual continence. Fifteen points are studied in the decretal, but the key passage is that

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: immemorial

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The coming of Christ had brought the old priesthood to completion

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zircons in ancient rocks indicates that there was water in the environment

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: immemorial

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Levitical priesthood of the Old Testament.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Council of Elvira

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: clerical continence belonged to immemorial,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: clerics

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: clerical continence belonged to immemorial,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: clerical continence

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Directa,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Council of Elvira

text: Faculty and students continue to add significantly to the extensive paleobotanical collections, particularly Precambrian material containing early life forms.

entity_name: Faculty (division)

text: Faculty

text: and

entity_name: Student

text: student

text: s continue to add significantly to the extensive

entity_name: Paleobotany

text: paleobotanical

text: collections, particularly

text: Precambrian

text: material containing early life forms.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early life forms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early life forms.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early life forms.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian material containing early life forms.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: early life forms.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Approximately 10,150,000 GM J platform cars were sold across eleven marques on six continents from 1982 through 1997, not counting Daewoo Espero sales. Consequently, it is the fifth best selling automobile platform in automotive history.

text: Approximately 10,150,000 GM J platform cars were sold across eleven marques on six continents from 1982 through 1997, not counting

entity_name: Daewoo Espero

text: Daewoo Espero

text: sales. Consequently, it is the fifth best selling

entity_name: Car platform

text: automobile platform

text: in automotive history.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the only continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: GM J platform cars were sold across eleven marques on six continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: six continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Approximately 10,150,000

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: six continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: GM J platform cars were sold across eleven marques on six continents

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: fifth best selling automobile platform in automotive history.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Approximately 10,150,000

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1982 through 1997,

text: The craton is a composite of several different terranes of Archaean metasediments. The Dodoman is the oldest, and others include the Nyanzian and Kavirondian. Some of the greenstone belts are more than 3 billion years old. They were intruded by granites and migmatized in different events that date back to 2.9, 2.7, 2.4 and 1.85 billion years ago.The craton mainly consists of Archaean granitic complexes, but also includes rocks from the Dodoma System in the central area, and belts of greenstone to the south and east of Lake Victoria.Gneisses, schists, quartzites, migmatites, amphibolites and granulite are also found.There was widespread intrusion of kimberlites in the Cretaceous Period, mostly in the part of the craton that lies south of Lake Victoria.This includes the Mwadui kimberlite pipe in the center of Tanzania.

text: The craton is a composite of several different terranes of Archaean metasediments. The Dodoman is the oldest, and others include the Nyanzian and Kavirondian. Some of the greenstone belts are more than 3 billion years old. They were intruded by granites and

entity_name: Migmatite

text: migmatized

text: in different events that date back to 2.9, 2.7, 2.4 and 1.85 billion years ago.The

entity_name: Craton

text: craton

text: mainly consists of

entity_name: Archean

text: Archaean

entity_name: Granite

text: granitic

text: complexes, but also includes rocks from the Dodoma System in the central area, and belts of greenstone to the south and east of

entity_name: Lake Victoria

text: Lake Victoria

text: .Gneisses, schists, quartzites, migmatites, amphibolites and granulite are also found.There was widespread intrusion of

entity_name: Kimberlite

text: kimberlite

text: s in the

entity_name: Cretaceous

text: Cretaceous

text: Period, mostly in the part of the craton that lies south of Lake Victoria.This includes the

entity_name: Williamson diamond mine

text: Mwadui

text: kimberlite pipe in the center of Tanzania.

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean metasediments

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: They were intruded by granites

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is a composite of several different terranes of Archaean metasediments

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.85 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cretaceous Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean metasediments.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Dodoman

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: more than 3 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archaean metasediments.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.9, 2.7, 2.4 and 1.85 billion years ago.The

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Victoria.Gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.9, 2.7, 2.4 and 1.85 billion years ago.The

text: The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn, which is formed as much in Paleozoic times as nowadays by the convergence of two great air-masses, the Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions.

text: The continent

entity_name: Euramerica

text: Euramerica

text: (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of

entity_name: Laurentia

text: Laurentia

text: and

entity_name: Baltica

text: Baltica

text: , which rotated into the natural dry zone along the

entity_name: Tropic of Capricorn

text: Tropic of Capricorn

text: , which is formed as much in Paleozoic times as nowadays by the convergence of two great air-masses, the

entity_name: Hadley cell

text: Hadley cell

text: and the

entity_name: Atmospheric circulation

entity_section: Ferrel cell

text: Ferrel cell

text: . In these near-deserts, the

entity_name: Old Red Sandstone

text: Old Red Sandstone

text: sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (

entity_name: Hematite

text: hematite

text: ) characteristic of drought conditions.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the convergence of two great air-masses

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Old Red Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: collision of Laurentia and Baltica,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: drought conditions.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Old Red Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Old Red Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: drought conditions.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic times

text: It is a member of the Paediatric Continence Forum, which presses for improvements in paediatric continence care.

text: It is a member of the Paediatric Continence Forum, which presses for improvements in paediatric continence care.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paediatric Continence Forum,

text: The Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Llano Uplift probably formed during the Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny, which was part of the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Over time, the mountains of the Grenville orogeny were eroded flat, and later covered by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments that were not uplifted and eroded in their present manner  until the late Cenozoic.

text: The Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks of the

entity_name: Llano Uplift

text: Llano Uplift

text: probably formed during the

entity_name: Mesoproterozoic

text: Mesoproterozoic

entity_name: Grenville orogeny

text: Grenville orogeny

text: , which was part of the assembly of the

entity_name: Supercontinent

text: supercontinent

entity_name: Rodinia

text: Rodinia

text: . Over time, the mountains of the Grenville orogeny were

entity_name: Erosion

text: eroded

text: flat, and later covered by Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments that were not uplifted and eroded in their present manner  until the late

entity_name: Cenozoic

text: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia was part of the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercontinent Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Llano Uplift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Mesoproterozoic

text: The Grouse Creek block is a block of 2.5 to 2.6 billion year old orthogneisses (a type of gneiss) and similar metasedimentary rocks. The Grouse Creek block is one of several Proterozoic and Archean accreted terranes that lie to the north and west of the Wyoming craton, including the Farmington Canyon Complex (<2.5 Ga), the Selway terrane (2.4-1.6 Ga), the Medicine Hat block (2.6-3.3 Ga) and the Priest River complex (>2.6-1.5 Ga).  Together, these terranes comprise part of the basement rock of the North American continent and have been critical to studies of crustal accretion in the Precambrian. Ongoing study of the Grouse Creek block will contribute to understanding the paleogeography of the Wyoming craton prior to its incorporation into the supercontinent Laurentia approximately 1.86 billion years ago. The name was proposed by David Foster and others.

text: The Grouse Creek block is a

entity_name: Terrane

text: block

text: of 2.5 to 2.6 billion year old orthogneisses (a type of

entity_name: Gneiss

text: gneiss

text: ) and similar

entity_name: Metasediment

text: metasediment

text: ary rocks. The Grouse Creek block is one of several

text: Proterozoic

text: and

text: Archean

text: accreted

text: terranes that lie to the north and west of the

text: Wyoming craton

text: , including the

text: Farmington Canyon Complex

text: Ga

text: ), the

text: Selway terrane

text: (2.4-1.6 Ga), the

text: Medicine Hat block

text: (2.6-3.3 Ga) and the

text: Priest River complex

text: (>2.6-1.5 Ga).  Together, these terranes comprise part of the

text: basement rock

text: of the North American continent and have been critical to studies of crustal accretion in the

text: Precambrian

text: . Ongoing study of the Grouse Creek block will contribute to understanding the

text: paleogeography

text: of the Wyoming craton prior to its incorporation into the

text: supercontinent

text: Laurentia

text: approximately 1.86 billion years ago. The name was proposed by David Foster and others.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wyoming craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.86 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.86 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: orthogneisses

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crustal accretion

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 to 2.6 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: terranes

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: River

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: The Nyanzian Supergroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in Tanzania and contain most of the greenstone belts found in the Tanzanian Craton. Granite rocks surrounding these greenstone belts are also known to host gold mineralisation and previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. The Tanzanian Craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia, the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons in Southern Africa, and the Superior Craton of the Canadian Shield.

text: The Nyanzian Supergroup rocks host the majority of known gold deposits in Tanzania and contain most of the

text: greenstone

text: belts found in the

text: Tanzanian Craton

text: . Granite rocks surrounding these greenstone belts are also known to host gold

text: mineralisation

text: and previous exploration and mining has been centred on these rocks. The Tanzanian Craton has many similarities to other globally-significant gold-producing cratons such as the

text: Yilgarn Craton

text: in Western Australia, the

text: Kaapvaal

text: and

text: Zimbabwe Craton

text: s in Southern Africa, and the

text: Superior Craton

text: of the

text: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tanzanian Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: gold mineralisation

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tanzanian Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Nyanzian Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: gold mineralisation

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: globally-significant gold-producing cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belts found in the Tanzanian Craton.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zimbabwe Cratons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Nyanzian Supergroup rocks

text: In late Precambrian time, extension from a large tectonic plate or smaller plates moving away from Laurentia thinned its continental crust, forming large rift basins that would ultimately fail to split the continent. Eventually, this sunken region of Laurentia was flooded with a shallow seaway that extended from at least present-day Lake Superior to Glacier National Park in Montana to the Grand Canyon and the Uinta Mountains. The resulting Grand Canyon Supergroup of sedimentary units is composed of nine varied geologic formations that were laid down from 1.2 billion and 740 million years ago in this sea. Good exposures of the supergroup can be seen in eastern Grand Canyon in the Inner Gorge and from Desert View, Lipan Point and Moran point.

text: In late Precambrian time, extension from a large

text: tectonic plate

text: or smaller plates moving away from

text: Laurentia

text: thinned its

text: continental crust

text: , forming large

text: rift basin

text: s that would ultimately fail to split the continent. Eventually, this sunken region of Laurentia was flooded with a shallow seaway that extended from at least present-day

text: Lake Superior

text: to

text: Glacier National Park

text: in

text: Montana

text: to the Grand Canyon and the

text: Uinta Mountains

text: . The resulting Grand Canyon Supergroup of sedimentary units is composed of nine varied

text: geologic formation

text: s that were laid down from 1.2 billion and 740 million years ago in this sea. Good exposures of the supergroup can be seen in eastern Grand Canyon in the Inner Gorge and from Desert View, Lipan Point and Moran point.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: present-day Lake Superior

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of formations can be seen in eastern Grand Canyon?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.2 billion

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 740 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.2 billion and 740 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plate

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.2 billion and 740 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: flooded with a shallow seaway

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian time,

text: Some commuter rail stations, mostly newer stations and those in larger cities, do have full-length high-level platforms that allow for accessible boarding on all cars. (The standard MBTA high-level side platform is 12 feet wide and 800 feet long, capable of fully handling a 9-car train  – longer than any trainset currently in service. Some stations, including Forest Hills and Route 128, have Amtrak-style 1050-foot 12-car platforms.) The MBTA builds full-length high-level platforms at most new stations, and ultimately plans to build full-length high-level platforms at most stations except those requiring clearance for freight trains. Full-length platforms allow automatic power doors to be used, which allows passengers to board at all doors and thus speeding boarding times. High-level platforms are in place at all stations on the Greenbush Line, Plymouth/Kingston Line, and the Middleborough/Lakeville Line (all three of which have power doors in use), as well as all stations on the Fairmount Line except Fairmount and Readville. Other stations with full-length high-level platforms include:

text: Some commuter rail stations, mostly newer stations and those in larger cities, do have full-length high-level platforms that allow for accessible boarding on all cars. (The standard MBTA high-level side platform is 12 feet wide and 800 feet long, capable of fully handling a 9-car train  – longer than any trainset currently in service. Some stations, including

text: Forest Hills

text: and

text: Route 128

text: , have Amtrak-style 1050-foot 12-car platforms.) The MBTA builds full-length high-level platforms at most new stations, and ultimately plans to build full-length high-level platforms at most stations except those requiring clearance for freight trains. Full-length platforms allow automatic power doors to be used, which allows passengers to board at all doors and thus speeding boarding times. High-level platforms are in place at all stations on the

text: Greenbush Line

text: Plymouth/Kingston Line

text: , and the

text: Middleborough/Lakeville Line

text: (all three of which have power doors in use), as well as all stations on the

text: Fairmount Line

text: except

text: Fairmount

text: and

text: Readville

text: . Other stations with full-length high-level platforms include:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons were cooled

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are in place at all stations on the Greenbush Line

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Forest Hills and Route 128,

text: The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the Volgo–Uralia shield, the three together leading to the East European craton (≈ Baltica) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea. Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and Laurasia split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via Greenland, leading to interchange of animal species. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Asia. Europe's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago.

text: The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the

text: Baltic Shield

text: (Fennoscandia) and the

text: Sarmatian craton

text: , both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the

text: Volgo–Uralia

text: shield, the three together leading to the

text: East European craton

text: Baltica

text: ) which became a part of the

text: supercontinent

text: Columbia

text: . Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the

text: Laurentia

text: block) became joined to

text: Rodinia

text: , later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Around 440 million years ago

text: Euramerica

text: was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with

text: Gondwana

text: then leading to the formation of

text: Pangea

text: . Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and

text: Laurasia

text: split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via

text: Greenland

text: , leading to interchange of animal species. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Asia. Europe's present shape dates to the late

text: Tertiary period

text: about five million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Sarmatian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Volgo–Uralia shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.25 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Baltic Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.25 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.25 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Sarmatian craton,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Baltic Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.25 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Sarmatian craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.25 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Baltic Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rising and falling sea levels

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 50 million years ago,

text: The geological basin, which is smaller than the drainage basin, is a Phanerozoic sedimentary basin formed during the plate divergence that opened the South Atlantic ocean. The basin lies between the West African Craton and Congo Craton, and formed around the same time as the Benue Trough. It covers an area of about . It merges into the Iullemmeden Basin to the west at the Damergou gap between the Aïr and Zinder massifs.The floor of the basin is made of Precambrian bedrock covered by more than  of sedimentary deposits.

text: The geological basin, which is smaller than the drainage basin, is a

text: Phanerozoic

text: sedimentary basin formed during the plate divergence that opened the South Atlantic ocean. The basin lies between the

text: West African Craton

text: and

text: Congo Craton

text: , and formed around the same time as the

text: Benue Trough

text: . It covers an area of about . It merges into the

text: Iullemmeden Basin

text: to the west at the Damergou gap between the

text: Aïr

text: and

text: Zinder

text: massifs.The floor of the basin is made of

text: Precambrian

text: bedrock covered by more than  of sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: plate divergence

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: plate divergence

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton and Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: plate divergence

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: plate divergence

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton and Congo Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: more than of sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian bedrock covered by more than of sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: South Atlantic ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Phanerozoic

text: The older rocks of the terrane rest in the Precambrian with younger Cambrian rocks resting unconformably upon them. The Precambrian rocks are noted to be calc-alkaline plutonic intrusions dated to approximately 700-600Ma (Phase 1 to Phase 2 Neoproterozoic). These have associated (younger) volcanics that dominate the overlying sedimentary rocks that date between 570 and 560Ma. The signatures of the rocks are interpreted as having an intra-plate geochemical signature that may be attributed to arc-rifting. The diachronous formations of the bedded Uriconian and Coomb Volcanic Formation.

text: The older rocks of the terrane rest in the

text: Precambrian

text: with younger

text: Cambrian

text: rocks resting unconformably upon them. The Precambrian rocks are noted to be calc-alkaline plutonic intrusions dated to approximately 700-600Ma (Phase 1 to Phase 2

text: Neoproterozoic

text: ). These have associated (younger) volcanics that dominate the overlying sedimentary rocks that date between 570 and 560Ma. The signatures of the rocks are interpreted as having an intra-plate geochemical signature that may be attributed to arc-rifting. The diachronous formations of the bedded

text: Uriconian

text: and

text: Coomb Volcanic Formation

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: arc-rifting

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is the terrane?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 700-600Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: arc-rifting.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: arc-rifting.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 700-600Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformably

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: arc-rifting.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The lake sits atop the dividing line between the Precambrian granite Canadian Shield to the north, and the Paleozoic and Ordovician limestone to the south.Granite outcroppings can be seen beginning at the midpoint of the lake, including a small island in the north end of the lake with a cottage built upon it. On the south-east end, the limestone cuesta, which marks the boundary of the limestone and granite north of the lake, rises as a sheer cliff face several metres out of the water, following the length of the river southwest through Coboconk.

text: The lake sits atop the dividing line between the Precambrian granite

text: Canadian Shield

text: to the north, and the

text: Paleozoic

text: and Ordovician limestone to the south.Granite outcroppings can be seen beginning at the midpoint of the lake, including a small island in the north end of the lake with a cottage built upon it. On the south-east end, the limestone

text: cuesta

text: , which marks the boundary of the limestone and granite north of the lake, rises as a sheer cliff face several metres out of the water, following the length of the river southwest through Coboconk.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The lake sits atop the dividing line between the Precambrian granite

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian granite Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian granite Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: limestone cuesta,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A high pressure system over the central United States drifted east and added a westward component to Gordon's southward motion, pulling the storm southwest towards Florida. The persistent shear and a continued lack of deep convection eventually reduced the storm's winds to below tropical storm force, and on the morning on November 20 Gordon became a tropical depression. The high pressure system over the continent continued pulling the depression towards the west until it made its final landfall near Cape Canaveral that night with winds of 30 mph (45 km/h). Between its three Floridian landfalls, Hurricane Gordon dumped 5–10 in (13–25 cm) of rain on Florida, with a station at Cooperstown recording 16.1 in (40.9 cm). The storm moved northward across Florida, northeastward across Georgia, and finally merged with a frontal system over South Carolina.

text: A high pressure system over the central United States drifted east and added a westward component to Gordon's southward motion, pulling the storm southwest towards Florida. The persistent shear and a continued lack of deep convection eventually reduced the storm's winds to below tropical storm force, and on the morning on November 20 Gordon became a tropical depression. The high pressure system over the continent continued pulling the depression towards the west until it made its final landfall near

text: Cape Canaveral

text: that night with winds of 30 mph (45 km/h). Between its three Floridian landfalls, Hurricane Gordon dumped 5–10 in (13–25 cm) of rain on Florida, with a station at

text: Cooperstown

text: recording 16.1 in (40.9 cm). The storm moved northward across Florida, northeastward across

text: Georgia

text: , and finally merged with a frontal system over South Carolina.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Florida, Georgia, or South Carolina?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: high pressure system over the central United States

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: high pressure system over the central United States

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The persistent shear and a continued lack of deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical storm force,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The persistent shear and a continued lack of deep convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical depression.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical storm force,

text: In the early 1980s Luigi Faccia and Flavio Contin left Liga Veneta, the mainstream regionalist party in Veneto, because the considered it too moderate. On 25 January 1987 Faccia and Contin launched the VSG. In 1992 the group was joined by Fausto Faccia, brother of Luigi, and, later, by Bepin Segato, who was appointed "ambassador" of the VSG. Since 1996 the group is protagonist of raids into the frequencies of RAI, the Italian state owned public service broadcaster, in Veneto with separatist proclamations in Venetian language.

text: In the early 1980s

text: Luigi Faccia

text: and

text: Flavio Contin

text: left

text: Liga Veneta

text: , the mainstream regionalist party in Veneto, because the considered it too moderate. On 25 January 1987 Faccia and Contin launched the VSG. In 1992 the group was joined by

text: Fausto Faccia

text: , brother of Luigi, and, later, by

text: Bepin Segato

text: , who was appointed "ambassador" of the VSG. Since 1996 the group is protagonist of raids into the frequencies of

text: RAI

text: , the Italian state owned

text: public service

text: broadcaster

text: , in Veneto with separatist proclamations in

text: Venetian language

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Veneto

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Veneto,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Veneto,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: In the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: VSG.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: raids into the frequencies of RAI,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: VSG.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 1980s

text: The Onverwacht Group or Onverwacht Series is a series of greenstone belts and volcanic rock formations from the Archean Eon in the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa and Swaziland.

text: The Onverwacht Group or Onverwacht Series is a series of

text: greenstone belt

text: s and

text: volcanic rock

text: formations from the

text: Archean

text: Eon in the

text: Kaapvaal Craton

text: in

text: South Africa

text: and

text: Swaziland

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kaapvaal Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kaapvaal Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean Eon

text: The next oldest possible animal fossils are found towards the end of the Precambrian, around 610 million years ago, and are known as the Ediacaran or Vendian biota. These are difficult to relate to later fossils, however. Some may represent precursors of modern phyla, but they may be separate groups, and it is possible they are not really animals at all.

text: The next oldest possible animal fossils are found towards the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: , around 610 million years ago, and are known as the

text: Ediacaran or Vendian biota

text: . These are difficult to relate to later fossils, however. Some may represent precursors of modern phyla, but they may be separate groups, and it is possible they are not really animals at all.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 610 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 610 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 610 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 610 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 610 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Ediacaran or Vendian biota.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 610 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Phytoplankton absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own food. In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release molecular oxygen () into the water. It is estimated that between 50% — 85% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by plants. Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric / balance since the early Precambrian Eon.

text: Phytoplankton

text: absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own food. In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release molecular

text: oxygen

text: () into the water. It is estimated that between 50% — 85% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by

text: plant

text: s. Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric / balance since the early

text: Precambrian

text: Eon.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Eon.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: phytoplankton photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian Eon.

text: The West African Craton underlies the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and Benin.

text: The West African Craton underlies the modern countries of

text: Morocco

text: Algeria

text: Mauritania

text: Senegal

text: The Gambia

text: Guinea Bissau

text: Guinea

text: Mali

text: Burkina Faso

text: Sierra Leone

text: Liberia

text: Ivory Coast

text: Ghana

text: Togo

text: and

text: Benin

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The West African Craton

text: Roughly 3 million years ago (Ma), the volcanic Isthmus of Panama formed between the North and South American continents creating a bridge over what was the Central American Seaway and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the Great American Interchange. Starting 2.58 Ma, the Quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of Hudson Bay, the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice. Glaciers descended the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and those of the Pacific Margin. Extensive glacial lakes, such as Glacial Lake Missoula, Bonneville, Lahontan, Agassiz, and Algonquin, formed by glacial melt water. "Remnants of them are still visible in the Great Basin and along the edge of the Canadian Shield in the form of the Great Salt Lake, the Great Lakes, and the large lakes of west central Canada." The last glacial period of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level, exposing the Bering Land Bridge between Alaska and Siberia, which resulted in human migration from Asia to the Americas between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.

text: Roughly 3 million years ago (

text: Ma

text: ), the

text: volcanic

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: formed between the North and

text: South American

text: continents creating a bridge over what was the

text: Central American Seaway

text: and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the

text: Great American Interchange

text: . Starting 2.58 Ma, the

text: Quaternary glaciation

text: covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of Hudson Bay, the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice. Glaciers descended the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and those of the

text: Pacific Margin

text: . Extensive glacial lakes, such as

text: Glacial Lake Missoula

text: Bonneville

text: Lahontan

text: Agassiz

text: , and

text: Algonquin

text: , formed by glacial melt water. "Remnants of them are still visible in the

text: Great Basin

text: and along the edge of the Canadian Shield in the form of the

text: Great Salt Lake

text: , the

text: Great Lakes

text: , and the large lakes of west central Canada." The

text: last glacial period

text: of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level, exposing the

text: Bering Land Bridge

text: between Alaska and

text: Siberia

text: , which resulted in

text: human migration from Asia to the Americas

text: between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic Isthmus of Panama

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Rocky Mountains?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 40,000 and 15,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic Isthmus of Panama

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: glacial melt water.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.58 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Quaternary glaciation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: glacial melt water.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Roughly 3 million years ago

text: The complete lack of fossils is consistent with a Precambrian age for the sequence. This is also shown by the age of the earliest known intrusions that cut the sequence, dated at around 870 Ma. There is also no evidence of the sequence being affected by the 1300-1000 Ma Grenville orogeny. This together suggests an early Neoproterozoic sedimentation age. A possible correlation with the lithologically similar Torridon Group, an unmetamorphosed sequence of similar age found beneath the Moine Thrust, remains unproven.

text: The complete lack of fossils is consistent with a Precambrian age for the sequence. This is also shown by the age of the earliest known

text: intrusion

text: s that cut the sequence, dated at around 870 Ma. There is also no evidence of the sequence being affected by the 1300-1000 Ma

text: Grenville orogeny

text: . This together suggests an early

text: Neoproterozoic

text: sedimentation age. A possible correlation with the lithologically similar

text: Torridon Group

text: , an unmetamorphosed sequence of similar age found beneath the Moine Thrust, remains unproven.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Grenville orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Grenville orogeny

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 870 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Moine Thrust,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 870 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Moine Thrust,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The complete lack of fossils is consistent with a Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Diamond-bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth's surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions. The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed— or more (three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes). This is a relatively rare occurrence. These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as volcanic pipes. The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action, but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased. During eruption these pipes are open to the surface, resulting in open circulation; many xenoliths of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes. Diamond-bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest, coolest regions of continental crust (cratons). This is because cratons are very thick, and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable. Not all pipes contain diamonds, and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable.

text: Diamond-bearing rock is carried from the mantle to the Earth's surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions. The magma for such a volcano must originate at a depth where diamonds can be formed— or more (three times or more the depth of source magma for most volcanoes). This is a relatively rare occurrence. These typically small surface volcanic craters extend downward in formations known as

text: volcanic pipe

text: s. The pipes contain material that was transported toward the surface by volcanic action, but was not ejected before the volcanic activity ceased. During eruption these pipes are open to the surface, resulting in open circulation; many

text: xenolith

text: s of surface rock and even wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes. Diamond-bearing volcanic pipes are closely related to the oldest, coolest regions of

text: continental crust

text: (cratons). This is because cratons are very thick, and their lithospheric mantle extends to great enough depth that diamonds are stable. Not all pipes contain diamonds, and even fewer contain enough diamonds to make mining economically viable.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: diamonds are stable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the oldest, coolest regions of continental crust?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: (cratons).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: (cratons).

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: diamonds are stable.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: oldest, coolest regions of continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: oldest, coolest regions of continental crust

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: volcanic pipes.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: wood and fossils are found in volcanic pipes.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: coolest regions of continental crust

text: A poorly organized area of convection persisted about  off the southern coast of Guatemala on September 9. It moved west-northwestward, and after three days without further organization a circulation developed off the southwest coast of Mexico. The system quickly organized, resulting in Dvorak classifications beginning later that day. Convective banding became better organized, and late on September 12 it developed into Tropical Depression Ten while located about  south-southwest of Manzanillo, Colima. The depression moved to the northwest, and following an increase in deep convection it intensified into Tropical Storm Ismael early on September 13.Upon attaining tropical storm status, Ismael was located in an area of warm water temperatures with well-established upper-level outflow. Initially the storm moved to the northwest, though in response to the interaction with an upper-level low over Baja California Ismael gradually turned to the north. Such a change in motion was not operationally predicted by forecasters, though they noted uncertainty in Ismael's track due to the low. Ismael steadily strengthened as it moved northward, though it failed to organize significantly; early on September 14 the center remained poorly defined despite winds of . However, the outflow remained well-organized as it remained over warm waters. Ismael became better organized, and later on September 14 it intensified into a hurricane while located 210 miles (340 km) west-southwest of Puerto Vallarta.

text: A poorly organized area of convection persisted about  off the southern coast of

text: Guatemala

text: on September 9. It moved west-northwestward, and after three days without further organization a circulation developed off the southwest coast of

text: Mexico

text: . The system quickly organized, resulting in

text: Dvorak classifications

text: beginning later that day. Convective

text: banding

text: became better organized, and late on September 12 it developed into Tropical Depression Ten while located about  south-southwest of

text: Manzanillo, Colima

text: . The depression moved to the northwest, and following an increase in deep convection it intensified into Tropical Storm Ismael early on September 13.Upon attaining tropical storm status, Ismael was located in an area of warm water temperatures with well-established

text: upper-level outflow

text: . Initially the storm moved to the northwest, though in response to the interaction with an upper-level low over

text: Baja California

text: Ismael gradually turned to the north. Such a change in motion was not operationally predicted by forecasters, though they noted uncertainty in Ismael's track due to the low. Ismael steadily strengthened as it moved northward, though it failed to organize significantly; early on September 14 the center remained poorly defined despite winds of . However, the outflow remained well-organized as it remained over warm waters. Ismael became better organized, and later on September 14 it intensified into a hurricane while located 210 miles (340 km) west-southwest of

text: Puerto Vallarta

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: southwest coast of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Tropical Depression Ten

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Guatemala

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Tropical Depression Ten

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Depression Ten

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Tropical Depression Ten

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Depression Ten

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: warm water temperatures

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: warm water temperatures

text: East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from the Precambrian, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various more modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.

text: East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from the

text: Precambrian

text: , with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous

text: platform which is the basis of the

text: continental shield

text: . On top of this base are various more modern rocks, such as

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s, coal and

text: shale

text: s laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the

text: Transantarctic Mountains

text: . In coastal areas such as

text: Shackleton Range

text: and

text: Victoria Land

text: some

text: faulting

text: has occurred.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is East Antarctica composed of?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: metamorphic and igneous platform

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: more than 3 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 3 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Transantarctic Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Evidence of the details of plate motions and other tectonic activity in the Precambrian has been poorly preserved. It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed prior to 3000 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single supercontinent around 1000 Ma. The supercontinent, known as Rodinia, broke up around 600 Ma. A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as the Huronian epoch, roughly 2200 Ma. One of the best studied is the Sturtian-Varangian glaciation, around 600 Ma, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a "Snowball Earth".

text: Evidence of the details of

text: plate motions

text: and other

text: tectonic

text: activity in the Precambrian has been poorly preserved. It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed prior to 3000 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single

text: supercontinent

text: around 1000 Ma. The supercontinent, known as

text: Rodinia

text: , broke up around 600 Ma. A number of

text: glacial periods

text: have been identified going as far back as the

text: Huronian

text: epoch, roughly 2200 Ma. One of the best studied is the

text: Sturtian-Varangian

text: glaciation, around 600 Ma, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a "

text: Snowball Earth

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonic activity in the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic activity in the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3000 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "Snowball Earth".

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The North China Craton is composed of several major blocks that have been heavily tilted and folded over time as a result of collisions with other continental land masses. The main blocks include the Eastern Block, the Western Block and the Central Orogenic Belt. The Central Orogenic Belt runs from western Liaoning through Beijing municipality to western Henan and contains chiefly igneous rocks of Paleoproterozoic age. The Western Block extends west from this region through Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and northern Gansu. This block is the oldest and most stable part of the Craton and contains some of the oldest and mineralogically most valuable rocks in Asia, especially in Inner Mongolia where huge deposits of coal and iron ore are found.

text: The North China Craton is composed of several major blocks that have been heavily tilted and

text: folded

text: over time as a result of collisions with other

text: continent

text: al land masses. The main blocks include the Eastern Block, the Western Block and the Central Orogenic Belt. The Central Orogenic Belt runs from western

text: Liaoning

text: through

text: Beijing

entity_name: Direct-controlled municipalities of China

text: municipality

text: to western

text: Henan

text: and contains chiefly

text: igneous rock

text: s of

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: age. The Western Block extends west from this region through

text: Shanxi

text: Shaanxi

text: Inner Mongolia

text: and northern

text: Gansu

text: . This block is the oldest and most stable part of the Craton and contains some of the oldest and mineralogically most valuable rocks in

text: Asia

text: , especially in Inner Mongolia where huge deposits of

text: coal

text: and

text: iron ore

text: are found.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleoproterozoic age

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleoproterozoic age.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: igneous rocks of Paleoproterozoic age.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Central Orogenic Belt.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleoproterozoic

text: Floating bridge/Pontoon Bridge construction has a long history in military and civilian applications on every continent except Antarctica. According to the engineers who designed this bridge, it was designed using recent American technology for floating bridges, combined with Norwegian technology for offshore platforms. The bridge designers researched other bridges in the world and traveled to the state of Washington in the United States to visit the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge and the Hood Canal Bridge—two floating bridges. The continuous floating concrete structure used in the Washington bridges was ultimately ruled out in favor of the discrete floating concrete pier design. This design afforded: 1) an elevated roadway that reduced traffic hazards in storms, 2) a reduction in corrosion of the bridge deck, and 3) improved passage of water beneath the bridge thereby supporting native species.

text: Floating bridge/

text: Pontoon Bridge

text: construction has a long history in military and civilian applications on every continent except

text: Antarctica

text: . According to the engineers who designed this bridge, it was designed using recent American technology for floating bridges, combined with Norwegian technology for

text: offshore platform

text: s. The bridge designers researched other bridges in the world and traveled to the state of

text: Washington

text: in the

text: United States

text: to visit the

text: Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge

text: and the

text: Hood Canal Bridge

text: —two floating bridges. The continuous floating

text: concrete

text: structure used in the Washington bridges was ultimately ruled out in favor of the discrete floating concrete pier design. This design afforded: 1) an elevated roadway that reduced traffic hazards in storms, 2) a reduction in

text: corrosion

text: of the

text: bridge deck

text: , and 3) improved passage of water beneath the bridge thereby supporting native species.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any continents other than Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: concrete

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Antarctica.

text: Around 750 million years ago Rodinia rifted apart into three continents: Proto-Laurasia, the Congo craton and Proto-Gondwana. The West African Craton may then have combined with other cratons to form Pannotia, a hypothetical supercontinent that existed from the Pan-African orogeny about 600 million years ago to the end of the Precambrian about 540 million years ago. Later it became part of Gondwana, and later still part of Pangaea, the supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before North and South America separated from Eurasia and Africa and the continents started to drift towards their current configuration.

text: Around 750 million years ago Rodinia

text: rifted

text: apart into three continents:

text: Proto-Laurasia

text: , the

text: Congo craton

text: and

text: Proto-Gondwana

text: . The West African Craton may then have combined with other cratons to form

text: Pannotia

text: , a hypothetical

text: supercontinent

text: that existed from the

text: Pan-African orogeny

text: about 600 million years ago to the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: about 540 million years ago. Later it became part of

text: Gondwana

text: , and later still part of

text: Pangaea

text: , the

text: supercontinent

text: that existed during the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras about 250 million years ago, before North and South America separated from Eurasia and Africa and the continents started to drift towards their current configuration.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton may then have combined with other

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 540 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: about 250 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pan-African orogeny

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 540 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 540 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras

text: John Douglas Craton is an American classical composer. His works have been performed throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan. While his compositions cover a diverse range, he is best known for his operas, ballets, and works for classical mandolin.

text: John Douglas Craton is an American

entity_name: List of classical music composers by era

text: classical composer

text: . His works have been performed throughout the

text: United States

text: Europe

text: , and

text: Japan

text: . While his compositions cover a diverse range, he is best known for his

text: operas

text: ballets

text: , and works for classical

text: mandolin

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: who is john douglas craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: John Douglas Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: John Douglas Craton

text: As part of the Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market and also released as Les Ailes d'un Continent, a version dubbed in French. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. When shown in Ottawa, the reviewer commented that, "The strategic significance of air transportation in Canada in a world now totally at war is graphically described in the December release of the National Film Board's 'Wings of a Continent'." Along with others in the Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent received widespread circulation.

text: As part of the Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market and also released as Les Ailes d'un Continent, a version dubbed in French. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. When shown in Ottawa, the reviewer commented that, "The strategic significance of air transportation in Canada in a world now totally at war is graphically described in the December release of the National Film Board's 'Wings of a Continent'." Along with others in the Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent received widespread circulation.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Les Ailes d'un Continent,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Wings of a Continent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Canada Carries On series, Wings of a Continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: air transportation in Canada in a world now totally at war

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Wings of a Continent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Wings of a Continent

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Les Ailes d'un Continent,

text: However, in October 1947, the now-revived paper was named The Shield. This name lasted until 1966. The Shield was named after the founder, Bishop Bernard J. Schiel. The school paper shortened its name to Shield in 1966, and published the paper in a magazine format.

text: However, in October 1947, the now-revived paper was named The Shield. This name lasted until 1966. The Shield was named after the founder, Bishop Bernard J. Schiel. The school paper shortened its name to Shield in 1966, and published the paper in a magazine format.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1947, the now-revived paper was named The Shield.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 1947,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1947, the now-revived paper was named The Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1947,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1947,

text: Joyous Celebration is a South African Gospel choir which was formed in 1994 following the success of South Africa's first democratic elections. What was merely meant to be a one-time studio project by South African musicians turned into a massive platform for upcoming South African artists. The choir has enjoyed success in South Africa and the rest of the African continent, having released 20 albums as of 2016. It is one of South Africa's  most successful gospel choirs, following acts like The Soweto Gospel Choir.

text: Joyous Celebration is a

text: South African

text: Gospel choir which was formed in 1994 following the success of South Africa's first democratic elections. What was merely meant to be a one-time studio project by South African musicians turned into a massive platform for upcoming South African artists. The choir has enjoyed success in South Africa and the rest of the African continent, having released 20 albums as of 2016. It is one of South Africa's  most successful gospel choirs, following acts like The

text: Soweto Gospel Choir

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: democratic elections.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African continent,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1994

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Joyous Celebration is a South African Gospel choir

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Joyous Celebration is a South African Gospel choir

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Joyous Celebration is a South African Gospel choir

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Joyous Celebration is a South African Gospel choir which was formed in 1994

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2016.

text: By late on May 29, a weak trough over the Yucatán Peninsula produced a small area of convection over the Yucatán Channel. Convection increased in association with the trough, and the next day a broad envelop of cyclonic turning developed within the system. By May 30, the moisture from the trough extended from Nicaragua through the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with the greatest area of convection near Cuba. A westward moving tropical wave spawned a broad area of low pressure on May 30, and by May 31 a circulation developed within the system to the southeast of Cozumel, Mexico. The low moved north-northeastward, and gradually became better organized despite high amounts of vertical wind shear. The deep convection became more concentrated near the center, and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on June 1 just to the northwest of the western tip of Cuba. Operationally, it was not classified until eleven hours later.

text: By late on May 29, a weak

text: trough

text: over the

text: Yucatán Peninsula

text: produced a small area of

text: convection

text: over the

text: Yucatán Channel

text: . Convection increased in association with the trough, and the next day a broad envelop of cyclonic turning developed within the system. By May 30, the moisture from the trough extended from

text: Nicaragua

text: through the southeastern

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , with the greatest area of convection near

text: Cuba

text: . A westward moving

text: tropical wave

text: spawned a broad area of low pressure on May 30, and by May 31 a circulation developed within the system to the southeast of

text: Cozumel

text: , Mexico. The low moved north-northeastward, and gradually became better organized despite high amounts of vertical

text: wind shear

text: . The deep convection became more concentrated near the center, and it is estimated the system developed into a tropical depression at 1200

text: UTC

text: on June 1 just to the northwest of the western tip of

text: Cuba

text: . Operationally, it was not classified until eleven hours later.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Yucatán Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Yucatán Peninsula, Yucatán Channel, or Cuba?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Yucatán Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Nicaragua

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a weak trough over the Yucatán Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: moisture from the trough

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: May 29,

text: The basement consists of Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield.  Gneisses, volcanics and metasediments are intruded by granites, granodiorites and a suite of dolerite dykes. These rocks contain shear zones, such as the Rehba Shear Zone of western Sinai, that are interpreted to have partly controlled the orientation and location of rift structures.

text: The basement consists of Precambrian rocks of the

text: Arabian-Nubian Shield

text: Gneiss

text: es, volcanics and

text: metasediment

text: s are intruded by

text: granite

text: s,

text: granodiorite

text: s and a suite of

text: dolerite

text: dykes

text: . These rocks contain shear zones, such as the Rehba Shear Zone of western Sinai, that are interpreted to have partly controlled the orientation and location of rift structures.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Arabian-Nubian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are intruded by granites

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basement

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Arabian-Nubian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shear zones,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Arabian-Nubian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The basement

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shear zones,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The movement of Earth's plates has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a super-continent containing most or all of the landmass. The earliest known super-continent was Vaalbara. It formed from proto-continents and was a super-continent 3.1 billion years ago. Vaalbara broke up c. 2.8 Ga ago. The super-continent Kenorland was formed c. 2.7 Ga ago and then broke sometime after 2.5 Ga into the proto-continent cratons called Laurentia, Baltica, Australia, and Kalahari. The super-continent Columbia or Nuna formed 2.0–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. The super-continent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago, to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents and to have broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago.

text: The movement of Earth's

text: plates

text: has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a super-continent containing most or all of the landmass. The earliest known super-continent was

text: Vaalbara

text: . It formed from proto-continents and was a super-continent 3.1 billion years ago.

text: Vaalbara

text: broke up c. 2.8

text: Ga

text: ago. The super-continent

text: Kenorland

text: was formed c. 2.7

text: Ga

text: ago and then broke sometime after 2.5

text: Ga

text: into the proto-continent

text: craton

text: s called

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: Australia

text: , and

text: Kalahari

text: . The super-continent

text: Columbia

text: or Nuna formed 2.0–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. The super-continent

text: Rodinia

text: is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago, to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents and to have broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Vaalbara

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: proto-continent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia, Baltica, Australia, and Kalahari

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: proto-continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: proto-continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: proto-continent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia, Baltica, Australia, and Kalahari.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: super-continent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The movement of Earth's

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.1 billion years ago.

text: The 2009 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships for the 2008–09 season. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competition was open to skaters from a non-European Member nation of the International Skating Union. The four continents of the event's name refer to the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, which are four of the continents represented in the Olympic rings, omitting Europe.

text: The 2009 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was the

entity_name: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

text: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

text: for the

text: 2008–09 season

text: . Skaters competed in the disciplines of

text: men's singles, ladies' singles

text: pair skating

text: , and

text: ice dancing

text: . The competition was open to skaters from a non-European

text: Member nation

text: of the

text: International Skating Union

text: . The four continents of the event's name refer to the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: , and

text: Oceania

text: , which are four of the continents represented in the

text: Olympic rings

text: , omitting Europe.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: non-European

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Americas

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons indicate that

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the four continents of the event's name?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2008–09

text: At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control. Since Germany was a latecomer to the continent and was unlikely to gain any possessions, it had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial "possessions" on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.

text: At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the scope of the Principle of Effective Occupation was heavily contested between Germany and France. The Germans, who were new to the continent of Africa, believed that as far as the extension of power in Africa was concerned, no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory, unless the state exercised strong and effective political control. Since Germany was a latecomer to the continent and was unlikely to gain any possessions, it had an interest in embarrassing the other European powers on the continent and forcing them to give up their possessions if they could not muster a strong political presence. On the other side, the United Kingdom (UK) had large territorial "possessions" on the continent and wanted to keep them while minimising its responsibilities and administrative costs. In the end, the British view prevailed.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Germany

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: were new to the continent of Africa

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1885,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Berlin Conference of 1885,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no colonial power should have any legal right to a territory,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Berlin Conference of 1885,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: At the Berlin Conference of 1885,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1885,

text: however, strong wind shear caused all the deep convection to become displaced to the south of the center. At 1800 UTC, wind shear began to decrease, and the cyclone developed a well-defined circulation. Based on this, the JTWC upgraded the system into Tropical Storm Hal.

text: however, strong

text: wind shear

text: caused all the

text: deep convection

text: to become displaced to the south of the center. At 1800 UTC, wind shear began to decrease, and the cyclone developed a well-defined circulation. Based on this, the JTWC upgraded the system into Tropical Storm Hal.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the cratons were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: south of the center.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: strong wind shear caused all the deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Storm Hal.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: strong wind shear

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1800 UTC,

text: Craton’s music is highly tonal and in general reflects a style of English pastoralism, often incorporating onomatopoeic elements sometimes described as “nature music.” His music has been variously characterized as “atmospheric,” “dramatic and challenging,” “largely traditional ... playful,” and occasionally even reflecting “a medieval/Renaissance flavor.” He has been performed by such artists and ensembles as Sebastiaan de Grebber, Gertrud Weyhofen, Eva van den Dool, Christiaan Saris, Ljubomir Velickovic, Het CONSORT, the Orkest van het Oosten, Townsend Opera Players, and the Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra. Romanian opera composer and conductor Leonard Dumitriu has described Craton's music as "coming from some other time and planet,” stating that although he “may be an American living in the present, ... [his] music comes from the time of Haydn and Mozart, or, better, from a world without time, where ... even the cares are easy and bright ... a musical world of sonorous peace and joy." Many of Craton’s works are published by Wolfhead Music.

text: Craton’s music is highly tonal and in general reflects a style of English pastoralism, often incorporating onomatopoeic elements sometimes described as “nature music.” His music has been variously characterized as “atmospheric,” “dramatic and challenging,” “largely traditional ... playful,” and occasionally even reflecting “a medieval/Renaissance flavor.” He has been performed by such artists and ensembles as

text: Sebastiaan de Grebber

text: Gertrud Weyhofen

text: Eva van den Dool

text: Christiaan Saris

text: Ljubomir Velickovic

text: Het CONSORT

text: , the

text: Orkest van het Oosten

text: Townsend Opera Players

text: , and the

text: Amsterdam Symphony Orchestra

text: . Romanian opera composer and conductor

text: Leonard Dumitriu

text: has described Craton's music as "coming from some other time and planet,” stating that although he “may be an American living in the present, ... [his] music comes from the time of

text: Haydn

text: and

text: Mozart

text: , or, better, from a world without time, where ... even the cares are easy and bright ... a musical world of sonorous peace and joy." Many of Craton’s works are published by

text: Wolfhead Music

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a world without time

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: who has been performed by such artists and ensembles?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Craton’s music

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: a world without time

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton’s

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: time of Haydn and Mozart,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a world without time,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Many of Craton’s works are published by Wolfhead Music.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: sonorous peace and joy."

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Craton’s

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Craton’s

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: a world without time,

text: The Congo Craton occupies a large part of central southern Africa, extending from the Kasai region of the DRC into Sudan and Angola. It forms parts of the countries of Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic. A small portion extends into Zambia as well, where it is called the Bangweulu Block.

text: The Congo Craton occupies a large part of central southern Africa, extending from the Kasai region of the

text: DRC

text: into

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Angola

text: . It forms parts of the countries of

text: Gabon

text: Cameroon

text: , and the

text: Central African Republic

text: . A small portion extends into

text: Zambia

text: as well, where it is called the

text: Bangweulu Block

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Congo Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Congo Craton

text: When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice ages, greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming land bridges. At those times Australia–New Guinea was a single, continuous continent. Likewise the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were joined by the Bering land bridge. Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time there were just three discrete continents: Afro-Eurasia-America, Antarctica, and Australia-New Guinea.

text: When sea levels were lower during the

text: Pleistocene

text: ice age

text: s, greater areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming

text: land bridge

text: s. At those times

text: Australia–New Guinea

text: was a single, continuous continent. Likewise the Americas and Afro-Eurasia were joined by the

text: Bering land bridge

text: . Other islands such as Great Britain were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time there were just three discrete continents: Afro-Eurasia-America, Antarctica, and Australia-New Guinea.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Australia–New Guinea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: land bridge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continental shelf

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pleistocene ice ages,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pleistocene ice ages,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: three discrete continents:

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Pleistocene ice ages,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: land bridges.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene ice ages,

text: Sites such as the Wopmay Orogen provide evidence for early and ongoing plate tectonics. Traces of old oceanic crust, island arcs, and colliding continents indicate that the same forces at work today have been at work in the early Proterozoic and probably earlier. Alignments of magnetic particles in rocks demonstrate that continents were drifting across the surface of the Earth relative to the magnetic poles then as now, and that the ocean floor was rifting and subducting, all at least 1.5 billion years ago. This crust cycling is referred to as the supercontinent cycle.

text: Sites such as the Wopmay Orogen provide evidence for early and ongoing

text: plate tectonics

text: . Traces of old

text: oceanic crust

text: island arcs

text: , and

text: colliding continents

text: indicate that the same forces at work today have been at work in the early Proterozoic and probably earlier. Alignments of magnetic particles in rocks demonstrate that continents were drifting across the surface of the Earth relative to the magnetic poles then as now, and that the ocean floor was rifting and subducting, all at least 1.5 billion years ago. This crust cycling is referred to as the

text: supercontinent cycle

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wopmay Orogen

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are referred to as the supercontinent cycle

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Wopmay Orogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wopmay Orogen

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the same forces

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: oceanic crust,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early and ongoing plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Wopmay Orogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic crust,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Proterozoic

text: There have been six cratonic sequences since the beginning of the Cambrian Period.  For North America, from oldest to youngest, they are the Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka, Zuñi, and the Tejas. Attempts to identify equivalent cratonic sequences on other continents have met with only limited success, suggesting that eustasy is unlikely to be the sole responsible mechanism.

text: There have been six cratonic sequences since the beginning of the

text: Cambrian Period

text: .  For North America, from oldest to youngest, they are the

text: Sauk

text: Tippecanoe

text: Kaskaskia

text: Absaroka

text: Zuñi

text: , and the

text: Tejas

text: . Attempts to identify equivalent cratonic sequences on other continents have met with only limited success, suggesting that eustasy is unlikely to be the sole responsible mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian Period

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Cambrian Period

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: six cratonic sequences since the beginning of the Cambrian Period

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary sequence

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cambrian Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian Period.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian Period.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: eustasy

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: six cratonic sequences

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: six cratonic sequences

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cratonic sequences

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: eustasy

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian Period.

text: Earlier theories (e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit) of continental drift were that continents "ploughed" through the sea. The idea that the seafloor itself moves (and also carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s. The theory is well accepted now, and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere, which is ductile, or  plastic, and the brittle lithosphere.

text: Earlier theories (e.g. by

text: Alfred Wegener

text: and

text: Alexander du Toit

text: ) of continental drift were that

text: continent

text: s "ploughed" through the sea. The idea that the seafloor itself moves (and also carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by

text: Harry Hess

text: from

text: Princeton University

text: in the 1960s. The theory is well accepted now, and the phenomenon is known to be caused by

text: convection

text: currents in the

text: asthenosphere

text: , which is ductile, or

text: plastic

text: , and the brittle

text: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a central axis

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the sea.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continents "ploughed" through the sea.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: continental drift

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: lithosphere.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1960s.

text: The exposed geology of the Yosemite area includes primarily  granitic rocks with some older metamorphic rock. The first rocks were laid down in Precambrian times, when the area around Yosemite National Park was on the edge of a very young North American continent. The sediment that formed the area first settled in the waters of a shallow sea, and compressive forces from a subduction zone in the mid-Paleozoic fused the seabed rocks and sediments, appending them to the continent. Heat generated from the subduction created island arcs of volcanoes (not unlike Japan) that were also thrust into the area of the park. In time, the igneous and sedimentary rocks of the area were later heavily metamorphosed.

text: The exposed geology of the Yosemite area includes primarily

text: granitic

text: rocks with some older

text: metamorphic rock

text: . The first rocks were laid down in

text: Precambrian

text: times, when the area around

text: Yosemite National Park

text: was on the edge of a very young

text: North America

text: n continent. The

text: sediment

text: that formed the area first settled in the waters of a shallow sea, and compressive forces from a

text: subduction

text: zone in the mid-

text: Paleozoic

text: fused the seabed

text: rock

text: s and sediments, appending them to the continent. Heat generated from the subduction created

text: island arc

text: s of

text: volcano

text: es (not unlike

text: Japan

text: ) that were also thrust into the area of the park. In time, the

text: igneous

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s of the area were later heavily

text: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: subduction zone in the mid-Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is the Yosemite National Park?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: compressive forces from a subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granitic rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: waters of a shallow sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: subduction

text: The term 'shields' first appears in the Star Trek episode "Balance of Terror", in which they were deployed, albeit to little effect, by a Federation outpost under attack from a Romulan Warbird. The first depicted use of shields by a starship was in the Star Trek episode "Arena", in which the USS Enterprise raises its shields after being attacked by an alien warship. Shields are not referred to during the earlier seasons of the Star Trek: Enterprise series, starships instead using "polarized hull plating" to make their hull more resistant to damage.

text: The term 'shields' first appears in the

text: Star Trek

text: episode "

text: Balance of Terror

text: ", in which they were deployed, albeit to little effect, by a

text: Federation

text: outpost under attack from a

text: Romulan

text: Warbird

text: . The first depicted use of shields by a starship was in the Star Trek episode "

text: Arena

text: ", in which the

text: USS Enterprise

text: raises its shields after being attacked by an alien warship. Shields are not referred to during the earlier seasons of the

text: Star Trek: Enterprise

text: series, starships instead using "polarized hull plating" to make their hull more resistant to damage.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not referred to during the earlier seasons of the Star Trek:

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Romulan

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Romulan

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: "Balance of Terror",

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Romulan

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "polarized hull plating"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The term'shields'

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The term'shields' first appears in the Star Trek

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Balance of Terror",

text: Next, the metamorphosed Precambrian basement rocks were uplifted and a nearly 500-million-year-long gap in the geologic record, a major unconformity, affected the region. Geologists do not know what happened to the eroded sediment that must have overlain the complex, but they do know that regional uplift was responsible; the area was originally below the surface of a shallow sea.

text: Next, the metamorphosed Precambrian basement rocks were uplifted and a nearly 500-million-year-long gap in the geologic record, a major

text: unconformity

text: , affected the region. Geologists do not know what happened to the eroded sediment that must have overlain the complex, but they do know that regional uplift was responsible; the area was originally below the surface of a shallow sea.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 500 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: below the surface of a shallow sea.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian basement rocks were uplifted

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: metamorphosed Precambrian basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: major unconformity,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow sea.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Platform types include the bay platform, side platform (also called through platform), split platform and island platform. A bay platform is one at which the track terminates, i.e. a dead-end or siding. Trains serving a bay platform must reverse in or out. A side platform is the more usual type, alongside tracks where the train arrives from one end and leaves towards the other. An island platform has through platforms on both sides; it may be indented on one or both ends, with bay platforms. To reach an island platform there may be a bridge, a tunnel, or a level crossing. The climb up to the bridge or down to the tunnel may use stairs, ramps, escalators, lifts, or a combination of the above.

text: Platform types include the

text: bay platform

text: side platform

text: (also called through platform),

text: split platform

text: and

text: island platform

text: . A bay platform is one at which the track terminates, i.e. a dead-end or

text: siding

text: . Trains serving a bay platform must reverse in or out. A side platform is the more usual type, alongside tracks where the train arrives from one end and leaves towards the other. An island platform has through platforms on both sides; it may be indented on one or both ends, with bay platforms. To reach an island platform there may be a

text: bridge

text: , a

text: tunnel

text: , or a

text: level crossing

text: . The climb up to the bridge or down to the tunnel may use stairs, ramps, escalators, lifts, or a combination of the above.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: island platform

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Platform types include the bay platform,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: island platform.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platform types include the bay platform,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: stairs, ramps, escalators, lifts,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Platform types include the bay platform,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platform.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Platform types include the bay platform,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Platform types include the bay platform,

text: On August 30, an area of low pressure developed near the edge of Météo-France's area of responsibility within an unseasonably active monsoonal band which coincided with the Madden–Julian oscillation. Tracking towards the southeast, the low experience strong deep-level wind shear which kept most of the convection displaced from the center of circulation. On August 31, convection managed to develop around the west and southwestern portions of the low before and was designated as Tropical Depression 01. The depression reached its peak intensity at this time with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph

text: On August 30, an

text: area of low pressure

text: developed near the edge of

text: Météo-France

text: 's area of responsibility within an unseasonably active

text: monsoon

text: al band which coincided with the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: . Tracking towards the southeast, the low experience strong deep-level

text: wind shear

text: which kept most of the

text: convection

text: displaced from the

text: center of circulation

text: . On August 31, convection managed to develop around the west and southwestern portions of the low before and was designated as Tropical Depression 01. The depression reached its peak intensity at this time with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Madden–Julian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not the same

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unseasonably

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Madden–Julian oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Madden–Julian oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unseasonably active monsoonal band

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Depression 01.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Madden–Julian oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Depression 01.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Tropical Depression 01.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Madden–Julian oscillation.

text: Many thousand years of dormancy are expected between large explosive eruptions of volcanoes in the Garibaldi Belt. A possible explanation for the lower rates of volcanism in the Garibaldi chain is that the associated terrain is being compressed in contrast to the more southern portions of the Cascade Arc. In continental rift zones, magma is able to push its way up through the Earth's crust rapidly along faults, providing less chance for differentiation. This is likely the case south of Mount Hood to the California border and east-southeast of the massive Newberry shield volcano adjacent to the Cascade Range in central Oregon because the Brothers Fault Zone lies in this region. This rift zone might explain the massive amounts of basaltic lava in this part of the central Cascade Arc. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist Bill Mathews proposed there could be a connection between regional glaciation of the North American continent during glacial periods and higher rates of volcanic activity during regional glacial unload of the continent. However, this is hard to predict due to the infrequent geological record in this region. But there is specific data, including the temporal grouping of eruptions synglacially or just postglacial within the Garibaldi Belt, that suggests this could be probable.

text: Many thousand years of dormancy are expected between large

text: explosive eruption

text: s of volcanoes in the Garibaldi Belt. A possible explanation for the lower rates of volcanism in the Garibaldi chain is that the associated

text: terrain

text: is being compressed in contrast to the more southern portions of the Cascade Arc. In continental

text: rift

text: zones, magma is able to push its way up through the Earth's crust rapidly along faults, providing less chance for differentiation. This is likely the case south of

text: Mount Hood

text: to the

text: California

text: border and east-southeast of the massive

text: Newberry shield volcano

text: adjacent to the

text: Cascade Range

text: in central

text: Oregon

text: because the

text: Brothers Fault Zone

text: lies in this region. This rift zone might explain the massive amounts of basaltic lava in this part of the central Cascade Arc. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. In 1958, Canadian volcanologist

text: Bill Mathews

text: proposed there could be a connection between regional glaciation of the North American continent during

text: glacial period

text: s and higher rates of volcanic activity during regional glacial unload of the continent. However, this is hard to predict due to the infrequent geological record in this region. But there is specific data, including the temporal grouping of eruptions synglacially or just postglacial within the Garibaldi Belt, that suggests this could be probable.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Garibaldi Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is the Garibaldi Belt?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: synglacial

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: rift zones,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: massive stationary bodies of magma

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Newberry shield volcano

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift zones,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: glacial

text: The Cape Peninsula is a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean at the south-western extremity of the African continent. At its tip is the Cape of Good Hope. The peninsula forms the west side of False Bay. The two main rock formations are the late-Precambrian Malmesbury group (metamorphic rock) and the Peninsula granite,  a huge batholith that was intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago.

text: The

text: Cape Peninsula

text: is a

text: peninsula

text: that juts out into the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: at the south-western extremity of the

text: Africa

text: n continent. At its tip is the

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: . The peninsula forms the west side of False Bay. The two main rock formations are the late-

text: Precambrian

text: Malmesbury group (metamorphic rock) and the Peninsula granite,  a huge batholith that was intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: late-Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the two main rock formations?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 630 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 630 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Malmesbury group

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: late-Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 630 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 630 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 630 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: (metamorphic rock)

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: late-Precambrian

text: The passive continental margin became active when the Farallon Plate started to dive below the North American Plate. Geologists call the resulting mountain-building event the Sevier orogeny. Compressive forces detached sedimentary units across western Utah and Nevada from their Precambrian basement rocks and pushed them eastward. The weight of the resulting high mountain range that formed to the west, lowered much of Utah and allowed the sea to invade. This grew into a vast sea that periodically divided North America in the Cretaceous called the Western Interior Seaway.

text: The passive continental margin became active when the

text: Farallon Plate

text: started to dive below the

text: North American Plate

text: . Geologists call the resulting mountain-building event the

text: Sevier orogeny

text: . Compressive forces detached sedimentary units across western Utah and

text: Nevada

text: from their Precambrian basement rocks and pushed them eastward. The weight of the resulting high

text: mountain range

text: that formed to the west, lowered much of Utah and allowed the sea to invade. This grew into a vast sea that periodically divided North America in the Cretaceous called the

text: Western Interior Seaway

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Farallon Plate

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the mountain-building event the Sevier orogeny?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Farallon Plate started to dive below the North American Plate.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sevier orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cretaceous

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers six per cent of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 per cent of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition.

text: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous

text: continent

text: . At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers six per cent of

text: Earth

text: 's total surface area and 20.4 per cent of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: to the north, both the

text: Suez Canal

text: and the

text: Red Sea

text: along the

text: Sinai Peninsula

text: to the northeast, the

text: Indian Ocean

text: to the southeast, and the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: to the west. The continent includes

text: Madagascar

text: and various

text: archipelago

text: s. It contains 54

text: fully recognized

text: sovereign state

text: s (

text: countries

text: ), nine

text: territories

text: and two de facto independent

text: states with limited or no recognition

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Earth's surface area

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: archipelagos.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mediterranean Sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2013,

text: The geological basement of the central and eastern regions Equatorial Guinea is composed of Precambrian rocks which form a part of the Congo craton. They include gneiss, greenstone, schist-amphibolite and granitoids. These older rocks are overlain by sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic, Neogene and Quaternary age in the west and along the coast. The islands of Pagalu and Bioko (Annobon and Fernando Poo) are of relatively recent volcanic origin, forming a part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line.

text: The geological

text: basement

text: of the central and eastern regions

text: Equatorial Guinea

text: is composed of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks which form a part of the

text: Congo craton

text: . They include

text: gneiss

text: greenstone

text: schist

text: amphibolite

text: and

text: granitoids

text: . These older rocks are overlain by

text: sedimentary rock

text: s of

text: Mesozoic

text: Neogene

text: and

text: Quaternary

text: age in the west and along the coast. The islands of

text: Pagalu

text: and

text: Bioko

text: (Annobon and Fernando Poo) are of relatively recent

text: volcanic origin

text: , forming a part of the

text: Cameroon Volcanic Line

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Congo craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Congo craton.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Congo craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: schist-amphibolite

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: overlain by sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Congo craton.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Guiana Shield is one of the three cratons of the South American Plate. It is a 1.7 billion-year-old Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America that forms a portion of the northern coast. The higher elevations on the shield are called the Guiana Highlands, which is where the table-like mountains called tepuis are found. The Guiana Highlands are also the source of some of the world's most spectacular waterfalls such as Angel Falls, Kaieteur Falls and Kuquenan Falls.

text: The Guiana Shield is one of the three

text: craton

text: s of the

text: South American Plate

text: . It is a 1.7 billion-year-old

text: Precambrian

text: geological formation in northeast

text: South America

text: that forms a portion of the northern coast. The higher elevations on the

text: shield

text: are called the Guiana Highlands, which is where the table-like mountains called

text: tepui

text: s are found. The Guiana Highlands are also the source of some of the world's most spectacular waterfalls such as

text: Angel Falls

text: Kaieteur Falls

text: and

text: Kuquenan Falls

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Guiana Shield is one of the three

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.7 billion-year

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.7 billion-year-old Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: South American Plate.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.7 billion-year-old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Guiana Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: In 1889 and 1909 Roberto Mantovani published a hypothesis of Earth expansion and continental drift. He assumed that a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller Earth. Thermal expansion led to volcanic activity, which broke the land mass into smaller continents. These continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion at the rip-zones, where oceans currently lie. Although Alfred Wegener noticed some similarities to his own hypothesis of continental drift, he did not mention Earth expansion as the cause of drift in Mantovani's hypothesis.

text: In 1889 and 1909

text: Roberto Mantovani

text: published a hypothesis of Earth expansion and continental drift. He assumed that a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller Earth.

text: Thermal expansion

text: led to

text: volcanic

text: activity, which broke the land mass into smaller continents. These continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion at the rip-zones, where oceans currently lie. Although

text: Alfred Wegener

text: noticed some similarities to his own hypothesis of

text: continental drift

text: , he did not mention Earth expansion as the cause of drift in Mantovani's hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Earth expansion

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: thermal expansion

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Thermal expansion led to volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Thermal expansion led to volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller Earth.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rip-zones,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Thermal expansion led to volcanic activity,

text: Because of this early uncontrolled exploitation, much of the reserves in the Mid-continent have been depleted. Oil operators, in addition to continued exploration, use a variety of techniques to increase production, including deep wells, injection wells, etc. Natural gas, which in the early days was vented to the atmosphere or burned off, now accounts for a large percentage of the exploration efforts and profitability of the petroleum industry in the Mid-continent.

text: Because of this early uncontrolled exploitation, much of the reserves in the Mid-continent have been depleted. Oil operators, in addition to continued exploration, use a variety of techniques to increase production, including deep wells, injection wells, etc. Natural gas, which in the early days was vented to the atmosphere or burned off, now accounts for a large percentage of the exploration efforts and profitability of the petroleum industry in the Mid-continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mid-continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: uncontrolled exploitation

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: in the early days

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: early uncontrolled exploitation, much of the reserves in the Mid-continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early uncontrolled exploitation,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: much of the reserves in the Mid-continent have been depleted.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early uncontrolled exploitation,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep wells, injection wells,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Natural gas,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early uncontrolled exploitation,

text: The Arvoredo archipelago (27°17' S; 48°28' W) is formed by three islands (Arvoredo, Galés and Deserta) and a rocky outcrop (São Pedro). The archipelago lies over the continental platform and is characterized by the presence of Precambrian crystalline rock shorelines. The depth throughout the archipelago varies from , rarely deeper than .

text: The Arvoredo archipelago (27°17' S; 48°28' W) is formed by three islands (Arvoredo, Galés and Deserta) and a rocky outcrop (São Pedro). The archipelago lies over the continental platform and is characterized by the presence of

text: Precambrian

text: crystalline rock shorelines. The depth throughout the archipelago varies from , rarely deeper than .

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the Arvoredo archipelago formed by three islands?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: crystalline rock shorelines.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian crystalline rock shorelines.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian crystalline rock shorelines.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: By day the globe was illuminated by the light from the glass set into the dome directly above it and by night with gas lighting. Visitors entered the globe through an opening into the Pacific Ocean, then ascended through a series of four platforms. At each stage they could see a different portion of the world represented on the concave interior face of the globe. The platform scaffolding was built up from the conveniently desolate Southern Ocean; Antarctica was largely unknown at the time – Wyld dismissed stories of the existence of a great Southern continent: The platforms were separated by about  and those closer to the Globe's equator were wider so there was always a gap of about  between the platform and the surface of the globe. Although the staircase and platforms allowed closer examination of individual sections, the structure prevented an appreciation of the globe as a single unit, and later there were plans for its removal. Some ventilation was provided by a system housed at the North Pole, which had the advantage of being quite featureless and located at the top of the globe, but the heat generated from the gas lighting and the mass of visitors meant the attraction was still uncomfortably hot; Henry Morley remarked that "the heat reflected on all sides from the concave surfaces rises to make a little Sahara of the North Pole Station", and Punch commented that the temperature was "equal to that of any baker's oven."

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Antarctica was largely unknown

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Southern Ocean;

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Southern Ocean;

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Antarctica was largely unknown

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: platforms were separated by about

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Southern Ocean;

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Sahara

text: Some 30 years later, a number of studies have documented an abundance of geochemical and microfossil evidence showing that life covered the continents as far back as 2.2 billion years ago. Many paleobiologists now accept the idea that simple life forms existed on land during the Precambrian, but are opposed to the more radical idea that multicellular life thrived on land more than 600 million years ago.

text: Some 30 years later, a number of studies have documented an abundance of geochemical and microfossil evidence showing that life covered the continents as far back as 2.2 billion years ago. Many paleobiologists now accept the idea that simple life forms existed on land during the Precambrian, but are opposed to the more radical idea that multicellular life thrived on land more than 600 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2.2 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: simple life forms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.2 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: life covered the continents as far back as 2.2 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 2.2 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: simple life forms existed on land during the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 2.2 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: life covered the continents as far back as 2.2 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Over the past 1 billion years, East Antarctica has traveled from tropical (to subtropical) southerly latitudes to its current location with the entire East Antarctic Shield positioned south of the Antarctic Circle. Despite its relative lack of motion over the past 75 million years, the East Antarctic Shield has played a significant role in the arrangement and motion of its surrounding plates during the amalgamation and separation of the supercontinents, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangea. Because the surface of the shield is covered by ice and thus, inaccessible by man, the information about its tectonic history comes primarily from seismic and core-sample data. Geologists have used this data to define the rock types present, age the rocks using radioactive dating techniques, unveil the climate history from isotope ratios, and trace the shield’s motion based on varying magnetic properties. Unfortunately, there are only a few places where data can be collected directly from the basement rock, and even at these locations, the exposed areas of the central craton can be misleading due to factors such as reworking during high-grade late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian deformation, variable overprinting by Cambrian tectonics, and the presence of younger metasediments. However, it has been determined that the East Antarctic Shield has a Precambrian to Ordovician basement of igneous and sedimentary rocks that are deformed and metamorphosed to varying degrees, and intruded by syn- to post-tectonic granites. The basement is locally overlain by undeformed Devonian to Jurassic sediments, and intruded by Jurassic tholeiitic plutonic and volcanic rocks. This knowledge of the shield’s structural features and compositions leads to the development of a tectonic history. The traditional models of East Antarctic Shield geology typically involve a three-stage tectonic history that includes:

text: Over the past 1 billion years,

text: East Antarctica

text: has traveled from tropical (to subtropical) southerly latitudes to its current location with the entire East Antarctic Shield positioned south of the

text: Antarctic Circle

text: . Despite its relative lack of motion over the past 75 million years, the East Antarctic Shield has played a significant role in the arrangement and motion of its surrounding plates during the amalgamation and separation of the

text: supercontinents

text: Rodinia

text: Gondwana

text: , and

text: Pangea

text: . Because the surface of the

text: shield

text: is covered by ice and thus, inaccessible by man, the information about its tectonic history comes primarily from seismic and core-sample data. Geologists have used this data to define the rock types present, age the rocks using

text: radioactive dating techniques

text: , unveil the climate history from

text: isotope

text: ratios, and trace the shield’s motion based on varying magnetic properties. Unfortunately, there are only a few places where data can be collected directly from the basement rock, and even at these locations, the exposed areas of the central craton can be misleading due to factors such as reworking during high-grade late

text: Neoproterozoic

text: to

text: Cambrian

text: deformation, variable overprinting by

text: Cambrian

text: tectonics, and the presence of younger

text: metasediment

text: s. However, it has been determined that the East Antarctic Shield has a

text: Precambrian

text: to

text: Ordovician

text: basement

text: of

text: igneous

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s that are deformed and metamorphosed to varying degrees, and intruded by syn- to post-tectonic

text: granite

text: s. The basement is locally overlain by undeformed

text: Devonian

text: to

text: Jurassic

text: sediments, and intruded by

text: Jurassic

text: tholeiitic

text: pluton

text: ic and volcanic rocks. This knowledge of the shield’s structural features and compositions leads to the development of a tectonic history. The traditional models of East Antarctic Shield geology typically involve a three-stage tectonic history that includes:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the exposed areas of the central craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: to Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous and sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: syn- to post-tectonic granites.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: syn- to post-tectonic granites.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian to Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: East Antarctic Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Jurassic tholeiitic plutonic and volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical

text: Relatively little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly seven-eighths of the Earth's history, and what is known has largely been discovered from the 1960s onwards. The Precambrian fossil record is poorer than that of the succeeding Phanerozoic, and those fossils present (e.g. stromatolites) are of limited biostratigraphic use. This is because many Precambrian rocks have been heavily metamorphosed, obscuring their origins, while others have been destroyed by erosion, or remain deeply buried beneath Phanerozoic strata.

text: Relatively little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly seven-eighths of the

text: Earth's history

text: , and what is known has largely been discovered from the 1960s onwards. The Precambrian fossil record is poorer than that of the succeeding

text: Phanerozoic

text: , and those fossils present (e.g.

text: stromatolites

text: ) are of limited

text: biostratigraphic

text: use. This is because many Precambrian rocks have been heavily

text: metamorphosed

text: , obscuring their origins, while others have been destroyed by erosion, or remain deeply buried beneath Phanerozoic strata.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are of limited biostratigraphic use

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: seven-eighths

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: heavily metamorphosed,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: seven-eighths of the Earth's history,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Phanerozoic strata.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: stromatolites)

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: The Canadian shield, Precambrian shield, makes up the bedrock geology highlighted by rocks and lakes and a boreal forest area.  There are transitional areas between boreal and tundra flora. The lower boundary of the Canadian Shield cuts across the province diagonally from the latitude 57 degrees in the north west to 54 degrees in the south east.  Three orogenies formed the Precambrian shield, the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algoman), Hudsonian (Penokean) and Grenville Orogeny.  Between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny, which was overlain by the Hudsonian Orogeny 1700 to 1900 million years ago.  The earth was experiencing hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, evidencing island arc volcanic activity and mountain building. The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when a number of Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and Hearne-Rae craton from the northwest.  A microcontinent named the Sask Craton was underlain in this collision zone.  The Canadian Grenville province occurred between 1080 and 980 Ma and did not affect the geology of the Canadian Shield in Saskatchewan.  The Grenvillian Orogeny deformed much of eastern Canada, and includes the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone in Quebec and Labrador, the Appalachian structural front to the south between what we now name the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.

text: The Canadian shield, Precambrian shield, makes up the bedrock geology highlighted by rocks and lakes and a

text: boreal forest

text: area.  There are transitional areas between boreal and tundra flora. The lower boundary of the Canadian Shield cuts across the province diagonally from the

text: latitude 57 degrees

text: in the north west to

text: 54 degrees

text: in the south east.  Three

text: orogenies

text: formed the Precambrian shield, the Kenoran (Laurentian-

text: Algoman

text: Hudsonian

text: (Penokean) and

text: Grenville Orogeny

text: .  Between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny, which was overlain by the Hudsonian Orogeny 1700 to 1900 million years ago.  The earth was experiencing hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, evidencing island arc volcanic activity and mountain building. The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when a number of Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and Hearne-Rae craton from the northwest.  A microcontinent named the

text: Sask Craton

text: was underlain in this collision zone.  The Canadian Grenville province occurred between 1080 and 980 Ma and did not affect the geology of the Canadian Shield in Saskatchewan.  The Grenvillian Orogeny deformed much of eastern Canada, and includes the

text: Grenville Front Tectonic Zone

text: in Quebec and Labrador, the Appalachian structural front to the south between what we now name the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Trans-Hudson Orogen

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Hearne-Rae craton from the northwest

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Hearne-Rae craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: bedrock geology

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sask Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean tectonics,

text: Continental shields occur on all continents, for example:

text: Continental shields occur on all continents, for example:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continental shields existed

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found on all continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 100 million years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Continental shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Continental shields

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Continental shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Continental shields occur on all continents,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Continental shields occur on all continents,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Continental shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Continental shields occur on all continents,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Continental shields

text: After attaining tropical storm status, the maximum sustained winds fluctuated for three days between 40 mph (65 km/h) and 50 mph (85 km/h). This was due to the large size of Florence; the overall wind field reached a diameter of 460 miles (745 km), and the radius of maximum winds reached about 110 miles (170 km). By September 6, a well-defined cloud swirl became evident, with thin rainbands developing in the southeast and northwest quadrants. As a result, hurricane forecasters anticipated Florence would develop significantly and attain major hurricane status. Though convection gradually migrated closer to the center of the storm, forecasters could not detect a well-defined center of circulation by late on September 6. On September 7, convection developed over and to the west of the center for the first time in its duration. However, Florence failed to intensify further, as its wind field had increased to more than 1,035 miles (1,670 km) in diameter. This led to difficulties in forecasting, as its environment favored further strengthening; the storm tracked through an area of 84° F (29° C) water temperatures and light shear, and the system maintained a large low-level cyclonic envelop with abundant convection. By early on September 8, the storm consisted of an elongated, shapeless cloud pattern atypical of a tropical cyclone. Later that day, as an anticyclone developed over Florence, the storm began to consolidate around a vorticity center on the western side of the large cyclonic envelope. It began to strengthen more steadily as it turned to the northwest. Early on September 10, an eye began developing within a round central dense overcast over the center, and shortly thereafter Florence attained hurricane status while located about 390 miles (630 km) south of Bermuda.

text: After attaining tropical storm status, the maximum sustained winds fluctuated for three days between 40 mph (65 km/h) and 50 mph (85 km/h). This was due to the large size of Florence; the overall wind field reached a diameter of 460 miles (745 km), and the radius of maximum winds reached about 110 miles (170 km). By September 6, a well-defined cloud swirl became evident, with thin rainbands developing in the southeast and northwest quadrants. As a result, hurricane forecasters anticipated Florence would develop significantly and attain

text: major hurricane status

text: . Though convection gradually migrated closer to the center of the storm, forecasters could not detect a well-defined center of circulation by late on September 6. On September 7, convection developed over and to the west of the center for the first time in its duration. However, Florence failed to intensify further, as its wind field had increased to more than 1,035 miles (1,670 km) in diameter. This led to difficulties in forecasting, as its environment favored further strengthening; the storm tracked through an area of 84°

text: F

text: C

text: ) water temperatures and light shear, and the system maintained a large low-level cyclonic envelop with abundant convection. By early on September 8, the storm consisted of an elongated, shapeless cloud pattern atypical of a tropical cyclone. Later that day, as an

text: anticyclone

text: developed over Florence, the storm began to consolidate around a vorticity center on the western side of the large cyclonic envelope. It began to strengthen more steadily as it turned to the northwest. Early on September 10, an

text: eye

text: began developing within a round central dense overcast over the center, and shortly thereafter Florence attained hurricane status while located about 390 miles (630 km) south of

text: Bermuda

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Bermuda

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 84° F (29° C)

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 390 miles

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 29° C

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: water temperatures and light shear,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: C) water temperatures and light shear,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ° F (29° C) water temperatures and light shear,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: convection.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: water temperatures and light shear,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: anticyclone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 84° F (29° C) water temperatures

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 84° F (29° C)

text: The Be number plays in forced convection the same role that the Rayleigh number plays in natural convection.

text: The Be number plays in forced convection the same role that the

text: Rayleigh number

text: plays in natural convection.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be formed by fusion

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The Be number

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: forced convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Be number plays in forced convection

text: Besides having compositional effects on the upper mantle by replenishing the large-ion lithophile elements, volcanism affects the plate movement. The plates will be moved towards a geoidal low perhaps where the slab avalanche occurred and pushed away from the geoidal high that can be caused by the plumes or superplumes. This causes the continents to push together to form supercontinents and was evidently the process that operated to cause the early continental crust to aggregate into Protopangea. Dispersal of supercontinents is caused by the accumulation of heat underneath the crust due to the rising of very large convection cells or plumes, and a massive heat release resulted in the final break-up of Paleopangea. Accretion occurs over geoidal lows that can be caused by avalanche slabs or the downgoing limbs of convection cells. Evidence of the accretion and dispersion of supercontinents is seen in the geological rock record.

text: Besides having compositional effects on the upper mantle by replenishing the

text: large-ion lithophile elements

text: , volcanism affects the plate movement. The plates will be moved towards a geoidal low perhaps where the slab avalanche occurred and pushed away from the geoidal high that can be caused by the plumes or superplumes. This causes the continents to push together to form supercontinents and was evidently the process that operated to cause the early continental crust to aggregate into Protopangea. Dispersal of supercontinents is caused by the accumulation of heat underneath the crust due to the rising of very large

text: convection cell

text: s or plumes, and a massive heat release resulted in the final break-up of Paleopangea. Accretion occurs over geoidal lows that can be caused by avalanche slabs or the downgoing limbs of convection cells. Evidence of the accretion and dispersion of supercontinents is seen in the geological rock record.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Protopangea

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: supercontinents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercontinents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What causes the continents to push together?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleopangea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Protopangea.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Protopangea.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: accretion and dispersion of supercontinents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanism

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: volcanism

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geoidal low

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Besides having compositional effects on the upper mantle

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleopangea.

text: Through most of the Archean Eon, the Earth had a heat production at least twice that of the present, which caused tectonic processes to be more active. As a result, plates and continents were smaller. No broad blocks as old as 3 Ga are found in Precambrian shields. Toward the end of the Archean, however, some of these blocks or terranes came together to form larger blocks welded together by greenstone belts.

text: Through most of the

text: Archean

text: Eon, the Earth had a heat production at least twice that of the present, which caused

text: tectonic

text: processes to be more active. As a result, plates and continents were smaller. No broad blocks as old as 3 Ga are found in

text: Precambrian

text: shields

text: . Toward the end of the Archean, however, some of these blocks or

text: terranes

text: came together to form larger blocks welded together by

text: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Greenstone Belts

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are found in Precambrian shields

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: through most of the Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian shields.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: welded together

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: greenstone belts.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: No broad blocks as old as 3 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belts.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: heat production at least twice that of the present,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Through most of the Archean Eon,

text: The positions of Laurentia and other landmasses in the Precambrian super continent of Rodinia are controversial. Although geological and isotopic data support an East Antarctic fit with western Laurentia, alternative reconstructions favor the juxtaposition of Australia, Siberia, or South China. New geologic, age, and isotopic data provide a positive test of the juxtaposition with East Antarctica: Neodymium isotopes of Neoproterozoic rift-margin strata are similar; hafnium isotopes of about 1.4 billion year old Antarctic-margin detrital zircons match those in Laurentian granites of similar age; and a glacial clast of A-type granite has a uranium-lead zircon age of ~1440 million years, an epsilon-hafnium initial value of +7, and an epsilon-neodymium initial value of +4. These tracers indicate the presence of granites in East Antarctica having the same age, geochemical properties, and isotopic signatures as the distinctive granites in Laurentia.

text: The positions of Laurentia and other landmasses in the Precambrian super continent of

text: Rodinia

text: are controversial. Although geological and isotopic data support an East Antarctic fit with western Laurentia, alternative reconstructions favor the juxtaposition of Australia, Siberia, or South China. New geologic, age, and isotopic data provide a positive test of the juxtaposition with East Antarctica: Neodymium isotopes of Neoproterozoic rift-margin strata are similar; hafnium isotopes of about 1.4 billion year old Antarctic-margin detrital zircons match those in Laurentian granites of similar age; and a glacial clast of A-type granite has a uranium-lead zircon age of ~1440 million years, an epsilon-hafnium initial value of +7, and an epsilon-neodymium initial value of +4. These tracers indicate the presence of granites in East Antarctica having the same age, geochemical properties, and isotopic signatures as the distinctive granites in Laurentia.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: A-type granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: these tracers indicate the presence of granites

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia and other landmasses

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.4 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: A-type granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Laurentian granites of similar age;

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentian granites

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.4 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift-margin strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1.4 billion year old Antarctic-margin detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Exiting Bobcaygeon, the former highway serves cottages along the northern shore of Pigeon Lake and Little Bald Lake. After passing Nogies Creek, the highway descends a hill and encounters the Canadian Shield for the first time. The road runs along the border of the Precambrian shield and the Ordovician limestone plateau en route to Burleigh Falls. The shield lies to the north and is overlain by the plateau to the south.The highway turns south at Flynns Corner, intersecting former Highway 507. It enters the town of Buckhorn from the north, then drivers must turn to remain on the route, which exits the town to the east. Between Buckhorn and Burleigh Falls, the highway serves the cottages that line the northern shore of Lower Buckhorn Lake.

text: Exiting Bobcaygeon, the former highway serves cottages along the northern shore of

text: Pigeon Lake

text: and

text: Little Bald Lake

text: . After passing

text: Nogies Creek

text: , the highway descends a hill and encounters the

text: Canadian Shield

text: for the first time. The road runs along the border of the

text: Precambrian

text: shield and the

text: Ordovician

text: limestone plateau en route to Burleigh Falls. The shield lies to the north and is overlain by the plateau to the south.The highway turns south at Flynns Corner, intersecting former

text: Highway 507

text: . It enters the town of

text: Buckhorn

text: from the north, then drivers must turn to remain on the route, which exits the town to the east. Between Buckhorn and Burleigh Falls, the highway serves the cottages that line the northern shore of

text: Lower Buckhorn Lake

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ordovician limestone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian shield and the Ordovician limestone

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The shield lies to the north

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lower Buckhorn Lake.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Precambrian bedrock of the Duluth Complex and the North Shore Volcanics are not buried beneath layers of later sedimentary rock, as is common further south; much of this bedrock is close to or at the surface.  Glaciers scoured away earlier soils, and as is typical of the Canadian Shield, the new topsoils are thin and poor, being derived from the rock beneath or nearby rather than from deep layers of glacial till, which is intermittent and relatively shallow over most of the region.  Consequently, much of the bedrock is exposed, except for the sediments and glacial till in the watershed of the Saint Louis and Cloquet Rivers inland on the west.

text: The Precambrian bedrock of the Duluth Complex and the North Shore Volcanics are not buried beneath layers of later sedimentary rock, as is common further south; much of this bedrock is close to or at the surface.  Glaciers scoured away earlier soils, and as is typical of the Canadian Shield, the new topsoils are thin and poor, being derived from the rock beneath or nearby rather than from deep layers of

text: glacial till

text: , which is intermittent and relatively shallow over most of the region.  Consequently, much of the bedrock is exposed, except for the sediments and glacial till in the watershed of the

text: Saint Louis

text: and

text: Cloquet River

text: s inland on the west.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Duluth Complex

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are buried beneath layers of later sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North Shore Volcanics

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: close to or at the surface.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: buried beneath layers of later sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Saint Louis and Cloquet Rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Convective heat transfer is one of the major types of heat transfer, and convection is also a major mode of mass transfer in fluids. Convective heat and mass transfer take place both by diffusion – the random Brownian motion of individual particles in the fluid – and by advection, in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid. In the context of heat and mass transfer, the term "convection" is used to refer to the sum of advective and diffusive transfer. In common use the term "convection" may refer loosely to heat transfer by convection, as opposed to mass transfer by convection, or the convection process in general. Sometimes "convection" is even used to refer specifically to "free heat convection" (natural heat convection) as opposed to forced heat convection. However, in mechanics the correct use of the word is the general sense, and different types of convection should be qualified for clarity.

text: Convective heat transfer

text: is one of the major types of

text: heat transfer

text: , and convection is also a major mode of

text: mass transfer

text: in fluids. Convective heat and mass transfer take place both by

text: diffusion

text: – the random

text: Brownian motion

text: of individual particles in the fluid – and by

text: advection

text: , in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid. In the context of heat and mass transfer, the term "convection" is used to refer to the sum of

text: advective

text: and diffusive transfer. In common use the term "convection" may refer loosely to heat transfer by convection, as opposed to mass transfer by convection, or the convection process in general. Sometimes "convection" is even used to refer specifically to "free heat convection" (natural heat convection) as opposed to forced heat convection. However, in mechanics the correct use of the word is the general sense, and different types of convection should be qualified for clarity.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Convective

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: natural heat convection

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Convective

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection is also a major mode of mass transfer in fluids.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: fluids.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: (natural heat convection) as opposed to forced heat convection.

text: The first officially recognized tropical disturbance developed early on October 10. The disturbance featured persistent convection around an elongated low level circulation located about  west-northwest of Diego Garcia. With marginally favorable. conditions for further development, the JTWC assessed the chances of the low developing into a tropical cyclone as "poor". Further development took place later that day, with banding features developing and deepening convection as it traveled towards the south-southwest. In response to the increased development, the JTWC increased the chances of a tropical cyclone developing to "fair". On October 12 Météo-France designated the system as Tropical Disturbance 01-20072008. However, little or no further development was expected.

text: The first officially recognized tropical disturbance developed early on October 10. The disturbance featured persistent

text: convection

text: around an elongated

text: low level circulation

text: located about  west-northwest of

text: Diego Garcia

text: . With marginally favorable. conditions for further development, the JTWC assessed the chances of the low developing into a

text: tropical cyclone

text: as "poor". Further development took place later that day, with

text: banding features

text: developing and deepening convection as it traveled towards the south-southwest. In response to the increased development, the JTWC increased the chances of a tropical cyclone developing to "fair". On October 12

text: Météo-France

text: designated the system as Tropical Disturbance 01-20072008. However, little or no further development was expected.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which craton is closest to Diego Garcia?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The first officially recognized tropical disturbance developed early on October 10.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Diego Garcia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The first officially recognized tropical disturbance developed early on October 10.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Diego Garcia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: west-northwest of Diego Garcia.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical disturbance

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The first officially recognized tropical disturbance developed early on October 10.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 10.

text: While in his early years Craton often performed on violin, piano, recorder, and other instruments, he abandoned public performance after a hand injury and has since devoted himself completely to teaching and composing. He currently operates a private music studio in Bedford, Indiana.

text: While in his early years Craton often performed on

text: violin

text: piano

text: recorder

text: , and other instruments, he abandoned public performance after a hand injury and has since devoted himself completely to teaching and composing. He currently operates a private music studio in

text: Bedford, Indiana

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what instrument does cratons play?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: he abandoned public performance after a hand injury

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: He currently operates a private music studio in Bedford, Indiana.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Craton

text: East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are coal and various modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.

text: East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the

text: Precambrian

text: era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous

text: platform which is the basis of the

text: continental shield

text: . On top of this base are coal and various modern rocks, such as

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s and

text: shale

text: s laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the

text: Transantarctic Mountains

text: . In coastal areas such as

text: Shackleton Range

text: and

text: Victoria Land

text: some

text: faulting

text: has occurred.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous platform

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the basis of the continental shield?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: metamorphic and igneous platform

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian era,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: more than 3 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 3 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: metamorphic and igneous platform

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Transantarctic Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The geologic history of the region began with the deposition of late Precambrian to early Cambrian sandstones collectively known as the Tillman metasedimentary group.  These sediments were intruded by a coarse mafic layered complex about 575 million years ago as the region began to rift apart in an aulacogen during breakup of the Neoproterozoic continent, Pannotia.  The exposed portion of this unit, named the Glen Mountains Layered Complex, consists of gabbro, anorthosite and troctolite.  These are the dark gray rocks found throughout the Raggedy Mountains, the central region of the wildlife refuge, and to the immediate north of the refuge.

text: The

text: geologic

text: history of the region began with the deposition of late

text: Precambrian

text: to early

text: Cambrian

text: sandstone

text: s collectively known as the Tillman metasedimentary group.  These sediments were

text: intruded

text: by a coarse

text: mafic

text: layered complex

text: about 575 million years ago as the region began to

text: rift

text: apart in an

text: aulacogen

text: during breakup of the

text: Neoproterozoic

text: continent,

text: Pannotia

text: .  The exposed portion of this unit, named the Glen Mountains Layered Complex, consists of

text: gabbro

text: anorthosite

text: and

text: troctolite

text: .  These are the dark gray rocks found throughout the Raggedy Mountains, the central region of the wildlife refuge, and to the immediate north of the refuge.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 575 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: aulacogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tillman metasedimentary group.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: breakup of the Neoproterozoic continent, Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 575 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: coarse mafic layered complex

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: aulacogen

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 575 million years ago

text: The oldest form of shield was a protection device designed to block attacks by hand weapons, such as swords, axes and maces, or ranged weapons like sling-stones and arrows. Shields have varied greatly in construction over time and place. Sometimes shields were made of metal, but wood or animal hide construction was much more common; wicker and even turtle shells have been used. Many surviving examples of metal shields are generally felt to be ceremonial rather than practical, for example the Yetholm-type shields of the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age Battersea shield.

text: The oldest form of shield was a protection device designed to block attacks by

text: hand weapon

text: s, such as swords, axes and maces, or ranged weapons like sling-stones and arrows. Shields have varied greatly in construction over time and place. Sometimes shields were made of metal, but

text: wood

text: or

text: animal hide

text: construction was much more common;

text: wicker

text: and even turtle shells have been used. Many surviving examples of metal shields are generally felt to be ceremonial rather than practical, for example the

text: Yetholm-type shields

text: of the

text: Bronze Age

text: , or the

text: Iron Age

text: Battersea shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ranged weapons like sling-stones and arrows.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a protection device designed to block attacks by hand weapons,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The oldest form of shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: turtle shells

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: wood or animal hide construction was much more common;

text: Africa is suffering deforestation at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Some sources claim that deforestation has already wiped out roughly 90% of West Africa's original forests. Deforestation is accelerating in Central Africa. According to the FAO, Africa lost the highest percentage of tropical forests of any continent during the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. According to the figures from the FAO (1997), only 22.8% of West Africa's moist forests remain, much of this degraded. Nigeria has lost 81% of its old-growth forests in just 15 years (1990–2005).  Massive deforestation threatens food security in some African countries.  One factor contributing to the continent's high rates of deforestation is the dependence of 90% of its population on wood as fuel for heating and cooking.

text: Africa is suffering deforestation at twice the world rate, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (

text: UNEP

text: ). Some sources claim that deforestation has already wiped out roughly 90% of

text: West Africa

text: 's original forests. Deforestation is accelerating in

text: Central Africa

text: . According to the

text: FAO

text: , Africa lost the highest percentage of tropical forests of any continent during the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. According to the figures from the FAO (1997), only 22.8% of West Africa's

entity_name: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

text: moist forest

text: s remain, much of this degraded. Nigeria has lost 81% of its old-growth forests in just 15 years (1990–2005).  Massive deforestation threatens

text: food security

text: in some African countries.  One factor contributing to the continent's high rates of deforestation is the dependence of 90% of its population on wood as fuel for heating and cooking.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Africa lost the highest percentage of tropical forests of any continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Africa is suffering deforestation

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa is suffering deforestation

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Africa lost the highest percentage of tropical forests of any continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 90%

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Africa is suffering deforestation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: moist forests

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical forests

text: A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from  long, though some IND platforms may be as long as  long. Platforms of former commuter rail stations, such as those on the IND Rockaway Line, are even longer. Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform or set of platforms often serves more than one service (unlike other rapid transit systems including the Paris Metro, but like some lines on the London Underground). A passenger needs to look at the signs hung at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to see which train it is.

text: A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from  long, though some IND platforms may be as long as  long. Platforms of former commuter rail stations, such as those on the

text: IND Rockaway Line

text: , are even longer. Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform or set of platforms often serves more than one service (unlike other rapid transit systems including the

text: Paris Metro

text: , but like some lines on the

text: London Underground

text: ). A passenger needs to look at the signs hung at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to see which train it is.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: IND

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: IND Rockaway Line,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: IND Rockaway Line,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: IND Rockaway Line,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: long, though some IND platforms may be as long as long.

text: Ontario, owing to its size, has diverse geology that varies in structure, age, and lithology. About 61% of the province is covered by the Canadian Shield, mostly with Precambrian rock. These rocks contain large mineral deposits that are vital to the economy of northern Ontario. The shield can further be divided into three sections. The northwestern parts of the Shield, located roughly north and west of Sudbury, are known as the Superior Province;  this is the largest of the three sections, covering about 70% of the Shield portion in Ontario. This region is more than 2.5 billion years old and is composed of felsic intrusive rocks. In the northernmost parts of the Superior Province, the geology of the region is dominated by granite and gneiss rocks. The central region of the Shield, known as the Grenville Province and located south of Sudbury, is 1.0 to 1.6 billion years old and is dominated by sedimentary rocks showing evidence of being subjected to metamorphism. It makes up about 20% of the Canadian Shield in Ontario. These rocks were metamorphosed between 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years ago. The third region, known as the Southern province which is a narrow region from Sault Ste. Marie to Kirkland Lake, is made of rocks dating 1.8 to 2.4 billion years ago.  The Hudson Bay lowlands, located north of the Canadian Shield, are mainly made of sedimentary rocks from the Silurian Period, although some parts date from the Ordovician and Devonian periods. This area covers 25% of the province. Most of the bedrock in the Hudson Bay lowlands is composed of limestone and carbonate-dominated sedimentary rock.

text: Ontario, owing to its size, has diverse geology that varies in structure, age, and lithology. About 61% of the province is covered by the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , mostly with

text: Precambrian

text: rock. These rocks contain large mineral deposits that are vital to the economy of northern Ontario. The shield can further be divided into three sections. The northwestern parts of the Shield, located roughly north and west of Sudbury, are known as the Superior Province;  this is the largest of the three sections, covering about 70% of the Shield portion in Ontario. This region is more than 2.5 billion years old and is composed of

text: felsic

text: intrusive rocks. In the northernmost parts of the Superior Province, the geology of the region is dominated by granite and gneiss rocks. The central region of the Shield, known as the Grenville Province and located south of Sudbury, is 1.0 to 1.6 billion years old and is dominated by sedimentary rocks showing evidence of being subjected to metamorphism. It makes up about 20% of the Canadian Shield in Ontario. These rocks were metamorphosed between 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years ago. The third region, known as the Southern province which is a narrow region from Sault Ste. Marie to Kirkland Lake, is made of rocks dating 1.8 to 2.4 billion years ago.  The Hudson Bay lowlands, located north of the Canadian Shield, are mainly made of sedimentary rocks from the

text: Silurian Period

text: , although some parts date from the

text: Ordovician

text: and

text: Devonian

text: periods. This area covers 25% of the province. Most of the bedrock in the Hudson Bay lowlands is composed of limestone and carbonate-dominated sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: about 61%

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: granite and gneiss rocks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sedimentary rocks from the Silurian Period,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: between 990 million years ago and 1.08 billion years ago.

text: There are many microcontinents, or continental fragments, that are built of continental crust but do not contain a craton. Some of these are fragments of Gondwana or other ancient cratonic continents: Zealandia, which includes New Zealand and New Caledonia; Madagascar; the northern Mascarene Plateau, which includes the Seychelles. Other islands, such as several in the Caribbean Sea, are composed largely of granitic rock as well, but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust, and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition. The Kerguelen Plateau, for example, is largely volcanic, but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent, whereas volcanic Iceland and Hawaii are not. The British Isles, Sri Lanka, Borneo, and Newfoundland are margins of the Laurasian continent—only separated by inland seas flooding its margins.

text: There are many

text: microcontinents, or continental fragments

text: , that are built of continental crust but do not contain a craton. Some of these are fragments of

text: Gondwana

text: or other ancient cratonic continents:

text: Zealandia

text: , which includes

text: New Zealand

text: and

text: New Caledonia

text: Madagascar

text: ; the northern

text: Mascarene Plateau

text: , which includes the

text: Seychelles

text: . Other islands, such as several in the

text: Caribbean Sea

text: , are composed largely of granitic rock as well, but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust, and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition. The

text: Kerguelen Plateau

text: , for example, is largely volcanic, but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent, whereas volcanic

text: Iceland

text: and

text: Hawaii

text: are not. The

text: British Isles

text: Sri Lanka

text: Borneo

text: , and

text: Newfoundland

text: are margins of the

text: Laurasia

text: n continent—only separated by inland seas flooding its margins.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are built of continental crust but do not contain a what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: continental crust but do not contain a craton.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: microcontinents,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: inland seas

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ancient cratonic continents:

text: When passenger car doors are located only at the ends of each car (a common design for commuter rail and long-distance trains), platform access from a concave platform is preferred, since this brings the car ends in closest proximity to the platform edge.  By contrast, a convex platform would leave the largest possible gaps between the car ends and the platform edge, making this design undesirable and thus rarely implemented. An example of platforms designed for access from the concave side is at Yawkey station in Boston, where side platforms for both the inbound and outbound directions are located to reduce platform gaps to commuter rail trains of the Framingham/Worcester Line. Concave and convex gaps also exist in several MTR stations in Hong Kong, particularly on the East Rail Line, which was built on the historic Kowloon-Canton Railway line.

text: When passenger car doors are located only at the ends of each car (a common design for

text: commuter rail

text: and long-distance trains), platform access from a

text: concave

text: platform is preferred, since this brings the car ends in closest proximity to the platform edge.  By contrast, a

text: convex

text: platform would leave the largest possible gaps between the car ends and the platform edge, making this design undesirable and thus rarely implemented. An example of platforms designed for access from the concave side is at

text: Yawkey

text: station in

text: Boston

text: , where

text: side platform

text: s for both the inbound and outbound directions are located to reduce platform gaps to commuter rail trains of the

text: Framingham/Worcester Line

text: . Concave and convex gaps also exist in several

text: MTR

text: stations in Hong Kong, particularly on the

text: East Rail Line

text: , which was built on the historic

text: Kowloon-Canton Railway

text: line.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are located only at the ends of each car

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kowloon-Canton Railway line.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kowloon-Canton Railway line.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: When passenger car doors are located only at the ends of each car

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: convex platform

text: A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from  in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold damascening while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Shields were made of sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai, elephant, or rhinoceros hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahmans, who objected to leather, had shields made from forty or fifty folds of silk painted red and ornamented, lined with velvet or snakeskin. While shields can be used to block sword attacks, in South Asia they are more often used offensively as an impact weapon or pushed against the opponent to prevent them from attacking, in addition to deflecting projectiles. A dagger is often held in the same hand, protruding from under the shield.

text: A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from  in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold

text: damascening

text: while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Shields were made of

text: sambar deer

text: , buffalo,

text: nilgai

text: elephant

text: , or

text: rhinoceros

text: hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahmans, who objected to leather, had shields made from forty or fifty folds of silk painted red and ornamented, lined with velvet or snakeskin. While shields can be used to block sword attacks, in South Asia they are more often used offensively as an impact weapon or pushed against the opponent to prevent them from attacking, in addition to deflecting projectiles. A dagger is often held in the same hand, protruding from under the shield.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: in diameter

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: gold damascening

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Brahmans,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: in diameter.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgai,

text: The New Caledonian archipelago is a microcontinental island chain which originated as a fragment of Zealandia, a nearly submerged continent or microcontinent which was part of the southern supercontinent of  Gondwana during the time of the dinosaurs. The Grande Terre group of New Caledonia, with Mont Panié at  as its highest point, is the most elevated part of the Norfolk Ridge, a long and mostly underwater arm of the continent.  While they were still one landmass, Zealandia and Australia combined broke away from Antarctica between 85 and 130 million years ago. Australia and Zealandia split apart 60–85 million years ago. Although biologists consider it contrary to the evidence of surviving Gondwanan lineages, geologists consider the logical possibility that Zealandia may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago. While a continent like Australia consists of a large body of land surrounded by a fringe of continental shelf, Zealandia consists almost entirely of continental shelf, with the vast majority, some 93%, submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean.  This viewpoint is not universal. Bernard Pelletier argues that Grande Terre was completely submerged for millions of years, and hence the origin of the flora may not be local in nature, but due to long distance-dispersal.

text: The New Caledonian archipelago is a

text: microcontinental island chain

text: which originated as a fragment of

text: Zealandia

text: , a nearly submerged

text: continent

text: or

text: microcontinent

text: which was part of the southern

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: during the

text: time of the dinosaurs

text: . The Grande Terre group of New Caledonia, with

text: Mont Panié

text: at  as its highest point, is the most elevated part of the

text: Norfolk Ridge

text: , a long and mostly underwater arm of the continent.  While they were still one landmass, Zealandia and Australia combined broke away from

text: Antarctica

text: between 85 and 130

text: million years ago

text: . Australia and Zealandia split apart 60–85 million years ago. Although biologists consider it contrary to the evidence of surviving Gondwanan lineages, geologists consider the logical possibility that Zealandia may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago. While a continent like Australia consists of a large body of land surrounded by a fringe of continental shelf, Zealandia consists almost entirely of continental shelf, with the vast majority, some 93%, submerged beneath the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: .  This viewpoint is not universal. Bernard Pelletier argues that Grande Terre was completely submerged for millions of years, and hence the origin of the flora may not be local in nature, but due to long distance-dispersal.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continental shelf

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a nearly submerged continent or microcontinent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The New Caledonia archipelago is a microcontinental island chain

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 23 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the time of the dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continental shelf,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Zealandia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 23 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Norfolk Ridge,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: time of the dinosaurs.

text: A shield is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st century, shields are used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist action, hostage rescue, and siege-breaching.

text: A

text: shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can shields be made of wood?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: made of wood

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: prehistory

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: wood,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: wood, animal hide, or wicker.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: arrows

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Middle Ages,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: prehistory,

text: The U.S. Route shield is the highway marker used for United States Numbered Highways. Since the first U.S. Route signs were installed in 1926, the general idea has remained the same, but many changes have been made in the details. Originally, the shield included the name of the state in which the sign was erected and the letters "U S" on a shield-shaped sign. Over time, the shield has been simplified to consist of a white shield outline on a black square background, containing only a black route number. However, because each state is responsible for the production and maintenance of U.S. route shields, several variants of the shield have existed over the years.

text: The U.S. Route shield is the

text: highway marker

text: used for

text: United States Numbered Highways

text: . Since the first U.S. Route signs were installed in 1926, the general idea has remained the same, but many changes have been made in the details. Originally, the shield included the name of the state in which the sign was erected and the letters "U S" on a shield-shaped sign. Over time, the shield has been simplified to consist of a white shield outline on a black square background, containing only a black route number. However, because each state is responsible for the production and maintenance of U.S. route shields, several variants of the shield have existed over the years.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: United States Numbered Highways.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 1926,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1926,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The U.S. Route shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: name of the state in which the sign was erected

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The U.S. Route shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The U.S. Route shield

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1926,

text: The Withoutabox website offers filmmakers a platform to search over 3000 film festivals on five continents and to submit their films to over 850 film festivals worldwide, including festivals such as Sundance and the Toronto International Film Festival.

text: The Withoutabox website offers filmmakers a platform to search over 3000 film festivals on five continents and to submit their films to over 850 film festivals worldwide, including festivals such as

text: Sundance

text: and the

text: Toronto International Film Festival

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found on five continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: five continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Toronto International Film Festival.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3000 film festivals on five continents

text: The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia.

text: The northern plain contains the old geological continent of

text: Baltica

text: , and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient

text: microcontinent

text: Avalonia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Avalonia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Baltica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Baltica,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Baltica,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ancient microcontinent Avalonia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Baltica,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: fragments from various other geological continents.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: peripheral highlands

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Baltica,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ancient microcontinent Avalonia.

text: Granites and detrital zircons have notably similar and episodic appearances in the rock record. Their fluctuations correlate with Precambrian supercontinent cycles. The U–Pb zircon dates from orogenic granites are of the most reliable aging determinants. Some issues exist with relying on granite sourced zircons, such as a lack of evenly globally sourced data and the loss of granite zircons by sedimentary coverage or plutonic consumption. Where granite zircons are less adequate, detrital zircons from sandstones appear and make up for the gaps. These detrital zircons are taken from the sands of major modern rivers and their drainage basins. Oceanic magnetic anomalies and paleomagnetic data are the primary resources used for reconstructing continent and supercontinent locations back to roughly 150 Ma.

text: Granites

text: and detrital

text: zircon

text: s have notably similar and episodic appearances in the rock record. Their fluctuations correlate with Precambrian supercontinent cycles. The U–Pb

text: zircon

text: dates from orogenic granites are of the most reliable aging determinants. Some issues exist with relying on granite sourced zircons, such as a lack of evenly globally sourced data and the loss of granite zircons by sedimentary coverage or

text: pluton

text: ic consumption. Where granite zircons are less adequate, detrital zircons from

text: sandstone

text: s appear and make up for the gaps. These detrital zircons are taken from the sands of major modern rivers and their drainage basins. Oceanic magnetic anomalies and paleomagnetic data are the primary resources used for reconstructing continent and supercontinent locations back to roughly 150 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are of the most reliable aging determinants

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 150 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Granites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: orogenic granites

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian supercontinent cycles.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plutonic consumption.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 150 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: detrital zircons from sandstones

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: major modern rivers and their drainage basins.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: During September 17, both TCWC Jakarta and the JTWC reported that an area of convection had persisted about , to the south east of Sumatra in Indonesia. Satellite imagery was showing that the convection was slowly starting to consolidate with a well defined low level circulation centre off the western coast of Sumatra. However it was not expected to develop any further due to being in area of high vertical wind shear in excess of . Despite this it was designated as a tropical low early the next day by TCWC Perth. The JTWC then declared early the next day that the disturbance had dissipated as it crossed 90E and moved into RSMC La Reunion's area of responsibility. TCWC Perth continued to monitor the tropical low as it slowly developed further until early on September 20 when RSMC La Reunion designated it as the second Zone of Disturbed Weather of the 2009–10 as convection had developed over the system and the amount of vertical wind shear over the system had dropped. However they released their final advisory later that day as convection had dissipated in the northern quadrants of the system.

text: During September 17, both TCWC Jakarta and the JTWC reported that an area of convection had persisted about , to the south east of

text: Sumatra

text: in Indonesia. Satellite imagery was showing that the convection was slowly starting to consolidate with a well defined low level circulation centre off the western coast of Sumatra. However it was not expected to develop any further due to being in area of high vertical wind shear in excess of . Despite this it was designated as a tropical low early the next day by TCWC Perth. The JTWC then declared early the next day that the disturbance had dissipated as it crossed 90E and moved into RSMC La Reunion's area of responsibility. TCWC Perth continued to monitor the tropical low as it slowly developed further until early on September 20 when RSMC La Reunion designated it as the second Zone of Disturbed Weather of the 2009–10 as convection had developed over the system and the amount of vertical wind shear over the system had dropped. However they released their final advisory later that day as convection had dissipated in the northern quadrants of the system.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Sumatra

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton that is closest to Sumatra?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Indonesia.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Sumatra

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical low

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Sumatra

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical low

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 17,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2009–10

text: The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.

text: The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary

text: argillite

text: , dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the

text: Paleozoic

text: , western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic forces

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.7 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: argillite

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic forces.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.7 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: argillite,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic,

text: There are five global platforms and four regional platforms. The regional platforms are only sold in some continents and not others. These platforms are:

text: There are five global platforms and four regional platforms. The regional platforms are only sold in some continents and not others. These platforms are:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the craton was hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: regional platforms.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The regional platforms are only sold in some continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The regional platforms

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The regional platforms are only sold in some continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The regional platforms are only sold in some continents

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: regional platforms.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: four regional platforms.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: regional platforms.

text: According to the Fellowship, the Lemurian Philosophy was revealed to Stelle by highly advanced men and women, called Masters or Elder Brothers. The Philosophy is said to have formed the foundation of the so-called Mukulian civilization on the legendary continent of Mu (also known as Lemuria) now covered by the Pacific Ocean. This lost continent is considered incompatible with the theory of plate tectonics, the standard theory describing movement of the earth's lithosphere accepted by most, but not all, earth scientists. Nonetheless, the Lemurian Philosophy points to various megalithic structures and other features on various Pacific Islands, and in South America and Asia, as indications that the continent and an advanced civilization did at one time exist.

text: According to the Fellowship, the Lemurian Philosophy was revealed to Stelle by highly advanced men and women, called Masters or Elder Brothers. The Philosophy is said to have formed the foundation of the so-called Mukulian

text: civilization

text: on the legendary

text: continent

text: of Mu (also known as

text: Lemuria

text: ) now covered by the Pacific Ocean. This

text: lost continent

text: is considered incompatible with the

text: theory

text: of

text: plate tectonics

text: , the standard theory describing movement of the

text: earth

text: 's

text: lithosphere

text: accepted by most, but not all,

text: earth scientists

text: . Nonetheless, the Lemurian Philosophy points to various

text: megalith

text: ic structures and other features on various

text: Pacific Islands

text: , and in South America and Asia, as indications that the continent and an advanced civilization did at one time exist.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: plate

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Lemurian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mu

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the continent and an advanced civilization did at one time exist.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: movement of the earth's lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Lemurian

text: The common side of the €0.01, €0.02 and €0.05 coins depict the denomination, the words 'EURO CENT' beside it, twelve stars and Europe highlighted on a globe in relation to Asia and Africa in the world. The common side of the €0.10, €0.20 and €0.50 coins currently depict the denomination on the right, the words 'EURO CENT' underneath it, with twelve stars and the European continent on the left. Coins minted from 1999 to 2006 depicted only the EU15, rather than the entire European continent, which is on coins minted after 2007. The common side of the €1 and €2 coins depict the denomination on the left, the currency, map of Europe and twelve stars on the right. Similarly, coins minted from 1999 to 2006 depicted the EU15, rather than the whole European continent, which is on coins minted from 2007.

text: The common side of the €0.01, €0.02 and €0.05 coins depict the denomination, the words 'EURO CENT' beside it, twelve stars and Europe highlighted on a globe in relation to

text: Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: in the world. The common side of the €0.10, €0.20 and €0.50 coins currently depict the denomination on the right, the words 'EURO CENT' underneath it, with twelve stars and the

text: European continent

text: on the left. Coins minted from 1999 to 2006 depicted only the EU15, rather than the entire European continent, which is on coins minted after 2007. The common side of the €1 and €2 coins depict the denomination on the left, the currency, map of Europe and twelve stars on the right. Similarly, coins minted from 1999 to 2006 depicted the EU15, rather than the whole European continent, which is on coins minted from 2007.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the fusion of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Asia and Africa

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia and Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Asia and Africa in the world.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Asia and Africa in the world.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Europe highlighted on a globe in relation to Asia and Africa

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Asia and Africa in the world.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The common side of the €0.01, €0.02 and €0.05

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1999 to 2006

text: It is generally agreed that two of the terranes, the Meguma and Avalon were once part of Gondwana. Proof of Avalon being part of Gondwana exists because of trilobite fossils of the same species that have been found both in Massachusetts and Africa. This means that Avalon must have broken away from Gondwana during the end of the Precambrian, around 550 million years ago. At the very latest, it broke away by the Ordovician, around 490 million years ago. Fossils of the Meguma terrane also indicate a relation to the northwest Africa margin. The Avalon also originated as a volcanic island chain near the South Pole, on the fringe of the Gondwanan supercontinent. It is possible that late Precambrian quartzites of the eastern part of the state were deposited as beach sands on the continental shelf of Gondwana. These deposits were eventually caught in the Avalonian mountain building event, the same deformation which helped to form the Avalonian island chain.

text: It is generally agreed that two of the terranes, the Meguma and Avalon were once part of

text: Gondwana

text: . Proof of Avalon being part of Gondwana exists because of

text: trilobite

text: fossils of the same species that have been found both in

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: Africa

text: . This means that Avalon must have broken away from Gondwana during the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: , around 550 million years ago. At the very latest, it broke away by the

text: Ordovician

text: , around 490 million years ago. Fossils of the Meguma terrane also indicate a relation to the northwest Africa margin. The Avalon also originated as a volcanic island chain near the

text: South Pole

text: , on the fringe of the Gondwanan supercontinent. It is possible that late

text: Precambrian

text: quartzites of the eastern part of the state were deposited as beach sands on the continental shelf of Gondwana. These deposits were eventually caught in the Avalonian mountain building event, the same deformation which helped to form the Avalonian island chain.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Gondwanan

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 490 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Avalon also originated as a volcanic island chain

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: quartzites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ordovician,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanic island chain near the South Pole,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: terranes,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: trilobite

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Kenneth originated from an area full of unsettled weather that developed off the coast of Guatemala on November 16. A low-pressure area formed shortly thereafter, and organization of the system began to improve on November 17 as it moved westward. The low remained over an area with favorable conditions for formation on November 18, although convective activity tapered slightly later during the day as it began to curve west-northwestward. The system continued to coalesce overnight, and the circulation of the low was more prominent by the following morning. By November 19, the disturbance had gained enough organization to be declared as a tropical depression, the thirteenth of the season. The following day, the depression continued to intensify, and was upgraded to a tropical storm, receiving the name Kenneth. Rapid strengthening began on November 21, and Kenneth was upgraded to a hurricane. As rapid intensification continued, Kenneth strengthened into a Category 3 major hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph on November 22. Rapid intensification continued and the storm was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 145 mph, just a few hours later, as Kenneth reached its peak intensity. The cause for this rapid intensification just days before the end of the season was unclimatologically low wind shear as well as unusually warm waters directly in the storm's path. However, Kenneth's intensification was short-lived; immediately it moved into an environment of colder waters and stronger wind shear, and started to rapidly deteriorate. Just 24 hours after the cyclone reached its peak, it dropped below hurricane strength and lost most of its central convection. Afterwards, Kenneth weakened at a slower rate, but by November 25, had weakened to a tropical depression, losing almost all of its convection. Early on November 25, Kenneth weakened to a remnant low, with its circulation void of any strong convection. But for the next 3 days, the remnant of the storm continued moving northwestward rapidly as a convectionless vortex, before dissipating completely early on November 28.

text: Kenneth originated from an area full of unsettled weather that developed off the coast of

text: Guatemala

text: on November 16. A

text: low-pressure area

text: formed shortly thereafter, and organization of the system began to improve on November 17 as it moved westward. The low remained over an area with favorable conditions for formation on November 18, although

text: convective activity

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: off the coast of Guatemala

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which cratons did Kenneth originate from?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unclimatologically low wind shear

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unclimatologically

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Category 3 major hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph on November 22.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guatemala

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unusually warm waters

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Category 3

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unclimatologically low wind shear

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Category 4 hurricane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: warm waters

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unusually warm waters

text: The Earth of the early Archean () may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

text: The Earth of the early Archean () may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's

text: crust

text: cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the

text: mantle

text: cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to

text: subduct

text: and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of

text: erosion

text: and subsequent

text: tectonic

text: events.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: early Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The Earth of the early Archean (

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: This may have prevented cratonisation

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Earth of the early Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithospheric mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the Earth's crust cooled enough

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonisation

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: early Archean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: plate tectonic activity was more vigorous

text: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Jules Dumont d'Urville, Nicolas Baudin, François Péron and Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne were some of the early European explorers to reach the continent.

text: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux

text: Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec

text: Louis Antoine de Bougainville

text: Jules Dumont d'Urville

text: Nicolas Baudin

text: François Péron

text: and

text: Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne

text: were some of the early European explorers to reach the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are part of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Kermadec,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kermadec,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continent.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Bruni d'Entrecasteaux,

text: During the Precambrian, when life on land was precluded by a very thin or nonexistent ozone layer, soils were subject to much more rapid erosion and most fossils from this period are of undeveloped entisols or inceptisols. Vertisols and aridisols have a continuous fossil record from Paleoproterozoic continents onwards (though little is known about when they were first vegetated), whilst a few andisol fossils are known from the Mesoproterozoic and more abundantly from the Ordovician just before land vegetation began to emerge. Other major andisol fossils can be found in the middle Jurassic of Siberia.

text: During the

text: Precambrian

text: , when life on land was precluded by a very thin or nonexistent

text: ozone layer

text: , soils were subject to much more rapid erosion and most fossils from this period are of undeveloped

text: entisol

text: s or

text: inceptisols

text: Vertisol

text: s and

text: aridisols

text: have a continuous fossil record from

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: continent

text: s onwards (though little is known about when they were first vegetated), whilst a few

text: andisol

text: fossils are known from the

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: and more abundantly from the

text: Ordovician

text: just before land vegetation began to emerge. Other major andisol fossils can be found in the middle

text: Jurassic

text: of

text: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: undeveloped entisols

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: undeveloped entisols

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleoproterozoic continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: undeveloped entisols

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: During the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: During the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: undeveloped entisols or inceptisols.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: entisols or inceptisols.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: During the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: LSW properties experience seasonal and interannual variations.  In late spring and summer, large amounts of cold freshwater accumulate from melting ice and are mixed downward during convection.  The source for heat in the Labrador Sea is modified North Atlantic Current water after circulating the subpolar gyre.   In winter the sea becomes more saline as freshwater freezes to form sea ice.  The greatest seasonal variability is largely confined to the surface waters, however an annual cycle of convective mixing and re-stratification is observed throughout the water column.  Warming and increased salinity in the lower level and freshening at the surface is associated with re-stratification (May–December), whereas a convective mixing period (January–April) leads to cooling and a decrease in salt content in intermediate and deep waters and an increase in salt content at the surface.  Interannual variations in the intermediate LSW are due largely to changes in convectivity throughout these periods.  Weak convective periods are associated with more heat in the water column and deep convective periods are characterized by cold water.  In the early 1990s, several consecutive severe winters contributed towards deep convection in the Labrador Sea.  These winters were also associated with strong positive fluctuations in the North Atlantic Oscillation.  LSW became very cold, fresh, and dense during this period, and the layer extended to depths of 2300m in the spring of 1994.  Due to weakened convection, LSW began warming significantly and increased in salinity over the following decade.  This trend continued through 2010 and 2011 when weak convection was observed in relation with negative NAO.  Deep convection was observed again in 2012 with the LSW reaching 1400m, corresponding with a positive NAO similar to those seen in the early 1990s.

text: LSW properties experience seasonal and interannual variations.  In late spring and summer, large amounts of cold freshwater accumulate from melting ice and are mixed downward during convection.  The source for heat in the Labrador Sea is modified North Atlantic Current water after circulating the

text: subpolar gyre

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the source for heat in the Labrador Sea?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2300m

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the early 1990s

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Labrador Sea.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Labrador Sea.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cold water.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cold water.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water column and deep convective periods are characterized by cold water.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 1990s.

text: As with the rest of Madagascar, the rocks of Marojejy National Park were once part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which began to break up 160 million years ago to form the southern continents.  However, the bedrock of Marojejy formed over 500 million years ago during the Precambrian beneath an ancient mountain range that has since eroded away completely.  The bedrock is composed mostly of granitic rocks, although it also contains a significant amount of gneiss, a high-grade metamorphic rock that formed under high pressure and temperature deep beneath the ancient mountain range.  In places where heat and pressure were highest, the rock melted completely and eventually recrystallized at depth as granite, an igneous rock.  Later, veins of quartz formed in cracks in the bedrock; these are the source of the quartz and amethyst crystals mined in the region today.  In more recent geological times, the area's abundant quartzite formed when quartz-rich sands were deposited on the bedrock, and were then buried and recrystallized (metamorphosed).  The soil pH is expected to be acidic to neutral.

text: As with the rest of Madagascar, the rocks of Marojejy National Park were once part of the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: , which began to break up 160 million years ago to form the southern continents.  However, the

text: bedrock

text: of Marojejy formed over 500 million years ago during the

text: Precambrian

text: beneath an ancient mountain range that has since eroded away completely.  The bedrock is composed mostly of

text: granitic

text: rocks, although it also contains a significant amount of

text: gneiss

text: , a

text: high-grade

text: metamorphic rock

text: that formed under high pressure and temperature deep beneath the ancient mountain range.  In places where heat and pressure were highest, the rock melted completely and eventually recrystallized at depth as granite, an

text: igneous rock

text: .  Later,

text: veins

text: of

text: quartz

text: formed in cracks in the bedrock; these are the source of the quartz and

text: amethyst

text: crystals mined in the region today.  In more recent geological times, the area's abundant

text: quartzite

text: formed when quartz-rich sands were deposited on the bedrock, and were then buried and recrystallized (

text: metamorphosed

text: ).  The

text: soil pH

text: is expected to be acidic to neutral.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: high pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: How many continents were once part of Gondwana?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: during the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: under high pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: granitic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granitic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountain range

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: quartz formed in cracks in the bedrock;

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Much of the East Antarctic craton was formed in the Precambrian period by a series of tectonothermal orogenic events. Napier orogeny formed the cratonic nucleus approximately 4 billion years ago. Mount Elkins is a classic example of Napier orogeny. Napier orogeny is characterized by high-grade metamorphism and plate tectonics. The orogenic events which resulted in the formation of the Napier Complex (including Mount Elkins) have been dated to the Archean Eon. Radiometrically dated to as old as 3.8 billion years, some of the zircons collected from the orthogneisses of the Napier Complex are among the oldest rock specimens found on Earth. Billions of years of erosion and tectonic deformation have exposed the metamorphic rock core of these ancient mountains.

text: Much of the

text: East Antarctic craton

text: was formed in the

text: Precambrian

text: period by a series of tectonothermal

text: orogenic

text: events. Napier orogeny formed the cratonic nucleus approximately 4 billion years ago. Mount Elkins is a classic example of Napier orogeny. Napier orogeny is characterized by high-grade

text: metamorphism

text: and

text: plate tectonics

text: . The orogenic events which resulted in the formation of the Napier Complex (including Mount Elkins) have been dated to the

text: Archean

text: Eon

text: Radiometrically dated

text: to as old as 3.8 billion years, some of the

text: zircon

text: s collected from the

text: orthogneisses

text: of the Napier Complex are among the

text: oldest rock specimens

text: found on Earth. Billions of years of

text: erosion

text: and

text: tectonic deformation

text: have exposed the

text: metamorphic rock

text: core of these ancient mountains.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Napier orogeny

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: radiometrically dated

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Napier Complex

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Napier orogeny

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Napier orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: metamorphic rock core

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Napier orogeny formed the cratonic nucleus

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Napier orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Napier Complex

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian period

text: The Great Falls tectonic zone was first identified in 1985. Geologists originally believed the zone was part of the Wyoming craton, but now conclude that it is distinct from it. There is continuing controversy over whether the region is a shear zone or suture, and the role the zone played in the formation of the North American continent. At one time, both the Great Falls Tectonic Zone and the Vulcan structure were both considered sutures, but debate remains open on the point. At least one group of geologists has concluded the zone represents the closure of an ocean basin. The zone lacks gravity anomalies or electromagnetic signatures which would allow scientists to conclude that it was generated by subduction. There is significant evidence that the zone has been periodically remineralized since Precambrian times. Square Butte, Shaw Butte, Crown Butte and the other structures of the Adel Mountains Volcanic Field lie astride the tectonic zone near the city of Great Falls.

text: The Great Falls tectonic zone was first identified in 1985. Geologists originally believed the zone was part of the Wyoming craton, but now conclude that it is distinct from it. There is continuing controversy over whether the region is a shear zone or

text: suture

text: , and the role the zone played in the formation of the North American continent. At one time, both the Great Falls Tectonic Zone and the

text: Vulcan structure

text: were both considered sutures, but debate remains open on the point. At least one group of geologists has concluded the zone represents the closure of an ocean basin. The zone lacks

text: gravity anomalies

text: or electromagnetic signatures which would allow scientists to conclude that it was generated by

text: subduction

text: . There is significant evidence that the zone has been periodically

text: remineralized

text: since

text: Precambrian

text: times. Square Butte, Shaw Butte, Crown Butte and the other structures of the

text: Adel Mountains Volcanic Field

text: lie astride the tectonic zone near the city of

text: Great Falls

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wyoming craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: suture

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Wyoming craton,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wyoming craton,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: subduction.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: remineralized

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: suture,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ocean basin.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Between 1998 and 2006 Shields became a frequent collaborator and semi-permanent touring member of Primal Scream. He contributed guitar, produced and mixed tracks on two of the band's studio albums: XTRMNTR (2000), and Evil Heat (2002). Primal Scream frontman Bobby Gillespie has said that "[Shields] brings something that nobody else in the world can bring. He plays guitar the way that nobody else in the world plays guitar," adding that Primal Scream considered Shields to be "part of the family, very much so." Shields has remained close to the band following his departure in 2006, remastering Primal Scream's third studio album Screamadelica (1991) in 2010 and contributing guitar to "2013", the lead single from More Light (2013). Gillespie has since commented on Shields' absence, noting that "there's always room for Kevin Shields—always."

text: Between 1998 and 2006 Shields became a frequent collaborator and semi-permanent touring member of

text: Primal Scream

text: . He contributed guitar, produced and mixed tracks on two of the band's studio albums:

text: XTRMNTR

text: (2000), and

text: Evil Heat

text: (2002). Primal Scream frontman

text: Bobby Gillespie

text: has said that "[Shields] brings something that nobody else in the world can bring. He plays guitar the way that nobody else in the world plays guitar," adding that Primal Scream considered Shields to be "part of the family, very much so." Shields has remained close to the band following his departure in 2006, remastering Primal Scream's third studio album

text: Screamadelica

text: (1991) in 2010 and contributing guitar to "2013", the lead single from

text: More Light

text: (2013). Gillespie has since commented on Shields' absence, noting that "there's always room for Kevin Shields—always."

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Primal Scream

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Kevin Shields

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: XTRMNTR

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: XTRMNTR

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Primal Scream.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kevin Shields—always."

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Kevin Shields—always."

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: XTRMNTR

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: XTRMNTR (2000), and Evil Heat (2002).

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Evil Heat (2002).

text: General elections were held in Namibia on 28 November 2014, although early voting took place in foreign polling stations and for seagoing personnel on 14 November. The elections were the first on the African continent to use electronic voting.

text: General elections were held in

text: Namibia

text: on 28 November 2014, although early voting took place in

text: foreign polling stations

text: and for seagoing personnel on 14 November. The elections were the first on the African continent to use

text: electronic voting

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Namibia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: seagoing personnel

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Namibia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: General elections were held in Namibia on 28 November 2014,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The elections were the first on the African continent to use electronic voting.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2014,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: General elections were held in Namibia on 28 November 2014,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: seagoing personnel

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2014,

text: The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure. These depths are estimated between  though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about . The rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth. In particular, under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth, beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required. The correct combination of temperature and pressure is only found in the thick, ancient, and stable parts of continental plates where regions of lithosphere known as cratons exist. Long residence in the cratonic lithosphere allows diamond crystals to grow larger.

text: The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure. These depths are estimated between  though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about . The rate at which

text: temperature changes with increasing depth

text: into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth. In particular, under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth, beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required. The correct combination of temperature and pressure is only found in the thick, ancient, and stable parts of continental plates where regions of lithosphere known as

text: craton

text: s exist. Long residence in the cratonic lithosphere allows diamond crystals to grow larger.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: diamond crystals to grow larger

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the first type of lithosphere mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithospheric mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The correct combination of temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: regions of lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: between

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic plates

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ancient,

text: Situated on the Canadian Shield, the city is surrounded by dense forest, muskeg swamps, numerous lakes, winding rivers, and hills of Precambrian bedrock. The local forests are mixed deciduous and coniferous, with colourful displays in the autumn.

text: Situated on the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , the city is surrounded by dense forest, muskeg swamps, numerous lakes, winding rivers, and hills of Precambrian bedrock. The local forests are mixed deciduous and coniferous, with colourful displays in the autumn.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are on the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: hills of Precambrian bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: lakes,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Nilpenia rossi is a Precambrian fossil genus.

text: Nilpenia rossi is a

text: Precambrian

text: fossil genus.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 450 million years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Nilpenia rossi is a Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Nilpenia rossi

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Nilpenia rossi

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Nilpenia rossi

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The South American continent also includes various islands, most of which belong to countries on the continent. The Caribbean territories are grouped with North America. The South American nations that border the Caribbean Sea—including Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana—are also known as Caribbean South America.

text: The South American continent also includes various

text: island

text: s, most of which belong to countries on the continent. The

text: Caribbean

text: territories are grouped with North America. The South American nations that border the Caribbean Sea—including

text: Colombia

text: Venezuela

text: Guyana

text: Suriname

text: , and

text: French Guiana

text: —are also known as

text: Caribbean South America

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are grouped with North America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: South American continent

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Caribbean Sea—including

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Caribbean territories are grouped with North America.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The South American continent also includes various islands,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Caribbean South America.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Caribbean South America.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The South American continent also includes various islands,

text: The program was established in early 1873 during the school's first academic year and played in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) from 1954–1966, the Ohio Valley Conference from 1981 through 1987, and the Mid-Continent Conference for the 1990, 1991, and 1992 seasons. The Zips began competition in the MAC in 1993 and were placed in the East Division when it was created in 2000. The team had one appearance in the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship, which came in 1996 following their only MAC Tournament Championship. Additionally, the Zips won the 1954 OAC championship and the 1991 Mid-Continent Conference title.

text: The program was established in early 1873 during the school's first academic year and played in the

text: Ohio Athletic Conference

text: (OAC) from 1954–1966, the

text: Ohio Valley Conference

text: from 1981 through 1987, and the

text: Mid-Continent Conference

text: for the 1990, 1991, and 1992 seasons. The Zips began competition in the MAC in 1993 and were placed in the East Division when it was created in 2000. The team had one appearance in the

text: NCAA Division I Baseball Championship

text: , which came in

entity_name: 1996 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament

text: following their only

entity_name: 1996 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament

text: MAC Tournament Championship

text: . Additionally, the Zips won the 1954 OAC championship and the 1991 Mid-Continent Conference title.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ohio Valley

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ohio

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the largest craton in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ohio Valley Conference

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 1873

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1873

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) from 1954–1966,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1873

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) from 1954–1966,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1873

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1873

text: The term basement is used mostly in disciplines of geology like basin geology, sedimentology and petroleum geology in which the (typically Precambrian) crystalline basement is not of interest as it rarely contains petroleum or natural gas.

text: The term basement is used mostly in disciplines of geology like

text: basin geology

text: sedimentology

text: and

text: petroleum geology

text: in which the (typically

text: Precambrian

text: ) crystalline basement is not of interest as it rarely contains

text: petroleum

text: or

text: natural gas

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crystalline basement

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: crystalline basement

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basement

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline basement

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian)

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian)

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: basement is used mostly in disciplines of geology

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: crystalline basement is not of interest as it rarely contains petroleum or natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basement

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The term basement

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian)

text: The Hearne Craton is a craton in northern Canada which, together with the Rae Craton, forms the Western Churchill Province.  Hearne is one of the six Archaean cratons of the Canadian Shield (the other being Slave, Rae, Wyoming, Superior, Nain) that are bound together by Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belts.  Before being merged these six cratons formed independent microcontinents.

text: The Hearne Craton is a

text: craton

text: in northern Canada which, together with the

text: Rae Craton

text: , forms the Western

text: Churchill Province

text: .  Hearne is one of the six Archaean cratons of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: (the other being

text: Slave

text: Rae

text: Wyoming

text: Superior

text: Nain

text: ) that are bound together by Palaeoproterozoic

text: orogenic belt

text: s.  Before being merged these six cratons formed independent

text: microcontinent

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the other cratons of the Canadian Shield?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean cratons of the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: independent microcontinents.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: six Archaean cratons of the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Palaeoproterozoic orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Archaean cratons of the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Before being merged

text: The Barberton greenstone belt (BGB) is located in the Kapvaal craton of southeastern Africa. It characterizes one of the most well-preserved and oldest pieces of continental crust today by containing rocks in the Barberton Granite Greenstone Terrain (3.55–3.22 Ga). The BGB is a small, cusp-shaped succession of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, surrounded on all sides by granitoid plutons which range in age from >3547 to <3225 Ma.  It is commonly known as the type locality of the ultramafic, extrusive volcanic rock, the komatiite. Greenstone belts are geologic regions generally composed of mafic to ultramafic volcanic sequences that have undergone metamorphism. These belts are associated with sedimentary rocks that occur within Archean and Proterozoic cratons between granitic bodies. Their name is derived from the green hue that comes from the metamorphic minerals associated with the mafic rocks. These regions are theorized to have formed at ancient oceanic spreading centers and island arcs.  In simple terms, greenstone belts are described as metamorphosed volcanic belts. Being one of the few most well-preserved Archean portions of the crust, the BGB is well studied. It provides present geologic evidence of  Earth during the Archean (pre-3.0 Ga). Despite the BGB being a well studied area, its tectonic evolution has been the cause of much debate.

text: The

text: Barberton greenstone belt

text: (BGB) is located in the

text: Kapvaal craton

text: of southeastern Africa. It characterizes one of the most well-preserved and oldest pieces of

text: continental crust

text: today by containing rocks in the Barberton Granite Greenstone Terrain (3.55–3.22

text: Ga

text: ). The BGB is a small, cusp-shaped succession of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, surrounded on all sides by

text: granitoid

text: pluton

text: s which range in age from >3547 to <3225

text: Ma

text: .  It is commonly known as the type locality of the

text: ultramafic

text: , extrusive volcanic rock, the

text: komatiite

text: Greenstone belts

text: are geologic regions generally composed of

text: mafic

text: to ultramafic volcanic sequences that have undergone

text: metamorphism

text: . These belts are associated with

text: sedimentary rock

text: s that occur within

text: Archean

text: and

text: Proterozoic

text: cratons

text: between granitic bodies. Their name is derived from the green hue that comes from the metamorphic minerals associated with the mafic rocks. These regions are theorized to have formed at ancient

text: oceanic spreading centers

text: and

text: island arcs

text: .  In simple terms, greenstone belts are described as

text: metamorphosed

text: volcanic belt

text: s. Being one of the few most well-preserved Archean portions of the crust, the BGB is well studied. It provides present geologic evidence of  Earth during the Archean (pre-3.0 Ga). Despite the BGB being a well studied area, its tectonic evolution has been the cause of much debate.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kapvaal craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: These regions are theorized to have formed at ancient oceanic spreading centers and island arcs

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: between granitic bodies

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: pre-3.0 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Barberton Granite Greenstone Terrain

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic spreading centers and island arcs.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ancient oceanic spreading centers and island arcs.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archean and Proterozoic cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: mafic to ultramafic volcanic sequences

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic spreading centers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean

text: Almost all of Northern Australia is a huge ancient craton that has not experienced geological upheaval since the end of the Precambrian. The only exception to this generalisation is the Wet Tropics of northern Queensland, where active volcanoes have been present as recently as the Pleistocene.

text: Almost all of Northern Australia is a huge ancient

text: craton

text: that has not experienced geological upheaval since the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: . The only exception to this generalisation is the

text: Wet Tropics

text: of northern Queensland, where active

text: volcano

text: es have been present as recently as the

text: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: geological upheaval since the end of the Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Almost all of Northern Australia is a huge ancient craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Wet Tropics

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (North American or Laurentia craton). Composed of igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history, the area is covered by a thin layer of soil. With a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada, it stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, covering over half of Canada; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States. Human population is sparse, and industrial development is minimal, while mining is prevalent.

text: The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a large area of exposed

text: Precambrian

text: igneous

text: and

text: high-grade metamorphic rock

text: s (

text: geological shield

text: ) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (

text: North American or Laurentia craton

text: ). Composed of

text: igneous rock

text: resulting from its long volcanic history, the area is covered by a thin layer of

text: soil

text: . With a deep, common, joined

text: bedrock

text: region in eastern and central

text: Canada

text: , it stretches north from the

text: Great Lakes

text: to the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , covering over half of Canada; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States. Human population is sparse, and industrial development is minimal, while mining is prevalent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geological shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic history,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic history,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia craton).

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: soil.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Scotia Plate originated about  (Ma), during the late Mesozoic at the Panthalassic margins of the Gondwana supercontinent between two Precambrian cratons, the Kalahari and East Antarctic Cratons, now located in Africa and Antarctica.  Its development was also influenced by the Río de la Plata Craton in South America.  The initial cause for its formation was the break-up of Gondwana in what became the south-west Indian Ocean.

text: The Scotia Plate originated about  (Ma), during the late

text: Mesozoic

text: at the

text: Panthalassic

text: margins of the

text: Gondwana

text: supercontinent between two Precambrian cratons, the

text: Kalahari

text: and

text: East Antarctic Craton

text: s, now located in Africa and Antarctica.  Its development was also influenced by the

text: Río de la Plata Craton

text: in South America.  The initial cause for its formation was the break-up of Gondwana in what became the south-west Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kalahari and East Antarctic Cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: during the late Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Panthalassic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Kalahari and East Antarctic Cratons,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: (Ma), during the late Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Scotia Plate

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: south-west Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: late Mesozoic

text: , nevertheless, found a three-fold stratigraphic similarity and proposed that the two cratons once formed a continent which he named Vaalbara.  This model is supported by the palaeomagnetic data of .Reconstructions of the palaeolatitudes of the two cratons at 2.78–2.77 Ga are ambiguous however.  In the reconstruction of  they fail to overlap, but they do in more recent reconstructions, for example .

text: , nevertheless, found a three-fold stratigraphic similarity and proposed that the two cratons once formed a continent which he named Vaalbara.  This model is supported by the palaeomagnetic data of .Reconstructions of the palaeolatitudes of the two cratons at 2.78–2.77 Ga are ambiguous however.  In the reconstruction of  they fail to overlap, but they do in more recent reconstructions, for example .

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Vaalbara

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.78–2.77 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.77 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: two cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: two cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a continent which he named Vaalbara.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.78–2.77 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Vaalbara.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: three-fold stratigraphic similarity

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: palaeomagnetic data

text: Final Fantasy IX takes place primarily on the four continents of a world named Gaia. Most of Gaia's population reside on the Mist Continent, named so because the entire continent is blanketed in thick Mist. Lands outside the Mist Continent—the Outer, Lost and Forgotten continents—are uncharted territories not explored until midway through the game. Several locations on the parallel world of Terra and the dream land of Memoria round out the game's areas. The Mist Continent features four nations: Alexandria, Lindblum, Burmecia, and Cleyra. Alexandria is a kingdom to the northeast of the Mist Continent ruled by a monarchy located in Alexandria Castle. The technologically advanced Lindblum, ruled by a regent, is nestled on a plateau to the southwest where airships regularly fly by. The Kingdom of Burmecia, whose capital is showered by eternal rain is to the northwest and nearby to the isolated Cleyran civilisation, which is nestled in a giant tree in the desert, protected by a powerful sandstorm. Treno, a large, perpetually dark city, heavily populated by both aristocrats and paupers, is located on the southeast part of the continent. The Mist Continent is extremely mountainous resulting in a natural barrier between many of the ruling nations.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Terra

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gaia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Mist Continent is extremely mountainous

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Terra

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gaia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Gaia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Mist Continent is extremely mountainous

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a powerful sandstorm.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mist Continent,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Terra

text: The process by which cratons are formed from early rock is called cratonization. The first large cratonic landmasses formed during the Archean eon. During the early Archean, Earth's heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today because of the greater concentration of radioactive isotopes and the residual heat from the Earth's accretion. There was considerably greater tectonic and volcanic activity; the mantle was less viscous and the crust thinner. This resulted in rapid formation of oceanic crust at ridges and hot spots, and rapid recycling of oceanic crust at subduction zones. There are at least three hypotheses of how cratons have been formed:  1) surface crust was thickened by a rising plume of deep molten material, 2) successive subducting plates of oceanic lithosphere became lodged beneath a proto-craton in an under-plating process, 3) accretion from island arcs or continental fragments rafting together to thicken into a craton.

text: The process by which cratons are formed from early rock is called cratonization. The first large cratonic landmasses formed during the

text: Archean

text: eon. During the early Archean, Earth's heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today because of the greater concentration of radioactive isotopes and the residual heat from the Earth's

text: accretion

text: . There was considerably greater

text: tectonic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity; the

text: mantle

text: was less viscous and the crust thinner. This resulted in rapid formation of

text: oceanic crust

text: at ridges and

text: hot spots

text: , and rapid

text: recycling of oceanic crust

text: at

text: subduction

text: zones. There are at least three hypotheses of how cratons have been formed:  1) surface crust was thickened by a rising plume of deep molten material, 2) successive subducting plates of oceanic lithosphere became lodged beneath a proto-craton in an under-plating process, 3) accretion from island arcs or continental fragments rafting together to thicken into a craton.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: accretion from island arcs

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed from early rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: During the early Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep molten material,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: accretion from island arcs

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a rising plume of deep molten material,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonization.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: successive subducting plates

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: under-plating process,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: During the early Archean,

text: The earthquake's epicenter lay near Manhattan, Kansas, a town just off the connection of the Kansas River and the Big Blue River. Nearby is the anticline Nemaha Ridge, which has been associated with at least a few earthquakes of Kansas. A 300‑million-year-old Precambrian granite range bounded by faults, it hosts the Humboldt Fault Zone, which, in addition to serving as the range's easternmost boundary, has produced a large portion of the state's earthquakes. Each year, it is responsible for at least several small tremors less than magnitude 2.7. It cuts through Permian rock, and according to the Geological Society of America, may actually be a complex fault. Previously, it was believed to be a simple, Precambrian structure.

text: The earthquake's epicenter lay near

text: Manhattan

text: , Kansas, a town just off the connection of the

text: Kansas River

text: and the

text: Big Blue River

text: . Nearby is the

text: anticline

text: Nemaha Ridge

text: , which has been associated with at least a few earthquakes of Kansas. A 300‑million-year-old

text: Precambrian

text: granite range bounded by faults, it hosts the Humboldt Fault Zone, which, in addition to serving as the range's easternmost boundary, has produced a large portion of the state's earthquakes. Each year, it is responsible for at least several small tremors less than magnitude 2.7. It cuts through

text: Permian

text: rock, and according to the Geological Society of America, may actually be a complex

text: fault

text: . Previously, it was believed to be a simple,

text: Precambrian

text: structure.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of rock is the Nemaha Ridge?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 300 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian granite range bounded by faults,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 300<unk>million-year-old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Humboldt Fault Zone,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Kansas River and the Big Blue River.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Paleodictyon is a pattern, usually interpreted to be a burrow, which appears in the geologic marine record beginning in the Precambrian/Early Cambrian and in modern ocean environments. Paleodictyon were first described by Giuseppe Meneghini in 1850.

text: Paleodictyon is a pattern, usually interpreted to be a burrow, which appears in the geologic marine record beginning in the Precambrian/Early Cambrian and in modern ocean environments. Paleodictyon were first described by

text: Giuseppe Meneghini

text: in 1850.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleodictyon

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleodictyon are first described by Giuseppe Meneghini in 1850

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Paleodictyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian/Early

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian/Early Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian/Early

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleodictyon

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a burrow,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Paleodictyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: modern ocean environments.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian/Early

text: According to J.D.A. Piper, Rodinia is one of two models for the configuration and history of the continental crust in the latter part of Precambrian times. The other is Paleopangea, Piper's own concept.  Piper proposes an alternative hypothesis for this era and the previous ones. This idea rejects that Rodinia ever existed as a transient supercontinent subject to progressive break-up in the latter part of Proterozoic times and instead that this time and earlier times were dominated by a single, persistent "Paleopangaea" supercontinent. As evidence, he suggests an observation that the palaeomagnetic poles from the continental crust assigned to this time conform to a single path between 800 and 600 million years ago and latterly to a near-static position between 750 and 600 million years. This latter solution predicts that break-up was confined to the Ediacaran Period and produced the dramatic environmental changes that characterised the transition between Precambrian and Phanerozoic times.

text: According to J.D.A. Piper, Rodinia is one of two models for the configuration and history of the continental crust in the latter part of

text: Precambrian

text: times. The other is

text: Paleopangea

text: , Piper's own concept.  Piper proposes an alternative hypothesis for this era and the previous ones. This idea rejects that Rodinia ever existed as a transient supercontinent subject to progressive break-up in the latter part of

text: Proterozoic

text: times and instead that this time and earlier times were dominated by a single, persistent "

text: Paleopangaea

text: " supercontinent. As evidence, he suggests an observation that the palaeomagnetic poles from the continental crust assigned to this time conform to a single path between 800 and 600 million years ago and latterly to a near-static position between 750 and 600 million years. This latter solution predicts that break-up was confined to the

text: Ediacaran

text: Period and produced the dramatic environmental changes that characterised the transition between Precambrian and

text: Phanerozoic

text: times.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a near-static position

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: between 800 and 600 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: single path between 800 and 600 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: palaeomagnetic poles

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: J.D.A. Piper,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The falls have a drop of , cascading into a gorge carved out of the Precambrian Shield by meltwater following the last glacial maximum. Because of its size and ease of access, it has been consequently nicknamed "the Niagara of the North".

text: The falls have a drop of , cascading into a gorge carved out of the

text: Precambrian Shield

text: by

text: meltwater

text: following the

text: last glacial maximum

text: . Because of its size and ease of access, it has been consequently nicknamed "the Niagara of the North".

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can not be used to describe

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: meltwater following the last glacial maximum.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: glacial maximum.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: meltwater

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: last glacial maximum.

text: To the east the Sub-Cambrian peneplain continues as an unconformity beneath the East European Platform. The island Blå Jungfrun in the Baltic Sea is an ancient inselberg belonging to the Sub-Cambrian peneplain. Being a inselberg formed in Precambrian time it was buried in sandstone after its formation and remained buried until erosion of the East European Platform freed it in geologically recent times.

text: To the east the Sub-Cambrian peneplain continues as an

text: unconformity

text: beneath the

text: East European Platform

text: . The island

text: Blå Jungfrun

text: in the

text: Baltic Sea

text: is an ancient

text: inselberg

text: belonging to the Sub-Cambrian peneplain. Being a inselberg formed in

text: Precambrian

text: time it was

text: buried

text: in

text: sandstone

text: after its formation and remained buried until

text: erosion

text: of the East European Platform freed it in geologically recent times.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are included in this paragraph?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: East European Platform.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: inselberg

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Baltic Sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Interaction with another vigorous tropical low and eastern wind shear weakened the storm on September 9. The interaction and weak steering currents brought the storm almost to a halt, meandering around the Cape Verde islands before weakening to a tropical depression as it absorbed the secondary low. The storm regained tropical storm status on September 10, and began to organize again. It rapidly deepened and briefly developed an eye-like feature early on September 11, which persisted for two hours. As Igor absorbed dry air, a process called entrainment, convection decreased, and much of the convection was displaced south of Igor. The storm strengthened into a hurricane, though, late on September 11.

text: Interaction with another vigorous tropical low and eastern

text: wind shear

text: weakened the storm on September 9. The interaction and weak steering currents brought the storm almost to a halt, meandering around the Cape Verde islands before weakening to a tropical depression as it absorbed the secondary low. The storm regained tropical storm status on September 10, and began to organize again. It rapidly deepened and briefly developed an eye-like feature early on September 11, which persisted for two hours. As Igor absorbed dry air, a process called entrainment,

text: convection

text: decreased, and much of the convection was displaced south of Igor. The storm strengthened into a hurricane, though, late on September 11.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: eons ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Igor

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: eastern wind shear weakened the storm on September 9.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Interaction with another vigorous tropical low

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Igor

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: entrainment,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: entrainment,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Interaction with another vigorous tropical low

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 9.

text: The foundation of Florida was located in the continent of Gondwana at the South Pole 650 Mya. When Gondwana collided with the continent of Laurentia 300 Mya, it had moved further north. 200 Mya, the merged continents containing what would be Florida, had moved north of the equator. By then, Florida was surrounded by desert, in the middle of a new continent, Pangaea. When Pangaea broke up 115 mya, Florida assumed a shape as a peninsula.The emergent landmass of Florida was Orange Island, a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate Florida Platform which emerged about 34 to 28 million years ago.

text: The foundation of Florida was located in the continent of

text: Gondwana

text: at the

text: South Pole

text: 650 Mya. When Gondwana collided with the continent of

text: Laurentia

text: 300 Mya, it had moved further north. 200 Mya, the merged continents containing what would be Florida, had moved north of the equator. By then, Florida was surrounded by desert, in the middle of a new continent,

text: Pangaea

text: . When Pangaea broke up 115 mya, Florida assumed a shape as a peninsula.The emergent

text: landmass

text: of Florida was

text: Orange Island

text: , a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate

text: Florida Platform

text: which emerged about 34 to 28 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 650 Mya

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 650 Mya

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 34 to 28 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Florida Platform

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 34 to 28 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Florida Platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: desert,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 650 Mya.

text: In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass.  However, the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous. Many earth scientists, such as P.F. Hoffman (1999), use the term "supercontinent" to mean "a clustering of nearly all continents". This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to Precambrian times.  Using the first definition provided here, Gondwana (aka Gondwanaland) is not considered a supercontinent, because the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other. The landmass of Pangaea is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were in proximity to one another. This would classify Pangaea as a supercontinent. According to the definition by Rogers and Santosh (2004), a supercontinent does not exist today. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic. However, beyond , continental positions are much less certain.

text: In

text: geology

text: , a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: continental blocks

text: or

text: craton

text: s to form a single large landmass.  However, the definition of a supercontinent can be ambiguous. Many earth scientists, such as P.F. Hoffman (1999), use the term "supercontinent" to mean "a clustering of nearly all continents". This definition leaves room for interpretation when labeling a continental body and is easier to apply to

text: Precambrian

text: times.  Using the first definition provided here,

text: Gondwana

text: (aka Gondwanaland) is not considered a supercontinent, because the landmasses of

text: Baltica

text: Laurentia

text: and

text: Siberia

text: also existed at the same time but physically separate from each other. The landmass of

text: Pangaea

text: is the collective name describing all of these continental masses when they were in proximity to one another. This would classify

text: Pangaea

text: as a supercontinent. According to the definition by Rogers and Santosh (2004), a supercontinent does not exist today. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table). The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early

text: Jurassic

text: . However, beyond , continental positions are much less certain.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the term for continental blocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Jurassic.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: physically separate from each other.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continental blocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "supercontinent"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Trans Brazilian Lineament (TBL), or Transbrasiliano Lineament, is a major shear zone that developed in the Precambrian period, and that has been reactivated several times since then, mostly recently during the Mesozoic. Movement along the shear zone helps explain how the South American continent could have fitted tightly to the African continent before the breakup of Gondwana.

text: The Trans Brazilian Lineament (TBL), or Transbrasiliano Lineament, is a major

text: shear zone

text: that developed in the

text: Precambrian

text: period, and that has been reactivated several times since then, mostly recently during the

text: Mesozoic

text: . Movement along the shear zone helps explain how the

text: South America

text: n continent could have fitted tightly to the

text: Africa

text: n continent before the breakup of

text: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian period

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Trans Brazilian Lineament (TBL) is a major shear zone

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shear zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian period,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian period,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Trans Brazilian Lineament

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: shear zone

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Trans Brazilian Lineament

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Trans Brazilian Lineament

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street with this service terminating at the platform, and occasionally for North Wales services. Platform 2 is generally used for North Wales services, and southbound intercity services to Birmingham New Street and London Euston.  Platform 3 serves northbound intercity trains to Edinburgh and Glasgow Central. Platform 4 for services from North Wales to Manchester. The platforms are not bi-directional, except that the slow line between the station and Winwick Junction, some  to the north. This allows northbound departures from platform 1. The present platform 4 was numbered 5 for many years, because there was to be a north-facing bay platform in the west island which was numbered 4, but this saw no passenger use after electrification in 1972 being removed later.

text: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to

text: Liverpool Lime Street

text: with this service terminating at the platform, and occasionally for North Wales services. Platform 2 is generally used for North Wales services, and southbound intercity services to Birmingham New Street and London Euston.  Platform 3 serves northbound intercity trains to Edinburgh and Glasgow Central. Platform 4 for services from North Wales to Manchester. The platforms are not bi-directional, except that the slow line between the station and Winwick Junction, some  to the north. This allows northbound departures from platform 1. The present platform 4 was numbered 5 for many years, because there was to be a north-facing bay platform in the west island which was numbered 4, but this saw no passenger use after electrification in 1972 being removed later.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North Wales

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the train station?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: London Euston.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Platform 1 is serves arrivals and departures to Liverpool Lime Street

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1972

text: Basement rocks in the Northeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico basin are fragments of the African plate which remained behind during the breakup of Pangaea and date back to the late Precambrian through the Cambrian. It is atop these Precambrian plate fragments that the mainly carbonate and evaporite sediments deposited after the opening of the Gulf of Mexico would become the Florida Platform.

text: Basement rocks in the Northeastern region of the Gulf of Mexico basin are fragments of the

text: African plate

text: which remained behind during the breakup of Pangaea and date back to the late

text: Precambrian

text: through the

text: Cambrian

text: . It is atop these Precambrian plate fragments that the mainly carbonate and evaporite sediments deposited after the opening of the Gulf of Mexico would become the Florida Platform.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are fragments of the African plate

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Florida Platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: African plate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African plate

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: late Precambrian through the Cambrian.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Florida Platform.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: evaporite

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The NAASP remains an important and potential forum of cooperation among countries in the two continents. In a changing world, certainly the NAASP, like any other international forum, is called upon to address the challenges of today. Undoubtedly in the case of Palestine, the cause of freedom and independence remains a top priority for NAASP. For others, the issue of stability, as well as welfare of Asian and African peoples is the main theme of cooperation that brings the two continents together. Indonesia is of the view that only by working together can the two continents create peace, stability, and prosperity for their peoples.

text: The NAASP remains an important and potential forum of cooperation among countries in the two continents. In a changing world, certainly the NAASP, like any other international forum, is called upon to address the challenges of today. Undoubtedly in the case of Palestine, the cause of freedom and independence remains a top priority for NAASP. For others, the issue of stability, as well as welfare of Asian and African peoples is the main theme of cooperation that brings the two continents together. Indonesia is of the view that only by working together can the two continents create peace, stability, and prosperity for their peoples.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Indonesia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The NAASP

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Palestine,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cooperation among countries in the two continents.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: stability, as well as welfare of Asian and African peoples

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The NAASP

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The NAASP

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: two continents.

text: The Zimbabwe Craton is an area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust, being a part of the ancient continent of Western Gondwana, with rocks dating back to the early Archean Eon, possibly as early as 3.46 billion years ago (Ga.). The craton is named after the country of Zimbabwe where the majority of the craton is located. The rocks of the Zimbabwe Craton are separated from the rocks of the Kaapvaal Craton to the southeast by the 250 km wide Limpopo Belt of granulite facies tectonites.  The Limpopo belt formed contemporaneously with the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons, but remained geologically active until much later. It was only in the late Archean, ca. 2.8-2.5 Ga., that the two cratons were stabilized together and that high-grade metamorphism ceased in the Limpopo Belt. North of the Zimbabwe Craton is the Zambezi Belt.

text: The Zimbabwe Craton is an area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust, being a part of the ancient continent of Western

text: Gondwana

text: , with rocks dating back to the early

text: Archean

text: Eon, possibly as early as 3.46 billion years ago (

text: Ga.

text: ). The

text: craton

text: is named after the country of

text: Zimbabwe

text: where the majority of the craton is located. The rocks of the Zimbabwe Craton are separated from the rocks of the

text: Kaapvaal Craton

text: to the southeast by the 250 km wide

text: Limpopo Belt

text: of

text: granulite

text: facies

text: tectonite

text: s.  The Limpopo belt formed contemporaneously with the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons, but remained geologically active until much later. It was only in the late Archean, ca. 2.8-2.5 Ga., that the two cratons were stabilized together and that high-grade

text: metamorphism

text: ceased in the Limpopo Belt. North of the Zimbabwe Craton is the

text: Zambezi Belt

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Western Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The Limpopo Belt

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Zimbabwe Craton is an area in Southern Africa of ancient continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.46 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.46 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean Eon,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early Archean Eon,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.46 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Limpopo Belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zimbabwe Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean Eon,

text: A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from  in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold damascening while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Shields were made of sambar deer, buffalo, nilgau, elephant, or rhinoceros hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahmans, who objected to leather, had shields made from forty or fifty folds of silk painted red and ornamented. The curious snakeskin (nagphanl) shield is not a Mughal weapon.

text: A shield always accompanied a sword as part of the swordsman's equipment. Carried on the left arm, or when out of use, slung over the shoulder, shields were made of steel or hide and were generally from  in diameter. If made of steel they were often highly ornamented with patterns in gold

text: damascening

text: while hide shields bore silver or gold bosses, crescents, or stars. Shields were made of

text: sambar deer

text: , buffalo,

text: nilgau

text: elephant

text: , or

text: rhinoceros

text: hide, the last being the most highly prized. Brahmans, who objected to leather, had shields made from forty or fifty folds of silk painted red and ornamented. The curious snakeskin (nagphanl) shield is not a Mughal weapon.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: in diameter

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: steel

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: sambar deer, buffalo, nilgau,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: gold damascening

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Brahmans,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: in diameter.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: (nagphanl) shield is not a Mughal weapon.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: patterns in gold damascening

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: patterns in gold damascening

text: Prior to the breakup of the Precambrian supercontinent and the formation of the modern Permian Basin geometry, shallow marine sedimentation onto to the ancestral Tobosa Basin characterized the passive margin, shallow marine environment.

text: Prior to the breakup of the

text: Precambrian

text: supercontinent

text: and the formation of the modern Permian Basin geometry, shallow marine sedimentation onto to the ancestral

text: Tobosa Basin

text: characterized the

text: passive margin

text: , shallow marine environment.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tobosa Basin

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shallow marine sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tobosa Basin

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shallow marine sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: shallow marine sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tobosa Basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow marine sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense the term continental Europe (sometimes referred to in Britain as "the Continent") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding islands such as Great Britain, Ireland, Malta and Iceland, and the term continent of Australia may refer to the mainland of Australia, excluding Tasmania and New Guinea. Similarly, the continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states in central North America and may include Alaska in the northwest of the continent (the two being separated by Canada), while excluding Hawaii in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

text: The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense the term

text: continental Europe

text: (sometimes referred to in Britain as "the Continent") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding

text: island

text: s such as

text: Great Britain

text: Ireland

text: Malta

text: and

text: Iceland

text: , and the term continent of Australia may refer to the

text: mainland of Australia

text: , excluding

text: Tasmania

text: and

text: New Guinea

text: . Similarly, the

text: continental United States

text: refers to the 48 contiguous states in central North America and may include

text: Alaska

text: in the northwest of the continent (the two being separated by

text: Canada

text: ), while excluding

text: Hawaii

text: in the middle of the

text: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: continent

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The most restricted meaning of continent

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continuous area of land

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: islands such as Great Britain, Ireland, Malta and Iceland,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a continuous area of land or mainland,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The most restricted meaning of continent is that of a continuous area of land

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: continental Europe

text: The geology of Uruguay combines areas of Precambrian-aged shield units with a region of volcanic rock erupted during the Cretaceous and copious sedimentary facies the oldest of which date from the Devonian. Big events that have shaped the geology of Uruguay include the Transamazonian orogeny (2000 million years ago (mya)), the breakup of Rodinia (700–500 mya) and the opening of the South Atlantic (~145 mya).

text: The geology of Uruguay combines areas of

text: Precambrian

text: -aged

text: shield

text: unit

text: s with a region of

text: volcanic rock

text: erupted during the

text: Cretaceous

text: and copious

text: sedimentary

text: facies

text: the oldest of which date from the

text: Devonian

text: . Big events that have shaped the geology of

text: Uruguay

text: include the

text: Transamazonian orogeny

text: million years ago

text: (mya)), the breakup of

text: Rodinia

text: mya

text: ) and the

text: opening of the South Atlantic

text: (~145 mya).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Transamazonian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2000 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary facies

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Devonian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Devonian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic rock erupted during the Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanic rock erupted during the Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian-aged

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian-aged shield units

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Devonian.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian-aged

text: The convection section is located above the radiant section where it is cooler to recover additional heat. Heat transfer takes place by convection here, and the tubes are finned to increase heat transfer. The first two tube rows in the bottom of the convection section and at the top of the radiant section is an area of bare tubes (without fins) and are known as the shield section ("shock tubes"), so named because they are still exposed to plenty of radiation from the firebox and they also act to shield the convection section tubes, which are normally of less resistant material from the high temperatures in the firebox.

text: The convection section is located above the radiant section where it is cooler to recover additional heat.

text: Heat transfer

text: takes place by

text: convection

text: here, and the tubes are finned to increase heat transfer. The first two tube rows in the bottom of the convection section and at the top of the radiant section is an area of bare tubes (without fins) and are known as the shield section ("shock tubes"), so named because they are still exposed to plenty of radiation from the firebox and they also act to shield the convection section tubes, which are normally of less resistant material from the high temperatures in the firebox.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The convection section is located above the radiant section

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The convection section

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cooler to recover additional heat.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The convection section is located above the radiant section

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: bare tubes (without fins)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield section

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: heat.

text: The Australian Shield, also called the Western Australian Shield or Western Plateau, occupies more than half of the continent of Australia. The word shield is used because it refers to ancient, molten rock which has cooled and solidified. The Australian Shield has a characteristic depth of 4.5 km and an estimated age of 2.8 to 3.5 billion years. In places younger sedimentary rock covers the shield's Precambrian surface.

text: The Australian Shield, also called the Western Australian

text: Shield

text: or

text: Western Plateau

text: , occupies more than half of the continent of Australia. The word shield is used because it refers to ancient, molten rock which has cooled and solidified. The Australian Shield has a characteristic depth of 4.5 km and an estimated age of 2.8 to 3.5 billion years. In places younger

text: sedimentary rock

text: covers the shield's

text: Precambrian

text: surface.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2.8 to 3.5 billion years

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the continent?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock which has cooled and solidified.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 2.8 to 3.5 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: molten rock which has cooled and solidified.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: younger sedimentary rock covers the shield's Precambrian surface.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: molten rock which has cooled and solidified.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Early on July 8, another brief burst in convection near the center of Blanca occurred. In this area, satellites found sustained winds around 40 mph (65 km/h). However, the convection quickly dissipated and the winds were not considered to be representative of the storm's true intensity. By later that day, convection had not reformed around the center of circulation and Blanca degenerated into a non-convective remnant low pressure system, corresponding with the final public advisory from the NHC. Although no longer a tropical cyclone, the remnants of Blanca maintained a well-defined low pressure center as it continued its northwesterly movement. Early on July 11, the system turned northward and gradually weakened. The following day, the remnants of Blanca dissipated over open waters.

text: Early on July 8, another brief burst in convection near the center of Blanca occurred. In this area, satellites found sustained winds around 40 mph (65 km/h). However, the convection quickly dissipated and the winds were not considered to be representative of the storm's true intensity. By later that day, convection had not reformed around the center of circulation and Blanca degenerated into a non-convective remnant low pressure system, corresponding with the final public advisory from the NHC. Although no longer a tropical cyclone, the remnants of Blanca maintained a well-defined low pressure center as it continued its northwesterly movement. Early on July 11, the system turned northward and gradually weakened. The following day, the remnants of Blanca dissipated over open waters.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is Blanca?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 40 mph

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 8,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 8,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 8, another brief burst in convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 40 mph (65 km/h).

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: open waters.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: July 8,

text: In recent times, spin bowling has been a forte of the bowlers from the South Asian sub-continent. The primary reason for that is that the pitches in the sub-continent provide more help to the spin bowlers. The faster the pitch degenerates, the earlier the spinners come into the picture. Australian and South African pitches are usually very hard and bouncy, helping the fast bowlers more. They do not break up very much during the duration of the match. In contrast, pitches in the sub-continent are not that hard. They are not usually held together by the grass as much; hence they break up more quickly and help spin bowlers. In general, leg-spinis considered to be one of the toughest types of bowling in which to keep control of the ball, but it is very effective in picking off wickets.

text: In recent times, spin bowling has been a forte of the bowlers from the South Asian sub-continent. The primary reason for that is that the pitches in the sub-continent provide more help to the spin bowlers. The faster the pitch degenerates, the earlier the spinners come into the picture. Australian and South African pitches are usually very hard and bouncy, helping the fast bowlers more. They do not break up very much during the duration of the match. In contrast, pitches in the sub-continent are not that hard. They are not usually held together by the grass as much; hence they break up more quickly and help spin bowlers. In general, leg-spinis considered to be one of the toughest types of bowling in which to keep control of the ball, but it is very effective in picking off wickets.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: South Asian sub-continent.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Asian sub-continent.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: They are not usually held together by the grass

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: leg-spinis

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: They are not usually held together by the grass

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: the pitches in the sub-continent provide more help to the spin bowlers.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: South Asian sub-continent.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: South Asian sub-continent.

text: The Slave Craton is an Archaean craton in the north-western Canadian Shield, in Northwest Territories and Nunavut.  The Slave Craton includes the 4.03 Ga-old Acasta Gneiss which is one of the oldest dated rocks on Earth.Covering about , it is a relatively small but well-exposed craton dominated by about 2.73-2.63 Ga (billion years-old) greenstones and turbidite sequences and ca. 2.72-2.58 Ga plutonic rock, with large parts of the craton underlain by older gneiss and granitoid units.The Slave Craton is one of the blocks that compose the Precambrian core of North America, also known as the palaeocontinent Laurentia.

text: The Slave Craton is an

text: Archaean

text: craton

text: in the north-western

text: Canadian Shield

text: , in

text: Northwest Territories

text: and

text: Nunavut

text: .  The Slave Craton includes the 4.03 Ga-old

text: Acasta Gneiss

text: which is one of the

text: oldest dated rocks

text: on Earth.Covering about , it is a relatively small but well-exposed craton dominated by about 2.73-2.63 Ga (billion years-old)

text: greenstones

text: and

text: turbidite

text: sequences

text: and ca. 2.72-2.58 Ga

text: plutonic

text: rock, with large parts of the craton underlain by older

text: gneiss

text: and

text: granitoid

text: units.The Slave Craton is one of the blocks that compose the Precambrian core of North America, also known as the palaeocontinent

text: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Slave Craton is an Archaean craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: (billion years-old)

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archaean craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.73-2.63 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: gneiss and granitoid units.The

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: In the north and east of Santa Cruz Department the crystalline and Precambrian Guaporé Shield (also called Central Brazil Shield) makes up most of the bedrock but is mostly covered by Tertiary laterites  and Quaternary alluvial basins. The shield expresses itself topographically as a large elevated hinterland located north of Serranías Chiquitanas towards the Brazilian border. High grade metamorphic rocks occur in the Bolivian part of the Guaporé Shiled partly due to the 2000 millions years old "Transamazonian Tectono-Thermal Event" that affected parts of South America. Low grade metamorphic rocks occur as well. The Guaporé Shield is believed to extend beneath the Phanerozoic Tarija-Chaco and Beni Basin sediments into the Andes. Weakenesses in the Guaporé Shield have been suggested to be responsible for the formation of the Arica Elbow. The East-West Río Mercedes Line in the Guaporé Shield host several Proterozoic diabase intrusions. As of 1985 the rocks of Guaporé Shiled were considered to be poorly known. Near the Brazilian border the iron deposit of El Mutún stands out as the world's largest iron ore deposit. It is located in the Serranía de El Mutún, also called Cerro Mutún or Serranía de Jacadigo in Brazil. The shield also underlies Serrania Caparuch or Huanchaca which is the inspiration for the Lost World of Conan Doyle.

text: In the north and east of

text: Santa Cruz Department

text: the crystalline and

text: Precambrian

text: Guaporé Shield (also called Central Brazil Shield) makes up most of the

text: bedrock

text: but is mostly covered by

text: Tertiary

text: laterite

text: s  and

text: Quaternary

text: alluvial

text: basins. The shield expresses itself topographically as a large elevated

text: hinterland

text: located north of

text: Serranías Chiquitanas

text: towards the Brazilian border. High grade metamorphic rocks occur in the Bolivian part of the Guaporé Shiled partly due to the 2000 millions years old "Transamazonian Tectono-Thermal Event" that affected parts of South America. Low grade metamorphic rocks occur as well. The Guaporé Shield is believed to extend beneath the

text: Phanerozoic

text: Tarija-Chaco and

text: Beni Basin

text: sediments into the Andes. Weakenesses in the Guaporé Shield have been suggested to be responsible for the formation of the

text: Arica Elbow

text: . The East-West Río Mercedes Line in the Guaporé Shield host several

text: Proterozoic

text: diabase

text: intrusion

text: s. As of 1985 the rocks of Guaporé Shiled were considered to be poorly known. Near the Brazilian border the iron deposit of

text: El Mutún

text: stands out as the world's largest

text: iron ore

text: deposit. It is located in the Serranía de El Mutún, also called Cerro Mutún or Serranía de Jacadigo in Brazil. The shield also underlies Serrania Caparuch or Huanchaca which is the inspiration for the

text: Lost World

text: of

text: Conan Doyle

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is the Guaporé Shield?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2000 millions years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guaporé Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2000 millions years

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Guaporé Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: "Transamazonian Tectono-Thermal Event"

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Transamazonian Tectono-Thermal Event"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Central Brazil Shield) makes up most of the bedrock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guaporé Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Quaternary alluvial basins.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Transamazonian

text: A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on June 22 and entered the East Pacific eight days later. On July 4, convection increased with the aid of a convectively-coupled kelvin wave, and two days later, a broad area of low pressure formed along the wave axis well south-southwest of Baja California. After further organization, the disturbance was declared a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 7. Steered westward around a subtropical ridge, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fausto six hours later and simultaneously attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). By early on July 9, Fausto weakened to a tropical depression as dry air became entrained into the circulation. The low-level center opened up into a trough by 12:00 UTC, marking the demise of the cyclone.

text: A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on June 22 and entered the East Pacific eight days later. On July 4, convection increased with the aid of a convectively-coupled kelvin wave, and two days later, a broad area of low pressure formed along the wave axis well south-southwest of Baja California. After further organization, the disturbance was declared a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 7. Steered westward around a subtropical ridge, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fausto six hours later and simultaneously attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). By early on July 9, Fausto weakened to a tropical depression as dry air became entrained into the circulation. The low-level center opened up into a trough by 12:00 UTC, marking the demise of the cyclone.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: kelvin

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: kelvin wave,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convectively-coupled kelvin wave,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: subtropical ridge,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convectively-coupled kelvin wave,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subtropical ridge,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A tropical wave

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: June 22

text: s in Precambrian rocks would "completely blow evolution out of the water." Philosopher Peter Godfrey-Smith doubted that a single set of anachronistic fossils, however, even rabbits in the Precambrian, would disprove the theory of evolution outright. The first question raised by the assertion of such a discovery would be whether the alleged "Precambrian rabbits" really were fossilized rabbits. Alternative interpretations might include incorrect identification of the "fossils", incorrect dating of the rocks, and a hoax such as the Piltdown Man was shown to be. Even if the "Precambrian rabbits" turned out to be genuine, they would not instantly refute the theory of evolution, because that theory is a large package of ideas, including: that life on Earth has evolved over billions of years; that this evolution is driven by certain mechanisms; and that these mechanisms have produced a specific "family tree" that defines the relationships among species and the order in which they appeared. Hence, "Precambrian rabbits" would prove that there were one or more serious errors somewhere in this package, and the next task would be to identify those errors.

text: s in Precambrian rocks would "completely blow evolution out of the water." Philosopher

text: Peter Godfrey-Smith

text: doubted that a single set of

text: anachronistic

text: fossils, however, even rabbits in the Precambrian, would disprove the theory of evolution outright. The first question raised by the assertion of such a discovery would be whether the alleged "Precambrian rabbits" really were fossilized rabbits. Alternative interpretations might include incorrect identification of the "fossils", incorrect dating of the rocks, and a

text: hoax

text: such as the

text: Piltdown Man

text: was shown to be. Even if the "Precambrian rabbits" turned out to be genuine, they would not instantly refute the theory of evolution, because that theory is a large package of ideas, including: that life on Earth has evolved over billions of years; that this evolution is driven by certain mechanisms; and that these mechanisms have produced a specific "family tree" that defines the relationships among species and the order in which they appeared. Hence, "Precambrian rabbits" would prove that there were one or more serious errors somewhere in this package, and the next task would be to identify those errors.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: incorrect dating

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: s in Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: rabbits in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rabbits in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rabbits in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its Precambrian crystalline basement crustal block was cratonised ca. 1550-1450 Ma. Prior to 1550 Ma the craton comprised a number of active Proterozoic orogenic belts extending back in time to at least 2450 Ma.

text: The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia. Its

text: Precambrian

text: crystalline

text: basement

text: crust

text: al

text: block

text: was

text: craton

text: ised ca. 1550-1450 Ma. Prior to 1550 Ma the craton comprised a number of active

text: Proterozoic

text: orogenic

text: belts extending back in time to at least 2450 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Gawler Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1450 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2450 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian crystalline

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Gawler Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1550-1450 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: active Proterozoic orogenic belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Gawler Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Although the country's volcanic activity dates back to the Precambrian eon, volcanism continues to occur in Western and Northern Canada where it forms part of an encircling chain of volcanoes and frequent earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean called the Pacific Ring of Fire. But because volcanoes in Western and Northern Canada are in remote rugged areas and the level of volcanic activity is less frequent than with other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire between the volcanoes of western United States to the south and the Aleutian volcanoes of Alaska to the north. However, the mountainous landscape of Western and Northern Canada includes more than 100 volcanoes that have been active during the past two million years and have claimed many lives. Volcanic activity has been responsible for many of Canada's geological and geographical features and mineralization, including the nucleus of North America called the Canadian Shield.

text: Although the country's volcanic activity dates back to the Precambrian eon,

text: volcanism

text: continues to occur in

text: Western

text: and

text: Northern Canada

text: where it forms part of an encircling chain of volcanoes and frequent

text: earthquake

text: s around the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: called the

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: . But because volcanoes in Western and Northern Canada are in remote rugged areas and the level of volcanic activity is less frequent than with other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire between the volcanoes of western

text: United States

text: to the south and the

text: Aleutian volcanoes

text: of

text: Alaska

text: to the north. However, the mountainous landscape of Western and Northern Canada includes more than 100 volcanoes that have been active during the past two million years and have claimed many lives. Volcanic activity has been responsible for many of Canada's geological and geographical features and

text: mineralization

text: , including the nucleus of

text: North America

text: called the

text: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the nucleus of North America called?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian eon,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian eon,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian eon,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: It is often studied by geologists due to the extreme old age of the Precambrian rocks exposed by the creek bed. The canyon's high walls are of three dominant rock types. The Cambrian to Ordovician Deadwood Shale at the bottom lies on an unconformity above Precambrian rock and can be identified by its brown color. It is multi-layered in appearance and ranges from 10 to 400 feet thick. Englewood Limestone in the middle is pink to red colored and is 30 to 60 feet thick. The Paleogene Paha Sapa Limestone, the top layer, is the thickest (300 to 600 feet) and is buff colored and weathered gray in appearance. Caves and fossils are frequently found in the Paha Sapa Limestone.

text: It is often studied by geologists due to the extreme old age of the Precambrian rocks exposed by the creek bed. The canyon's high walls are of three dominant rock types. The

text: Cambrian

text: to

text: Ordovician

text: Deadwood Shale

text: at the bottom lies on an

text: unconformity

text: above Precambrian rock and can be identified by its brown color. It is multi-layered in appearance and ranges from 10 to 400 feet thick.

text: Englewood Limestone

text: in the middle is pink to red colored and is 30 to 60 feet thick. The

text: Paleogene

text: Paha Sapa Limestone

text: , the top layer, is the thickest (300 to 600 feet) and is buff colored and weathered gray in appearance. Caves and fossils are frequently found in the Paha Sapa Limestone.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of rock is the Deadwood Shale?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 10 to 400 feet thick

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Deadwood Shale

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: extreme old age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Cambrian to Ordovician Deadwood Shale

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 10 to 400 feet thick.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: creek bed.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The dyke swarms of Tandil and Azul are groups of dykes of Proterozoic age located in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The dyke swarms consists of two groups: 2000 million year old dykes of calc-alkaline type and 1600 million year old dykes of tholeiitic type.The tholeiitic dykes are made up of diabase and titanium-rich basalt, in contrast the calc-alkaline dykes are made up of andesite and rhyolite. The dyke swarms intrude the southern part of the Río de la Plata Craton, much the same way the Uruguayan dyke swarms intrude the northeastern part of the craton. The calc-alkaline dykes intruded during a period of transtensional tectonics during the Transamazonian Orogeny while the tholeiitic dykes intruded during the period of extensional tectonics that succeeded the orogeny.

text: The dyke swarms of Tandil and Azul are

text: groups of dykes

text: of

text: Proterozoic

text: age located in

text: Buenos Aires Province

text: , Argentina. The dyke swarms consists of two groups: 2000 million year old dykes of

text: calc-alkaline

text: type and 1600 million year old dykes of

text: tholeiitic

text: type.The tholeiitic dykes are made up of

text: diabase

text: and

text: titanium-rich

text: basalt

text: , in contrast the calc-alkaline dykes are made up of

text: andesite

text: and

text: rhyolite

text: . The dyke swarms

text: intrude

text: the southern part of the

text: Río de la Plata Craton

text: , much the same way the

text: Uruguayan dyke swarms

text: intrude the northeastern part of the craton. The calc-alkaline dykes intruded during a period of

text: transtensional tectonics

text: during the

text: Transamazonian Orogeny

text: while the tholeiitic dykes intruded during the period of

text: extensional tectonics

text: that succeeded the orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: tholeiitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: R o de la Plata Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1600 million

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: diabase and titanium-rich basalt,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: R<unk>o de la Plata Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2000 million year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: dyke swarms

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: calc-alkaline

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Transamazonian Orogeny

text: Platform 1 is rarely used except for peak-hour services to and from London Liverpool Street starting or terminating at Witham; a limited number of through-trains towards London use this platform as well. Platform 1 was formerly used by trains on the now disused Witham-Maldon branch line. Platform 2 is typically for services towards London and platform 3 is for country-bound services. Platform 4 is the Braintree platform, where services start from or terminate here on Sundays, or run on to and from London from Monday to Saturday. This platform is also used by through eastbound services stopping during peak times to allow non-stopping express trains to pass through unhindered. Some evening peak services terminating at Witham also use this platform. Before the lengthening of the Braintree line platforms through-trains to Braintree would divide here with only the front four coaches going forward.

text: Platform 1 is rarely used except for peak-hour services to and from

text: London Liverpool Street

text: starting or terminating at Witham; a limited number of through-trains towards London use this platform as well. Platform 1 was formerly used by trains on the now disused

text: Witham-Maldon branch line

text: . Platform 2 is typically for services towards London and platform 3 is for country-bound services. Platform 4 is the Braintree platform, where services start from or terminate here on Sundays, or run on to and from London from Monday to Saturday. This platform is also used by through eastbound services stopping during peak times to allow non-stopping express trains to pass through unhindered. Some evening peak services terminating at Witham also use this platform. Before the lengthening of the Braintree line platforms through-trains to Braintree would divide here with only the front four coaches going forward.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: platform 3 is for country-bound services

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: prehistoric times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: London Liverpool Street

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Witham-Maldon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platform 1 is rarely used except for peak-hour services

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Platform 1

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Witham-Maldon branch line.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Braintree platform,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: London Liverpool Street starting or terminating at Witham;

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Before the lengthening of the Braintree line

text: During late November, an area of convection persisted about 625 kilometers (390 mi) east-southeast of Pohnpei. Satellite imagery indicated broad cyclonic turning in the lower levels of the atmosphere, and a trough was located near the surface. The disturbance developed rainbands and gradually became better organized. By December 2, the system had an elongated low-level circulation, located to the south of the convection. At 0600 UTC that day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression about 735 km (450 mi) east-northeast of Pohnpei. Shortly thereafter, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, and at 1800 UTC on December 2 the agency classified the system as Tropical Depression 31W. Initially the depression moved to the west-northwest, and early on December 3 the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm.

text: During late November, an area of

text: convection

text: persisted about 625 kilometers (390 mi) east-southeast of

text: Pohnpei

text: . Satellite imagery indicated broad cyclonic turning in the lower levels of the atmosphere, and a

text: trough

text: was located near the surface. The disturbance developed

text: rainbands

text: and gradually became better organized. By December 2, the system had an elongated low-level

text: circulation

text: , located to the south of the convection. At 0600

text: UTC

text: that day, the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression about 735 km (450 mi) east-northeast of Pohnpei. Shortly thereafter, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: , and at 1800 UTC on December 2 the agency classified the system as Tropical Depression 31W. Initially the depression moved to the west-northwest, and early on December 3 the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pohnpei

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Pohnpei, Pohnpei or Pohnpei?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 450 mi

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pohnpei.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cyclonic turning in the lower levels of the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical storm.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 625 kilometers (390 mi)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical storm.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rainbands

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: November,

text: The area was originally characterized by Precambrian and Paleozoic northeast-southwest fold and thrust belts. Volcanism began in the late Cretaceous in limited areas, but is mostly limited to the Miocene. It is also the age of sedimentary rocks in some basins, and the same series lasted into the Eocene. Rifting resumed beginning in the Oligocene, and is commonly held to have increased since the middle Pliocene, causing the formation of basins in the form of grabens. The new rift structure may follow the Precambrian and Paleozoic faults. Magmatic activity and rifting may also be independent events. Outside of the grabens basalt volcanics erupted from either end of the rift system during the uplift. The grabens mostly spread without releasing magma, except the Tunka depression.

text: The area was originally characterized by Precambrian and Paleozoic northeast-southwest fold and thrust belts. Volcanism began in the late Cretaceous in limited areas, but is mostly limited to the

text: Miocene

text: . It is also the age of sedimentary rocks in some basins, and the same series lasted into the

text: Eocene

text: . Rifting resumed beginning in the

text: Oligocene

text: , and is commonly held to have increased since the middle

text: Pliocene

text: , causing the formation of basins in the form of grabens. The new rift structure may follow the Precambrian and Paleozoic faults. Magmatic activity and rifting may also be independent events. Outside of the grabens

text: basalt

text: volcanics erupted from either end of the rift system during the uplift. The grabens mostly spread without releasing magma, except the Tunka depression.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the formation of basins in the form of?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: graben

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Volcanism began in the late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: grabens.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: northeast-southwest fold and thrust belts.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grabens.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sedimentary rocks in some basins,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cretaceous

text: A terminology has evolved covering the early years of the Earth's existence, as radiometric dating has allowed real dates to be assigned to specific formations and features. The Precambrian Supereon is divided into three eons: the Hadean (4500–3950 Ma), Archean (- Ma) and Proterozoic (- Ma). See Timetable of the Precambrian.

text: A terminology has evolved covering the early years of the Earth's existence, as

text: radiometric dating

text: has allowed real dates to be assigned to specific formations and features. The Precambrian Supereon is divided into three eons: the

text: Hadean

text: (4500–3950 Ma),

text: Archean

text: (- Ma) and

text: Proterozoic

text: (- Ma). See

text: Timetable of the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: radiometric dating

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Hadean (4500–3950 Ma), Archean (- Ma) and Proterozoic (- Ma)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4500–3950 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: radiometric dating

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: radiometric dating

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Precambrian

text: As noted by Digby and numerous later publications, this archipelago consists of a mixture of folded and faulted sedimentary and igneous rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Pliocene. The Lyakhovsky Islands consist of a folded and faulted assemblage of Precambrian metamorphic rocks; upper Paleozoic to Triassic sandstones and shales; Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites; Cretaceous granites; and ophiolites. The Anzhu Islands consist of a highly faulted and folded assemblage of Ordovician to Devonian limestones, dolomites, sandstones, shales, volcanoclastic strata, and igneous rocks; upper Paleozoic to Triassic sandstones and shales; Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites; and upper Cretaceous to Pliocene sandstones and shales. The De Long Islands consist of early Paleozoic, middle Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Neogene sedimentary and igneous (mostly basalt) rocks. These sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks are mantled by loose Pleistocene and Holocene sediments that range in thickness from a fraction of a meter to about .

text: As noted by Digby and numerous later publications, this archipelago consists of a mixture of

text: folded

text: and

text: faulted

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: igneous rock

text: s ranging in age from

text: Precambrian

text: to

text: Pliocene

text: . The Lyakhovsky Islands consist of a folded and faulted assemblage of Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: s; upper

text: Paleozoic

text: to

text: Triassic

text: sandstone

text: s and

text: shale

text: s;

text: Jurassic

text: to lower

text: Cretaceous

text: turbidite

text: s; Cretaceous

text: granite

text: s; and

text: ophiolite

text: s. The Anzhu Islands consist of a highly faulted and folded assemblage of

text: Ordovician

text: to

text: Devonian

text: limestone

text: s,

text: dolomite

text: s, sandstones, shales, volcanoclastic strata, and igneous rocks; upper Paleozoic to Triassic sandstones and shales; Jurassic to lower Cretaceous turbidites; and upper Cretaceous to Pliocene sandstones and shales. The De Long Islands consist of early Paleozoic, middle Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Neogene sedimentary and igneous (mostly

text: basalt

text: ) rocks. These sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks are mantled by loose

text: Pleistocene

text: and

text: Holocene

text: sediment

text: s that range in thickness from a fraction of a meter to about .

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basalt)

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian to Pliocene.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanoclastic strata,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a fraction of a meter

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: folded and faulted

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Pliocene.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian to Pliocene.

text: For example, the Ural Mountains, to the west of the Angaran Shield, are atop the mobile zone that separates the shield from the Baltic Shield.  Similarly, the Himalayas are on the mobile boundary between the Angaran and Indian shields. Shield margins have been subject to geotectonic forces that have both destroyed and rebuilt the margins and the cratons that they partially comprise. In fact, the growth of continents has occurred as a result of the accretion of younger rocks that underwent deformations during series of mountain building processes. In a sense, these belts of folded rocks have been welded onto the borders of the preexisting shields, thus increasing the size of the proto-continents that they make up.

text: For example, the

text: Ural Mountains

text: , to the west of the Angaran Shield, are atop the mobile zone that separates the shield from the Baltic Shield.  Similarly, the

text: Himalayas

text: are on the mobile boundary between the

text: Angaran

text: and

text: Indian

text: shields. Shield margins have been subject to

text: geotectonic

text: forces that have both destroyed and rebuilt the margins and the cratons that they partially comprise. In fact, the growth of continents has occurred as a result of the accretion of younger rocks that underwent

text: deformation

text: s during series of mountain building processes. In a sense, these belts of folded rocks have been welded onto the borders of the preexisting shields, thus increasing the size of the proto-continents that they make up.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Baltic Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield margins have been subject to geotectonic forces

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: folded rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: younger rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: younger rocks that underwent deformations during series of mountain building processes.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield margins have been subject to geotectonic forces

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Angaran Shield,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: belts of folded rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Baltic Shield.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the growth of continents

text: Although Laurasia is known as a Mesozoic phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed the later Laurasia also existed as a coherent supercontinent after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. To avoid confusion with the Mesozoic continent, this is referred to as Proto-Laurasia. It is believed that Laurasia did not break up again before it recombined with the southern continents to form the late Precambrian supercontinent of Pannotia, which remained until the early Cambrian.  Laurasia was assembled, then broken up, due to the actions of plate tectonics, continental drift, and seafloor spreading.

text: Although Laurasia is known as a

text: Mesozoic

text: phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed the later Laurasia also existed as a coherent supercontinent after the breakup of

text: Rodinia

text: around 1 billion years ago. To avoid confusion with the Mesozoic continent, this is referred to as Proto-Laurasia. It is believed that Laurasia did not break up again before it recombined with the southern continents to form the late

text: Precambrian

text: supercontinent of

text: Pannotia

text: , which remained until the early

text: Cambrian

text: .  Laurasia was assembled, then broken up, due to the actions of

text: plate tectonics

text: continental drift

text: , and

text: seafloor spreading

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plate tectonics, continental drift, and seafloor spreading

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Pannotia,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Pannotia,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: seafloor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The platform dreams to interconnect the African people to contribute to the development of the continent. The platform claims 250 000 accounts registered in three years. Its promoters hope to mobilize investments in the order of $1 million to $10 million to accelerate the growth of Mivasocial.

text: The platform dreams to interconnect the African people to contribute to the development of the continent. The platform claims 250 000 accounts registered in three years. Its promoters hope to mobilize investments in the order of $1 million to $10 million to accelerate the growth of Mivasocial.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: $1 million to $10 million to accelerate the growth of Mivasocial.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 250 000 accounts registered in three years.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: interconnect the African people to contribute to the development of the continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mivasocial.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mivasocial.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: $1 million to $10 million to accelerate the growth of Mivasocial.

text: The convective season for the Plains ranges between May and September.  Organized systems of thunderstorms known as mesoscale convective systems develop over the region during this period, with a bulk of the activity occurring between midnight and 6 a.m. local time.  The time of maximum precipitation during the day gradually varies from late afternoon near the slopes of the Rockies to early morning near the Ohio River valley, in part reflecting the west-to-east propagation of mesoscale convective systems.  Mesoscale convective systems bring 30 to 70 percent of the annual warm season rainfall to the Plains.  An especially long-lived and well-organized type of mesoscale convective system called a mesoscale convective complex produces on average 8% to 18% of the annual warm season rainfall across the Plains and Midwest.  Squall lines account for 30% of the large thunderstorm complexes which move through the region.

text: The convective season for the Plains ranges between May and September.  Organized systems of thunderstorms known as

text: mesoscale convective system

text: s develop over the region during this period, with a bulk of the activity occurring between midnight and 6 a.m. local time.  The time of maximum precipitation during the day gradually varies from late afternoon near the slopes of the Rockies to early morning near the Ohio River valley, in part reflecting the west-to-east propagation of mesoscale convective systems.  Mesoscale convective systems bring 30 to 70 percent of the annual warm season rainfall to the Plains.  An especially long-lived and well-organized type of mesoscale convective system called a

text: mesoscale convective complex

text: produces on average 8% to 18% of the annual warm season rainfall across the Plains and Midwest.

text: Squall line

text: s account for 30% of the large thunderstorm complexes which move through the region.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Ohio River valley

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which cratons are located in the Plains?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rockies

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rockies

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mesoscale convective systems

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rockies

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: mesoscale convective systems

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mesoscale convective complex

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: warm season rainfall to the Plains.

text: The topography of the biosphere reserve is rugged, consisting of steep, rocky slopes and ridges, typical of the Precambrian Shield. These alternate with moist forest or wetland valleys inland, and rocky promontories in the Saint Lawrence River known as the Thousand Islands.

text: The topography of the biosphere reserve is rugged, consisting of steep, rocky slopes and ridges, typical of the Precambrian Shield. These alternate with moist

text: forest

text: or wetland valleys inland, and rocky promontories in the Saint Lawrence River known as the Thousand Islands.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: rocky slopes and ridges,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: steep, rocky slopes and ridges,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: moist forest or wetland valleys

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Archaean greenstones are found in the Slave craton, northern Canada, Pilbara craton and Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Gawler Craton in South Australia, and in the Wyoming Craton in the US. Examples are found in South and Eastern Africa, namely the Kaapvaal craton and also in the cratonic core of Madagascar, as well as West Africa and Brazil, northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula (see Baltic Shield).

text: Archaean greenstones are found in the

text: Slave craton

text: , northern

text: Canada

text: Pilbara craton

text: and

text: Yilgarn Craton

text: Western Australia

text: Gawler Craton

text: in

text: South Australia

text: , and in the

text: Wyoming Craton

text: in the US. Examples are found in South and Eastern Africa, namely the

text: Kaapvaal craton

text: and also in the cratonic core of

text: Madagascar

text: , as well as

text: West Africa

text: and

text: Brazil

text: , northern

text: Scandinavia

text: and the

text: Kola Peninsula

text: (see

text: Baltic Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean greenstones

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Slave craton,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Slave craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archaean greenstones

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Archaean greenstones

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Archaean greenstones

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

text: The Taiga Shield Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is an ecozone which stretches across Canada's subarctic region. Some regions exhibit exposed Precambrian bedrock of the Canadian Shield, the oldest of the world's geological formations. The world's oldest rocks, dating to four billion years, are found in the Canadian Shield north of Great Slave Lake.

text: The Taiga Shield Ecozone, as defined by the

entity_name: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

text: Commission for Environmental Cooperation

text: (CEC), is an

text: ecozone

text: which stretches across

text: Canada's

text: subarctic region. Some regions exhibit exposed

text: Precambrian

text: bedrock

text: of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , the oldest of the world's geological formations. The world's oldest rocks, dating to four billion years, are found in the Canadian Shield north of

text: Great Slave Lake

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: four billion years

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are found in the Canadian Shield north of Great Slave Lake

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: four billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geological formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: four billion years,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The world's oldest rocks,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: four billion years,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Great Slave Lake.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: In addition, subduction zones present due to the adjoining of Gondwana continents further influence the convection of mantle. Therefore, inhomogeneous mantle is formed and cause crustal thinning. Various igneous structures formed by magma intrusion from mantle to crust and extrusion to the land surface.

text: In addition, subduction zones present due to the adjoining of Gondwana continents further influence the convection of mantle. Therefore, inhomogeneous mantle is formed and cause crustal thinning. Various igneous structures formed by magma intrusion from mantle to crust and extrusion to the land surface.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed and cause crustal thinning

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Various igneous structures

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Gondwana continents

text: Younger metamorphic dates (1.81–1.71 Ga) also typify the eastern and northern Wyoming province peripheries in the western Dakotas and southeastern Montana. The final assembly of the eastern Wyoming Craton as part of the continent Laurentia began during the ca. 1.78–1.74 Ga interval of island-arc accretion along the southern margin of the growing craton.<ref name=Dahl>

text: Younger

text: metamorphic

text: dates (1.81–1.71 Ga) also typify the eastern and northern Wyoming province peripheries in the western

text: Dakotas

text: and southeastern

text: Montana

text: . The final assembly of the eastern Wyoming Craton as part of the continent

text: Laurentia

text: began during the ca. 1.78–1.74 Ga interval of

text: island-arc

text: accretion

text: along the southern margin of the growing craton.<ref name=Dahl>

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: island-arc accretion

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.78–1.74 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.78–1.74 Ga interval

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: island-arc accretion

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: island-arc accretion

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Younger metamorphic dates

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Younger metamorphic dates (1.81–1.71 Ga)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island-arc accretion

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Montana.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.78–1.74 Ga interval of island-arc accretion

text: A long time ago an emperor called Muuru was having problems with the empire which was in a civil war, so he tried to summon a god named アルカイ「arukai」 (which was translated as Yorae) to unify the empire through its divinity. The summoning was imperfect, which made the god to be split both in time and bodies. The summoned god was called Fou-lu. After ten years he was able to unify the western continent into the Fou empire. Meanwhile, the western continent was repeatedly attacked by the eastern continent, so Fou-lu decided to create a bridge that would transport people and things to the other continent. Carrying the ambitions of Muuru, Fou-lu wanted to unify both continents and cease the war. But due to the imperfect summoning Fou-lu entered a sleeping state (sealed) and the empire lost its strike on the eastern continent keeping the war in a deadlock. Without Fou-lu's presence the war kept going on for many years of truces and war. Several years later, the second half of the god came into the world, waking up Fou-lu that was sealed in a long sleep recovering his powers. And so the game begins...

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Fou

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons indicate that

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: a long time ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: <unk>arukai<unk>

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Muuru

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a civil war,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Fou-lu.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: civil war,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: bridge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: a civil war,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: A long time ago

text: A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from  long, though some IND platforms may be as long as  long. Platforms of former commuter rail stations, such as those on the IND Rockaway Line, are even longer. Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform or set of platforms often serve more than one service. Passengers need to look at the overhead signs at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to see which one it is.

text: A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from  long, though some IND platforms may be as long as  long. Platforms of former commuter rail stations, such as those on the

text: IND Rockaway Line

text: , are even longer. Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform or set of platforms often serve more than one service. Passengers need to look at the overhead signs at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to see which one it is.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous rocks were present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: IND

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: IND Rockaway Line,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: long,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: IND Rockaway Line,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: long.

text: The Isua Greenstone Belt is an anomaly in terms of the other greenstone belts in the world. It is the only greenstone belt that has preserved deformational events from greater than 3.2 Ga and contains peridotites (indicating an obducted ophiolite sequence). However, as compared to the Pilbara Craton and the Barberton Greenstone Belts, which have alternate evolution theories, there are a few similarities.

text: The Isua Greenstone Belt is an anomaly in terms of the other

text: greenstone belt

text: s in the world. It is the only greenstone belt that has preserved deformational events from greater than 3.2 Ga and contains

text: peridotite

text: s (indicating an obducted

text: ophiolite

text: sequence). However, as compared to the

text: Pilbara Craton

text: and the

text: Barberton Greenstone Belt

text: s, which have alternate evolution theories, there are a few similarities.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: peridotites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Isua Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: peridotites

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.2 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.2 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: peridotites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Isua Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: obducted ophiolite sequence).

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.2 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: peridotites

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.2 Ga

text: The Jericho pipe is a diamondiferous diatreme in the Slave craton of the Northwest Territories, Canada, located  northeast of Yellowknife near the northern end of Contwoyto Lake. It is home to the Jericho Diamond Mine.

text: The Jericho pipe is a

text: diamond

text: iferous

text: diatreme

text: in the

text: Slave craton

text: of the

text: Northwest Territories

text: Canada

text: , located  northeast of

text: Yellowknife

text: near the northern end of

text: Contwoyto Lake

text: . It is home to the

text: Jericho Diamond Mine

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: diatreme

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Slave craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: diatreme

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Contwoyto Lake.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Slave craton

text: The craton is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the West Australian Shield physiographic division, which comprises the Stirling-Mount Barren Block, Darling Hills, and Recherche Shelf sections.

text: The craton is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the

text: West Australian Shield

text: physiographic division, which comprises the Stirling-Mount Barren Block, Darling Hills, and Recherche Shelf sections.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: West Australian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West Australian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West Australian Shield physiographic division

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West Australian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: West Australian Shield

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: one of the distinct physiographic provinces

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: West Australian Shield

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The craton

text: Dr. Stockwell was also an explorer.  In July/August 1932, he canoed through the unexplored region north of Great Slave Lake. This work delineated the basic features and problems of the geology of this large part of the Precambrian Shield, and laid the foundation for the many studies that followed.

text: Dr. Stockwell was also an explorer.  In July/August 1932, he

text: canoed

text: through the unexplored region north of

text: Great Slave Lake

text: . This work delineated the basic features and problems of the geology of this large part of the

text: Precambrian Shield

text: , and laid the foundation for the many studies that followed.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Great Slave Lake.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Depositional age of the Mount Barren Group on the southern margin of the Yilgarn Craton and zircon provenance analysis support the hypothesis that collisions between the Pilbara–Yilgarn and Yilgarn–Gawler Cratons assembled a proto-Australian continent approximately  (Dawson et al. 2002).

text: Depositional age of the

text: Mount Barren Group

text: on the southern margin of the

text: Yilgarn Craton

text: and

text: zircon

text: provenance analysis support the hypothesis that collisions between the

text: Pilbara

text: Yilgarn

text: and

text: Yilgarn

text: Gawler

text: Craton

text: s assembled a proto-Australian continent approximately  (Dawson et al. 2002).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pilbara–Yilgarn

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yilgarn–Gawler

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: zircon

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Yilgarn Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Depositional age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yilgarn–Gawler Cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Yilgarn–Gawler Cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Yilgarn Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: zircon

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Depositional age of the Mount Barren Group

text: Reconstructions of the supercontinent Vaalbara places two cratons, Kaapvaal in southern Africa and Pilbara in western Australia next to each other based on stratigraphic similarities.  In Roger's configuration of Ur these cratons are placed far apart in their Gondwana configuration.  This configuration is contradicted by widespread Precambrian collisional events between Australia and Africa.

text: Reconstructions of the supercontinent

text: Vaalbara

text: places two cratons,

text: Kaapvaal

text: in southern Africa and

text: Pilbara

text: in western Australia next to each other based on stratigraphic similarities.  In Roger's configuration of Ur these cratons are placed far apart in their Gondwana configuration.  This configuration is contradicted by widespread Precambrian collisional events between Australia and Africa.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kaapvaal and Pilbara are what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Vaalbara

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian collisional events

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two cratons,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian collisional events

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphic similarities.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Reconstructions of the supercontinent Vaalbara

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The story begins when the father of the protagonist brings home a map fragment from a fishing trip; this map suggests to the protagonist and his friend that the world had, at some point in its past, many continents, though now there is only the small island of . The two of them find a way to travel back to the past, when the continents still existed. The continents are facing serious problems that threaten their existence; the protagonist and his growing party work to resolve the problems, and when they do, the continents reappear in the present. When all the continents are finally restored, the Demon Lord, who is responsible for the loss of many of the continents, appears and seals away many of the continents again. He then raises up his Dark Palace, where the party face the Demon Lord in a final showdown.

text: The story begins when the father of the protagonist brings home a map fragment from a fishing trip; this map suggests to the protagonist and his friend that the world had, at some point in its past, many continents, though now there is

text: only the small island

text: of . The two of them find a way to

text: travel

text: back to the past, when the continents still existed. The continents are facing serious problems that threaten their existence; the protagonist and his growing party work to resolve the problems, and when they do, the continents reappear in the present. When all the continents are finally restored, the Demon Lord, who is responsible for the loss of many of the continents, appears and seals away many of the continents again. He then raises up his Dark Palace, where the party face the Demon Lord in a final showdown.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: from a fishing trip

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are facing serious problems that threaten their existence

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: What is the story about?

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: when the continents still existed

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continents,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: fishing trip;

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: many continents,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The continents are facing serious problems that threaten their existence;

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continents,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: many continents,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: many continents,

text: Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions: the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by erosional ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting. Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes and sills.

text: Great Bear Lake lies between two major

text: physiographic regions

text: : the

text: Kazan Uplands

text: portion of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: and the

text: Interior Plains

text: . It was part of

text: Glacial Lake McConnell

text: in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by

text: erosion

text: al ice during the

text: Pleistocene

text: . Since, the lake has changed from

text: post-glacial rebound

text: following the ice melting.

text: Precambrian

text: rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are

text: sediment

text: ary and

text: metamorphic

text: deposits supplemented by

text: igneous

text: intrusion

text: s forming

text: dike

text: s and

text: sill

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: pre-glacial

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Canadian Shield, Kazan Uplands, or Interior Plains?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous intrusions

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: igneous intrusions

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: sedimentary and metamorphic deposits

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: dikes and sills.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene.

text: He was the elder brother of the Masonic author Albert Churchward (1852–1925.) He was a tea planter in Sri Lanka before coming to the US in the 1890s. In James' biography entitled My Friend Churchey and His Sunken Continent, he discussed Mu with Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife in the 1890s. He patented NCV Steel, armor plating to protect ships during World War I, and other steel alloys. After a patent-infringement settlement in 1914, James retired to his 7+ acre estate on Lake Wononskopomuc in Lakeville, Connecticut, to answer the questions from his Pacific travels.  In 1926, at the age of 75, he published The Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Man, which he claimed proved the existence of a lost continent, called Mu, in the Pacific Ocean.

text: He was the elder brother of the Masonic author Albert Churchward (1852–1925.) He was a tea planter in

text: Sri Lanka

text: before coming to the US in the 1890s. In James' biography entitled My Friend Churchey and His Sunken Continent, he discussed Mu with

text: Augustus Le Plongeon

text: and his wife in the 1890s. He patented NCV Steel, armor plating to protect ships during

text: World War I

text: , and other steel alloys. After a patent-infringement settlement in 1914, James retired to his 7+ acre estate on Lake Wononskopomuc in

text: Lakeville, Connecticut

text: , to answer the questions from his Pacific travels.  In 1926, at the age of 75, he published The Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Man, which he claimed proved the existence of a

text: lost continent

text: , called

text: Mu

text: , in the

text: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: NCV Steel,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Sunken Continent,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Lake Wononskopomuc

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: steel alloys.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sunken Continent,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Wononskopomuc

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1890s.

text: Proponents of the Snowball Earth theory claim that sometime before 650 million years ago the Earth was going through an extremely cold period. The oceans were frozen to great depths, and their snow covering reflected the heat from the sun through cloudless skies. Only simple forms of life could survive in locations such as deep oceanic hydrothermal vents. At the end of this period the edges of the West African craton became highly active, throwing up a ring of volcanoes. The thermal activity was caused by excessive mantle heat that had built up below the craton, insulated by the lithosphere. The volcanic eruptions created a greenhouse effect on massive scale, melting the ice and releasing CO into the atmosphere. The climate quickly switched to one much warmer than today, resulting in the Cambrian explosion of life forms.

text: Proponents of the

text: Snowball Earth

text: theory claim that sometime before 650 million years ago the Earth was going through an extremely cold period. The oceans were frozen to great depths, and their snow covering reflected the heat from the sun through cloudless skies. Only simple forms of life could survive in locations such as deep oceanic

text: hydrothermal vents

text: . At the end of this period the edges of the West African craton became highly active, throwing up a ring of

text: volcanoes

text: . The thermal activity was caused by excessive

text: mantle

text: heat that had built up below the craton, insulated by the

text: lithosphere

text: . The volcanic eruptions created a

text: greenhouse effect

text: on massive scale, melting the ice and releasing CO into the atmosphere. The climate quickly switched to one much warmer than today, resulting in the

text: Cambrian explosion

text: of life forms.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 650 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: excessive mantle heat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: snow covering reflected the heat from the sun through cloudless skies.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: lithosphere.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: deep oceanic hydrothermal vents.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 650 million years ago

text: In other languages, however, there is no possibility for confusion. For example, the Chinese word for "U.S. national" is  () is derived from a word for the United States, , where  is an abbreviation for Yàměilìjiā ("America") and  is "country". The name for the American continents is , from  plus  ("continent"). Thus, a  is an American in the continent sense, and a  is an American in the U.S. sense.

text: In other languages, however, there is no possibility for confusion. For example, the

text: Chinese

text: word for "U.S. national" is  () is derived from a word for the United States, , where  is an abbreviation for Yàměilìjiā ("America") and  is "country". The name for the American continents is , from  plus  ("continent"). Thus, a  is an American in the continent sense, and a  is an American in the U.S. sense.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: American continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: plus ("continent").

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: plus

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: In other languages, however, there is no possibility for confusion.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: American continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: In other languages, however, there is no possibility for confusion.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: American continents is, from plus ("continent").

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In other languages, however, there is no possibility for confusion.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In other languages,

text: 1982, he started his political activities from the platform of student union. In this tenure, he also participated in left-wing movement. In 1986, he joined trade union being as an activist. He is working in trade union movement since 1986. He has honour to work with the founder of Labour Movement in Sub-Continent Mr. Mirza Mohammad Ibrahim (Late).

text: 1982, he started his political activities from the platform of student union. In this tenure, he also participated in left-wing movement. In 1986, he joined

text: trade union

text: being as an activist. He is working in trade union movement since 1986. He has honour to work with the founder of Labour Movement in Sub-Continent Mr. Mirza Mohammad Ibrahim (Late).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Sub-Continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: student union.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: student union.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1982, he started his political activities from the platform of student union.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: left-wing movement.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: left-wing movement.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: student union.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Labour Movement in Sub-Continent

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1982,

text: A shield is that part of the continental crust in which these usually Precambrian basement rocks crop out extensively at the surface. Shields themselves can be very complex: they consist of vast areas of granitic or granodioritic gneisses, usually of tonalitic composition, and they also contain belts of sedimentary rocks, often surrounded by low-grade volcano-sedimentary sequences, or greenstone belts. These rocks are frequently metamorphosed greenschist, amphibolite, and granulite facies.

text: A shield is that part of the

text: continental

text: crust in which these usually

text: Precambrian

text: basement rock

text: s crop out extensively at the surface. Shields themselves can be very complex: they consist of vast areas of

text: granitic

text: or

text: granodioritic

text: gneiss

text: es, usually of

text: tonalitic

text: composition, and they also contain belts of

text: sedimentary

text: rocks, often surrounded by low-grade volcano-sedimentary sequences, or

text: greenstone belts

text: . These rocks are frequently

text: metamorphose

text: d

text: greenschist

text: amphibolite

text: , and

text: granulite

text: facies

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low-grade volcano-sedimentary sequences,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcano-sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: granitic or granodioritic gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: In the Cambrian period, the continent of Laurentia, which would later become North America, sat on the equator, with three bordering oceans: the Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west, the Iapetus Ocean to the south and the Khanty Ocean to the east. In the Earliest Ordovician, around 480 Ma, the microcontinent of Avalonia – a landmass incorporating fragments of what would become eastern Newfoundland, the southern British Isles, and parts of Belgium, northern France, Nova Scotia, New England, Iberia and northwest Africa – broke free from Gondwana and began its journey to Laurentia. Baltica, Laurentia, and Avalonia all came together by the end of the Ordovician to form a minor supercontinent called Euramerica or Laurussia, closing the Iapetus Ocean. The collision also resulted in the formation of the northern Appalachians. Siberia sat near Euramerica, with the Khanty Ocean between the two continents. While all this was happening, Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole. This was the first step of the formation of Pangaea.

text: In the

text: Cambrian

text: period, the continent of

text: Laurentia

text: , which would later become

text: North America

text: , sat on the

text: equator

text: , with three bordering oceans: the

text: Panthalassic Ocean

text: to the north and west, the

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: to the south and the

text: Khanty Ocean

text: to the east. In the Earliest

text: Ordovician

text: , around 480 Ma, the microcontinent of

text: Avalonia

text: – a landmass incorporating fragments of what would become eastern

text: Newfoundland

text: , the southern

text: British Isles

text: , and parts of

text: Belgium

text: , northern

text: France

text: Nova Scotia

text: New England

text: Iberia

text: and northwest Africa – broke free from Gondwana and began its journey to

text: Laurentia

text: . Baltica, Laurentia, and Avalonia all came together by the end of the Ordovician to form a minor supercontinent called

text: Euramerica

text: or Laurussia, closing the Iapetus Ocean. The collision also resulted in the formation of the northern

text: Appalachians

text: Siberia

text: sat near Euramerica, with the

text: Khanty Ocean

text: between the two continents. While all this was happening, Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole. This was the first step of the formation of Pangaea.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Panthalassic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 480 Ma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The collision also resulted in the formation of what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 480 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cambrian period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Panthalassic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Avalonia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 480 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Euramerica

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceans:

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian period,

text: Physiologist Jared Diamond was inspired to write his Pulitzer Prize-winning work Guns, Germs, and Steel by a question posed by Yali, a New Guinean politician: why were Europeans so much wealthier than his people? In this book, Diamond argues that the Europe-Asia land mass is particularly favorable for the transition of societies from hunter-gatherer to farming communities. This continent stretches much further along the same lines of latitude than any of the other continents. Since it is much easier to transfer a domesticated species along the same latitude than it is to move it to a warmer or colder climate, any species developed at a particular latitude will be transferred across the continent in a relatively short amount of time. Thus the inhabitants of the Eurasian continent have had a built-in advantage in terms of earlier development of farming, and a greater range of plants and animals from which to choose.

text: Physiologist

text: Jared Diamond

text: was inspired to write his

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: -winning work

text: Guns, Germs, and Steel

text: by a question posed by

text: Yali

text: , a

text: New Guinea

text: n politician: why were Europeans so much wealthier than his people? In this book, Diamond argues that the

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: land mass is particularly favorable for the transition of societies from

text: hunter-gatherer

text: to farming communities. This continent stretches much further along the same lines of latitude than any of the other continents. Since it is much easier to transfer a domesticated species along the same latitude than it is to move it to a warmer or colder climate, any species developed at a particular latitude will be transferred across the continent in a relatively short amount of time. Thus the inhabitants of the Eurasian continent have had a built-in advantage in terms of earlier development of farming, and a greater range of plants and animals from which to choose.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Eurasian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: New Guinea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a particular latitude

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Europe-Asia land mass

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: a warmer climate

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Eurasian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Europe-Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: earlier development of farming,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Europe-Asia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: hunter-gatherer

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Eurasian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Eurasian continent

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: warmer or colder climate,

text: It is unclear whether Craton and the work credited to him by Pseudo-Abdias actually existed, or whether this Craton was invented to lend the pseudepigrapha greater legitimacy.

text: It is unclear whether Craton and the work credited to him by Pseudo-Abdias actually existed, or whether this Craton was invented to lend the

text: pseudepigrapha

text: greater legitimacy.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: were invented

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: It is unclear whether Craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: It is unclear whether Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: It is unclear whether Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It is unclear whether Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: It is unclear whether Craton

text: Originally the Earth (Arda) was flat, the continents were surrounded by a mighty ocean (or perhaps by space), Ekkaia or Vaiya, the Encircling Sea. The central and western continents - respectively Middle-earth and Aman - were separated by Belegaer, also called the Great Sea and the Sundering Seas. In the First Age, the area in the northwest of Middle-earth was occupied by the large region of Beleriand, but this was mostly destroyed and submerged in the War of Wrath at the end of that Age.

text: Originally the Earth (Arda) was flat, the continents were surrounded by a mighty

text: ocean

text: (or perhaps by

text: space

text: Ekkaia

text: or Vaiya, the Encircling Sea. The central and western continents - respectively

text: Middle-earth

text: and

text: Aman

text: - were separated by

text: Belegaer

text: , also called the Great Sea and the Sundering Seas. In the

text: First Age

text: , the area in the northwest of Middle-earth was occupied by the large region of

text: Beleriand

text: , but this was mostly destroyed and submerged in the

text: War of Wrath

text: at the end of that Age.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Arda

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Middle-earth

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Earth (Arda) was flat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: were surrounded by a mighty ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In the First Age

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: (Arda)

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: (Arda)

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Originally the Earth (Arda) was flat,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a mighty ocean

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: a mighty ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Originally

text: The paleogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south, the continent of Siberia to the north, and the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica in between.

text: The

text: paleogeography

text: was dominated by the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: to the south, the

text: continent

text: of

text: Siberia

text: to the north, and the early formation of the small continent of

text: Euramerica

text: in between.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Euramerica

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: gondwana to the south

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: paleogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south, the continent of Siberia to the north, and the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica in between.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early formation of the small continent of Euramerica

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Gondwana to the south, the continent of Siberia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the early formation of the small continent of Euramerica

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The paleogeography

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Euramerica

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The paleogeography

text: Also, many continents can consist of several continental cratons - blocks of crust built around an initial original core of continents, that gradually grew and expanded as additional newly created terranes were added to their edges. For instance, Pangea consisted of most of the Earth's continents being accreted into one giant supercontinent. Most continents indeed have several continental cratons, in other words they are made up of the accretion of many smaller continents, such as Asia, Africa, and Europe.

text: Also, many continents can consist of several continental

text: craton

text: s - blocks of crust built around an initial original core of continents, that gradually grew and expanded as additional newly created terranes were added to their edges. For instance,

text: Pangea

text: consisted of most of the Earth's continents being accreted into one giant

text: supercontinent

text: . Most continents indeed have several continental cratons, in other words they are made up of the accretion of many smaller continents, such as

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: , and

text: Europe

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: block of crust built around an initial original core

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pangea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: core of continents,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: original core of continents,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: newly created terranes were added to their edges.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: blocks of crust built around an initial original core of continents,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: accretion of many smaller continents,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: many continents can consist of several continental cratons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pangea

text: About 1 billion years ago, the earth was producing massive amounts of molten rock that would one day amalgamate, drift together and combine, to ultimately form the continents we live on today. In the Colorado region, this molten rock spewed and cooled, forming what we now know as the Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite. Over the next 500 million years, little is known about changes in the sedimentation (sediment deposition) after the granite was produced.  However, at about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and sediments began to deposit in the newly formed accommodation space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that began to form strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin. Sedimentation would continue to take place until about 300 million years ago.

text: About 1 billion years ago, the earth was producing massive amounts of molten rock that would one day

text: amalgamate

text: , drift together and combine, to ultimately form the continents we live on today. In the Colorado region, this molten rock spewed and cooled, forming what we now know as the

text: Precambrian

text: Pikes Peak

text: Granite. Over the next 500 million years, little is known about changes in the

text: sedimentation

text: (sediment deposition) after the granite was produced.  However, at about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and sediments began to deposit in the newly formed accommodation space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that began to form strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin. Sedimentation would continue to take place until about 300 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Colorado region

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the continents we live on today?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1 billion years ago,

text: Early in the Ordovician, the continents of Laurentia (in present-day North America), Siberia, and Baltica (present-day northern Europe) were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move towards Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean between them to shrink. The small continent Avalonia separated from Gondwana and began to move north towards Baltica and Laurentia, opening the Rheic Ocean between Gondwana and Avalonia.

text: Early in the Ordovician, the continents of

text: Laurentia

text: (in present-day

text: North America

text: Siberia

text: , and

text: Baltica

text: (present-day northern Europe) were still independent continents (since the break-up of the

text: supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: earlier), but Baltica began to move towards Laurentia later in the period, causing the

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: between them to shrink. The small continent

text: Avalonia

text: separated from Gondwana and began to move north towards Baltica and Laurentia, opening the

text: Rheic Ocean

text: between Gondwana and Avalonia.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: independent continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercontinent Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Rheic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early in the Ordovician,

text: The initial crust, formed when the Earth's surface first solidified, totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment. However, it is thought that it was basaltic in composition, like today's oceanic crust, because little crustal differentiation had yet taken place. The first larger pieces of continental crust, which is a product of differentiation of lighter elements during partial melting in the lower crust, appeared at the end of the Hadean, about 4.0 Ga. What is left of these first small continents are called cratons. These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.

text: The initial crust, formed when the Earth's surface first solidified, totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment. However, it is thought that it was

text: basalt

text: ic in composition, like today's

text: oceanic crust

text: , because little crustal differentiation had yet taken place. The first larger pieces of

text: continental crust

text: , which is a product of differentiation of lighter elements during

text: partial melting

text: in the lower crust, appeared at the end of the Hadean, about 4.0 Ga. What is left of these first small continents are called

text: craton

text: s. These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: partial melting in the lower crust

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Hadean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is left of these first small continents are called

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.0 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Hadean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: differentiation of lighter elements during partial melting in the lower crust,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: partial melting

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is left of these first small continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.0 Ga.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cratons.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: today's oceanic crust,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: melting

text: The African Plate includes several cratons, stable blocks of old crust with deep roots in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and less stable terranes, which came together to form the African continent during the assembly of the supercontinent Pangea around 550 million years ago. The cratons are, from south to north, the Kalahari craton, Congo craton, Tanzania craton and West African craton. The cratons were widely separated in the past, but came together during the Pan-African orogeny and stayed together when Gondwana split up.The cratons are connected by orogenic belts, regions of highly deformed rock where the tectonic plates have engaged.The Saharan Metacraton has been tentatively identified as the remains of a craton that has become detached from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, but alternatively may consist of a collection of unrelated crustal fragments swept together during the Pan-African orogeny.

text: The African Plate includes several

text: craton

text: s, stable blocks of old crust with deep roots in the

text: subcontinental lithospheric mantle

text: , and less stable

text: terranes

text: , which came together to form the African continent during the assembly of the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangea

text: around 550 million years ago. The cratons are, from south to north, the

text: Kalahari craton

text: Congo craton

text: Tanzania craton

text: and

text: West African craton

text: . The cratons were widely separated in the past, but came together during the

text: Pan-African orogeny

text: and stayed together when Gondwana split up.The cratons are connected by

text: orogenic belts

text: , regions of highly deformed rock where the

text: tectonic plates

text: have engaged.The

text: Saharan Metacraton

text: has been tentatively identified as the remains of a craton that has become detached from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, but alternatively may consist of a collection of unrelated crustal fragments swept together during the Pan-African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: subcontinental lithospheric

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the assembly of the supercontinent Pangea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The African Plate includes several cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogenic belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: subcontinental lithospheric mantle,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: subcontinental lithospheric mantle,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: stable blocks of old crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogenic belts,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago.

text: In the middle of December, twin monsoon troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean, which will later spawn storms Greg, and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere. The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones Ophelia, Phil, and Fergus. Around that time, convection began to increase near the equator, and was associated with a westerly wind burst. A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600 UTC. Two days later, convection consolidated near the circulation center, and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression.

text: In the middle of December, twin

text: monsoon trough

text: s were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean, which will later spawn storms

text: Greg

text: , and Fern itself in the northern hemisphere. The trough in the southern hemisphere spawned cyclones

entity_name: 1996–97 Australian region cyclone season

text: Ophelia

text: Phil

text: , and

text: Fergus

text: . Around that time, convection began to increase near the equator, and was associated with a

text: westerly wind burst

text: . A low level circulation center was noted by JTWC on December 19 at 0600

text: UTC

text: . Two days later, convection consolidated near the circulation center, and JMA began tracking it at 0000 UTC as a tropical depression.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the trough in the southern hemisphere?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: extreme western Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: twin monsoon troughs

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: troughs were established in the extreme western Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: twin monsoon troughs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: twin monsoon troughs

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: convection began to increase near the equator,

text: Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island consists of highly folded and faulted Precambrian metamorphic rocks and turbidites; Mesozoic turbidites and igneous rocks; and Cenozoic sediments. Exposed in southeastern part of this island, the older Precambrian. Early Proterozoic, metamorphic rocks consist of schists and amphibolites. Small exposures of Late Proterozoic schistose, quartzose sandstones and phyllitic, sericite-quartz schist (turbidites) also occur in the southeastern part of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. The bulk of this island consists of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous turbidites composed of interbedded fine-grained sandstones, thinly bedded siltstones, and argillites. The Precambrian and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks are intruded by Late Cretaceous granites and granodiorites.

text: Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island consists of highly folded and faulted

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: s and

text: turbidites

text: Mesozoic

text: turbidites and

text: igneous

text: rocks; and

text: Cenozoic

text: sediments

text: . Exposed in southeastern part of this island, the older Precambrian. Early

text: Proterozoic

text: , metamorphic rocks consist of

text: schist

text: s and

text: amphibolite

text: s. Small exposures of Late Proterozoic schistose, quartzose

text: sandstone

text: s and phyllitic,

text: sericite

text: quartz

text: schist (turbidites) also occur in the southeastern part of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. The bulk of this island consists of Late

text: Jurassic

text: to Early

text: Cretaceous

text: turbidites composed of interbedded fine-grained sandstones, thinly bedded

text: siltstone

text: s, and

text: argillite

text: s. The Precambrian and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks are intruded by Late Cretaceous

text: granite

text: s and granodiorites.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are intruded by Late Cretaceous granites

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: southeastern part

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Late Cretaceous granites and granodiorites.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Late Cretaceous granites and granodiorites.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: highly folded and faulted

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: faulted

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: siltstones,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: As wind shear increased and convection became disorganized, Paul weakened. A trough briefly curved it to the northwest, before resuming its westward motion. Although the convection was becoming displaced from the low-level circulation, the National Hurricane Center continued to predict strengthening. However, the thunderstorms became minimal, and Paul weakened to a tropical depression early on October 28. The circulation center deteriorated, and although there were bursts in convection, Paul dissipated early on October 29, as it was becoming indistinguishable in the ITCZ. The remnants continued westward, and interacted with an upper-level low, affecting Hawaii with heavy rainfall in early November. The flooding caused $70 million in damage, and the highest rainfall total was  at Kapapala Ranch. That rainfall total makes Paul the second rainiest tropical cyclone in Hawaii, behind only Hurricane Hiki of 1950.

text: As wind shear increased and convection became disorganized, Paul weakened. A trough briefly curved it to the northwest, before resuming its westward motion. Although the convection was becoming displaced from the low-level circulation, the National Hurricane Center continued to predict strengthening. However, the thunderstorms became minimal, and Paul weakened to a tropical depression early on October 28. The circulation center deteriorated, and although there were bursts in convection, Paul dissipated early on October 29, as it was becoming indistinguishable in the ITCZ. The remnants continued westward, and interacted with an upper-level low, affecting Hawaii with heavy rainfall in early November. The flooding caused $70 million in damage, and the highest rainfall total was  at

text: Kapapala Ranch

text: . That rainfall total makes Paul the second rainiest tropical cyclone in Hawaii, behind only

text: Hurricane Hiki

text: of 1950.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1950

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Hurricane Hiki

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: low-level circulation,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Hurricane Hiki of 1950.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Hurricane Hiki of 1950.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1950.

text: At about 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago in Precambrian time, sand, mud, silt, and ash were laid down in a marine basin adjacent to an orogenic belt. From 1.8 to 1.6 billion years ago at least two island arcs collided with the proto-North American continent. This process of plate tectonics compressed and grafted the marine sediments in the basin onto the mainland and uplifted them out of the sea. Later, these rocks were buried  under the surface and pressure-cooked into metamorphic rock. The resulting Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite, which is part of the Vishnu Basement Rocks, consists of the metasedimentary Vishnu Schist and the metavolcanic Brahma and Rama Schists that were formed 1.75 billion to 1.73 billion years ago. This is the resistant rock now exposed at the bottom of the canyon in the Inner Gorge.

text: At about 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago in

text: Precambrian

text: time,

text: sand

text: mud

text: silt

text: , and

text: ash

text: were laid down in a marine basin adjacent to an

text: orogenic belt

text: . From 1.8 to 1.6 billion years ago at least two

text: island arc

text: s collided with the proto-North American

text: continent

text: . This process of

text: plate tectonics

text: compressed and grafted the marine sediments in the basin onto the mainland and uplifted them out of the sea. Later, these rocks were buried  under the surface and pressure-cooked into

text: metamorphic rock

text: . The resulting

text: Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite

text: , which is part of the

text: Vishnu Basement Rocks

text: , consists of the metasedimentary Vishnu Schist and the metavolcanic Brahma and Rama Schists that were formed 1.75 billion to 1.73 billion years ago. This is the resistant rock now exposed at the bottom of the canyon in the Inner Gorge.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 1.8 to 1.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.73 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: metasedimentary Vishnu Schist

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: two island arcs collided with the proto-North American continent.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: buried under the surface and pressure-cooked into metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: island arcs

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: marine basin

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The current geological structure of the Arctic Region is the result of tectonic processes during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (250 Ma to present) when the Amerasian and Eurasian basins formed, but the presence of Precambrian metamorphic complexes discovered in the 1980s indicated a continent once existed between Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia.

text: The current geological structure of the Arctic Region is the result of tectonic processes during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (250 Ma to present) when the

text: Amerasian

text: and

text: Eurasian

text: basins formed, but the presence of Precambrian metamorphic complexes discovered in the 1980s indicated a continent once existed between

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: , and

text: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 250 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian metamorphic complexes

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic processes during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: metamorphic complexes

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian metamorphic complexes

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian metamorphic complexes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Micro-continent model is suggested by Thomas and Astini. Saying that Precordillera origins from Laurentia as the south-east of Ouachita Embayment. It was detached by Ouachita Rift since Early Cambrian. After that Precordillera acts as an independent continent traveling through the Iapetus Ocean along the Alabama-Oklahoma transform fault. Finally the continent collides to Gondwana continent at middle Ordovician, changing the environment from passive margin to extensive rifting. This model is strongly supported by the thick carbonate complex as well as matching faunas records.

text: Micro-continent model is suggested by Thomas and Astini. Saying that

text: Precordillera

text: origins from

text: Laurentia

text: as the south-east of Ouachita Embayment. It was detached by

text: Ouachita

text: Rift since Early

text: Cambrian

text: . After that

text: Precordillera

text: acts as an independent continent traveling through the Iapetus Ocean along the Alabama-Oklahoma transform fault. Finally the continent collides to

text: Gondwana

text: continent at middle

text: Ordovician

text: , changing the environment from

text: passive margin

text: to extensive

text: rift

text: ing. This model is strongly supported by the thick carbonate complex as well as matching faunas records.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate complex

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precordillera acts as an independent continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: thick carbonate complex

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: thick carbonate complex

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: thick carbonate complex

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Ouachita Rift

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: thick carbonate complex

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Cambrian.

text: Badilisha Poetry X-Change is a platform dedicated to showcasing poetry from Africa and the African Diaspora. The project came out of recognising the lack of documentation of African poets, on the African continent and in the rest of the world. Its aims are to fill this void as well as create a comprehensive global archive of Pan-African poets that can accessed internationally. First launched in 2008 as a poetry festival, the Spier Poetry Exchange. by nonprofit organisation Africa Centre in Cape Town, the festival centred on various aspects of developing, celebrating, archiving and documenting poetry and voices. In 2009, the Spier Poetry Exchange changed to the Badilisha Poetry X-Change (taking its name from the kiSwahili expression "Badilisha", which means to change, exchange and transform). Although different in name, Badilisha Poetry X-Change continues the "exchange" between poets, creating spaces and platforms for programmed poetry interventions, workshops and presentations. Its existence continues to provide new and established Pan-African voices a space of celebration, documentation, proliferation, and self-reflection.

text: Badilisha Poetry X-Change is a platform dedicated to showcasing poetry from Africa and the

text: African Diaspora

text: . The project came out of recognising the lack of documentation of African poets, on the African continent and in the rest of the world. Its aims are to fill this void as well as create a comprehensive global archive of Pan-African poets that can accessed internationally. First launched in 2008 as a poetry festival, the Spier Poetry Exchange. by nonprofit organisation

text: Africa Centre

text: in

text: Cape Town

text: , the festival centred on various aspects of developing, celebrating, archiving and documenting poetry and voices. In 2009, the Spier Poetry Exchange changed to the Badilisha Poetry X-Change (taking its name from the

text: kiSwahili

text: expression "Badilisha", which means to change, exchange and transform). Although different in name, Badilisha Poetry X-Change continues the "exchange" between poets, creating spaces and platforms for programmed poetry interventions, workshops and presentations. Its existence continues to provide new and established Pan-African voices a space of celebration, documentation, proliferation, and self-reflection.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Africa and the African Diaspora.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa and the African Diaspora.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cape Town,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: poetry from Africa and the African Diaspora.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2008

text: Natural convection has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers because of its presence both in nature and engineering applications. In nature, convection cells formed from air raising above sunlight-warmed land or water are a major feature of all weather systems. Convection is also seen in the rising plume of hot air from fire, oceanic currents, and sea-wind formation (where upward convection is also modified by Coriolis forces). In engineering applications, convection is commonly visualized in the formation of microstructures during the cooling of molten metals, and fluid flows around shrouded heat-dissipation fins, and solar ponds. A very common industrial application of natural convection is free air cooling without the aid of fans: this can happen on small scales (computer chips) to large scale process equipment.

text: Natural convection has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers because of its presence both in nature and engineering applications. In nature, convection cells formed from air raising above sunlight-warmed land or water are a major feature of all weather systems. Convection is also seen in the rising plume of hot air from

text: fire

text: , oceanic currents, and sea-wind formation (where upward convection is also modified by

text: Coriolis force

text: s). In engineering applications, convection is commonly visualized in the formation of microstructures during the cooling of molten metals, and fluid flows around shrouded heat-dissipation fins, and solar ponds. A very common industrial application of natural convection is free air cooling without the aid of fans: this can happen on small scales (computer chips) to large scale process equipment.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are a major feature of all weather systems

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection cells

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: solar ponds

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Natural convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: air raising above sunlight-warmed land or water

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sunlight-warmed land or water

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: molten metals,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: molten metals,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Natural convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: sunlight-warmed land or water

text: In 1978 the public lane known as Victoria Street extending south from Gould was closed to vehicle traffic. The southeasterly corner of at this intersection was originally a parking lot. This space now forms part of Devonian Square and features a reflecting pond, which is used as a skating rink in the winter. Devonian Square is owned by Ryerson but is maintained by the City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation. The park was designed in 1978 by Toronto landscape architecture firm Richard Strong, Steven Moorhead Ltd. Design and construction of the square was partially funded by the Devonian Group of Charitable Foundations of Calgary — lending the park its name. The space features huge Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks that are approximately two billion years old. These were trucked in from the Canadian Shield.

text: In 1978 the public lane known as Victoria Street extending south from Gould was closed to vehicle traffic. The southeasterly corner of at this intersection was originally a parking lot. This space now forms part of Devonian Square and features a reflecting pond, which is used as a skating rink in the winter. Devonian Square is owned by Ryerson but is maintained by the

entity_name: Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division

text: City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation

text: . The park was designed in 1978 by Toronto landscape architecture firm

text: Richard Strong, Steven Moorhead Ltd

text: . Design and construction of the square was partially funded by the Devonian Group of Charitable Foundations of

text: Calgary

text: — lending the park its name. The space features huge

text: Precambrian

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks that are approximately two billion years old. These were trucked in from the

text: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: two billion years old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: two billion years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: two billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: two billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: pond,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Precambrian metamorphic rock formed the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4.5–1 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic era, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, with many kilometers of limestone and dolomite deposits. Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite formed during Paleozoic era and the Precambrian eon, about 300 million–1 billion years ago, when mass quantities of molten rock flowed, amalgamated, and formed the continents. At about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and lime and mud sediments deposited in the newly formed space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin.

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: formed the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4.5–1 billion years ago. During the

text: Paleozoic

text: era, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, with many kilometers of

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

text: deposits. Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite formed during Paleozoic era and the Precambrian eon, about 300 million–1 billion years ago, when mass quantities of molten rock flowed, amalgamated, and formed the continents. At about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and lime and mud sediments deposited in the newly formed space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.5–1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: molten rock flowed, amalgamated, and formed the continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 300 million–1 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic era,

text: Sierra Ballena Shear Zone or SBSZ is a sinistral strike-slip shear zone running across the Uruguayan Shield in eastern Uruguay and the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The system was last active in the Precambrian.

text: Sierra Ballena Shear Zone or SBSZ is a

text: sinistral strike-slip

text: shear zone

text: running across the

text: Uruguayan Shield

text: in eastern

text: Uruguay

text: and the Brazilian state of

text: Rio Grande do Sul

text: . The system was last active in the

text: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Uruguayan Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The system was last active in the Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Uruguayan Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sierra Ballena Shear Zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Rio Grande do Sul.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: Prior to the Svecobaltic orogeny proper there was period of northward-directed subduction at what is now south-central Sweden and southern Finland. The subduction lasted from 1860 to 1840 million years ago and was accompanied by magmatic activity. Two trends in the southern Svecofennian orogen variously overlapped in time and space: extension (1870 to 1840 million years ago) and continent-continent collision (1870 to 1790 million years ago).  Magmatic activity and metamorphism in southern Finland ended gradually after 1870 millions years ago. The orogen at southern Finland with its presumed mountains and thick continental crust collapsed under the influence of gravity and spread out. By 1850 millions years ago this collapse had evolved to a dynamic of extensional tectonics. In this extensional milieu short-lived sedimentary basins formed. The Svecobaltic orogeny developed when subduction bought the Fennoscandian Craton into an oblique collision with the Sarmatian Craton. The mentioned sedimentary basins were destroyed by basin inversion 1830 million years ago. This last event of basin inversion was associated with a period of metamorphism in southern Finland that peaked about 1820 million years ago.

text: Prior to the Svecobaltic orogeny proper there was period of northward-directed subduction at what is now south-central Sweden and southern Finland. The subduction lasted from 1860 to 1840 million years ago and was accompanied by

text: magmatic activity

text: . Two trends in the southern Svecofennian orogen variously overlapped in time and space:

text: extension

text: (1870 to 1840 million years ago) and

text: continent-continent collision

text: (1870 to 1790 million years ago).

text: Magmatic activity

text: and metamorphism in southern Finland ended gradually after 1870 millions years ago. The orogen at southern Finland with its presumed mountains and thick

text: continental crust

text: collapsed under the influence of gravity and spread out. By 1850 millions years ago this collapse had evolved to a dynamic of

text: extensional tectonics

text: . In this extensional milieu short-lived

text: sedimentary basin

text: s formed. The Svecobaltic orogeny developed when subduction bought the Fennoscandian Craton into an oblique collision with the

text: Sarmatian Craton

text: . The mentioned sedimentary basins were destroyed by

text: basin inversion

text: 1830 million years ago. This last event of basin inversion was associated with a period of metamorphism in southern Finland that peaked about 1820 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Sarmatian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Svecofennian orogen

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: oblique collision

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Fennoscandian Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1820 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1820 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Fennoscandian Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Fennoscandian Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: oblique collision with the Sarmatian Craton.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Fennoscandian Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1820 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basin inversion

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sedimentary basins

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1860 to 1840 million years ago

text: CitCom was originally written in the early 1990s by Louis Moresi (Monash U.). Although the code for three-dimensional problems was incorporated from its inception, early versions of the software only solved for time-dependent convection problems within two-dimensional Cartesian domains. Moresi's original code turned out to be incredibly modular and easily extensible. Consequently, the fundamental finite element infrastructure which Louis wrote is still in place and forms the basis for much of the code contained in the present release.

text: CitCom was originally written in the early 1990s by

text: Louis Moresi

text: (Monash U.). Although the code for three-dimensional problems was incorporated from its inception, early versions of the software only solved for time-dependent convection problems within two-dimensional Cartesian domains. Moresi's original code turned out to be incredibly modular and easily extensible. Consequently, the fundamental finite element infrastructure which Louis wrote is still in place and forms the basis for much of the code contained in the present release.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cartesian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: time-dependent convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Louis Moresi

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: finite element infrastructure

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: (Monash U.).

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: time-dependent convection problems

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cartesian domains.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: two-dimensional Cartesian domains.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: CitCom was originally written in the early 1990s by Louis Moresi

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: CitCom was originally written in the early 1990s by Louis Moresi

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: CitCom was originally written in the early 1990s

text: The fluted stone tool variants of South America represent regional adaptations to the procurement of Pleistocene megafauna that contrasts with the continent-wide use of Clovis points in North America. Such regional technological adaptations seem to reflect the initial dispersal of small paleoindian groups throughout the vast continent. The fishtail points of Cueva Fell thus represent crucial evidence in the distinction between tool technologies in the southern and northern continents of the Americas.

text: The fluted stone tool variants of South America represent regional adaptations to the procurement of Pleistocene

text: megafauna

text: that contrasts with the continent-wide use of Clovis points in North America. Such regional technological adaptations seem to reflect the initial dispersal of small paleoindian groups throughout the vast continent. The fishtail points of Cueva Fell thus represent crucial evidence in the distinction between tool technologies in the southern and northern continents of the Americas.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the continent?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: stone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cueva Fell

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: initial dispersal of small paleoindian groups

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The fluted stone tool variants of South America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: regional adaptations

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: fishtail points of Cueva Fell

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The fluted stone tool variants of South America

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene

text: Most stations have island platforms, although Braddell MRT Station and Dover MRT Station have side platforms. This is because island platforms are seen to be less costly than side platforms, or possibly to make it convenient for passengers to transfer to another train on the same line but running in the opposite direction. Also, all stations are made to be as straight as possible because the degree that trains would turn at when approaching and leaving a station would be too great if curved stations were built. A good example of this engineering defect is seen at Mong Kok East Station in Hong Kong, where Platform 1 of this station (to the left if travelling to the Hong Kong-China border) is curved and the gaps are wide. Trains also risk being scratched depending on how it enters the station.

text: Most stations have

text: island platforms

text: , although Braddell MRT Station and Dover MRT Station have

text: side platforms

text: . This is because island platforms are seen to be less costly than side platforms, or possibly to make it convenient for passengers to transfer to another train on the same line but running in the opposite direction. Also, all stations are made to be as straight as possible because the degree that trains would turn at when approaching and leaving a station would be too great if curved stations were built. A good example of this engineering defect is seen at

text: Mong Kok East Station

text: in

text: Hong Kong

text: , where Platform 1 of this station (to the left if travelling to the

text: Hong Kong-China border

text: ) is curved and the gaps are wide. Trains also risk being scratched depending on how it enters the station.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made to be as straight as possible

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: curved

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Most stations have island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Most stations have island platforms,

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 7. The wave moved west, but it was not until it moved across the Caribbean Sea that the wave's convection organized. The system entered into the northeastern Pacific Ocean with concentrated convection and a surface center of circulation while southeast of Acapulco. Moving west-northwest, Tropical Depression Ten-E formed on July 20  south of Puerto Ángel, Mexico. Early on the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iselle. The storm continued strengthening while in the proximity of Hurricane Hernan, becoming a hurricane on July 22.

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 7. The wave moved west, but it was not until it moved across the Caribbean Sea that the wave's convection organized. The system entered into the northeastern Pacific Ocean with concentrated convection and a surface center of circulation while southeast of Acapulco. Moving west-northwest, Tropical Depression Ten-E formed on July 20  south of

text: Puerto Ángel

text: , Mexico. Early on the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iselle. The storm continued strengthening while in the proximity of Hurricane Hernan, becoming a hurricane on July 22.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What ocean did the tropical wave move across?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Africa on July 7.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: concentrated convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Caribbean Sea

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: northeastern Pacific Ocean with concentrated convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Depression Ten-E

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A tropical wave

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 7.

text: Platform 1 is used by southbound trains from Derry or Portrush on their way to Great Victoria Street. Platform 2 tends to be used for Enterprise services to Dublin. Platform 3 is a bi-directional platform used for northbound trains heading to Derry, Portrush and Bangor, and by trains coming from Bangor en route to Portadown via Great Victoria Street and Platform 4 is used for trains terminating off the Larne Line.

text: Platform 1 is used by southbound trains from

text: Derry

text: or

text: Portrush

text: on their way to

entity_name: Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station

text: Great Victoria Street

text: . Platform 2 tends to be used for Enterprise services to

text: Dublin

text: . Platform 3 is a bi-directional platform used for northbound trains heading to Derry, Portrush and

entity_name: Bangor railway station (Northern Ireland)

text: Bangor

text: , and by trains coming from Bangor en route to

text: Portadown

text: via Great Victoria Street and Platform 4 is used for trains terminating off the

text: Larne Line

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Great Victoria Street.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Bangor

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platform 1 is used by southbound trains from Derry or Portrush

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Platform 4 is used for trains terminating off the Larne Line.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Great Victoria Street.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Great Victoria Street.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Great Victoria Street.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Great Victoria Street.

text: ArtTogether stagesAt the current 2nd stage of the project people from all over the world contribute via Internet platform ArtTogether.com their drawings to allow them to become part of a new cultural code of a generation. They manifest their vision of and aspirations for an ideal world. New parts of installation are created using digital technologies on plastic eggs. No curator is supervising co-creators. To date, 380.000 people from 42 countries have taken part in the project.At the 3rd stage scheduled for 2017-2019 the global community will complete the project, creating 3.640.000 drawings via Internet platform and the entire installation will be demonstrated on all continents.

text: ArtTogether stagesAt the current 2nd stage of the project people from all over the world contribute via Internet platform ArtTogether.com their drawings to allow them to become part of a new cultural code of a generation. They manifest their vision of and aspirations for an ideal world. New parts of installation are created using digital technologies on plastic eggs. No curator is supervising co-creators. To date, 380.000 people from 42 countries have taken part in the project.At the 3rd stage scheduled for 2017-2019 the global community will complete the project, creating 3.640.000 drawings via Internet platform and the entire installation will be demonstrated on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the only continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a new cultural code

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: plastic eggs.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: plastic eggs.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: new cultural code of a generation.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plastic eggs.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: They manifest their vision of and aspirations for an ideal world.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: plastic eggs.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 3rd stage scheduled for 2017-2019

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3rd stage scheduled for 2017-2019

text: The precambrian biosphere established by the Genesis probe would evolve subsequently on its own, potentially to compex lifeforms. The concepts of the Genesis Project carries a series of fundamental ethical and philosophical aspects, which have been discussed in the media.

text: The

text: precambrian

text: biosphere established by the Genesis probe would evolve subsequently on its own, potentially to

text: compex lifeforms

text: . The concepts of the Genesis Project carries a series of fundamental ethical and philosophical aspects, which have been discussed in the media.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of two plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The precambrian biosphere

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: compex lifeforms.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The precambrian biosphere

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The precambrian biosphere

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

text: Trapping, tourism, and mining are the main industries of the area. This community is located in the Precambrian Shield.

text: Trapping

text: , tourism, and mining are the main industries of the area. This community is located in the

text: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: During the late Silurian period Baltica then collided with Laurentia which is named the Scandian phase of the Caledonian Orogeny. Baltica was subducted below Laurentia forming the Caledonian Belt.  The Caledonian Orogeny caused the closure of the Iapetus Ocean when the continents and terranes of Laurentia, Baltica and Avalonia collided. The combined mass of the three continents formed a "new" continent: Laurussia or Euramerica. The Caledonian orogeny encompasses events that occurred from the Ordovician to Early Devonian, roughly 490–390 Ma. The basement formations of the North Sea were roughly formed during this Caledonian geosynclinal stage of the Cambrian - Devonian periods.  The Caledonian mountains range helped create the ‘Old Red Sandstone’ continent at the joining of the tectonic plates.  The Rheic Ocean began to open to the south.

text: During the late

text: Silurian

text: period

text: Baltica

text: then collided with

text: Laurentia

text: which is named the Scandian phase of the

text: Caledonian Orogeny

text: . Baltica was subducted below Laurentia forming the Caledonian Belt.  The

text: Caledonian Orogeny

text: caused the closure of the

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: when the continents and

text: terrane

text: s of

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: and

text: Avalonia

text: collided. The combined mass of the three continents formed a "new" continent:

text: Laurussia

text: or

text: Euramerica

text: . The Caledonian orogeny encompasses events that occurred from the

text: Ordovician

text: to Early

text: Devonian

text: , roughly 490–390

text: Ma

text: . The basement formations of the North Sea were roughly formed during this Caledonian

text: geosynclinal

text: stage of the

text: Cambrian

text: Devonian

text: periods.  The Caledonian mountains range helped create the ‘

text: Old Red Sandstone

text: ’ continent at the joining of the tectonic plates.  The

text: Rheic Ocean

text: began to open to the south.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 490–390 Ma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the names of the three continents that collided?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 490–390 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ‘Old Red Sandstone’

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Caledonian geosynclinal stage

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plates.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 490–390 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ‘Old Red Sandstone’

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Ordovician to Early Devonian,

text: Sedimentary sequences show carbonate platforms as old as the Precambrian, when they were formed by stromatolitic sequences. In the Cambrian carbonate platforms were built by archaeocyatha, metazoa similar to porifera. During Paleozoic brachiopod (richtofenida) and stromatoporoidea reefs were erected. At the middle of the Paleozoic era corals became important platforms builders, first with tabulata (from the Silurian) and then with rugosa (from the Devonian). Scleractinia become important reef builders beginning only in the Carnian (upper Triassic). One of the best examples of a carbonate platform is the Dolomites, deposited during the Triassic. This region of the Southern Alps contains many well preserved atolls, including the Sella, Gardenaccia, Sassolungo and Latemar, the latter being a backstepping type platform. The middle Liassic "bahamian type" carbonate platform of Morocco (Septfontaine, 1985) is characterised by the accumulation of autocyclic regressive cycles and spectacular supratidal (top of sequences) deposits and vadose diagenetic features with dinosaur tracks. The Tunisian coastal "chotts" and their cyclic muddy deposits represent a good recent equivalent (Davaud & Septfontaine, 1995). Such cycles were also observed on the mesozoic Arabic platform, Oman and Abu Dhabi (Septfontaine & De Matos, 1998) with the same microfauna of foraminifera in an almost identical biostratigraphic succession.

text: Sedimentary sequences show carbonate platforms as old as the

text: Precambrian

text: , when they were formed by

text: stromatolitic

text: sequences. In the

text: Cambrian

text: carbonate platforms were built by archaeocyatha,

text: metazoa

text: similar to

text: porifera

text: . During

text: Paleozoic

text: brachiopod

text: (richtofenida) and

text: stromatoporoidea

text: reefs were erected. At the middle of the Paleozoic era corals became important platforms builders, first with tabulata (from the

text: Silurian

text: ) and then with rugosa (from the

text: Devonian

text: ). Scleractinia become important reef builders beginning only in the

text: Carnian

text: (upper

text: Triassic

text: ). One of the best examples of a carbonate platform is the

text: Dolomites

text: , deposited during the Triassic. This region of the Southern

text: Alps

text: contains many well preserved atolls, including the

text: Sella

text: Gardenaccia

text: Sassolungo

text: and

text: Latemar

text: , the latter being a backstepping type platform. The middle

text: Liassic

text: "bahamian type" carbonate platform of Morocco (Septfontaine, 1985) is characterised by the accumulation of autocyclic regressive cycles and spectacular supratidal (top of sequences) deposits and

text: vadose

text: diagenetic

text: features with dinosaur tracks. The Tunisian coastal "chotts" and their cyclic muddy deposits represent a good recent equivalent (Davaud & Septfontaine, 1995). Such cycles were also observed on the mesozoic Arabic platform, Oman and Abu Dhabi (Septfontaine & De Matos, 1998) with the same microfauna of foraminifera in an almost identical biostratigraphic succession.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Silurian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: carbonate platforms as old as the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by stromatolitic sequences

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: carbonate platforms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: carbonate platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Devonian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: stromatolitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: stromatolitic sequences.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: stromatolitic sequences.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: dinosaur tracks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: dinosaur tracks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: backstepping type platform.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cyclic muddy deposits

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: mesozoic

text: Other early publishers across the continent included Alphonse Giroux & Compagnie in France and Trentsensky in Austria.

text: Other early publishers across the continent included

text: Alphonse Giroux

text: & Compagnie in France and Trentsensky in Austria.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Austria

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Austria.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Austria.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Trentsensky in Austria.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: France

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: France and Trentsensky

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: France

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: France and Trentsensky in Austria.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: France and Trentsensky in Austria.

text: Horizontal rolls are counter-rotating vortex rolls that are nearly aligned with the mean wind of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). They can be caused by convection in the presence of a moderate wind and/or dynamic inflection point instabilities in the mean wind profile. Early theory on the features predict that the vortices may be aligned up to 30° to the left for stably stratified environments, 18° to the left for neutral environments, and nearly parallel to the mean wind for unstably stratified (convective) environments. This theory has been supported by aircraft observations from several field experiments.

text: Horizontal rolls are counter-rotating vortex rolls that are nearly aligned with the mean wind of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). They can be caused by convection in the presence of a moderate wind and/or dynamic inflection point instabilities in the mean wind profile. Early theory on the features predict that the vortices may be aligned up to 30° to the left for stably stratified environments, 18° to the left for neutral environments, and nearly parallel to the mean wind for unstably stratified (convective) environments. This theory has been supported by aircraft observations from several field experiments.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be caused by convection

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratified environment

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Horizontal rolls

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Horizontal rolls

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: aligned with the mean wind of the Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Horizontal rolls

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

text: The NAKP kimberlite fields are aligned along a northeast-southwest trend for a distance of about , roughly subparallel to structural discontinuities called the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone to the north and the Snowbird Tectonic Zone to the south. They lie above or marginal to a 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old Precambrian craton called the Buffalo Head Terrane, which has no surface exposure. Near the fields the Precambrian rocks are overlain by about  to  of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks, and covered by unconsolidated glacial and post-glacial sediments.

text: The NAKP kimberlite fields are aligned along a northeast-southwest trend for a distance of about , roughly subparallel to structural discontinuities called the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone to the north and the

text: Snowbird Tectonic Zone

text: to the south. They lie above or marginal to a 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: called the

text: Buffalo Head Terrane

text: , which has no surface exposure. Near the fields the Precambrian rocks are overlain by about  to  of

text: Phanerozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, and covered by unconsolidated

text: glacial

text: and post-glacial sediments.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the Buffalo Head Terrane?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Buffalo Head Terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Buffalo Head Terrane,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Buffalo Head Terrane,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Great Slave Lake Shear Zone

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The design incorporated Britannia at the centre top with a shield and a reclining lion surrounded on either side by a representation of the continents of Asia and North America with people reading their mail in the two lower corners. Rowland Hill expected the lettersheets to be more popular than the postage stamps but the postage stamp prevailed. Many caricatures were produced by stationery manufacturers whose livelihood was threatened by the new lettersheet. Only six days after their introduction, on May 12, Hill wrote in his journal:Within two months a decision had been made to replace the Mulready designed stationery and essentially they were a folly.

text: The design incorporated

text: Britannia

text: at the centre top with a shield and a reclining lion surrounded on either side by a representation of the continents of Asia and North America with people reading their mail in the two lower corners. Rowland Hill expected the lettersheets to be more popular than the postage stamps but the postage stamp prevailed. Many

text: caricature

text: s were produced by stationery manufacturers whose livelihood was threatened by the new lettersheet. Only six days after their introduction, on May 12, Hill wrote in his journal:Within two months a decision had been made to replace the Mulready designed stationery and essentially they were a

text: folly

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the continents of Asia and North America

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: the postage stamp

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: the postage stamp prevailed.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the postage stamp prevailed.

text: Scotland is geologically alien to Europe, comprising a lost sliver of the ancient continent of Laurentia (which later formed the bulk of North America). During the Cambrian period the crustal region which became Scotland formed part of the continental shelf of Laurentia, then still south of the equator. Laurentia was separated from the continent of Baltica (which later became Scandinavia and the Baltic region) by the diminishing Iapetus Ocean. The two ancient continents moved toward one another through the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, with tectonic folding during the Silurian pushing the first Scottish land above water. The final collision occurred during the Devonian period, with the Scottish segment of the Laurentian plate smashing into Avalonia (which contained what is now most of England and Wales), a motile subcontinent which had previously joined with Baltica. This impact threw up a massive chain of mountains (at least as tall as the present-day Alps) and saw the formation of the granitic West Highland and Grampian mountain chains and (through the Carboniferous) a period of volcanic activity in central and eastern Scotland. During the Permian and Triassic periods, with the Iapetus Ocean entirely closed, Scotland lay near the centre of the Pangaean supercontinent. At the start of the Tertiary, a constructive plate boundary (at which tectonic plates move apart) became active between Laurentia and Eurasia, pushing the two apart (and parting Scotland from Laurentia). This recession opened the Atlantic Ocean for the first time, and the consequent subduction zone at the western plate margin led to a renewed period of volcanism, this time on Scotland's west coast, producing fresh mountains on Skye, Jura, Mull, Rùm, and Arran.

text: Scotland is geologically alien to Europe, comprising a lost sliver of the ancient continent of

text: Laurentia

text: (which later formed the bulk of

text: North America

text: ). During the

text: Cambrian

text: period the crustal region which became Scotland formed part of the continental shelf of Laurentia, then still south of the equator. Laurentia was separated from the continent of

text: Baltica

text: (which later became

text: Scandinavia

text: and the

text: Baltic region

text: ) by the diminishing

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: . The two ancient continents moved toward one another through the Cambrian and

text: Ordovician

text: periods, with

text: tectonic

text: folding during the

text: Silurian

text: pushing the first Scottish land above water. The final collision occurred during the

text: Devonian

text: period, with the Scottish segment of the Laurentian plate smashing into

text: Avalonia

text: (which contained what is now most of

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: ), a motile subcontinent which had previously joined with Baltica. This impact threw up a massive chain of mountains (at least as tall as the present-day

text: Alps

text: ) and saw the formation of the granitic

text: West Highland

text: and

text: Grampian

text: mountain chains and (through the

text: Carboniferous

text: ) a period of volcanic activity in central and eastern Scotland. During the

text: Permian

text: and

text: Triassic

text: periods, with the

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: entirely closed, Scotland lay near the centre of the

text: Pangaea

text: n supercontinent. At the start of the

text: Tertiary

text: , a constructive plate boundary (at which tectonic plates move apart) became active between Laurentia and Eurasia, pushing the two apart (and parting Scotland from Laurentia). This recession opened the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: for the first time, and the consequent

text: subduction zone

text: at the western plate margin led to a renewed period of

text: volcanism

text: , this time on Scotland's west coast, producing fresh mountains on

text: Skye

text: Jura

text: Mull

text: Rùm

text: , and

text: Arran

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonic folding

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton that formed Scotland?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Devonian period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Grampian mountain chains

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Carboniferous)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: constructive plate boundary

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Permian and Triassic periods,

text: The craton is named after the Laurentian Shield, which in turn is named after the Laurentian Mountains, which were named after the Saint Lawrence River which in turn was named after Lawrence of Rome.

text: The craton is named after the

text: Laurentian Shield

text: , which in turn is named after the

text: Laurentian Mountains

text: , which were named after the

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: which in turn was named after

text: Lawrence of Rome

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Laurentian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are named after the Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Laurentian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The craton is named after the Laurentian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Laurentian Mountains,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Laurentian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Laurentian Shield,

text: Early sauropods and their prosauropod relatives were found around the world as all of the continents were at the time united into the single supercontinent, Pangaea, which made dispersal across the entire terrestrial world possible.

text: Early sauropods and their

text: prosauropod

text: relatives were found around the world as all of the continents were at the time united into the single supercontinent,

text: Pangaea

text: , which made

text: dispersal

text: across the entire terrestrial world possible.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: united into the single supercontinent, Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Early sauropods

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early sauropods

text: A shield is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas. In all cases, the age of these rocks is greater than 570 million years and sometimes dates back 2 to 3.5 billion years. They have been little affected by tectonic events following the end of the Precambrian, and are relatively flat regions where mountain building, faulting, and other tectonic processes are greatly diminished compared with the activity that occurs at the margins of the shields and the boundaries between tectonic plates.

text: A shield is generally a large area of exposed

text: Precambrian

text: crystalline

text: igneous

text: and high-grade

text: metamorphic

text: rocks that form

text: tectonically

text: stable areas. In all cases, the age of these rocks is greater than 570 million years and sometimes dates back 2 to 3.5 billion years. They have been little affected by

text: tectonic

text: events following the end of the Precambrian, and are relatively flat regions where mountain building, faulting, and other tectonic processes are greatly diminished compared with the activity that occurs at the margins of the shields and the boundaries between

text: tectonic plate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are generally a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 570 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 570 million years and sometimes dates back 2 to 3.5 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plates.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: relatively flat regions

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A shield is generally a large area of exposed Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: In 1889 and 1909 Mantovani published a hypothesis of an expanding earth and continental drift. He assumed that a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller earth. Through volcanic activity because of thermal expansion this continent broke, so that the new continents were drifting away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where now the oceans lie.Alfred Wegener saw similarities to his own theory, but did not support Mantovani's earth-expansion hypothesis. He wrote:

text: In 1889 and 1909 Mantovani published a hypothesis of an

text: expanding earth

text: and

text: continental drift

text: . He assumed that a closed continent covered the entire surface of a smaller earth. Through

text: volcanic

text: activity because of

text: thermal expansion

text: this continent broke, so that the new continents were drifting away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where now the oceans lie.

text: Alfred Wegener

text: saw similarities to his own theory, but did not support Mantovani's earth-expansion hypothesis. He wrote:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the Earth was expanding

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: geological history

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: mantovani

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic activity because of thermal expansion

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a closed continent

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rip-zones,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: thermal expansion

text: There is no significant amount of mineral extraction in Equatorial Guinea. Artisanal gold mining occurs in rivers that come from the Precambrian rocks of the Rio Muni. Additional minerals mined are: diamonds, coltan, iron, bauxite, tin, and tungsten

text: There is no significant amount of mineral extraction in Equatorial Guinea. Artisanal gold mining occurs in rivers that come from the Precambrian rocks of the

text: Rio Muni

text: . Additional minerals mined are: diamonds, coltan, iron, bauxite, tin, and tungsten

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian rocks of the Rio Muni.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian rocks of the Rio Muni.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: It has been suggested that the Late Mesoproterozoic–Early Neoproterozoic aged Sveconorwegian Orogen in Fennoscandia could have been caused by a  continent–continent collision between the Amazonia and Baltica. The question is open if Telemarkia terrane in Norway was derived from the Amazonian Craton but this possibility does not imply necessarily that there was a continental collision.

text: It has been suggested that the

text: Late Mesoproterozoic

text: Early Neoproterozoic

text: aged

text: Sveconorwegian Orogen

text: in

text: Fennoscandia

text: could have been caused by a

text: continent–continent collision

text: between the Amazonia and

text: Baltica

text: . The question is open if Telemarkia

text: terrane

text: in

text: Norway

text: was derived from the Amazonian Craton but this possibility does not imply necessarily that there was a continental collision.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Amazonia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continental collision

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Late Mesoproterozoic–Early Neoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continent–continent collision

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Amazonian Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: this possibility does not imply necessarily that there was a continental collision.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Late Mesoproterozoic–Early

text: The Flin Flon domain is in the center of the Trans-Hudson Suture Zone and extends over the border of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment east and west.  It is west of the Superior Craton, south of the Kisseynew Domain, and east of the Glennie Domain.

text: The Flin Flon domain is in the center of the Trans-Hudson Suture Zone and extends over the border of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment east and west.  It is west of the Superior Craton, south of the Kisseynew Domain, and east of the Glennie Domain.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Superior Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Superior Craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Superior Craton,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Trans-Hudson Suture Zone

text: After Rodinia broke apart, its southern half traveled south and crossed the South Pole while its northern half traveled northward to the North Pole. The two halves of Rodinia eventually collided with the Congo craton to form the supercontinent Pannotia 600 million years ago. In contrast to Rodinia, Pannotia was short-lived. It rifted apart 545 million years ago, or only 65 million years after it formed. This resulted in the creation of at least four continents, namely Baltica, Siberia, Gondwana and Laurentia. By the Early Cambrian 514 million years ago, Laurenta was located on the equator, Baltica was south of Laurenta, Siberia was just south of the equator east of Laurenta, and Gondwana lied mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. Subsequently, Baltica, Laurenta and microcontinent Avalonia collided in the Devonian period (416-359 million years ago) to form minor supercontinent Euramerica. This eventually started to collide with Gondwana and other landmasses to form supercontinent Pangaea 255 million years ago. In the Late Triassic period some 152 million years ago, Pangaea split into two minor supercontinents, namely Gondwana and Laurasia. The Temagami Greenstone Belt represented a minor portion of western Laurasia until it divided into Eurasia and North America about 94 million years ago. Since the Middle Miocene 14 million years ago, the Temagami Greenstone Belt has been part of the Americas, a minor north-south trending supercontinent comprising the continents of North America and South America.

text: After Rodinia broke apart, its southern half traveled south and crossed the

text: South Pole

text: while its northern half traveled northward to the

text: North Pole

text: . The two halves of Rodinia eventually collided with the

text: Congo craton

text: to form the supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: 600 million years ago. In contrast to Rodinia, Pannotia was short-lived. It rifted apart 545 million years ago, or only 65 million years after it formed. This resulted in the creation of at least four continents, namely Baltica,

text: Siberia

text: Gondwana

text: and Laurentia. By the

text: Early Cambrian

text: 514 million years ago, Laurenta was located on the

text: equator

text: , Baltica was south of Laurenta, Siberia was just south of the equator east of Laurenta, and Gondwana lied mostly in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: . Subsequently, Baltica, Laurenta and microcontinent

text: Avalonia

text: collided in the

text: Devonian

text: period (416-359 million years ago) to form minor supercontinent

text: Euramerica

text: . This eventually started to collide with Gondwana and other landmasses to form supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: 255 million years ago. In the

text: Late Triassic

text: period some 152 million years ago, Pangaea split into two minor supercontinents, namely Gondwana and

text: Laurasia

text: . The Temagami Greenstone Belt represented a minor portion of western Laurasia until it divided into Eurasia and North America about 94 million years ago. Since the

text: Middle Miocene

text: 14 million years ago, the Temagami Greenstone Belt has been part of the

text: Americas

text: , a minor north-south trending supercontinent comprising the continents of North America and

text: South America

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Congo craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Congo craton to form the supercontinent Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 514 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Cambrian 514 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Congo craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 255 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Congo craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 94 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Temagami Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 255 million years ago. In the Late Triassic

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Cambrian

text: Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH)<ref name="colby1984">{{cite journal| author=Colby, Jr., Frank P.| title=Convective Inhibition as a Predictor of Convection during AVE-SESAME II| journal=Mon. Wea. Rev.| year=1984| volume=112| issue=11| pages=2239–2252| doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112

text: Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH)<ref name="colby1984">{{cite journal| author=Colby, Jr., Frank P.| title=Convective Inhibition as a Predictor of Convection during AVE-SESAME II| journal=Mon. Wea. Rev.| year=1984| volume=112| issue=11| pages=2239–2252| doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The first felsic continental crust came from

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones indicate that at the time they formed

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: ref name="colby1984"> cite journal| author=Colby, Jr., Frank P.| title=Convective Inhibition as a Predictor of Convection during AVE-SESAME II| journal=Mon. Wea. Rev.| year=1984| volume=112| issue=11| pages=2239–2252| doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112;

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Convective inhibition as a predictor of convection during AVE-SESAME

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zircon is a mineral

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Convective inhibition as a predictor of convection during AVE-SESAME II

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Convective inhibition

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: AVE-SESAME II|

text: Major changes came to the conference in 1992. First, Akron left for the Mid-American Conference (MAC) and was replaced by another Ohio school, Youngstown State University. More significantly, the Mid-Continent added women's sports by absorbing the North Star Conference (NSC), a women's-only league whose final seven members had all been in the Mid-Continent. All of the final NSC members except for Akron moved their women's sports into the Mid-Continent. At the same time, Eastern Illinois and Western Illinois moved their women's sports into the Mid-Continent when their former women's sports home, the Gateway Conference, merged into the Missouri Valley Conference. A year later, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee joined the Mid-Continent.

text: Major changes came to the conference in 1992. First, Akron left for the

text: Mid-American Conference

text: (MAC) and was replaced by another Ohio school,

text: Youngstown State University

text: . More significantly, the Mid-Continent added women's sports by absorbing the

text: North Star Conference

text: (NSC), a women's-only league whose final seven members had all been in the Mid-Continent. All of the final NSC members except for Akron moved their women's sports into the Mid-Continent. At the same time, Eastern Illinois and Western Illinois moved their women's sports into the Mid-Continent when their former women's sports home, the

text: Gateway Conference

text: , merged into the

text: Missouri Valley Conference

text: . A year later, the

text: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

text: joined the Mid-Continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mid-Continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: who left for the Mid-American Conference (MAC)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ohio

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North Star Conference

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1992.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Akron left for the Mid-American Conference

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: women's sports by absorbing the North Star Conference

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: North Star Conference

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Major changes came to the conference in 1992.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1992.

text: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields are also called shields. Movie studio Warner Bros. uses a shield emblazoned with WB as its logo. The Looney Tunes cartoons, released through Warner Bros., open with the WB shield zooming through concentric circles. Also, the Superman logo uses a shield emblazoned with the letter S.

text: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields are also called shields. Movie studio

text: Warner Bros.

text: uses a shield emblazoned with WB as its logo. The

text: Looney Tunes

text: cartoons

text: , released through Warner Bros., open with the WB shield zooming through concentric

text: circle

text: s. Also, the

text: Superman logo

text: uses a shield emblazoned with the letter S.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were not present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: shields.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shields.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Emblems that resemble heraldic shields

text: reported that a weak tropical disturbance had developed, along a slow moving trough of low pressure about  to the southwest of Rotuma. Over the next couple of days the system drifted towards the southeast and Fiji, in an area of strong westerly wind shear to the south of a ridge axis. Early on April 3, RSMC Nadi initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression 14F, while it was located about  to the north of Labasa, on Vanua Levu. During that day the system slightly accelerated, as it moved towards the south-southeast. Later that day RSMC Nadi reported that the systems low level circulation, was exposed to the northwest of the deep convection which was moving over northeastern Vanua Levu, Cikobia and other smaller islands. The westerly wind shear around the system subsequently relaxed sufficiently, which allowed the depression to consolidate and the low level circulation center to move closer to the area of deep convection.

text: reported that a weak tropical disturbance had developed, along a slow moving trough of low pressure about  to the southwest of

text: Rotuma

text: . Over the next couple of days the system drifted towards the southeast and

text: Fiji

text: , in an area of strong westerly wind shear to the south of a ridge axis. Early on April 3, RSMC Nadi initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression 14F, while it was located about  to the north of

text: Labasa

text: , on

text: Vanua Levu

text: . During that day the system slightly accelerated, as it moved towards the south-southeast. Later that day RSMC Nadi reported that the systems low level circulation, was exposed to the northwest of the deep convection which was moving over northeastern

text: Vanua Levu

text: Cikobia

text: and other smaller islands. The westerly wind shear around the system subsequently relaxed sufficiently, which allowed the depression to consolidate and the low level circulation center to move closer to the area of deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were cooled

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Vanua Levu, Cikobia, or Rotuma?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rotuma.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ridge axis.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: ridge axis.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: southwest of Rotuma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ridge axis.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Tropical Depression 14F,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Tropical Depression 14F,

text: South China continent, also known as South China Craton, South Chinese Craton, or Yangtze Craton, was an ancient continent (craton) that contained today's South and Southeast China (named after), Indochina, and parts of Southeast Asia (i.e. Borneo and adjacent islands). South China had been part of many past supercontinents, including Rodinia, Pannotia, Gondwana, Pangaea, Laurasia, and Eurasia.

text: South China continent, also known as South China Craton, South Chinese Craton, or Yangtze Craton, was an ancient

text: continent

text: craton

text: ) that contained today's

text: South

text: and

text: Southeast China

text: (named after),

text: Indochina

text: , and parts of

text: Southeast Asia

text: (i.e.

text: Borneo

text: and adjacent islands). South China had been part of many past supercontinents, including

text: Rodinia

text: Pannotia

text: Gondwana

text: Pangaea

text: Laurasia

text: , and

text: Eurasia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: south china continent

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: South China continent was an ancient continent (craton)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: South China continent

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Yangtze Craton,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South China

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: South China had been part of many past supercontinents,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: ancient continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: South China had been part of many past supercontinents,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Yangtze Craton,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Yangtze Craton,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: past supercontinents,

text: The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) or Keweenawan Rift is a  long geological rift in the center of the North American continent and south-central part of the North American plate.  It formed when the continent's core, the North American craton, began to split apart during the Mesoproterozoic era of the Precambrian, about 1.1 billion years ago.  The rift failed, leaving behind thick layers of rock that are exposed in its northern reaches, but buried beneath later sedimentary formations along most of its western and eastern arms. Those arms meet at Lake Superior, which is contained within the rift valley.  The lake's north shore in Ontario and Minnesota defines the northern arc of the rift.  From the lake, the rift's eastern arm trends south to central lower Michigan.  The western arm runs from Lake Superior southwest through portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska to northeastern Kansas.

text: The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) or Keweenawan Rift is a  long geological

text: rift

text: in the center of the

text: North American continent

text: and south-central part of the

text: North American plate

text: .  It formed when the continent's core, the

text: North American craton

text: , began to split apart during the

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: era of the

text: Precambrian

text: , about 1.1 billion years ago.  The rift failed, leaving behind thick layers of rock that are exposed in its northern reaches, but buried beneath later sedimentary formations along most of its western and eastern arms. Those arms meet at

text: Lake Superior

text: , which is contained within the

text: rift valley

text: .  The lake's

text: north shore

text: in

text: Ontario

text: and

text: Minnesota

text: defines the northern arc of the rift.  From the lake, the rift's eastern arm trends south to central lower

text: Michigan

text: .  The western arm runs from Lake Superior southwest through portions of

text: Wisconsin

text: Minnesota

text: Iowa

text: , and

text: Nebraska

text: to northeastern

text: Kansas

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the North American craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton, began to split apart during the Mesoproterozoic era of the Precambrian, about 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: about 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: North American craton,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American craton,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: began to split apart

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.1 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: buried beneath later sedimentary formations

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Superior,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: The Copperhill Formation is part of the greater Ocoee Supergroup, a body of clastic metasedimentary rocks formed 560 million years ago. They unconformably lie upon Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks. The sediments that originally comprised the Ocoee Supergroup accumulated in a string of narrow, deep-water basins that stretched along the entire southern-central Appalachian margin from Tennessee, North Carolina, to Georgia. These basins were rift basins formed by the rifting of Rodinia.

text: The Copperhill Formation is part of the greater Ocoee Supergroup, a body of

text: clastic

text: metasedimentary

text: rocks formed 560 million years ago. They

text: unconformably

text: lie upon

text: Precambrian

text: granitic

text: and

text: gneiss

text: ic rocks. The sediments that originally comprised the Ocoee Supergroup accumulated in a string of narrow, deep-water basins that stretched along the entire southern-central Appalachian margin from Tennessee, North Carolina, to Georgia. These basins were

text: rift

text: basins formed by the rifting of

text: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Copperhill Formation is part of the greater Ocoee Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 560 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 560 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granitic and gneissic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift basins

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: deep-water basins

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A craton is an ancient part of the Earth's continental crust which has been more or less stable since Precambrian times. Cratons whose ancient rocks are widely exposed at the surface, often with relatively subdued relief, are known as shields. If the ancient rocks are largely overlain by a cover of younger rocks then the 'hidden' craton may be referred to as a platform.

text: A

text: craton

text: is an ancient part of the Earth's continental crust which has been more or less stable since

text: Precambrian

text: times. Cratons whose ancient rocks are widely exposed at the surface, often with relatively subdued relief, are known as

text: shields

text: . If the ancient rocks are largely overlain by a cover of younger rocks then the 'hidden' craton may be referred to as a

text: platform

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is a craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian times.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: an ancient part of the Earth's continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cratons whose ancient rocks are widely exposed at the surface,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Often presenting an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC), the tropical depression drifted westward without further development for days owing to a marginal environment within the subsident region of a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) cell to the northwest, with moderate vertical wind shear. Late on October 7, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) eventually issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system, when the TUTT cell was beginning to move to the west-southwest, allowing convection to develop over the consolidating LLCC.

text: Often presenting an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC), the tropical depression drifted westward without further development for days owing to a marginal environment within the subsident region of a

text: tropical upper tropospheric trough

text: (TUTT) cell to the northwest, with moderate vertical

text: wind shear

text: . Late on October 7, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) eventually issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: for the system, when the TUTT cell was beginning to move to the west-southwest, allowing

text: convection

text: to develop over the consolidating LLCC.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon Formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical upper tropospheric trough

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tropical upper tropospheric trough

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: exposed low-level circulation center

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: tropical upper tropospheric trough

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical upper tropospheric

text: The early Precambrian (from 800 to 650 Ma) is a compressional phase where a series of islands-arcs and micro-continent terrane accreted to form the oldest portions of the Arabian Plate (Gondwana). The development of Hormuz saltbasin was a consequence of the last Precambrian orogenic event.

text: The early

text: Precambrian

text: (from 800 to 650 Ma) is a compressional phase where a series of islands-arcs and micro-continent terrane accreted to form the oldest portions of the Arabian Plate (

text: Gondwana

text: ). The development of Hormuz saltbasin was a consequence of the last Precambrian orogenic event.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Arabian Plate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The early Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the oldest portions of the Arabian Plate?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 650 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 800 to 650 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: micro-continent terrane

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: islands-arcs

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: islands-arcs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The early Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: saltbasin

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The early Precambrian

text: is the Sherwood number due only to natural convection and not forced convection.

text: is the Sherwood number due only to natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of magma

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: natural convection and not forced convection.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: forced convection.

text: In the 60s and 70s a simple creationist model proposed that, "The Flood split the land mass into the present continents." Steve Austin and other creationists proposed a preliminary model of catastrophic plate tectonics (CPT) in 1994. Their work built on earlier papers by John Baumgardner and Russell Humphreys in 1986. Baumgardner proposed a model of mantel convection that allows for runaway subduction and Humphrey associated mantle convection with rapid magnetic reversals in earth history. Baumgardner's proposal holds that the rapid plunge of former oceanic plates into the mantle (caused by an unknown trigger-mechanism) increased local mantle pressures to the point that its viscosity dropped several magnitudes according to known properties of mantle silicates.  Once initiated, sinking plates caused the spread of low viscosity throughout the mantle resulting in runaway mantle-convection and catastrophic tectonic motion which dragged continents across the surface of the earth. Once the former ocean plates, which are thought to be denser than the mantle, reached the bottom of the mantle an equilibrium resulted.  Pressures dropped, viscosity increased, runaway mantle-convection stopped, leaving the surface of the earth rearranged.  Proponents point to subducted slabs in the mantle which are still relatively cool, which they regard as evidence that they have not been there for millions of years which would result in temperature equilibration.

text: In the 60s and 70s a simple creationist model proposed that, "The Flood split the land mass into the present continents." Steve Austin and other creationists proposed a preliminary model of catastrophic plate tectonics (CPT) in 1994. Their work built on earlier papers by

text: John Baumgardner

text: and

text: Russell Humphreys

text: in 1986. Baumgardner proposed a model of mantel convection that allows for runaway subduction and Humphrey associated mantle convection with rapid magnetic reversals in earth history. Baumgardner's proposal holds that the rapid plunge of former oceanic plates into the

text: mantle

text: (caused by an unknown trigger-mechanism) increased local mantle pressures to the point that its viscosity dropped several magnitudes according to known properties of mantle silicates.  Once initiated, sinking plates caused the spread of low viscosity throughout the mantle resulting in runaway mantle-convection and catastrophic

text: tectonic

text: motion which dragged continents across the surface of the earth. Once the former ocean plates, which are thought to be denser than the mantle, reached the bottom of the mantle an equilibrium resulted.  Pressures dropped, viscosity increased, runaway mantle-convection stopped, leaving the surface of the earth rearranged.  Proponents point to subducted slabs in the mantle which are still relatively cool, which they regard as evidence that they have not been there for millions of years which would result in temperature equilibration.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: silicates

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: temperature equilibration

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are thought to be denser than the mantle

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle silicates.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they have not been there for millions of years

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: catastrophic tectonic motion

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tectonic motion

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: "The Flood

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: millions of years

text: Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands". Others divided the continents by isthmuses, calling the continents "peninsulas". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea.

text: Eratosthenes

text: , in the 3rd century BC, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands". Others divided the continents by

text: isthmus

text: es, calling the continents "peninsulas". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the

text: Caspian Sea

text: , and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the

text: Red Sea

text: and the mouth of

text: Lake Bardawil

text: on the

text: Mediterranean Sea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: isthmus

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands".

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands".

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: isthmuses,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC,

text: The mine is within the Saddleback Greenstone Belt, an Archaean structure in the southwestern Yilgarn Craton.

text: The mine is within the Saddleback

text: Greenstone Belt

text: , an

text: Archaean

text: structure in the southwestern

text: Yilgarn Craton

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Saddleback Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yilgarn Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yilgarn Craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Saddleback Greenstone Belt,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: southwestern Yilgarn Craton.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

text: Curiously, there is another widespread pattern of parallel fault zones, etc., of various ages trending roughly NE-SW, including the Midcontinent Rift System, the Reelfoot Rift (in the New Madrid Seismic Zone), and others. These fault zones and rifts occur on tectonic boundaries that date to the Proterozoic – that is, 1.8 to 1.6 billions of years old. They are also roughly parallel to the Ouachita— Appalachian mountains, raised when Laurentia merged with the other continents to form the Pangaea supercontinent some 350 million years ago.  It is now believed that these two predominant patterns reflect ancient weaknesses in the underlying Precambrian basement rock, which can be reactivated to control the orientation of features formed much later.

text: Curiously, there is another widespread pattern of parallel fault zones, etc., of various ages trending roughly NE-SW, including the

text: Midcontinent Rift System

text: , the

text: Reelfoot Rift

text: (in the

text: New Madrid Seismic Zone

text: ), and others. These fault zones and rifts occur on tectonic boundaries that date to the

text: Proterozoic

text: – that is, 1.8 to 1.6 billions of years old. They are also roughly parallel to the

text: Ouachita

text: Appalachian mountains

text: , raised when

text: Laurentia

text: merged with the other continents to form the

text: Pangaea

text: supercontinent some 350 million years ago.  It is now believed that these two predominant patterns reflect ancient weaknesses in the underlying

text: Precambrian

text: basement

text: rock, which can be reactivated to control the orientation of features formed much later.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian basement

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian basement rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic boundaries that date to the Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 350 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 350 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ancient weaknesses in the underlying Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 1.8 to 1.6 billions of years old.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.8 to 1.6 billions of years old.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rifts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: weaknesses in the underlying Precambrian basement rock,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Moist convection releases latent heat and is important to the Earth's energy budget. Convection occurs on too small a scale to be resolved by climate models, and hence it must be handled via parameters. This has been done since the 1950s. Akio Arakawa did much of the early work, and variants of his scheme are still used, although a variety of different schemes are now in use. Clouds are also typically handled with a parameter, for a similar lack of scale. Limited understanding of clouds has limited the success of this strategy, but not due to some inherent shortcoming of the method.

text: Moist convection releases latent heat and is important to the Earth's energy budget. Convection occurs on too small a scale to be resolved by climate models, and hence it must be handled via parameters. This has been done since the 1950s. Akio Arakawa did much of the early work, and variants of his scheme are still used, although a variety of different schemes are now in use. Clouds are also typically handled with a parameter, for a similar lack of scale. Limited understanding of clouds has limited the success of this strategy, but not due to some inherent shortcoming of the method.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: latent heat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are important to the Earth's energy budget

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the 1950s

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Moist convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Moist convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Moist convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Moist convection releases latent heat

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Moist convection releases latent heat

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Moist convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Moist convection

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Moist convection releases latent heat

text: Shropshire has a huge range of different types of rocks, stretching from the Precambrian until the Holocene. In the northern part of the county there are examples of Jurassic, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. Centrally, Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous and Permian predominate. And in the south it is predominantly Silurian and Quaternary. Shropshire has a number of areas with Silurian and Ordivician rocks, where a number of shells, corals and trilobites can be found. Mortimer Forest and Wenlock Edge are examples where a number of fossils can be found.

text: Shropshire has a huge range of different types of rocks, stretching from the

text: Precambrian

text: until the

text: Holocene

text: . In the northern part of the county there are examples of

text: Jurassic

text: Carboniferous

text: Permian

text: and

text: Triassic

text: . Centrally, Precambrian,

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: , Carboniferous and Permian predominate. And in the south it is predominantly

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Quaternary

text: . Shropshire has a number of areas with Silurian and Ordivician rocks, where a number of

text: shells

text: coral

text: s and

text: trilobite

text: s can be found. Mortimer Forest and Wenlock Edge are examples where a number of

text: fossil

text: s can be found.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are examples of what type of cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian until the Holocene.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Silurian and Quaternary.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: corals and trilobites

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Wassa Gold Mine is located in the southwestern region of Ghana, approximately 35km northeast of the town of Tarkwa. It lies in the Birimian Province of the West African Precambrian shield, within the southern portion of the Ashanti Greenstone Belt. Ore is sourced from the single large Wassa Main Pit (open pit mine) and Wassa Underground (underground mine).

text: The Wassa Gold Mine is located in the southwestern region of Ghana, approximately 35km northeast of the town of Tarkwa. It lies in the Birimian Province of the West African Precambrian shield, within the southern portion of the Ashanti Greenstone Belt. Ore is sourced from the single large Wassa Main Pit (open pit mine) and Wassa Underground (underground mine).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ashanti Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ashanti Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: West African Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West African Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ashanti Greenstone Belt.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: West African

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: West African Precambrian shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: West African Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Shields vary size and in the number of embossed rings, but the size of the embossed features is consistent. The largest shield (found at Ayrshire) has twenty nine circular ridges and twenty nine rings of bosses; the smallest (originally thought to have been from County Antrim but actually from The River Thames) has eleven ridges and rings.

text: Shields vary size and in the number of embossed rings, but the size of the embossed features is consistent. The largest shield (found at

text: Ayrshire

text: ) has twenty nine circular ridges and twenty nine rings of bosses; the smallest (originally thought to have been from

text: County Antrim

text: but actually from The River Thames) has eleven ridges and rings.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ayrshire

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: County Antrim

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the size of the embossed features is consistent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: twenty nine circular ridges and twenty nine rings of bosses;

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: vary size

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The River Thames)

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: twenty nine circular ridges and twenty nine rings of bosses;

text: In 1963 Cornelius Shields, one of the foremost proponents of one-design sailing in the U.S. conceived of a modern followup to the International One Design (IOD). The new boat would have the balance and beauty of the IOD while incorporating modern trends such as fiberglass construction. Shields commissioned Olin Stephens for the design. Over 250 have been built and many are actively raced in fleets around the U.S. Shields are sloop-rigged and usually sailed by a crew of three to five. No hiking straps are allowed, keeping athletic demands on the crew to a minimum. (Shields class web site.)

text: In 1963 Cornelius Shields, one of the foremost proponents of

text: one-design

text: sailing in the U.S. conceived of a modern followup to the

text: International One Design

text: (IOD). The new boat would have the balance and beauty of the IOD while incorporating modern trends such as fiberglass construction. Shields commissioned

text: Olin Stephens

text: for the design. Over 250 have been built and many are actively raced in fleets around the U.S. Shields are

text: sloop-rigged

text: and usually sailed by a crew of three to five. No

text: hiking straps

text: are allowed, keeping athletic demands on the crew to a minimum. (Shields class web site.)

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which is not a last name, Shields or Stephens?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: three to five

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: fiberglass

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cornelius Shields,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: fiberglass construction.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: three to five.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: three to five.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: International One Design

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In 1963 Cornelius Shields,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1963

text: The Alpine orogeny is considered one of the three major phases of orogeny in Europe that define the geology of that continent, along with the Caledonian orogeny that formed the Old Red Sandstone Continent when the continents Baltica and Laurentia collided in the early Paleozoic, and the Hercynian or Variscan orogeny that formed Pangaea when Gondwana and the Old Red Sandstone Continent collided in the middle to late Paleozoic.

text: The Alpine orogeny is considered one of the three major phases of orogeny in Europe that define the geology of that continent, along with the

text: Caledonian orogeny

text: that formed the

text: Old Red Sandstone Continent

text: when the continents

text: Baltica

text: and

text: Laurentia

text: collided

text: in the early

text: Paleozoic

text: , and the

text: Hercynian or Variscan orogeny

text: that formed

text: Pangaea

text: when

text: Gondwana

text: and the Old Red Sandstone Continent collided in the middle to late Paleozoic.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Caledonian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed when the continents Baltica and Laurentia collide

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Caledonian orogeny that formed the Old Red Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Caledonian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Alpine orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Paleozoic,

text: Kirkland Lake is located in the resource-rich Precambrian Shield, an ancient geological core of the North American continent. Nearby is the Arctic Watershed, a drainage divide at an elevation of .  Rivers south of that elevation flow into a drainage basin which includes Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River, while rivers north of the watershed flow into Hudson Bay.

text: Kirkland Lake is located in the resource-rich

text: Precambrian Shield

text: , an ancient geological core of the North American continent. Nearby is the Arctic Watershed, a

text: drainage divide

text: at an elevation of .  Rivers south of that elevation flow into a

text: drainage basin

text: which includes

text: Lake Ontario

text: and the

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: , while rivers north of the watershed flow into

text: Hudson Bay

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are in the Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: precambrian shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Arctic Watershed,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: an ancient geological core of the North American continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock.

text: The

text: North American craton

text: is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the heart of the north american continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The North American craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The North American craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The North American craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The North American craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The North American craton

text: The seventh root race will arise from the seventh subrace of the sixth root race on the future continent that the sixth root race will be living on that will arise from the Pacific Ocean. The continent they will inhabit is esoterically called Pushkara.

text: The seventh root race will arise from the seventh subrace of the sixth root race on the future continent that the sixth root race will be living on that will arise from the Pacific Ocean. The continent they will inhabit is esoterically called

text: Pushkara

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no one was alive

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The seventh root race will arise from the seventh subrace

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pacific Ocean.

text: Confederation of African Tennis (CAT) () is the continental governing body of tennis in Africa. It is the non-profit private organization based in Tunis and affiliated with International Tennis Federation. The main aim of the CAT is to regulate the rules of tennis in the African continent, to develop the fundamental infrastructures for the sport, and to popularize it throughout the continent. For this, CAT also recognizes the excellence of professionals in the field of tennis, including players and member associations with awards and accolades. It is the largest regional body of the tennis with 50 member countries. English and French are the official languages of the organization. According to CAT, African continent is divided into five different zones on the geographical basis with each zone has its own zonal head.

text: Confederation of African Tennis (CAT) () is the continental

text: governing body

text: of

text: tennis

text: in

text: Africa

text: . It is the non-profit private organization based in

text: Tunis

text: and affiliated with

text: International Tennis Federation

text: . The main aim of the CAT is to regulate the rules of tennis in the African continent, to develop the fundamental infrastructures for the sport, and to popularize it throughout the continent. For this, CAT also recognizes the excellence of professionals in the field of tennis, including players and member associations with awards and accolades. It is the largest regional body of the tennis with 50 member countries.

text: English

text: and

text: French

text: are the official languages of the organization. According to CAT, African continent is divided into five different zones on the geographical basis with each zone has its own zonal head.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: International Tennis Federation.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tunis and affiliated with International Tennis Federation.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Confederation of African Tennis

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: five

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Confederation of African Tennis

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Confederation of African Tennis

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Confederation of African Tennis

text: passes early on June 3 revealed sustained winds just above the tropical storm threshold, and the depression was subsequently upgraded to Tropical Storm Boris. Despite initial forecasts of several days over water, the center of circulation moved quickly northward in response to an upper-level low west of the system, and the bulk of Boris's deep convection moved ashore near Chiapas, Mexico around 0600 UTC on June 4. However, the cyclone's northward motion slowed, and the low-level circulation remained offshore, failing to ever make landfall. Thereafter, the system degenerated into a trough of low pressure about 80 mi (130 km) east-northeast of Salina Cruz, Mexico.

text: passes early on June 3 revealed sustained winds just above the tropical storm threshold, and the depression was subsequently upgraded to Tropical Storm Boris. Despite initial forecasts of several days over water, the center of circulation moved quickly northward in response to an upper-level low west of the system, and the bulk of Boris's deep convection moved ashore near

text: Chiapas, Mexico

text: around 0600 UTC on June 4. However, the cyclone's northward motion slowed, and the low-level circulation remained offshore, failing to ever make landfall. Thereafter, the system degenerated into a

text: trough

text: of low pressure about 80 mi (130 km) east-northeast of

text: Salina Cruz, Mexico

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the cratons were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 80 mi

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: upper-level low

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tropical Storm Boris.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tropical storm threshold,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Storm Boris.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 80

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Storm Boris.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: June 3

text: The geological time period surrounding the breakup of Kenorland is thought by many geologists to be the beginning of the transition point from the deep-mantle-plume method of continent formation in the Hadean to Early Archean (before the final formation of the Earth's inner core) to the subsequent two-layer core-mantle plate tectonics convection theory. However, the findings of an earlier continent, Ur, and a  supercontinent of around 3.1 Ga, Vaalbara, indicate this transition period may have occurred much earlier.

text: The geological time period surrounding the breakup of Kenorland is thought by many geologists to be the beginning of the transition point from the deep-mantle-plume method of continent formation in the

text: Hadean

text: to Early

text: Archean

text: (before the final formation of the Earth's inner

text: core

text: ) to the subsequent two-layer core-

text: mantle

text: plate tectonics

text: convection theory. However, the findings of an earlier continent,

text: Ur

text: , and a

text: supercontinent

text: of around 3.1 Ga,

text: Vaalbara

text: , indicate this transition period may have occurred much earlier.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Hadean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The geological time period surrounding the breakup of Kenorland

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.1 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: two-layer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep-mantle-plume

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Hadean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep-mantle-plume

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two-layer core-mantle plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.1 Ga,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: two-layer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 3.1 Ga, Vaalbara,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Archean

text: The period is characterised by expansion of existing platform covers, or by new platforms on recently cratonized basements.

text: The period is characterised by expansion of existing

text: platform cover

text: s, or by new

text: platform

text: s on recently

text: craton

text: ized basements.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratonized

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made of iron

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratonized

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratonized basements.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratonized basements.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonized basements.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: expansion of existing platform covers,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform covers,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cratonized basements.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: cratonized basements.

text: There were no large continents in the early Archean, and small protocontinents were probably the norm in the Mesoarchean because they were prevented from coalescing into larger units by the high rate of geologic activity. These felsic protocontinents (cratons) probably formed at hot spots from a variety of sources: mafic magma melting more felsic rocks, partial melting of mafic rock, and from the metamorphic alteration of felsic sedimentary rocks. Although the first continents formed during the Archean, rock of this age makes up only 7% of the world's current cratons; even allowing for erosion and destruction of past formations, evidence suggests that only 5 to 40 percent of the present continental crust formed during the Archean.

text: There were no large continents in the early Archean, and small protocontinents were probably the norm in the

text: Mesoarchean

text: because they were prevented from coalescing into larger units by the high rate of geologic activity. These

text: felsic

text: protocontinents (cratons) probably formed at hot spots from a variety of sources: mafic magma melting more felsic rocks, partial melting of mafic rock, and from the metamorphic alteration of felsic sedimentary rocks. Although the first continents formed during the Archean, rock of this age makes up only 7% of the world's current cratons; even allowing for erosion and destruction of past formations, evidence suggests that only 5 to 40 percent of the present

text: continental crust

text: formed during the Archean.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: mafic magma

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mafic magma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: felsic protocontinents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 7%

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mesoarchean

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: mafic magma

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: felsic protocontinents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: small protocontinents were probably the norm in the Mesoarchean

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: felsic protocontinents (cratons) probably formed at hot spots

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: There were no large continents in the early Archean,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Archean,

text: Gotland is made up of a sequence of sedimentary rocks of a Silurian age, dipping to the south-east.The main Silurian succession of limestones and shales comprises thirteen units spanning  of stratigraphic thickness, being thickest in the south, and overlies a  thick Ordovician sequence. Precambrian shield rocks that underlie these sediments are found 400 to 500 meters sea level. Sedimentary rocks cropping out in Gotland were deposited in a shallow, hot and salty sea, on the edge of an equatorial continent. The water depth never exceeded , and shallowed over time as bioherm detritus, and terrestrial sediments, filled the basin. Reef growth started in the Llandovery, when the sea was  deep, and reefs continued to dominate the sedimentary record. Some sandstones are present in the youngest rocks towards the south of the island, which represent sand bars deposited very close to the shore line.

text: Gotland

text: is made up of a sequence of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s of a

text: Silurian

text: age, dipping to the south-east.The main Silurian succession of

text: limestone

text: s and

text: shale

text: s comprises thirteen units spanning  of stratigraphic thickness, being thickest in the south, and overlies a  thick

text: Ordovician

text: sequence.

text: Precambrian

text: shield rocks

text: that underlie these sediments are found 400 to 500 meters sea level. Sedimentary rocks cropping out in Gotland were deposited in a shallow, hot and salty sea, on the edge of an equatorial continent. The water depth never exceeded , and shallowed over time as

text: bioherm

text: detritus, and terrestrial sediments, filled the basin. Reef growth started in the

text: Llandovery

text: , when the sea was  deep, and reefs continued to dominate the sedimentary record. Some sandstones are present in the youngest rocks towards the south of the island, which represent sand bars deposited very close to the shore line.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is Gotland made up of?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 400 to 500 meters

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Silurian succession

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: equatorial continent

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian shield rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: equatorial continent.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deposited in a shallow, hot and salty sea,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: equatorial continent.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 400 to 500 meters sea level.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Ordovician sequence.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow, hot and salty sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: hot and salty sea,

text: Throughout the history of the Earth, there have been times when continents collided and formed a supercontinent, which later broke up into new continents. About 1000 to 830 Ma, most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia. Rodinia may have been preceded by Early-Middle Proterozoic continents called Nuna and Columbia.

text: Throughout the history of the Earth, there have been times when continents collided and formed a supercontinent, which later broke up into new continents. About 1000 to 830 Ma, most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia. Rodinia may have been preceded by Early-Middle Proterozoic continents called Nuna and Columbia.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercontinents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: about 1000 to 830 Ma

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 830 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Early-Middle Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Nuna and Columbia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continents collided

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents collided and formed a supercontinent,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1000 to 830 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Throughout the history of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: About 1000 to 830 Ma,

text: Precambrian gneisses that comprise the Torngat Mountains are among the oldest on Earth and have been dated at roughly 3.6 to 3.9 billion years old.  Geologists recognize the gneisses of the Torngats as a part of the Canadian Shield or Laurentian Upland, which, composing the very old North American Craton, split from the continent of Rodinia roughly 750 million years ago to form the geologic core of North America.

text: Precambrian

text: gneisses

text: that comprise the Torngat Mountains are among the oldest on

text: Earth

text: and have been dated at roughly 3.6 to 3.9 billion years old.  Geologists recognize the gneisses of the Torngats as a part of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: or

text: Laurentian Upland

text: , which, composing the very old

text: North American Craton

text: , split from the continent of

text: Rodinia

text: roughly 750 million years ago to form the geologic core of

text: North America

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3.9 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.7 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: gneisses

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.6 to 3.9 billion years

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 750 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.6 to 3.9 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield or Laurentian Upland,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 3.6 to 3.9 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Named in honor of George E. Williams, exploration geologist with BrokenHill Proprietary Co., Ltd. at Adelaide, South Australia. Williamsdiscovered the Lake Acraman impact structure of South Australia, the largestsuch feature found so far on the Australian continent. He also discoveredrhythmically layered sedimentary deposits of Precambrian age that exhibitperiods closely matching those of the modern solar cycle.

text: Named in honor of George E. Williams, exploration geologist with BrokenHill Proprietary Co., Ltd. at Adelaide, South Australia. Williamsdiscovered the

text: Lake Acraman impact structure

text: of South Australia, the largestsuch feature found so far on the Australian continent. He also discoveredrhythmically layered sedimentary deposits of Precambrian age that exhibitperiods closely matching those of the modern solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Lake Acraman impact structure

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian age

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Lake Acraman

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Lake Acraman

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: discoveredrhythmically layered sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Lake Acraman impact structure

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Acraman

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of spears and crossbow bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes.

text: Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the

text: buckler

text: ) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of

text: spear

text: s and

text: crossbow

text: bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the text

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: wooden planking

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: wooden planking

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Shields vary greatly in size,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: spears and crossbow bolts,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Shields

text: Irving met his wife Sheila while in Australia. She was a Canadian citizen. In 1964, they moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Irving began work as a research officer for Dominion Observatory with the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. In 1966, Irving returned to England to teach geophysics at the University of Leeds. He returned to Ottawa in 1967 to work as a research scientist in the Earth Physics Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources. In 1981, Irving moved to Sidney, British Columbia, to establish a paleomagnetism laboratory at the Pacific Geoscience Centre with the Earth Physics Branch. The branch would later be incorporated into the Geological Survey of Canada. He mapped the movements of Vancouver Island and other parts of the Cordillera that have moved sideways and rotated relative to the Precambrian Canadian Shield.

text: Irving met his wife Sheila while in Australia. She was a Canadian citizen. In 1964, they moved to

text: Ottawa, Ontario

text: , Canada, and Irving began work as a research officer for

text: Dominion Observatory

text: with the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. In 1966, Irving returned to England to teach geophysics at the

text: University of Leeds

text: . He returned to Ottawa in 1967 to work as a research scientist in the Earth Physics Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources. In 1981, Irving moved to

text: Sidney, British Columbia

text: , to establish a paleomagnetism laboratory at the Pacific Geoscience Centre with the Earth Physics Branch. The branch would later be incorporated into the

text: Geological Survey of Canada

text: . He mapped the movements of

text: Vancouver Island

text: and other parts of the

text: Cordillera

text: that have moved sideways and rotated relative to the Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The corridor coach was known on the European continent as the American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

text: The corridor coach was known on the European continent as the American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The corridor coach was known on the European continent as the American system

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: European continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The corridor coach was known on the European continent as the American system

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: American system or American coach in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 1900s.

text: Cephalonyx is a genus of filamentous acritarchs known from the Precambrian and early Cambrian (and possibly other times).

text: Cephalonyx is a genus of filamentous acritarchs known from the Precambrian and early Cambrian (and possibly other times).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cephalonyx

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cephalonyx is part of what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cephalonyx

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: filamentous acritarchs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Cephalonyx

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Cephalonyx

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Early on November 17, an extratropical low developed along a stationary front over the central Atlantic. It moved northward and became co-located with an upper-level low. After the fronts dissipated, deep convection began to initiate near the center. As a result, Subtropical Storm Melissa developed at 12:00 UTC on November 18, about  east-southeast of Bermuda. Melissa moved generally northward and strengthened slightly on November 19, but weakened later that day after convection diminished. Early on November 20, convection increased again, and after the storm acquired a warm core, it was reclassified as a tropical storm.

text: Early on November 17, an extratropical low developed along a stationary front over the central Atlantic. It moved northward and became co-located with an upper-level low. After the fronts dissipated, deep convection began to initiate near the center. As a result, Subtropical Storm Melissa developed at 12:00 UTC on November 18, about  east-southeast of Bermuda. Melissa moved generally northward and strengthened slightly on November 19, but weakened later that day after convection diminished. Early on November 20, convection increased again, and after the storm acquired a warm core, it was reclassified as a tropical storm.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: extratropical low developed along a stationary front over the central Atlantic.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: central Atlantic.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Subtropical Storm Melissa

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: east-southeast of Bermuda.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Subtropical Storm Melissa

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Early on November 17,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: November 17,

text: Geologically, the Lake Ladoga depression is a graben and syncline structure of Proterozoic age (Precambrian). This "Ladoga–Pasha structure", as it known, hosts Jotnian sediments. During the Pleistocene glaciations the depression was partially stripped of its sedimentary rock fill by glacial overdeepening.

text: Geologically, the Lake Ladoga depression is a

text: graben

text: and

text: syncline

text: structure

text: of

text: Proterozoic

text: age (

text: Precambrian

text: ). This "Ladoga–Pasha structure", as it known, hosts

text: Jotnian sediments

text: . During the

text: Pleistocene glaciation

text: s the depression was partially stripped of its

text: sedimentary rock

text: fill by glacial

text: overdeepening

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Jotnian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: graben

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: (Precambrian).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: (Precambrian).

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Proterozoic age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: graben

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Proterozoic age

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: graben and syncline structure

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Ladoga depression

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: (Precambrian).

text: Usually platform numbering is a numbering of the boarding areas in the station (hence one island platform, for example, may have several numbered platforms).  In some cases, tracks used only for through traffic without platform access also have a number.  In North America, reference is usually made to a "track" (e.g. "The train is arriving on Track 5").  The term "platform" is also used in the US, but a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

text: Usually platform numbering is a numbering of the boarding areas in the station (hence one island platform, for example, may have several numbered platforms).  In some cases, tracks used only for through traffic without platform access also have a number.  In North America, reference is usually made to a "track" (e.g. "The train is arriving on Track 5").  The term "platform" is also used in the US, but a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: platform numbering

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Usually platform numbering

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North America,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "track"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Usually platform numbering

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: a single island platform may have access to two "tracks".

text: The North Rupununi is situated on the Guiana Shield, precambrian rock with a complex geology that includes plutonic, volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and various rifting, uplifting, sedimentation and erosion events. The geology of the North Rupununi is critical because it fundamentally defines the topography, soils, hydrology and ultimately the economy of the area.

text: The North Rupununi is situated on the

text: Guiana Shield

text: precambrian

text: rock with a complex geology that includes

text: plutonic

text: volcanic

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: sedimentary

text: rocks and various rifting, uplifting, sedimentation and

text: erosion

text: events. The geology of the North Rupununi is critical because it fundamentally defines the

text: topography

text: , soils,

text: hydrology

text: and ultimately the economy of the area.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Guiana Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guiana Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are in the Guiana Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guiana Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guiana Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plutonic,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guiana Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

text: The Pyrenees form part of the huge alpine orogenic system. This 430 kilometre long, roughly east-west striking, intracontinental mountain chain divides France, Spain, and Andorra.  It has an extended, polycyclic geological evolution dating back to the Precambrian. The chain's present configuration is due to the collision between the microcontinent Iberia and the southwestern promontory of the European Plate (i.e. Southern France). The two continents were approaching each other since the onset of the Upper Cretaceous (Albian/Cenomanian) about 100 million years ago and were consequently colliding during the Paleogene (Eocene/Oligocene) 55 to 25 million years ago. After its uplift, the chain experienced intense erosion and isostatic readjustments. A cross-section through the chain shows an asymmetric flower-like structure with steeper dips on the French side. The Pyrenees are not solely the result of compressional forces, but also show an important sinistral shearing.

text: The

text: Pyrenees

text: form part of the huge

text: alpine orogenic system

text: . This 430 kilometre long, roughly east-west

text: striking

text: , intracontinental mountain chain divides

text: France

text: Spain

text: , and

text: Andorra

text: .  It has an extended, polycyclic geological evolution dating back to the

text: Precambrian

text: . The chain's present configuration is due to the

text: collision

text: between the microcontinent

text: Iberia

text: and the southwestern promontory of the

text: European Plate

text: (i.e. Southern France). The two continents were approaching each other since the onset of the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: Albian

text: Cenomanian

text: ) about 100 million years ago and were consequently colliding during the

text: Paleogene

text: Eocene

text: Oligocene

text: ) 55 to 25 million years ago. After its uplift, the chain experienced intense

text: erosion

text: and

text: isostatic readjustments

text: . A cross-section through the chain shows an asymmetric flower-like structure with steeper dips on the French side. The Pyrenees are not solely the result of

text: compressional forces

text: , but also show an important sinistral

text: shearing

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Pyrenees form part of the huge alpine orogenic system

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Upper Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: polycyclic geological evolution dating back to the Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sinistral shearing.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: Jet stream-powered cirrus can grow long enough to stretch across continents while remaining only a few kilometers deep. When visible light interacts with the ice crystals in cirrus cloud, it produces optical phenomena such as sun dogs and haloes. Cirrus is known to raise the temperature of the air beneath the main cloud layer by an average of 10 °C (18 °F). When the individual filaments become so extensive that they are virtually indistinguishable from one another, they form a sheet of high cloud called cirrostratus. Convection at high altitudes can produce another high-based genus called cirrocumulus, a pattern of small cloud tufts that contain droplets of supercooled water.

text: Jet stream

text: -powered cirrus can grow long enough to stretch across continents while remaining only a few kilometers deep. When visible light interacts with the ice crystals in cirrus cloud, it produces

text: optical phenomena

text: such as

text: sun dog

text: s and

text: haloes

text: . Cirrus is known to raise the temperature of the air beneath the main cloud layer by an average of 10 °C (18 °F). When the individual filaments become so extensive that they are virtually indistinguishable from one another, they form a sheet of high cloud called

text: cirrostratus

text: . Convection at high altitudes can produce another high-based genus called

text: cirrocumulus

text: , a pattern of small cloud tufts that contain droplets of

text: supercooled

text: water.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercooled water

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 10 °C

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: cirrostratus

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cirrus

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Jet stream-powered cirrus

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cirrostratus.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cirrostratus.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cirrostratus.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cirrostratus.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cirrocumulus,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 10 °C (18 °F).

text: Shield volcanoes, so named for their broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically. Since low-viscosity magma is typically low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in oceanic than continental settings. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is a series of shield cones, and they are common in Iceland, as well.

text: Shield volcanoes, so named for their broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically. Since low-viscosity magma is typically low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in oceanic than continental settings. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is a series of shield cones, and they are common in

text: Iceland

text: , as well.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic settings

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: silica,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Shield volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low-viscosity lava

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: low-viscosity lava

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic than continental settings.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Shield volcanoes,

text: The first commercially successful oil well drilled in what was to be called the Mid-continent Oil Field was the Norman No. 1 near Neodesha, Kansas, on November 28, 1892. The successes that followed of the Nellie Johnstone No. 1 (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) in 1897, Spindletop (Texas) in 1901, and the Ida Glenn No. 1 (Glenn Pool, Oklahoma) in 1905, demonstrated the existence of a large oil field in the central and southwestern United States. It became known as the Mid-continent Oil Field. Continued drilling found many other oil fields and pools within the Mid-continent, both large and small.

text: The first commercially successful oil well drilled in what was to be called the Mid-continent Oil Field was the

text: Norman No. 1

text: near Neodesha, Kansas, on November 28, 1892. The successes that followed of the Nellie Johnstone No. 1 (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) in 1897,

text: Spindletop

text: (Texas) in 1901, and the Ida Glenn No. 1 (Glenn Pool, Oklahoma) in 1905, demonstrated the existence of a large oil field in the central and southwestern United States. It became known as the Mid-continent Oil Field. Continued drilling found many other oil fields and pools within the Mid-continent, both large and small.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 1892.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Neodesha, Kansas,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a large oil field in the central and southwestern United States.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 1892.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1892.

text: The Institute for Security Studies has engaged with the African Union on various platforms.  ISS was a research partner with the African Union Commission in the Year of Peace and Security in 2010. Additionally, the ISS website hosts as a repository for African Union documents, dating back to 1990. Finally, ISS collaborates with the African Union Peace and Security Council to produce a monthly report on the security challenges and opportunities that face the continent.

text: The Institute for Security Studies has engaged with the African Union on various platforms.  ISS was a research partner with the African Union Commission in the Year of Peace and Security in 2010. Additionally, the ISS website hosts as a repository for African Union documents, dating back to 1990. Finally, ISS collaborates with the African Union Peace and Security Council to produce a monthly report on the security challenges and opportunities that face the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the text

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: African Union

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African Union

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Peace and Security in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Year of Peace and Security in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: security challenges and opportunities that face the continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Institute for Security Studies has engaged with the African Union

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2010.

text: Initially, the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well-defined circulation, as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center. Due to the proximity of a large upper-level low-pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico, the surrounding environment did not favor intensification. Influenced by the low, the depression moved southward. The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf, and by early on September 18 was drifting northward. As a result of wind shear, the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity. Early the next day, deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center. Forward motion was nearly stationary, with a gradual drift east-southeastward. Despite the wind shear, the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19; as such, it was named Hermine by the National Hurricane Center.

text: Initially, the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well-defined circulation, as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center. Due to the proximity of a large upper-level low-pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico, the surrounding environment did not favor intensification. Influenced by the low, the depression moved southward. The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf, and by early on September 18 was drifting northward. As a result of

text: wind shear

text: , the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity. Early the next day, deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center. Forward motion was nearly stationary, with a gradual drift east-southeastward. Despite the wind shear, the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19; as such, it was named Hermine by the

text: National Hurricane Center

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: southern Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: upper-level low-pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gulf of Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: clusters of deep convection

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: stationary, with a gradual drift east-southeastward.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: low-pressure area

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Hermine

text: Important geological similarities link now remote Archaean cratons in India (Singhbhum and Dharwar), western Australia (Kilbaran and Pilbara), and southern Africa (Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe) which indicate that these protolithic shields were close together in the Mid-Archaean. The name "Ur", from the German prefix ur- meaning "original", was introduced by , since it is the first continent in his tectonic reconstructions. Other Archaean continental assemblages are considerably younger: Arctica (Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia) consolidated around 2.6 Ga, Atlantica (West Africa and eastern South America) consolidated around 2.2 Ga. In some reconstructions the shields of Ur stayed near each other until the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana.

text: Important geological similarities link now remote Archaean cratons in India (Singhbhum and Dharwar), western Australia (Kilbaran and Pilbara), and southern Africa (Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe) which indicate that these

text: protolith

text: ic shields were close together in the Mid-Archaean. The name "Ur", from the German prefix

text: ur-

text: meaning "original", was introduced by , since it is the first continent in his tectonic reconstructions. Other Archaean continental assemblages are considerably younger:

text: Arctica

text: Baltica

text: Laurentia

text: , and

text: Siberia

text: ) consolidated around 2.6 Ga,

text: Atlantica

text: West Africa

text: and

text: eastern South America

text: ) consolidated around 2.2 Ga. In some reconstructions the shields of Ur stayed near each other until the Mesozoic break-up of Gondwana.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: protolithic shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2.6 Ga

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: protolithic shields were close together

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archaean cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.2 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Mid-Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: protolithic shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: "Ur",

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: close together in the Mid-Archaean.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archaean cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.6 Ga,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Archaean cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: close together in the Mid-Archaean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Mid-Archaean.

text: Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.

text: Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a

text: supercontinent

text: . Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: , began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form

text: Pannotia

text: which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally

text: Pangaea

text: , which broke apart about 180 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 750 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 540 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 750 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 750 million years ago,

text: Inter-racial confidence circles were renamed "inter-racial and religious confidence circles" in September 2007 to better reflect their role as constituency-level platforms for thestrengthening of engagement among religious and community leaders, and to signify their active promotion of inter-religious understanding and harmony. Following efforts by the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports to recruit religious organizations into IRCCs, in 2007 about 80% of such organizations were members of IRCCs, up from 20% in 2006. In future, religious leaders will be informed of international and national events so they can help their congregations understand situations better. Religious organizations will also be involved in continency planning so that they know how to react if an incident affecting race or religion occurs.

text: Inter-racial confidence circles were renamed "inter-racial and religious confidence circles" in September 2007 to better reflect their role as constituency-level platforms for thestrengthening of engagement among religious and community leaders, and to signify their active promotion of inter-religious understanding and harmony. Following efforts by the

entity_name: Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports

text: Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports

text: to recruit religious organizations into IRCCs, in 2007 about 80% of such organizations were members of IRCCs, up from 20% in 2006. In future, religious leaders will be informed of international and national events so they can help their congregations understand situations better. Religious organizations will also be involved in continency planning so that they know how to react if an incident affecting race or religion occurs.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the text

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Inter-racial

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Inter-racial confidence circles

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: "inter-racial and religious confidence circles" in September 2007

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Inter-racial confidence circles

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: inter-religious understanding and harmony.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "inter-racial and religious confidence circles"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Inter-racial confidence circles

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2006.

text: In 1962 he attended an executive conference of African writers in English at the Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda. He met with important literary figures from around the continent and the world, including Ghanaian poet Kofi Awoonor, Nigerian playwright and poet Wole Soyinka, and US poet-author Langston Hughes. Among the topics of discussion was an attempt to determine whether the term African literature ought to include work from the diaspora, or solely that writing composed by people living within the continent itself. Achebe indicated that it was not "a very significant question", and that scholars would do well to wait until a body of work were large enough to judge. Writing about the conference in several journals, Achebe hailed it as a milestone for the literature of Africa, and highlighted the importance of community among isolated voices on the continent and beyond.

text: In 1962 he attended an executive

text: conference of African writers in English

text: at the

text: Makerere University College

text: in

text: Kampala

text: Uganda

text: . He met with important literary figures from around the continent and the world, including Ghanaian poet

text: Kofi Awoonor

text: , Nigerian playwright and poet

text: Wole Soyinka

text: , and US poet-author

text: Langston Hughes

text: . Among the topics of discussion was an attempt to determine whether the term

text: African literature

text: ought to include work from the

text: diaspora

text: , or solely that writing composed by people living within the continent itself. Achebe indicated that it was not "a very significant question", and that scholars would do well to wait until a body of work were large enough to judge. Writing about the conference in several journals, Achebe hailed it as a milestone for the literature of Africa, and highlighted the importance of community among isolated voices on the continent and beyond.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Uganda.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Uganda.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Achebe indicated that it was not "a very significant question",

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ghanaian poet Kofi Awoonor,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: African literature ought to include work from the diaspora,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Achebe

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Achebe indicated that it was not "a very significant question",

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1962

text: During the second week of October, an unusually large, monsoon-like lower-level circulation and a broad area of disturbed weather developed over much of the Caribbean Sea. The system was enhanced by diffluence from an upper-level low across the southwestern Atlantic. By October 13, a broad area of low pressure developed and persisted about  southeast of Jamaica, possibly aided by the passage of tropical waves through the area at the time. Convection increased and became slightly better organized, though upper-level wind shear initially prevented development. The system drifted westward, and early on October 14 the convection became more concentrated and a little better organized as upper-level wind shear lessened slightly.

text: During the second week of October, an unusually large,

text: monsoon

text: -like lower-level circulation and a broad area of disturbed weather developed over much of the Caribbean Sea. The system was enhanced by

text: diffluence

text: from an upper-level low across the southwestern Atlantic. By October 13, a broad

text: area of low pressure

text: developed and persisted about  southeast of Jamaica, possibly aided by the passage of

text: tropical wave

text: s through the area at the time.

text: Convection

text: increased and became slightly better organized, though upper-level wind shear initially prevented development. The system drifted westward, and early on October 14 the convection became more concentrated and a little better organized as upper-level wind shear lessened slightly.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: southwestern Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: southwestern Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are in the southwestern Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Atlantic.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: southwestern Atlantic.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tropical waves

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Caribbean Sea.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Atlantic.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: monsoon-like lower-level circulation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: tropical waves

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: October,

text: Manchuria consists mainly of the northern side of the funnel-shaped North China Craton, a large area of tilled and overlaid Precambrian rocks spanning 100 million hectares. The North China Craton was an independent continent before the Triassic period and is known to have been the northernmost piece of land in the world during the Carboniferous. The Khingan Mountains in the west are a Jurassic mountain range formed by the collision of the North China Craton with the Siberian Craton, which marked the final stage of the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea.

text: Manchuria consists mainly of the northern side of the funnel-shaped

text: North China Craton

text: , a large area of tilled and overlaid

text: Precambrian

text: rocks spanning 100 million hectares. The North China Craton was an independent continent before the

text: Triassic

text: period and is known to have been the northernmost piece of land in the world during the

text: Carboniferous

text: . The

text: Khingan Mountains

text: in the west are a Jurassic mountain range formed by the collision of the North China Craton with the

text: Siberian Craton

text: , which marked the final stage of the formation of the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The North China Craton was an independent continent before the Triassic period

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 100 million hectares

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: overlaid

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North China Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tilled and overlaid Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: overlaid

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Carboniferous.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Carboniferous.

text: The Baltic Shield, sometimes referred to as the Fennoscandian Shield, is located in Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden and Finland), northwest Russia, northern Denmark and under the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Shield is defined as the exposed Precambrian northwest segment of the East European Craton. It is composed mostly of Archean and Proterozoic gneisses and greenstones which have undergone numerous deformations through tectonic activity (see Geology of Fennoscandia map ). The Baltic Shield contains the oldest rocks of the European continent. The lithospheric thickness is about 200-300 km. During the Pleistocene epoch, great continental ice sheets scoured and depressed the shield's surface, leaving a thin covering of glacial material and innumerable lakes and streams. The Baltic Shield is still rebounding today following the melting of the thick glaciers during the Quaternary Period.

text: The Baltic Shield, sometimes referred to as the Fennoscandian Shield, is located in

text: Fennoscandia

text: Norway

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Finland

text: ), northwest

text: Russia

text: , northern

text: Denmark

text: and under the

text: Baltic Sea

text: . The Baltic Shield is defined as the exposed

text: Precambrian

text: northwest segment of the

text: East European Craton

text: . It is composed mostly of

text: Archean

text: and

text: Proterozoic

text: gneiss

text: es and

text: greenstones

text: which have undergone numerous deformations through

text: tectonic

text: activity (see Geology of Fennoscandia map ). The Baltic Shield contains the oldest rocks of the

text: Europe

text: an

text: continent

text: . The lithospheric thickness is about 200-300 km. During the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch, great continental

text: ice sheet

text: s scoured and depressed the shield's surface, leaving a thin covering of glacial material and innumerable lakes and streams. The Baltic Shield is still

text: rebounding

text: today following the melting of the thick

text: glacier

text: s during the

text: Quaternary Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: East European Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Baltic Shield is defined as the exposed Precambrian northwest segment

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 200-300 km

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Baltic Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean and Proterozoic gneisses

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: East European Craton.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: undergone numerous deformations through tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: East European Craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 200-300 km.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Baltic Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: lakes and streams.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene

text: The Amphitheatre is a feature of the park where the Precambrian rocks are below sea level. Without their protection erosion is rapidly cutting through the soft Permian, Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits resulting in a badlands terrain. As the silts are eroded erratics are released which roll down to the base platform and beach.

text: The Amphitheatre is a feature of the park where the Precambrian rocks are below sea level. Without their protection erosion is rapidly cutting through the soft Permian, Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits resulting in a

text: badlands

text: terrain. As the silts are eroded erratics are released which roll down to the base platform and beach.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: below sea level

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian rocks are below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian rocks are below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: badlands terrain.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea level.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The geology of Zimbabwe in southern Africa is centred on the Zimbabwe Craton, a core of Archean basement composed in the main of granitoids, schist and gneisses. It also incorporates greenstone belts comprising mafic, ultramafic and felsic volcanics which are associated with epiclastic sediments and iron formations. The craton is overlain in the north, northwest and east by Proterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins whilst to the northwest are the rocks of the Magondi Supergroup. Northwards is the Zambezi Belt and to the east the Mozambique Belt. South of the Zimbabwe Craton is the Kaapval Craton separated from it by the Limpopo Mobile Belt, a zone of deformation and metamorphism reflecting geological events from Archean to Mesoproterozoic times. The Zimbabwe Craton is intruded by an elongate ultramafic/mafic igneous complex known as the Great Dyke which runs for more than 500 km along a SSW/NNE oriented graben. It consists of peridotites, pyroxenites, norites and bands of chromitite.

text: The geology of Zimbabwe in southern

text: Africa

text: is centred on the

text: Zimbabwe Craton

text: , a core of

text: Archean

text: basement

text: composed in the main of

text: granitoid

text: s,

text: schist

text: and

text: gneiss

text: es. It also incorporates

text: greenstone belt

text: s comprising mafic, ultramafic and

text: felsic

text: volcanics

text: which are associated with epiclastic sediments and

text: iron formation

text: s. The craton is overlain in the north, northwest and east by

text: Proterozoic

text: and

text: Phanerozoic

text: sedimentary basin

text: s whilst to the northwest are the rocks of the

text: Magondi Supergroup

text: . Northwards is the

text: Zambezi Belt

text: and to the east the

text: Mozambique Belt

text: . South of the Zimbabwe Craton is the

text: Kaapval Craton

text: separated from it by the

text: Limpopo Mobile Belt

text: , a zone of deformation and

text: metamorphism

text: reflecting geological events from Archean to

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: times. The Zimbabwe Craton is intruded by an elongate

text: ultramafic

text: mafic

text: igneous complex

text: known as the

text: Great Dyke

text: which runs for more than 500 km along a SSW/NNE oriented

text: graben

text: . It consists of

text: peridotite

text: s,

text: pyroxenite

text: s,

text: norite

text: s and bands of

text: chromitite

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean basement

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstone belts

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Zimbabwe Craton is overlain in the north

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 500 km

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mafic, ultramafic and felsic volcanics

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Zimbabwe Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granitoids, schist and gneisses.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Great Dyke

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zimbabwe Craton,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean to Mesoproterozoic times.

text: In the Precambrian, the supercontinent began to break apart. As it split, steep fractures formed and filled with molten rock from below. This magma cooled into the diabase dykes seen in the cliffs of Western Brook Pond and Ten Mile Pond.

text: In the Precambrian, the

text: supercontinent

text: began to break apart. As it split, steep fractures formed and filled with molten rock from below. This

text: magma

text: cooled into the

text: diabase

text: dykes

text: seen in the cliffs of Western Brook Pond and Ten Mile Pond.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed when magma cools

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock from below.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: steep fractures formed and filled with molten rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: diabase dykes

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Western Brook Pond and Ten Mile Pond.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Shield (Large or Small)While technically not a weapon, activating thrusters and ramming an enemy suit with a small shield will deal damage and stagger both suits. Larger shields withstand more damage before being destroyed.

text: Shield (Large or Small)While technically not a weapon, activating thrusters and ramming an enemy suit with a small shield will deal damage and stagger both suits. Larger shields withstand more damage before being destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be used as a weapon

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Shield (Large or Small)While technically not a weapon,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: not a weapon,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Shield (Large or Small)While technically not a weapon,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Larger shields withstand more damage before being destroyed.

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 4. It tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with little increase in convection, and crossed Central America into the Pacific Ocean on July 16. Three days later, convection began to increase along the wave axis while the wave was well to the south of Acapulco, Mexico. On July 21, Dvorak classifications began as the cloud pattern displayed curvature on satellite images. Convective banding features gradually developed, and it is estimated that the system organized into Tropical Depression Five-E early on July 23 about 720 miles (1160 km) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Under the influence of a mid- to upper-level ridge to its north, the depression tracked west-northwestward. Convection became more concentrated as outflow organized further, and 18 hours after the depression first developed, it intensified into Tropical Storm Darby.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: moved off the coast of Africa on July 4. It tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean with little increase in

text: convection

text: , and crossed Central America into the Pacific Ocean on July 16. Three days later, convection began to increase along the wave axis while the wave was well to the south of

text: Acapulco

text: , Mexico. On July 21,

text: Dvorak classifications

text: began as the cloud pattern displayed curvature on satellite images. Convective

text: banding features

text: gradually developed, and it is estimated that the system organized into Tropical Depression Five-E early on July 23 about 720 miles (1160 km) south of the southern tip of the

text: Baja California peninsula

text: . Under the influence of a mid- to upper-level

text: ridge

text: to its north, the depression tracked west-northwestward. Convection became more concentrated as

text: outflow

text: organized further, and 18 hours after the depression first developed, it intensified into Tropical Storm Darby.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, or Pacific Ocean?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 720 miles

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Tropical Depression Five-E

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: mid- to upper-level ridge

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 720 miles (1160 km)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Depression Five-E

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A tropical wave

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: July 16.

text: When the story starts, the continent is effectively governed by five powers. In the north, Granorg is at war with Alistel. Granorg has superior numbers, but cannot outright defeat Alistel because of the latter's use of thaumatech, which, among other things, allows Alistel's field soldiers to wear suits of mechanical armor. Also on the northern half of the continent is Celestia, the homeland of the Satyros, whose connection to Flux allows them to defend themselves in ways that humans cannot match. To the south is Cygnus, a human nation of outlaws and those displaced by the desertification; their primary defense is the desert itself, as neither the armies of Alistel or Granorg can cross in number. Finally, occupying the southeast, in the last wild jungles on the continent, is Forgia, homeland of the Gutrals.

text: When the story starts, the continent is effectively governed by five powers. In the north, Granorg is at war with Alistel. Granorg has superior numbers, but cannot outright defeat Alistel because of the latter's use of thaumatech, which, among other things, allows Alistel's field soldiers to wear suits of mechanical armor. Also on the northern half of the continent is Celestia, the homeland of the Satyros, whose connection to Flux allows them to defend themselves in ways that humans cannot match. To the south is Cygnus, a human nation of outlaws and those displaced by the desertification; their primary defense is the desert itself, as neither the armies of Alistel or Granorg can cross in number. Finally, occupying the southeast, in the last wild jungles on the continent, is Forgia, homeland of the Gutrals.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: thaumatech

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: thaumatech

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: thaumatech

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: thaumatech,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Alistel.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: thaumatech,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Celestia, the homeland of the Satyros,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: humans cannot match.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: desert

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Cygnus,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: When the story starts, the continent is effectively governed by five powers.

text: The New Madrid Seismic Zone lies at the northern end of the embayment. It was the site of the large New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812. The area is underlain by some anomalous geology. The Reelfoot Rift is an ancient failed continental rift, an aulacogen, which dates back to the Precambrian break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia. The more recent opening of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico during late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic break-up of Pangea no doubt affected and may have partially re-activated the old rift.

text: The

text: New Madrid Seismic Zone

text: lies at the northern end of the embayment. It was the site of the large

text: New Madrid earthquake

text: s of 1811–1812. The area is underlain by some anomalous geology. The

text: Reelfoot Rift

text: is an ancient failed continental

text: rift

text: , an

text: aulacogen

text: , which dates back to the

text: Precambrian

text: break-up

text: of the

text: supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: . The more recent opening of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: during late

text: Paleozoic

text: to early

text: Mesozoic

text: break-up of

text: Pangea

text: no doubt affected and may have partially re-activated the old rift.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: aulacogen

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Reelfoot Rift is an ancient failed continental rift

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: aulacogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: aulacogen,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Reelfoot Rift

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: aulacogen,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A Craton associated with the apostles Simon and Jude is known briefly from other works, such as the 5th/6th century Coptic Acts of Bartholomew. Pseudo-Abdias' text also refers to another Craton in Book 4, which deals with the apostle John; this other Craton is called "the philosopher" and was supposedly one of John's disciples at Ephesus.

text: A Craton associated with the apostles Simon and Jude is known briefly from other works, such as the 5th/6th century Coptic Acts of Bartholomew. Pseudo-Abdias' text also refers to another Craton in Book 4, which deals with the apostle

text: John

text: ; this other Craton is called "the philosopher" and was supposedly one of John's disciples at

text: Ephesus

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: A Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the philosopher?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 5th/6th century Coptic Acts of Bartholomew.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: A Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 5th/6th century Coptic Acts of Bartholomew.

text: In 1897 the Great Central Railway itself was formed, becoming the last steam mainline in the United Kingdom. Two years later in 1899 "The London Extension" was officially opened to passenger and freight traffic, allowing more direct journeys from the capital to Nottingham, Leicester, Sheffield and Manchester. The entire line was built to accommodate a European standard loading gauge and all but a few stations were single island platforms. This construction scheme was devised by chairman Sir Edward Watkin, who had envisioned his railway one day running under a Channel Tunnel to France, linking Britain with the continent.

text: In 1897 the

text: Great Central Railway

text: itself was formed, becoming the last steam mainline in the United Kingdom. Two years later in 1899 "The London Extension" was officially opened to passenger and freight traffic, allowing more direct journeys from the capital to

text: Nottingham

text: Leicester

text: Sheffield

text: and

text: Manchester

text: . The entire line was built to

text: accommodate

text: a

text: European standard loading gauge

text: and all but a few stations were single

text: island platform

text: s. This construction scheme was devised by chairman Sir

text: Edward Watkin

text: , who had envisioned his railway one day running under a

text: Channel Tunnel

text: to France, linking Britain with the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The London Extension

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: In 1897

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: France,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1897

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Channel Tunnel to France, linking Britain with the continent.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: In 1897

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Channel Tunnel

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In 1897

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1897

text: A mesoscale convective complex, or large circular area of thunderstorms, developed in the Ethiopian Highlands of Africa on July 28. The complex moved west-southwestward through the continent, waxing and waning until persisting along a tropical wave on August 2. The next day, the wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from Guinea. Once over the open Atlantic Ocean, the wave quickly developed and became Tropical Depression Three later that day. The depression moved to the west-northwest and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4. Alberto continued to strengthen, but moved to cooler waters late on August 5 and weakened briefly. However, the storm strengthened again early on August 6, and it was upgraded to hurricane status as an eye became visible. The upgrade was accompanied with a brief westward turn. However, Alberto continued to move to the west-northwest later that day, reaching its first peak intensity of 90 mph (150 km/h) on August 7.

text: A

text: mesoscale convective complex

text: , or large circular area of thunderstorms, developed in the

text: Ethiopian Highlands

text: of Africa on July 28. The complex moved west-southwestward through the continent, waxing and waning until persisting along a

text: tropical wave

text: on August 2. The next day, the wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from

text: Guinea

text: . Once over the open Atlantic Ocean, the wave quickly developed and became Tropical Depression Three later that day. The depression moved to the west-northwest and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4. Alberto continued to strengthen, but moved to cooler waters late on August 5 and weakened briefly. However, the storm strengthened again early on August 6, and it was upgraded to hurricane status as an

text: eye

text: became visible. The upgrade was accompanied with a brief westward turn. However, Alberto continued to move to the west-northwest later that day, reaching its first peak intensity of 90 mph (150 km/h) on August 7.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in this passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ethiopian Highlands

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ethiopian Highlands of Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: large circular area of thunderstorms,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Depression Three

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: mesoscale convective complex,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mesoscale convective complex,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: July 28.

text: Besides the exterior coastline to the west and south, the most dominant feature on the continent is the Sea of Fallen Stars. This is an irregular inland sea that keeps the neighboring lands fertile and serves as a major trade route for the bordering nations. Next in significance is the Shaar, a broad region of grasslands in the south that, together with a large body of water called the Lake of Steam, separates the area around the inland sea from the coastal nations at the southern edge of the continent. To the east, Faerûn is bordered by a vast region of steppe that separates it from Kara-Tur. In the north are massive glaciers, named Pelvuria and Reghed, and a region of tundra. South of the continent, separated by the Great Sea, is a sub-tropical land called Zakhara.

text: Besides the exterior coastline to the west and south, the most dominant feature on the continent is the

text: Sea of Fallen Stars

text: . This is an irregular inland sea that keeps the neighboring lands fertile and serves as a major trade route for the bordering nations. Next in significance is the Shaar, a broad region of grasslands in the south that, together with a large body of water called the Lake of Steam, separates the area around the inland sea from the coastal nations at the southern edge of the continent. To the east, Faerûn is bordered by a vast region of

text: steppe

text: that separates it from

text: Kara-Tur

text: . In the north are massive glaciers, named Pelvuria and Reghed, and a region of

text: tundra

text: . South of the continent, separated by the Great Sea, is a sub-tropical land called Zakhara.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kara-Tur

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: sub-tropical

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Sea of Fallen Stars.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Sea of Fallen Stars.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Sea of Fallen Stars.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: massive glaciers,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Sea of Fallen Stars.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sea of Fallen Stars.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake of Steam,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: sub-tropical land called Zakhara.

text: The Arctic Cordillera form the eastern edge of the Canadian Shield, which covers much of Canada's landscape. Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock.

text: The Arctic Cordillera form the eastern edge of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , which covers much of Canada's landscape.

text: Precambrian

text: rock is the major component of the

text: bedrock

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Arctic Cordillera

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Arctic Cordillera

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Arctic Cordillera form the eastern edge of the Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Geologists use the term continent in a different manner from geographers, where a continent is defined by continental crust: a platform of metamorphic and igneous rock, largely of granitic composition. Some geologists restrict the term 'continent' to portions of the crust built around stable Precambrian "shield", typically 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old, called a craton. The craton itself is an accretionary complex of ancient mobile belts (mountain belts) from earlier cycles of subduction, continental collision and break-up from plate tectonic activity. An outward-thickening veneer of younger, minimally deformed sedimentary rock covers much of the craton. The margins of geologic continents are characterized by currently active or relatively recently active mobile belts and deep troughs of accumulated marine or deltaic sediments. Beyond the margin, there is either a continental shelf and drop off to the basaltic ocean basin or the margin of another continent, depending on the current plate-tectonic setting of the continent. A continental boundary does not have to be a body of water. Over geologic time, continents are periodically submerged under large epicontinental seas, and continental collisions result in a continent becoming attached to another continent. The current geologic era is relatively anomalous in that so much of the continental areas are "high and dry"; that is, many parts of the continents that were once below sea level are now elevated well above it due to changes in sea levels and the subsequent uplifting of those continental areas from tectonic activity.

text: Geologists use the term continent in a different manner from geographers, where a continent is defined by continental crust: a platform of

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous rock

text: , largely of

text: granitic

text: composition. Some geologists restrict the term 'continent' to portions of the crust built around stable

text: Precambrian

text: "shield", typically 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old, called a

text: craton

text: . The craton itself is an

text: accretionary

text: complex of ancient mobile belts (mountain belts) from earlier cycles of

text: subduction

text: continental collision

text: and break-up from plate tectonic activity. An outward-thickening veneer of younger, minimally deformed

text: sedimentary rock

text: covers much of the craton. The margins of geologic continents are characterized by currently active or relatively recently active mobile belts and deep troughs of accumulated marine or

text: deltaic

text: sediment

text: s. Beyond the margin, there is either a

text: continental shelf

text: and drop off to the

text: basalt

text: ic

text: ocean basin

text: or the margin of another continent, depending on the current plate-tectonic setting of the continent. A continental boundary does not have to be a body of water. Over geologic time, continents are periodically submerged under large epicontinental seas, and continental collisions result in a continent becoming attached to another continent. The current geologic era is relatively anomalous in that so much of the continental areas are "high and dry"; that is, many parts of the continents that were once below sea level are now elevated well above it due to changes in sea levels and the subsequent uplifting of those continental areas from tectonic activity.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: plate tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is an accretionary complex of ancient mobile belts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.5 to 3.8 billion

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: plate tectonic activity.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: younger, minimally deformed sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: an accretionary complex of ancient mobile belts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basaltic ocean basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A continental boundary does not have to be a body of water.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Members of the platform can share and target a specific African country or the entire continent.

text: Members of the platform can share and target a specific African country or the entire continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: African country or the entire continent.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: African country or the entire continent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Members of the platform can share and target a specific African country

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: African country or the entire continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: African country or the entire continent.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: continent.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: African country or the entire continent.

text: South Africa's Kaapvaal craton and Western Australia's Pilbara craton have similar early Precambrian cover sequences. Kaapvaal's Barberton granite-greenstone terrane and Pilbara's eastern block show evidence of four large meteorite impacts between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago. (Similar greenstone belts are now found at the margins of the Superior craton of Canada.)

text: South Africa's Kaapvaal craton and Western Australia's Pilbara craton have similar early

text: Precambrian

text: cover sequences. Kaapvaal's Barberton

text: granite-greenstone

text: terrane

text: and Pilbara's eastern block show evidence of four large meteorite impacts between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago. (Similar greenstone belts are now found at the margins of the

text: Superior craton

text: of

text: Canada

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: large meteorite impacts

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kaapvaal craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.2 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite-greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Africa's Kaapvaal craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: four large meteorite impacts between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: evidence of four large meteorite impacts

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The world of Eberron contains 7 continents. The setting primarily takes place in Khorvaire, the most populated continent. Humans are the most populous race in Khorvaire, living primarily in the area known as the Five Nations. Southeast is the small continent of Aerenal, ruled by elves. Due south is the jungle continent of Xen'drik, once ruled by an empire of giants that collapsed. It is now largely wilderness, with some areas under tribal dominion of the drow. Further south of Xen'drik is Everice, a continent-sized sheet of ice possibly covering several land masses. Frostfell is an unexplored land of ice in the north. The other two main continents are Sarlona (a continent ruled by quori, creatures from the Region of Dreams) and Argonnessen (a continent inhabited by dragons). The world of Eberron has twelve moons; some sages believe there is a thirteenth moon that has vanished or is invisible to the naked eye.

text: The world of Eberron contains 7 continents. The setting primarily takes place in

text: Khorvaire

text: , the most populated continent. Humans are the most populous race in Khorvaire, living primarily in the area known as the Five Nations. Southeast is the small continent of

text: Aerenal

text: , ruled by elves. Due south is the jungle continent of

text: Xen'drik

text: , once ruled by an empire of

text: giants

text: that collapsed. It is now largely wilderness, with some areas under tribal dominion of the

text: drow

text: . Further south of Xen'drik is

text: Everice

text: , a continent-sized sheet of ice possibly covering several land masses.

text: Frostfell

text: is an unexplored land of ice in the north. The other two main continents are

text: Sarlona

text: (a continent ruled by

text: quori

text: , creatures from the Region of Dreams) and

text: Argonnessen

text: (a continent inhabited by dragons). The world of Eberron has twelve

text: moons

text: ; some sages believe there is a thirteenth moon that has vanished or is invisible to the naked eye.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Xen'drik

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: How many continents does Eberron have?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Xen'drik

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Region of Dreams)

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: twelve moons;

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Argonnessen

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: twelve moons;

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Xen'drik,

text: The early history of Massachusetts can be traced to around 1.2 to 1.1 billion years ago in the Mesoproterozoic Era. Ancient areas of continental crust or cratons formed the nuclei of continents. The ancient continent Rodinia was formed as a byproduct of the collisions of earlier cratonic fragments. Mountains were formed during the Grenville orogeny. Some of the rocks of the Berkshire highlands are from this era.

text: The early history of Massachusetts can be traced to around 1.2 to 1.1 billion years ago in the

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: Era. Ancient areas of

text: continental crust

text: or

text: craton

text: s formed the nuclei of continents. The ancient continent

text: Rodinia

text: was formed as a byproduct of the collisions of earlier cratonic fragments. Mountains were formed during the

text: Grenville orogeny

text: . Some of the rocks of the

text: Berkshire highlands

text: are from this era.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mesoproterozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ancient areas of continental crust or cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.2 to 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Ancient areas of continental crust

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ancient areas of continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.2 to 1.1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mountains were formed during the Grenville orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mesoproterozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Mesoproterozoic Era.

text: His contributions include the Brasier–Schopf debate on critical testing of questionable 3460 Ma Apex chert 'microfossils' at NASA; work on the earliest well-preserved fossils of cells (biology) (3430 Ma Strelley Pool); the pumice hypothesis for the origins of life; mapping the earliest life on land (1000 Ma Torridonian); and the palaeoecology, development and evolution of Ediacaran to early Cambrian organisms.  He was secretary and then leader of the International Geoscience Programme, UNESCO and International Commission on Stratigraphy Projects on the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary decision. This defined the base of the Phanerozoic Eon, Palaeozoic Era and Cambrian Period at a section in Newfoundland and Labrador based upon the appearance of the first assemblage of vertical burrowing animal trace fossils Treptichnus pedum The same datum also defines the top of the Precambrian and of the Proterozoic Eon. His own book on the subject, Darwin's Lost World was published in 2009 as part of the Charles Darwin centenary celebrations. His sequel, called Secret Chambers, goes in search of the symbiotic origins of the eukaryote chloroplast, tracing its evolution through the last two billion years, exploring the ideas of Robert Hooke, Elso Barghoorn, Tom Cavalier-Smith and Lynn Margulis, and delving into the interval that Brasier dubbed 'the Boring Billion'.

text: His contributions include the Brasier–

text: Schopf

text: debate on critical testing of questionable 3460 Ma

text: Apex chert

text: microfossils

text: ' at

text: NASA

text: ; work on the earliest well-preserved

text: fossils

text: of

text: cells (biology)

text: (3430 Ma

text: Strelley Pool

text: ); the

text: pumice

text: hypothesis for the

text: origins of life

text: ; mapping the earliest life on land (1000 Ma Torridonian); and the

text: palaeoecology

text: , development and

text: evolution

text: of

text: Ediacaran

text: to

text: early Cambrian

text: organisms.  He was secretary and then leader of the

text: International Geoscience Programme

text: UNESCO

text: and

entity_name: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: Projects on the

text: Precambrian

text: Cambrian

text: Boundary decision. This defined the base of the

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon,

text: Palaeozoic

text: Era and Cambrian Period at a section in

text: Newfoundland and Labrador

text: based upon the appearance of the first assemblage of vertical burrowing animal

text: trace fossils

text: Treptichnus pedum

text: The same datum also defines the top of the Precambrian and of the

text: Proterozoic

text: Eon. His own book on the subject, Darwin's Lost World was published in 2009 as part of the

text: Charles Darwin

text: centenary celebrations. His sequel, called Secret Chambers, goes in search of the

text: symbiotic origins

text: of the

text: eukaryote

text: chloroplast

text: , tracing its evolution through the last two billion years, exploring the ideas of

text: Robert Hooke

text: Elso Barghoorn

text: Tom Cavalier-Smith

text: and

text: Lynn Margulis

text: , and delving into the interval that Brasier dubbed

text: 'the Boring Billion'

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Newfoundland and Labrador

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: precambrian-Cambrian Boundary decision

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cambrian Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Apex chert'microfossils'

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Proterozoic Eon.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian and of the Proterozoic Eon.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Darwin's Lost World

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: vertical burrowing animal trace fossils

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: eptichnus pedum

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: pumice hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Proterozoic Eon.

text: A substantially larger secondary eye, estimated to be 315 km (195 mi) wide, began forming shortly after Soulik attained its peak on July 10. By this time, the deep convection was no longer symmetrical around the storm and was mostly located over the southern and eastern areas of the circulation. This formation of a secondary eye indicated an eyewall replacement cycle was in progress; however, it coincided with the typhoon passing over a small area of very low oceanic heat content and prompted a weakening trend. Convection around Soulik's core gradually weakened, though it retained a well-defined inner eye. The simultaneous occurrence of these two factors greatly hindered reorganization of the system and the weakening trend continued as the typhoon tracked west-northwest toward Taiwan. On July 11, this trend temporarily abated as Soulik moved over the warm waters of the Kuroshio Current, allowing for structural improvement. Early on July 12, dry air began to entrain into the northwestern portion of the circulation, suppressing thunderstorm development. Along the southeastern side of the storm, a large band of convection maintained itself and wrapped around a poorly defined eye.

text: A substantially larger secondary eye, estimated to be 315 km (195 mi) wide, began forming shortly after Soulik attained its peak on July 10. By this time, the deep convection was no longer symmetrical around the storm and was mostly located over the southern and eastern areas of the circulation. This formation of a secondary eye indicated an

text: eyewall replacement cycle

text: was in progress; however, it coincided with the typhoon passing over a small area of very low oceanic heat content and prompted a weakening trend. Convection around Soulik's core gradually weakened, though it retained a well-defined inner eye. The simultaneous occurrence of these two factors greatly hindered reorganization of the system and the weakening trend continued as the typhoon tracked west-northwest toward

text: Taiwan

text: . On July 11, this trend temporarily abated as Soulik moved over the warm waters of the

text: Kuroshio Current

text: , allowing for structural improvement. Early on July 12, dry air began to entrain into the northwestern portion of the circulation, suppressing thunderstorm development. Along the southeastern side of the storm, a large band of convection maintained itself and wrapped around a poorly defined eye.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low oceanic heat content

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton in the solar system?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 195 mi

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: low oceanic heat content

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: oceanic heat content

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kuroshio Current,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low oceanic heat content

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kuroshio Current,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: eyewall replacement cycle

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: secondary eye,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: warm waters of the Kuroshio Current,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: low oceanic heat content

text: In mid-2006, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a planning team to advise on requirements for establishing a new Unified Command for the African continent. In early December, he made his recommendations to President George W. Bush.

text: In mid-2006, Defense Secretary

text: Donald Rumsfeld

text: formed a planning team to advise on requirements for establishing a new Unified Command for the African continent. In early December, he made his recommendations to President

text: George W. Bush

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the continent where Donald Rumsfeld formed a planning team?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: African continent.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African continent.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: In mid-2006,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: African continent.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: requirements for establishing a new Unified Command for the African continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: In mid-2006,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In mid-2006,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: mid-2006,

text: Geologically, the Paleozoic started shortly after the breakup of the supercontinent  Pannotia. Throughout the early Paleozoic, that landmass was broken into a substantial number of continents. Towards the end of the era, the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

text: Geologically, the Paleozoic started shortly after the breakup of the

text: supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: . Throughout the early Paleozoic, that landmass was broken into a substantial number of continents. Towards the end of the era, the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called

text: Pangaea

text: , which included most of the Earth's land area.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the breakup of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercontinent Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercontinent Pannotia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Geologically, the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Geologically, the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic

text: In the early 1950s, he was already prospecting and selling on all continents. He hired an export manager and began exporting his products.

text: In the early 1950s, he was already prospecting and selling on all

text: continent

text: s. He hired an export manager and began exporting his products.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: prospecting and selling on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continents.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: he was already prospecting and selling on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: he was already prospecting and selling on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: prospecting and selling on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: prospecting and selling on all continents.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In the early 1950s,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 1950s,

text: Volcanology of Canada includes lava flows, lava plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars, along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds. It has a very complex volcanological history spanning from the Precambrian eon at least 3.11 billion years ago when this part of the North American continent began to form.

text: Volcanology of Canada includes

text: lava

text: flows,

text: lava plateaus

text: lava dome

text: s,

text: cinder cone

text: s,

text: stratovolcano

text: es,

text: shield volcano

text: es,

text: submarine volcano

text: es,

text: caldera

text: s,

text: diatreme

text: s, and

text: maar

text: s, along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as

text: tuya

text: s and

text: subglacial mound

text: s. It has a very complex volcanological history spanning from the

text: Precambrian

text: eon at least 3.11 billion years ago when this part of the North American continent began to form.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian eon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.11 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.11 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian eon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian eon

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: calderas,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.11 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: calderas, diatremes, and maars,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Phanerozoic (540 Ma to present) and Precambrian ( to ) had primarily passive margins and detrital zircons (and orogenic granites), whereas the tenure of Pangaea contained few. Matching edges of continents are where passive margins form. The edges of these continents may rift. At this point, seafloor spreading becomes the driving force. Passive margins are therefore born during the break-up of supercontinents and die during supercontinent assembly. Pangaea's supercontinent cycle is a good example for the efficiency of using the presence, or lack of, these entities to record the development, tenure, and break-up of supercontinents. There is a sharp decrease in passive margins between 500 and  during the timing of Pangaea's assembly. The tenure of Pangaea is marked by a low number of passive margins during 300 to  and its break-up is indicated accurately by an increase in passive margins.

text: Phanerozoic

text: (540 Ma to present) and

text: Precambrian

text: ( to ) had primarily

text: passive margin

text: s and detrital

text: zircon

text: s (and

text: orogenic

text: granite

text: s), whereas the tenure of Pangaea contained few. Matching edges of continents are where passive margins form. The edges of these continents may rift. At this point,

text: seafloor spreading

text: becomes the driving force. Passive margins are therefore born during the break-up of supercontinents and die during supercontinent assembly. Pangaea's supercontinent cycle is a good example for the efficiency of using the presence, or lack of, these entities to record the development, tenure, and break-up of supercontinents. There is a sharp decrease in passive margins between 500 and  during the timing of Pangaea's assembly. The tenure of Pangaea is marked by a low number of passive margins during 300 to  and its break-up is indicated accurately by an increase in passive margins.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: orogenic granites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: active margins

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed during the break-up

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: to

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 540 Ma to present

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Passive margins

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: orogenic granites),

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: passive margins and detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A number of feeder canyons running into the Black Canyon slope in the wrong direction for water to flow into the canyon. It is believed that less-entrenched streams in the region shifted to a more north-flowing drainage pattern in response to a change in the tilt of the surrounding terrain. The west-flowing Gunnison, however, was essentially trapped in the hard Precambrian rock of the Black Canyon and could not change its course.

text: A number of feeder canyons running into the Black Canyon slope in the wrong direction for water to flow into the canyon. It is believed that less-entrenched streams in the region shifted to a more north-flowing

text: drainage pattern

text: in response to a change in the tilt of the surrounding terrain. The west-flowing Gunnison, however, was essentially trapped in the hard Precambrian rock of the Black Canyon and could not change its course.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of rock is the Gunnison?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: hard Precambrian rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: feeder canyons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water to flow into the canyon.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Arctica or Arctida was an ancient continent which formed approximately 2.5 billion years ago in the Neoarchean era.  It was made of Archaean cratons, including the Aldan and Anabar/Angara cratons in Siberia and the Slave, Wyoming, Superior, and North Atlantic cratons in North America.  Arctica was named by  because the Arctic Ocean formed by the separation of the North American and Siberian cratons.  Russian geologists writing in English call the continent "Arctida" since it was given that name in 1987, alternatively the Hyperborean craton, in reference to the hyperboreans in Greek mythology.

text: Arctica or Arctida was an ancient

text: continent

text: which formed approximately 2.5

text: billion years ago

text: in the

text: Neoarchean

text: era.  It was made of Archaean

text: craton

text: s, including the

text: Aldan

text: and

text: Anabar

text: Angara

text: cratons in Siberia and the

text: Slave

text: Wyoming

text: Superior

text: , and

text: North Atlantic

text: cratons in North America.  Arctica was named by  because the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: formed by the separation of the

text: North American

text: and

text: Siberian

text: cratons.  Russian geologists writing in English call the continent "Arctida" since it was given that name in 1987, alternatively the Hyperborean craton, in reference to the

text: hyperborea

text: ns in

text: Greek mythology

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the cratons in Siberia?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean cratons,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archaean cratons,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.5 billion years ago in the Neoarchean era.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archaean cratons,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Hyperborean craton,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Neoarchean era.

text: Although North America and South America are presently joined by the Isthmus of Panama, these continents were separated for about 180 million years, and evolved very different plant and animal lineages. When the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea split into two about 180 million years ago, North America remained joined to Eurasia as part of the supercontinent of Laurasia, while South America was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. North America later split from Eurasia. North America has been joined by land bridges to both Asia and South America since then, which allowed an exchange of plant and animal species between the continents, the Great American Interchange.

text: Although North America and South America are presently joined by the

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: , these continents were separated for about 180 million years, and evolved very different plant and animal lineages. When the ancient supercontinent of

text: Pangaea

text: split into two about 180 million years ago, North America remained joined to

text: Eurasia

text: as part of the supercontinent of

text: Laurasia

text: , while South America was part of the supercontinent of

text: Gondwana

text: . North America later split from Eurasia. North America has been joined by land bridges to both

text: Asia

text: and South America since then, which allowed an exchange of plant and animal

text: species

text: between the continents, the

text: Great American Interchange

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton on Earth?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 180 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 180 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: separated for about 180 million years,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North America remained joined to Eurasia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 180 million years,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Isthmus of Panama,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: South America was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 180 million years,

text: The Phanerozoic eon began following the Precambrian. The first major unit of time it contained was the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. At the time, earth's continents were in a very different arrangement and were generally smaller than they are today. The southeastern part of the US was connected to South America and Africa and located in the polar latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The western states were located near the equator.

text: The Phanerozoic eon began following the Precambrian. The first major unit of time it contained was the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era. At the time, earth's continents were in a very different arrangement and were generally smaller than they are today. The southeastern part of the US was connected to South America and Africa and located in the polar latitudes of the southern hemisphere. The western states were located near the equator.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Cambrian period

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Earth's continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Paleozoic era

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: smaller than they are today.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Phanerozoic eon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The western states were located near the equator.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era.

text: For many millions of years, from the end of the Precambrian to the Early Mississippian, the Ouachita-Ozark Highlands region lay submerged beneath the sea. Along this tectonically quiet, passive margin, formed by the earlier breakup of a supercontinent, sediment eroded from the land and was gradually carried to the sea floor. Thousands of feet of carbonate, sand, and finer grained material loaded onto the submerged continental margin.

text: For many millions of years, from the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: to the

text: Early Mississippian

text: , the Ouachita-Ozark Highlands region lay submerged beneath the sea. Along this tectonically quiet, passive margin, formed by the earlier breakup of a supercontinent, sediment eroded from the land and was gradually carried to the sea floor. Thousands of feet of carbonate, sand, and finer grained material loaded onto the submerged continental margin.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Early Mississippian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the breakup of a supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: breakup of a supercontinent,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: earlier breakup of a supercontinent,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonically quiet, passive margin,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: breakup of a supercontinent,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: passive margin,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Pan-African orogeny saw the cratons that had formed the Rodinia super-continent come together in a completely new arrangement into the Gondwana super-continent around 500 Ma.The "Pharusian Ocean", which separated the West African craton from the Saharan craton around 800 Ma, began to close about 730 Ma, and about 635 Ma these two cratons collided, with the basement of the Saharan craton undergoing extensive reworking in the process.The Saharan craton may have been decratonized, perhaps oceanized, during the Pan-African event. At the end of this period the craton was extended and rifts appeared.By about 500 Ma the Saharan craton was sutured with the Congo craton during the final assembly of Gondwana. Although Gondwana later split up, the core African Plate remained intact.

text: The

text: Pan-African orogeny

text: saw the cratons that had formed the

text: Rodinia

text: super-continent come together in a completely new arrangement into the

text: Gondwana

text: super-continent around 500 Ma.The "

text: Pharusian Ocean

text: ", which separated the West African craton from the Saharan craton around 800 Ma, began to close about 730 Ma, and about 635 Ma these two cratons collided, with the basement of the Saharan craton undergoing extensive reworking in the process.The Saharan craton may have been decratonized, perhaps oceanized, during the Pan-African event. At the end of this period the craton was extended and rifts appeared.By about 500 Ma the Saharan craton was sutured with the Congo craton during the final assembly of

text: Gondwana

text: . Although Gondwana later split up, the core

text: African Plate

text: remained intact.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What formed the Rodinia super-continent?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 500 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: about 800 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: decratonized, perhaps oceanized,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia super-continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 500 Ma.The

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rifts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: "Pharusian Ocean",

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 500 Ma.The

text: Island platforms are popular in the modern railway world for several reasons. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and waiting rooms to be shared between both tracks rather than being duplicated or present only on one side. On commuter rail lines, passengers tend to use trains in one direction in the morning and the other direction in the evening. With two side platforms, one platform becomes crowded while the other is deserted. An island platform prevents this as the same large platform is used for trains travelling in either direction. This also reduces the cost of maintenance, because rather than having to maintain two separate side platforms, railway operators only have to maintain one island platform.

text: Island platforms are popular in the modern railway world for several reasons. Island platforms allow facilities such as escalators, elevators, shops, toilets and waiting rooms to be shared between both tracks rather than being duplicated or present only on one side. On

text: commuter rail

text: lines, passengers tend to use trains in one direction in the morning and the other direction in the evening. With two side platforms, one platform becomes crowded while the other is deserted. An island platform prevents this as the same large platform is used for trains travelling in either direction. This also reduces the cost of maintenance, because rather than having to maintain two separate side platforms, railway operators only have to maintain one island platform.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Island platforms

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Island platforms

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Island platforms

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: crowded while the other is deserted.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Island platforms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Island platforms

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Island platforms are popular in the modern railway world

text: A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for each direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double track railway lines (as opposed to, for instance, the island platform where a single platform lies between the tracks). Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared to an island platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track.

text: A side platform is a

text: platform

text: positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station,

text: tram stop

text: , or

text: transitway

text: . Dual side platform stations, one for each direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double track railway lines (as opposed to, for instance, the

text: island platform

text: where a single platform lies between the tracks). Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared to an island platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: side platforms

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: side platforms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: side platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A side platform

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: A side platform

text: The aspis measured at least  in diameter and weighed about , and it was about  thick.  This large shield was made possible partly by its shape, which allowed it to be supported on the shoulder. The revolutionary part of the shield was, in fact, the grip. Known as an Argive grip, it placed the handle at the edge of the shield, and was supported by a leather fastening (for the forearm) at the centre. This allowed hoplites more mobility with the shield, as well as the ability to capitalize on their offensive capabilities and better support the phalanx. The shield rested on a man's shoulders, stretching down the knees. These large shields were designed for a mass of hoplites to push forward into the opposing army, a move called othismos, and it was their most essential equipment.That the shield was also made of wood made it possible for warriors to use it as a floatation device for crossing rivers, and its large, round shape allowed it to be used for hauling the bodies of the dead from the battlefield.

text: The aspis measured at least  in diameter and weighed about , and it was about  thick.  This large shield was made possible partly by its shape, which allowed it to be supported on the shoulder. The revolutionary part of the shield was, in fact, the grip. Known as an Argive grip, it placed the handle at the edge of the shield, and was supported by a leather fastening (for the forearm) at the centre. This allowed hoplites more mobility with the shield, as well as the ability to capitalize on their offensive capabilities and better support the

text: phalanx

text: . The shield rested on a man's shoulders, stretching down the knees. These large shields were designed for a mass of hoplites to push forward into the opposing army, a move called

text: othismos

text: , and it was their most essential equipment.That the shield was also made of wood made it possible for warriors to use it as a

text: floatation device

text: for crossing rivers, and its large, round shape allowed it to be used for hauling the bodies of the dead from the battlefield.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Argive

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Argive

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The aspis

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: othismos,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: thick.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Argive grip,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The aspis measured at least in diameter and weighed about,

text: Deep, moist convection is essentially a thunderstorm, it is cumulus congestus clouds or cumulonimbus clouds. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (mixed layer or boundary layer) must work through the stable layer of convective inhibition (CIN) when present. This work comes from increasing instability in the low levels by raising the temperature or dew point, or by mechanical lift. Without the aid of mechanical forcing, a parcel must reach its convective temperature (T) before moist convection (cloud) begins near the convective condensation level (CCL}, whereas with dynamic lift, cloud base begins near the lifted condensation level (LCL). This will remain as shallow, moist convection (small cumulus clouds) until breaking through the convective inhibition layer, after which DMC ensues as a parcel hits the LFC and enters the FCL, if thermal or mechanical forcing continues. At the level of neutral buoyancy (the EL), a parcel is cooler than the environment and is stable, so it slow down, eventually ceasing at the maximum parcel level (MPL).

text: Deep, moist convection is essentially a

text: thunderstorm

text: , it is

text: cumulus congestus cloud

text: s or

text: cumulonimbus cloud

text: s. An air parcel ascending from the near surface layer (

text: mixed layer

text: or

text: boundary layer

text: ) must

text: work

text: through the stable layer of

text: convective inhibition

text: (CIN) when present. This work comes from increasing instability in the low levels by raising the

text: temperature

text: or

text: dew point

text: , or by mechanical lift. Without the aid of mechanical forcing, a parcel must reach its

text: convective temperature

text: (T) before moist convection (

text: cloud

text: ) begins near the

text: convective condensation level

text: (CCL}, whereas with dynamic lift,

text: cloud base

text: begins near the

text: lifted condensation level

text: (LCL). This will remain as shallow, moist convection (small

text: cumulus cloud

text: s) until breaking through the convective inhibition layer, after which DMC ensues as a parcel hits the LFC and enters the FCL, if thermal or mechanical forcing continues. At the level of neutral buoyancy (the EL), a parcel is cooler than the environment and is stable, so it slow down, eventually ceasing at the

text: maximum parcel level

text: (MPL).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tectonic movement

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a parcel is cooler than the environment

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be formed by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the level of neutral buoyancy

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cumulus congestus clouds or cumulonimbus clouds.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: increasing instability in the low levels

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Deep, moist convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Deep, moist convection

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convective condensation level

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Deep, moist convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: moist convection

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: At the level of neutral buoyancy

text: During the Precambrian, around 1,200 million years ago, the ancient core of what is now eastern North America collided slowly with another continent to form a vast mountain range. All that remains today are the deeply eroded granites and gneisses of the Long Range mountains.

text: During the

text: Precambrian

text: , around 1,200 million years ago, the ancient core of what is now eastern North America collided slowly with another continent to form a vast mountain range. All that remains today are the deeply eroded

text: granite

text: s and

text: gneiss

text: es of the Long Range mountains.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granites and gneisses

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: eastern North America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the merger of plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1,200 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: granites and gneisses of the Long Range mountains.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1,200 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deeply eroded granites and gneisses

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: During the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: During the Precambrian, the southwestern coastline of North America extended as far north as the present-day borders of Wyoming and Colorado. Continental growth began around 1.8 billion years ago as a sequence of island arcs (separated by seas) moved to the northwest and accreted  onto the edge of North America. By 1.4 Ga, most of Arizona had been added to the continent.

text: During the

text: Precambrian

text: , the southwestern coastline of North America extended as far north as the present-day borders of

text: Wyoming

text: and

text: Colorado

text: . Continental growth began around 1.8 billion years ago as a sequence of

text: island arcs

text: (separated by seas) moved to the northwest and

text: accreted

text: onto the edge of North America. By 1.4 Ga, most of Arizona had been added to the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: arcs (separated by seas

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.8 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: island arcs

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: island arcs

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island arcs

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: seas)

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: In 1969, Fedonkin presented a thesis titled "Biostratigraphy and paleontology of the Late Precambrian deposits of Kharaulakh Mountains, Northern Yakutia (Sakha)" to earn his MSc in Geology from Moscow State University. He went on to obtain a PhD in Stratigraphy\Paleontology (1978) and a Doctorate of Science in Paleobiology (1985) from the Geological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow for his dissertations on "Precambrian fauna and trace fossils from the Russian Platform north" and "Non-skeletal fauna of the Vendian and its place in the evolution of metazoans", respectively.

text: In 1969, Fedonkin presented a thesis titled "Biostratigraphy and paleontology of the Late Precambrian deposits of Kharaulakh Mountains, Northern Yakutia (Sakha)" to earn his

text: MSc

text: in

text: Geology

text: from

text: Moscow State University

text: . He went on to obtain a

text: PhD

text: in

text: Stratigraphy

text: Paleontology

text: (1978) and a Doctorate of Science in

text: Paleobiology

text: (1985) from the

text: Geological Institute

text: USSR Academy of Sciences

text: Moscow

text: for his dissertations on "Precambrian fauna and trace fossils from the Russian Platform north" and "Non-skeletal fauna of the Vendian and its place in the evolution of metazoans", respectively.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Kharaulakh Mountains

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Russian Platform north"

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kharaulakh Mountains,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: fauna and trace fossils from the Russian Platform north"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Late Precambrian deposits of Kharaulakh Mountains,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Erika continued to the west-northwest, and in the early hours of September 4, an eye-like feature appeared to have developed in the center of the deep convection. The feature was not an eye, though, as visible satellite imagery revealed a center partially exposed from the convection. Despite unfavorable wind shear, Erika strengthened further and intensified into a hurricane late on September 4, while located 530 miles (850 km) east-southeast of Guadeloupe. Deep convection re-developed near the center, and the hurricane slowly strengthened as it continued west-northwestward. Hurricane Erika decelerated its forward motion as it approached the Lesser Antilles, and passed within 85 miles (135 km) of the islands as a Category 1 hurricane. An approaching trough weakened the subtropical ridge, resulting in Erika turning to the north and later to the northeast. On September 7, Erika began to quickly intensify, and the hurricane reached its peak strength of 125 mph (205 km/h) on September 8, while located about 350 miles (565 km) north of the Lesser Antilles. Erika maintained peak intensity for about 24 hours before weakening over cooler waters.

text: Erika continued to the west-northwest, and in the early hours of September 4, an

text: eye-like feature

text: appeared to have developed in the center of the deep convection. The feature was not an eye, though, as visible

text: satellite imagery

text: revealed a center partially exposed from the convection. Despite unfavorable

text: wind shear

text: , Erika strengthened further and intensified into a hurricane late on September 4, while located 530 miles (850 km) east-southeast of

text: Guadeloupe

text: . Deep convection re-developed near the center, and the hurricane slowly strengthened as it continued west-northwestward. Hurricane Erika decelerated its forward motion as it approached the Lesser Antilles, and passed within 85 miles (135 km) of the islands as a

text: Category 1 hurricane

text: . An approaching

text: trough

text: weakened the subtropical ridge, resulting in Erika turning to the north and later to the northeast. On September 7, Erika began to quickly intensify, and the hurricane reached its peak strength of 125 mph (205 km/h) on September 8, while located about 350 miles (565 km) north of the Lesser Antilles. Erika maintained peak intensity for about 24 hours before weakening over cooler waters.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guadeloupe

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 350 miles

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: subtropical ridge,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: subtropical ridge,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 350 miles (565 km) north of the Lesser Antilles.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Deep convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cooler waters.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: September 4,

text: Around 250 million years ago, during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the area that is today New Jersey bordered northern Africa as part of the supercontinent of Pangea. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains. Around 200 million years ago, Pangea began to break apart, separating the North American continent from the African continent. Around 18,000 years ago, the most recent ice age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.

text: Around 250 million years ago, during the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras, the area that is today New Jersey bordered northern Africa as part of the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Pangea

text: . The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the

text: Appalachian Mountains

text: . Around 200 million years ago, Pangea began to break apart, separating the North American continent from the African continent. Around 18,000 years ago, the

text: most recent ice age

text: resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind

text: Lake Passaic

text: , as well as many rivers, swamps, and gorges.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pangea

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 250 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pangea.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangea.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pangea.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: glaciers that reached New Jersey.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Appalachian Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers, swamps,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 250 million years ago,

text: From a geological point of view, the island is a mass of riverine affluvient founded on a precambrian granite core.  The coasts are sandy and feature gentle inclines near the channels.  The island is low and flat, and can be completely submerged during high water.  It has a total length of 4.91 km and a maximum width of 1.95 km.

text: From a geological point of view, the island is a mass of riverine affluvient founded on a

text: precambrian

text: granite

text: core.  The coasts are sandy and feature gentle inclines near the channels.  The island is low and flat, and can be completely submerged during high water.  It has a total length of 4.91 km and a maximum width of 1.95 km.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by magma

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geological point of view

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: precambrian granite core.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: precambrian granite core.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granite core.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: precambrian granite core.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: riverine affluvient

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: precambrian

text: Kansas City, Missouri moved to build a new airport away from the river for Mid-Continent and TWA, whose main overhaul base was located in a former B-25 bomber factory at Fairfax.  The new airport was to be called Mid-Continent Airport which would eventually become Kansas City International Airport.

text: Kansas City, Missouri moved to build a new airport away from the river for Mid-Continent and

text: TWA

text: , whose main overhaul base was located in a former

text: B-25 bomber

text: factory at Fairfax.  The new airport was to be called Mid-Continent Airport which would eventually become

text: Kansas City International Airport

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were not present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: B-25 bomber factory at Fairfax.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: B-25 bomber factory at Fairfax.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Kansas City International Airport.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: B-25 bomber factory at Fairfax.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: B-25 bomber factory

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mid-Continent Airport which would eventually become Kansas City International Airport.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: river

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Airport.

text: The Congo Craton, covered by the Palaeozoic-to-recent Congo Basin, is an ancient Precambrian craton that with four others (the Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and West African cratons) makes up the modern continent of Africa. These cratons were formed between about 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago and have been tectonically stable since that time. All of these cratons are bounded by younger fold belts formed between 2.0 billion and 300 million years ago.

text: The Congo Craton, covered by the

text: Palaeozoic

text: -to-recent

text: Congo Basin

text: , is an ancient

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: that with four others (the

text: Kaapvaal

text: Zimbabwe

text: Tanzania

text: , and

text: West African

text: cratons) makes up the modern

text: continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: . These cratons were formed between about 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago and have been

text: tectonic

text: ally stable since that time. All of these cratons are bounded by younger

text: fold belt

text: s formed between 2.0 billion and 300 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Congo Craton, covered by the Palaeozoic-to-recent Congo Basin

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.6 and 2.0 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonically stable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: All of these cratons are bounded by younger fold belts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.0 billion and 300 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: fold belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Congo Craton,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The break-up of Sclavia, and possibly other continents or supercratons, can be linked to a global pulse of magmatic activity around 2.3–2.2 Ga probably caused by increased mantle plume activity.  Related results of this mantle activity include the 2.3 Ga-old Precambrian dyke swarms in the Dharwar Craton in southern India which were emplaced in only five million years.  Similar swarms have been found in what is today Antarctica, Australia, Finland, Greenland, and North America.

text: The break-up of Sclavia, and possibly other continents or supercratons, can be linked to a global pulse of magmatic activity around 2.3–2.2 Ga probably caused by increased

text: mantle plume

text: activity.  Related results of this mantle activity include the 2.3 Ga-old Precambrian

text: dyke swarm

text: s in the

text: Dharwar Craton

text: in southern India which were emplaced in only five million years.  Similar swarms have been found in what is today Antarctica, Australia, Finland, Greenland, and North America.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2.3 Ga-old Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.3 Ga-old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.3 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: increased mantle plume activity.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercratons,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.3 Ga-old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: dyke swarms in the Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 2.3–2.2 Ga probably caused by increased mantle plume activity.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing is a nursing tri-specialty involved with the treatment of patients with acute and chronic wounds,  patients with an ostomy (those who have had some kind of bowel or bladder diversion), and patients with continence conditions (those with bladder and bowel control and associated skin care issues). WOC nurses use evidence-based knowledge and skills to manage these complex patients. Nurses in this specialty are often referred to as wound, ostomy, continence nurses (WOC) nurses. In the United States, certification is available for this specialty from the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Certification Board. There are additional organizations that offer varying levels of certification in this field (American Board of Wound Management).

text: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing is a

text: nursing

text: tri-specialty involved with the treatment of patients with acute and chronic wounds,  patients with an ostomy (those who have had some kind of

text: bowel

text: or

text: bladder

text: diversion), and patients with continence conditions (those with bladder and bowel control and associated skin care issues). WOC nurses use evidence-based knowledge and skills to manage these complex patients. Nurses in this specialty are often referred to as wound, ostomy, continence nurses (WOC) nurses. In the United States, certification is available for this specialty from the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Certification Board. There are additional organizations that offer varying levels of certification in this field (American Board of Wound Management).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones are not present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: bowel or bladder diversion),

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing Certification Board.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Wound, ostomy and continence nursing

text: The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.  During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.

text: The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the

text: Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events

text: some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.  During the

text: Ordovician

text: the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but

text: Baltica

text: began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also,

text: Avalonia

text: broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The

text: Rheic Ocean

text: was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.9 Ma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.9 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 485.4  1.9 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian-Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian-Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 485.4 <unk> 1.9 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 485.4 <unk> 1.9 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 485.4 <unk> 1.9 Ma.

text: Embedded within a well-developed trough, the system displayed curved convective banding features. Environmental conditions in the area, including low wind shear, high ocean heat content, and upper-level outflow, favored cyclogenesis. Additionally, an active Madden–Julian oscillation phase moving into the region was expected to bolster development. Steady improvement of the system's convective structure ensued and early on February 7, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert.

text: Embedded within a well-developed

text: trough

text: , the system displayed

text: curved

text: convective banding

text: features. Environmental conditions in the area, including low

text: wind shear

text: , high

text: ocean heat content

text: , and upper-level

text: outflow

text: , favored cyclogenesis. Additionally, an active

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: phase moving into the region was expected to bolster development. Steady improvement of the system's convective structure ensued and early on February 7, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Madden–Julian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a type of craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Madden–Julian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: trough,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low wind shear, high ocean heat content,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: trough,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: curved convective banding features.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: trough,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: upper-level outflow,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: high ocean heat content,

text: Later, when plate tectonics became generally accepted, the term Pan-African was extended to all of the supercontinent Gondwana.  Because the formation of Gondwana encompassed several continents and extended from the Neoproterzoic to the early Palaeozoic, Pan-African could no longer be considered a single orogeny, but rather an orogenic cycle that included the opening and closing of several large oceans and the collisions of several continental blocks.  Furthermore, the Pan-African events are contemporaneous with the Cadomian orogeny in Europe and the Baikalian orogeny in Asia, and crust from these areas were probably part of Pannotia (i.e. Gondwana when it first formed) during the Precambrian.

text: Later, when

text: plate tectonics

text: became generally accepted, the term Pan-African was extended to all of the supercontinent Gondwana.  Because the formation of Gondwana encompassed several continents and extended from the Neoproterzoic to the early Palaeozoic, Pan-African could no longer be considered a single orogeny, but rather an orogenic cycle that included the opening and closing of several large oceans and the collisions of several continental blocks.  Furthermore, the Pan-African events are contemporaneous with the

text: Cadomian orogeny

text: in Europe and the

text: Baikalian orogeny

text: in Asia, and crust from these areas were probably part of Pannotia (i.e. Gondwana when it first formed) during the Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cadomian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pan-African events are contemporaneous

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pan-African could no longer be considered a single orogenic cycle

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Neoproterzoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Baikalian orogeny in Asia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crust from these areas were probably part of Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continental blocks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: The West African Craton is one of the five large masses, or cratons, of the Precambrian basement rock of Africa that make up the African Plate, the others being the Kalahari craton, Congo craton, Saharan Metacraton and Tanzania Craton.  These land masses came together in the late Precambrian and early Palaeozoic eras to form the African continent. At one time, volcanic action around the rim of the craton may have contributed to a major global warming event.

text: The West African Craton is one of the five large masses, or

text: cratons

text: , of the

text: Precambrian

text: basement rock

text: of

text: Africa

text: that make up the

text: African Plate

text: , the others being the

text: Kalahari craton

text: Congo craton

text: Saharan Metacraton

text: and

text: Tanzania Craton

text: .  These land masses came together in the late Precambrian and early

text: Palaeozoic

text: eras to form the African continent. At one time, volcanic action around the rim of the craton may have contributed to a major global warming event.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: five large masses, or cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: five large masses

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic action

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: large masses,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian basement rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: volcanic action

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: At one time,

text: The stable core of the continent is the North American Craton. Much of it was also the core of an earlier supercontinent, Laurentia. The part of the craton where the basement rock is exposed is called the Canadian Shield. Surrounding this is a stable platform where the basement is covered by sediment; and surrounding that are a series of orogenic zones.

text: The stable core of the continent is the

text: North American Craton

text: . Much of it was also the core of an earlier supercontinent,

text: Laurentia

text: . The part of the

text: craton

text: where the

text: basement

text: rock is exposed is called the

text: Canadian Shield

text: . Surrounding this is a stable platform where the basement is covered by sediment; and surrounding that are a series of orogenic zones.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basement rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the stable core of the continent?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogenic zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American Craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the basement rock is exposed is called the Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sediment;

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Laurentia.

text: The Temagami land is part of the Canadian Shield, one of the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled. Temagami land has striking similarities to the Sudbury Structure, which is one of the richest mining camps in the world. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain ranges in North America that date back during the Precambrian era. These enormous mountains were taller than any that exist today. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami.

text: The Temagami land is part of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , one of the largest single exposure of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled. Temagami land has striking similarities to the

text: Sudbury Structure

text: , which is one of the richest mining camps in the world. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest

text: mountain range

text: s in

text: North America

text: that date back during the Precambrian era. These enormous mountains were taller than any that exist today. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called

text: folding

text: . Other processes, such as

text: volcanic activity

text: and

text: geologic fault

text: ing in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the oldest mountain ranges in North America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: after the Earth's crust cooled.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: enormous mountains were taller than any that exist today.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: after the Earth's crust cooled.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: folding.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian era.

text: The oldest rocks in Tasmania from the Precambrian form several blocks. The blocks are King Island; Rocky Cape in the North West, Dundas Element in the mid west; Sheffield Element in the central north; Tyennan Element in the west central and south west; and the Adamsfield-Jubilee Element in the south central to south coast.

text: The oldest rocks in Tasmania from the Precambrian form several blocks. The blocks are

text: King Island

text: ; Rocky Cape in the North West, Dundas Element in the mid west; Sheffield Element in the central north; Tyennan Element in the west central and south west; and the Adamsfield-Jubilee Element in the south central to south coast.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the oldest rocks in Tasmania

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: blocks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The oldest rocks in Tasmania from the Precambrian form several blocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: blocks.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Adamsfield-Jubilee Element

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The geology of Saskatchewan can be divided into two main geological regions, the Precambrian Canadian Shield and the Phanerozoic Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.  Within the Precambrian shield exists the Athabasca sedimentary basin.  Meteorite impacts have altered the natural geological formation processes.  The prairies were most recently affected by glacial events in the Quaternary period.

text: The geology of Saskatchewan can be divided into two main geological regions, the

text: Precambrian

text: Canadian Shield

text: and the

text: Phanerozoic

text: Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

text: .  Within the Precambrian shield exists the Athabasca sedimentary basin.  Meteorite impacts have altered the natural geological formation processes.  The prairies were most recently affected by glacial events in the Quaternary period.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Meteorite

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Athabasca sedimentary basin.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Thomas Edvard "Tom" Krogh, FRSC (1936 – April 29, 2008) was a geochronologist and a former curator for the Royal Ontario Museum. He revolutionized the technique of radiometric uranium-lead dating with the development of new laboratory procedures and analytical methodologies. His discoveries have yielded an unprecedented level of precision in the dating of Precambrian rocks. Krogh's techniques have become the international de facto standard. The application of these techniques has provided a detailed understanding of the evolution of the Earth's Precambrian shield areas.

text: Thomas Edvard "Tom" Krogh,

text: FRSC

text: (1936 – April 29, 2008) was a

text: geochronologist

text: and a former

text: curator

text: for the

text: Royal Ontario Museum

text: . He revolutionized the technique of

text: radiometric

text: uranium-lead dating

text: with the development of new laboratory procedures and analytical methodologies. His discoveries have yielded an unprecedented level of precision in the dating of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks. Krogh's techniques have become the international de facto standard. The application of these techniques has provided a detailed understanding of the evolution of the Earth's Precambrian shield areas.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Krogh's techniques have become the international de facto standard

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian shield areas.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield areas.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Thomas Edvard "Tom" Krogh,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The preservational mode is only present in the Precambrian, and is restricted to shallow or tidal waters.After this point, organisms such as sponges extracted silica from the oceans in order to construct tests (skeletons), with the result that the surface oceans no longer became supersaturated with respect to silica when evaporation condensed the mineral.

text: The preservational mode is only present in the

text: Precambrian

text: , and is restricted to shallow or

text: tidal water

text: s.After this point, organisms such as

text: sponge

text: s extracted silica from the oceans in order to construct

text: test

text: s (skeletons), with the result that the surface oceans no longer became supersaturated with respect to silica when evaporation condensed the mineral.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tidal waters

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of two plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: The preservational mode is only present in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The preservational mode is only present in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: shallow or tidal waters.After

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The preservational mode is only present in the Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow or tidal waters.After

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: In 1968, the Province of Ontario and the Government of Canada set aside an area in a sparsely inhabited region of central Canada, southeast of Kenora, Ontario, which is relatively unaffected by external human influences and industrial activities, for experimental studies of the causes and control of eutrophication and other types of water pollution. It included 46 small, deep, pristine lakes and their catchment areas in the Precambrian Shield.

text: In 1968, the Province of Ontario and the Government of Canada set aside an area in a sparsely inhabited region of central Canada, southeast of

text: Kenora

text: , Ontario, which is relatively unaffected by external human influences and industrial activities, for experimental studies of the causes and control of

text: eutrophication

text: and other types of water pollution. It included 46 small, deep, pristine lakes and their catchment areas in the

text: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: pristine lakes

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 46 small, deep, pristine lakes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The cloud pattern of the depression quickly became better organized as a curved band developed around intensifying deep convecltion, and it is estimated the system intensified into Tropical Storm Paul just six hours after forming. Easterly wind shear exposed the low level circulation to the east of the area of deep convection, though Paul continued to intensify as it moved through an area of warm waters and progressively weakening wind shear. The low level circulation gradually became more embedded within the convection as the cloud pattern improved. Computer models had troubles in forecasting the future of the storm early in its life; the GFDL model forecast Paul to reach winds of 119 mph (191 km/h), while global models expected the system to dissipate in 48–72 hours. Early on October 22, wind shear began to decrease, which coincided with an increase of outflow on its eastern side. The storm temporarily degraded in appearance as it turned to the northwest. However, shear sharply abated over Paul late on October 22, resulting in the storm quickly gaining organization and intensifying. An eye began to develop within the convection, and Paul intensified into a hurricane early on October 23.

text: The cloud pattern of the depression quickly became better organized as a curved band developed around intensifying deep convecltion, and it is estimated the system intensified into Tropical Storm Paul just six hours after forming. Easterly

text: wind shear

text: exposed the low level circulation to the east of the area of deep convection, though Paul continued to intensify as it moved through an area of warm waters and progressively weakening wind shear. The low level circulation gradually became more embedded within the convection as the cloud pattern improved. Computer models had troubles in forecasting the future of the storm early in its life; the

text: GFDL model

text: forecast Paul to reach winds of 119 mph (191 km/h), while

text: global models

text: expected the system to dissipate in 48–72 hours. Early on October 22, wind shear began to decrease, which coincided with an increase of outflow on its eastern side. The storm temporarily degraded in appearance as it turned to the northwest. However, shear sharply abated over Paul late on October 22, resulting in the storm quickly gaining organization and intensifying. An

text: eye

text: began to develop within the convection, and Paul intensified into a hurricane early on October 23.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: geologic time

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep convecltion,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: deep convecltion,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: intensifying deep convecltion,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Storm Paul

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: curved band developed around intensifying deep convecltion,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep convecltion,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: warm waters

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: warm waters

text: A project of the Badilisha Poetry X-Change Badilisha Poetry Radio is an online platform created to appreciate, celebrate and discover contemporary Pan-African poetry. Badilisha Poetry Radio focuses on weekly podcasts featuring poets from the African Continent and its Diaspora. It is a space dedicated to the exposure and growth of previously unheard and unknown poetry voices from the continent, and an archive of historical poets from the continent and beyond.

text: A project of the

text: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

text: Badilisha Poetry Radio is an online platform created to appreciate, celebrate and discover contemporary Pan-African poetry. Badilisha Poetry Radio focuses on weekly podcasts featuring poets from the African Continent and its Diaspora. It is a space dedicated to the exposure and growth of previously unheard and unknown poetry voices from the continent, and an archive of historical poets from the continent and beyond.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were cooled

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African Continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: contemporary Pan-African poetry.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Badilisha Poetry X-Change

text: The European part of Russia lies on the East European platform, a region up to  wide covered by more than  of metamorphosed sediments dating back to the Riphean stage (middle to late Proterozoic, from 1,400 to 800 million years ago). These sediments lie on the East European craton, a remnant of Precambrian continental crust composed of magmatic and metamorphic rocks. The East European craton itself was created between 2.0 and 1.7 billion years ago when the microcontinents of Fennoscandia, Sarmatia and Volgo-Uralia collided.

text: The European part of Russia lies on the East European platform, a region up to  wide covered by more than  of

text: metamorphosed sediments

text: dating back to the

text: Riphean stage

text: (middle to late

text: Proterozoic

text: , from 1,400 to 800 million years ago). These sediments lie on the

text: East European craton

text: , a remnant of

text: Precambrian

text: continental crust composed of magmatic and metamorphic rocks. The East European craton itself was created between 2.0 and 1.7

text: billion

text: years ago when the

text: microcontinent

text: s of

text: Fennoscandia

text: Sarmatia

text: and

text: Volgo-Uralia

text: collided.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian continental crust

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.7 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magmatic and metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: magmatic and metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: East European craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: magmatic and metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: East European craton,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1,400 to 800 million years ago).

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Charrington Brewery was a brewery company founded in Bethnal Green, London in the early 18th century by Robert Westfield. In 1766, John Charrington joined the company, which then traded as Westfield, Moss & Charrington from the Anchor Brewery in Mile End. It merged with United Breweries of London in 1964 to become Charrington United Breweries, then, after acquiring a number of other breweries, it merged with Bass Brewery in 1967 to become the largest UK brewing company, Bass Charrington, later simply Bass plc.  The brewing operations of the company were bought by Interbrew (now Anheuser-Busch InBev) in 2000, while the retail side (hotel and pub holdings) were renamed Six Continents. In 2003 Six Continents split into a pubs business, now known as Mitchells & Butlers, and a hotels and soft drinks business, now known as InterContinental Hotels Group.

text: Charrington Brewery was a brewery company founded in

text: Bethnal Green

text: , London in the early 18th century by Robert Westfield. In 1766, John Charrington joined the company, which then traded as Westfield, Moss & Charrington from the Anchor Brewery in

text: Mile End

text: . It merged with United Breweries of London in 1964 to become Charrington United Breweries, then, after acquiring a number of other breweries, it merged with

text: Bass Brewery

text: in 1967 to become the largest UK brewing company, Bass Charrington, later simply Bass plc.  The brewing operations of the company were bought by

text: Interbrew

text: (now

text: Anheuser-Busch InBev

text: ) in 2000, while the retail side (hotel and pub holdings) were renamed

text: Six Continents

text: . In 2003 Six Continents split into a pubs business, now known as

text: Mitchells & Butlers

text: , and a hotels and soft drinks business, now known as

text: InterContinental Hotels Group

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: How many cratons are there in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the early 18th century

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Anchor Brewery in Mile End.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Anchor Brewery in Mile End.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: early 18th century

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Six Continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: early 18th century

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Charrington Brewery

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: early 18th century

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 18th century

text: The third continent on Midkemia. Sometime ages ago, part of the continent rose up some 600 feet creating an isolated plateau. In later books it is disclosed that the lower portion of the continent was settled by refugees from Triagia, during the purging of the Ishapian Temple of the Heretics of Al-maral. The upper portion (The Ethel-Duath) was populated by the Saaur lizard-men, a race of nomadic warriors also created by Alma-Lodaka but who were left on the world of Shila, rather than Midkemia, and who were brought to serve the Emerald Queen during the Serpentwar Saga. After the war was concluded, they were relocated by the magician Pug, who sought to remove them from the Kingdom without fighting.

text: The third continent on Midkemia. Sometime ages ago, part of the continent rose up some 600 feet creating an isolated plateau. In later books it is disclosed that the lower portion of the continent was settled by refugees from Triagia, during the purging of the Ishapian Temple of the Heretics of Al-maral. The upper portion (The Ethel-Duath) was populated by the Saaur lizard-men, a race of nomadic warriors also created by Alma-Lodaka but who were left on the world of Shila, rather than Midkemia, and who were brought to serve the Emerald Queen during the Serpentwar Saga. After the war was concluded, they were relocated by the magician Pug, who sought to remove them from the Kingdom without fighting.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Midkemia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the third continent on Midkemia?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 feet

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Sometime ages ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Triagia,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Triagia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: part of the continent rose up some 600 feet creating an isolated plateau.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 600 feet creating an isolated plateau.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 feet

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: isolated plateau.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The third continent on Midkemia.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Sometime ages ago,

text: Towards the end of the Precambrian period, the volcanoes ceased their eruptions, and the rivers had dried up. Instead the forces that created the volcanoes caused the new rocks to lift and fold, creating mountains and valleys in the area. Much of the rock was melted during this period, underneath the Earth's crust, causing the mountains to continually change towards the latter part of the Precambrian. The Church Stretton Fault line was created during this period, and is still active today. The hill Caer Caradoc adjacent to the Long Mynd and from the same time is more volcanic in origin, and is thought to be the remnants of the great mountain chain.

text: Towards the end of the Precambrian period, the volcanoes ceased their eruptions, and the rivers had dried up. Instead the forces that created the volcanoes caused the new rocks to lift and fold, creating mountains and valleys in the area. Much of the rock was melted during this period, underneath the Earth's

text: crust

text: , causing the mountains to continually change towards the latter part of the Precambrian. The Church Stretton Fault line was created during this period, and is still active today. The hill Caer Caradoc adjacent to the Long Mynd and from the same time is more volcanic in origin, and is thought to be the remnants of the great mountain chain.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: melted

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: great mountain chain.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the volcanoes ceased their eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountains and valleys

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: the rivers had dried up.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Much of the rock was melted

text: By October 4, the forward speed of Tropical Storm Lorena had decreased to around seven to nine mph (11 to 14 km/h) and strong upper-level southwesterly shear began to adversely affect the cyclone. Lorena weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated into a non-convective low later that day about  southwest of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. The remnant low-level cloud circulation remained offshore and persisted for another day or so before completely dissipating just west of Cabo Corrientes, Mexico.

text: By October 4, the forward speed of Tropical Storm Lorena had decreased to around seven to nine mph (11 to 14 km/h) and strong upper-level southwesterly shear began to adversely affect the cyclone. Lorena weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated into a non-convective low later that day about  southwest of

text: Puerto Vallarta, Mexico

text: . The remnant low-level cloud circulation remained offshore and persisted for another day or so before completely dissipating just west of Cabo Corrientes, Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a type of craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: By October 4,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cabo Corrientes,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: October 4,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cabo Corrientes,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: seven to nine mph

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: By October 4,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: October 4,

text: The term glacio-epoch refers to a long episode of glaciation on Earth over millions of years.  Glaciers have major implications on the climate particularly through sea level change.  Changes in the position and elevation of the continents, the paleolatitude and ocean circulation affect the glacio-epochs.  There is an association between the rifting and breakup of continents and supercontinents and glacio-epochs.  According to the first model for Precambrian supercontinents described above the breakup of Kenorland and Rodinia were associated with the Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic glacio-epochs, respectively. In contrast, the second solution described above shows that these glaciations correlated with periods of low continental velocity and it is concluded that a fall in tectonic and corresponding volcanic activity was responsible for these intervals of global frigidity.  During the accumulation of supercontinents with times of regional uplift, glacio-epochs seem to be rare with little supporting evidence. However, the lack of evidence does not allow for the conclusion that glacio-epochs are not associated with collisional assembly of supercontinents.  This could just represent a preservation bias.

text: The term glacio-epoch refers to a long episode of glaciation on Earth over millions of years.  Glaciers have major implications on the climate particularly through

text: sea level change

text: .  Changes in the position and elevation of the continents, the

text: paleolatitude

text: and ocean circulation affect the glacio-epochs.  There is an association between the rifting and breakup of continents and supercontinents and glacio-epochs.  According to the first model for Precambrian supercontinents described above the breakup of

text: Kenorland

text: and

text: Rodinia

text: were associated with the

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: and

text: Neoproterozoic

text: glacio-epochs, respectively. In contrast, the second solution described above shows that these glaciations correlated with periods of low continental velocity and it is concluded that a fall in tectonic and corresponding volcanic activity was responsible for these intervals of global frigidity.  During the accumulation of supercontinents with times of regional uplift, glacio-epochs seem to be rare with little supporting evidence. However, the lack of evidence does not allow for the conclusion that glacio-epochs are not associated with collisional assembly of supercontinents.  This could just represent a preservation bias.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: During the accumulation of supercontinents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Kenorland and Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: glacio-epoch

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ocean circulation

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleoproterozoic

text: Although Mid-Continent merged with Braniff in 1952, Kansas City decided to name the new airport on the basis of Mid-Continent's historic roots (serving the Mid-continent Oil Field).

text: Although Mid-Continent merged with Braniff in 1952, Kansas City decided to name the new airport on the basis of Mid-Continent's historic roots (serving the

text: Mid-continent Oil Field

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kansas City

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no one was alive

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field).

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1952,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kansas City

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mid-continent Oil Field).

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mid-Continent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mid-Continent

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1952,

text: Examples of stations with bay platforms include Carlisle railway station; Nottingham railway station (pictured), which has a bay platform inset into one of its platform islands; and the San Francisco International Airport BART Station which has three bay platforms, two of which are in use. Chicago's CTA O'Hare Airport Station features a bay platform with one track on the bay and a track on each side of the platform. The Hoboken and 33 St Stations on the PATH train line have bay platforms. Ferry Avenue on the PATCO Speedline also has a bay platform. However, in the New York City Subway, such platforms are thought of as side or island platforms connected at the ends, rather than bay platforms.

text: Examples of stations with bay platforms include

text: Carlisle railway station

text: Nottingham railway station

text: (pictured), which has a bay platform inset into one of its platform islands; and the

entity_name: San Francisco International Airport station

text: San Francisco International Airport BART Station

text: which has three bay platforms, two of which are in use. Chicago's CTA

text: O'Hare Airport Station

text: features a bay platform with one track on the bay and a track on each side of the platform. The Hoboken and 33 St Stations on the

text: PATH

text: train line have bay platforms.

text: Ferry Avenue

text: on the

text: PATCO Speedline

text: also has a bay platform. However, in the

text: New York City Subway

text: , such platforms are thought of as

text: side

text: or

text: island

text: platforms connected at the ends, rather than bay platforms.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: bay platforms

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are bay platforms connected at the ends

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: bay

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: bay platforms include Carlisle railway station;

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: side or island platforms connected at the ends, rather than bay platforms.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: bay platforms

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: side or island platforms connected at the ends, rather than bay platforms.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: bay platforms.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: bay platforms

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: bay platforms

text: Earth heat transport occurs by conduction, mantle convection, hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection. Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. Thus, ~99% of Earth's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust, and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth. Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources, in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2% internal radiogenic heat. The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection. Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age, with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers (zones of mantle upwelling), as observed in the global map of Earth heat flow.

text: Earth heat transport occurs by

text: conduction

text: mantle convection

text: hydrothermal convection

text: , and volcanic

text: advection

text: . Earth's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80% due to mantle convection, with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth's crust, with about 1% due to volcanic activity, earthquakes, and mountain building. Thus, ~99% of Earth's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust, and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth. Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources, in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2% internal radiogenic heat. The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection. Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age, with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at

text: mid-ocean ridge

text: spreading centers (zones of mantle upwelling), as observed in the

text: global map of Earth heat flow

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mantle convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 99%

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: internal radiogenic sources,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: rock age,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: mid-ocean ridge spreading centers

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mid-ocean ridge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 80% due to mantle convection,

text: Shields are ½" pieces of plywood (¼" for bucklers) wrapped in hard- and soft-cell foam and covered with cloth.  Any weapon (save for the Arrow of Piercing relic) may be deflected by a shield and cause no damage as long as the weapon does not solidly strike the individual before or after contact with the shield.  Shields may be destroyed by a halberd, certain-sized two-handed axes, or via the Mace of Disruption relic in three solid hits, or the Javelin of Lightning relic in one hit.  Additionally, certain magic spells such as Warp Wood or Lightning Bolt destroy shields.

text: Shields are ½" pieces of plywood (¼" for

text: buckler

text: s) wrapped in hard- and soft-cell foam and covered with cloth.  Any weapon (save for the Arrow of Piercing relic) may be deflected by a shield and cause no damage as long as the weapon does not solidly strike the individual before or after contact with the shield.  Shields may be destroyed by a halberd, certain-sized two-handed axes, or via the Mace of Disruption relic in three solid hits, or the Javelin of Lightning relic in one hit.  Additionally, certain magic spells such as Warp Wood or Lightning Bolt destroy shields.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made of what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 2

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shields are 1<unk>2" pieces of plywood

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Shields are 1<unk>2" pieces of plywood

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1<unk>2" pieces of plywood

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Shields

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Arrow of Piercing relic) may be deflected

text: Deep beneath the BHH kimberlite field lies a 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old Precambrian craton called the Buffalo Head Terrane, which has no exposure at surface. The Precambrian craton is overlain by about  of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, which are covered by as much as  of unconsolidated glacial and post-glacial sediments of Quaternary age. Because of this thick cover of Quaternary sediments and lack of bedrock outcrops, the BHH kimberlite pipes were discovered primarily through interpretation of geophysical data from aeromagnetic and gravity surveys, followed by drilling programs.

text: Deep beneath the BHH kimberlite field lies a 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: called the

text: Buffalo Head Terrane

text: , which has no exposure at surface. The Precambrian craton is overlain by about  of

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, which are covered by as much as  of unconsolidated

text: glacial

text: and post-glacial sediments of

text: Quaternary

text: age. Because of this thick cover of Quaternary sediments and lack of bedrock outcrops, the BHH kimberlite pipes were discovered primarily through interpretation of

text: geophysical

text: data from

text: aeromagnetic

text: and gravity surveys, followed by drilling programs.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the Buffalo Head Terrane?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.0 to 2.4 billion

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Buffalo Head Terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Quaternary age.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.0 to 2.4 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: unconsolidated glacial and post-glacial

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Those who wish to keep assisted colonization on the table often note that the vast majority of historical species invasions have resulted from continent-to-continent or continent-to-island transportation of species and that very few invasions have resulted from the comparatively short-distance, within-continent movement of species proposed for assisted colonization. For example, Mueller and Hellman reviewed 468 documented species invasions and found that only 14.7% occurred on the same continent where the species originated. Of the 14.7%, the vast majority were fish and crustaceans. Terrestrial species that became invasive on the same continent where they originated were often transported across large biogeographic barriers, such as mountain ranges. These long-distance, within-continent translocations are unlike expected uses of assisted colonization, which generally involve helping species colonize habitats immediately adjacent to their current ranges.

text: Those who wish to keep assisted colonization on the table often note that the vast majority of historical species invasions have resulted from continent-to-continent or continent-to-island transportation of species and that very few invasions have resulted from the comparatively short-distance, within-continent movement of species proposed for assisted colonization. For example, Mueller and Hellman reviewed 468 documented species invasions and found that only 14.7% occurred on the same continent where the species originated. Of the 14.7%, the vast majority were fish and crustaceans. Terrestrial species that became invasive on the same continent where they originated were often transported across large biogeographic barriers, such as mountain ranges. These long-distance, within-continent translocations are unlike expected uses of assisted colonization, which generally involve helping species colonize habitats immediately adjacent to their current ranges.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continent-to-continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: long-distance

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: long-distance

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountain range

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mountain ranges.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: mountain ranges.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mountain ranges.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: crustaceans.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: mountain ranges.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountain ranges.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: fish and crustaceans.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Those who wish to keep assisted colonization

text: The northern continent is inhabited by nomads and hunter-gatherers. The southern continent, less affected by the Fire Time, is a more advanced agriculturally based civilization known as the Gathering, with villages along trade routes and shipbuilding is extensive in the southern island arcs.

text: The northern continent is inhabited by nomads and hunter-gatherers. The southern continent, less affected by the Fire Time, is a more advanced agriculturally based civilization known as the Gathering, with villages along trade routes and shipbuilding is extensive in the southern island arcs.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Fire Time

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: nomads

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: nomads

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Fire Time

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Fire Time,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Fire Time,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Fire Time,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: southern island arcs.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: hunter-gatherers.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: southern island arcs.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: nomads and hunter-gatherers.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Fire Time,

text: During the Paleozoic Era, the tectonic plate containing the continent of Laurentia and the plate containing the continent of Gondwanaland were converging, the Iapetus ocean that separated the two continents gradually closed and the resulting collision between the plates formed the Appalachian Mountains. During the early stages of this mountain building known as the Taconic orogeny, a piece of ocean crust from the Iapetus ocean broke off and became incorporated into the collision zone and now forms the oldest bedrock strata of Staten Island, the serpentinite.

text: During the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: , the

text: tectonic plate

text: containing the continent of

text: Laurentia

text: and the plate containing the continent of

text: Gondwanaland

text: were converging, the

text: Iapetus ocean

text: that separated the two continents gradually closed and the resulting collision between the plates formed the Appalachian Mountains. During the early stages of this mountain building known as the

text: Taconic orogeny

text: , a piece of ocean crust from the Iapetus ocean broke off and became incorporated into the collision zone and now forms the oldest bedrock strata of Staten Island, the

text: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Iapetus ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: serpentinite.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Iapetus ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plate

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: serpentinite.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: serpentinite.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: the Iapetus ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic Era,

text: Lake Beechey (sometimes Beechey Lake) is a lake in Kitikmeot, Nunavut, Canada. It is a long, narrow, lake-expansion of the Back River.  It is part of the western Canadian Precambrian Shield. It contains a few unnamed islands.

text: Lake Beechey (sometimes Beechey Lake) is a

text: lake

text: in

text: Kitikmeot

text: Nunavut

text: Canada

text: . It is a long, narrow, lake-expansion of the

text: Back River

text: .  It is part of the western

text: Canadian Precambrian Shield

text: . It contains a few unnamed islands.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in this article

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: western Canadian Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Beechey (sometimes Beechey Lake) is a lake

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: For much of the last quarter century, the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle, which can be transmitted through the asthenosphere. This theory was launched by Arthur Holmes and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory as originally discussed in the papers of Alfred Wegener in the early years of the century. However, despite its acceptance, it was long debated in the scientific community because the leading ("fixist") theory still envisaged a static Earth without moving continents up until the major breakthroughs of the early sixties.

text: For much of the last quarter century, the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle, which can be transmitted through the asthenosphere. This theory was launched by

text: Arthur Holmes

text: and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory as originally discussed in the papers of

text: Alfred Wegener

text: in the early years of the century. However, despite its acceptance, it was long debated in the scientific community because the leading ("fixist") theory still envisaged a static Earth without moving continents up until the major breakthroughs of the early sixties.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be transmitted through the asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plate motions

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: large scale convection currents in the upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: convection currents in the upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: convection currents in the upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early sixties.

text: Several plate tectonic reconstructions propose an Archean-Paleoproterozoic connection between the cratonic core of North America, the continent Laurentia, and that of Siberia, the continent Siberia, based on geological connections and paleomagnetic evidence.  For example, in the reconstruction of  Angara in Siberia matches the Wopmay orogen and the GBMZ in Laurentia; and the Aktikan fold belt in Siberia matches the Thelon-Taltson belt in Laurentia.  Several other tectonic models have been proposed, however, and the possible connections between the two early continents remain controversial.

text: Several plate tectonic reconstructions propose an Archean-Paleoproterozoic connection between the cratonic core of North America, the continent

text: Laurentia

text: , and that of Siberia, the continent

text: Siberia

text: , based on geological connections and

text: paleomagnetic

text: evidence.  For example, in the reconstruction of  Angara in Siberia matches the Wopmay orogen and the GBMZ in Laurentia; and the Aktikan fold belt in Siberia matches the Thelon-Taltson belt in Laurentia.  Several other tectonic models have been proposed, however, and the possible connections between the two early continents remain controversial.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: GBMZ

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean-Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archean-Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonic core of North America,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archean-Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: fold belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: paleomagnetic evidence.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean-Paleoproterozoic

text: The term Dharwar Supergroup is now used as synonymous with metamorphosed Precambrian sediments and including all the schistose series below the Eparchaean Unconformity.  The Dharwarian rocks are mostly unfossiliferous expect for the stromatolitic limestones.

text: The term Dharwar Supergroup is now used as synonymous with metamorphosed Precambrian sediments and including all the schistose series below the

text: Eparchaean Unconformity

text: .  The Dharwarian rocks are mostly unfossiliferous expect for the

text: stromatolitic

text: limestones.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Dharwarian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not the same thing

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: metamorphosed Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Eparchaean Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unfossiliferous

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Dharwar Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Dharwarian rocks are mostly unfossiliferous

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: It was not until July 20 that a well-defined center of circulation formed and satellite intensity estimates supported tropical depression status. Moving on a general west-northwest track, the system became a tropical storm and reached maximum winds of  and 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg) minimum pressure July 22. It then moved over relatively cooler waters and weakened as the deep convection quickly vanished. By July 24, it was just a non-convective and dissipating swirl of low clouds, although some showers re-developed intermittently.

text: It was not until July 20 that a well-defined center of circulation formed and satellite intensity estimates supported tropical depression status. Moving on a general west-northwest track, the system became a tropical storm and reached maximum winds of  and 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg) minimum pressure July 22. It then moved over relatively cooler waters and weakened as the deep convection quickly vanished. By July 24, it was just a non-convective and dissipating swirl of low clouds, although some showers re-developed intermittently.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tropical depression status

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton in the solar system?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: It was not until July 20

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: west-northwest

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tropical depression status.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical storm

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 29.56 inHg) minimum pressure July 22.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical storm

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: July 20

text: The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Precambrian, specifically the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old, and mark the southern limit of the North American craton.  These rocks are mostly buried beneath Phanerozoic sediments, but are exposed in the Llano area, where previous Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks where uplifted and exposed at the surface.  These billion year old rocks can only be seen several thousand feet in the subsurface by boreholes and other data in the DFW Metroplex.

text: The oldest rocks in Texas date from the

text: Precambrian

text: , specifically the

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: and are about 1,600 million years old, and mark the southern limit of the

text: North American craton

text: .  These rocks are mostly buried beneath

text: Phanerozoic

text: sediments, but are exposed in the

text: Llano

text: area, where previous Precambrian

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks where uplifted and exposed at the surface.  These billion year old rocks can only be seen several thousand feet in the subsurface by boreholes and other data in the DFW Metroplex.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1,600 million years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1,600 million years old,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Phanerozoic sediments,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature differences which affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid. Heavier (more dense) components will fall, while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to bulk fluid movement.  Natural convection can only occur, therefore, in a gravitational field. A common example of natural convection is the rise of smoke from a fire. It can be seen in a pot of boiling water in which the hot and less-dense water on the bottom layer moves upwards in plumes, and the cool and more dense water near the top of the pot likewise sinks.

text: Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature differences which affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid. Heavier (more dense) components will fall, while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to bulk fluid movement.  Natural convection can only occur, therefore, in a gravitational field. A common example of natural convection is the rise of smoke from a fire. It can be seen in a pot of boiling water in which the hot and less-dense water on the bottom layer moves upwards in plumes, and the cool and more dense water near the top of the pot likewise sinks.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can only occur in a gravitational field

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Natural convection,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Natural convection,

text: The following is a list of known orogenies organised by continent, starting with the oldest at the top. The organization of this article is along present-day continents that do not necessarily reflect the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Note that some orogenies encompass more than one continent and might have different names in each continent. Like-wise some very large orogenies include a number of sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena orogenies are often subject to different and changing interpretations regarding to their age, type and associated paleogeography.

text: The following is a list of known

text: orogenies

text: organised by continent, starting with the oldest at the top. The organization of this article is along present-day continents that do not necessarily reflect the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Note that some orogenies encompass more than one continent and might have different names in each continent. Like-wise some very large orogenies include a number of sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena orogenies are often subject to different and changing interpretations regarding to their age, type and associated

text: paleogeography

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: List of cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zircon

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continent,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: age, type and associated paleogeography.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: orogenies

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: paleogeography.

text: The latent heat release from condensation is the determinate between significant convection and almost no convection at all. The fact that air is generally cooler during winter months, and therefore can not hold as much water vapor and associated latent heat, is why significant convection (thunderstorms) are infrequent in cooler areas during that period. Thundersnow is one situation where forcing mechanisms provide support for very steep environmental lapse rates, which as mentioned before is an archetype for favored convection. The small amount of latent heat released from air rising and condensing moisture in a thundersnow also serves to increase this convective potential, although minimally.There are also three types of thunderstorms which are orographic,air mass, and frontal.

text: The latent heat release from condensation is the determinate between significant convection and almost no convection at all. The fact that air is generally cooler during winter months, and therefore can not hold as much water vapor and associated latent heat, is why significant convection (thunderstorms) are infrequent in cooler areas during that period.

text: Thundersnow

text: is one situation where forcing mechanisms provide support for very steep environmental lapse rates, which as mentioned before is an archetype for favored convection. The small amount of latent heat released from air rising and condensing moisture in a thundersnow also serves to increase this convective potential, although minimally.There are also three types of thunderstorms which are orographic,air mass, and frontal.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: latent heat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: three types of thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: forcing mechanisms provide support for very steep environmental lapse rates,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Thundersnow

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The latent heat release from condensation

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: winter months,

text: Platform 1 is a through platform used as a bay platform by Great Western Railway's terminating local trains to Oxford and commuter trains beyond to Reading and Paddington, and by Chiltern Railways through and terminating services from the south – all terminating trains at this platform travel a short distance up the line before reversing back to the same platform and boarding outbound passengers, unless a train has since occupied the platform, which then means the train reverses to platform 3 to board passengers, It is also used as an emergency through platform if one of the others is out of use for any reason.

text: Platform 1 is a through platform used as a bay platform by

entity_name: Great Western Railway (train operating company)

text: Great Western Railway's

text: terminating local trains to

text: Oxford

text: and commuter trains beyond to

text: Reading

text: and

text: Paddington

text: , and by Chiltern Railways through and terminating services from the south – all terminating trains at this platform travel a short distance up the line before reversing back to the same platform and boarding outbound passengers, unless a train has since occupied the platform, which then means the train reverses to platform 3 to board passengers, It is also used as an emergency through platform if one of the others is out of use for any reason.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is platform 1 used as a bay platform by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platform 1

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: bay platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Platform

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Platform 1

text: The South Shropshire largely fall within the Shropshire Hills AONB. These hills were formed on a continental shelf, but buckled up into hills at the time of a continental collision: the Variscan Orogeny. The most famous of these hills is probably the Long Mynd, which is Precambrian in age and forms the west side of the Stretton Valley. East of Church Stretton is Wenlock Edge, a Silurian limestone escarpment. In between lies a complete succession through the late Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician and into the Silurian. Wenlock Edge is the equivalent of the equally famous North American Niagara Escarpment, which comprises Middle Silurian (Clinton Group) to Upper Silurian strata.  These two escarpments were most likely in the same locale prior to the separation of the North American and  European plates at the end of the Mesozoic Era, 60 million years ago.  This is evident by the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  South West of Church Stretton, and at the westernmost border of England with Wales, is the very rural area of Clun Forest. The rocks here are mainly Silurian in age, and whilst they are, on the whole, weak rocks that are easily eroded, the topography is very varied with an impressive landscape, and the hills were put to good use in Iron Age times with the use of fortresses on the hills across Shropshire, including Clee and Anchor.

text: The South Shropshire largely fall within the Shropshire Hills AONB. These hills were formed on a

text: continental shelf

text: , but buckled up into hills at the time of a

text: continental collision

text: : the

text: Variscan Orogeny

text: . The most famous of these hills is probably the Long Mynd, which is Precambrian in age and forms the west side of the Stretton Valley. East of Church Stretton is

text: Wenlock Edge

text: , a

text: Silurian

text: limestone escarpment. In between lies a complete succession through the late

text: Precambrian

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: and into the

text: Silurian

text: . Wenlock Edge is the equivalent of the equally famous North American

text: Niagara Escarpment

text: , which comprises Middle

text: Silurian

text: (Clinton Group) to Upper

text: Silurian

text: strata.  These two escarpments were most likely in the same locale prior to the separation of the North American and  European plates at the end of the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era, 60 million years ago.  This is evident by the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  South West of Church Stretton, and at the westernmost border of

text: England

text: with Wales, is the very rural area of

text: Clun

text: Forest. The rocks here are mainly Silurian in age, and whilst they are, on the whole, weak rocks that are easily eroded, the

text: topography

text: is very varied with an impressive landscape, and the hills were put to good use in

text: Iron Age

text: times with the use of

text: fortresses

text: on the hills across Shropshire, including

text: Clee

text: and

text: Anchor

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Variscan Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the two escarpments most likely in the same locale prior to the separation of the North American and European plates?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: escarpment

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 60 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Variscan Orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Silurian limestone escarpment.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The cratons that had become stable around 3000 Ma were all in the same region within Pangaea, which is the main argument for them having formed a single continent three billion years ago.  The Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa became stable around 3100 Ma.  The Pilbara craton in western Australia is not well defined but formed around 3000 Ma.  Three cratons in East Antarctica are of similar age but not well known.  These cratons share similar geological histories and are therefore assumed to have formed the continent Vaalbara.

text: The cratons that had become stable around 3000 Ma were all in the same region within Pangaea, which is the main argument for them having formed a single continent three billion years ago.  The

text: Kaapvaal craton

text: in southern Africa became stable around 3100 Ma.  The

text: Pilbara craton

text: in western Australia is not well defined but formed around 3000 Ma.  Three cratons in East Antarctica are of similar age but not well known.  These cratons share similar geological histories and are therefore assumed to have formed the continent

text: Vaalbara

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are of similar age but not well known

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a single continent three billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: all in the same region within Pangaea,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The cratons that had become stable around 3000 Ma

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: three billion years ago.

text: There is considerable misunderstanding in the literature with the use of the term "Baltic Shield." A shield in any craton is the area of exposed crystalline crust while the other part of a craton is a “platform” where the crystalline crust or basement is overlaid by younger sedimentary cover. Thus the crustal segments comprise both the shield areas and parts of the platform basement. As such, the  Baltic Shield is not the same as the Baltic Plate. The Baltic, Ukrainian shields and the Voronezh Massif are the present-day geomorphological highs which were formed much later, even in the Cenozoic. Geomorphologically the Baltic Shield is only one segment/region of the East European craton. The East European craton as a whole was a part of Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic Baltica.

text: There is considerable misunderstanding in the literature with the use of the term "Baltic Shield." A

text: shield

text: in any craton is the area of exposed

text: crystalline

text: crust

text: while the other part of a craton is a “

text: platform

text: ” where the crystalline crust or

text: basement

text: is overlaid by younger sedimentary cover. Thus the crustal segments comprise both the shield areas and parts of the platform basement. As such, the  Baltic Shield is not the same as the

text: Baltic Plate

text: . The Baltic,

text: Ukrainian shield

text: s and the

text: Voronezh Massif

text: are the present-day

text: geomorphological

text: highs which were formed much later, even in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Geomorphologically

text: the Baltic Shield is only one segment/region of the

text: East European craton

text: . The

text: East European craton

text: as a whole was a part of

text: Neoproterozoic

text: -Early

text: Palaeozoic

text: Baltica

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline crust

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Neoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crystalline crust or basement is overlaid by younger sedimentary cover

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: A shield in any craton is the area of exposed crystalline crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic Baltica.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: younger sedimentary cover.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the area of exposed crystalline crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: area of exposed crystalline crust

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: “platform”

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: "Baltic Shield."

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cenozoic.

text: The vast craton in the north and west contains a number of quite rugged mountain ranges, of which the highest are the MacDonnell and Musgrave Ranges on the southern border of the Northern Territory. These rise to over , but the most spectacular features are the deep gorges of rivers such as the Finke. Most of the craton, however, is distinctly flat and generally low-lying with an average elevation of around , whilst in the Lake Eyre Basin most of the land is not far above sea level.

text: The vast craton in the north and west contains a number of quite rugged mountain ranges, of which the highest are the

text: MacDonnell

text: and

text: Musgrave Ranges

text: on the southern border of the Northern Territory. These rise to over , but the most spectacular features are the deep gorges of rivers such as the

text: Finke

text: . Most of the craton, however, is distinctly flat and generally low-lying with an average elevation of around , whilst in the

text: Lake Eyre Basin

text: most of the land is not far above sea level.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The vast craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep gorges

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: over,

text: The Allamoore-Van Horn silver-mining district in Hudspeth County and Culberson counties was discovered in 1880, and mined intermittently. Silver and copper were mined from Precambrian igneous and sedimentary rocks. No reliable production figures are available.

text: The Allamoore-Van Horn silver-mining district in

text: Hudspeth County

text: and

text: Culberson

text: counties was discovered in 1880, and mined intermittently. Silver and

text: copper

text: were mined from

text: Precambrian

text: igneous

text: and

text: sedimentary

text: rocks. No reliable production figures are available.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: igneous and sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian igneous and sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1880,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The continent Avalonia was until the Ordovician () part of the large southern continent Gondwana, but then began drifting independently to lower latitudes. As it passed through the dry latitudes represented today by the Namib Desert, it was eroded and the soils became laterite represented by the Old Red Sandstone which shows its presence in the red soils of Devonshire. The strata, particularly of the Precambrian are complex. Their continuity is also poorly understood because they are beyond the reach of most boreholes.

text: The continent

text: Avalonia

text: was until the

text: Ordovician

text: () part of the large southern continent

text: Gondwana

text: , but then began

text: drifting

text: independently to lower

text: latitude

text: s. As it passed through the dry latitudes represented today by the

text: Namib Desert

text: , it was

text: eroded

text: and the

text: soil

text: s became

text: laterite

text: represented by the

text: Old Red Sandstone

text: which shows its presence in the red soils of

text: Devon

text: shire. The

text: strata

text: , particularly of the

text: Precambrian

text: are complex. Their continuity is also poorly understood because they are beyond the reach of most

text: borehole

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are represented by the Old Red Sandstone

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: complex

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: complex.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The strata,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: dry latitudes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Ordovician

text: Early on October 8, 2013, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, about  to the east-southeast of Anderson Air Force Base on the island of Guam. During that day, atmospheric convection started to wrap around into a consolidating low level circulation center, before the Japan Meteorological Agency

text: Early on October 8, 2013, the United States

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) reported that a tropical disturbance had developed within an area of low to moderate vertical wind shear, about  to the east-southeast of

text: Anderson Air Force Base

text: on the island of

text: Guam

text: . During that day, atmospheric convection started to wrap around into a consolidating low level circulation center, before the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guam.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: low to moderate vertical wind shear,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Japan Meteorological Agency

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: to the east-southeast of Anderson Air Force Base

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: consolidating low level circulation center,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2013,

text: A slow weakening trend began early on September 27 due to the increased shear while remaining on a west-northwest track. At the same time, the center of circulation became exposed at times due to the southwesterly wind shear. As a result, an unusual wind field was observed in that the strongest winds were recorded well to the east and to the northwest of the center. The weakening trend remained fairly slow that evening as the storm continued to produce persistent deep convection. The weakening trend accelerated on September 28 as the convection weakened and the circulation became more disorganized in the high-shear environment. By that morning, Karen weakened to a minimal tropical storm with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds. Karen also turned abruptly to the north for a short while, as convection interacted with the low-level center and southerly winds increased in the low-level environment. The weakening trend slowed that afternoon as deep convection returned to the disorganized storm. Early on September 29, the high wind shear continued and Karen weakened to a tropical depression with a very poorly defined center. That afternoon, the circulation dissipated while east of the Lesser Antilles. Remnant squalls continued across the area east of the Lesser Antilles for a few days after dissipation.

text: Lesser Antilles

text: . Remnant squalls continued across the area east of the Lesser Antilles for a few days after dissipation.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Lesser Antilles?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: west-northwest track.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: west-northwest track.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: increased shear

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Karen

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Karen

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A slow weakening trend began early on September 27

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 27

text: The Arctic Ocean is a few hundred million years old, making it the youngest ocean on Earth.  In the Precambrian, when the Arctic was located south of the Equator, the continent Arctica (or Arctida) filled the gap between the cratons that today surround the Arctic region.  Arctica rifted apart in the Late Precambrian (950 Ma) and was reassembled in a new configuration in the Late Paleozoic (255 Ma).

text: The Arctic Ocean is a few hundred million years old, making it the youngest ocean on Earth.  In the

text: Precambrian

text: , when the Arctic was located south of the Equator, the continent

text: Arctica

text: (or Arctida) filled the gap between the cratons that today surround the Arctic region.  Arctica rifted apart in the Late Precambrian (950 Ma) and was reassembled in a new configuration in the Late Paleozoic (255 Ma).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: In the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what surround the Arctic region

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 950 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Arctica

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: surround the Arctic region.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Arctica

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: The Earth of the early Archean may have supported a tectonic regime unlike that of the present. Some scientists argue that, because the Earth was much hotter, tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much faster rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed. Others argue that the oceanic lithosphere was too buoyant to subduct, and that the rarity of Archean rocks is a function of erosion by subsequent tectonic events. The question of whether plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean is an active area of modern research.

text: The Earth of the early Archean may have supported a tectonic regime unlike that of the present. Some scientists argue that, because the Earth was much hotter,

text: tectonic

text: activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much faster rate of

text: recycling of crustal material

text: . This may have prevented

text: craton

text: isation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed. Others argue that the oceanic

text: lithosphere

text: was too buoyant to

text: subduct

text: , and that the rarity of Archean rocks is a function of erosion by subsequent tectonic events. The question of whether plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean is an active area of modern research.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the mantle cooled and convection slowed.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonisation

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Archean rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic lithosphere was too buoyant

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tectonic activity was more vigorous

text: The continent of Antarctica is divided into two continental blocks, separated by the Transantarctic Mountains of the West Antarctic Rift System. East Antarctica, also known as Greater Antarctica, composes two-thirds of the landmass of Antarctica and is considered the coldest and driest landmass on Earth. East Antarctica is a stable craton of Precambrian age. Meanwhile, West Antarctica is an orogenic belt composed of several smaller units, which converged 100 ma. These units are covered in a vast ice sheet, known as the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Two major extensional events have affected the West Antarctic Rift System. This led to the formation of a series of continuous, north-south trending basins stretching from the Transantarctic mountains out into the Ross Sea embayment. The first is associated with the breakup of the super continent, Gondwana (Gondwanaland), during the Jurassic or Cretaceous. The second, is associated with the formation of the West Antarctic Rift System between East and West Antarctica, which began in the Eocene and lasted into the late Oligocene era. This extensional phase was responsible for the formations of the basins on the continental shelf, including the Adare Basin. There has been considerable debate over the kinematic history of the West Antarctic Rift.

text: The continent of

text: Antarctica

text: is divided into two continental blocks, separated by the

text: Transantarctic Mountains

text: of the

text: West Antarctic Rift System

text: East Antarctica

text: , also known as Greater Antarctica, composes two-thirds of the landmass of

text: Antarctica

text: and is considered the coldest and driest landmass on

text: Earth

text: East Antarctica

text: is a stable

text: craton

text: of

text: Precambrian

text: age. Meanwhile,

text: West Antarctica

text: is an

text: orogenic

text: belt composed of several smaller units, which converged 100 ma. These units are covered in a vast ice sheet, known as the

text: West Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: . Two major extensional events have affected the West Antarctic Rift System. This led to the formation of a series of continuous, north-south trending basins stretching from the Transantarctic mountains out into the

text: Ross Sea

text: embayment. The first is associated with the breakup of the

text: super continent

text: Gondwana

text: (Gondwanaland), during the

text: Jurassic

text: or

text: Cretaceous

text: . The second, is associated with the formation of the West Antarctic Rift System between East and West Antarctica, which began in the

text: Eocene

text: and lasted into the

text: late Oligocene

text: era. This extensional phase was responsible for the formations of the basins on the

text: continental shelf

text: , including the Adare Basin. There has been considerable debate over the kinematic history of the

text: West Antarctic Rift

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: East Antarctica is a stable what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian age

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian age.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: East Antarctica is a stable craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: East Antarctica is a stable craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Ross Sea embayment.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Jurassic or Cretaceous.

text: The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates. Plate motion should not be confused with continental drift which applies purely to the movement of the crustal components of the continents. The movements of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle are coupled since descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection in the mantle. The observed continental drift is a complicated relationship between the forces causing oceanic lithosphere to sink and the movements within Earth's mantle.

text: The

text: convection

text: of the Earth's mantle is a

text: chaotic

text: process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates. Plate motion should not be confused with

text: continental drift

text: which applies purely to the movement of the crustal components of the continents. The movements of the lithosphere and the underlying mantle are coupled since descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection in the mantle. The observed continental drift is a complicated relationship between the forces causing oceanic lithosphere to sink and the movements within Earth's mantle.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continental drift

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are thought to be an integral part of the motion of plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: descending lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: descending lithosphere is an essential component of convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plates. Plate motion should not be confused with continental drift

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: descending lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continental drift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The convection

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The convection of the Earth's mantle

text: The 2008 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships are the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships for the 2007–08 season. Commonly abbreviated "4CC", they are an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of Four Continents Champion. Skaters compete in the categories of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competition is open to skaters from a non-European Member nation of the International Skating Union. The four continents of the event's name refer to the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania (four of the continents represented in the Olympic rings, omitting Europe).

text: The 2008 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships are the

text: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

text: for the 2007–08 season. Commonly abbreviated "4CC", they are an annual

text: figure skating competition

text: in which elite

text: figure skaters

text: compete for the title of Four Continents Champion. Skaters compete in the categories of

text: men's singles

text: ladies' singles

text: pair skating

text: , and

text: ice dancing

text: . The competition is open to skaters from a non-European

text: Member nation

text: of the

text: International Skating Union

text: . The four continents of the event's name refer to the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: , and

text: Oceania

text: (four of the continents represented in the

text: Olympic rings

text: , omitting Europe).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Oceania

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Greenstones indicate that at the time they formed

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the four continents of the event's name?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 2008 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The 2008 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2007–08

text: The 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships were the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships for the 2005–06 season. Commonly abbreviated "4CC", they are an annual figure skating competition in which elite figure skaters compete for the title of Four Continents Champion. Skaters compete in the categories of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competition is open to skaters from a non-European member nations of the International Skating Union. The four continents of the event's name refer to the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania (four of the continents represented in the Olympic rings, omitting Europe).

text: The 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships were the

text: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

text: for the 2005–06 season. Commonly abbreviated "4CC", they are an annual

text: figure skating competition

text: in which elite

text: figure skaters

text: compete for the title of Four Continents Champion. Skaters compete in the categories of

text: men's singles

text: ladies' singles

text: pair skating

text: , and

text: ice dancing

text: . The competition is open to skaters from a non-European

text: member nations

text: of the

text: International Skating Union

text: . The four continents of the event's name refer to the

text: Americas

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: , and

text: Oceania

text: (four of the continents represented in the

text: Olympic rings

text: , omitting Europe).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Oceania

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons indicate that

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the four continents of the event's name?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Europe).

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2005–06

text: John McPhee described the geology revealed by the building of Interstate 80 in a series of books on the formation of the continent of North America, books that were published between 1981 and 1993 and collected in a one-volume edition in 1998.  In ‘’Basin and Range’’ (1981), he described how the idea emerged in a conversation with Princeton geologist Kenneth S. Deffeyes:  “What about Interstate 80, I asked him.  It goes the distance.  How would it be?  ‘Absorbing,’ he said.  And he mused aloud: After 80 crosses the Border Fault, it pussyfoots along on morainal till that levelled up the fingers of the foldbelt hills.  It does a similar dance with glacial debris in parts of Pennsylvania.  It needs no assistance on the craton.  It climbs a ramp to the Rockies and a fault-block staircase up the front of the Sierra.  It is geologically shrewd.  It was the route of animal migrations, and of human history that followed.  It avoids melodrama, avoids the Grand Canyons, the Jackson Holes, the geologic operas of the country, but it would surely be a sound experience of the big picture, of the history, the construction, the components of the continent.”

text: John McPhee

text: described the geology revealed by the building of Interstate 80 in a series of books on the formation of the continent of

text: North America

text: , books that were published between 1981 and 1993 and collected in a one-volume edition in 1998.  In ‘’Basin and Range’’ (1981), he described how the idea emerged in a conversation with Princeton geologist

text: Kenneth S. Deffeyes

text: :  “What about Interstate 80, I asked him.  It goes the distance.  How would it be?  ‘Absorbing,’ he said.  And he mused aloud: After 80 crosses the Border Fault, it pussyfoots along on morainal till that levelled up the fingers of the foldbelt hills.  It does a similar dance with glacial debris in parts of Pennsylvania.  It needs no assistance on the craton.  It climbs a ramp to the Rockies and a fault-block staircase up the front of the Sierra.  It is geologically shrewd.  It was the route of animal migrations, and of human history that followed.  It avoids melodrama, avoids the Grand Canyons, the Jackson Holes, the geologic operas of the country, but it would surely be a sound experience of the big picture, of the history, the construction, the components of the continent.”

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: morainal

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no assistance on the craton

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: It needs no assistance on the craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: morainal

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Border Fault,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: It needs no assistance

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: It needs no assistance on the craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: foldbelt hills.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Jackson Holes,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: glacial debris

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1981 and 1993 and collected in a one-volume edition in 1998.

text: The word craton was first proposed by the Austrian geologist Leopold Kober in 1921 as ''Kratogen'', referring to stable continental platforms, and orogen as a term for mountain or orogenic belts. Later authors shortened the former term to kraton and then to craton.

text: The word craton was first proposed by the Austrian geologist

text: Leopold Kober

text: in 1921 as ''Kratogen'', referring to stable continental platforms, and orogen as a term for

text: mountain

text: or

text: orogenic belt

text: s. Later authors shortened the former term to kraton and then to craton.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: orogenic belts

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: orogenic belts

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are stable continental platforms

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: orogen

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: mountain or orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: stable continental platforms,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: stable continental platforms,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: stable continental platforms,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountain or orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Leopold Kober in 1921

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1921

text: Powell's Great Unconformity is part of a continent-wide unconformity that extends across Laurentia, the ancient core of North America. It marks the progressive submergence of this landmass by a shallow cratonic sea and its burial by shallow marine sediments of the Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sauk sequence. The submergence of Laurentia ended a lengthy period of widespread continental denudation that exhumed and deeply eroded Precambrian rocks and exposed them to extensive physical and chemical weathering at the Earth’s surface. As a result, Powell's Great Unconformity is unusual in its geographic extent and its stratigraphic significance.

text: Powell's Great Unconformity is part of a continent-wide unconformity that extends across

text: Laurentia

text: , the ancient core of North America. It marks the progressive submergence of this landmass by a shallow cratonic sea and its burial by shallow marine sediments of the

text: Cambrian

text: -Early

text: Ordovician

text: Sauk sequence

text: . The submergence of Laurentia ended a lengthy period of widespread continental denudation that exhumed and deeply eroded Precambrian rocks and exposed them to extensive physical and chemical weathering at the Earth’s surface. As a result, Powell's Great Unconformity is unusual in its geographic extent and its stratigraphic significance.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia, the ancient core of North America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian-Early

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sauk sequence.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a shallow cratonic sea and its burial by shallow marine sediments

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonic sea

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: physical and chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Powell's Great Unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: a shallow cratonic sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian-Early

text: On February 19, a tropical disturbance developed to the north-northeast of Fiji. Situated within a monsoon trough and on the edge of an anticyclone, convection associated with the disturbance was limited to the north and eastern sides. Over the following four days, a weak low-level circulation gradually formed within a broad trough. By February 23, deep convection began consolidating around the newly formed center in response to weak diffluence aloft and moderate wind shear. Later that day, the FMS began monitoring the low as Tropical Depression 10F. Still embedded within the monsoon trough, the JTWC issued a TCFA early on February 24 and their first advisory on Tropical Depression 16P roughly 12 hours later. Early on February 25, the JTWC estimated the system to have become a tropical storm, with one-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). Although the FMS assessed the system to have had gale-force winds, they did not upgrade the depression to a tropical cyclone since the strongest winds were well removed from the center. Shortly after reaching this intensity, wind shear displaced convection to the east of the cyclone and the storm weakened. Continued shearing of the system left the low-level center fully exposed by February 26 and prompted the JTWC to issue their final warning on the depression. The weakening system was last noted later that day moving southward over open waters.

text: On February 19, a tropical disturbance developed to the north-northeast of Fiji. Situated within a monsoon trough and on the edge of an anticyclone, convection associated with the disturbance was limited to the north and eastern sides. Over the following four days, a weak low-level circulation gradually formed within a broad trough. By February 23, deep convection began consolidating around the newly formed center in response to weak

text: diffluence

text: aloft and moderate wind shear. Later that day, the FMS began monitoring the low as Tropical Depression 10F. Still embedded within the monsoon trough, the JTWC issued a TCFA early on February 24 and their first advisory on Tropical Depression 16P roughly 12 hours later. Early on February 25, the JTWC estimated the system to have become a tropical storm, with one-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph). Although the FMS assessed the system to have had gale-force winds, they did not upgrade the depression to a tropical cyclone since the strongest winds were well removed from the center. Shortly after reaching this intensity, wind shear displaced convection to the east of the cyclone and the storm weakened. Continued shearing of the system left the low-level center fully exposed by February 26 and prompted the JTWC to issue their final warning on the depression. The weakening system was last noted later that day moving southward over open waters.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Fiji

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Fiji, Anticyclone, or Fiji?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: monsoon trough

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a weak low-level circulation gradually formed within a broad trough.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: open waters.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: February 19,

text: Most reconstructions show Rodinia's core formed by the North American craton (the later paleocontinent of Laurentia), surrounded in the southeast with the East European craton (the later paleocontinent of Baltica), the Amazonian craton ("Amazonia") and the West African craton; in the south with the Río de la Plata and São Francisco cratons; in the southwest with the Congo and Kalahari cratons; and in the northeast with Australia, India and eastern Antarctica. The positions of Siberia and North and South China north of the North American craton differ strongly depending on the reconstruction:

text: Most reconstructions show Rodinia's core formed by the

text: North American craton

text: (the later

text: paleocontinent

text: of

text: Laurentia

text: ), surrounded in the southeast with the

text: East European craton

text: (the later paleocontinent of

text: Baltica

text: ), the

text: Amazonian craton

text: ("Amazonia") and the

text: West African craton

text: ; in the south with the

text: Río de la Plata

text: and

text: São Francisco craton

text: s; in the southwest with the

text: Congo

text: and

text: Kalahari craton

text: s; and in the northeast with

text: Australia

text: India

text: and eastern

text: Antarctica

text: . The positions of

text: Siberia

text: and

text: North

text: and

text: South China

text: north of the North American craton differ strongly depending on the reconstruction:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: R o de la Plata and S o Francisco

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: paleocontinent of Laurentia),

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Most reconstructions

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: paleocontinent of Laurentia),

text: The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin. That feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are  deep. Around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around  down. This  contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and continues under Lake Michigan along the west. It crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron.

text: The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a

text: geological basin

text: known as the

text: Michigan Basin

text: . That feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic

text: sedimentary

text: strata

text: in the area with a nearly uniform structural

text: dip

text: toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in

text: Gladwin County

text: where the

text: Precambrian

text: basement rock

text: s are  deep. Around the margins, such as under

text: Mackinaw City, Michigan

text: , the Precambrian surface is around  down. This  contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and continues under

text: Lake Michigan

text: along the west. It crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath

text: Lake Huron

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: down

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: down.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Michigan Basin.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Michigan

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed B+ or simply B; the opposite of convective inhibition (CIN), which is expressed as B-, and can be thought of as "negative CAPE".  As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m/s, as the values are equivalent.  In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as positive buoyant energy (PBE).  This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection.  When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that convective boundary layer parcels may reach their level of free convection (LFC).

text: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy, expressed B+ or simply B; the opposite of

text: convective inhibition (CIN)

text: , which is expressed as B-, and can be thought of as "negative CAPE".  As with CIN, CAPE is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m/s, as the values are equivalent.  In fact, CAPE is sometimes referred to as positive buoyant energy (PBE).  This type of CAPE is the maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection.  When a layer of CIN is present, the layer must be eroded by surface heating or mechanical lifting, so that

text: convective boundary layer

text: parcels may reach their

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be thought of as negative CAPE

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: CAPE

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: convective inhibition

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: moist convection.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: CAPE is effectively positive buoyancy,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: maximum energy available to an ascending parcel and to moist convection.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: convective boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: moist convection.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: surface heating

text: Changes in the average temperature of the Antarctic continent has been the subject of various measurements. The trend differs at different locations on the continent. These trends have been labelled as "contradictory" in some accounts.Observations unambiguously show the Antarctic Peninsula to be warming. Some trends elsewhere on the continent have shown cooling, while others show warming over the entire continent, but overall trends are smaller and dependent on season and the timespan over which the trend is computed. Climate models predict that temperature trends due to global warming will be much smaller in Antarctica than in the Arctic, mainly because heat uptake by the Southern Ocean acts to moderate the radiative forcing by greenhouse gases.

text: Changes in the average temperature of the Antarctic continent has been the subject of various measurements. The trend differs at different locations on the continent. These trends have been labelled as "contradictory" in some accounts.Observations unambiguously show the

text: Antarctic Peninsula

text: to be warming. Some trends elsewhere on the

text: continent

text: have shown cooling, while others show warming over the entire continent, but overall trends are smaller and dependent on season and the timespan over which the trend is computed. Climate models predict that temperature trends due to global warming will be much smaller in Antarctica than in the

text: Arctic

text: , mainly because heat uptake by the

text: Southern Ocean

text: acts to moderate the radiative forcing by greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unambiguously show the Antarctic Peninsula to be warming

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Changes in the average temperature of the Antarctic continent

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: warming.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Arctic,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: warming.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Antarctic Peninsula to be warming.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Southern Ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Antarctic Peninsula to be warming.

text: The concept of the three continents in the Old World, viz. Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity. Their boundaries as defined by Ptolemy and other geographers of antiquity were drawn along the Nile and Don rivers. This definition remained influential throughout the Middle Ages (see T and O map) and the Early Modern period.

text: The concept of the three

text: continent

text: s in the Old World, viz.

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: Europe

text: goes back to

text: classical antiquity

text: . Their boundaries as defined by

text: Ptolemy

text: and other geographers of antiquity were drawn along the

text: Nile

text: and

text: Don

text: rivers. This definition remained influential throughout the Middle Ages (see

text: T and O map

text: ) and the

text: Early Modern period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Nile and Don rivers.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Asia, Africa, Europe goes back to classical antiquity.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The concept of the three continents in the Old World,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Nile and Don rivers.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: classical antiquity.

text: The Trans-Hudson orogeny or Trans-Hudsonian orogeny was the major mountain building event (orogeny) that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield, the North American Craton (also called Laurentia), and the forging of the initial North American continent. It gave rise to the Trans-Hudson orogen (THO), or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT), (also referred to as the Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone (THSZ) or Trans-Hudson suture) which is the largest Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt in the world. It consists of a network of belts that were formed by Proterozoic crustal accretion and the collision of pre-existing Archean continents. The event occurred 2.0-1.8 billion years ago.

text: The Trans-Hudson orogeny or Trans-Hudsonian orogeny was the major

text: mountain

text: building event (

text: orogeny

text: ) that formed the

text: Precambrian

text: Canadian Shield

text: , the

text: North American Craton

text: (also called

text: Laurentia

text: ), and the forging of the initial

text: North American

text: continent

text: . It gave rise to the Trans-Hudson orogen (THO), or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT), (also referred to as the Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone (THSZ) or Trans-Hudson suture) which is the largest Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt in the world. It consists of a network of belts that were formed by Proterozoic

text: crust

text: al

text: accretion

text: and the collision of pre-existing

text: Archean

text: continents

text: . The event occurred 2.0-1.8 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Trans-Hudson orogen was the major mountain building event (orogeny) that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield, the North American Craton (also called Laurentia), and the forging of the initial North American continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.0-1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Trans-Hudson orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.0-1.8 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: mountain building event

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A craton (, , or ; from  kratos "strength") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, where the lithosphere consists of the Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle. Having often survived cycles of merging and rifting of continents, cratons are generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates. They are characteristically composed of ancient crystalline basement rock, which may be covered by younger sedimentary rock. They have a thick crust and deep lithospheric roots that extend as much as several hundred kilometres into the Earth's mantle.

text: A craton (, , or ; from  kratos "strength") is an old and stable part of the

text: continental lithosphere

text: , where the lithosphere consists of the Earth's two topmost layers, the

text: crust

text: and the uppermost

text: mantle

text: . Having often survived cycles of merging and

text: rift

text: ing of

text: continent

text: s, cratons are generally found in the interiors of

text: tectonic plates

text: . They are characteristically composed of ancient

text: crystalline

text: basement rock

text: , which may be covered by younger

text: sedimentary rock

text: . They have a thick crust and deep lithospheric roots that extend as much as several hundred kilometres into the Earth's

text: mantle

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline basement rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crystalline basement rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are generally found in the interiors of what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: several hundred kilometres

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: crystalline basement rock,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tectonic plates.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crystalline basement rock,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: crystalline basement rock,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: younger sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: crystalline basement rock,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: craton

text: After becoming a tropical depression, the system evolved rapidly as a spiral band formed around the circulation. Based on satellite imagery, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Arlene on May 7. Shortly thereafter, Hurricane Hunters confirmed the intensity, while reporting a pressure of . By then and through much of its lifetime, the circulation was located along the western edge of the deep convection. Arlene strengthened slightly further to winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), before it moved ashore in eastern Cuba early on May 8. As it approached land, the convection was weakening, although its center maintained a steady northeast path, due to a high pressure system to its north.

text: After becoming a tropical depression, the system evolved rapidly as a spiral band formed around the circulation. Based on satellite imagery, the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Arlene on May 7. Shortly thereafter,

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: confirmed the intensity, while reporting a pressure of . By then and through much of its lifetime, the circulation was located along the western edge of the deep convection. Arlene strengthened slightly further to winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), before it moved ashore in eastern

text: Cuba

text: early on May 8. As it approached land, the convection was weakening, although its center maintained a steady northeast path, due to a

text: high pressure system

text: to its north.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: high pressure system

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical depression,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deep convection.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: After becoming a tropical depression,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 7.

text: The Canadian Shield is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24 Ga, with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, between ca. 1.90 to 1.80 Ga. The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago), and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief  above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges (including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era. During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see Hudson Bay), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil.

text: The Canadian Shield is a collage of

text: Archean

text: plates and accreted juvenile arc

text: terrane

text: s and

text: sedimentary basin

text: s of the

text: Proterozoic

text: Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24

text: Ga

text: , with the most substantial growth period occurring during the

text: Trans-Hudson orogeny

text: , between ca. 1.90 to 1.80 Ga. The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The

text: metamorphic

text: base rocks

text: are mostly from the

text: Precambrian

text: Supereon (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago), and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief  above sea level with a few

text: monadnock

text: s and low mountain ranges (including the

text: Torngat

text: and

text: Laurentian Mountains

text: ) probably eroded from the plateau during the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era. During the

text: Pleistocene

text: Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see

text: Hudson Bay

text: ), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons are in the Canadian Shield?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.5 billion and 540 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Supereon

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago),

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian Supereon

text: With high level platforms following British practice, wide platforms are normal, with wide track centres when island platforms are provided.  Access to inner platforms is usually via footbridges and subways.

text: With high level platforms following British practice, wide platforms are normal, with wide track centres when island platforms are provided.  Access to inner platforms is usually via footbridges and subways.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: With high level platforms

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: British

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: wide platforms are normal, with wide track centres

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: wide platforms are normal, with wide track centres

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: With high level platforms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platforms

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: With high level platforms

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: With high level platforms

text: |legend1=Neoproterozoic(last era of the Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Palæozoic (first era of the Phanerozoic)|legend2-colour=|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour=

text: Neoproterozoic

text: (last

text: era

text: of the

text: Precambrian

text: )|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=

text: Palæozoic

text: (first era of the

text: Phanerozoic

text: )|legend2-colour=|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour=

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pal ozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pal ozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pal ozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: |legend1=Neoproterozoic(last era of the Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal ozoic(first era of the Phanerozoic)|legend2-color=|bar2-from=-542|bar2-left=0|bar2-right=.1|bar2-colour=

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: neoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pal ozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal<unk>ozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal<unk>ozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal<unk>ozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal<unk>ozoic

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: |legend1=Neoproterozoic(last

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: |legend1=Neoproterozoic(last

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal<unk>ozoic

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian)|legend1-color=|bar1-to=-542|bar1-left=.0|bar1-right=.1|bar1-colour=|legend2=Pal

text: Submerged continents have been sought and speculated about in regard to a possible "lost continent" underwater in the Atlantic Ocean. There was also a search in the 1930s for Lemuria, believed to have possibly been a submerged continent between the Indian and African coasts.

text: Submerged continents have been sought and speculated about in regard to a possible "

text: lost continent

text: " underwater in the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: . There was also a search in the 1930s for

text: Lemuria

text: , believed to have possibly been a submerged continent between the Indian and African coasts.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: submerged

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Atlantic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Atlantic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Submerged continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Submerged continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Submerged continents

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Submerged continents

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Submerged continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1930s

text: SWEAT stands for southwestern United States and East Antarctica, which theorizes that the Southwestern United States was at one time connected to East Antarctica.A hypothesis for a late Precambrian fit of western North America with the Australia-Antarctic shield region permits the extension of many features through Antarctica and into other parts of Gondwana, specifically, the Grenville orogen may extend around the coast of East Antarctica into India and Australia. The ophiolitic belt of the latter may extend into East Antarctica. The Wopmay orogen of northwest Canada may extend through eastern Australia into Antarctica and thence beneath the ice to connect with the Yavapai-Mazatzal orogens of the southwestern United States.  Counterparts of the Precambrian-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks along the U.S. Cordilleran miogeocline may be present in the Transantarctic Mountains. Orogenic belt boundaries provide useful piercing points for Precambrian continental reconstructions. The model implies that Gondwana and Laurentia drifted away from each other on one margin and collided some 300 million years later on their opposite margins to form the Appalachians.

text: SWEAT stands for southwestern

text: United States

text: and East

text: Antarctica

text: , which theorizes that the

text: Southwestern United States

text: was at one time connected to East Antarctica.A hypothesis for a late

text: Precambrian

text: fit of western

text: North America

text: with the

text: Australia

text: Antarctic

text: shield region permits the extension of many features through

text: Antarctica

text: and into other parts of

text: Gondwana

text: , specifically, the

text: Grenville orogen

text: may extend around the coast of East Antarctica into

text: India

text: and

text: Australia

text: . The

text: ophiolitic belt

text: of the latter may extend into East Antarctica. The

text: Wopmay orogen

text: of northwest Canada may extend through eastern Australia into Antarctica and thence beneath the ice to connect with the Yavapai-Mazatzal orogens of the southwestern United States.  Counterparts of the Precambrian-Paleozoic sedimentary rocks along the U.S. Cordilleran

text: miogeocline

text: may be present in the

text: Transantarctic Mountains

text: . Orogenic belt boundaries provide useful piercing points for Precambrian continental reconstructions. The model implies that

text: Gondwana

text: and

text: Laurentia

text: drifted away from each other on one margin and collided some 300 million years later on their opposite margins to form the

text: Appalachians

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Grenville orogen may extend around the coast of East Antarctica into India and Australia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 300 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogenic belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian-Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana and Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian-Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Transantarctic Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Australia-Antarctic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Orogenic belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: SWEAT stands for southwestern United States and East Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Despite their categorical separation, all of the models display some sort of conceptual overlap that applies to the others. Solomatov and Moresi (1996) suggested that a reduction in convective stresses caused the surface lid to change from mobile to stagnant. This argument proposed that the present surface of Venus records a permanent end to lithospheric recycling. The decrease in planetary heat flow, as convective vigor decreased, changed the mode of mantle convection from mobile to stagnant.

text: Despite their categorical separation, all of the models display some sort of conceptual overlap that applies to the others. Solomatov and Moresi (1996) suggested that a reduction in convective stresses caused the surface lid to change from mobile to stagnant. This argument proposed that the present surface of Venus records a permanent end to lithospheric recycling. The decrease in planetary heat flow, as convective vigor decreased, changed the mode of mantle convection from mobile to stagnant.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convective vigor decreased

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Solomatov and Moresi

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a reduction in convective stresses

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Solomatov and Moresi

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithospheric

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: permanent end to lithospheric recycling.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a reduction in convective stresses

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Despite their categorical separation,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Solomatov and Moresi

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The decrease in planetary heat flow,

text: Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent during the Precambrian eon 4.5–1 billion years ago. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rock

text: that forms the core of the North American continent during the

text: Precambrian

text: eon 4.5–1 billion years ago. There is also Precambrian sedimentary

text: argillite

text: , dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the

text: Paleozoic

text: , western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by magma

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: argillite

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 4.5–1 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.5–1 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian eon 4.5–1 billion years ago.

text: Convection in fluids is driven by density variations within them. These density variations may be caused by gradients in the composition of the fluid, or by differences in temperature (through thermal expansion). Thermal and compositional gradients can often diffuse with time, reducing their ability to drive the convection, and requiring that gradients in other regions of the flow exist in order for convection to continue. A common example of double diffusive convection is in oceanography, where heat and salt concentrations exist with different gradients and diffuse at differing rates. An effect that affects both of these variables is the input of cold freshwater from an iceberg.

text: Convection in fluids is driven by density variations within them. These density variations may be caused by gradients in the composition of the fluid, or by differences in temperature (through

text: thermal expansion

text: ). Thermal and compositional gradients can often

text: diffuse

text: with time, reducing their ability to drive the convection, and requiring that gradients in other regions of the flow exist in order for convection to continue. A common example of double diffusive convection is in

text: oceanography

text: , where heat and

text: salt

text: concentrations exist with different gradients and diffuse at differing rates. An effect that affects both of these variables is the input of cold freshwater from an iceberg.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanography

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: thermal expansion

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be driven by density variations within them

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: iceberg.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: differences in temperature (through thermal expansion). Thermal and compositional gradients

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: iceberg.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Convection in fluids is driven by density variations

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: double diffusive convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Convection in fluids

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: thermal expansion).

text: The conference was founded as the Mid-Continent Athletic Association in 1977 and commenced official operations on July 1, 1978. It was originally an NCAA Division II conference. The founding members of the Mid-Continent Athletic Association football were Akron, Eastern Illinois, Northern Iowa, Northern Michigan, Western Illinois, and Youngstown State. Wayne State also expressed interest in joining the conference. After the 1979 season Akron and Youngstown State left. After the 1980 season Northern Michigan left, then starting with the 1981 season Southwest Missouri State (now known as Missouri State) joined the conference. In 1982 the Association of Mid-Continent Universities started sponsoring football. What is currently called The Summit League studied sponsoring football once more in 2010.

text: The conference was founded as the Mid-Continent Athletic Association in 1977 and commenced official operations on July 1, 1978. It was originally an NCAA Division II conference. The founding members of the Mid-Continent Athletic Association football were

text: Akron

text: Eastern Illinois

text: Northern Iowa

text: Northern Michigan

text: Western Illinois

text: , and

text: Youngstown State

text: . Wayne State also expressed interest in joining the conference. After the 1979 season Akron and Youngstown State left. After the 1980 season Northern Michigan left, then starting with the 1981 season

text: Southwest Missouri State

text: (now known as Missouri State) joined the conference. In 1982 the

text: Association of Mid-Continent Universities

text: started sponsoring football. What is currently called The Summit League studied sponsoring football once more in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Northern Michigan

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Akron, Eastern Illinois, Northern Iowa

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: in the past

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The conference was founded as the Mid-Continent Athletic Association

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mid-Continent Athletic Association in 1977

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: July 1, 1978.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Akron,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mid-Continent Athletic Association

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mid-Continent Athletic Association

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: July 1, 1978.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1977

text: Mivasocial targets the entire world and anyone can be a member. Its membership is free. Any individual or business aiming for the African continent can use the platform as a gateway to every country on the continent. according to the latest membership data released in Jan 2016, the audience is predominantly African people in the Diaspora and the continental Africa according to the latest membership data released in Jan 2016. Young people represent 70% of the platform base whereas businesses represent 45% of the users taking advantage of the different solutions that the platform offers.

text: Mivasocial targets the entire world and anyone can be a member. Its membership is free. Any individual or business aiming for the African continent can use the platform as a gateway to every country on the continent. according to the latest membership data released in Jan 2016, the audience is predominantly African people in the Diaspora and the continental Africa according to the latest membership data released in Jan 2016. Young people represent 70% of the platform base whereas businesses represent 45% of the users taking advantage of the different solutions that the platform offers.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mivasocial

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: African continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Mivasocial

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: African continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: African people in the Diaspora and the continental Africa

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mivasocial

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mivasocial

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2016,

text: On the north in the Canadian Shield, which includes the western part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, Precambrian rocks are exposed at the surface. The eastern margins of Wisconsin along Green Bay are along the margins of the basin, while Precambrian rocks crop out to the west in central Wisconsin. The northeastern margin of Illinois around Chicago are on the southwestern margin of the basin. The southeast striking Kankakee Arch continuation of the Cincinnati Arch forms the southwest boundary of the basin underlying northeastern Illinois and northern Indiana. To the east, the Findlay Arch forms the southeast margin of the basin as it strikes to the northeast across northwestern Ohio, under the bed of Lake Erie and on as the Algonquin Arch through the southwestern prong of Ontario.  The Wisconsin Arch forms the western boundary of the basin.

text: On the north in the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , which includes the western part of Michigan's

text: Upper Peninsula

text: , Precambrian rocks are exposed at the surface. The eastern margins of

text: Wisconsin

text: along

text: Green Bay

text: are along the margins of the basin, while Precambrian rocks crop out to the west in central Wisconsin. The northeastern margin of

text: Illinois

text: around

text: Chicago

text: are on the southwestern margin of the basin. The southeast striking

text: Kankakee Arch

text: continuation of the

text: Cincinnati Arch

text: forms the southwest boundary of the basin underlying northeastern Illinois and northern

text: Indiana

text: . To the east, the

text: Findlay Arch

text: forms the southeast margin of the basin as it strikes to the northeast across northwestern

text: Ohio

text: , under the bed of

text: Lake Erie

text: and on as the

text: Algonquin Arch

text: through the southwestern prong of

text: Ontario

text: .  The

text: Wisconsin Arch

text: forms the western boundary of the basin.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are on the southwestern margin of the basin

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Kankakee Arch

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Erie

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Precambrian basement of Wyoming consists mainly of three major geologic terranes, the Archean Wyoming Craton or Province, the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen, and the Paleoproterozoic Colorado orogeny. The Colorado orogen collided with the Wyoming Craton at 1.78–1.75 Ga. Collision of the Colorado orogen and the Trans-Hudson orogen with the Archean craton produced strong structural overprinting along the southern and eastern margins of the Wyoming craton.

text: The

text: Precambrian

text: basement of Wyoming consists mainly of three major geologic

text: terrane

text: s, the

text: Archean

text: Wyoming Craton or Province, the

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: Trans-Hudson orogen, and the Paleoproterozoic

text: Colorado orogeny

text: . The Colorado orogen collided with the Wyoming Craton at 1.78–1.75 Ga. Collision of the Colorado orogen and the Trans-Hudson orogen with the Archean craton produced strong structural overprinting along the southern and eastern margins of the Wyoming craton.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Wyoming Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Colorado orogen collided with the Wyoming craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.78–1.75 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleoproterozoic Colorado orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Archean Wyoming Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: three major geologic terranes,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: overprinting

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: A tropical wave developed scattered convection in the central Caribbean Sea on June 24, while interacting with an upper-level low. It moved slowly northwestward, and remained disorganized due to strong upper level wind shear. Late on June 27, the convection became slightly better organized around a broad low pressure area, though land interaction prevented further development as it moved towards the Yucatán Peninsula. The area of low pressure became better defined over the central Yucatán Peninsula, and after the system turned to the northwest, convection quickly organized while located over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. On June 29, following the development of a closed circulation, the system organized into Tropical Depression Three while located about 40 miles (60 km) north of Progreso, Yucatán.

text: A

text: tropical wave

text: developed scattered convection in the central

text: Caribbean Sea

text: on June 24, while interacting with an upper-level low. It moved slowly northwestward, and remained disorganized due to strong upper level

text: wind shear

text: . Late on June 27, the convection became slightly better organized around a broad

text: low pressure area

text: , though land interaction prevented further development as it moved towards the

text: Yucatán Peninsula

text: . The area of low pressure became better defined over the central Yucatán Peninsula, and after the system turned to the northwest, convection quickly organized while located over the warm waters of the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . On June 29, following the development of a closed circulation, the system organized into Tropical Depression Three while located about 40 miles (60 km) north of

text: Progreso, Yucatán

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Yucatán Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What oceans did the tropical wave develop in?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 40 miles

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: upper-level low.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gulf of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tropical wave developed scattered convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Caribbean Sea

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 40 miles (60 km) north of Progreso, Yucatán.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Depression Three

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Gulf of Mexico.

text: Perhaps the simplest view is that the "craton" is an assembly of microcontinental blocks with different origins that were swept together during the Pan African orogeny.

text: Perhaps the simplest view is that the "craton" is an assembly of

text: microcontinent

text: al blocks with different origins that were swept together during the Pan African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pan African orogeny

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are an assembly of microcontinental blocks with different origins

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: microcontinental blocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pan African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Pan African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: an assembly of microcontinental blocks with different origins

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: microcontinental blocks with different origins

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "craton"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Pan African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pan African orogeny.

text: The Eastern Pilbara Craton is the eastern portion of the Pilbara Craton located in Western Australia. This region contains variably metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic greenstone belt rocks, intrusive granitic dome structures, and volcanic sedimentary rocks. These greenstone belts worldwide are thought to be the remnants of ancient volcanic belts, and are subject to much debate in today's scientific community. Areas such as Isua and Barberton which have similar lithologies and ages as Pilbara have been argued to be subduction accretion arcs, while others suggest that they are the result of vertical tectonics. This debate is crucial to investigating when/how plate tectonics began on Earth. The Pilbara Craton along with the Kaapvaal Craton are the only remaining areas of the Earth with pristine 3.6–2.5 Ga crust. The extremely old and rare nature of this crustal region makes it a valuable resource in the understanding of the evolution of the Archean Earth.

text: The Eastern Pilbara Craton is the eastern portion of the

text: Pilbara Craton

text: located in

text: Western Australia

text: . This region contains variably metamorphosed

text: mafic

text: and

text: ultramafic

text: greenstone belt

text: rocks, intrusive

text: granitic

text: dome

text: structures, and volcanic sedimentary rocks. These greenstone belts worldwide are thought to be the remnants of ancient volcanic belts, and are subject to much debate in today's scientific community. Areas such as

text: Isua

text: and

text: Barberton

text: which have similar

text: lithologies

text: and ages as Pilbara have been argued to be

text: subduction

text: accretion

text: arcs, while others suggest that they are the result of vertical tectonics. This debate is crucial to investigating when/how

text: plate tectonics

text: began on Earth. The Pilbara Craton along with the

text: Kaapvaal Craton

text: are the only remaining areas of the Earth with pristine 3.6–2.5

text: Ga

text: crust

text: . The extremely old and rare nature of this crustal region makes it a valuable resource in the understanding of the evolution of the

text: Archean

text: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 3.6–2.5 Ga

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 3.6–2.5 Ga

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: pristine 3.6–2.5 Ga crust

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Eastern Pilbara Craton is the eastern portion of what?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.6–2.5 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mafic and ultramafic greenstone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic belts,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ancient volcanic belts,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: ancient volcanic belts,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: volcanic belts,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: volcanic belts,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ancient volcanic belts,

text: The craton is primarily composed of approximately 2.8 billion year old (~2.8 Ga) granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain (the Southwestern Province and Western Gneiss Belt), and three granite-greenstone terrains (the North-East Goldfields, the Southern Cross and the greenschist metamorphic Murchison Provinces). Some greenstone belts and granites are as old as 3.1-2.9 Ga, and some are younger, at ~2.75-2.65 Ga.

text: The craton is primarily composed of approximately 2.8 billion year old (~2.8 Ga) granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain (the Southwestern Province and Western Gneiss Belt), and three granite-

text: greenstone

text: terrains (the North-East Goldfields, the Southern Cross and the greenschist

text: metamorphic

text: Murchison Provinces). Some greenstone belts and granites are as old as 3.1-2.9 Ga, and some are younger, at ~2.75-2.65 Ga.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite-gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2.8 Ga

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3.1-2.9 Ga

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The craton is primarily composed

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.8 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: greenstone belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.75-2.65 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3.1-2.9 Ga,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 2.8 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.8 billion year old (<unk>2.8 Ga)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: granite-gneiss metamorphic terrain

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 2.8 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.8 billion year old

text: The Temagami Greenstone Belt (TGB) is a small 2.7 billion year old greenstone belt in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It represents a feature of the Superior craton, an ancient and stable part of the Earth's lithosphere that forms the core of the North American continent and Canadian Shield. The belt is composed of metamorphosed volcanic rocks that range in composition from basalt to rhyolite. These form the east-northeast trend of the belt and are overlain by metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. They were created during several volcanic episodes involving a variety of eruptive styles ranging from passive lava eruptions to viscous explosive eruptions.

text: The Temagami Greenstone Belt (TGB) is a small 2.7 billion year old

text: greenstone belt

text: in the

text: Temagami

text: region of

text: Northeastern Ontario

text: , Canada. It represents a feature of the

text: Superior craton

text: , an ancient and stable part of the Earth's

text: lithosphere

text: that forms the core of the

text: North America

text: n

text: continent

text: and

text: Canadian Shield

text: . The belt is composed of

text: metamorphosed

text: volcanic rock

text: s that range in composition from

text: basalt

text: to

text: rhyolite

text: . These form the east-northeast trend of the belt and are overlain by metamorphosed

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. They were created during several volcanic episodes involving a variety of eruptive styles ranging from

text: passive lava eruptions

text: to viscous

text: explosive eruption

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons indicate that at the time they formed

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of craton is the Temagami Greenstone Belt part of?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.7 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.7 billion year old

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basalt to rhyolite.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Superior craton,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: passive lava eruptions to viscous explosive eruptions.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: passive lava eruptions to viscous explosive eruptions.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: passive lava eruptions to viscous explosive eruptions.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ancient and stable part of the Earth's lithosphere

text: Modern geological knowledge rules out "lost continents" of any significant size.  According to the theory of plate tectonics, which has been extensively confirmed over the past 40 years, the Earth's crust consists of lighter "sial" rocks (continental crust rich in aluminium silicates) that float on heavier "sima" rocks (oceanic crust richer in magnesium silicates). The sial is generally absent in the ocean floor where the crust is a few kilometers thick, while the continents are huge solid blocks tens of kilometers thick.  Since continents float on the sima much like icebergs float on water, a continent cannot simply "sink" under the ocean.

text: Modern

text: geological

text: knowledge rules out "lost continents" of any significant size.  According to the theory of

text: plate tectonics

text: , which has been extensively confirmed over the past 40 years, the

text: Earth's crust

text: consists of lighter "

text: sial

text: " rocks (

text: continental crust

text: rich in

text: aluminium

text: silicates

text: ) that float on heavier "

text: sima

text: " rocks (

text: oceanic crust

text: richer in

text: magnesium

text: silicates). The sial is generally absent in the ocean floor where the

text: crust

text: is a few kilometers thick, while the continents are huge solid blocks tens of kilometers thick.  Since continents float on the sima much like

text: iceberg

text: s float on water, a continent cannot simply "sink" under the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sial

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: sial

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sial

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are huge solid blocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 10 kilometers thick

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sial

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: "sial"

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: "sial" rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: huge solid blocks tens of kilometers thick.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: huge solid blocks tens of kilometers thick.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tens of kilometers thick.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "sima" rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: icebergs float on water,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "lost continents"

text: On March 12, 2007, the Editor-in-Chief of Marvel Comics, Joe Quesada, awarded Stephen Colbert the shield of the recently deceased superhero Captain America. The letter to Colbert accompanying the shield stated that "the Star-Spangled Avenger has bequeathed... his indestructible shield to the only man he believed to have the red, white, and blue balls to carry the mantle." Colbert promised to use the shield "only to fight for justice...and to impress girls." It was, in fact, one of only two full-sized prop shields which had previously been kept in the Marvel offices. On January 29, 2008, Quesada (now president of Marvel) returned to announce that Colbert's fictional campaign for the presidency was still active in the Marvel universe, references to which have appeared in Marvel comics since. Colbert appears on the cover of Amazing Spider-Man #573.

text: On March 12, 2007, the Editor-in-Chief of

text: Marvel Comics

text: Joe Quesada

text: , awarded Stephen Colbert the

text: shield

text: of the recently deceased superhero

text: Captain America

text: . The letter to Colbert accompanying the shield stated that "

text: the Star-Spangled Avenger

text: has bequeathed... his indestructible shield to the only man he believed to have the red, white, and blue balls to carry the mantle." Colbert promised to use the shield "only to fight for justice...and to impress girls." It was, in fact, one of only two full-sized prop shields which had previously been kept in the Marvel offices. On January 29, 2008, Quesada (now president of Marvel) returned to announce that Colbert's fictional campaign for the presidency was still active in the Marvel universe, references to which have appeared in Marvel comics since. Colbert appears on the cover of Amazing Spider-Man #573.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What did Colbert promise to use the shield for?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Captain America.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Captain America.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: indestructible shield

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: red, white, and blue balls

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: indestructible

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield of the recently deceased superhero Captain America.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: On March 12, 2007,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2007,

text: Ancient Precambrian rocks, exposed only in the deepest canyons, make up the basement of the Colorado Plateau. Most are metamorphic rocks formed deep within the Earth while continental collision on a grand scale produced the nucleus of the North American continent well over a billion years ago. Igneous rocks injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement.

text: Ancient

text: Precambrian

text: rocks, exposed only in the deepest canyons, make up the basement of the Colorado Plateau. Most are

text: metamorphic

text: rocks formed deep within the Earth while

text: continental collision

text: on a grand scale produced the nucleus of the North American continent well over a billion years ago.

text: Igneous rock

text: s injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: precambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed deep within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continental collision

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the nucleus

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: metamorphic rocks formed deep within the Earth

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyons, make up the basement of the Colorado Plateau.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Ancient Precambrian rocks,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Eocambrian is a loosely used, imprecisely defined term referring to the latest (youngest) portion of time in the Precambrian Eon or to the uppermost Precambrian sediments which were continuously deposited across the Precambrian-Cambrian time boundary.

text: Eocambrian is a loosely used, imprecisely defined term referring to the latest (youngest) portion of time in the

text: Precambrian

text: Eon or to the uppermost Precambrian sediments which were continuously deposited across the Precambrian-

text: Cambrian

text: time boundary.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian-Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: uppermost Precambrian sediments

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Eocambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: About 600 million years ago, at the end of the Precambrian super-eon, the Irish landmass was divided in two, with one half on the western side of the Iapetus Ocean in Laurentia and the other on the eastern side in the micro-continent Avalonia, both at a latitude of around 80° South, close to what is now northwest Africa. From the evidence of the Oldhamia fossils found at Bray Head in Leinster, both parts of Ireland were below sea level at this time.

text: About 600 million years ago, at the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: super-eon, the Irish landmass was divided in two, with one half on the western side of the

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: in

text: Laurentia

text: and the other on the eastern side in the micro-continent

text: Avalonia

text: , both at a

text: latitude

text: of around 80° South, close to what is now northwest Africa. From the evidence of the

text: Oldhamia

text: fossils found at

text: Bray Head

text: in

text: Leinster

text: , both parts of Ireland were below sea level at this time.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Oldhamia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Laurentia is a craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian super-eon

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Oldhamia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: below sea level

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian super-eon,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian super-eon,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: both parts of Ireland were below sea level

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 600 million years ago,

text: Grotzinger, John P.  1989. Facies and evolution of Precambrian carbonate depositional systems: emergence of the modern platform archetype, in, SEPM Special Publication 44, p. 79-106.

text: Grotzinger, John P.  1989. Facies and evolution of Precambrian carbonate depositional systems: emergence of the modern platform archetype, in, SEPM Special Publication 44, p. 79-106.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 79-106

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Grotzinger, John

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: carbonate depositional systems

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 79-106.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: carbonate depositional systems:

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform archetype,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 79-106.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The name "Proto-Tethys" have been used inconsistently for several concepts for a supposed predecessor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a palaeocean that separated the margins of Gondwana, often referred to as peri-Gondwana, from various continents and Gondwana-derived continental fragments from Precambrian times and onwards.According to , after the Cadomian orogenic events 550 Ma, the Proto-Tethys Ocean formed the eastern part of an oceanic domain (of which the Iapetus and Tornquist oceans formed the western parts) which subducted under the northern margins of Gondwana.  In this model the Proto-Tethys separated the North China and Baltica continents from Gondwana. In the Early Ordovician 500-480 Ma, the Proto-Tethys was subducted under Cadomia as a result of the Chamrousse back-arc basin. used the name 'Ran Ocean' for a similar concept, the Cambrian-Ordovician ocean that separated Baltica from Gondwana.

text: The name "Proto-Tethys" have been used inconsistently for several concepts for a supposed predecessor of the

text: Paleo-Tethys Ocean

text: , a palaeocean that separated the margins of

text: Gondwana

text: , often referred to as peri-Gondwana, from various continents and Gondwana-derived continental fragments from Precambrian times and onwards.According to , after the

text: Cadomian orogenic events

text: 550 Ma, the Proto-Tethys Ocean formed the eastern part of an oceanic domain (of which the

text: Iapetus

text: and

text: Tornquist

text: oceans formed the western parts) which subducted under the northern margins of

text: Gondwana

text: .  In this model the Proto-Tethys separated the

text: North China

text: and

text: Baltica

text: continents from Gondwana. In the Early Ordovician 500-480 Ma, the Proto-Tethys was subducted under Cadomia as a result of the

text: Chamrousse

text: back-arc basin

text: . used the name 'Ran Ocean' for a similar concept, the Cambrian-Ordovician ocean that separated Baltica from Gondwana.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tethys

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 Ma

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: In the Early Ordovician 500-480 Ma, the Proto-Tethys was subducted under Cadomia as a result of the Chamrousse back-arc basin

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: "Proto-Tethys"

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Proto-Tethys"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Gondwana-derived continental fragments

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Chamrousse back-arc basin.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Paleo-Tethys Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: This implies that at 2.45 Ga there was no longer a supercontinent and by 2.4 Ga an ocean existed between the Kola and Karelia cratons. Also, there is speculation based on the rift margin spatial arrangements of Laurentia, that at some time during the breakup, the Slave and Superior cratons were not part of the supercontinent Kenorland, but, by then may have been two different Neoarchaean landmasses (supercratons) on opposite ends of a very large Kenorland. This is based on how drifting assemblies of various constituent pieces should flow reasonably together toward the amalgamation of the new subsequent continent. The Slave and Superior cratons now constitute the northwest and southeast portions of the Canadian Shield, respectively.

text: This implies that at 2.45 Ga there was no longer a supercontinent and by 2.4 Ga an ocean existed between the Kola and Karelia cratons. Also, there is speculation based on the rift margin spatial arrangements of Laurentia, that at some time during the breakup, the

text: Slave

text: and

text: Superior craton

text: s were not part of the supercontinent Kenorland, but, by then may have been two different

text: Neoarchaean

text: landmasses (supercratons) on opposite ends of a very large Kenorland. This is based on how drifting assemblies of various constituent pieces should flow reasonably together toward the amalgamation of the new subsequent continent. The Slave and Superior cratons now constitute the northwest and southeast portions of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , respectively.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Kola and Karelia cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.45 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.4 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Neoarchaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kenorland,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: two different Neoarchaean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two different Neoarchaean landmasses

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Neoarchaean

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: (supercratons)

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2.45 Ga

text: The Centre's soil is primarily composed of Precambrian deposits of metamorphic rocks, such as gneiss, mica, migmatites, and schists. Granite dominates from about 4˚ N  and to the Adamawa border. Faults along the border with the South Province have deposited metamorphic schists and quartzites, with some granite. Laterites are also common, caused by the decomposition of the crystalline rock.

text: The Centre's

text: soil

text: is primarily composed of

text: Precambrian

text: deposits of

text: metamorphic rock

text: s, such as

text: gneiss

text: mica

text: migmatite

text: s, and

text: schist

text: s.

text: Granite

text: dominates from about 4˚ N  and to the Adamawa border.

text: Faults

text: along the border with the South Province have deposited metamorphic schists and

text: quartzite

text: s, with some granite.

text: Laterite

text: s are also common, caused by the decomposition of the crystalline rock.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4  N

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Granite dominates from about 4 <unk> N and to the Adamawa border.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4 <unk> N

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Laterites

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Centre's soil is primarily composed of Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Canadian Shield rock forms the nucleus of the North American continent. Other geological structures assumed positions around or on top of the Shield millions of years after it was formed. The Rocky Mountains are relative newcomers on the geological stage. Most Shield rocks were formed well over a billion years earlier, during the very first chapter of the planet's history known as the Precambrian era.

text: Canadian Shield

text: rock forms the nucleus of the North American continent. Other

text: geological

text: structures assumed positions around or on top of the Shield millions of years after it was formed. The

text: Rocky Mountains

text: are relative newcomers on the geological stage. Most Shield rocks were formed well over a billion years earlier, during the very first chapter of the planet's history known as the

text: Precambrian era

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Canadian Shield rock

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian era

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian era.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian era.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian era.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: well over a billion years earlier,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian era.

text: Khanty Ocean was an ancient, small ocean that existed near the end of the Precambrian time to the Silurian. It was between Baltica and the Siberian continent, with the bordering oceans of Panthalassa to the north, Proto-Tethys to the northeast, and Paleo-Tethys to the south and east. The ocean formed when a minor supercontinent of Proto-Laurasia (shortly after the break-up of Pannotia, about 600 mya) rifted and created three separated continents - Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia, the ocean was between Siberia and Baltica. Khanty's sister ocean, Iapetus Ocean also formed, between Laurentia and Baltica. The ocean closed when an island arc called the Sakmarian Arc collided with Baltica. At the northeastern end of the arc was a new ocean, the Ural Ocean.

text: Khanty Ocean was an ancient, small ocean that existed near the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: time to the

text: Silurian

text: . It was between

text: Baltica

text: and the

text: Siberian continent

text: , with the bordering oceans of

text: Panthalassa

text: to the north,

text: Proto-Tethys

text: to the northeast, and

text: Paleo-Tethys

text: to the south and east. The ocean formed when a minor supercontinent of

text: Proto-Laurasia

text: (shortly after the break-up of

text: Pannotia

text: , about 600 mya) rifted and created three separated continents -

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: , and

text: Siberia

text: , the ocean was between Siberia and Baltica. Khanty's sister ocean,

text: Iapetus Ocean

text: also formed, between Laurentia and Baltica. The ocean closed when an

text: island arc

text: called the

text: Sakmarian Arc

text: collided with Baltica. At the northeastern end of the

text: arc

text: was a new

text: ocean

text: , the

text: Ural Ocean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Proto-Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Proto-Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: about 600 mya

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the names of the cratons that lie between Baltica and Siberia?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 mya

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Proto-Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Proto-Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: rifted and created three separated continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Sakmarian Arc

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 mya)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Sakmarian Arc

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Khanty Ocean was an ancient, small ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Geologic publications have suggested that the Snowy Pass Supergroup at the peak is significantly older than, and unrelated to, the orogeny of the surrounding Medicine Bow mountains. These publications often refer to the mountain as "Medicine Peak", and its rock as "Precambrian Medicine Peak Quartzite". The quartzite, which lies unconformably on gneissic basement rock, has been analyzed for traces of Precambrian life. The findings may be pseudofossils.

text: Geologic publications have suggested that the

text: Snowy Pass Supergroup

text: at the peak is significantly older than, and unrelated to, the

text: orogeny

text: of the surrounding Medicine Bow mountains. These publications often refer to the mountain as "Medicine Peak", and its rock as "

text: Precambrian

text: Medicine Peak Quartzite". The quartzite, which lies

text: unconformably

text: on

text: gneiss

text: ic basement rock, has been analyzed for traces of Precambrian life. The findings may be

text: pseudofossil

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneissic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Snowy Pass Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Snowy Pass Supergroup at the peak is significantly older than

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneissic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Snowy Pass Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian life.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Snowy Pass Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: life.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Snowy Pass Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: traces of Precambrian life.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Precambrian

text: In his reconstruction of the supercontinent cycle, Rogers proposed that the continent Ur formed at about 3 Ga and formed East Gondwana the Middle Proterozoic by accretion to East Antarctica; Arctica formed around 2.5–2 Ga by the amalgamation of the Canadian and Siberian shields plus Greenland; and Atlantica formed around 2 Ga by the amalgamation of the West African Craton and eastern South America.  Arctica then grew around 1.5 Ga by accretion of East Antarctica and Baltica to form the supercontinent Nena.  Around 1 Ga Nena, Ur, and Atlantica collided to form the supercontinent Rodinia.

text: In his reconstruction of the

text: supercontinent cycle

text: , Rogers proposed that the continent

text: Ur

text: formed at about 3 Ga and formed East

text: Gondwana

text: the Middle Proterozoic by accretion to

text: East Antarctica

text: ; Arctica formed around 2.5–2 Ga by the amalgamation of the

text: Canadian

text: and Siberian shields plus Greenland; and

text: Atlantica

text: formed around 2 Ga by the amalgamation of the

text: West African Craton

text: and eastern South America.  Arctica then grew around 1.5 Ga by accretion of East Antarctica and

text: Baltica

text: to form the supercontinent

text: Nena

text: .  Around 1 Ga Nena, Ur, and Atlantica collided to form the supercontinent

text: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: East Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton and eastern South America

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Middle Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Canadian and Siberian shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: amalgamation of the Canadian and Siberian shields plus Greenland;

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian and Siberian shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 3 Ga and formed East Gondwana the Middle Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Middle Proterozoic

text: Basement rocks on the east side of the Macarenas include the Precambrian granite of the Guyana Shield in the Guaviare River valley and the San Jose del Guaviare area. The rocks of the shield are overlain by sandstones and conglomerates of the Vaupes Formation of Lower Paleozoic to the lower Oligocene age.

text: Basement rocks on the east side of the Macarenas include the

text: Precambrian

text: granite of the

text: Guyana Shield

text: in the

text: Guaviare River

text: valley and the

text: San Jose del Guaviare

text: area. The rocks of the shield are overlain by

text: sandstone

text: s and

text: conglomerates

text: of the Vaupes Formation of Lower

text: Paleozoic

text: to the lower

text: Oligocene

text: age.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Guyana Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are included in the Macarenas

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guyana Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Lower Paleozoic to the lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian granite of the Guyana Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Guyana Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Guaviare River valley

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Craton was born August 6, 1953, in Anniston, Alabama. Though neither of his parents was musical, his extended family included many musicians, both amateurs and professionals, among them his cousin, concert pianist and composer Barbara Gallagher. He began his formal musical training at age 10 studying violin under retired violinist and conductor, Robert Louis Barron. After graduating from Saks High School he studied violin and piano at Jacksonville State University before transferring to Lipscomb University, where he earned his B.A. Craton studied theory and composition under John Maltese, Gerald Moore, and Henry Fusner. His graduate degree from Indiana University was in audiology, and Craton practiced as a clinical audiologist for several years in Indiana before returning to his musical roots and devoting his full-time to teaching and composing.

text: Craton was born August 6, 1953, in

text: Anniston, Alabama

text: . Though neither of his parents was musical, his extended family included many musicians, both amateurs and professionals, among them his cousin, concert pianist and composer

text: Barbara Gallagher

text: . He began his formal musical training at age 10 studying

text: violin

text: under retired violinist and conductor,

text: Robert Louis Barron

text: . After graduating from

text: Saks High School

text: he studied violin and piano at

text: Jacksonville State University

text: before transferring to

text: Lipscomb University

text: , where he earned his B.A. Craton studied theory and composition under

text: John Maltese

text: Gerald Moore

text: , and

text: Henry Fusner

text: . His graduate degree from

text: Indiana University

text: was in

text: audiology

text: , and Craton practiced as a clinical audiologist for several years in

text: Indiana

text: before returning to his musical roots and devoting his full-time to teaching and composing.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: who was born in Anniston, Alabama?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Alabama.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Alabama.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: neither of his parents was musical,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Craton was born August 6, 1953, in Anniston, Alabama.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1953,

text: The rocks of the Berkshire Hills were once the edge of the ancient continent of Laurentia. The Laurentian Terrane is made up of Grenville gneisses of Proterozoic age that formed at depth within the continent, continental shelf deposits, and the remains of two volcanic island chains, which constitute the Shelburne Falls and Bronson Hill volcanic chains. The Shelburne Fall] chain now lies in the Berkshire foothills, while the Bronson Hill chain lies just east of the present-day Connecticut River Valley. The Taconic Orogeny, which resulted from the collision of these volcano chains and the continent, helped to thrust, push, and metamorphose the group of Precambrian to early Paleozoic rocks between 485 and 440 million years ago. The terrane is also divided into six structural and stratigraphic divisions.

text: The rocks of the

text: Berkshire Hills

text: were once the edge of the ancient continent of

text: Laurentia

text: . The Laurentian Terrane is made up of Grenville gneisses of

text: Proterozoic

text: age that formed at depth within the continent, continental shelf deposits, and the remains of two volcanic island chains, which constitute the

text: Shelburne Falls

text: and Bronson Hill volcanic chains. The Shelburne Fall] chain now lies in the Berkshire foothills, while the Bronson Hill chain lies just east of the present-day

text: Connecticut River Valley

text: . The

text: Taconic Orogeny

text: , which resulted from the collision of these volcano chains and the continent, helped to thrust, push, and metamorphose the group of Precambrian to early Paleozoic rocks between 485 and 440 million years ago. The terrane is also divided into six structural and stratigraphic divisions.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Proterozoic age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made up of Grenville gneisses

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 440 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphic division

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 440 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Grenville gneisses

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Taconic Orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: at depth within the continent,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanic island chains,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 485 and 440 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Laurentian Terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Connecticut River Valley.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, the geology of which chronicles the late Precambrian Alleghenian Orogeny. The stratigraphy is not uniform throughout the region, however. The southern end of the peninsula includes a series of mafic pillow lavas, volcanigenic sediments, shales and limestones, collectively known as the "Burin Group", as well as a 1500 m thick sill of gabbro about 760 million years old. The northern end of the peninsula is defined by the "Marystown Group", primarily carbon-lacking Silica-based sediments which span the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former Iapetus Ocean.

text: The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, the geology of which chronicles the late Precambrian

text: Alleghenian Orogeny

text: . The

text: stratigraphy

text: is not uniform throughout the region, however. The southern end of the peninsula includes a series of

text: mafic

text: pillow lava

text: s,

text: volcanigenic

text: sediment

text: s,

text: shale

text: s and

text: limestone

text: s, collectively known as the "Burin Group", as well as a 1500 m thick

text: sill

text: of

text: gabbro

text: about 760 million years old. The northern end of the peninsula is defined by the "Marystown Group", primarily

text: carbon

text: -lacking

text: Silica

text: -based sediments which span the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former

text: Iapetus Ocean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mafic pillow lavas

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Appalachian Orogen

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 760 million years

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are part of the Appalachian Orogen

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 760 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Avalon Zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gabbro

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Iapetus Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 760 million years old.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 760 million years old.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "Marystown Group",

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Iapetus Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Shatter Me/Music Box 2014/2015 Tour is a worldwide concert tour by violinist Lindsey Stirling in support of her second studio album Shatter Me. The first tour dates were announced at the end of 2013 and the tour started on May 13 of the next year. The 2014 North and European American leg of Lindsey Stirling's tour consisted of her performing 77 shows over a five-month time span. For 2015, Stirling did 67 shows over five continents. Stirling toured around North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America, being her first time to present a show on this continent. In December 2014, it was confirmed that more than 200,000 people had attended Stirling's shows, more than half of them being from the European continent.

text: The Shatter Me/Music Box 2014/2015 Tour is a worldwide concert tour by

text: violinist

text: Lindsey Stirling

text: in support of her second studio album

text: Shatter Me

text: . The first tour dates were announced at the end of 2013 and the tour started on May 13 of the next year. The 2014 North and European American leg of Lindsey Stirling's tour consisted of her performing 77 shows over a five-month time span. For 2015, Stirling did 67 shows over five continents. Stirling toured around

text: North America

text: Europe

text: Asia

text: Oceania

text: and

text: South America

text: , being her first time to present a show on this continent. In December 2014, it was confirmed that more than 200,000 people had attended Stirling's shows, more than half of them being from the European continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: five continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2015,

text: Finnish surgeon Dr. Nils Kock developed the first intra-abdominal continent ileostomy in 1969. This was the first continent intestinal reservoir. By the early 1970s, several major medical centers in the United States were performing Kock pouch ileostomies on patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis.  One problem with these early Kock pouches was valve slippage, which often resulted in difficulty intubating and an incontinent pouch. As a result, many of these pouches had to be revised or removed to allow a better quality of life.

text: Finnish surgeon Dr.

text: Nils Kock

text: developed the first intra-abdominal continent ileostomy in 1969. This was the first continent intestinal reservoir. By the early 1970s, several major medical centers in the United States were performing Kock pouch ileostomies on patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis.  One problem with these early Kock pouches was valve slippage, which often resulted in difficulty

text: intubating

text: and an

text: incontinent pouch

text: . As a result, many of these pouches had to be revised or removed to allow a better

text: quality of life

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Finland

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made up of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continent

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Finnish

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: intra-abdominal continent ileostomy in 1969.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continent ileostomy

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: continent intestinal reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: continent intestinal reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: intra-abdominal continent ileostomy in 1969.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1969.

text: Afterward, the hurricane began to weaken in an irregular fashion. After the inner eyewall dissolved, the intensity of the hurricane decreased to a low-level Category 3 with winds of . By this time, Elida had reached the edge of the ridge that kept the cyclone from turning northwest, and a turn to the northwest was beginning. The hurricane proceeded to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle, lowering its intensity to Category 2. Late on July 26, the eye disappeared from satellite. The weakening trend continued, and Elida weakened to a tropical storm on July 27. At this time, a weakness in the subtropical ridge allowed the storm to make a turn towards the north. Early on July 28, Elida began redeveloping, regaining moderate convection and possibly reintensifying, but eventually, the storm weakened back into a depression early on July 29, and the last advisory was issued while an area of convection was north of the center with  seas in the area. The center was  from Punta Eugenia, Mexico when the last advisory was issued. The remnant low from Elida moved northeast and eventually dissipated  west of Los Angeles, California.

text: Afterward, the hurricane began to weaken in an irregular fashion. After the inner eyewall dissolved, the intensity of the hurricane decreased to a low-level Category 3 with winds of . By this time, Elida had reached the edge of the ridge that kept the cyclone from turning northwest, and a turn to the northwest was beginning. The hurricane proceeded to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle, lowering its intensity to Category 2. Late on July 26, the eye disappeared from satellite. The weakening trend continued, and Elida weakened to a tropical storm on July 27. At this time, a weakness in the

text: subtropical ridge

text: allowed the storm to make a turn towards the north. Early on July 28, Elida began redeveloping, regaining moderate convection and possibly reintensifying, but eventually, the storm weakened back into a depression early on July 29, and the last advisory was issued while an area of convection was north of the center with  seas in the area. The center was  from Punta Eugenia, Mexico when the last advisory was issued. The remnant low from Elida moved northeast and eventually dissipated  west of

text: Los Angeles

text: California

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: when the inner eyewall dissolved

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: subtropical ridge

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Punta Eugenia, Mexico

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: subtropical ridge

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: subtropical ridge

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: seas

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: subtropical ridge

text: The area of the park was astride a passive continental margin during the Precambrian and early Paleozoic. Sediment was derived from continental sources and was deposited in shallow water. These rocks have since been metamorphosed.

text: The area of the park was astride a

text: passive continental margin

text: during the

text: Precambrian

text: and early

text: Paleozoic

text: . Sediment was derived from continental sources and was deposited in shallow water. These rocks have since been metamorphosed.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Sediment was derived from continental sources

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continental sources

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shallow water.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian and early Paleozoic.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: passive continental margin

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: passive continental margin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow water.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The period was characterized on most continents by either new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts.

text: The period was characterized on most

text: continent

text: s by either new

text: platforms

text: or final

text: craton

text: ization of

text: fold belt

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: cratonization

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons were active

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be formed by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: final cratonization of fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonization of fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: new platforms

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: new platforms or final cratonization of fold belts.

text: The theory of plate tectonics demonstrates that the continents of the Earth are moving across the surface at the rate of a few centimeters per year. This is expected to continue, causing the plates to relocate and collide. Continental drift is facilitated by two factors: the energy generation within the planet and the presence of a hydrosphere. With the loss of either of these, continental drift will come to a halt. The production of heat through radiogenic processes is sufficient to maintain mantle convection and plate subduction for at least the next 1.1 billion years.

text: The theory of plate tectonics demonstrates that the continents of the Earth are moving across the surface at the rate of a few centimeters per year. This is expected to continue, causing the plates to relocate and collide.

text: Continental drift

text: is facilitated by two factors: the energy generation within the planet and the presence of a

text: hydrosphere

text: . With the loss of either of these, continental drift will come to a halt. The production of

text: heat through radiogenic processes

text: is sufficient to maintain

text: mantle convection

text: and plate

text: subduction

text: for at least the next 1.1 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 1.1 billion years

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.1 billion years

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are moving across the surface

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.1 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.1 billion years

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1.1 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.1 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.1 billion years.

text: Structurally, Late Paleozoic rocks were thrust faulted over the Precambrian craton during the Cretaceous Sevier orogeny.  These rocks were later intruded and altered in the Tertiary by granitoid rocks.  This igneous event was the source of deposition of gold, silver and other base metals.

text: Structurally

text: , Late

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks were

text: thrust fault

text: ed over the

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: during the

text: Cretaceous

text: Sevier orogeny

text: .  These rocks were later

text: intruded

text: and altered in the

text: Tertiary

text: by

text: granitoid

text: rocks.  This

text: igneous

text: event was the source of deposition of gold, silver and other

text: base metal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cretaceous Sevier

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: thrust fault

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Cretaceous Sevier orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Late Paleozoic rocks were thrust faulted

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Cretaceous Sevier orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The regional, local and property geology of the Rosemont deposit consists of Precambrian sedimentary and intrusive rocks, which form the regional basement under a Palaeozoic sequence of quartzites, siltstones, and carbonate rocks. Sedimentary deposition ceased for a time during uplift and formation of a widespread unconformity in the early Mesozoic, and then resumed with the deposition of continental and shallow marine deposits.

text: The regional, local and property geology of the Rosemont deposit consists of

text: Precambrian

text: sedimentary and intrusive rocks, which form the regional basement under a

text: Palaeozoic

text: sequence of

text: quartzite

text: s,

text: siltstone

text: s, and

text: carbonate rock

text: s. Sedimentary deposition ceased for a time during uplift and formation of a widespread unconformity in the early

text: Mesozoic

text: , and then resumed with the deposition of continental and shallow marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary and intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the text?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Rosemont deposit

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: quartzites, siltstones, and carbonate rocks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: quartzites, siltstones, and carbonate rocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Robert Jordan is very clear that the world before the Breaking was much different geographically, and thus physical descriptions must first differentiate between the planet’s appearance in the Age of Legends or “The World Since the Breaking” (after insane male Aes Sedai and the Dark One's minions shattered the world, drastically altering it geographically).  At the time of the books (the Third Age: 3,000+ years since the Breaking), the planet consists of the following: two major oceans (with associated seas and small islands), a northern and southern ice cap, the "Main Continent" (also called the Eastern Continent), the Seanchan continent and a continent to the southeast (Land of Madmen).

text: Robert Jordan is very clear that the world before the Breaking was much different geographically, and thus physical descriptions must first differentiate between the planet’s appearance in the Age of Legends or “The World Since the Breaking” (after insane male

text: Aes Sedai

text: and the

text: Dark One

text: 's minions shattered the world, drastically altering it geographically).  At the time of the books (the Third Age: 3,000+ years since the Breaking), the planet consists of the following: two major oceans (with associated seas and small islands), a northern and southern ice cap, the "Main Continent" (also called the Eastern Continent), the Seanchan continent and a continent to the southeast (Land of Madmen).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Seanchan

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons indicate that at the time they formed

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the continent to the southeast?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the world before the Breaking

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ice cap,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Seanchan

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the world before the Breaking was much different geographically,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a northern and southern ice cap,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: ice cap,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ice cap,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: two major oceans

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: before the Breaking

text: "Precambrian rabbits" or "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian" are reported to have been among responses given by the biologist J.B.S. Haldane when asked what evidence could destroy his confidence in the theory of evolution and the field of study. The answers became popular imagery in debates about evolution and the scientific field of evolutionary biology in the 1990s. Many of Haldane's statements about his scientific research were popularized in his lifetime.

text: "Precambrian rabbits" or "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian" are reported to have been among responses given by the biologist

text: J.B.S. Haldane

text: when asked what

text: evidence

text: could destroy his confidence in the

text: theory of evolution

text: and the field of study. The answers became popular

text: image

text: ry in debates about evolution and the scientific field of

text: evolutionary biology

text: in the 1990s. Many of Haldane's statements about his scientific research were popularized in his lifetime.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: "Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: "Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: "Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Precambrian rabbits"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "Precambrian rabbits"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: "Precambrian rabbits"

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Precambrian

text: During the Late Devonian, the continents were arranged differently, with a supercontinent, Gondwana, covering much of the Southern Hemisphere. The continent of Siberia occupied the Northern Hemisphere, while an equatorial continent, Laurussia (formed by the collision of Baltica and Laurentia), was drifting towards Gondwana. The Caledonian mountains were also growing across what is now the Scottish Highlands and Scandinavia, while the Appalachians rose over America; these mountain belts were the equivalent of the Himalaya today.

text: During the Late Devonian, the continents were arranged differently, with a supercontinent,

text: Gondwana

text: , covering much of the Southern Hemisphere. The

text: continent

text: of

text: Siberia

text: occupied the Northern Hemisphere, while an equatorial continent,

text: Laurussia

text: (formed by the collision of

text: Baltica

text: and

text: Laurentia

text: ), was

text: drifting

text: towards Gondwana. The Caledonian mountains were also growing across what is now the Scottish Highlands and Scandinavia, while the

text: Appalachians

text: rose over America; these mountain belts were the equivalent of the

text: Himalaya

text: today.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of Baltica and Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Baltica and Laurentia),

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Late Devonian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Late Devonian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Caledonian mountains

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Late Devonian,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mountain belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Late Devonian,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Late Devonian,

text: Mary Julia Wade (3 February 1928 – 14 September 2005) was an Australian palaeontologist, perhaps best known for her work on the Precambrian Ediacaran biota in South Australia.

text: Mary Julia Wade (3 February 1928 – 14 September 2005) was an

text: Australia

text: n

text: palaeontologist

text: , perhaps best known for her work on the

text: Precambrian

text: Ediacaran biota

text: in

text: South Australia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Mary Julia Wade was born in what country?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Ediacaran

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Ediacaran

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Ediacaran biota in South Australia.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian Ediacaran biota in South Australia.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: During Early Jurassic Cimmeria began to disintegrate behind the Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.  This opened the northern branch in the Neo-Tethys — the Intra-Pontide, Izmh-Ankara, and the Inner Tauride oceans.  The closure of the Paleo-Tethys in the Middle Jurassic reduced the Cimmerian archipelago in Anatolia.  South of the Cimmerian blocks there was now two branches of the Neo-Tethys, a northern, larger and more complex, and a southern, more reduced; the Anatolide-Tauride continent separated them, the small Sakarya continent was located within the northern branch.  The Apulian continent was connected to the Anatolide-Tauride continent.

text: During Early Jurassic Cimmeria began to disintegrate behind the Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.  This opened the northern branch in the Neo-Tethys — the Intra-Pontide, Izmh-Ankara, and the Inner Tauride oceans.  The closure of the Paleo-Tethys in the Middle Jurassic reduced the Cimmerian archipelago in Anatolia.  South of the Cimmerian blocks there was now two branches of the Neo-Tethys, a northern, larger and more complex, and a southern, more reduced; the Anatolide-Tauride continent separated them, the small Sakarya continent was located within the northern branch.  The

text: Apulian continent

text: was connected to the Anatolide-Tauride continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: paleo-tethys

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleo-Tethyan

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: During Early Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Paleo-Tethyan volcanic arc.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceans.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Early Jurassic

text: Fastjet Plc (LSE:FJET) is a British-based holding company for a group of low-cost carriers that are, or are expected to be, operating in Africa. The company's stated aim is to become the continent's first low-cost, pan-African airline, and the operation was initially created with the acquisition of Fly540, an airline operating in East Africa; flights in Fastjet's own name commenced in November 2012 in Tanzania. In order to satisfy local ownership and other requirements, the current strategy is to create locally incorporated airlines to operate services using a common branding, operational standards and sales platform.

text: Fastjet Plc (LSE:FJET) is a British-based

text: holding company

text: for a group of

text: low-cost carrier

text: s that are, or are expected to be, operating in Africa. The company's stated aim is to become the continent's first low-cost, pan-African airline, and the operation was initially created with the acquisition of

text: , an airline operating in East Africa; flights in Fastjet's own name commenced in November 2012 in Tanzania. In order to satisfy local ownership and other requirements, the current strategy is to create locally incorporated airlines to operate services using a common branding, operational standards and sales platform.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the capital of Tanzania?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continent's first low-cost, pan-African airline,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: East Africa;

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: flights in Fastjet's own name commenced in November 2012

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Fastjet

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: low-cost, pan-African airline,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Fastjet Plc (LSE:FJET)

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Fastjet Plc (LSE:FJET)

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2012

text: Scholars have proposed the name Azania for an ancient continent that may have existed within the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Ocean. According to Collins and Pisarevsky (2005), Azania formed a continent consisting of central Madagascar, southernmost India, parts of Somalia and east Ethiopia and Yemen; a continent first proposed (but not named) by Collins and Windley (2004).According to this hypothesis, Azania formed a part of the early Mesoproterozoic Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block and rifted off in the earliest Neoproterozoic. By 850 Ma, a west (present coordinates) dipping subduction zone developed on the east side of the island and a continental arc formed through much of Azania (in Madagascar this is the Itremo-Itsindro suite). Azania collided with East Africa at about 640 Ma forming the East African Orogeny. This was followed by Neoproterozoic India colliding with the now amalgamated Azania-Congo continent at approximately 550 Ma to form the Malagasy Orogeny.

text: Scholars have proposed the name Azania for an ancient continent that may have existed within the

text: Neoproterozoic

text: Mozambique Ocean

text: . According to Collins and Pisarevsky (2005), Azania formed a continent consisting of central

text: Madagascar

text: , southernmost

text: India

text: , parts of Somalia and east Ethiopia and Yemen; a continent first proposed (but not named) by Collins and Windley (2004).According to this hypothesis, Azania formed a part of the early

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block and rifted off in the earliest Neoproterozoic. By 850 Ma, a west (present coordinates) dipping subduction zone developed on the east side of the island and a continental arc formed through much of Azania (in Madagascar this is the Itremo-Itsindro suite). Azania collided with East Africa at about 640 Ma forming the East African

text: Orogeny

text: . This was followed by Neoproterozoic India colliding with the now amalgamated Azania-Congo continent at approximately 550 Ma to form the

text: Malagasy Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mesoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the continent that may have existed within the Mozambique Ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 850 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 850 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 850 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 850 Ma,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: subduction zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mozambique Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 850 Ma,

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 4 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean without strengthening. On September 9 and 10, the tropical wave moved though the Lesser Antilles bringing local heavy rainfall and wind gusts reaching 35 mph (55 km/h). The wave then moved west-northwest and developed a well-defined center on September 12 in the central Caribbean Sea. Satellite photos on September 13 indicated that the convective pattern in the system was disorganized. However, later that day, a broad low pressure area had developed along axis of the wave, based on surface observations about  southeast of Cozumel, Mexico. Early on September 14, it was estimated from satellite imagery that the low pressure system was near tropical depression strength, even though the convection was still disorganized.

text: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 4 and tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean without strengthening. On September 9 and 10, the tropical wave moved though the

text: Lesser Antilles

text: bringing local heavy rainfall and wind gusts reaching 35 mph (55 km/h). The wave then moved west-northwest and developed a well-defined center on September 12 in the central Caribbean Sea. Satellite photos on September 13 indicated that the

text: convective

text: pattern in the system was disorganized. However, later that day, a broad

text: low pressure area

text: had developed along axis of the wave, based on surface observations about  southeast of

text: Cozumel

text: Mexico

text: . Early on September 14, it was estimated from satellite imagery that the low pressure system was near

text: tropical depression

text: strength, even though the convection was still disorganized.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What ocean did the tropical wave move through?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: disorganized.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Caribbean Sea.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cozumel, Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical wave

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 4

text: Uranium mining started in 1953 from deposits in the Precambrian Dripping Spring Quartzite in Gila County.  The uranium mineral is most commonly uraninite, which occurs with pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite.  The orebodies are in veins or strataform deposits within one-half mile of diabase intrusions.

text: Uranium mining started in 1953 from deposits in the

text: Precambrian

text: Dripping Spring Quartzite

text: in

text: Gila County

text: .  The uranium mineral is most commonly

text: uraninite

text: , which occurs with

text: pyrite

text: marcasite

text: , and

text: chalcopyrite

text: .  The orebodies are in veins or strataform deposits within one-half mile of

text: diabase

text: intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Dripping Spring Quartzite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the text

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: one-half mile

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strataform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Dripping Spring Quartzite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Dripping Spring Quartzite

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: diabase intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: one-half mile of diabase intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: diabase intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Dripping Spring Quartzite

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Siberian craton formed in the Precambrian and is largely covered by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of more recent age. Precambrian rocks are exposed in two distinct uplifts, the Anabar massif in the northeast and the Aldanian shield in the southeast. Other basement outcrops include Olenyok, Sharyzhalgay and the raised Southern Yenisei horst.

text: The Siberian craton formed in the Precambrian and is largely covered by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of more recent age. Precambrian rocks are exposed in two distinct uplifts, the Anabar

text: massif

text: in the northeast and the Aldanian

text: shield

text: in the southeast. Other

text: basement

text: outcrops include Olenyok, Sharyzhalgay and the raised Southern Yenisei

text: horst

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Siberian craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Siberian craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Aldanian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basement outcrops

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Siberian craton formed in the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Apart from catapulting the Dharwar Craton onto the canvas of global Precambrian terranes, Mahmood Naqvi's studies contributed new dimensions and leads toward unraveling several basic problems in Precambrian geology especially the relevance of uniformitarianism and paradigms such as plate tectonics to the early geologic history of the earth. He strongly advocated an early beginning of modern-style plate tectonics as far back in time as the Neo-Archean (2700 million years). He strived relentlessly to obtain critical evidences in the rock record of southern India to demonstrate his crust evolution model. His approach in this journey was holistic encompassing a range of earth processes involving interactions among atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere in space and deep time.

text: Apart from catapulting the Dharwar Craton onto the canvas of global Precambrian terranes, Mahmood Naqvi's studies contributed new dimensions and leads toward unraveling several basic problems in Precambrian geology especially the relevance of

text: uniformitarianism

text: and paradigms such as plate tectonics to the early geologic history of the earth. He strongly advocated an early beginning of modern-style plate tectonics as far back in time as the Neo-Archean (2700 million years). He strived relentlessly to obtain critical evidences in the rock record of southern India to demonstrate his crust evolution model. His approach in this journey was holistic encompassing a range of earth processes involving interactions among

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: in space and deep time.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Neo-Archean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: crust evolution model.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: interactions among atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Dharwar Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Some of the oldest and most highly deformed ultramafic rocks which underwent laterization are found in the complex Precambrian shields in Brazil and Australia. Smaller highly deformed Alpine-type intrusives have formed laterite profiles in Guatemala, Colombia, Central Europe, India and Burma. Large thrust sheets of Mesozoic to Tertiary 251- to 65-million-year-old island arcs and continental collision zones underwent laterization in New Caledonia, Cuba, Indonesia and the Philippines. Laterites reflect past weathering conditions; laterites which are found in present-day non-tropical areas are products of former geological epochs, when that area was near the equator. Present-day laterite occurring outside the humid tropics are considered to be indicators of climatic change, continental drift or a combination of both.

text: Some of the oldest and most highly deformed ultramafic rocks which underwent laterization are found in the complex

text: Precambrian

text: shields in Brazil and Australia. Smaller highly deformed

text: Alpine-type

text: intrusives have formed laterite profiles in Guatemala, Colombia, Central Europe, India and Burma. Large thrust sheets of

text: Mesozoic

text: to Tertiary 251- to 65-million-year-old

text: island arc

text: s and

text: continental collision

text: zones underwent laterization in New Caledonia, Cuba, Indonesia and the Philippines. Laterites reflect past weathering conditions; laterites which are found in present-day non-tropical areas are products of former

text: geological epochs

text: , when that area was near the equator. Present-day laterite occurring outside the humid tropics are considered to be indicators of climatic change, continental drift or a combination of both.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ultramafic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian shields

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: present-day laterite

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are found in the complex Precambrian shields

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 65-million

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: laterite profile

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: laterites which are found in present-day non-tropical areas

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ultramafic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: past weathering conditions;

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: island arcs

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: complex

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: complex Precambrian shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Laterites reflect past weathering conditions;

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: when that area was near the equator.

text: Historians have traditionally argued that Columbus remained convinced to the very end that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia, but writer Kirkpatrick Sale argues that a document in the Book of Privileges indicates Columbus knew he found a new continent. Furthermore, his journals from the third voyage call the "land of Paria" a "hitherto unknown" continent. On the other hand, his other writings continued to claim that he had reached Asia, such as a 1502 letter to Pope Alexander VI where he asserted that Cuba was the east coast of Asia. He also rationalized that the new continent of South America was the "Earthly Paradise" that was located "at the end of the Orient". Thus, it remains unclear what his true beliefs were.

text: Historians have traditionally argued that Columbus remained convinced to the very end that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia, but writer

text: Kirkpatrick Sale

text: argues that a document in the Book of Privileges indicates Columbus knew he found a new continent. Furthermore, his journals from the third voyage call the "land of Paria" a "hitherto unknown" continent. On the other hand, his other writings continued to claim that he had reached Asia, such as a 1502 letter to

text: Pope Alexander VI

text: where he asserted that Cuba was the east coast of Asia. He also rationalized that the new continent of South America was the "Earthly Paradise" that was located "at the end of the Orient". Thus, it remains unclear what his true beliefs were.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Columbus knew he found a new continent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Columbus

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Asia,

text: In Roger's reconstruction Ur is half a billion years older than Arctica and, in the early period of its existence, it was probably the only continent on Earth, and as such can be considered a supercontinent, though it was probably smaller than present-day Australia.  In more recent works geologists often refer to both Ur and other proposed Archaean continental assemblages as supercratons.  Ur can, nevertheless, be half a billion years younger than Vaalbara, but the concepts of these two early cratonic assemblages are incompatible.

text: In Roger's reconstruction Ur is half a billion years older than

text: Arctica

text: and, in the early period of its existence, it was probably the only continent on Earth, and as such can be considered a

text: supercontinent

text: , though it was probably smaller than present-day

text: Australia

text: .  In more recent works geologists often refer to both Ur and other proposed Archaean continental assemblages as supercratons.  Ur can, nevertheless, be half a billion years younger than

text: Vaalbara

text: , but the concepts of these two early cratonic assemblages are incompatible.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercraton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ur

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: it was probably the only continent on Earth,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: supercratons.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: half a billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercratons.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Ur is half a billion years older than Arctica

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: in the early period of its existence,

text: Evidence of collision and rifting between continents raises the question as to what exactly were the movements of the Archean cratons composing Proterozoic continents. Paleomagnetic and geochronological dating mechanisms have allowed the deciphering of Precambrian Supereon tectonics.  It is known that tectonic processes of the Proterozoic Eon resemble greatly the evidence of tectonic activity, such as orogenic belts or ophiolite complexes, we see today. Hence, most geologists would conclude that the Earth was active at that time. It is also commonly accepted that during the Precambrian, the Earth went through several supercontinent breakup and rebuilding cycles (Wilson cycle).  In the late Proterozoic (most recent), the dominant supercontinent was Rodinia (~1000-~750 Ma). It consisted of a series of continents attached to a central craton that forms the core of the North American Continent called Laurentia. An example of an orogeny (mountain building processes) associated with the construction of Rodinia is the Grenville orogeny located in Eastern North America. Rodinia formed after the breakup of the supercontinent Columbia and prior to the assemblage of the supercontinent Gondwana (~500 Ma). The defining orogenic event associated with the formation of Gondwana was the collision of Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia forming the Pan-African orogeny.

text: Evidence of collision and rifting between continents raises the question as to what exactly were the movements of the Archean cratons composing Proterozoic continents.

text: Paleomagnetic

text: and geochronological dating mechanisms have allowed the deciphering of Precambrian Supereon tectonics.  It is known that tectonic processes of the Proterozoic Eon resemble greatly the evidence of tectonic activity, such as

text: orogenic belt

text: s or

text: ophiolite

text: complexes, we see today. Hence, most geologists would conclude that the Earth was active at that time. It is also commonly accepted that during the Precambrian, the Earth went through several supercontinent breakup and rebuilding cycles (

text: Wilson cycle

text: ).  In the late Proterozoic (most recent), the dominant supercontinent was

text: Rodinia

text: (~1000-~750 Ma). It consisted of a series of continents attached to a central craton that forms the core of the North American Continent called

text: Laurentia

text: . An example of an orogeny (mountain building processes) associated with the construction of Rodinia is the

text: Grenville orogeny

text: located in Eastern North America. Rodinia formed after the breakup of the supercontinent

text: Columbia

text: and prior to the assemblage of the supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: (~500 Ma). The defining orogenic event associated with the formation of Gondwana was the collision of Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia forming the

text: Pan-African orogeny

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Earth was active at that time

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archean cratons composing Proterozoic continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 750 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the Earth was active

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Archean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Supereon tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grenville orogeny

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ophiolite complexes,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: On November 22, the JTWC reported that an area of deep convection had persisted about  to the northeast of Singapore.  Deep convection was flaring over a loosely defined low-level circulation center however levels of vertical wind shear were assessed to be unfavorable for development. Early the next day, as the low-level circulation center was improving very quickly in an area of vertical wind shear, a tropical cyclone formation alert was then released by the JTWC, before early on November 24; the JMA reported that the disturbance had become a tropical depression. However the JTWC reported early the next day the convection had become disorganized as the environment around the depression became less favorable, with increasing vertical wind shear. The JMA then downgraded the depression to a low-pressure area early on November 26 before it dissipated later that day.

text: On November 22, the JTWC reported that an area of deep convection had persisted about  to the northeast of Singapore.  Deep convection was flaring over a loosely defined low-level circulation center however levels of vertical wind shear were assessed to be unfavorable for development. Early the next day, as the low-level circulation center was improving very quickly in an area of vertical wind shear, a tropical cyclone formation alert was then released by the JTWC, before early on November 24; the JMA reported that the disturbance had become a tropical depression. However the JTWC reported early the next day the convection had become disorganized as the environment around the depression became less favorable, with increasing vertical wind shear. The JMA then downgraded the depression to a low-pressure area early on November 26 before it dissipated later that day.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unfavorable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: northeast of Singapore.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Deep convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 22,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: November 22,

text: On November 9, the system slowed down, as well as easterly vertical wind shear had become stronger over the system located southwest of Yangon, Burma, making it remain partially exposed and disorganised. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) started to mention the system as a low-pressure area on the same day, right before it emerged into the Bay of Bengal. IMD upgraded it to a well-marked low-pressure area on November 11, yet a microwave imagery showed a broad low-level circulation centre with shallow convection as well as dry air beginning to wrap around the western quadrants. On November 13, IMD upgraded the system to a depression and designated it as BOB 05 at 00:00 UTC. As new formative bands developed along the northern and southeastern sectors, JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert again for the better-organised system at 13:00 UTC. The low-level circulation centre became fully exposed but well-defined on November 14, and deep convection was sheared to the northwest by moderate vertical wind shear which was offsetting easterly diffluent outflow.

text: On November 9, the system slowed down, as well as easterly vertical

text: wind shear

text: had become stronger over the system located southwest of

text: Yangon

text: Burma

text: , making it remain partially exposed and disorganised. The

text: India Meteorological Department

text: (IMD) started to mention the system as a

text: low-pressure area

text: on the same day, right before it emerged into the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: . IMD upgraded it to a well-marked low-pressure area on November 11, yet a microwave imagery showed a broad low-level circulation centre with shallow

text: convection

text: as well as dry air beginning to wrap around the western quadrants. On November 13, IMD upgraded the system to a depression and designated it as BOB 05 at 00:00 UTC. As new formative bands developed along the northern and southeastern sectors, JTWC issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: again for the better-organised system at 13:00 UTC. The low-level circulation centre became fully exposed but well-defined on November 14, and deep convection was sheared to the northwest by moderate vertical wind shear which was offsetting easterly diffluent

text: outflow

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Yangon, Burma,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yangon, Burma,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: deep convection was sheared to the northwest

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Bay of Bengal.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: November 9,

text: About 2.5 billion years ago (Siderian), Siberia was part of a continent of Arctica, along with the Canadian Shield. Around 1.1 billion years ago (Stenian), Siberia became part of the major supercontinent of Rodinia, a state of affairs which lasted until the Cryogenian about 750 million years ago when it broke up, and Siberia became part of the minor supercontinent of Protolaurasia. During the Ediacaran Period around 600 million years ago, Protolaurasia became part of the major southern supercontinent of Pannotia but around 550 million years ago, both Pannotia and Protolaurasia split up to become the continents of Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia.

text: About 2.5 billion years ago (

text: Siderian

text: ), Siberia was part of a continent of

text: Arctica

text: , along with the

text: Canadian Shield

text: . Around 1.1 billion years ago (

text: Stenian

text: ), Siberia became part of the major

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Rodinia

text: , a state of affairs which lasted until the

text: Cryogenian

text: about 750 million years ago when it broke up, and Siberia became part of the minor supercontinent of

text: Protolaurasia

text: . During the

text: Ediacaran

text: Period around 600 million years ago, Protolaurasia became part of the major southern supercontinent of

text: Pannotia

text: but around 550 million years ago, both Pannotia and Protolaurasia split up to become the continents of

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: and Siberia.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: about 750 million years ago when it broke up

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: During the Ediacaran Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Arctica, along with the Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cryogenian

text: Mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) is a form of buoyantly driven convection that can provide the planetary boundary layer with cumulus clouds at the top of the boundary layer. MCC generally occurs over ocean regions and is primarily found off the coasts of major continents particularly in North and South America.<ref name = "Agee">{{cite journal |last=Agee |first=Ernest|date=1984 |title=Observations from Space and Thermal Convection: A Historical Prospective|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=65 |pages=938–949 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065

text: Mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) is a form of buoyantly driven convection that can provide the planetary boundary layer with cumulus clouds at the top of the boundary layer. MCC generally occurs over ocean regions and is primarily found off the coasts of major continents particularly in North and South America.<ref name = "Agee">{{cite journal |last=Agee |first=Ernest|date=1984 |title=Observations from Space and Thermal Convection: A Historical Prospective|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=65 |pages=938–949 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North and South America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Mesoscale cellular convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: ref name = "Agee"> cite journal |last=Agee |first=Ernest|date=1984 |title=Observations from Space and Thermal Convection: A Historical Prospective|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=65 |pages=938–949 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065;

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mesoscale cellular

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The presence of zircons in ancient rocks indicates that there was water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Agee

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Thermal Convection:

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North and South America.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Thermal Convection:

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Agee">

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mesoscale cellular convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mesoscale cellular convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: ocean regions

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Thermal Convection: A Historical Prospective|journal=Bulletin

text: The game takes place in a world of five lands spread out over three continent and came with an elaborate grid-format map noting areas of interest in the game. There are four types of land: plain, forest, mountains and desert. Enemies become more dangerous in different types of land, with plains being the safest terrain to cross. The continents are separated by oceans and storming sea around the last continent. A ship is required to sail the oceans. A special ship is needed to cross the storming sea but it can only be helmed by someone with pirate blood in his veins.

text: The game takes place in a world of five lands spread out over three continent and came with an elaborate grid-format map noting areas of interest in the game. There are four types of land: plain, forest, mountains and desert. Enemies become more dangerous in different types of land, with plains being the safest terrain to cross. The continents are separated by oceans and storming sea around the last continent. A ship is required to sail the oceans. A special ship is needed to cross the storming sea but it can only be helmed by someone with pirate blood in his veins.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are separated by oceans

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mountains and desert.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: three continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: pirate blood in his veins.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: desert.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: desert.

text: He is the author of several books, most recently The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the Earliest Complex Life one of the only popular accounts of research on the Ediacaran biota, and Science 101: Geology. He is credited with co-naming several geological formations in Mexico, describing several new fossil genera and species, and naming the Precambrian supercontinent Rodinia. The Cambrian archeocyathid species Markocyathus clementensis was named in his honor in 1989.

text: He is the author of several books, most recently The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the Earliest Complex Life one of the only popular accounts of research on the Ediacaran biota, and Science 101: Geology. He is credited with co-naming several geological formations in Mexico, describing several new fossil genera and species, and naming the Precambrian supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: . The Cambrian

text: archeocyathid

text: species Markocyathus clementensis was named in his honor in 1989.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Rodinia is a supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geological formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian supercontinent Rodinia.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The Cambrian archeocyathid

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geological formations

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Science 101: Geology.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The range is an example of a buried mountain range exposed through erosion, to once again undergo the forces of surface erosion. The rocks are as much as 1.5 billion years old, among the oldest exposed rocks in North America, consisting mainly of gray to pink Baraboo Quartzite and red rhyolite. The Baraboo River divides the range in half, flowing through Upper Narrows Gorge near Rock Springs and travels onto its confluence with the Wisconsin River downstream from Portage through the Lower Narrows. The Baraboos are composed of resistant Precambrian quartzite (a metamorphic rock) which has formed an erosional remnant or monadnock, resulting in topographic prominence. The mountains may have formed as long ago as the late Precambrian. These formations were buried by Paleozoic sedimentary strata and are still being uncovered by the erosion of the softer, overlying rocks.

text: The range is an example of a buried mountain range exposed through erosion, to once again undergo the forces of surface erosion. The rocks are as much as 1.5 billion years old, among the oldest exposed rocks in North America, consisting mainly of gray to pink

text: Baraboo Quartzite

text: and red

text: rhyolite

text: . The

text: Baraboo River

text: divides the range in half, flowing through Upper Narrows Gorge near

text: Rock Springs

text: and travels onto its confluence with the

text: Wisconsin River

text: downstream from

text: Portage

text: through the Lower Narrows. The Baraboos are composed of resistant

text: Precambrian

text: quartzite

text: (a

text: metamorphic rock

text: ) which has formed an erosional remnant or

text: monadnock

text: , resulting in

text: topographic prominence

text: . The mountains may have formed as long ago as the late Precambrian. These formations were buried by

text: Paleozoic

text: sedimentary

text: strata

text: and are still being uncovered by the erosion of the softer, overlying rocks.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleozoic sedimentary strata

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What formations were buried by Paleozoic sedimentary strata

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.5 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian quartzite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: late Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: late Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 1.5 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.5 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: monadnock,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Wisconsin River

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: late Precambrian.

text: One of the best documented records of pre-Quaternary glaciation, called the Karoo Ice Age, is found in the late Paleozoic rocks in South Africa, India, South America, Antarctica, and Australia. Exposures of ancient glacial deposits are numerous in these areas. Deposits of even older glacial sediment exist on every continent except South America. These indicate that two other periods of widespread glaciation occurred during the late Precambrian, producing the Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian Period.

text: One of the best documented records of pre-Quaternary glaciation, called the

text: Karoo Ice Age

text: , is found in the late Paleozoic rocks in

text: South Africa

text: India

text: South America

text: , Antarctica, and

text: Australia

text: . Exposures of ancient glacial deposits are numerous in these areas. Deposits of even older glacial sediment exist on every continent except South America. These indicate that two other periods of widespread glaciation occurred during the late Precambrian, producing the

text: Snowball Earth

text: during the

text: Cryogenian

text: Period.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in this passage

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Karoo Ice Age

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: late Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: two other periods of widespread glaciation occurred during the late Precambrian,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Snowball Earth

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the Snowball Earth

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Snowball Earth

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian Period.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian,

text: The consolidation of the Iranian basement by metamorphism, partial granitization and partly by intense folding took place in the Late Precambrian. This event has been attributed to the 'Baikalian' or Pan–African Orogeny by various authors. Isotopic data of Iranian basement rocks give ages between 600 and 900 Ma. A similar range of isotopic data had been obtained for Arabian Shield rocks. An important post-Pan-African magmatism is documented by the widespread Doran Granite, which cuts the Upper Precambrian rocks and is covered by Lower Cambrian sediments. Late Precambrian postorogenic volcanics, mainly alkali rhyolite, rhyolite tuff and basic dikes are known in the Eocambrian formations. In North and Central Iran, Kahar and Gharehdash Formations and the lower half of the Soltanieh Formation are of Precambrian age. The oldest rocks in Iran belong to the Kushk Series consisting of clastic sediments, acidic volcanic, tuff, and carbonates (mainly dolomite). Other formations of Late Precambrian–Early Cambrian ages include Rizu volcanic-sedimentary Formation, Dezu and Tashk Formations, Aghda limestone, Kalmard Series, Shorm Beds, and Anarak metamorphic units. The sedimentary facies of Precambrian–Lower Cambrian rocks in Northern Iran is different from that of Central Iran.

text: The consolidation of the Iranian basement by

text: metamorphism

text: , partial granitization and partly by intense folding took place in the Late Precambrian. This event has been attributed to the 'Baikalian' or Pan–African Orogeny by various authors. Isotopic data of Iranian basement rocks give ages between 600 and 900 Ma. A similar range of isotopic data had been obtained for Arabian Shield rocks. An important post-Pan-African

text: magmatism

text: is documented by the widespread Doran Granite, which cuts the Upper Precambrian rocks and is covered by Lower

text: Cambrian

text: sediments. Late Precambrian postorogenic volcanics, mainly alkali

text: rhyolite

text: , rhyolite tuff and basic dikes are known in the Eocambrian formations. In North and Central Iran, Kahar and Gharehdash Formations and the lower half of the Soltanieh Formation are of

text: Precambrian

text: age. The oldest rocks in Iran belong to the Kushk Series consisting of clastic sediments, acidic volcanic, tuff, and carbonates (mainly

text: dolomite

text: ). Other formations of Late Precambrian–Early Cambrian ages include Rizu volcanic-sedimentary Formation, Dezu and Tashk Formations, Aghda limestone, Kalmard Series, Shorm Beds, and Anarak metamorphic units. The sedimentary facies of Precambrian–Lower Cambrian rocks in Northern Iran is different from that of Central Iran.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Doran Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What formations are of Late Precambrian age?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 and 900 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Kushk Series

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Late Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ages between 600 and 900 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Doran Granite,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 600 and 900 Ma.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Late Precambrian–Early Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rhyolite tuff and basic dikes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Late Precambrian.

text: The earliest fossils of Idaho date back to the Precambrian. However, little is known about Idaho's Precambrian life. Among the few known fossils are trace fossils known as "trails" left by ancient worms burrowing through sediments were preserved in what is now Blackrock Canyon. Fossil stromatolites are also known from the state's southeast. During the early Paleozoic the state was covered by seawater. A wide variety of marine invertebrates live in the state at this time. In the Cambrian, Idaho was home to primitive brachiopods and trilobites. Middle Cambrian sediments in Caribou National Forest document the presence of gastropods at least that far back. Throughout the Silurian and for most of the Devonian Idahoan sea levels dropped, only to rise again and cover most of the state.

text: The earliest fossils of Idaho date back to the

text: Precambrian

text: . However, little is known about Idaho's Precambrian life. Among the few known fossils are

text: trace fossil

text: s known as "trails" left by ancient

text: worm

text: s burrowing through sediments were preserved in what is now Blackrock Canyon. Fossil

text: stromatolites

text: are also known from the state's southeast. During the early

text: Paleozoic

text: the state was covered by seawater. A wide variety of marine invertebrates live in the state at this time. In the

text: Cambrian

text: , Idaho was home to primitive

text: brachiopods

text: and

text: trilobites

text: Middle Cambrian

text: sediments in

text: Caribou National Forest

text: document the presence of

text: gastropods

text: at least that far back. Throughout the

text: Silurian

text: and for most of the

text: Devonian

text: Idahoan sea levels dropped, only to rise again and cover most of the state.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: little is known

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: seawater.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: ancient worms

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Blackrock Canyon.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: During the early Paleozoic the state was covered by seawater.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Paleozoic

text: By October 10, 2004, an area of disturbed weather was situated well to the southwest of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Later that day, a surface low pressure system developed, and convection began to organize into slightly curved bands. The disturbance continued to in this manner, and at 1800 UTC on October 11, the low level circulation had become sufficiently organized to be designated as a tropical depression. At the time, the depression consisted of a well-defined circulation, with some deep thunderstorm activity. Despite weak steering currents, the system started what was initially thought to be a westward drift, though just a few hours later was found to be towards the northwest. A small cyclone, a burst of deep convection formed at around the same time, and was said could have produced tropical storm-force winds.

text: By October 10, 2004, an area of disturbed weather was situated well to the southwest of the

text: Gulf of Tehuantepec

text: . Later that day, a surface

text: low pressure system

text: developed, and

text: convection

text: began to organize into slightly curved

text: bands

text: . The disturbance continued to in this manner, and at 1800 UTC on October 11, the low level circulation had become sufficiently organized to be designated as a tropical depression. At the time, the depression consisted of a well-defined circulation, with some deep thunderstorm activity. Despite weak steering currents, the system started what was initially thought to be a westward drift, though just a few hours later was found to be towards the northwest. A small cyclone, a burst of deep convection formed at around the same time, and was said could have produced tropical storm-force winds.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tehuantepec

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Gulf of Tehuantepec.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Gulf of Tehuantepec.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep thunderstorm activity.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical depression.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2004,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical depression.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Gulf of Tehuantepec.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2004,

text: The basement rocks are often highly metamorphosed and complex. They may consist of many different types of rock - volcanic, intrusive igneous and metamorphic. They may also contain fragments of oceanic crust that became wedged between plates when a terrane was accreted to the edge of the continent. Any of this material may be folded, refolded and metamorphosed. New igneous rock may freshly intrude into the crust from underneath, or may form underplating, where the new igneous rock forms a layer on the underside of the crust. It is said that the majority of continental crust on the planet is around 1-3 billion years old, and it is theorised that there was at least one period of rapid expansion and accretion to the continents during the Precambrian.

text: The basement rocks are often highly metamorphosed and complex. They may consist of many different types of rock - volcanic, intrusive igneous and metamorphic. They may also contain fragments of

text: oceanic crust

text: that became wedged between plates when a

text: terrane

text: was accreted to the edge of the continent. Any of this material may be folded, refolded and metamorphosed. New igneous rock may freshly intrude into the crust from underneath, or may form underplating, where the new igneous rock forms a layer on the underside of the crust. It is said that the majority of continental crust on the planet is around 1-3 billion years old, and it is theorised that there was at least one period of rapid expansion and accretion to the continents during the Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are accreted to the edge of the continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1-3 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: underplating

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: volcanic, intrusive igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 1-3 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1-3 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: On August 13, the JTWC reported that an area of deep convection had persisted in an area of low vertical wind shear about , to the north of Kwajalein Atoll. A low-level circulation center was developing with the deep convection starting to wrap into it whilst a tropical upper tropspheric trough was providing a good outflow for the center. Over the next couple of days the convection started to consolidate before early on August 16 a TCFA was issued by the JTWC as convective bands had started to wrap into the low-level circulation center. It was then declared as a Tropical depression later that day by the JMA however the JTWC did not follow suit until early the next day when they designated the depression as 11W with convective bands wrapping into a well-defined low-level circulation center. Both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm later that day, with the JMA assigning the name Vamco to the storm.

text: On August 13, the JTWC reported that an area of deep convection had persisted in an area of low vertical wind shear about , to the north of Kwajalein Atoll. A low-level circulation center was developing with the deep convection starting to wrap into it whilst a tropical upper tropspheric trough was providing a good outflow for the center. Over the next couple of days the convection started to consolidate before early on August 16 a TCFA was issued by the JTWC as convective bands had started to wrap into the low-level circulation center. It was then declared as a Tropical depression later that day by the JMA however the JTWC did not follow suit until early the next day when they designated the depression as 11W with convective bands wrapping into a well-defined low-level circulation center. Both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm later that day, with the JMA assigning the name Vamco to the storm.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Kwajalein Atoll.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kwajalein Atoll.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical upper tropspheric trough

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: low vertical wind shear

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: On August 13,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical

text: The craton extends from northwestern Quebec along the east side of Hudson Bay south through Ontario to the north shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. It extends across western Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern Manitoba. It extends southward through eastern North and South Dakota and western Minnesota.

text: The craton extends from northwestern

text: Quebec

text: along the east side of

text: Hudson Bay

text: south through

text: Ontario

text: to the north shores of

text: Lake Huron

text: and Lake Superior. It extends across western Ontario south of Hudson Bay and underlies most of southeastern

text: Manitoba

text: . It extends southward through eastern

text: North

text: and

text: South Dakota

text: and western

text: Minnesota

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: northwestern Quebec

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: northwestern Quebec

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Lake Huron and Lake Superior.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The craton extends from northwestern Quebec

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Lake Huron and Lake Superior.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The craton

text: Mivasocial is a website and online social networking platform for African communities living in the African continent and in the African Diaspora around the world. It is an American for profit limited liability Corporation and online social media and social networking service run by Happy Way LLC based in Lawrenceville GA. Mivasocial creates a united Africa online, a space that unites all Africans for the development of the African continent. The platform develops solutions and tools to solve current socioeconomic issues on the continent. Mivasocial was initially launched in 2011 by Jean-Marc Kouevidjin and Nasser Falana as Star53 a social network to help with the development of African people. According to Jean-Marc Kouevidjin Star53 meant that there were 53 African countries of stars that needed to be discovered.After growing to more than 100000 members in 2012, Star53 encountered some technology limitations and issues and needed to be redesigned for the new generation. Mivasocial implements a seamless social integration for all the countries in Africa while allowing the world to better target the continent while promoting the different cultures and human talents that exist throughout the continent.

text: Mivasocial is a website and online social networking platform for African communities living in the African continent and in the African Diaspora around the world. It is an American for profit limited liability Corporation and online

text: social media

text: and

text: social networking service

text: run by Happy Way LLC based in Lawrenceville GA. Mivasocial creates a united Africa online, a space that unites all Africans for the development of the African continent. The platform develops solutions and tools to solve current socioeconomic issues on the continent. Mivasocial was initially launched in 2011 by Jean-Marc Kouevidjin and Nasser Falana as Star53 a social network to help with the development of African people. According to Jean-Marc Kouevidjin Star53 meant that there were 53 African countries of stars that needed to be discovered.After growing to more than 100000 members in 2012, Star53 encountered some technology limitations and issues and needed to be redesigned for the new generation. Mivasocial implements a seamless social integration for all the countries in Africa while allowing the world to better target the continent while promoting the different cultures and human talents that exist throughout the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Mivasocial was initially launched in 2011

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 53 African countries of stars

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 53 African countries of stars

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 53 African countries of stars

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 53 African countries of stars that needed to be discovered.After

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Star53

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 53 African countries of stars

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 53 African countries of stars that needed to be discovered.After

text: After the Tamil writers were introduced to the concept of Lemuria in the 1890s, they came up with the Tamilized versions of the continent's name (e.g.  "Ilemuria"). By the early 1900s, they started using Tamil names for the continent, to support their depiction of Lemuria as an ancient Tamil civilization. In 1903, V.G. Suryanarayana Sastri first used the term "Kumarinatu" (or "Kumari Nadu", meaning "Kumari territory") in his work Tamil Moliyin Varalaru (History of the Tamil language). The term Kumari Kandam ("Kumari continent") was first used to describe Lemuria in the 1930s.

text: After the Tamil writers were introduced to the concept of

text: Lemuria

text: in the 1890s, they came up with the Tamilized versions of the continent's name (e.g.  "Ilemuria"). By the early 1900s, they started using Tamil names for the continent, to support their depiction of Lemuria as an ancient Tamil civilization. In 1903,

text: V.G. Suryanarayana Sastri

text: first used the term "Kumarinatu" (or "Kumari Nadu", meaning "Kumari territory") in his work Tamil Moliyin Varalaru (History of the Tamil language). The term Kumari Kandam ("Kumari continent") was first used to describe Lemuria in the 1930s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Kumarinatu

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Tamil

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the early 1900s

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: "Kumarinatu"

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Lemuria

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: ancient Tamil civilization.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Kumarinatu"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: ancient Tamil civilization.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "Kumarinatu"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: After the Tamil writers were introduced to the concept of Lemuria

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1890s,

text: Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was first identified as an area of low pressure off the northeastern coast of Madagascar on March 5, 2010. Slowly tracking south-southwestward, the system paralleled the eastern shore of Madagascar for several days. On March 9, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the South-West Indian Ocean basin, Météo-France, classified the low as a tropical depression, the 13th of the season. Situated in a region of weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary and environmental conditions, low wind shear and good divergence, favored gradual development. Within hours of this, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the depression. The formation of convective banding features took place throughout the day and intensification into a moderate tropical storm was anticipated. Though convection tended to fluctuate, a general organizing trend was apparent. Early on March 10, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S as deep convection consolidated around the storm's center.

text: Severe Tropical Storm Hubert was first identified as an

text: area of low pressure

text: off the northeastern coast of

text: Madagascar

text: on March 5, 2010. Slowly tracking south-southwestward, the system paralleled the eastern shore of Madagascar for several days. On March 9, the

entity_name: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: for the South-West Indian Ocean basin,

text: Météo-France

text: , classified the low as a tropical depression, the 13th of the season. Situated in a region of weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary and environmental conditions, low

text: wind shear

text: and good

text: divergence

text: , favored gradual

text: development

text: . Within hours of this, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) issued a

text: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert

text: for the depression. The formation of

text: convective

text: banding features

text: took place throughout the day and intensification into a moderate tropical storm was anticipated. Though convection tended to fluctuate, a general organizing trend was apparent. Early on March 10, the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 18S as deep convection consolidated around the storm's center.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Madagascar

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Madagascar

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convective banding features

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Cyclone 18S

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: weak steering currents, the depression was quasi-stationary

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tropical Cyclone Formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: weak steering currents,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2010.

text: This race is the longest continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

text: This race is the longest continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: This race is the longest continent-to-continent yacht race

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: longest continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: This race is the longest continent-to-continent yacht race

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: longest continent-to-continent yacht race

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: longest continent-to-continent yacht race in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: southern hemisphere.

text: Once designated as a tropical storm, Julia never attained winds past minimal tropical-storm force; this was due to moderate to high wind shear plaguing the system. Periodic bursts of convection occurred near the center as Julia moved over water and paralleled the coast of Florida and Georgia. However, the bursts of convection were short-lived as wind shear removed the convection well away from the center (up to  away), exposing the circulation of the storm. The circulation further became slightly elongated, and Julia weakened to a tropical depression early on September 15 just offshore of the Georgian coastline. Later that day however, a Hurricane Hunters aircraft investigating the storm found winds of tropical-storm force, and Julia strengthened back into a tropical storm. Wind shear again exposed the circulation late on September 15 as the cyclone drifted south-southeastwards, although Julia maintained tropical storm status due to periodic bursts of convection that continued to occur to the east of the center. By late on September 16, Julia had again degenerated into a tropical depression as it moved southwards, consisting of nearly nothing but a low-level swirl of clouds, however, minimal convection kept the storm at the minimal requirements for a tropical cyclone. In fact, as the cyclone continued to deteriorate throughout the day of September 17, NHC forecaster Lixion Avila stated that she had two options that evening, stating that the first option, "which is very attractive, is to classify [Julia] as a remnant low and terminate advisories. The second one is to keep Julia as a tropical depression in this advisory given that there was deep convection associated with the center only a few hours ago." Despite a slight increase in convection and organisation, wind shear and dry air continued to take its toll on the increasingly ill-defined storm, and Julia degenerated into a remnant low by late on September 18 after being devoid of convection for nearly twelve hours. The remnants of the storm gradually moved east to east-northwards over the next few days while interacting with a cold front to produce heavy rainfall over the Northeastern United States, eventually dissipating shortly afterwards.

text: Once designated as a tropical storm, Julia never attained winds past minimal tropical-storm force; this was due to moderate to high wind shear plaguing the system. Periodic bursts of convection occurred near the center as Julia moved over water and paralleled the coast of Florida and

text: Georgia

text: . However, the bursts of convection were short-lived as wind shear removed the convection well away from the center (up to  away), exposing the circulation of the storm. The circulation further became slightly elongated, and Julia weakened to a tropical depression early on September 15 just offshore of the Georgian coastline. Later that day however, a

text: Hurricane Hunters

text: Northeastern United States

text: , eventually dissipating shortly afterwards.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Georgian coastline

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tropical depression as it moved southwards,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical storm, Julia never attained winds past minimal tropical-storm force;

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 18

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: tropical storm,

text: In the hours subsequent to formation, the convection near the center decreased as the banding features dissipated. Dry air greatly increased over the depression, and by September 9 the system was not forecast to intensify past minimal tropical storm status. Later that day an upper-level low tracked southward to the west of the depression, which increased wind shear and caused a steady north-northwest motion for the depression. The circulation became elongated and separated from the convection as it passed just west of the Cape Verde Islands, where it brought heavy rainfall, and on September 10 the depression dissipated.

text: In the hours subsequent to formation, the convection near the center decreased as the banding features dissipated. Dry air greatly increased over the depression, and by September 9 the system was not forecast to intensify past minimal tropical storm status. Later that day an upper-level low tracked southward to the west of the depression, which increased wind shear and caused a steady north-northwest motion for the depression. The circulation became elongated and separated from the convection as it passed just west of the Cape Verde Islands, where it brought heavy rainfall, and on September 10 the depression dissipated.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cape Verde Islands

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: banding features dissipated.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cape Verde Islands,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: banding features dissipated.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cape Verde Islands,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: banding features dissipated.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: banding features

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Dry air

text: According to the 1996 Canadian census, the last prior to the amalgamation of Victoria County, the township has a total area of .Like most of the city of Kawartha Lakes, Bexley is mostly rural. A few established communities dot the landscape, and the shores of Balsam and Silver Lakes are surrounded by seasonal cottages, while the remainder is mostly swamp, or forest. Farming is sparse in the region as the soil is very thin (About 2 inches on average). While Bexley lies almost entirely within the Paleozoic limestone region of southern Ontario, the small portion of the Gull River valley north of Silver Lake lying within the township is within the Precambrian Canadian Shield region.

text: According to the

text: 1996 Canadian census

text: , the last prior to the amalgamation of Victoria County, the township has a

text: total area

text: of .Like most of the city of Kawartha Lakes, Bexley is mostly rural. A few established communities dot the landscape, and the shores of

text: Balsam

text: and

text: Silver

text: Lake

text: s are surrounded by seasonal

text: cottage

text: s, while the remainder is mostly swamp, or forest. Farming is sparse in the region as the soil is very thin (About 2 inches on average). While Bexley lies almost entirely within the

text: Paleozoic

text: limestone

text: region of southern Ontario, the small portion of the

text: Gull River

text: valley north of Silver Lake lying within the township is within the

text: Precambrian

text: Canadian Shield

text: region.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: paleozoic limestone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Paleozoic limestone region of southern Ontario

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic limestone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Paleozoic limestone region of southern Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: swamp,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Interior Plains is a vast region that spreads across the stable core of North America. This area had formed when several small continents collided and welded together well over a billion years ago, during the Precambrian. Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks now form the basement of the Interior Plains and make up the stable nucleus of North America. With the exception of the Black Hills of South Dakota, the entire region has low relief, reflecting more than 500 million years of relative tectonic stability.

text: The Interior Plains is a vast region that spreads across the

text: stable core

text: of North America. This area had formed when several small continents collided and welded together well over a billion years ago, during the Precambrian. Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks now form the basement of the Interior Plains and make up the stable nucleus of North America. With the exception of the

text: Black Hills

text: of South Dakota, the entire region has low relief, reflecting more than 500 million years of relative tectonic stability.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed when several small continents collided

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: several small continents collided and welded together

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian.

text: Considering geological and structural units of Iran, three main structural units or zones could be distinguished in Iran. These units or zones are separated from each other by ophiolite–bearing sutures. Other criteria such as structural style, crustal character and age of basement consolidation, age and intensity of deformation, age and nature of magmatism, are used to subdivide these major zones into smaller elements. The three major units and their main constituents could be defined as the southern, central and northern units. The southern unit has a crystalline basement consolidated in the Precambrian time and a platform–type Paleozoic development and comprises the Zagros folded belt, southern and southwestern parts of the Zagros. This section made a part of the Arabian Plate that was located on the margin of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic, and of Gondwana in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The central unit, which comprises the central Iran and the Alborz, is interpreted as an assemblage of fragments that were in the vicinity of the Arabian Plate and formed a marginal section of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic and of Gondwana in the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian. These fragments were detached from Gondwana in the Carboniferous. They were submerged, moved northwards, and were finally attached to the Eurasian section of the northern supercontinent Laurasia in the Late Triassic. These fragments or microplates were fused together and made the Iranian Plate which was rejoined by Gondwanic Afro-Arabia in the Late Cretaceous. As Afro-Arabia moved northwards towards Eurasia, the Arabian Plate ultimately collided with the Iranian Plate in the Miocene. Finally there is the northern unit which is separated from the central unit by the North Iran Suture. It is characterized by continental crust including remnants of more or less cratonized former Paleozoic oceanic crust that seems to reflect the Paleotethys. The northern unit represents a marginal strip of the Hercynian realm of Central Asia- broadly overlapped by the Alpine realm. It was deformed and largely consolidated by the Early Cimmerian folding and the Late Alpine folding. The northern unit comprises the South Caspian Depression and the Kopet Dagh Range. These three main structural units are divided into some smaller geological and structural subdivisions which include the following zones:

text: Considering geological and structural units of Iran, three main structural units or zones could be distinguished in Iran. These units or zones are separated from each other by

text: ophiolite

text: –bearing sutures. Other criteria such as structural style, crustal character and age of basement consolidation, age and intensity of deformation, age and nature of magmatism, are used to subdivide these major zones into smaller elements. The three major units and their main constituents could be defined as the southern, central and northern units. The southern unit has a crystalline basement consolidated in the

text: Precambrian

text: time and a

text: platform

text: –type Paleozoic development and comprises the Zagros folded belt, southern and southwestern parts of the Zagros. This section made a part of the Arabian Plate that was located on the margin of

text: Rodinia

text: and

text: Pannotia

text: in the

text: Neoproterozoic

text: , and of

text: Gondwana

text: in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: . The central unit, which comprises the central Iran and the Alborz, is interpreted as an assemblage of fragments that were in the vicinity of the Arabian Plate and formed a marginal section of Rodinia and Pannotia in the Neoproterozoic and of Gondwana in the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: and

text: Devonian

text: . These fragments were detached from Gondwana in the

text: Carboniferous

text: . They were submerged, moved northwards, and were finally attached to the Eurasian section of the northern supercontinent

text: Laurasia

text: in the

text: Late Triassic

text: . These fragments or microplates were fused together and made the

text: Iranian Plate

text: which was rejoined by Gondwanic Afro-Arabia in the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: . As Afro-Arabia moved northwards towards

text: Eurasia

text: , the

text: Arabian Plate

text: ultimately collided with the Iranian Plate in the

text: Miocene

text: . Finally there is the northern unit which is separated from the central unit by the North Iran Suture. It is characterized by continental crust including remnants of more or less cratonized former Paleozoic oceanic crust that seems to reflect the

text: Paleotethys

text: . The northern unit represents a marginal strip of the Hercynian realm of Central Asia- broadly overlapped by the Alpine realm. It was deformed and largely consolidated by the Early Cimmerian folding and the Late Alpine folding. The northern unit comprises the South Caspian Depression and the

text: Kopet Dagh

text: Range. These three main structural units are divided into some smaller geological and structural subdivisions which include the following zones:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Hercynian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: more or less cratonized

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Zircons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleotethys.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurasia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratonized former Paleozoic oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonized

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: North Iran Suture.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: North Iran Suture.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: submerged,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Neoproterozoic

text: South of Durlston Castle within the Estate grounds is the Great Globe. Constructed in Greenwich in 1887 in Mowlem's stone-yard, it was brought to Swanage by sea. The Globe, which is made of Portland stone, consists of 15 segments, with four stones for each of the lower three courses and three in the top-most course, the segments connected by granite dowels. It measures  in diameter and weighs 40 tons. Its surface is carved in detail and lettered to show the continents, oceans and certain more specific areas of the world. In the year of its creation, it was erected by W.M. Hardy upon a platform chopped  above sea level into the solid rock of the hill. Around the Globe is a set of stone plaques carved with quotations from English and Roman poets and the Bible, as well as facts about the natural world. These were not completed until 1891.

text: South of Durlston Castle within the Estate grounds is the Great Globe. Constructed in Greenwich in 1887 in

text: Mowlem

text: 's stone-yard, it was brought to Swanage by sea. The Globe, which is made of

text: Portland stone

text: , consists of 15 segments, with four stones for each of the lower three courses and three in the top-most course, the segments connected by granite dowels. It measures  in diameter and weighs 40 tons. Its surface is carved in detail and lettered to show the continents, oceans and certain more specific areas of the world. In the year of its creation, it was erected by W.M. Hardy upon a platform chopped  above sea level into the solid rock of the hill. Around the Globe is a set of stone plaques carved with quotations from English and Roman poets and the Bible, as well as facts about the natural world. These were not completed until 1891.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Portland stone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Great Globe

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Portland stone,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Portland stone,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: granite dowels.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 40 tons.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: natural world.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Great Globe.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1891.

text: Granite has been intruded into the crust of the Earth during all geologic periods, although much of it is of Precambrian age. Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust and is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin sedimentary veneer of the continents.

text: Granite has been intruded into the

text: crust

text: of the

text: Earth

text: during all

text: geologic periods

text: , although much of it is of

text: Precambrian

text: age. Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust and is the most abundant

text: basement rock

text: that underlies the relatively thin

text: sedimentary

text: veneer of the continents.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary veneer

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian age.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Granitic rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Granite

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Wyoming, Superior and Hearne-Ray cratons were once sections of separate continents, but today they are all welded together. The collisions of these cratons began before ca. 1.77 Ga, with post-tectonic magmatism at ca. 1.715 Ga (the Harney Peak granite). This tectonic-magmatic interval is 50–60 million years younger than that reported for the Hearne-Superior collision of the Trans-Hudson orogeny in Canada.

text: The Wyoming, Superior and Hearne-Ray cratons were once sections of separate

text: continent

text: s, but today they are all welded together. The collisions of these cratons began before ca. 1.77

text: Ga

text: , with post-

text: tectonic

text: magmatism

text: at ca. 1.715 Ga (the

text: Harney Peak

text: granite

text: ). This tectonic-magmatic interval is 50–60 million years younger than that reported for the Hearne-Superior collision of the

text: Trans-Hudson orogeny

text: in

text: Canada

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Harney Peak granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Hearne-Superior collision

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: post-tectonic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Wyoming, Superior and Hearne-Ray cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.77 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: before ca. 1.77 Ga

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: (the Harney Peak granite).

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The collisions of these cratons began before ca. 1.77 Ga,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: welded together.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: welded together.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.77 Ga,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: welded together.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Wyoming, Superior and Hearne-Ray cratons

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: before ca. 1.77 Ga,

text: The lands surrounding the lake are part of the Canadian Shield, the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled.  The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain range in North America that date back during the Precambrian era. These heavily eroded mountains would have rivaled the Himalayas in grandeur. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami. While Rabbit Lake is a fairly quiet lake dotted with cottages, the forest is continually logged and the threat of mining is looming ever closer with the discovery of kimberlite, a volcanic rock notable  as a diamond indicator. This in turn forms part of the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks.

text: The lands surrounding the lake are part of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: , the largest single exposure of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth's crust cooled.  The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest

text: mountain range

text: in

text: North America

text: that date back during the

text: Precambrian

text: era. These heavily eroded

text: mountain

text: s would have rivaled the

text: Himalayas

text: in grandeur. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called

text: folding

text: . Other processes, such as

text: volcanic activity

text: and

text: geologic fault

text: ing in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land we know today in Temagami. While Rabbit Lake is a fairly quiet lake dotted with

text: cottage

text: s, the forest is continually

text: logged

text: and the threat of

text: mining

text: is looming ever closer with the discovery of

text: kimberlite

text: , a

text: volcanic rock

text: notable  as a

text: diamond

text: indicator. This in turn forms part of the

text: Temagami Greenstone Belt

text: , an

text: Archean

text: greenstone belt

text: characterized by

text: felsic

text: mafic

text: volcanic rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the Canadian Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: after the Earth's crust cooled.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: after the Earth's crust cooled.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Canadian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: kimberlite,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The rocks of the Superior Upland are mostly Precambrian metamorphic rocks and overlying Paleozoic rocks (Cambrian) covered by a thin veneer of glacial deposits left behind when glaciers melted at the end of the Pleistocene Ice Age. If we could strip away all of the younger rocks deposited on top of buried Precambrian basement, you would see a landscape of low relief. The topography of the Precambrian rocks is very subdued, with barely 500 feet difference between the highest point and the lowest. Clearly, this region was exposed to a very long period of erosion in the very distant past which beveled the original mountainous surface to a gently undulating surface. The present surface is not much different. Hills rise just a few hundred feet above the surrounding countryside. The highest of these, such as Rib Hill, Wisconsin, are made up mostly of resistant quartzite or granite.

text: The rocks of the Superior Upland are mostly

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic rocks and overlying

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks (

text: Cambrian

text: ) covered by a thin veneer of glacial deposits left behind when glaciers melted at the end of the

text: Pleistocene

text: Ice Age. If we could strip away all of the younger rocks deposited on top of buried Precambrian basement, you would see a landscape of low relief. The topography of the Precambrian rocks is very subdued, with barely 500 feet difference between the highest point and the lowest. Clearly, this region was exposed to a very long period of erosion in the very distant past which beveled the original mountainous surface to a gently undulating surface. The present surface is not much different. Hills rise just a few hundred feet above the surrounding countryside. The highest of these, such as

text: Rib Hill

text: , Wisconsin, are made up mostly of resistant

text: quartzite

text: or

text: granite

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: Precambrian, Cambrian, or Paleozoic?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 500 feet

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: low relief

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: glaciers melted

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: low relief.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: glaciers melted

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene Ice Age.

text: In early June 2006, an area of convection persisted across Central America and the western Caribbean in association with a broad, nearly stationary trough of low pressure. Thunderstorms increased and became more concentrated on June 8 after a tropical wave moved into the western Caribbean, and an upper-level low to its west increased outflow over the system. The disturbance moved slowly north-northwestward, and development was initially inhibited by marginally favorable upper-level winds and land interaction. The system gradually organized, and by June 10 a circulation formed with sufficiently organized convection for the National Hurricane Center to classify it Tropical Depression One.  At this point the storm was located about 140 miles (225 km) south of the western tip of Cuba.

text: In early June 2006, an area of

text: convection

text: persisted across Central America and the western Caribbean in association with a broad, nearly stationary

text: trough

text: of

text: low pressure

text: . Thunderstorms increased and became more concentrated on June 8 after a

text: tropical wave

text: moved into the western Caribbean, and an upper-level low to its west increased

text: outflow

text: over the system. The disturbance moved slowly north-northwestward, and

text: development

text: was initially inhibited by marginally favorable upper-level winds and land interaction. The system gradually

text: organized

text: , and by June 10 a circulation formed with sufficiently organized convection for the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: to classify it Tropical Depression One.  At this point the storm was located about 140 miles (225 km) south of the western tip of

text: Cuba

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Central America

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton that was located about 140 miles south of the western tip of Cuba

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 2006,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: In early June 2006,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: stationary trough of low pressure.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Caribbean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 140 miles (225 km) south of the western tip of Cuba.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In early June 2006,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2006,

text: A shield is a form of magic which allows the user to stay invisible to most observers. Fairies shield by increasing their heart rate, causing their bodies to vibrate so quickly that they are never in one place long enough to be seen by the naked eye. Usually, when using the shield, the fairy encounters resistance from non-vibrating clothing, equipment, etc., which causes a slight shimmer in the air. A shielded fairy would cause any object they were sitting upon to shatter under the high vibrations. Fairies have difficulty shielding in areas with high levels of radiation, like northern Russia.A shielded fairy can also be seen by if an anti-shield filter or by a high-speed camera, but requires you to look at the video frame by frame. In The Atlantis Complex, Butler and Juliet see a shielded fairy using a type of sunglasses that Artemis had created which enable the wearer to see through fairy shields.

text: A shield is a form of magic which allows the user to stay invisible to most observers. Fairies shield by increasing their heart rate, causing their bodies to vibrate so quickly that they are never in one place long enough to be seen by the naked eye. Usually, when using the shield, the fairy encounters resistance from non-vibrating clothing, equipment, etc., which causes a slight shimmer in the air. A shielded fairy would cause any object they were sitting upon to shatter under the high vibrations. Fairies have difficulty shielding in areas with high levels of

text: radiation

text: , like

text: northern Russia

text: .A shielded fairy can also be seen by if an anti-shield filter or by a high-speed camera, but requires you to look at the video frame by frame. In The Atlantis Complex, Butler and Juliet see a shielded fairy using a type of sunglasses that Artemis had created which enable the wearer to see through fairy shields.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be shielded by

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: northern Russia.A

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: northern Russia.A

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: high levels of radiation,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Fairies shield by increasing their heart rate,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: magic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: high levels of radiation,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: radiation,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Fairies shield by increasing their heart rate,

text: It is true that continental drift and seafloor spreading can change the shape and position of continents and occasionally break a continent into two or more pieces (as happened to Pangaea). However, these are very slow processes that occur in geological time scales (hundreds of millions of years). Over the scale of history (tens of thousands of years), the sima under the continental crust can be considered solid, and the continents are basically anchored on it. It is almost certain that the continents and ocean floors have retained their present position and shape for the whole span of human existence.

text: It is true that

text: continental drift

text: and

text: seafloor spreading

text: can change the shape and position of continents and occasionally break a continent into two or more pieces (as happened to

text: Pangaea

text: ). However, these are very slow processes that occur in

text: geological time scale

text: s (hundreds of millions of years). Over the scale of history (tens of thousands of years), the sima under the continental crust can be considered solid, and the continents are basically anchored on it. It is almost certain that the continents and ocean floors have retained their present position and shape for the whole span of human existence.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sima

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can change the shape and position

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sima

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: geological time scales

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sima

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the sima

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the sima under the continental crust can be considered solid,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the sima under the continental crust

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: the sima

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: seafloor spreading

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: (hundreds of millions of years).

text: In the early Mesozoic Era, the main displacement of the African continent was from south to north, in the direction of Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was opening with high rates of expansion. This caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco, causing exposure of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, and prevented a continuous deposition of Mesozoic sediments in western Morocco. In the Jurassic Period, most of modern Morocco had already emerged. The first marine transgression is dated to the Early Barremian. During the Barremian-Aptian, two elongated marine gulfs extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin. In the Early Cretaceous, Northern Africa was covered with deltaic and brackish environments. These deposits comprise the Kem Kem beds and thus the Aoufous Formation too.

text: In the early

text: Mesozoic

text: Era, the main displacement of the African continent was from south to north, in the direction of

text: Europe

text: . The

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: was opening with high rates of expansion. This caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco, causing exposure of

text: Precambrian

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks, and prevented a continuous deposition of Mesozoic sediments in western Morocco. In the

text: Jurassic Period

text: , most of modern Morocco had already emerged. The first

text: marine transgression

text: is dated to the Early

text: Barremian

text: . During the Barremian-Aptian, two elongated marine

text: gulf

text: s extended northwards along the Middle-Atlas and from the western Essaouira basin. In the

text: Early Cretaceous

text: , Northern Africa was covered with

text: delta

text: ic and

text: brackish

text: environments. These deposits comprise the Kem Kem beds and thus the Aoufous Formation too.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Early Barremian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What caused the uplift of the western part of Morocco?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Jurassic Period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Early Barremian.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Northern Africa was covered with deltaic and brackish environments.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Early Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Aoufous Formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: deltaic and brackish

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early Mesozoic Era,

text: The storm attained major hurricane status as a Category 3 storm early on July 13. It presented a well-defined eye that was about  in diameter, which was enveloped within by a complete ring of deep thunderstorms. A small cyclone, the area of winds contracted somewhat at around the same time. At 0600 UTC that day, the hurricane reached its peak intensity, with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 953 mb. Subsequently encountering cooler waters and stable air, rapid weakening began. As a result of the weakening trend, Bud became a Category 2 storm at 1800 UTC. The eye became obscured, and core convective cloud tops began to warm. Early on July 14, the storm dropped below hurricane status and lost much of its convection during the day. In addition to the cooler sea surface temperatures and an unfavorable environment, southeasterly shear contributed to the weakening. By the evening, only a patch of thunderstorm activity lingered to the north of the center. On July 15, the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression, and it degenerated into a remnant low the next day. The low fully dissipated within the low-level easterly trade winds on July 17, about  east-northeast of Hawaii.

text: The storm attained major hurricane status as a Category 3 storm early on July 13. It presented a well-defined eye that was about  in diameter, which was enveloped within by a complete ring of deep thunderstorms. A small cyclone, the area of winds contracted somewhat at around the same time. At 0600 UTC that day, the hurricane reached its peak intensity, with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum

text: barometric pressure

text: of 953 mb. Subsequently encountering cooler waters and stable air, rapid weakening began. As a result of the weakening trend, Bud became a Category 2 storm at 1800 UTC. The eye became obscured, and core convective cloud tops began to warm. Early on July 14, the storm dropped below hurricane status and lost much of its convection during the day. In addition to the cooler sea surface temperatures and an unfavorable environment, southeasterly shear contributed to the weakening. By the evening, only a patch of thunderstorm activity lingered to the north of the center. On July 15, the storm was downgraded to a tropical depression, and it degenerated into a remnant low the next day. The low fully dissipated within the low-level easterly trade winds on July 17, about  east-northeast of

text: Hawaii

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any cratons in the area where Bud was located?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Category 3 storm early on July 13.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: east-northeast of Hawaii.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a complete ring of deep thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a complete ring of deep thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: diameter,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ring of deep thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cooler waters

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: July 13.

text: Columbia consisted of proto-cratons that made up the cores of the continents of Laurentia, Baltica, Ukrainian Shield, Amazonian Shield, Australia, and possibly Siberia, North China, and Kalaharia as well.

text: Columbia consisted of proto-

text: craton

text: s that made up the cores of the continents of

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: Ukrainian Shield

text: Amazonian Shield

text: Australia

text: , and possibly

text: Siberia

text: North China

text: , and

text: Kalaharia

text: as well.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: make up the cores

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: proto-cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Columbia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: proto-cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: proto-cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: proto-cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: proto-cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Columbia

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Columbia consisted of proto-cratons

text: Late on December 2, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located within the South Pacific convergence zone to the northwest of Apia, Samoa. Located beneath an anticyclone, the system maintained deep convection near its elongated but well-defined circulation center. Early the next day, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji, (RSMC Nadi), started to monitor the area of disturbed weather as Tropical Depression 04F. Over the next two days, the depression moved towards the west, conditions surrounding the depression barely changed and as a result the depression steadily intensified. Early on December 5, the system had convective bands spiraling into and wrapping tightly around the low level circulation center. As a result of this, the JTWC started advisories on Tropical Cyclone 05P, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. At 0200 UTC, RSMC Nadi reported that the tropical depression had intensified into a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it as Daman. During that day Daman passed over Rotuma island while gradually intensifying further.

text: Late on December 2, the

text: Joint Typhoon Warning Center

text: (JTWC) started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located within the

text: South Pacific convergence zone

text: to the northwest of

text: Apia, Samoa

text: . Located beneath an anticyclone, the system maintained deep convection near its elongated but well-defined circulation center. Early the next day, the

text: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center

text: in

text: Nadi, Fiji

text: , (RSMC Nadi), started to monitor the area of disturbed weather as Tropical Depression 04F. Over the next two days, the depression moved towards the west, conditions surrounding the depression barely changed and as a result the depression steadily intensified. Early on December 5, the system had convective bands spiraling into and wrapping tightly around the low level circulation center. As a result of this, the JTWC started advisories on Tropical Cyclone 05P, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. At 0200 UTC, RSMC Nadi reported that the tropical depression had intensified into a

text: category one tropical cyclone

text: on the

text: Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale

text: and named it as Daman. During that day Daman passed over Rotuma island while gradually intensifying further.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Pacific convergence zone

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a craton: Jupiter, Saturn, or Saturn?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: South Pacific convergence zone

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: deep convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tropical Depression 04F.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: anticyclone,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: December 2,

text: Many varieties of Precambrian bedrock are exposed including: granite, basalt, greenstone, gneiss, as well as metamorphic rocks derived from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Greenstone of the Superior craton located near Ely, Minnesota, is up to 2.7 billion years old. Igneous rocks of the Duluth Complex comprise the bedrock of the eastern Boundary Waters. Ancient microfossils have been found in the banded iron formations of the Gunflint Chert.

text: Many varieties of

text: Precambrian

text: bedrock are exposed including:

text: granite

text: basalt

text: greenstone

text: gneiss

text: , as well as

text: metamorphic rock

text: s derived from

text: volcanic

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. Greenstone of the

text: Superior craton

text: located near Ely, Minnesota, is up to 2.7 billion years old.

text: Igneous rock

text: s of the

text: Duluth Complex

text: comprise the bedrock of the eastern Boundary Waters. Ancient

text: microfossils

text: have been found in the

text: banded iron formation

text: s of the

text: Gunflint Chert

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.7 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.7 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Greenstone of the Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2.7 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.7 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Boundary Waters.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3.6-2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth, with the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa. Both locations may have once been part of the Vaalbara Supercontinent or the continent of Ur.

text: The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine

text: Archaean

text: Ga

text: (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth, with the

text: Kaapvaal Craton

text: in

text: South Africa

text: . Both locations may have once been part of the

text: Vaalbara

text: Supercontinent

text: or the continent of

text: Ur

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Vaalbara Supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.6-2.7 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Vaalbara Supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: (billion years ago)

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 3.6-2.7 Ga

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Pilbara Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 3.6-2.7 Ga (billion years ago)

text: In early June, a well-defined area of low pressure produced disorganized weather several hundred miles from the Pacific coast of Mexico. By June 7, the low developed sufficiently organized deep convection to be classified as a tropical cyclone, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated it as Tropical Depression One-E at 1500 UTC, about 365 mi (590 km) south of Acapulco. Upon developing, the depression was located over warm sea surface temperatures, and upper-level wind shear in its vicinity was forecast to remain conducive for intensification. Caught in weak steering currents, the system further organized while moving little; it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Adrian later that day, with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).

text: In early June, a well-defined

text: area of low pressure

text: produced disorganized weather several hundred miles from the Pacific coast of

text: Mexico

text: . By June 7, the low developed sufficiently organized deep

text: convection

text: to be classified as a tropical cyclone, and the

text: National Hurricane Center

text: (NHC) designated it as Tropical Depression One-E at 1500 UTC, about 365 mi (590 km) south of

text: Acapulco

text: . Upon developing, the depression was located over warm

text: sea surface temperature

text: s, and upper-level

text: wind shear

text: in its vicinity was forecast to remain conducive for intensification. Caught in weak

text: steering currents

text: , the system further organized while moving little; it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Adrian later that day, with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific coast of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: warm sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 365 mi

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: low pressure produced disorganized weather several hundred miles from the Pacific coast of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pacific coast of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: warm sea surface temperatures,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tropical cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 365 mi (590 km) south of Acapulco.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tropical cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: warm sea surface temperatures,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: warm sea surface temperatures,

text: Likewise to the east, where both the OWL and the Brothers Fault Zone become less distinct in Idaho where they hit the old North American continental craton and the track of Yellowstone hotspot. But some 50 miles to the north is the parallel Trans-Idaho Discontinuity, and further north, the Osburn fault (Lewis and Clark line) running roughly from Missoula to Spokane.  And aeromagnetic and gravitational anomaly  surveys suggest extension into the interior of the continent.

text: Likewise to the east, where both the OWL and the Brothers Fault Zone become less distinct in Idaho where they hit the old North American continental craton and the track of

text: Yellowstone hotspot

text: . But some 50 miles to the north is the parallel Trans-Idaho Discontinuity, and further north, the Osburn fault (Lewis and Clark line) running roughly from Missoula to Spokane.  And

text: aeromagnetic

text: and

text: gravitational anomaly

text: surveys suggest extension into the interior of the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American continental craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Yellowstone hotspot

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North American continental craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Yellowstone hotspot.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American continental craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: North American continental craton

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Brothers Fault Zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Yellowstone hotspot.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: old North American continental craton

text: In the Czech Republic, especially at through stations and stops with multiple platforms, platforms are assigned a Roman numeral. Platform "I" is typically a side platform adjacent to the station building or the first island platform from it.  Tracks are numbered separately and are usually numbered in the opposite direction of the platform numerals. For example, a bay platform would have one numeral and as many numbers as there are tracks, while a more typical island platform would have one numeral and two numbers.  Platforms are further divided along their length into to lettered zones, to help distinguish  (among other things) when more than one train is occupying a track at a platform.

text: In the

text: Czech Republic

text: , especially at through stations and stops with multiple platforms, platforms are assigned a

text: Roman numeral

text: . Platform "I" is typically a side platform adjacent to the station building or the first island platform from it.  Tracks are numbered separately and are usually numbered in the opposite direction of the platform numerals. For example, a bay platform would have one numeral and as many numbers as there are tracks, while a more typical island platform would have one numeral and two numbers.  Platforms are further divided along their length into to lettered zones, to help distinguish  (among other things) when more than one train is occupying a track at a platform.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are assigned a Roman numeral

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: bay platform would have one numeral and as many numbers as there are tracks,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: In the Czech Republic,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Roman numeral.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Tracks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Roman numeral.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: bay platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In the Czech Republic,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In the Czech Republic,

text: A convection heat storage unit (CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection. CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors, and the storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly. The main benefit of a CHS systems over an ICS system is that heat loss is largely avoided since (1) the storage tank can be better insulated, and (2) since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss in the panels will not cause convection, as the cold water will prefer to stay at the lowest part of the system.

text: A convection heat storage unit (CHS) system is similar to an ICS system, except the storage tank and collector are physically separated and transfer between the two is driven by convection. CHS systems typically use standard flat-plate type or evacuated tube collectors, and the storage tank must be located above the collectors for convection to work properly. The main benefit of a CHS systems over an ICS system is that heat loss is largely avoided since (1) the storage tank can be better insulated, and (2) since the panels are located below the storage tank, heat loss in the panels will not cause convection, as the cold water will prefer to stay at the lowest part of the system.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be used to store heat

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: convection heat storage unit

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: convection heat storage unit

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: convection heat storage unit

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection heat storage unit

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: convection heat storage unit

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: cold water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the cold water will prefer to stay at the lowest part of the system.

text: The Temagami Greenstone Belt, at 2.7 billion years old, dates back to the formation of the supercontinent Kenorland between 2.8 and 2.6 billion years ago. This large landmass consisted of the Baltic and Siberian shields of Eurasia and Archean provinces of North America, including the Superior craton of which the Temagami belt occupies a part. Rifting of Kenorland began 2.45 billion years ago in Ontario with the formation of several large igneous provinces. Initial rifting is represented by basal mafic volcanic rocks in the nearby Huronian Supergroup. Final breakup formed a large group of mafic dike and sill swarms in the North American provinces 2.2–2.1 billion years ago. By the Paleoproterozoic era Kenorland had already rifted apart, and the Temagami Greenstone Belt formed a small part of the supercontinent Columbia starting 1.9–1.8 billion years ago. Eastern India, Australia, Laurentia, Baltica, North China, the Amazon shield and portions of Antarctica formed the landmass until it ruptured 1.5–1.4 billion years ago. In the late Mesoproterozoic era 1.1 billion years ago, the Temagami belt was part of another supercontinent. This former supercontinent, known as Rodinia, included Oaxaquia, Rockall, Laurentia, Baltica, Australia, West Africa, South China, Amazonia, Mawson and Río de la Plata cratons, as well as the Pampean terrane. Laurentia, which included the Superior craton and the Temagami Greenstone Belt, is interpreted to have formed the core of Rodinia because it is surrounded by passive margins formed during the breakup of the supercontinent some 750 million years ago.

text: The Temagami Greenstone Belt, at 2.7 billion years old, dates back to the formation of the

text: supercontinent

text: Kenorland

text: between 2.8 and 2.6 billion years ago. This large landmass consisted of the

text: Baltic

text: and Siberian

text: shields

text: of

text: Eurasia

text: and Archean

text: provinces

text: of North America, including the Superior craton of which the Temagami belt occupies a part.

text: Rift

text: ing of Kenorland began 2.45 billion years ago in Ontario with the formation of several

text: large igneous province

text: s. Initial rifting is represented by basal mafic volcanic rocks in the nearby Huronian Supergroup. Final breakup formed a large group of mafic

text: dike

text: and

text: sill swarm

text: s in the North American provinces 2.2–2.1 billion years ago. By the

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: era Kenorland had already rifted apart, and the Temagami Greenstone Belt formed a small part of the supercontinent

text: Columbia

text: starting 1.9–1.8 billion years ago. Eastern India, Australia,

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: North China

text: , the Amazon shield and portions of Antarctica formed the landmass until it ruptured 1.5–1.4 billion years ago. In the late

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: era 1.1 billion years ago, the Temagami belt was part of another supercontinent. This former supercontinent, known as

text: Rodinia

text: , included Oaxaquia, Rockall, Laurentia, Baltica, Australia,

text: West Africa

text: South China

text: , Amazonia, Mawson and

text: Río de la Plata

text: cratons, as well as the Pampean terrane. Laurentia, which included the Superior craton and the Temagami Greenstone Belt, is interpreted to have formed the core of Rodinia because it is surrounded by passive margins formed during the breakup of the supercontinent some 750 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Temagami Greenstone Belt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: supercontinent Kenorland

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: This former supercontinent, known as Rodinia, included Oaxaquia

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1.8 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basal mafic volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 750 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Superior craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Baltic and Siberian shields

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Temagami Greenstone Belt,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 1.5–1.4 billion years ago.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1.5–1.4 billion years ago.

text: One may, for a small fee, visit and ascend the lighthouse to a viewing platform. This provides a view of the coast and the entire island. There is a small hotel with seven guest rooms inside the lighthouse, and a hostel in a building next to the tower. Near the lighthouse there is the "graveyard of the nameless". This is a resting place for the dead bodies that in past years washed ashore. Today, bodies washed ashore are transferred to the continent.

text: One may, for a small fee, visit and ascend the

text: lighthouse

text: to a viewing platform. This provides a view of the coast and the entire island. There is a small hotel with seven guest rooms inside the lighthouse, and a hostel in a building next to the tower. Near the lighthouse there is the "graveyard of the nameless". This is a resting place for the dead bodies that in past years washed ashore. Today, bodies washed ashore are transferred to the continent.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continent.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: bodies washed ashore are transferred to the continent.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: bodies washed ashore are transferred to the continent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "graveyard of the nameless".

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "graveyard of the nameless".

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "graveyard of the nameless".

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: washed ashore.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "graveyard of the nameless".

text: The climate of the late Precambrian showed some major glaciation events spreading over much of the earth. At this time the continents were bunched up in the Rodinia supercontinent. Massive deposits of tillites are found and anomalous isotopic signatures are found, which gave rise to the Snowball Earth hypothesis. As the Proterozoic Eon drew to a close, the Earth started to warm up. By the dawn of the Cambrian and the Phanerozoic, life forms were abundant in the Cambrian explosion with average global temperatures of about 22 °C.

text: The climate of the late Precambrian showed some major

text: glaciation

text: events spreading over much of the earth. At this time the continents were bunched up in the

text: Rodinia

text: supercontinent. Massive deposits of

text: tillite

text: s are found and anomalous isotopic signatures are found, which gave rise to the

text: Snowball Earth

text: hypothesis. As the Proterozoic Eon drew to a close, the Earth started to warm up. By the dawn of the Cambrian and the Phanerozoic, life forms were abundant in the

text: Cambrian explosion

text: with average global temperatures of about 22 °

text: C

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tillites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are bunched up in

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cambrian explosion

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: tillites

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Snowball Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Snowball Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 22 °C.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Snowball Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Snowball Earth hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Proterozoic Eon

text: Platforms 2 (southbound) & 3 (northbound) are in regular use for services to/from London Kings Cross, Peterborough and Cambridge. Platform 3 is also used for terminating trains for the carriage sidings and where trains from the carriage sidings form into passenger service - a few southbound trains start from here at peak times rather than platform 4 as they can access the flyover onto the Up Slow line.

text: Platforms 2 (southbound) & 3 (northbound) are in regular use for services to/from London Kings Cross, Peterborough and Cambridge. Platform 3 is also used for terminating trains for the carriage sidings and where trains from the carriage sidings form into passenger service - a few southbound trains start from here at peak times rather than platform 4 as they can access the flyover onto the Up Slow line.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cambridge

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Platforms 2

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Platforms 2

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platforms

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cambridge.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: London Kings Cross, Peterborough and Cambridge.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Platforms 2

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Platforms 2

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Platforms 2

text: The geology of Algeria is diverse; the country divides into three different tectono-stratigraphic domains. In the south and west is the West African Craton which consists of Precambrian granitic basement and surrounding Neoproterozoic mobile belts. Further south the Tuareg Shield comprises the Hoggar, Adrar des Iforas and Air sub-shields which have each been affected by tectono-thermal events touching much of the continent. In the north are the Alpine chain mountains with a succession of folded and over-thrusted strata.

text: The geology of Algeria is diverse; the country divides into three different

text: tectono-stratigraphic

text: domains. In the south and west is the

text: West African Craton

text: which consists of

text: Precambrian

text: granitic

text: basement

text: and surrounding

text: Neoproterozoic

text: mobile belts. Further south the

text: Tuareg Shield

text: comprises the

text: Hoggar

text: Adrar des Iforas

text: and

text: Air

text: sub-shields which have each been affected by tectono-thermal events touching much of the continent. In the north are the

text: Alpine chain mountains

text: with a succession of folded and over-thrusted

text: strata

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian granitic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: West African Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Brothers Fault Zone is also the locus of the High Lava Plains (HLP) volcanism of central and southeastern Oregon. HLP volcanism is notable for showing an age progression from 16 Ma at its eastern end (near the Oregon–Nevada–Idaho corner) to the active Newberry Volcano at its western end.  This age progression mirrors the very similar progression along the track of the Yellowstone Hotspot, which appears to have a common origin.  Also closely related in space and time is the eruption of the 16.6 Ma Steens Basalts, the initial and most voluminous phase of the Columbia River Basalt Group lava flows that blanket eastern Oregon and the entire southeastern quarter of Washington.  These also show a similar age progression to the north; there is a great deal of debate on how all of these are related, and how they initiated.  The track of the Yellowstone Hotspot is neatly explained by motion of the North American craton over a plume (hotspot) of material rising from the mantle.  But this explanation fails for the so-called "Newberry hotspot" track, which lies oblique to the motion of the craton.  One suggestion is that the large blob of molten rock at the head of the plume was sheared off by the advancing edge of the craton, and remained entrained in front of the craton to melt the lithosphere in a broad region, while the tail of the plume was overrun to make the Yellowstone Hotspot track.  Age progressive volcanism along the Brothers Fault Zone (as well as the Steens Fault and North Nevada Rift) results from the expanding lithospheric melt opportunistically exploiting existing crustal faults.

text: The Brothers Fault Zone is also the locus of the High Lava Plains (HLP) volcanism of central and southeastern Oregon. HLP volcanism is notable for showing an age progression from 16 Ma at its eastern end (near the Oregon–Nevada–Idaho corner) to the active Newberry Volcano at its western end.  This age progression mirrors the very similar progression along the track of the

text: Yellowstone Hotspot

text: , which appears to have a common origin.  Also closely related in space and time is the eruption of the 16.6 Ma

text: Steens Basalts

text: , the initial and most voluminous phase of the

text: Columbia River Basalt Group

text: lava flows that blanket eastern Oregon and the entire southeastern quarter of Washington.  These also show a similar age progression to the north; there is a great deal of debate on how all of these are related, and how they initiated.  The track of the Yellowstone Hotspot is neatly explained by motion of the North American

text: craton

text: over a plume (

text: hotspot

text: ) of material rising from the mantle.  But this explanation fails for the so-called "Newberry hotspot" track, which lies oblique to the motion of the craton.  One suggestion is that the large blob of molten rock at the head of the plume was sheared off by the advancing edge of the craton, and remained entrained in front of the craton to melt the

text: lithosphere

text: in a broad region, while the tail of the plume was overrun to make the Yellowstone Hotspot track.  Age progressive volcanism along the Brothers Fault Zone (as well as the Steens Fault and North Nevada Rift) results from the expanding lithospheric melt opportunistically exploiting existing crustal faults.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Brothers Fault Zone

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton over a plume (hotspot)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 16 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Yellowstone Hotspot

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lithospheric melt

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: lithospheric melt

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: mantle.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: expanding lithospheric melt

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: on over a plume (hotspot)

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rising from the mantle.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Newberry hotspot"

text: In the Eocene, most of what is now Europe, the Mediterranean and south-west Asia was submerged under the Tethys Sea. These two continents were separated by the Turgai Strait (an epeiric sea). Due to high humidity and temperatures, most of the European continent was covered in vegetation.

text: In the Eocene, most of what is now

text: Europe

text: , the

text: Mediterranean

text: and south-west

text: Asia

text: was submerged under the

text: Tethys Sea

text: . These two

text: continent

text: s were separated by the

text: Turgai Strait

text: (an

text: epeiric sea

text: ). Due to high humidity and temperatures, most of the European continent was covered in

text: vegetation

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tethys

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tethys Sea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Eocene

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Tethys Sea.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tethys Sea.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Eocene,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: In the Eocene,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Eocene,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: In the Eocene,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Tethys Sea.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Eocene,

text: In 2011, ProLogis closed the sale of a majority of Catellus retail and mixed-use assets to affiliates of TPG Capital for $353 million, including rights to the Catellus name. During the same year, AMB formed a euro 470 million joint venture with Allianz Real Estate. Also in 2011, ProLogis and AMB completed a “merger of equals” to create the largest industrial real estate company in the world, with more than $40 billion in assets under management and a platform of logistics and distribution facilities on four continents.

text: In 2011, ProLogis closed the sale of a majority of Catellus retail and mixed-use assets to affiliates of

text: TPG Capital

text: for $353 million, including rights to the Catellus name. During the same year, AMB formed a euro 470 million joint venture with Allianz Real Estate. Also in 2011, ProLogis and AMB completed a “merger of equals” to create the largest industrial real estate company in the world, with more than $40 billion in assets under management and a platform of logistics and distribution facilities on four continents.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: four continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are on four continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ProLogis closed the sale of a majority of Catellus

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: four continents.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: “merger of equals”

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: $353 million,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: logistics and distribution facilities on four continents.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: $353 million,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In 2011,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2011,

text: James Churchward offered an interpretation of the tablets that caused less belief in their authenticity. Churchward was a major proponent of theories regarding lost continents, specifically the continent of Mu, a continent often mentioned in esoteric texts of various cultures around the world. He believed that early in the history of the world there existed a continent which was called Mu. This civilization, according to Churchward and many others, was very technologically advanced but was destroyed due to natural disaster. After viewing rubbings of Niven's tablets Churchward strongly believed that there were a group of people that escaped destruction and migrated to other parts of the world spreading their culture and belief system. He believed that the symbols and markings found on the tablets had roots in the ancient culture of Mu. This furthered speculation that the tablets were a hoax.

text: James Churchward

text: offered an interpretation of the tablets that caused less belief in their authenticity. Churchward was a major proponent of theories regarding lost continents, specifically the continent of

text: Mu

text: , a continent often mentioned in esoteric texts of various cultures around the world. He believed that early in the history of the world there existed a continent which was called Mu. This civilization, according to Churchward and many others, was very technologically advanced but was destroyed due to

text: natural disaster

text: . After viewing rubbings of Niven's tablets Churchward strongly believed that there were a group of people that escaped destruction and migrated to other parts of the world spreading their culture and belief system. He believed that the symbols and markings found on the tablets had roots in the ancient culture of Mu. This furthered speculation that the tablets were a

text: hoax

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mu

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not mentioned in esoteric texts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mu.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mu,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: technologically advanced but was destroyed due to natural disaster.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: destroyed due to natural disaster.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: lost continents,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: hoax.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: natural disaster.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Mu.

text: Three areas of the Australian landmass that are made of Archaean rocks are more than 2.5 billion years old, among the oldest known rocks. These igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in the Yilgarn (West) and Pilbara (North) cratons in today's Western Australia and the Gawler (South) craton which makes up the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. During the Proterozoic, 2,500 to 545 Ma, continent building took place around the existing cratons; the accretions include sedimentary deposition of the banded iron formations and the formation of Australia's major orebodies - sources of gold, copper, lead, zinc, silver and uranium. These disparate landmasses are thought to have become associated by the tectonic collisions that formed the supercontinent Rodinia, between 1300 to 1100 Ma. Geological evidence suggests that the West Australian cratons collided first, followed by collision with the South Australian craton between ~830 and 750 Ma. The Centralian Superbasin formed the junction of the North, South and West cratons.

text: Three areas of the Australian landmass that are made of

text: Archaean

text: rocks are more than 2.5 billion years old, among the oldest known rocks. These

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s are found in the

text: Yilgarn

text: (West) and

text: Pilbara

text: (North)

text: craton

text: s in today's

text: Western Australia

text: and the

text: Gawler

text: (South) craton which makes up the

text: Eyre Peninsula

text: in South Australia. During the

text: Proterozoic

text: , 2,500 to 545

text: Ma

text: , continent building took place around the existing cratons; the accretions include sedimentary deposition of the

text: banded iron formation

text: s and the formation of Australia's major

text: ore

text: bodies - sources of

text: gold

text: copper

text: lead

text: zinc

text: silver

text: and

text: uranium

text: . These disparate landmasses are thought to have become associated by the

text: tectonic

text: collisions that formed the supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: , between 1300 to 1100 Ma. Geological evidence suggests that the West Australian cratons collided first, followed by collision with the South Australian craton between ~830 and 750 Ma. The

text: Centralian Superbasin

text: formed the junction of the North, South and West cratons.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Centralian Superbasin

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the names of the cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2,500 to 545 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2,500 to 545 Ma

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Archaean

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: West Australian cratons

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: During the Proterozoic,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Yilgarn (West) and Pilbara (North)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2.5 billion years old,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Centralian Superbasin

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: zinc, silver and uranium.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Proterozoic,

text: Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in Brazil and South Africa, are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus in rocks of the same age at locations in Africa, India, and Antarctica. There is also living evidence—the same animals being found on two continents. Some earthworm families (e.g. Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa, for instance.

text: Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal

text: fossil

text: s are found around the shores of different continents, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of

text: Mesosaurus

text: , a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in

text: Brazil

text: and

text: South Africa

text: , are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land

text: reptile

text: Lystrosaurus

text: in

text: rock

text: s of the same age at locations in

text: Africa

text: India

text: , and

text: Antarctica

text: . There is also living evidence—the same animals being found on two continents. Some

text: earthworm

text: families (e.g. Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa, for instance.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are found on tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: joined.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mesosaurus,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Antarctica.

text: The other two continents lie to the east and west of the central continent with the western one being unexplored and largely unknown to the inhabitants of the central continent. This continent can possibly harbor new species and civilizations unknown to the old and new Order of the Flame. The eastern continent is where Navros retreated to and is rumored to harbor vile magic and travel to this part of the world was forbidden by the Order of the Flame.

text: The other two continents lie to the east and west of the central continent with the western one being unexplored and largely unknown to the inhabitants of the central continent. This continent can possibly harbor new species and civilizations unknown to the old and new Order of the Flame. The eastern continent is where Navros retreated to and is rumored to harbor vile magic and travel to this part of the world was forbidden by the Order of the Flame.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unexplored

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are located on the eastern continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The other two continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The other two continents lie to the east and west of the central continent

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unexplored and largely unknown to the inhabitants of the central continent.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The other two continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unexplored and largely unknown to the inhabitants of the central continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The other two continents lie to the east and west of the central continent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The other two continents lie to the east and west of the central continent

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The other two continents

text: The greatest genetic distance between two continents is between Africa and Oceania, at 0.2470. Based on physical appearance this is counterintuitive, since indigenous Australians and New Guineans resemble Africans (with dark skin and curly hair). This measure of genetic distance reflects the isolation of Australia and New Guinea since the end of the last glacial maximum, when the continent was isolated from mainland Asia due to rising sea levels. The next-largest genetic distance is between Africa and the Americas, at 0.2260. This is expected, since the longest geographic distance by land is between Africa and South America. The shortest genetic distance, 0.0155, is between European and extra-European Caucasoids. Africa is the most genetically divergent continent, with all other groups more related to each other than to sub-Saharan Africans. This is expected, according to the single-origin hypothesis. Europe has a general genetic variation about three times less than that of other continents; the genetic contribution of Asia and Africa to Europe is thought to be two-thirds and one-third, respectively.

text: The greatest genetic distance between two continents is between Africa and

text: Oceania

text: , at 0.2470. Based on physical appearance this is counterintuitive, since indigenous Australians and New Guineans resemble Africans (with dark skin and curly hair). This measure of genetic distance reflects the isolation of Australia and New Guinea since the end of the

text: last glacial maximum

text: , when the continent was isolated from mainland Asia due to rising sea levels. The next-largest genetic distance is between Africa and the Americas, at 0.2260. This is expected, since the longest geographic distance by land is between Africa and South America. The shortest genetic distance, 0.0155, is between European and extra-European Caucasoids. Africa is the most genetically divergent continent, with all other groups more related to each other than to sub-Saharan Africans. This is expected, according to the

text: single-origin hypothesis

text: . Europe has a general genetic variation about three times less than that of other continents; the genetic contribution of Asia and Africa to Europe is thought to be two-thirds and one-third, respectively.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Australia and New Guinea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 0.0155

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 0.0155 is between European and extra-European

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 0.0155

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the last glacial maximum

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Caucasoids.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: rising sea levels.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 0.0155, is between European and extra-European Caucasoids.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 0.0155,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The greatest genetic distance between two continents is between Africa and Oceania,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rising sea levels.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: last glacial maximum,

text: Around 550 million years ago, on the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian, the first group of cratons eventually fused again with Amazonia, West Africa and the Rio de la Plata cratons. This tectonic phase is called the Pan-African orogeny. It created a configuration of continents that would remain stable for hundreds of millions of years in the form of the continent Gondwana.

text: Around 550 million years ago, on the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian, the first group of cratons eventually fused again with Amazonia, West Africa and the Rio de la Plata cratons. This

text: tectonic phase

text: is called the

text: Pan-African orogeny

text: . It created a configuration of continents that would remain stable for hundreds of millions of years in the form of the continent

text: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ediacaran and Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: the Rio de la Plata cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Ediacaran

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Ediacaran and Cambrian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 550 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Pan-African orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Around 550 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago,

text: Recognising the application of mass spectrometry methods to geology in the 1970s and 1980s, de Laeter also established a series of projects with the Geological Survey of Western Australia and the University of Western Australia to develop geochronology capabilities based on the rubidium-strontium, samarium-neodymium and uranium-lead decay schemes. These projects produced a series of publications that established the geochronological framework of Western Australian geology, for example in the Pilbara craton and establishing the extreme age of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn craton.

text: Recognising the application of mass spectrometry methods to geology in the 1970s and 1980s, de Laeter also established a series of projects with the

text: Geological Survey of Western Australia

text: and the

text: University of Western Australia

text: to develop geochronology capabilities based on the

text: rubidium-strontium

text: samarium-neodymium

text: and

text: uranium-lead

text: decay schemes. These projects produced a series of publications that established the geochronological framework of Western Australian geology, for example in the

text: Pilbara craton

text: and establishing the extreme age of the

text: Narryer Gneiss Terrane

text: of the

text: Yilgarn craton

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: extreme age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: geological

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Yilgarn craton.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: extreme age

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Pilbara craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Narryer Gneiss Terrane

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Narryer Gneiss Terrane

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rubidium-strontium,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1970s and 1980s,

text: The Río de la Plata Craton (RPC) is a medium-sized continental block found in Uruguay, eastern Argentina and southern Brazil.  During its complex and protracted history it interacted with a series other blocks and is therefore considered important for the understanding of the amalgamation of West Gondwana.  Two orogenic cycles have been identified in the RPC: a 2000 Ma-old western domain representing the old craton and a 700–500 Ma-old eastern domain assigned to the Brasiliano Cycle.  It is one of the five cratons (ancient nuclei) of the South American continent. The other four cratons are: Amazonia, São Francisco, Río Apa and Arequipa–Antofalla.

text: The Río de la Plata Craton (RPC) is a medium-sized continental block found in

text: Uruguay

text: , eastern

text: Argentina

text: and southern

text: Brazil

text: .  During its complex and protracted history it interacted with a series other blocks and is therefore considered important for the understanding of the amalgamation of West Gondwana.  Two orogenic cycles have been identified in the RPC: a 2000 Ma-old western domain representing the old craton and a 700–500 Ma-old eastern domain assigned to the

text: Brasiliano Cycle

text: .  It is one of the five

text: craton

text: s (ancient nuclei) of the

text: South America

text: n continent. The other four cratons are:

text: Amazonia

text: São Francisco

text: Río Apa

text: and

text: Arequipa–Antofalla

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: arequipa–antofalla

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: R o de la Plata Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2000 Ma-old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: R o de la Plata Craton is one of the five cratons (ancient nuclei) of the South American continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 700–500 Ma

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 700–500 Ma-old

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: R<unk>o de la Plata Craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: R<unk>o de la Plata Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2000 Ma-old

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: (ancient nuclei) of the South American continent.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Brasiliano Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: R<unk>o de la Plata Craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 700–500 Ma-old

text: Nowadays, it is also providing assistance by setting up incubation centers in other continents and also international technology fairs to provide aspiring entrepreneurs and emerging small enterprises a platform to develop skills, identify appropriate technology, provide hands-on experience on the working projects, manage funds through banks, and practical knowledge on how to set up an enterprise.

text: Nowadays, it is also providing assistance by setting up incubation centers in other continents and also international technology fairs to provide aspiring entrepreneurs and emerging small enterprises a platform to develop skills, identify appropriate technology, provide hands-on experience on the working projects, manage funds through banks, and practical knowledge on how to set up an enterprise.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were cooled

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: international technology fairs

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: international technology fairs

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: incubation centers in other continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: aspiring entrepreneurs and emerging small enterprises

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: incubation centers in other continents

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: incubation centers in other continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: international technology fairs

text: A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines uses a pair of island platforms, with slower trains diverging from the main line (or using a separate level on the railway's right-of-way) so that the main line tracks remain straight. High-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms (such as at Kent House in London). This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where slow trains can be passed by faster trains. A variation at some stations is to have the slow and fast pairs of tracks each served by island platforms (as is common on the New York City Subway; the Broad Street Line of Philadelphia; and the Chicago Transit Authority's Red and Purple lines.) A rarer layout, as at both 34th Street – Penn Station on the IRT Seventh Avenue Line and 34th Street – Penn Station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of  the New York City Subway, uses two side platforms for local services with an island in between for express services. The purpose of this atypical design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Since the IRT Seventh Avenue Line and IND Eighth Avenue Line have adjacent express stations at 42nd Street, passengers can make their transfers from local to express trains there, leaving more space available for passengers utilizing intercity rail at Pennsylvania Station.

text: A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines uses a pair of island platforms, with slower trains diverging from the main line (or using a separate level on the railway's

text: right-of-way

text: ) so that the main line tracks remain straight. High-speed trains can therefore pass straight through the station, while slow trains pass around the platforms (such as at

text: Kent House

text: in

text: London

text: ). This arrangement also allows the station to serve as a point where slow trains can be passed by faster trains. A variation at some stations is to have the slow and fast pairs of tracks each served by island platforms (as is common on the

text: New York City Subway

text: ; the

text: Broad Street Line

text: of

text: Philadelphia

text: ; and the

text: Chicago Transit Authority

text: 's

text: Red

text: and

text: Purple

text: lines.) A rarer layout, as at both

entity_name: 34th Street–Penn Station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

text: 34th Street – Penn Station

text: on the

text: IRT Seventh Avenue Line

text: and

entity_name: 34th Street–Penn Station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

text: 34th Street – Penn Station

text: on the

text: IND Eighth Avenue Line

text: of  the New York City Subway, uses two side platforms for local services with an island in between for express services. The purpose of this atypical design was to reduce unnecessary passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers. Since the

text: IRT Seventh Avenue Line

text: and

text: IND Eighth Avenue Line

text: have adjacent express stations at 42nd Street, passengers can make their transfers from local to express trains there, leaving more space available for passengers utilizing intercity rail at

text: Pennsylvania Station

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be passed by faster trains

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: IND Eighth Avenue Line

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: passenger congestion at a station with a high volume of passengers.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: island platforms,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A common configuration in busy locations on high speed lines

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: island platforms,

text: Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks. Migmatites are not crystallized from a totally molten material, and are not generally the result of solid-state reactions. Commonly, migmatites occur within extremely deformed rocks that represent the base of eroded mountain chains, typically within Precambrian cratonic blocks.

text: Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during

text: prograde metamorphism

text: , where partial melting occurs in pre-existing rocks. Migmatites are not crystallized from a totally molten material, and are not generally the result of solid-state reactions. Commonly, migmatites occur within extremely deformed rocks that represent the base of eroded mountain chains, typically within

text: Precambrian

text: cratonic block

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not generally the result of solid-state reactions

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: migmatites

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: cratonic blocks.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratonic blocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: migmatites

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Migmatites

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Examples of cratons are the North China Craton, the Sarmatian Craton in Russia and Ukraine, the Amazonia Craton in South America, the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa, the North American or Laurentia Craton, and the Gawler Craton in South Australia.

text: Examples of cratons are the

text: North China Craton

text: , the

text: Sarmatian Craton

text: in

text: Russia

text: and

text: Ukraine

text: , the

text: Amazonia Craton

text: in

text: South America

text: , the

text: Kaapvaal Craton

text: in

text: South Africa

text: , the

text: North American or Laurentia Craton

text: , and the

text: Gawler Craton

text: in

text: South Australia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North China Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the north china cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: North China Craton,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Amazonia Craton in South America,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Examples of cratons are the North China Craton,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Amazonia Craton in South America,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: cratons are the North China Craton,

text: The presence of Precambrian animals somewhat dampens the "bang" of the explosion; not only was the appearance of animals gradual, but their evolutionary radiation ("diversification") may also not have been as rapid as once thought. Indeed, statistical analysis shows that the Cambrian explosion was no faster than any of the other radiations in animals' history. However, it does seem that some innovations linked to the explosion – such as resistant armour – only evolved once in the animal lineage; this makes a lengthy Precambrian animal lineage harder to defend. Further, the conventional view that all the phyla arose in the Cambrian is flawed; while the phyla may have diversified in this time period, representatives of the crown groups of many phyla do not appear until much later in the Phanerozoic. Further, the mineralised phyla that form the basis of the fossil record may not be representative of other phyla, since most mineralised phyla originated in a benthic setting. The fossil record is consistent with a Cambrian explosion that was limited to the benthos, with pelagic phyla evolving much later.

text: The presence of Precambrian animals somewhat dampens the "bang" of the explosion; not only was the appearance of animals gradual, but their

text: evolutionary radiation

text: ("diversification") may also not have been as rapid as once thought. Indeed, statistical analysis shows that the Cambrian explosion was no faster than any of the other radiations in animals' history. However, it does seem that some innovations linked to the explosion – such as resistant armour – only evolved once in the animal lineage; this makes a lengthy Precambrian animal lineage harder to defend. Further, the conventional view that all the phyla arose in the Cambrian is flawed; while the phyla may have diversified in this time period, representatives of the crown groups of many phyla do not appear until much later in the Phanerozoic. Further, the mineralised phyla that form the basis of the fossil record may not be representative of other phyla, since most mineralised phyla originated in a

text: benthic

text: setting. The fossil record is consistent with a Cambrian explosion that was limited to the benthos, with pelagic phyla evolving much later.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: benthic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the Cambrian explosion was no faster than any of the other radiations in animals' history

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The presence of Precambrian animals somewhat dampens

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: only evolved once in the animal lineage

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: benthos,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: benthos,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Cambrian explosion that was limited to the benthos,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: representatives of the crown groups

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: resistant armour

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian animals

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: benthos,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Precambrian basement of Greenland formed an integral part of the Laurentian Shield that is at the core of the North American continent. Greenland was formed in two rifting stages from the main body of North America. The first, during the Cretaceous period formed Baffin Bay. Baffin Bay is the northwestern extension and terminus of the North Atlantic-Labrador Sea rift system that started forming 140 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period. The Labrador Sea started opening 69 million years ago during the Maastrichtian period but sea-floor spreading appears to have ceased by the Oligocene period 30–35 million years ago. Correlations between tectonic units in Canada and Greenland have been proposed, however, the pre-drift fit of Greenland to Canada is still not accurately known.

text: The Precambrian basement of Greenland formed an integral part of the

text: Laurentian Shield

text: that is at the core of the

text: North American continent

text: . Greenland was formed in two

text: rift

text: ing stages from the main body of North America. The first, during the

text: Cretaceous

text: period formed

text: Baffin Bay

text: . Baffin Bay is the northwestern extension and terminus of the North Atlantic-Labrador Sea rift system that started forming 140 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period. The

text: Labrador Sea

text: started opening 69 million years ago during the

text: Maastrichtian

text: period but sea-floor spreading appears to have ceased by the

text: Oligocene

text: period 30–35 million years ago. Correlations between tectonic units in

text: Canada

text: and Greenland have been proposed, however, the pre-drift fit of Greenland to Canada is still not accurately known.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Greenland was formed in two rifting stages

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Laurentian Shield that is at the core of the North American continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Cretaceous period

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cretaceous period

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Laurentian Shield that is at the core of the North American continent.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Laurentian Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea-floor

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a nondimensionalization of a shear stress, and is typically denoted

text: The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a

text: nondimensional number

text: used to calculate the initiation of motion of

text: sediment

text: in a

text: fluid flow

text: . It is a nondimensionalization of a

text: shear stress

text: , and is typically denoted

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones were not present

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the merger of molten rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The Shields parameter,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Shields

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shields criterion

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Shields parameter,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: fluid flow.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Shields criterion or Shields number,

text: The basement rock of most of Africa was formed during the Precambrian period, and is much older than the Atlas Mountains lying on the continent. The Atlas was formed during three subsequent phases of Earth's geology.

text: The

text: basement rock

text: of most of Africa was formed during the

text: Precambrian

text: period, and is much older than the Atlas Mountains lying on the continent. The Atlas was formed during three subsequent phases of Earth's geology.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian period,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian period,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The basement rock of most of Africa was formed during the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: The basement rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Atlas Mountains

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The basement rock of most of Africa was formed during the Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian period,

text: Platforms 4, 5 and 6 are for southbound trains, to West Croydon or East Croydon. Platform 4 is for fast trains from London Bridge to Uckfield, Gatwick Airport, Tattenham Corner and Horsham; Platform 5 for suburban stopping services, mainly high-frequency trains from Highbury & Islington to West Croydon and from London Bridge to Caterham; Platform 6 is usually used only when platform alterations are required. Trains to Coulsdon Town from London Victoria via  usually use Platform 5 but sometimes use Platform 6.

text: Platforms 4, 5 and 6 are for southbound trains, to

text: West Croydon

text: or

text: East Croydon

text: . Platform 4 is for fast trains from London Bridge to

text: Uckfield

text: Gatwick Airport

text: Tattenham Corner

text: and

text: Horsham

text: ; Platform 5 for suburban stopping services, mainly high-frequency trains from

text: Highbury & Islington

text: to

text: West Croydon

text: and from London Bridge to

text: Caterham

text: ; Platform 6 is usually used only when platform alterations are required. Trains to Coulsdon Town from

text: London Victoria

text: via  usually use Platform 5 but sometimes use Platform 6.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: what are the names of the two cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Highbury & Islington

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Highbury & Islington

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Platforms 4, 5 and 6 are for southbound trains,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West Croydon or East Croydon.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Platforms 4, 5 and 6 are for southbound trains,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 6.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Platforms

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Platforms

text: For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts between conductors, a conductive shield may surround each insulated conductor. This equalizes electrical stress on the cable insulation. This technique was patented by Martin Hochstadter in 1916; the shield is sometimes called a Hochstadter shield. The individual conductor shields of a cable are connected to the ground at the ends of the shield, and at splices. Stress relief cones are applied at the shield ends.

text: For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts between conductors, a conductive shield may surround each insulated conductor. This equalizes electrical stress on the cable insulation. This technique was patented by Martin Hochstadter in 1916; the shield is sometimes called a Hochstadter shield. The individual conductor shields of a cable are connected to the ground at the ends of the shield, and at splices. Stress relief cones are applied at the shield ends.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones in cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the collision of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Martin Hochstadter

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2,000 volts

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 2,000 volts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2,000 volts

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Hochstadter shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2,000 volts

text: What once may have been a towering mountain chain is today a great rolling plain of ancient bedrock. During the late Precambrian era, fierce convulsions in the Earth’s crust resulted in a warped, collapsed Shield. The foundation of much of the ecozone is now metamorphic gneiss, a highly banded rock formed by intense pressure and heat. Many of the minerals that contribute to the Shield’s economy may have formed during these geologically turbulent times.

text: What once may have been a towering mountain chain is today a great rolling plain of ancient

text: bedrock

text: . During the late Precambrian era, fierce convulsions in the Earth’s

text: crust

text: resulted in a warped, collapsed Shield. The foundation of much of the ecozone is now

text: metamorphic

text: gneiss

text: , a highly banded rock formed by intense pressure and heat. Many of the minerals that contribute to the Shield’s economy may have formed during these geologically turbulent times.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: intense pressure

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton on Earth?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: fierce convulsions

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: intense pressure and heat.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: mountain chain

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: warped, collapsed

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: metamorphic gneiss,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Marine Le Pen claims that "with the help or the protection of western major powers (including unfortunately France in front row), Africa became for the decolonization a privileged ground of all the lobbies which maintain on its territory unacceptable, criminal and 'neo-colonialist' networks of corruption". She also claims that "whereas Africa struggles to find the ways of growth and thus future prosperity, whereas starvation or disease decimate millions of innocent souls, whereas skillfully maintained conflicts discourage the most dynamic and talented African elites, French-African relations are marred by an unforgivable misdemeanour: corruption". She advocates to "have a dialogue with Africa in line with our common history and our mutual interests" and "implement a real partnership which enables a harmonious development of the African continent". In her view, "the only reasonable way lies in a close relationship between the European and African continents, because the development of the African continent will break the migratory stranglehold which threats us and enable the two continents to live their own identities in peace, security and prosperity".

text: Marine Le Pen claims that "with the help or the protection of western major powers (including unfortunately France in front row), Africa became for the

text: decolonization

text: a privileged ground of all the lobbies which maintain on its territory unacceptable, criminal and 'neo-colonialist' networks of corruption". She also claims that "whereas Africa struggles to find the ways of growth and thus future prosperity, whereas

text: starvation

text: or disease decimate millions of innocent souls, whereas skillfully maintained conflicts discourage the most dynamic and talented African elites, French-African relations are marred by an unforgivable misdemeanour: corruption". She advocates to "have a dialogue with Africa in line with our common history and our mutual interests" and "implement a real partnership which enables a harmonious development of the African continent". In her view, "the only reasonable way lies in a close relationship between the European and African continents, because the development of the African continent will break the migratory stranglehold which threats us and enable the two continents to live their own identities in peace, security and prosperity".

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: western major powers

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: France

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Marine Le Pen

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Africa became for the decolonization

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: migratory stranglehold

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Marine Le Pen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Marine Le Pen

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: decolonization

text: The term craton is used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust from regions that are more geologically active and unstable. Cratons can be described as shields, in which the basement rock crops out at the surface, and platforms, in which the basement is overlaid by sediments and sedimentary rock.

text: The term craton is used to distinguish the stable portion of the

text: continental crust

text: from regions that are more geologically active and unstable. Cratons can be described as

text: shields

text: , in which the basement rock crops out at the surface, and

text: platforms

text: , in which the basement is overlaid by sediments and sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basement rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be described as shields, in which the basement rock crops out at the surface

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: basement rock

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platforms

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: basement rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sediments and sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the basement rock crops out at the surface,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platforms,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The term craton

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The term craton

text: Shields are crafted much like offensive spells and come in three different styles. An Agile Shield will allow the player to teleport short ranges very quickly, and without limit, in order to dodge enemy attacks. However, the shield takes a lot of damage if the player tries to block. The time it takes to recover in between casting Targeted spells is reduced by this shield. A Strategic Shield allows for the player character to perform what is called a Galvanized Block which negates damage done to the player and inflicts damage back on the enemy. The Strategic Shield also increases the frequency in which you can cast an AoE spell. A Tactical Shield makes it easier to perform a Galvanized Block by increasing the time frame the player has to react to the enemy's attacks and also allows the player to cast Nova spells more often. The shield has three layers represented by three bars of life on the player's HUD. Once a layer is depleted, it cannot be regenerated naturally unless the player uses a Shield Replenishment Orb. If all layers of a shield are depleted, the player dies and respawns at the nearest checkpoint.

text: Shields are crafted much like offensive spells and come in three different styles. An Agile Shield will allow the player to teleport short ranges very quickly, and without limit, in order to dodge enemy attacks. However, the shield takes a lot of damage if the player tries to block. The time it takes to recover in between casting Targeted spells is reduced by this shield. A Strategic Shield allows for the player character to perform what is called a Galvanized Block which negates damage done to the player and inflicts damage back on the enemy. The Strategic Shield also increases the frequency in which you can cast an

text: AoE

text: spell. A Tactical Shield makes it easier to perform a Galvanized Block by increasing the time frame the player has to react to the enemy's attacks and also allows the player to cast Nova spells more often. The shield has three layers represented by three bars of life on the player's

text: HUD

text: . Once a layer is depleted, it cannot be regenerated naturally unless the player uses a Shield Replenishment Orb. If all layers of a shield are depleted, the player dies and

text: respawns

text: at the nearest checkpoint.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can not be regenerated naturally

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shields are crafted much like offensive spells

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Shield Replenishment Orb.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Shield Replenishment Orb.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield Replenishment Orb.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: offensive spells

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Galvanized Block

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Shield Replenishment Orb.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Shield Replenishment Orb.

text: The mountain is a massive block of quartz monzonite, which sits on an ancient platform of Precambrian gneissic rocks. Glacial and fluvial deposits dominate the surface of the lowest part of the mountain.

text: The mountain is a massive block of

text: quartz monzonite

text: , which sits on an ancient platform of

text: Precambrian

text: gneiss

text: ic rocks. Glacial and fluvial deposits dominate the surface of the lowest part of the mountain.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: quartz monzonite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian gneissic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: gneissic

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Glacial and fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of Greenland and also the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and itself consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of Early Proterozoic orogenic belts.  Small microcontinents and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto  the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today.

text: Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental

text: craton

text: that forms the ancient geological core of the

text: North America

text: n continent. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate

text: continent

text: as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of

text: Greenland

text: and also the northwestern part of

text: Scotland

text: , known as the

text: Hebridean Terrane

text: . During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and

text: supercontinents

text: and itself consists of many smaller

text: terranes

text: assembled on a network of Early

text: Proterozoic

text: orogenic

text: belts.  Small

text: microcontinents

text: and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto  the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable

text: Precambrian

text: craton seen today.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is Laurentia?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continental craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Small microcontinents and oceanic islands

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Early Proterozoic orogenic belts.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: oceanic islands

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The lake's shore is notable for rocky outcroppings of the Precambrian Shield, being part of the Hearne Domain, Western Churchill province of the Churchill Craton.

text: The lake's shore is notable for rocky outcroppings of the

text: Precambrian Shield

text: , being part of the Hearne Domain, Western Churchill province of the

text: Churchill Craton

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Churchill Craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Churchill Craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Churchill Craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: rocky

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Precambrian Shield,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The lake's

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Avalon Peninsula is a noted region for Precambrian fossils, and many Lagerstätten of the diverse Ediacaran biota are found on the peninsula. Mistaken Point is the original location of the first documented Ediacaran, Aspidella terranovica (which gets its specific name from Newfoundland). The peninsula gives its name to the ancient micro-continent Avalonia of which it was part.

text: The Avalon Peninsula is a noted region for

text: Precambrian

text: fossil

text: s, and many

text: Lagerstätte

text: n of the diverse

text: Ediacaran biota

text: are found on the peninsula.

entity_name: Mistaken Point, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: Mistaken Point

text: is the original location of the first documented

text: Ediacaran

text: Aspidella terranovica

text: (which gets its

text: specific

text: name from Newfoundland). The peninsula gives its name to the ancient micro-continent

text: Avalonia

text: of which it was part.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Avalonia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The peninsula gives its name to the ancient micro-continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Newfoundland).

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Avalon Peninsula is a noted region for Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Ediacaran

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Avalon Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Avalon Peninsula is a noted region for Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Continent started passenger services in early 2010 but ceased operations on July 29, 2011 due to poor customer response and a lack of funds

text: Continent started passenger services in early 2010 but ceased operations on July 29, 2011 due to poor customer response and a lack of funds

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Continent started passenger services in early 2010

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Continent started passenger services in early 2010

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Continent started passenger services in early 2010

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 2011

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: ceased operations on July 29, 2011

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Continent started passenger services in early 2010

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2010

text: Then during the early 1960s Bullard and his associates used a computer to try to fit all of the continents together. Instead of using the shorelines, like other geophysicists had done, he used a depth of 914 meters (3000 ft) below sea level. This depth corresponds to about halfway between the shoreline and the ocean basins and represents the true edge of the continents. By doing this he discovered a near perfect fit among the continents put together. With this discovery he helped further the idea of a supercontinent that earlier geophysicist, Alfred Wegener, had suggested calling Pangaea.

text: Then during the early 1960s Bullard and his associates used a computer to try to fit all of the continents together. Instead of using the shorelines, like other geophysicists had done, he used a depth of 914 meters (3000 ft) below sea level. This depth corresponds to about halfway between the shoreline and the ocean basins and represents the true edge of the continents. By doing this he discovered a near perfect fit among the continents put together. With this discovery he helped further the idea of a supercontinent that earlier geophysicist,

text: Alfred Wegener

text: , had suggested calling

text: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 914 meters

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: ocean basins

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: ocean basins

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 914 meters (3000 ft) below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 914 meters (3000 ft) below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: halfway between the shoreline and the ocean basins

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 914 meters (3000 ft) below sea level.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: early 1960s

text: Mathematically, convection can be described by the convection–diffusion equation, also known as the generic scalar transport equation.

text: Mathematically, convection can be described by the

text: convection–diffusion equation

text: , also known as the

text: generic scalar transport equation

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be described by convection–diffusion equation

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: convection–diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: convection–diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: convection–diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: convection–diffusion equation,

text: A shield law is law that gives reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state court. There is no federal shield law and state shield laws vary in scope.  In general, however, a shield law aims to provide the classic protection of, "a reporter cannot be forced to reveal his or her source" law. Thus, a shield law provides a privilege to a reporter pursuant to which the reporter cannot be forced by subpoena or other court order to testify about information contained in a news story and/or the source of that information.  Several shield laws additionally provide protection for the reporter even if the source or information is revealed during the dissemination of the news story, that is whether or not the source or information is confidential. Shield laws do not ensure absolute protection. Depending on the jurisdiction, the privilege may be total or qualified, and it may also apply to other persons involved in the news-gathering and dissemination process as well, such as an editor or a publisher.

text: A shield law is law that gives reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state court. There is no federal shield law and state shield laws vary in scope.  In general, however, a shield law aims to provide the classic protection of, "a reporter cannot be forced to reveal his or her source" law. Thus, a shield law provides a privilege to a reporter pursuant to which the reporter cannot be forced by subpoena or other court order to testify about information contained in a news story and/or the source of that information.  Several shield laws additionally provide protection for the reporter even if the source or information is revealed during the dissemination of the news story, that is whether or not the source or information is confidential. Shield laws do not ensure absolute protection. Depending on the jurisdiction, the privilege may be total or qualified, and it may also apply to other persons involved in the news-gathering and dissemination process as well, such as an editor or a publisher.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a shield law

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: shield laws

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: A shield law

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: A shield law

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: A shield law

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: A shield law

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "a reporter cannot be forced to reveal his or her source"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: shield law

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A shield law

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: A shield law

text: Wegener had data for assuming that the relative positions of the continents change over time. It was a mistake to state the continents "plowed" through the sea, although it isn't sure that this fixist quote is true in the original in German. He was an outsider with a doctorate in astronomy attacking an established theory between 'geophysicists'. The geophysicists were right to state that the Earth is solid, and the mantle is elastic (for seismic waves) and inhomogeneous, and the ocean floor would not allow the movement of the continents. But excluding one alternative, substantiates the opposite alternative: passive continents and an active seafloor spreading and subduction, with accretion belts on the edges of the continents. The velocity of the sliding continents, was allowed in the uncertainty of the fixed continent model and seafloor subduction and upwelling with phase change allows for inhomogeneity.

text: Wegener

text: had data for assuming that the relative positions of the continents change over time. It was a mistake to state the continents "plowed" through the sea, although it isn't sure that this fixist quote is true in the original in German. He was an outsider with a

text: doctorate

text: in astronomy attacking an established theory between 'geophysicists'. The geophysicists were right to state that the Earth is solid, and the mantle is

text: elastic

text: (for seismic waves) and inhomogeneous, and the ocean floor would not allow the movement of the continents. But excluding one alternative, substantiates the opposite alternative: passive continents and an active seafloor spreading and

text: subduction

text: , with

text: accretion

text: belts on the edges of the continents. The velocity of the sliding continents, was allowed in the uncertainty of the fixed continent model and seafloor subduction and upwelling with phase change allows for inhomogeneity.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: inhomogeneity

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the cratons called?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: accretion belts

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: accretion belts

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: accretion belts

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: accretion belts

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: accretion belts

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: elastic (for seismic waves) and inhomogeneous,

text: The platform's basement rocks include Precambrian-Cambrian igneous rocks, Ordovician-Devonian sedimentary rocks, and Triassic-Jurassic volcanic rocks. Florida's igneous and sedimentary foundation separated from what is now the African Plate when the super-continent Pangea rifted apart in the Triassic and possibly pre-Middle Jurassic. It then secured to the North American craton. One of the early geologic structures is the Peninsular Arch created during the Jurassic.

text: The platform's basement rocks include

text: Precambrian

text: Cambrian

text: igneous rock

text: s,

text: Ordovician

text: Devonian

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, and

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: volcanic rock

text: s. Florida's igneous and sedimentary foundation separated from what is now the

text: African Plate

text: when the super-continent

text: Pangea

text: rifted apart in the Triassic and possibly pre-Middle Jurassic. It then secured to the

text: North American craton

text: . One of the early geologic structures is the

text: Peninsular Arch

text: created during the Jurassic.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian-Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian-Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: pre-Middle Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian-Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pangea

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Jurassic.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: North American craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The platform's

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Triassic-Jurassic volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: pre-Middle Jurassic.

text: Haughmond Hill is made up of ancient turbidite sediments from the late Precambrian era  which once cascaded off the edge of a continent into the ocean that surrounded it.

text: Haughmond Hill is made up of ancient

text: turbidite

text: sediments from the late

text: Precambrian

text: era  which once cascaded off the edge of a continent into the ocean that surrounded it.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are made up of sediments

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: late Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: turbidite sediments

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: the ocean

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Most of the Venusian surface is relatively flat; it is divided into three topographic units: lowlands, highlands, and plains. In the early days of radar observation the highlands drew comparison to the continents of Earth, modern research has shown that this is superficial and the absence of plate tectonics makes this comparison misleading. Tectonic features are present to a limited extent, including linear "deformation belts" composed of folds and faults. These may be caused by mantle convection. Many of the tectonic features such as tesserae (large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions), and  arachnoids (for those features resembling a spider's web) are associated with volcanism.

text: Most of the Venusian surface is relatively flat; it is divided into three topographic units: lowlands, highlands, and plains. In the early days of radar observation the highlands drew comparison to the continents of Earth, modern research has shown that this is superficial and the absence of plate tectonics makes this comparison misleading. Tectonic features are present to a limited extent, including linear "deformation belts" composed of folds and faults. These may be caused by mantle convection. Many of the tectonic features such as

text: tesserae

text: (large regions of highly deformed terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions), and

text: arachnoids

text: (for those features resembling a spider's web) are associated with volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are present to a limited extent

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: deformation belt

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: folds and faults.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "deformation belts"

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Earth,

text: Starting in the Paleozoic Era the supercontinent Pannotia began to break up, forming smaller continents including Laurentia (North America and Greenland), Gondwana, Baltica, and Siberia. At the same time sea levels were rising, which resulted in the flooding of most of the continents with shallow epicontinental seas. This was followed by three periods of extensive orogeny.

text: Starting in the

text: Paleozoic Era

text: the supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: began to break up, forming smaller

text: continents

text: including

text: Laurentia

text: North America

text: and

text: Greenland

text: Gondwana

text: Baltica

text: , and

text: Siberia

text: . At the same time sea levels were rising, which resulted in the flooding of most of the continents with shallow

text: epicontinental seas

text: . This was followed by three periods of extensive

text: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic Era the supercontinent Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pannotia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sea levels were rising,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: three periods of extensive orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Paleozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: shallow epicontinental seas.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Paleozoic Era

text: The term New Holland was more often used to refer only to that part of the continent that had not yet been annexed to New South Wales; namely it referred to the western half of the continent. In 1804, the British navigator Matthew Flinders proposed the names Terra Australis or Australia for the whole continent, reserving "New Holland" for the western part of the continent. He continued to use "Australia" in his correspondence, while attempting to gather support for the term. Flinders explained in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks:

text: The term New Holland was more often used to refer only to that part of the continent that had not yet been

text: annexed

text: to New South Wales; namely it referred to the western half of the continent. In 1804, the British navigator

text: Matthew Flinders

text: proposed the names Terra Australis or Australia for the whole continent, reserving "New Holland" for the western part of the continent. He continued to use "Australia" in his correspondence, while attempting to gather support for the term. Flinders explained in a letter to

text: Sir Joseph Banks

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: New South Wales;

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: New South Wales;

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: New Holland

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: New South Wales;

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: New Holland

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The term New Holland

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1804,

text: In the time of the supercontinent Rodinia, western Australia and East Antarctica were linked by the two-stage Albany-Fraser-Wilkes orogen, which occurred between 1350-1260 Ma and 1210-1140 Ma, and also the older, Mawson craton. It is estimated that Rodinia formed between 1100 Ma and 1000 Ma. During this time, there was tectonism occurring from Coats Land to the Windmill Islands of East Antarctica. This was taken as evidence for a continuous, late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic mobile belt skirting across the coast of the East Antarctic Shield. This Grenville-age belt is commonly called the Wegener-Mawson Mobile Belt, or the Circum East Antarctic Mobile Belt, and can be extended to formerly adjacent continents. The Maud Province correlates with the Namaqua-Natal Province of South Africa. Rocks in the Rayner Complex and northern Prince Charles Mountains are an extension of the Eastern Ghats of India. Lastly, relationships in the Bunger Hills-Windmill Islands correspond closely to those in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of western Australia. This region of Grenville-age tectonism is interpreted as a suture between the Central Antarctic-South Australian craton (the Mawson continent) and the marginal cratons that make up most of southern Africa, India and western Australia. This tectonism continued until 900 Ma and by 750 Ma, the supercontinent Rodinia had begun to break up. The rupture might have resulted from the opening of an equatorial ocean basin between West Laurentia and West Australia-East Antarctica.

text: In the time of the

text: supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: , western

text: Australia

text: and

text: East Antarctica

text: were linked by the two-stage Albany-Fraser-Wilkes orogen, which occurred between 1350-1260 Ma and 1210-1140 Ma, and also the older, Mawson craton. It is estimated that

text: Rodinia

text: formed between 1100 Ma and 1000 Ma. During this time, there was

text: tectonism

text: occurring from

text: Coats Land

text: to the

text: Windmill Islands

text: of

text: East Antarctica

text: . This was taken as evidence for a continuous, late

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: to early

text: Neoproterozoic

text: mobile belt skirting across the coast of the East Antarctic Shield. This

text: Grenville

text: -age belt is commonly called the Wegener-Mawson Mobile Belt, or the Circum East Antarctic Mobile Belt, and can be extended to formerly adjacent continents. The

text: Maud Province

text: correlates with the Namaqua-Natal Province of

text: South Africa

text: . Rocks in the Rayner Complex and northern

text: Prince Charles Mountains

text: are an extension of the

text: Eastern Ghats

text: of India. Lastly, relationships in the

text: Bunger Hills

text: Windmill Islands

text: correspond closely to those in the Albany-Fraser Orogen of western Australia. This region of Grenville-age tectonism is interpreted as a

text: suture

text: between the Central Antarctic-South Australian craton (the Mawson continent) and the marginal cratons that make up most of southern

text: Africa

text: India

text: and western

text: Australia

text: . This tectonism continued until 900 Ma and by 750 Ma, the

text: supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: had begun to break up. The rupture might have resulted from the opening of an equatorial ocean basin between West

text: Laurentia

text: and West Australia-East Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mawson craton

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mawson craton

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: tectonism

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The two-stage Albany-Fraser-Wilkes orogen

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: orogen

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mawson craton.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mawson craton.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: marginal cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: East Antarctic Shield.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: marginal cratons

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: equatorial ocean basin

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In the time of the supercontinent Rodinia,

text: As the surface continually reshaped itself over hundreds of millions of years, continents formed and broke apart. They migrated across the surface, occasionally combining to form a supercontinent. Roughly , the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, , then finally Pangaea, which broke apart .

text: As the surface continually reshaped itself over hundreds of millions of years, continents formed and broke apart. They

text: migrated across the surface

text: , occasionally combining to form a

text: supercontinent

text: . Roughly , the earliest-known supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: , began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form

text: Pannotia

text: , , then finally

text: Pangaea

text: , which broke apart .

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by the movement of

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rodinia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: continents formed and broke apart.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: supercontinent.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: As the surface continually reshaped itself over hundreds of millions of years,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: hundreds of millions of years,

text: Except for the extreme east near Mount Cameroon, the forest zone is entirely with a series of Precambrian cratons and has not been tectonically active in Phanerozoic periods. (It is believed that these cratons came together near the end of the Precambrian). Most of it is flat to undulating lowland, with mountains only on its northern fringe, rising to 1948 metres in the Loma Massif. Many rivers cross the forest zone, with the most important being the Niger and the Volta.

text: Except for the extreme east near Mount Cameroon, the forest zone is entirely with a series of

text: Precambrian

text: craton

text: s and has not been tectonically active in

text: Phanerozoic

text: periods. (It is believed that these cratons came together near the end of the Precambrian). Most of it is flat to undulating lowland, with mountains only on its northern fringe, rising to 1948 metres in the Loma Massif. Many rivers cross the forest zone, with the most important being the

text: Niger

text: and the

text: Volta

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are entirely with a series of Precambrian cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1948 metres

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: near the end of the Precambrian).

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian cratons

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: forest zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Cordillera Oriental was the most recently formed mountain range of the three, developing by the end of the Tertiary period and consisting mostly of sedimentary elements. The formation of the Cordillera Oriental covered the continental platform with pelagic sediments with Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks bases. The area of the Bogotá Savanna and the highland of Cundinamarca and Boyacá tableland. To the northeast the volcanic metamorphic formed massif in Santander and Norte de Santander formed the Andes in Venezuela and the mountain ranges of Perijá and Motilones, between the border of Colombia and Venezuela during the Pleistocene and added sedimentary rocks during the Mesozoic.

text: The Cordillera Oriental was the most recently formed mountain range of the three, developing by the end of the

text: Tertiary

text: period and consisting mostly of sedimentary elements. The formation of the Cordillera Oriental covered the continental platform with

text: pelagic sediments

text: with

text: Precambrian

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: metamorphic rocks bases. The area of the

text: Bogotá Savanna

text: and the highland of

text: Cundinamarca

text: and

text: Boyacá

text: tableland. To the northeast the volcanic metamorphic formed massif in

text: Santander

text: and

text: Norte de Santander

text: formed the Andes in Venezuela and the mountain ranges of

text: Perijá

text: and

text: Motilones

text: , between the border of Colombia and Venezuela during the Pleistocene and added sedimentary rocks during the Mesozoic.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pelagic sediments

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: precambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Cordillera Oriental was the most recently formed mountain range of the three, developing by the end of the Tertiary period

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: the Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: pelagic sediments

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: pelagic sediments

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: pelagic sediments

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pleistocene

text: The Paleozoic era and during the Precambrian eon, about 300 million-1 billion years ago, Pikes Peak Granite was formed from mass amounts of molten rock that would amalgamate, flow and combine, to form the continents. In Colorado it is known as the Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite. Over the next 500 million years, sedimentation (sediment deposition) occurred after the granite was produced.  At about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and lime and mud sediments deposited in the newly formed space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin.  At about 300,000 million years ago the land lifted, creating the ancestral Rocky Mountains.

text: The

text: Paleozoic

text: era and during the

text: Precambrian

text: eon, about 300 million-1 billion years ago, Pikes Peak Granite was formed from mass amounts of molten rock that would amalgamate, flow and combine, to form the continents. In Colorado it is known as the

text: Precambrian

text: Pikes Peak Granite. Over the next 500 million years,

text: sedimentation

text: (sediment deposition) occurred after the granite was produced.  At about 500 – 300 million years ago, the region began to sink and lime and mud sediments deposited in the newly formed space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that formed strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin.  At about 300,000 million years ago the land lifted, creating the ancestral Rocky Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed from mass amounts of molten rock

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 1 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: about 300 million-1 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Pikes Peak Granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: continents.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 300 million-1 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian eon,

text: Shields are normally the nucleus of continents and most are bordered by belts of folded Cambrian rocks. Because of their stability, erosion has flattened the topography of most of the continental shields; however, they commonly do have a very gently convex surface. They are also surrounded by a sediment-covered platform. By contrast, in a platform, the shield (more accurately referred to then as the crystalline "basement") is overlain by horizontal or subhorizontal sediment. Together, the shield, platform and basement are the parts that comprise the stable interior portion of the continental crust known as the craton.

text: Shields are normally the nucleus of continents and most are bordered by belts of folded

text: Cambrian

text: rocks. Because of their stability,

text: erosion

text: has flattened the

text: topography

text: of most of the continental shields; however, they commonly do have a very gently convex surface. They are also surrounded by a

text: sediment

text: -covered platform. By contrast, in a

text: platform

text: , the shield (more accurately referred to then as the

text: crystalline

text: "basement"

text: ) is overlain by horizontal or subhorizontal

text: sediment

text: . Together, the shield, platform and basement are the parts that comprise the stable interior portion of the continental crust known as the

text: craton

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian rocks

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: sediment-covered platform

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Together, the shield, platform and basement are the parts that comprise the stable interior portion of the continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: stable interior portion of the continental crust

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Cambrian rocks.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: platform.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sediment-covered platform.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Cambrian

text: In Victoria, Australia platforms are numbered.  Stations with only one platform are numbered only within the (Metlink).Stations with two platforms are usually numbered so that platform 1 is the Melbourne inbound ("up") service and platform 2 is the Melbourne outbound ("down") service.In the suburban network of Melbourne, a third platform is usually reserved for local services during the peak hours and the second platform used by express services.Stations with four platforms are usually at stations with two or more lines passing through.  In the off-peak platforms 1 and 3 would be inbound "up" services and platforms 2 and 4 would be for the outbound "down" services.  Two inner city stations, North Melbourne and Richmond, have several platforms.  Again, odd number platforms are for the "up" trains and the even number platforms are for the "down" trains, often with a platform serving one line each or a group of lines.

text: In

text: Victoria

text: , Australia platforms are numbered.  Stations with only one platform are numbered only within the (

text: Metlink

text: ).Stations with two platforms are usually numbered so that platform 1 is the Melbourne inbound ("up") service and platform 2 is the Melbourne outbound ("down") service.In the suburban network of Melbourne, a third platform is usually reserved for local services during the peak hours and the second platform used by express services.Stations with four platforms are usually at stations with two or more lines passing through.  In the off-peak platforms 1 and 3 would be inbound "up" services and platforms 2 and 4 would be for the outbound "down" services.  Two inner city stations, North Melbourne and Richmond, have several platforms.  Again, odd number platforms are for the "up" trains and the even number platforms are for the "down" trains, often with a platform serving one line each or a group of lines.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: greenstones

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: numbered.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: In Victoria, Australia platforms are numbered.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: numbered.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: numbered.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: numbered.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: numbered.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In Victoria, Australia platforms are numbered.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: In Victoria, Australia platforms are numbered.

text: A transcontinental walk involves crossing a continent on foot.  If a walk does not technically cross the entire continent, but starts and ends in a major city right near two opposing sides of a continent, it is usually considered transcontinental.  People have crossed continents walking alone or in groups.

text: A transcontinental walk involves crossing a

text: continent

text: on foot.  If a walk does not technically cross the entire continent, but starts and ends in a major city right near two opposing sides of a continent, it is usually considered transcontinental.  People have crossed continents walking alone or in groups.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a transcontinental walk

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: craton

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: prehistoric times

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: A transcontinental walk

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a major city right near two opposing sides of a continent,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: transcontinental.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: two opposing sides of a continent,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: transcontinental walk

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: transcontinental walk

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: A transcontinental walk

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: transcontinental walk

text: 18 Mar 2011

text: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: there was a lot of heat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The cratons are the largest group of igneous rocks in the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: tectonics

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Earth's interior was warmer than it is now

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 18 Mar 2011

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 18 Mar 2011

text: In the 1890s, Carbon, as its name suggests, was founded as a coal mining camp.

text: In the 1890s, Carbon, as its name suggests, was founded as a coal mining camp.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no one was alive

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Carbon,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: In the 1890s,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Carbon,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: coal mining camp.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Carbon, as its name suggests, was founded as a coal mining camp.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Carbon, as its name suggests, was founded as a coal mining camp.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1890s,

text: In June 2003, she married to businessman Mustafa Bildirir. He owns an Italian cuisine restaurant "Pulcinella" at Kozyatağı neighborhood in Kadıköy district of Istanbul, where she also helps out whenever she finds time.

text: In June 2003, she married to businessman Mustafa Bildirir. He owns an

text: Italian cuisine

text: restaurant "Pulcinella" at Kozyatağı neighborhood in

text: Kadıköy

text: district of Istanbul, where she also helps out whenever she finds time.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2003,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Italian cuisine restaurant "Pulcinella"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Italian cuisine restaurant "Pulcinella"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mustafa Bildirir.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Mustafa Bildirir.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2003,

text: The Aheria are an ethnic community of India that number about 140,000.  Their name means hunter.  And their most of occupation are own business and now  they also decent educated people as compare to before,their main occupation prior to the 1920s. Since then they have become farmers. The Aheria are found mainly in the states of "Punjab" or Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh..According to their traditions, the Aheria are Rajputs by origin, who were soldiers in the army of Maharana Pratap. After the defeat of the Maharan by the Mughal Empire, the Aheri were hunted down by the Mughal armies. To escape the Mughals, they fled and settled in Punjab. The Aheri are found mainly in the districts of Patiala, Bhatinda, Firuzpur, and Faridkot.

text: The Aheria are an ethnic community of

text: India

text: that number about 140,000.  Their name means hunter.  And their most of occupation are own business and now  they also decent educated people as compare to before,their main occupation prior to the 1920s. Since then they have become farmers. The Aheria are found mainly in the states of "Punjab" or

text: Rajasthan

text: and

text: Uttar Pradesh

text: ..According to their traditions, the Aheria are Rajputs by origin, who were soldiers in the army of Maharana Pratap. After the defeat of the Maharan by the Mughal Empire, the Aheri were hunted down by the Mughal armies. To escape the Mughals, they fled and settled in Punjab. The Aheri are found mainly in the districts of Patiala, Bhatinda, Firuzpur, and Faridkot.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are found mainly in the states of "Punjab" or Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 140,000

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: before the 1920s

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rajputs

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Maharana Pratap.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Aheri were hunted down by the Mughal armies.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Aheria are an ethnic community of India that number about 140,000.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 140,000.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Aheria

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The Aheria are an ethnic community of India that number about 140,000.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: prior to the 1920s.

text: Patlasingha is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.

text: Patlasingha is a genus of

text: skippers

text: in the family

text: Hesperiidae

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Patlasingha is a craton.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 450 million years old

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Hesperiidae.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: skippers in the family Hesperiidae.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Patlasingha

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Patlasingha

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Pennsylvania. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the early part of the Paleozoic, Pennsylvania was located near the eastern coast of a continent called Laurentia. Much of the nearby sea covered the state. During the Late Ordovician Pennsylvania was home to brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, graptolites, mollusks, pelecypods, starfish, and trilobites. During the following Silurian Period, the fish Palaeapsis bitruncata left remains in Perry County.

text: No Precambrian fossils are known from Pennsylvania. As such, the state's fossil record does not begin until the Paleozoic. During the early part of the Paleozoic, Pennsylvania was located near the eastern coast of a continent called Laurentia. Much of the nearby sea covered the state. During the

text: Late Ordovician

text: Pennsylvania was home to

text: brachiopods

text: bryozoans

text: crinoids

text: graptolites

text: mollusks

text: pelecypods

text: starfish

text: , and

text: trilobites

text: . During the following

text: Silurian

text: Period, the fish

text: Palaeapsis bitruncata

text: left remains in

text: Perry County

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Paleozoic.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Laurentia.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Laurentia.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: crinoids,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: No Precambrian fossils are known from Pennsylvania.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: No Precambrian fossils are known from Pennsylvania.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Saether, K., "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

text: Saether, K., "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with Surface-Oriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: K. Saether, Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with Surface-Oriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates with Surface-Oriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The presence of zircons in ancient rocks indicates that there was water

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: "Column supported, irregular flat plates with surface-oriented moment distribution"

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Irregular Flat Plates

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: "Column Supported, Irregular Flat Plates

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Irregular Flat Plates with SurfaceOriented Moment Distribution"

text: <small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

text: <small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a volcano

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: there was a lot of heat

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in the ocean

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 15 teams

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: The presence of zircons in ancient rocks indicates that there was water in the environment

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: it was colder

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: small>(Top

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: small>(Top 6

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: small>(Top 6 of 15 Teams)

text: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

text: This constituency comprised the southern part of

text: County Wexford

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Carboniferous period

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the cratons were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be found in county wexford

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Wexford

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Earth's interior was warmer than it is now

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: This constituency comprised the southern part of County Wexford.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: southern part of County Wexford.

text: In February 2014 he distanced himself from the dinar and dirham movement, saying, "So, I now dis-associate myself from all activity involving the Islamic gold dinar and silver dirham". The other major condition of a correct Zakat, he argues, is the existence of personal rule, or Amirate, since Zakat is, by Qur'anic injunction, accepted rulings and established practice, taken by the leader, not given as a voluntary sadaqa.

text: In February 2014 he distanced himself from the dinar and dirham movement, saying, "So, I now dis-associate myself from all activity involving the Islamic gold dinar and silver dirham". The other major condition of a correct

text: Zakat

text: , he argues, is the existence of personal rule, or Amirate, since Zakat is, by Qur'anic injunction, accepted rulings and established practice, taken by the leader, not given as a voluntary

text: sadaqa

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: gold

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Islamic gold dinar and silver dirham".

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: personal rule, or Amirate,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 2014

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: personal rule, or Amirate,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Amirate,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In February 2014

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2014

text: Hagi is sponsored by Nike.

text: Hagi is sponsored by

text: Nike

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Hagi wore a Nike.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by magma erupting from volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Nike.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Hagi is sponsored by Nike.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Hagi is sponsored by Nike.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Hagi is sponsored by Nike.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Nike.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Nike.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Nike.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Hagi is sponsored by Nike.

text: Late on May 14, an area of convection, or thunderstorms, developed in the central Bay of Bengal about 880 kilometres (545 miles) south-southeast of Kolkata, India, associated with the monsoon trough. On May 15, the system developed into a low pressure area off the west coast of Myanmar (Burma). Initially, the convection was associated with a low-level circulation center, developing good outflow despite the presence of wind shear. As the shear decreased, the thunderstorms increased and organized, with the eastward-moving circulation partially exposed. At 09:00 UTC on May 16, the India Meteorological Department  classified the system as a depression, and nine hours later the agency upgraded it to a deep depression as the system turned northwestward.

text: Late on May 14, an area of

text: convection

text: , or thunderstorms, developed in the central

text: Bay of Bengal

text: about 880 kilometres (545 miles) south-southeast of

text: Kolkata

text: , India, associated with the

text: monsoon trough

text: . On May 15, the system developed into a

text: low pressure area

text: off the west coast of

text: Myanmar

text: (Burma). Initially, the convection was associated with a low-level circulation center, developing good

text: outflow

text: despite the presence of

text: wind shear

text: . As the shear decreased, the thunderstorms increased and organized, with the eastward-moving circulation partially exposed. At 09:00

text: UTC

text: on May 16, the

text: India Meteorological Department

text: classified the system as a

text: depression

text: , and nine hours later the agency upgraded it to a deep depression as the system turned northwestward.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Myanmar

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What type of cratons is the Bay of Bengal?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: monsoon trough.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Bay of Bengal

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: monsoon trough.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: thunderstorms, developed in the central Bay of Bengal

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 880 kilometres

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: monsoon trough.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: monsoon trough.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: May 14,

text: He was the son of celebrated actors William B. Wood and Juliana Westray Wood.

text: He was the son of celebrated actors

text: William B. Wood

text: and Juliana Westray Wood.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: the craton was hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: in the past

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Westray Wood.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: William B. Wood and Juliana Westray Wood.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: William B. Wood and Juliana Westray Wood.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: William B. Wood

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: actors William B. Wood

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: William B. Wood

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: William B. Wood

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: William B. Wood and Juliana Westray Wood.

text: In November 1932, Mid-Continent mailed Mercoid a formal notice of infringement of the Cross patent. In August 1935, Mid-Continent brought suit against E.O. Smith of Carthage, Missouri, for infringement of the Cross patent by installing in his home a heating system including controls manufactured by Mercoid. Mercoid provided the defense of Smith but was not made a party to the suit. Mid-Continent prevailed against Smith. In September 1940, Mid-Continent sued Mercoid in Chicago federal district court for contributory infringement of the Cross patent. Mercoid, Mid-Continent, and Honeywell did not make heating systems; they sold thermostatic switches and related products. On Mercoid's motion, the court made Honeywell an involuntary co-plaintiff.

text: In November 1932, Mid-Continent mailed Mercoid a formal notice of infringement of the Cross patent. In August 1935, Mid-Continent brought suit against E.O. Smith of Carthage, Missouri, for infringement of the Cross patent by installing in his home a heating system including controls manufactured by Mercoid. Mercoid provided the defense of Smith but was not made a party to the suit. Mid-Continent prevailed against Smith. In September 1940, Mid-Continent sued Mercoid in Chicago federal district court for contributory infringement of the Cross patent. Mercoid, Mid-Continent, and Honeywell did not make heating systems; they sold thermostatic switches and related products. On Mercoid's motion, the court made Honeywell an involuntary co-plaintiff.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Missouri

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Which of the following is not a type of product: thermostatic switches and related products?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Cross patent.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Carthage, Missouri,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: In November 1932,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Carthage, Missouri,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: thermostatic switches and related products.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: In November 1932,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In November 1932,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 1932,

text: The festival gives aspiring children the opportunity to collaborate with international partners and to also educate them in film production, screenplay writing, cinematography, and in the art department and sound production.Eastern Africa's premier audiovisual media platform for children and youth, Lola Kenya Screen has between August 2006 and August 2011 showcased more than 1950 films from 102 nations representing all the six continents in various genres, formats and lengths. Additionally, Lola Kenya Screen has mentored 154 children and youth in filmmaking, cultural journalism, film judging, MCeeing, television drama production and documentary film production for children and youth.

text: The festival gives aspiring children the opportunity to collaborate with international partners and to also educate them in film production, screenplay writing,

text: cinematography

text: , and in the art department and sound production.Eastern Africa's premier audiovisual media platform for children and youth, Lola Kenya Screen has between August 2006 and August 2011 showcased more than 1950 films from 102 nations representing all the six continents in various genres, formats and lengths. Additionally, Lola Kenya Screen has mentored 154 children and youth in filmmaking, cultural journalism, film judging, MCeeing, television drama production and documentary film production for children and youth.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are there more continents than cratons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: aspiring children

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 102 nations representing all the six continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: six continents

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 102 nations representing all the six continents

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: six continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: film production, screenplay writing, cinematography,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 1950 films from 102 nations representing all the six continents

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 102 nations representing all the six continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2011

text: There are 38 Middlebury C.V. Starr Schools Abroad, located in 17 countries across 5 continents:

text: There are 38 Middlebury C.V. Starr Schools Abroad, located in 17 countries across 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: the Jurassic

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Greenstone is a type of igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Earth's interior was warmer than it is now

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: 17 countries across 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 17 countries across 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 17 countries across 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 17 countries across 5 continents:

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 5 continents:

text: Eddie, Watson and Nicole learn the location of Snakehead's castle lair and go to finish him once and for all. The operation runs smoothly at first, but Snakehead kills Nicole and becomes immortal. He and Eddie engage in a vicious fight, until Eddie uses the medallion to take away the life it gave, which leads to the two dragons from the medallion appearing and taking Snakehead, which traps him in the medallion. Jai allows Eddie to use the medallion to resurrect Nicole, who also gains super-strength and immortality. The two then run at superhuman speed into the distance as Jai enters another dimension through a portal, frightening Watson.

text: Eddie, Watson and Nicole learn the location of Snakehead's castle lair and go to finish him once and for all. The operation runs smoothly at first, but Snakehead kills Nicole and becomes immortal. He and Eddie engage in a vicious fight, until Eddie uses the medallion to take away the life it gave, which leads to the two dragons from the medallion appearing and taking Snakehead, which traps him in the medallion. Jai allows Eddie to use the medallion to resurrect Nicole, who also gains super-strength and immortality. The two then run at superhuman speed into the distance as Jai enters another dimension through a portal, frightening Watson.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the two dragons from the medallion?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: medallion

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Snakehead's

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: super-strength and immortality.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: dragons

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: super-strength and immortality.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: medallion

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Eddie,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: immortal.

text: Scrum, played by Stephen Graham, is a crafty, mandola-playing Machiavellian pirate. Hardly the sharpest sword in the scabbard, Scrum made up for his life with a natural-born talent for music, and duplicity.

text: Scrum, played by

text: Stephen Graham

text: , is a crafty, mandola-playing Machiavellian pirate. Hardly the sharpest sword in the scabbard, Scrum made up for his life with a natural-born talent for music, and duplicity.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: mandola-playing Machiavellian pirate.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: mandola-playing Machiavellian pirate.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: a natural-born talent for music,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: a natural-born talent for music, and duplicity.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: sharpest sword in the scabbard,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: mandola-playing Machiavellian pirate.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Scrum,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: pirate.

text: Pinocchio and Geppetto pass two beggars: the Fox and the Cat. The Cat has really become blind, and the Fox has really become lame and is also thin, is almost hairless, and has chopped off his tail to sell for food. The Fox and the Cat plead for food or money, but Pinocchio rebuffs them and tells them that their misfortunes have served them right for their wickedness. Geppetto and Pinocchio arrive at a small house, which is home to the Ghost of the Talking Cricket. The Talking Cricket says they can stay and reveals that he got his house from a little goat with turquoise hair. Pinocchio gets a job doing work for a farmer named Giangio and recognizes the farmer's dying donkey as his friend Candlewick.

text: Pinocchio and Geppetto pass two beggars: the Fox and the Cat. The Cat has really become blind, and the Fox has really become lame and is also thin, is almost hairless, and has chopped off his tail to sell for food. The Fox and the Cat plead for food or money, but Pinocchio rebuffs them and tells them that their misfortunes have served them right for their wickedness. Geppetto and Pinocchio arrive at a small house, which is home to the Ghost of the Talking Cricket. The Talking Cricket says they can stay and reveals that he got his house from a little goat with turquoise hair. Pinocchio gets a job doing work for a farmer named Giangio and recognizes the farmer's dying donkey as his friend Candlewick.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are the two beggars?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Talking Cricket.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: a little goat

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Candlewick.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Ghost of the Talking Cricket.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: a little goat with turquoise hair.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Candlewick.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: turquoise hair.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Pinocchio and Geppetto

text: Today, medically supervised methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States. A census of certified Opioid Treatment Programs conducted by the US's Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in 2011 found that 268,208 patients were receiving methadone maintenance at the time of the survey. Yet, according to a 2008 report by the World Health Organization, “substitution therapies such as methadone are still the most promising method of reducing drug dependence, but getting access to treatment is a global problem.”

text: Today, medically supervised methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States. A census of certified Opioid Treatment Programs conducted by the US's Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in 2011 found that 268,208 patients were receiving methadone maintenance at the time of the survey. Yet, according to a 2008 report by the World Health Organization, “substitution therapies such as methadone are still the most promising method of reducing drug dependence, but getting access to treatment is a global problem.”

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: methadone

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are not found in the United States

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: medically supervised methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Today,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: methadone maintenance programs are available throughout the United States.

text: is any curve let

text: is any curve let

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are shaped like a circle

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: any curve

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: any curve

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: is any curve

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: is any curve

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: is any curve

text: On June 22, 2010, it passed 700,000 articles (Robie House – 700,000th article). On September 28, 2010, the Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia, becoming the 4th largest edition, though in October 2010 the numbers on both Wikipedias were very close, and as of 2011 the Polish Wikipedia is in the lead again.On May 12, 2011, it passed 800,000 articles. On the same day, it overtook the Polish Wikipedia. On March 12, 2012, it passed 900,000 articles. On January 22, 2013, it passed 1,000,000 articles.

text: On June 22, 2010, it passed 700,000 articles (

text: Robie House

text: – 700,000th article). On September 28, 2010, the Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia, becoming the 4th largest edition, though in October 2010 the numbers on both Wikipedias were very close, and as of 2011 the Polish Wikipedia is in the lead again.On May 12, 2011, it passed 800,000 articles. On the same day, it overtook the Polish Wikipedia. On March 12, 2012, it passed 900,000 articles. On January 22, 2013, it passed 1,000,000 articles.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the largest craton in the world?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: the Italian Wikipedia

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: on January 22, 2013

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 900,000

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia,

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Polish Wikipedia.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Italian Wikipedia overtook the Polish Wikipedia,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 900,000 articles. On January 22, 2013,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2010,

text: Souichi Yakumo is second in command at TERRA, with the rank of Major. He often takes command when Kunugi is not present. Souichi is fond of Ayato and believes that regardless of whether or not Ayato is a Mulian, he is still himself and thus, should be looked at as an individual. Souichi is kind and friendly to everyone, and Megumi misinterprets this as a chance for a relationship. Soichi is oblivious to Megumi's feelings and starts seeing Kim. Despite being softspoken and friendly, Souichi is an able commanding officer.

text: Souichi Yakumo is second in command at TERRA, with the rank of Major. He often takes command when Kunugi is not present. Souichi is fond of Ayato and believes that regardless of whether or not Ayato is a Mulian, he is still himself and thus, should be looked at as an individual. Souichi is kind and friendly to everyone, and Megumi misinterprets this as a chance for a relationship. Soichi is oblivious to Megumi's feelings and starts seeing Kim. Despite being softspoken and friendly, Souichi is an able commanding officer.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: tera

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: TERRA

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: cratons

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What are the names of the cratons?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Mulian,

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Mulian,

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Major.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Major.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Mulian,

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Mulian,

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Major.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Major.

text: Rabotnički won 4–0 on aggregate.

text: Rabotnički won 4–0 on aggregate.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: they were hot

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Rabotni<unk>ki won 4–0 on aggregate.

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Rabotni<unk>ki won 4–0

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 4–0

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: 4–0

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Rabotni<unk>ki won 4–0

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: 4–0

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: 4–0

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Rabotni<unk>ki won 4–0

text: Geologically, Mali consists mostly of vast flatlands of granite and shale covered by sandstone and alluvial quartz. Mali extends over two main geological structures, the West African craton in the west and the Tuareg shield in the southeast, which came together at the end of the Precambrian era between 600 and 550 million years ago. The suture zone is to the west of the Adrar des Ifoghas mountains.

text: Geologically, Mali consists mostly of vast flatlands of

text: granite

text: and

text: shale

text: covered by

text: sandstone

text: and alluvial

text: quartz

text: . Mali extends over two main geological structures, the

text: West African craton

text: in the west and the

text: Tuareg shield

text: in the southeast, which came together at the end of the

text: Precambrian

text: era between 600 and 550 million years ago. The suture zone is to the west of the

text: Adrar des Ifoghas

text: mountains.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Tuareg shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Tuareg shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 550 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: granite and shale

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Precambrian era between 600 and 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: West African craton

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: between 600 and 550 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: suture zone

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: alluvial quartz.

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pЄ) is the earliest 4.06 billion years of Earth's history and before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian  (colored green on the right) is a supereon that is subdivided into three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the geologic time scale. It spans from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago (Ga) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about  million years ago (Ma), when hard-shelled creatures first appeared in abundance. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of the Phanerozoic eon, which is named after Cambria, the Latinised name for Wales, where rocks from this age were first studied. The Precambrian accounts for 89% of geologic time.

text: The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pЄ) is the earliest 4.06 billion years of

text: Earth's history

text: and before the current

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon. The Precambrian  (colored green on the right) is a supereon that is subdivided into three

text: eons

text: (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the

text: geologic time scale

text: . It spans from the formation of

text: Earth

text: about 4.6 billion years ago (

text: Ga

text: ) to the beginning of the

text: Cambrian

text: Period, about  million years ago (

text: Ma

text: ), when hard-shelled creatures first appeared in abundance. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first

text: period

text: of the Phanerozoic eon, which is named after

text: Cambria

text: , the Latinised name for

text: Wales

text: , where rocks from this age were first studied. The Precambrian accounts for 89% of geologic time.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the name of the largest craton on Earth?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.06 billion years

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: grand canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: 4.6 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: The Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: hard-shelled creatures

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Precambrian

text: Waterhouse was born in Liverpool of Quaker parents. After being articled to P. B. Alley in Manchester, he took a ten-month tour of the Continent, then established his own practice in Manchester. Many of his early commissions came from Quakers and other nonconformist patrons. He came to national recognition when he won success in a competition for the design of Manchester assize courts. His next major public commissions in Manchester were for Strangeways Gaol and Manchester Town Hall. In 1865 he opened an office in London, which was followed by his first major commission in London, the Natural History Museum. Meanwhile, he was also designing country houses. Here his major work was the rebuilding of Eaton Hall in Cheshire for the 1st Duke of Westminster, which was "the most expensive country house of the [19th] century". He also designed educational buildings including schools and works for the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, and Liverpool. In the commercial field, he designed banks, and offices for insurance and assurance companies, especially the Prudential Assurance Company, for whom he built 27 buildings.

text: Waterhouse was born in

text: Liverpool

text: of

text: Quaker

text: parents. After being articled to P. B. Alley in

text: Manchester

text: , he took a ten-month tour of the Continent, then established his own practice in Manchester. Many of his early commissions came from Quakers and other

text: nonconformist

text: patrons. He came to national recognition when he won success in a competition for the design of Manchester assize courts. His next major public commissions in Manchester were for

text: Strangeways Gaol

text: and

text: Manchester Town Hall

text: . In 1865 he opened an office in London, which was followed by his first major commission in London, the

text: Natural History Museum

text: . Meanwhile, he was also designing

text: country house

text: s. Here his major work was the rebuilding of

text: Eaton Hall

text: in

text: Cheshire

text: for the

text: 1st Duke of Westminster

text: , which was "the most expensive country house of the [19th] century". He also designed educational buildings including schools and works for the universities of

text: Cambridge

text: Oxford

text: Manchester

text: , and

text: Liverpool

text: . In the commercial field, he designed banks, and offices for insurance and assurance companies, especially the

text: Prudential Assurance Company

text: , for whom he built 27 buildings.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Where was Eaton Hall located?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Liverpool

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Quakers and other nonconformist patrons.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Waterhouse

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Cambridge, Oxford, Manchester, and Liverpool.

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Natural History Museum.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Waterhouse

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Waterhouse

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: [19th] century".

text: This contestant found the Shield

text: This contestant found the Shield

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: there was a lot of pressure

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: are formed by tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: This contestant found the Shield

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Shield

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: Shield

text: James Shields may refer to:

text: James Shields may refer to:

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Geologists

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: geologist

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: James Shields

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: James Shields

text: Crossing Continents has received several awards, including the 2005 Foreign Press Association Travel Story of the Year for an edition on Europe's tourism boom as well as a 2003 Sony Gold Award and a 2004 Amnesty International award for an investigation of the Indian dowry system.  More recently, the programme won the 2010 Best Radio Documentary One World Media Award, for Tim Whewell's report on child sacrifices in Uganda.

text: Crossing Continents has received several awards, including the 2005

text: Foreign Press Association

text: Travel Story of the Year for an edition on Europe's tourism boom as well as a 2003

text: Sony Gold Award

text: and a 2004

text: Amnesty International

text: award for an investigation of the

text: India

text: n

text: dowry

text: system.  More recently, the programme won the 2010 Best Radio Documentary

text: One World Media Award

text: , for

text: Tim Whewell

text: 's report on

text: child sacrifice

text: s in

text: Uganda

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Europe's

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: What is the largest craton?

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Crossing Continents

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Europe's tourism boom

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: Europe's tourism boom

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Crossing Continents

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: child sacrifices in Uganda.

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Foreign Press Association Travel Story of the Year

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: Crossing Continents

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2005 Foreign Press Association Travel Story of the Year

text: In 2015, Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market by acquiring Care1st Health Plan.

text: In 2015, Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market by acquiring Care1st Health Plan.

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: no one was alive

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: can be used to store water

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: NDQ_005571

answers: Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market

answers: NDQ_005572

answers: Care1st Health Plan.

answers: NDQ_005573

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_005574

answers: Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market

answers: NDQ_005575

answers: Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market

answers: NDQ_005576

answers: Blue Shield entered the Medicaid market

answers: NDQ_005577

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_005579

answers: 2015,