text: Although Littleton had cast a gloved hand in glass in 1979, it was not until 1989 that he and Vogel began to explore glass casting in earnest. The large, work-worn hands of an artist friend inspired one of their early sculptures; initially cast in plaster, the hands and arms, as well as the faces, of family members and friends, children and adults, appeared in subsequent works. Their “Crystal” series includes blocks of colorless crystal glass, faceted to look like large pieces of rock crystal; in the center of the transparent forms frosty white hands (which are actually hand-shaped voids in the glass) hold small rock crystals aloft. The artists left these crystalline forms in favor of cast cubes of crystal that entrap three-dimensional faces and hands. The human forms soon broke free of the cube, appearing in the round with the fine details of skin texture, wrinkles and hair preserved from the original plaster casting. These works appeared in colorless and purple tinted glass. During the 1990s the glass, tinted blue, mimicked "water" from which colorless glass faces and hands seemed to arise. In the brochure for the a twenty-year retrospective of the artists’ work, Joan Byrd wrote of the dichotomy between the continuing series of Bags and the cast sculptures. In the blown pieces

text: Although Littleton had cast a gloved hand in glass in 1979, it was not until 1989 that he and Vogel began to explore glass casting in earnest. The large, work-worn hands of an artist friend inspired one of their early sculptures; initially cast in plaster, the hands and arms, as well as the faces, of family members and friends, children and adults, appeared in subsequent works. Their “Crystal” series includes blocks of colorless

entity_name: Crystal

text: crystal

text: glass, faceted to look like large pieces of rock crystal; in the center of the transparent forms frosty white hands (which are actually hand-shaped voids in the glass) hold small rock crystals aloft. The artists left these crystalline forms in favor of cast cubes of crystal that entrap three-dimensional faces and hands. The human forms soon broke free of the cube, appearing in the round with the fine details of skin texture, wrinkles and hair preserved from the original plaster casting. These works appeared in colorless and purple tinted glass. During the 1990s the glass, tinted blue, mimicked "water" from which colorless glass faces and hands seemed to arise. In the brochure for the a twenty-year retrospective of the artists’ work, Joan Byrd wrote of the dichotomy between the continuing series of Bags and the cast sculptures. In the blown pieces

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cast cubes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: blown

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: how does the rock cycle work

answer_match: lowercase, stopped, stemmed, removed trailing period, fuzz > 0.8 / true-false special handling

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: blown pieces

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: blown pieces

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: blown pieces

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: skin texture,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: blown pieces

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: blown

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: small rock crystals aloft.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: blown

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: blown pieces

answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

text: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of

entity_name: Salt (chemistry)

text: salts

text: and other

entity_name: Mineral

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

entity_name: Great Artesian Basin

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

entity_name: Australia

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

entity_name: Sedimentary rock

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

entity_name: Sandstone

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: layering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: form layers

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cement

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

text: The basement of the core mountains is formed by the Tatric Unit, which is composed of dominantly hercynian metamorphic and igneous rocks and locally also a sedimentary cover of various thickness. In the Paleozoic clastic and volcanoclastic sediments deposited in the area, but later during Hercynian orogeny, sediments were metamorphosed in the greenschist and amphibolite facies (forming large amount of paragneisses and amphibolites, only locally orthogneisses, phyllites and mica schists). Regional and contact metamorphism was induced also by intrusions of granites, which accompanied the Hercynian collision (generally in the Carboniferous). Basement rocks were later exposed due to erosion and at the end of the Paleozoic affected by marine transgression that lasted till the end of Mesozoic. During this period sedimentary rocks, known as Tatric cover units, deposited. They generally consists of clastic and carbonate rocks.

text: The basement of the core mountains is formed by the

text: Tatric

text: Unit, which is composed of dominantly

entity_name: Variscan orogeny

text: hercynian

entity_name: Metamorphic rock

text: metamorphic

text: and

entity_name: Igneous rock

text: igneous rocks

text: and locally also a sedimentary cover of various thickness. In the

entity_name: Paleozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: clastic and volcanoclastic

entity_name: Sediment

text: sediments

text: deposited in the area, but later during

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: , sediments were metamorphosed in the

entity_name: Greenschist

text: greenschist

text: and

entity_name: Amphibolite

entity_section: Amphibolite facies

text: amphibolite facies

text: (forming large amount of

entity_name: Gneiss

text: paragneiss

text: es and

text: amphibolite

text: s, only locally

text: orthogneiss

text: es,

entity_name: Phyllite

text: phyllite

text: s and

entity_name: Schist

text: mica schist

text: s). Regional and contact metamorphism was induced also by

entity_name: Intrusive rock

text: intrusion

text: s of

entity_name: Granite

text: granite

text: s, which accompanied the Hercynian collision (generally in the

entity_name: Carboniferous

text: Carboniferous

text: ). Basement rocks were later exposed due to

entity_name: Erosion

text: erosion

text: and at the end of the Paleozoic affected by marine

entity_name: Marine transgression

text: transgression

text: that lasted till the end of

entity_name: Mesozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: . During this period

text: sedimentary rocks

text: , known as

text: Tatric cover units

text: , deposited. They generally consists of

entity_name: Clastic rock

text: clastic

text: and

entity_name: Carbonate rock

text: carbonate rock

text: s.

method: UNH-ecn

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hercynian orogeny

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: basement rocks were later exposed due to erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hercynian metamorphic and igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hercynian metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Hercynian orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Hercynian orogeny,

text: Cyclostratigraphy is the study of astronomically forced climate cycles within sedimentary successions. Astronomical cycles are variations of the Earth's orbit around the sun due to the gravitational interaction with other masses within the solar system. Due to this cyclicity solar irradiation differs through time on different hemispheres and seasonality is affected. These insolation variations have influence on earth's climate and so on the deposition of sedimentary rocks.

text: Cyclostratigraphy is the study of

entity_name: Astronomy

text: astronomically

text: forced

entity_name: Climate oscillation

text: climate cycle

text: s within

text: sedimentary

text: successions. Astronomical cycles are variations of the Earth's orbit around the sun due to the gravitational interaction with other masses within the solar system. Due to this cyclicity solar irradiation differs through time on different hemispheres and seasonality is affected. These insolation variations have influence on earth's climate and so on the deposition of sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: seasonality

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: solar irradiation

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: seasonality

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Cyclostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Cyclostratigraphy

text: Soapstone is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of talc.

entity_name: Soapstone

text: Soapstone

text: is a

text: metamorphic rock

text: composed predominantly of talc.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: talc

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soapstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is soapstone?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Soapstone

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: talc.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic rock composed predominantly of talc.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Soapstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Soapstone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Soapstone

text: The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uintas during the Laramide orogeny . The relentless forces of erosion exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.

text: The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uintas during the

entity_name: Laramide orogeny

text: Laramide orogeny

text: . The relentless forces of

text: erosion

text: exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mountain building forces

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tilted to their present angle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithified

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithified into solid rock.

text: The advancing and retreating characteristics of the glaciers in the Glacier Bay are explained in simple terms as a steady state of snow getting converted into ice on the hills. Ice, as a lens of water on the base of bedrock, slides by gravity downwards. The good moraine of rock and rubble insulates it from water erosion. As a result, during freezing temperatures that exists all the year, the glacier advances. When the insulation and erosion effect of the hills gets reduced erosion sets in and along with rising temperatures the glaciers start retreating. Another unpredictable phenomenon that is observed in many glaciers in the Glacier Bay is that of calving. Calving is a process in which blocks of ice get detached or break off from the glacier, irrespective of weather conditions, all the year round, and crash into the sea with thundering noise creating a boiling like turbulence.

text: The advancing and retreating characteristics of the glaciers in the Glacier Bay are explained in simple terms as a steady state of snow getting converted into ice on the hills. Ice, as a lens of water on the base of bedrock, slides by gravity downwards. The good moraine of rock and rubble insulates it from water erosion. As a result, during freezing temperatures that exists all the year, the glacier advances. When the insulation and erosion effect of the hills gets reduced erosion sets in and along with rising temperatures the glaciers start retreating. Another unpredictable phenomenon that is observed in many glaciers in the Glacier Bay is that of calving. Calving is a process in which blocks of ice get detached or break off from the glacier, irrespective of weather conditions, all the year round, and crash into the sea with thundering noise creating a boiling like turbulence.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: calving

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: calving

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock and rubble

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: calving.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: freezing temperatures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: freezing temperatures

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: calving.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: calving.

text: The principal rock types are the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation.

text: The principal rock types are the

entity_name: Plagioclase

text: plagioclase

text: -phyric

entity_name: Andesite

text: andesite

entity_name: Lava

text: lava

text: s of the Birker Fell Formation.

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the type of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What kind of crystals are formed by slower cooling?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Birker Fell Formation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Birker Fell Formation.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plagioclase-phyric

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: plagioclase-phyric

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The principal rock types

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Birker Fell Formation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: plagioclase-phyric

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Birker Fell Formation.

text: Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization. The growing crystals are generally held at a constant temperature and protected from shocks or vibrations that might disturb their crystallization. Impurities in the molecules or in the crystallization solutions are often inimical to crystallization. Conformational flexibility in the molecule also tends to make crystallization less likely, due to entropy. Ironically, molecules that tend to self-assemble into regular helices are often unwilling to assemble into crystals . Crystals can be marred by twinning, which can occur when a unit cell can pack equally favorably in multiple orientations; although recent advances in computational methods may allow solving the structure of some twinned crystals. Having failed to crystallize a target molecule, a crystallographer may try again with a slightly modified version of the molecule; even small changes in molecular properties can lead to large differences in crystallization behavior.

text: Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization. The growing crystals are generally held at a constant temperature and protected from shocks or vibrations that might disturb their crystallization. Impurities in the molecules or in the crystallization solutions are often inimical to crystallization. Conformational flexibility in the molecule also tends to make crystallization less likely, due to entropy. Ironically, molecules that tend to self-assemble into regular helices are often unwilling to assemble into crystals . Crystals can be marred by

entity_name: Crystal twinning

text: twinning

text: , which can occur when a unit cell can pack equally favorably in multiple orientations; although recent advances in computational methods may allow solving the structure of some twinned crystals. Having failed to crystallize a target molecule, a crystallographer may try again with a slightly modified version of the molecule; even small changes in molecular properties can lead to large differences in crystallization behavior.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: a constant temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: twinning,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization.

text: Metamorphic core complexes are exposures of deep crust exhumed in association with largely amagmatic extension.  They form, and are exhumed, through relatively fast transport of middle and lower continental crust to the Earth's surface. During this process, high-grade  metamorphic rocks (eclogite-, granulite- to amphibolite- facies) are exposed below  low-angle detachment faults (mylonite shear zones) that show ductile deformation on the lower side  (footwall) with amphibolite- to greenschist-facies  syndeformational metamorphism, and  ductile-brittle to brittle deformation on the upper-side (hanging-wall) with tilted geometries.

text: Metamorphic core complexes are exposures of deep

entity_name: Crust (geology)

text: crust

text: exhumed in association with largely amagmatic extension.  They form, and are exhumed, through relatively fast transport of middle and lower

entity_name: Continental crust

text: continental crust

text: to the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: 's surface. During this process, high-grade

text: metamorphic rock

text: s (

entity_name: Eclogite

text: eclogite

entity_name: Granulite

text: granulite

text: - to

text: amphibolite

entity_name: Facies

text: facies

text: ) are exposed below  low-angle

entity_name: Detachment fault

text: detachment fault

text: s (

entity_name: Mylonite

text: mylonite

text: shear zones) that show

entity_name: Ductility

text: ductile

text: deformation on the lower side  (footwall) with

text: amphibolite

text: - to

text: greenschist

text: -facies  syndeformational

entity_name: Metamorphism

text: metamorphism

text: , and  ductile-brittle to

entity_name: Brittleness

text: brittle

text: deformation on the upper-side (hanging-wall) with

entity_name: Tilted block faulting

text: tilted

text: geometries.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: largely amagmatic extension

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ductile deformation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: largely amagmatic extension

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: amphibolite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic core complexes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: low-angle detachment faults

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tilted geometries.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic core complexes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphic core complexes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: syndeformational metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic core complexes

text: Magnetofossils are not only being studied for their paleoenvironmental or paleoclimatic indicators.  As mentioned above, magnetofossils hold a remanent magnetization when they are formed.  That is, the magnetite (or greigite) aligns in the direction of the geomagnetic field.  The magnetite crystals can be thought of as being a simple magnet with a north and south pole, this north-south orientation aligns with the north-south magnetic poles of the Earth.  These fossils are then buried within the rock record.  Researchers can examine these rock samples in a remanent magnetometer where the effects of Earth's current magnetic field is removed, to determine the remanent, or initial, magnetization of the rock sample when it was formed.  In knowing the orientation of the rock in-situ and the remanent magnetization, researchers can determine the Earth's geomagnetic field at the time the rock was formed.  This can be used as an indicator of magnetic field direction, or reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, where the Earth's north and south magnetic poles switch (which happen on average every 450,000 years).

text: Magnetofossils are not only being studied for their paleoenvironmental or paleoclimatic indicators.  As mentioned above, magnetofossils hold a remanent magnetization when they are formed.  That is, the magnetite (or greigite) aligns in the direction of the geomagnetic field.  The magnetite crystals can be thought of as being a simple magnet with a north and south pole, this north-south orientation aligns with the north-south magnetic poles of the Earth.  These fossils are then buried within the rock record.  Researchers can examine these rock samples in a remanent

entity_name: Magnetometer

text: magnetometer

text: where the effects of Earth's current magnetic field is removed, to determine the remanent, or initial, magnetization of the rock sample when it was formed.  In knowing the orientation of the rock in-situ and the remanent magnetization, researchers can determine the Earth's geomagnetic field at the time the rock was formed.  This can be used as an indicator of magnetic field direction, or

entity_name: Geomagnetic reversal

text: reversals in the Earth's magnetic field

text: , where the Earth's north and south magnetic poles switch (which happen on average every 450,000 years).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetic field direction

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: reversals in the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock record.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: magnetofossils hold a remanent magnetization

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Earth's geomagnetic field

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: buried within the rock record.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: magnetite crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: reversals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magnetofossils hold a remanent magnetization

text: Except for a  strip along its eastern edge, the bedrock beneath the ice sheet, which covers Alexander Island, consists of a complex assemblage of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. These rocks, which are locally overlain and intruded by igneous rocks, are known as the "Lemay Group." It consists of turbiditic sandstone (subgraywacke and arkose) interbedded with secondary siltstone, mudstone, tuff, volcaniclastic sedimentary rock, agglomerate, and conglomerate, which have all been metamorphosed to prehnite–pumpellyite to blueschist facies. These metasedimentary rocks contain poorly preserved ammonites, pelecypods, gastropods, radiolarians, and fragmentary plant fossils. The LeMay Group also contains north-south, fault-bound slices of accreted ocean floor, ocean islands and seamounts, which includes pillow basalts, volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, and chert. The rocks, which comprise the LeMay Group are asymmetrically folded and thrust faulted to the west, contain chaotic zones, and exhibit abundant coeval soft-sediment deformation. Based upon biostratigraphy, the oldest known rocks found within the LeMay Group are Lower Jurassic and range up to late Lower Cretaceous. The oldest rocks within this group may date back to Permo-Carboniferous times (350–260 million years ago). The LeMay Group is interpreted to be an accretionary prism that was built out from the west (fore-arc) side of a long-lived magmatic arc, the roots of which are now exposed on the Antarctic Peninsula, between Early Jurassic and Paleocene times, when subduction ceased.

text: Except for a  strip along its eastern edge, the bedrock beneath the ice sheet, which covers Alexander Island, consists of a complex assemblage of

text: metasediment

text: ary and

text: metavolcanic rock

text: s. These rocks, which are locally overlain and intruded by

text: igneous rock

text: s, are known as the "Lemay Group." It consists of

text: turbiditic

text: sandstone

text: (sub

text: graywacke

text: and

text: arkose

text: ) interbedded with secondary

text: siltstone

text: mudstone

text: tuff

text: , volcaniclastic

text: sedimentary rock

text: agglomerate

text: , and

text: conglomerate

text: , which have all been

text: metamorphosed

text: to

text: prehnite

text: pumpellyite

text: to

text: blueschist

text: facies. These metasedimentary rocks contain poorly preserved

text: ammonite

text: s,

text: pelecypod

text: s,

text: gastropod

text: s,

text: radiolarian

text: s, and fragmentary plant

text: fossil

text: s. The LeMay Group also contains north-south, fault-bound slices of accreted ocean floor, ocean islands and

text: seamount

text: s, which includes

text: pillow basalts

text: , volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, and

text: chert

text: . The rocks, which comprise the LeMay Group are asymmetrically

text: folded

text: and

text: thrust fault

text: ed to the west, contain chaotic zones, and exhibit abundant coeval soft-sediment deformation. Based upon

text: biostratigraphy

text: , the oldest known rocks found within the LeMay Group are Lower

text: Jurassic

text: and range up to late Lower

text: Cretaceous

text: . The oldest rocks within this group may date back to Permo-

text: Carboniferous

text: times (350–260 million years ago). The LeMay Group is interpreted to be an accretionary prism that was built out from the west (

text: fore-arc

text: ) side of a long-lived magmatic arc, the roots of which are now exposed on the Antarctic Peninsula, between Early Jurassic and

text: Paleocene

text: times, when

text: subduction

text: ceased.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: subduction ceased

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metasedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: accreted ocean floor,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metasedimentary and metavolcanic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: abundant coeval soft-sediment deformation.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chert.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: accreted ocean floor,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed

text: To date, Firox have only appeared in one set. Firox are sneaky and curious by nature, and fastest of all the rock monsters. Rex hates Firox the most, because they ruin all the machines he made. He enjoys stealing the Power Miners tools, playing tricks and messing up machines. He is one of the four rock monsters created by the Crystal King. Once he eats an orange crystal, he has a surge of super speed. He has two cousins: Firax, which are the Firox heated up badly, and Eruptorr, the larger version of the Firax.

text: To date, Firox have only appeared in one set. Firox are sneaky and curious by nature, and fastest of all the rock monsters. Rex hates Firox the most, because they ruin all the machines he made. He enjoys stealing the Power Miners tools, playing tricks and messing up machines. He is one of the four rock monsters created by the Crystal King. Once he eats an orange crystal, he has a surge of super speed. He has two cousins: Firax, which are the Firox heated up badly, and Eruptorr, the larger version of the Firax.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heated up badly

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eats an orange crystal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Firax

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Eruptorr

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock monsters.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Firox have only appeared in one set. Firox

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Crystal King.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fastest

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Once he eats an orange crystal,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Firax,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Eruptorr,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Eruptorr,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Firox

text: The Rock then made a grand entrance, which included the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders and Rock using a flamethrower to set a big sign bearing his name ablaze. Rock announced that WrestleMania 32 had set the all-time attendance record with 101,763, when he was confronted by The Wyatt Family. After some verbal back-and-forth, Rock (who had his ring gear on underneath his street clothes) challenged them to a match. Wyatt Family member Erick Rowan accepted the challenge and was quickly defeated following a Rock Bottom. WWE recognized the match length as six seconds, though other sources reported seven seconds. This set a new WrestleMania record for the shortest match, besting the previous record (11 seconds) set by Kane and Chavo Guererro's match at WrestleMania XXIV. Enraged by this quick victory, the entire Wyatt Family then surrounded the Rock when surprisingly John Cena emerged and helped Rock clear the ring of the Wyatts. The segment ended with Rock and Cena walking up the ramp and Rock hugging his family before he raised Cena's arm.

text: The Rock

text: then made a grand entrance, which included the

text: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders

text: and Rock using a flamethrower to set a big sign bearing his name ablaze. Rock announced that WrestleMania 32 had set the all-time attendance record with 101,763, when he was confronted by

text: The Wyatt Family

text: . After some verbal back-and-forth, Rock (who had his ring gear on underneath his street clothes) challenged them to a match. Wyatt Family member

text: Erick Rowan

text: accepted the challenge and was quickly defeated following a Rock Bottom. WWE recognized the match length as six seconds, though other sources reported seven seconds. This set a new WrestleMania record for the shortest match, besting the previous record (11 seconds) set by

text: Kane

text: and

text: Chavo Guererro

text: 's match at

text: WrestleMania XXIV

text: . Enraged by this quick victory, the entire Wyatt Family then surrounded the Rock when surprisingly

text: John Cena

text: emerged and helped Rock clear the ring of the Wyatts. The segment ended with Rock and Cena walking up the ramp and Rock hugging his family before he raised Cena's arm.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 101,763,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: WrestleMania XXIV.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 101,763,

text: Feldspars crystallize from magma as veins in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rocks.

text: Feldspars

text: crystal

text: lize from

text: magma

text: as

text: veins

text: in both

text: intrusive

text: and

text: extrusive

text: igneous

text: rocks and are also present in many types of

text: metamorphic rock

text: . Rock formed almost entirely of calcic

text: plagioclase

text: feldspar (see below) is known as

text: anorthosite

text: . Feldspars are also found in many types of

text: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Feldspars crystallize from magma

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intrusive and extrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: calcic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Feldspars crystallize from magma

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock.

text: Burial of rocks due to ongoing sedimentation leads to increased pressure and temperature, which stimulates certain chemical reactions. An example is the reactions by which organic material becomes lignite or coal. When temperature and pressure increase still further, the realm of diagenesis makes way for metamorphism, the process that forms metamorphic rock.

text: Burial of rocks due to ongoing sedimentation leads to increased pressure and temperature, which stimulates certain chemical reactions. An example is the reactions by which

text: organic material

text: becomes

text: lignite

text: or

text: coal

text: . When temperature and pressure increase still further, the realm of diagenesis makes way for

text: metamorphism

text: , the process that forms

text: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Burial of rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical reactions.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Burial of rocks due to ongoing sedimentation leads to increased pressure and temperature,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism,

text: Engineering geologist.(a) Elements of the engineering geologist specialty. The practice of engineering geology involves the interpretation, evaluation, analysis, and application of geological information and data to civil works. Geotechnical soil and rock units are designated, characterized, and classified, using standard engineering soil and rock classification systems. Relationships are interpreted between landform development, current and past geologic processes, ground and surface water, and the strength characteristics of soil and rock. Processes evaluated include both surficial processes (for example, slope, fluvial, and coastal processes), and deep-seated processes (for example, volcanic activity and seismicity). Geotechnical zones or domains are designated based on soil and rocked geological strength characteristics, common landforms, related geologic processes, or other pertinent factors. Proposed developmental modifications are evaluated and, where appropriate, analyzed to predict potential or likely changes in types and rates of surficial geologic processes. Proposed modifications may include such things as vegetation removal, using various types of earth materials in construction, applying loads to shallow or deep foundations, constructing cut or fill slopes and other grading, and modifying ground and surface water flow. The effects of surficial and deep-seated geologic processes are evaluated and analyzed to predict their potential effect on public health, public safety, land use, or proposed development.(b) Typical engineering geologic applications and types of projects. Engineering geology is applied during all project phases, from conception through planning, design, construction, maintenance, and, in some cases, reclamation and closure. Planning-level engineering geologic work is commonly conducted in response to forest practice regulations, critical areas ordinances, and the State Environmental Policy Act. Typical planning-level engineering geologic applications include timber harvest planning, proposed location of residential and commercial developments and other buildings and facilities, and alternative route selection for roads, rail lines, trails, and utilities. Site-specific engineering geologic applications include cuts, fills, and tunnels for roads, trails, railroads, and utility lines; foundations for bridges and other drainage structures, retaining walls and shoring, dams, buildings, water towers, slope, channel and shoreline stabilization facilities, fish ladders and hatcheries, ski lifts and other structures; landings for logging and other work platforms; airport landing strips; rock bolt systems; blasting; and other major earthwork projects such as for aggregate sources and landfills.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Typical engineering geologic applications

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Engineering geology is applied during all project phases,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: deep-seated processes (for example, volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ground and surface water flow.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic activity and seismicity).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: State Environmental

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: modifying ground and surface water flow.

text: Between six and nine million years ago, stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust caused movement along the Teton fault. The west block along the fault line rose to form the Teton Range, creating the youngest range of the Rocky Mountains. The fault's east block fell to form the valley called Jackson Hole. The geological processes that led to the current composition of the oldest rocks in the Teton range began about 2.5 billion years ago. At that time, sand and volcanic debris settled into an ancient ocean. Additional sediment was deposited for millions of years and eventually heat and pressure metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss. Subsequently, magma was forced up through the cracks in the gneiss to form granite, anywhere from inches to hundreds of feet thick. Other intrusive igneous rocks are noticeable as the black dikes of diabase, visible on the southwest face of Mount Moran and on the Grand Teton. Starting during the Cambrian period, deep deposits of sedimentary rock were deposited in shallow seas over the metamorphic basement rocks. Erosion and uplift have exposed the metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks now visible on the east slope of the range and in the Cathedral Group and the paleozoic and cenozoic sedimentary rocks on the west slope. 2.1 million years ago the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff was deposited along the west slope of the north part of the range.

text: Between six and nine million years ago, stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust caused movement along the Teton

text: fault

text: . The west block along the fault line rose to form the Teton Range, creating the youngest range of the Rocky Mountains. The fault's east block fell to form the valley called

text: Jackson Hole

text: . The geological processes that led to the current composition of the oldest rocks in the Teton range began about 2.5 billion years ago. At that time, sand and volcanic debris settled into an ancient ocean. Additional sediment was deposited for millions of years and eventually heat and pressure metamorphosed the sediment into

text: gneiss

text: . Subsequently, magma was forced up through the cracks in the

text: gneiss

text: to form

text: granite

text: , anywhere from inches to hundreds of feet thick. Other intrusive igneous rocks are noticeable as the black dikes of

text: diabase

text: , visible on the southwest face of

text: Mount Moran

text: and on the

text: Grand Teton

text: . Starting during the

text: Cambrian

text: period, deep deposits of sedimentary rock were deposited in shallow seas over the metamorphic basement rocks. Erosion and uplift have exposed the metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks now visible on the east slope of the range and in the

text: Cathedral Group

text: and the

text: paleozoic

text: and

text: cenozoic

text: sedimentary rocks on the west slope. 2.1 million years ago the

text: Huckleberry Ridge Tuff

text: was deposited along the west slope of the north part of the range.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: heat and pressure metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphose

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: forced up through the cracks in the gneiss

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: granite, anywhere from inches to hundreds of feet thick.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: heat and pressure metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed the sediment into gneiss.

text: Proteins are biological macromolecules and function in an aqueous environment, so protein crystallization is predominantly carried out in water. Protein crystallization is generally considered challenging due to the restrictions of the aqueous environment, difficulties in obtaining high-quality protein samples, as well as sensitivity of protein samples to temperature, pH, ionic strength, and other factors. Proteins vary greatly in their physicochemical characteristics, and so crystallization of a particular protein is rarely predictable. Determination of appropriate crystallization conditions for a given protein often requires empirical testing of many conditions before a successful crystallization condition is found.

text: Proteins

text: are biological

text: macromolecules

text: and function in an

text: aqueous

text: environment, so protein crystallization is predominantly carried out in water. Protein crystallization is generally considered challenging due to the restrictions of the aqueous environment, difficulties in obtaining high-quality protein samples, as well as sensitivity of protein samples to

text: temperature

text: pH

text: ionic strength

text: , and other factors. Proteins vary greatly in their physicochemical characteristics, and so crystallization of a particular protein is rarely predictable. Determination of appropriate crystallization conditions for a given protein often requires empirical testing of many conditions before a successful crystallization condition is found.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a liquid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the relationship between temperature and crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: how does the rock cycle work

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Proteins are biological macromolecules

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Proteins

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Proteins vary greatly in their physicochemical characteristics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature, pH, ionic strength,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: protein crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: protein crystallization is predominantly carried out in water.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Proteins are biological macromolecules

text: Formation pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the pore spaces of the formation rock. This pressure  can  be  affected  by  the  weight  of  the overburden  (rock  layers)  above  the  formation, which  exerts  pressure  on  both  the  grains  and pore  fluids.  Grains  are  solid  or  rock  material, and  pores  are  spaces  between  grains.  If porefluids  are  free  to  move,  or  escape,  the  grains lose  some  of  their  support  and  move  closer together. This process is called consolidation.Depending on the magnitude of the pore pressure, it can be described as being normal, abnormal or subnormal.Normal pore pressure or formation pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of formation fluid extending from the surface to the surface formation being considered. In other words, if the formation was opened up and allowed to fill a column whose length is equal to the depth of the formation, then the pressure at the bottom of the column will be equal to the formation pressure and the pressure at surface is equal to zero.Normal pore pressure is not a constant. Its magnitude varies with the concentration of dissolved salts, type of fluid, gases present and temperature gradient.

text: Formation pressure is the pressure of the fluid within the pore spaces of the formation rock. This pressure  can  be  affected  by  the  weight  of  the overburden  (rock  layers)  above  the  formation, which  exerts  pressure  on  both  the  grains  and pore  fluids.  Grains  are  solid  or  rock  material, and  pores  are  spaces  between  grains.  If porefluids  are  free  to  move,  or  escape,  the  grains lose  some  of  their  support  and  move  closer together. This process is called consolidation.Depending on the magnitude of the pore pressure, it can be described as being normal, abnormal or subnormal.Normal pore pressure or formation pressure is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of formation fluid extending from the surface to the surface formation being considered. In other words, if the formation was opened up and allowed to fill a column whose length is equal to the depth of the formation, then the pressure at the bottom of the column will be equal to the formation pressure and the pressure at surface is equal to zero.Normal pore pressure is not a constant. Its magnitude varies with the concentration of dissolved salts, type of fluid, gases present and temperature gradient.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: normal pore pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: consolidation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Consolidation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Grains are solid or rock material,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Formation pressure

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Formation pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Formation pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: consolidation.Depending

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: zero.Normal pore pressure

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: consolidation.Depending

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Formation pressure

text: The lyrics to "Crystalline" talk about the process of crystallization in minerals and rocks but taking a more personal point of view, relating the growth of a crystal structure with the growth of relationships in people's hearts. Björk took inspiration for the song from cities and buildings:

text: The lyrics to "Crystalline" talk about the process of

text: crystallization

text: in

text: mineral

text: s and

text: rock

text: s but taking a more personal point of view, relating the growth of a

text: crystal structure

text: with the growth of relationships in people's hearts. Björk took inspiration for the song from cities and buildings:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The lyrics to "Crystalline"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystallization

text: Alignment of tabular minerals in metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks and intrusive rocks may form a foliation. Typical examples of metamorphic rocks include porphyroblastic schists where large, oblate minerals form an alignment either due to growth or rotation in the groundmass.

text: Alignment of tabular minerals in

text: metamorphic rock

text: s,

text: igneous rock

text: s and

text: intrusive rock

text: s may form a foliation. Typical examples of metamorphic rocks include

text: porphyroblast

text: ic schists where large, oblate minerals form an alignment either due to growth or rotation in the groundmass.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Alignment of tabular minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rocks, igneous rocks and intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Alignment of tabular minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks and intrusive rocks may form a foliation.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Alignment of tabular minerals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: foliation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks,

text: In some areas, the Prokletije run almost parallel with the Šar Mountains in Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo. This tectonic crash produced the unusual zig-zag shape of Prokletije range, and also their curving from the dominant Dinaric northwestern - southeastern direction toward the northeastern one. In the western and central parts of the range the composition of the mountains is of mainly uniform with Mesozoic limestones and dolomites of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Ages. In the eastern Prokletije in addition to the limestone and dolomite series, there are rocks from the late Palaeozoic and Triassic periods, medium-Triassic volcanic rocks and Jurassic metamorphic rocks.

text: In some areas, the Prokletije run almost parallel with the

text: Šar Mountains

text: in

text: Macedonia

text: , Albania and Kosovo. This tectonic crash produced the unusual zig-zag shape of Prokletije range, and also their curving from the dominant Dinaric northwestern - southeastern direction toward the northeastern one. In the western and central parts of the range the composition of the mountains is of mainly uniform with

text: Mesozoic

text: limestones and dolomites of the Jurassic and

text: Cretaceous

text: Ages. In the eastern Prokletije in addition to the limestone and dolomite series, there are rocks from the late Palaeozoic and Triassic periods, medium-

text: Triassic

text: volcanic rocks and Jurassic metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonic crash

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: medium-Triassic volcanic rocks and Jurassic metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Jurassic metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: medium-Triassic volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: zig-zag shape

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Jurassic metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Jurassic and Cretaceous Ages.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Jurassic metamorphic rocks.

text: The book includes one of the earliest accounts of the process of magmatic differentiation. While observing a basaltic lava flow in the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that "crystals sink from their weight" and that this "throws light on the separation of the high silica versus low silica series of rocks." This was the first proposal of the fractional crystallization hypothesis of magma differentiation that was further developed and demonstrated in the 20th century.

text: The book includes one of the earliest accounts of the process of

text: magmatic differentiation

text: . While observing a

text: basaltic

text: lava flow

text: in the

text: Galápagos Islands

text: , Darwin observed that "crystals sink from their weight" and that this "throws light on the separation of the high silica versus low silica series of rocks." This was the first proposal of the

text: fractional crystallization

text: hypothesis of magma differentiation that was further developed and demonstrated in the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic differentiation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: high silica versus low silica series of rocks."

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: magmatic differentiation.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high silica versus low silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high silica versus low silica

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic differentiation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "crystals sink from their weight"

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magmatic differentiation.

text: Erosion represents a subsequent phase of the orogenic cycle. Erosion inevitably removes much of the mountains, exposing the core or mountain roots (metamorphic rocks brought to the surface from a depth of several kilometres). Isostatic movements may help such exhumation by balancing out the buoyancy of the evolving orogen. Scholars debate about the extent to which erosion modifies the patterns of tectonic deformation (see erosion and tectonics). Thus, the final form of the majority of old orogenic belts is a long arcuate strip of crystalline metamorphic rocks sequentially below younger sediments which are thrust atop them and which dip away from the orogenic core.

text: Erosion

text: represents a subsequent phase of the orogenic cycle. Erosion inevitably removes much of the mountains, exposing the core or mountain roots (

text: metamorphic rocks

text: brought to the surface from a depth of several kilometres).

text: Isostatic

text: movements may help such exhumation by balancing out the buoyancy of the evolving orogen. Scholars debate about the extent to which erosion modifies the patterns of tectonic deformation (see

text: erosion and tectonics

text: ). Thus, the final form of the majority of old orogenic belts is a long arcuate strip of crystalline metamorphic rocks sequentially below younger sediments which are thrust atop them and which dip away from the orogenic core.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the orogenic core

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Erosion represents a subsequent phase of the orogenic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: (metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystalline metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: buoyancy

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Erosion represents a subsequent phase of the orogenic cycle.

text: A sediment basin is a temporary pond built on a construction site to capture eroded or disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the water quality of a nearby stream, river, lake, or bay.  The sediment-laden soil settles in the pond before the runoff is discharged.  Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of  or more, where there is sufficient room.  They are often used in conjunction with erosion controls and other sediment control practices.  On smaller construction sites, where a basin is not practical, sediment traps may be used.

text: A sediment basin is a temporary pond built on a

text: construction

text: site to capture

text: eroded

text: or disturbed soil that is washed off during rain storms, and protect the

text: water quality

text: of a nearby stream, river, lake, or bay.  The

text: sediment

text: -laden soil settles in the pond before the runoff is discharged.  Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of  or more, where there is sufficient room.  They are often used in conjunction with

text: erosion control

text: s and other

text: sediment control

text: practices.  On smaller construction sites, where a basin is not practical, sediment traps may be used.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A sediment basin

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediment basin

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion controls and other sediment control practices.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediment basin

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sediment basins are typically used on construction sites of or more,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sediment basin

text: Herald Island is composed of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. The northeastern tip of this island consists of a -thick sequence of sandstone, phyllite, quartzose sandstone, quartz-chlorite-sericite schist mylonite, and cataclastic quartz syenite. These rocks are of either Proterozoic or Late Paleozoic age. The bulk of this island consists of a Jurassic granite pluton.

text: Herald Island is composed of

text: sedimentary

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: igneous

text: rocks. The northeastern tip of this island consists of a -thick sequence of

text: sandstone

text: phyllite

text: quartz

text: ose sandstone,

text: quartz

text: chlorite

text: sericite

text: schist

text: mylonite

text: , and

text: cataclastic

text: quartz

text: syenite

text: . These rocks are of either

text: Proterozoic

text: or Late

text: Paleozoic

text: age. The bulk of this island consists of a

text: Jurassic

text: granite

text: pluton

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cataclastic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Proterozoic or Late Paleozoic age.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartz-chlorite-sericite schist

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cataclastic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Proterozoic or Late Paleozoic age.

text: There are seven glass vessels in the collection, but a larger number of pieces in transparent rock crystal or quartz, a mineral that might easily be taken for glass. This was always a much more valuable and prestigious material, qualifying as a semi-precious stone.  Needing very patient grinding and drilling, it is much harder to work than glass (though correspondingly less easy to break once finished), and the pieces include mounts or bases in precious metal, which none of the actual glass has; nor are the rock crystal pieces painted.  Read's catalogue groups these and other pieces in semi-precious stone with the objects in gold, as opposed to the "silver plate", which probably reflects how a Renaissance collector would have ranked them.  There are ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones.

text: There are seven glass vessels in the collection, but a larger number of pieces in transparent rock crystal or

text: quartz

text: , a mineral that might easily be taken for glass. This was always a much more valuable and prestigious material, qualifying as a semi-precious stone.  Needing very patient

text: grinding

text: and

text: drilling

text: , it is much harder to work than glass (though correspondingly less easy to break once finished), and the pieces include mounts or bases in precious metal, which none of the actual glass has; nor are the rock crystal pieces painted.  Read's catalogue groups these and other pieces in semi-precious stone with the objects in gold, as opposed to the "silver plate", which probably reflects how a Renaissance collector would have ranked them.  There are ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: non-existent

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: grinding and drilling

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glass

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: ten pieces in crystal and nine in other stones.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: semi-precious stone.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grinding and drilling,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: grinding and drilling,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: semi-precious stone.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glass.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock crystal or quartz,

text: Flow in culverts, over dams, and around bridge piers can cause erosion of the bed. This erosion can damage the environment and expose or unsettle the foundations of the structure. Therefore, good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment are important for civil and hydraulic engineers.

text: Flow in culverts, over dams, and around bridge piers can cause erosion of the bed. This erosion can damage the environment and expose or unsettle the foundations of the structure. Therefore, good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment are important for civil and hydraulic engineers.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Flow in culverts, over dams,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion of the bed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: erosion of the bed.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Flow in culverts, over dams,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion of the bed.

text: A bluff will be more susceptible to erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated, and more resistant in crystalline rocks, like granite. Rocks that are heavily fractured are also very likely to suffer from erosion because the water can flow between the cracks to speed up the process. A bluff will retreat towards land as the erosion processes continue.

text: A bluff will be more susceptible to erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated, and more resistant in crystalline rocks, like granite. Rocks that are heavily fractured are also very likely to suffer from erosion because the water can flow between the cracks to speed up the process. A bluff will retreat towards land as the erosion processes continue.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unconsolidated

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystalline rocks,

text: The diverse rock types in the calc-alkaline series include volcanic types such as basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, and also their coarser-grained intrusive equivalents (gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, and granite). They do not include silica-undersaturated, alkalic, or peralkaline rocks.

text: The diverse rock types in the calc-alkaline series include volcanic types such as

text: basalt

text: andesite

text: dacite

text: rhyolite

text: , and also their coarser-grained intrusive equivalents (

text: gabbro

text: diorite

text: granodiorite

text: , and

text: granite

text: ). They do not include

text: silica-undersaturated

text: , alkalic, or

text: peralkaline rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coarser-grained

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: calc-alkaline

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: calc-alkaline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coarser-grained

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic types

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: coarser-grained intrusive equivalents

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: silica-undersaturated,

text: The Elephant Rock Ride is primarily sponsored by Subaru and the full event is called the Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

text: The Elephant Rock Ride is primarily sponsored by

text: Subaru

text: and the full event is called the Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Elephant Rock Ride

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: The Elephant Rock Ride

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Subaru Elephant Rock Cycling Festival.

text: There are three type of Stones (rocks) indicative of the physical characteristics from its formative process. These three categories are: igneous or volcanic rocks (basalt, granic, etc.), sedimentary or deposit rocks (limestone, sandstone, arenite, etc.), and metamorphic rocks (marble, slate, gypsum, etc.). Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and/or solidification of magma and the formation of a dense network of crystals—below the Earth's surface as intrusive rock or on the surface as effusive rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of the remains of other rock caused by the action of atmospheric influences. Metamorphic rocks are formed by the transformation of existing rock through the action of temperature and pressure, which cause profound physical and/or chemical changes.

text: There are three type of Stones (rocks) indicative of the physical characteristics from its formative process. These three categories are: igneous or volcanic rocks (basalt, granic, etc.), sedimentary or deposit rocks (limestone, sandstone, arenite, etc.), and metamorphic rocks (marble, slate, gypsum, etc.). Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and/or solidification of magma and the formation of a dense network of crystals—below the Earth's surface as intrusive rock or on the surface as effusive rock. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the deposition of the remains of other rock caused by the action of atmospheric influences. Metamorphic rocks are formed by the transformation of existing rock through the action of temperature and pressure, which cause profound physical and/or chemical changes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cooling and/or solidification

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cooling and/or solidification of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks

text: Attrition is a form of coastal or river erosion, when the bed load is eroded by itself and the bed. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed, the regular impacts between the grains themselves and between the grains and the bed cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.

text: Attrition is a form of coastal or river

text: erosion

text: , when the

text: bed load

text: is eroded by itself and the bed. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed, the regular impacts between the grains themselves and between the grains and the bed cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rounder

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rounder and smoother.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Attrition

text: The Paleozoic rocks of the dome consist of a 2.6 km thick section of intensely folded Cambrian through Early Pennsylvanian sediments. The Paleozoic rocks were deformed and thrust into the area from the southeast during the Ouachita orogeny. Following the Permian uplift and erosion during most of the Mesozoic was followed by deposition of Cretaceous carbonate rocks which correlate with the Cretaceous of the Gulf Coast. The area was uplifted by the Laramide orogeny during latest Cretaceous. Following the Eocene intrusive and volcanic events of the Solitario, the area was partially covered by volcanic rocks from the adjacent Bofecillos volcanic center to the west of the area during the Oligocene and early Miocene. Erosion and downcutting following the Pleistocene deepening of the Rio Grande to the southwest and south have produced the current topographic expression of the area.

text: The Paleozoic rocks of the dome consist of a 2.6 km thick section of intensely folded

text: Cambrian

text: through Early

text: Pennsylvanian

text: sediments. The Paleozoic rocks were deformed and

text: thrust

text: into the area from the southeast during the

text: Ouachita orogeny

text: . Following the

text: Permian

text: uplift and erosion during most of the

text: Mesozoic

text: was followed by deposition of

text: Cretaceous

text: carbonate rocks which correlate with the Cretaceous of the Gulf Coast. The area was uplifted by the

text: Laramide orogeny

text: during latest Cretaceous. Following the Eocene intrusive and volcanic events of the Solitario, the area was partially covered by volcanic rocks from the adjacent

text: Bofecillos

text: volcanic center to the west of the area during the

text: Oligocene

text: and early

text: Miocene

text: Erosion

text: and downcutting following the

text: Pleistocene

text: deepening of the

text: Rio Grande

text: to the southwest and south have produced the current topographic expression of the area.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The Paleozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Ouachita orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: folded

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Ouachita orogeny.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Ouachita orogeny.

text: Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments. Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them.

text: Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments. Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: vadose enlargement

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: any type of rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Corrasional

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: zone of weakness to guide the water,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weakness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Corrasional or erosional caves

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: vadose

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments.

text: The water is estimated to come from a container approximately 150 m underground. It owes its excellent quality to the rock formations at Mount Anthemounta which consist of semi-metamorphic, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Water flowing in the substrate is slow-moving and as it passes through the various rocks it is filtered and enriched with beneficial elements giving it its unique mineral composition and distinctive taste. Water in the spring is cold at a steady temperature of around 16 °C. Its special features are a high magnesium content with the ideal calcium to magnesium ratio and a low sodium and nitrate content. It also contains potassium and fluorine as well as valuable trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, lithium, selenium, chromium and zinc. It has exceptional taste and is very pleasant to drink, assists in the functioning of the digestive and urinary systems and it has several other health benefits. One liter of Souroti water meets 1/4 of the body's daily needs in calcium and magnesium. All this makes it different from soda water, which is ordinary potable water to which sodium bicarbonate has been added so that it acquires approximately the same properties as natural mineral water.

text: The water is estimated to come from a container approximately 150 m underground. It owes its excellent quality to the rock formations at Mount Anthemounta which consist of semi-metamorphic, metamorphic and igneous rocks. Water flowing in the substrate is slow-moving and as it passes through the various rocks it is filtered and enriched with beneficial elements giving it its unique mineral composition and distinctive taste. Water in the spring is cold at a steady temperature of around 16 °C. Its special features are a high

text: magnesium

text: content with the ideal

text: calcium

text: to magnesium ratio and a low

text: sodium

text: and

text: nitrate

text: content. It also contains

text: potassium

text: and

text: fluorine

text: as well as valuable trace elements such as

text: iron

text: copper

text: manganese

text: lithium

text: selenium

text: chromium

text: and

text: zinc

text: . It has exceptional taste and is very pleasant to drink, assists in the functioning of the digestive and urinary systems and it has several other health benefits. One liter of Souroti water meets 1/4 of the body's daily needs in calcium and magnesium. All this makes it different from

text: soda water

text: , which is ordinary potable water to which sodium bicarbonate has been added so that it acquires approximately the same properties as natural mineral water.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Mount Anthemounta

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high magnesium content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: semi-metamorphic, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: semi-metamorphic, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: semi-metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high magnesium content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: filtered and enriched with beneficial elements

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 16 °C.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: filtered

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: semi-metamorphic, metamorphic and igneous rocks.

text: Rocks with crystals requiring microscopic or X-ray analysis for identification are termed microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline.

text: Rocks with crystals requiring microscopic or

text: X-ray

text: analysis for identification are termed

text: microcrystalline

text: or

text: cryptocrystalline

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals requiring microscopic or X-ray analysis

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rocks with crystals requiring microscopic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: microcrystalline

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline.

text: Continuing through the Cretaceous period and into the early Tertiary, there was uplifting in the area of the Colorado Plateau, the San Juan Mountains, and the La Plata Mountains, which led to the formation of the Mesa Verde pediment with the help of erosion. Small channels of water ran across this formation depositing gravel. Later in the tertiary, the last period of uplift and rock tilting towards the south caused these streams to cut rapidly into the rock removing loose sediment and forming the vast canyons seen today. This caused the isolation of the Mesa Verde pediment from surrounding rock. Today, since the climate is more arid, these erosional processes are slowed.

text: Continuing through the Cretaceous period and into the early

text: Tertiary

text: , there was uplifting in the area of the Colorado Plateau, the San Juan Mountains, and the

text: La Plata Mountains

text: , which led to the formation of the Mesa Verde pediment with the help of erosion. Small channels of water ran across this formation depositing gravel. Later in the tertiary, the last period of uplift and rock tilting towards the south caused these streams to cut rapidly into the rock removing loose sediment and forming the vast canyons seen today. This caused the isolation of the Mesa Verde pediment from surrounding rock. Today, since the climate is more arid, these erosional processes are slowed.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock tilting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: surrounding rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Cretaceous period and into the early Tertiary,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock tilting towards the south

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosional processes

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplifting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the climate is more arid,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: isolation of the Mesa Verde pediment from surrounding rock.

text: Rock samples collected from the northern slopes of the mountain and streams rising from the mountain have revealed traces of tin. The mountain has an established belt of Cretaceous tin "granites". It was noted that this tin content matched well with the degree of "greisen alteration". Analyses of samples of unaltered granites pointed to a tin content of less than 80 ppm, as against the disturbed granites which showed a tin content of 950 ppm. It was also reported that the tin concentrations in "unaltered granitic rocks increase progressively from porphyritic to seriate to some equigranular rocks, indicating a progressive concentration of tin with fractional crystallization." Cassiterite is found in large quantities in placers enveloping the pluton. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were plans to lay a railroad up to Port Clarence for the purpose of tin mining.

text: Rock samples collected from the northern slopes of the mountain and streams rising from the mountain have revealed traces of tin. The mountain has an established belt of Cretaceous tin "granites". It was noted that this tin content matched well with the degree of "greisen alteration". Analyses of samples of unaltered granites pointed to a tin content of less than 80 ppm, as against the disturbed granites which showed a tin content of 950 ppm. It was also reported that the tin concentrations in "unaltered granitic rocks increase progressively from

text: porphyritic

text: to

text: seriate

text: to some equigranular rocks, indicating a progressive concentration of tin with fractional crystallization."

text: Cassiterite

text: is found in large quantities in placers enveloping the

text: pluton

text: . At the beginning of the 20th century, there were plans to lay a railroad up to

text: Port Clarence

text: for the purpose of tin mining.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tin content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock samples

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: tin.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization."

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization."

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization."

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Cassiterite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization."

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization."

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: tin.

text: Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried this may eventually become sandstone and siltstone, ( sedimentary rocks).

text: Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: , and is subsequently

text: transported

text: by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of

text: gravity

text: acting on the particles. For example,

text: sand

text: and

text: silt

text: can be carried in

text: suspension

text: in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by

text: sedimentation

text: and if buried this may eventually become

text: sandstone

text: and

text: siltstone

text: sedimentary rock

text: s).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural occurring material

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks).

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks).

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rocks).

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks).

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sediment

text: Truttman Sink is associated with the Franciscan Formation (or Complex/Assemblage), which is made up of rock types such as: sedimentary sandstone and shale, oceanic basalt, greenstone, chert, serpentinite, limestone, and several metamorphic rock types (blueschist, amphibolite, and eclogite). Franciscan rock is considered a part of a Mesozoic subduction complex and ranges all along the Californian coast.

text: Truttman Sink is associated with the

text: Franciscan Formation

text: (or Complex/Assemblage), which is made up of rock types such as: sedimentary

text: sandstone

text: and

text: shale

text: , oceanic

text: basalt

text: , greenstone,

text: chert

text: serpentinite

text: limestone

text: , and several metamorphic rock types (

text: blueschist

text: amphibolite

text: , and

text: eclogite

text: ). Franciscan rock is considered a part of a

text: Mesozoic

text: subduction

text: complex and ranges all along the Californian coast.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: blueschist

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Truttman Sink

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oceanic basalt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Franciscan Formation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Truttman Sink

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock types

text: Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults.  As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

text: Under extreme

text: compressive stress

text: es and pressure, marine

text: sedimentary rock

text: s were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent

text: folds

text: , or

text: nappe

text: s, and

text: thrust fault

text: s.  As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine

text: flysch

text: sediments was deposited in the

text: foreland basin

text: , and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as

text: molasse

text: . The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are recumbent folds

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molasse

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: molasse

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: marine sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: extreme compressive stresses and pressure,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: recumbent folds,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplifted,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molasse.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the sediments became involved in younger nappes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted,

text: The lavas of Taftan are porphyritic. Mineral components include biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and quartz. Other components are chalcopyrite, haematite, ilmenite, magnetite and pyrite. Complex phenocryst assemblages found in a sample indicate that the magma formation is a complex process. Taftan rocks overall are -rich calc-alkaline, of sub–alkaline affinity. The magma that formed these rocks was influenced by crystal fractionation and mixing processes. Its composition has characteristics of volcanic arc magmas. Crustal materials were involved in the formation of the magma, with  isotope data indicating crustal assimilation.

text: The lavas of Taftan are porphyritic. Mineral components include biotite,

text: clinopyroxene

text: hornblende

text: orthopyroxene

text: plagioclase

text: and

text: quartz

text: . Other components are

text: chalcopyrite

text: , haematite,

text: ilmenite

text: magnetite

text: and

text: pyrite

text: . Complex

text: phenocryst

text: assemblages found in a sample indicate that the magma formation is a complex process. Taftan rocks overall are -rich

text: calc-alkaline

text: , of sub–alkaline affinity. The magma that formed these rocks was influenced by

text: crystal fractionation

text: and mixing processes. Its composition has characteristics of volcanic arc magmas. Crustal materials were involved in the formation of the magma, with  isotope data indicating crustal assimilation.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are in Taftan?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystal fractionation and mixing processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: chalcopyrite, haematite, ilmenite, magnetite and pyrite?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Taftan rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: porphyritic.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystal fractionation and mixing processes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal fractionation and mixing processes.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: calc-alkaline,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystal fractionation and mixing processes.

text: Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles are referred to as amphibolites.

text: Metamorphic rock

text: s composed dominantly of amphiboles are referred to as

text: amphibolite

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: amphibolites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks composed dominantly of amphiboles

text: Rocks on Mars have been found to frequently occur as layers, called strata, in many different places. Columbus Crater is one of many craters that contain layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Scientists are happy about finding layers on Mars since layers may have formed under large bodies of water.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

text: Rocks on Mars have been found to frequently occur as layers, called strata, in many different places.

text: Columbus Crater

text: is one of many craters that contain layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Scientists are happy about finding layers on Mars since layers may have formed under large bodies of water.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crystal?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanoes, wind, or water

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Volcanoes, wind, or water

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

text: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately 4,200 years ago by the upstream erosion of the Niagara Escarpment by the Niagara River.  Niagara Falls is located along the boundary of the Niagara Escarpment and has been "retreating" upstream since its formation. During this normally slow process, the retreating falls intersected with an ancient pre-glacial river bed inside Saint David's Buried Gorge.  During the retreat of ice from the Wisconsinan glaciation of the last glacial period, the gorge was filled with loose sediment and rock.  When the falls intersected with this buried gorge, the river quickly washed away the filled-in silt and rocks. The ancient buried gorge was nearly perpendicular to the Niagara River.  This sharp and sudden change in direction of water flow, coupled with the rapid flow of water exiting the Niagara Gorge (speeds as high as 30 feet per second [9 m•s]), resulted in turbulent swirling of the river.  Further erosion of the harder rock has resulted in a rounded basin that extends just to the side of the actual river's course.

text: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately 4,200 years ago by the upstream erosion of the

text: Niagara Escarpment

text: by the Niagara River.  Niagara Falls is located along the boundary of the Niagara Escarpment and has been "

text: retreating

text: " upstream since its formation. During this normally slow process, the retreating falls intersected with an ancient pre-glacial river bed inside

text: Saint David's Buried Gorge

text: .  During the retreat of ice from the

text: Wisconsinan glaciation

text: of the

text: last glacial period

text: , the gorge was filled with loose sediment and rock.  When the falls intersected with this buried gorge, the river quickly washed away the filled-in silt and rocks. The ancient buried gorge was nearly perpendicular to the Niagara River.  This sharp and sudden change in direction of water flow, coupled with the rapid flow of water exiting the Niagara Gorge (speeds as high as 30 feet per second [9 m•s]), resulted in turbulent swirling of the river.  Further erosion of the harder rock has resulted in a rounded basin that extends just to the side of the actual river's course.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: upstream erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: upstream erosion of the Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Niagara Falls is located along the boundary of the Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: whirlpool

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Niagara Escarpment

text: The chemical name of a felsic rock is given according to the TAS classification of Le Maitre (1975). However, this only applies to volcanic rocks. If the rock is analyzed and found to be felsic but is metamorphic and has no definite volcanic protolith, it may be sufficient to simply call it a 'felsic schist'. There are examples known of highly sheared granites which can be mistaken for rhyolites.

text: The chemical name of a felsic rock is given according to the

text: TAS classification

text: of Le Maitre (1975). However, this only applies to volcanic rocks. If the rock is analyzed and found to be felsic but is

text: metamorphic

text: and has no definite volcanic

text: protolith

text: , it may be sufficient to simply call it a 'felsic schist'. There are examples known of highly

text: sheared

text: granites which can be mistaken for rhyolites.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: TAS classification of Le Maitre

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical name

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the chemical name of a felsic rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: TAS classification of Le Maitre

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical name

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: this only applies to volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: volcanic rocks.

text: Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. There are two main effects. First, wind causes small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region. This is called deflation. Second, these suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation. An example is the formation of sand dunes, on a beach or in a desert. Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous, friable, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained, silty, pale yellow or buff, windblown (Aeolian) sediment. It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.

text: Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. There are two main effects. First, wind causes small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region. This is called deflation. Second, these suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation. An example is the formation of sand

text: dunes

text: , on a beach or in a desert. Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous,

text: friable

text: , slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained,

text: silt

text: y, pale yellow or buff, windblown (Aeolian)

text: sediment

text: . It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deflation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: calcareous,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porous, friable, slightly coherent,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (ecological succession).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: calcareous,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: deflation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deflation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Loess

text: Retrograde metamorphism involves the reconstitution of a rock via revolatisation under decreasing temperatures (and usually pressures), allowing the mineral assemblages formed in prograde metamorphism to revert to those more stable at less extreme conditions. This is a relatively uncommon process, because volatiles must be present.

text: Retrograde metamorphism involves the reconstitution of a rock via revolatisation under decreasing temperatures (and usually pressures), allowing the mineral assemblages formed in prograde metamorphism to revert to those more stable at less extreme conditions. This is a relatively uncommon process, because volatiles must be present.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volatiles

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: prograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volatiles

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Retrograde metamorphism

text: In the 1950s, the Pagoda Gift Shop was a post-office and the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop in the late-1950s. In 1959, the hotels were repainted, new admission gates were installed, and over $1,200,000 was spent to refresh Cedar Point. The park's first roller coaster since the Cyclone, the Wild Mouse, was built. The resort also got a new kind of ride, a monorail that was the most popular ride in 1959. Breakers Hotel was restored, and the neglected cottages were demolished. The Coliseum and Grand Pavilion were both painted and remodeled. The Crystal Rock Castle Maintenance Shop, bathhouses, and the old powerhouse were demolished, and a new $50,000 bathhouse, boiler house, and maintenance shop were built in their place.

text: In the 1950s, the Pagoda Gift Shop was a post-office and the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop in the late-1950s. In 1959, the hotels were repainted, new admission gates were installed, and over $1,200,000 was spent to refresh Cedar Point. The park's first roller coaster since the Cyclone, the Wild Mouse, was built. The resort also got a new kind of ride, a

text: monorail

text: that was the most popular ride in 1959. Breakers Hotel was restored, and the neglected cottages were demolished. The Coliseum and Grand Pavilion were both painted and remodeled. The Crystal Rock Castle Maintenance Shop, bathhouses, and the old powerhouse were demolished, and a new $50,000 bathhouse, boiler house, and maintenance shop were built in their place.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: demolished

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Cyclone

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In the 1950s,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: over $1,200,000 was spent to refresh Cedar Point.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: maintenance shop

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: demolished.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a maintenance shop

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Cyclone,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the Crystal Rock Castle was turned into a maintenance shop

text: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

text: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the composition of the magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is still a rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: A rock structure can be created in any rock type

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: A rock structure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock structure

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock structure

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:

text: The C horizon (parent material) is below the B Horizon. This layer is barely affected by soil-forming processes and they thus have a lack of pedological development. In other words, the C horizon is the unconsolidated material underlying the solum (A and B horizons). It may or may not be the same as the parent material from which the solum formed. The C horizon forms as the R horizon weathers and rocks break up into smaller particles. The C horizon is below the zones of greatest biological activity and it has not been sufficiently altered by soil genesis to qualify as a B horizon. In dry regions, carbonates and gypsum may be concentrated in the C horizon. While loose enough to be dug with a shovel, C horizon material often retains some of the structural features of the parent rock or geologic deposits from which it formed. The A and B layers usually originated from the C horizon. The upper layers of the C horizon may in time become a part of the solum as weathering and erosion continue. The C Horizon may contain lumps or more likely large shelves of unweathered rock, rather than being made up solely of small fragments as in the solum. It contains rocks with cracks and crevices.

text: The C horizon (parent material) is below the B Horizon. This layer is barely affected by soil-forming processes and they thus have a lack of pedological development. In other words, the C horizon is the unconsolidated material underlying the solum (A and B horizons). It may or may not be the same as the parent material from which the solum formed. The C horizon forms as the R horizon weathers and rocks break up into smaller particles. The C horizon is below the zones of greatest biological activity and it has not been sufficiently altered by soil genesis to qualify as a B horizon. In dry regions, carbonates and gypsum may be concentrated in the C horizon. While loose enough to be dug with a shovel, C horizon material often retains some of the structural features of the parent rock or geologic deposits from which it formed. The A and B layers usually originated from the C horizon. The upper layers of the C horizon may in time become a part of the solum as weathering and erosion continue. The C Horizon may contain lumps or more likely large shelves of unweathered rock, rather than being made up solely of small fragments as in the solum. It contains

text: rocks

text: with cracks and crevices.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rocks break up into smaller particles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unweathered

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks break up into smaller particles.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The C horizon

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the R horizon weathers and rocks break up into smaller particles.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural features

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rocks break up into smaller particles.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unweathered

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rocks break up into smaller particles.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rocks break up into smaller particles.

text: Petrologically the volcanic Kaiserstuhl is an alkali-carbonate rock formation. The volcanic rocks making up a large part of the central and western Kaiserstuhl were the result of numerous volcanic eruptions during the Miocene, about 19 to 16 million years ago. They cover parts of the sedimentary base of the eastern Kaiserstuhl, which is why in some places changes in the base’s mineralogical composition occurred. The driving force behind this process of contact metamorphism was an increase in temperature. Due to the alternate eruption of tephra and lava flows from several vents a complex stratovolcano came into existence. Some of the rising magma solidified as volcanic intrusions below the surface – and today forms the central part of the Kaiserstuhl. Laterally rising phonolite magma also intruded into the sedimentary base of the Eastern Kaiserstuhl. Several hundred metres of the original volcano have been eroded.

text: Petrologically the volcanic Kaiserstuhl is an alkali-carbonate rock formation. The volcanic rocks making up a large part of the central and western Kaiserstuhl were the result of numerous volcanic eruptions during the

text: Miocene

text: , about 19 to 16 million years ago. They cover parts of the sedimentary base of the eastern Kaiserstuhl, which is why in some places changes in the base’s mineralogical composition occurred. The driving force behind this process of

text: contact metamorphism

text: was an increase in temperature. Due to the alternate eruption of

text: tephra

text: and

text: lava flow

text: s from several vents a complex

text: stratovolcano

text: came into existence. Some of the rising

text: magma

text: solidified as volcanic intrusions below the surface – and today forms the central part of the Kaiserstuhl. Laterally rising

text: phonolite

text: magma also intruded into the sedimentary base of the Eastern Kaiserstuhl. Several hundred metres of the original volcano have been eroded.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: increase in temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineralological composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: stratovolcano

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crystal?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: stratovolcano

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: increase in temperature.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineralogical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: alkali-carbonate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: increase in temperature.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphism was an increase in temperature.

text: If a material that selectively rejects the daughter nuclide is heated, any daughter nuclides that have been accumulated over time will be lost through diffusion, setting the isotopic "clock" to zero. The temperature at which this happens is known as the closure temperature or blocking temperature and is specific to a particular material and isotopic system. These temperatures are experimentally determined in the lab by artificially resetting sample minerals using a high-temperature furnace. As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form and diffusion of isotopes is less easy. At a certain temperature, the crystal structure has formed sufficiently to prevent diffusion of isotopes. This temperature is what is known as closure temperature and represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system to isotopes. Thus an igneous or metamorphic rock or melt, which is slowly cooling, does not begin to exhibit measurable radioactive decay until it cools below the closure temperature. The age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to closure temperature. Dating of different minerals and/or isotope systems (with differing closure temperatures) within the same rock can therefore enable the tracking of the thermal history of the rock in question with time, and thus the history of metamorphic events may become known in detail. This field is known as thermochronology or thermochronometry.

text: If a material that selectively rejects the daughter nuclide is heated, any daughter nuclides that have been accumulated over time will be lost through

text: diffusion

text: , setting the isotopic "clock" to zero. The temperature at which this happens is known as the

text: closure temperature

text: or blocking temperature and is specific to a particular material and isotopic system. These temperatures are experimentally determined in the lab by

text: artificially resetting sample minerals

text: using a high-temperature furnace. As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form and diffusion of isotopes is less easy. At a certain temperature, the crystal structure has formed sufficiently to prevent diffusion of isotopes. This temperature is what is known as closure temperature and represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system to isotopes. Thus an igneous or metamorphic rock or melt, which is slowly cooling, does not begin to exhibit measurable radioactive decay until it cools below the closure temperature. The age that can be calculated by radiometric dating is thus the time at which the rock or mineral cooled to closure temperature. Dating of different minerals and/or isotope systems (with differing closure temperatures) within the same rock can therefore enable the tracking of the thermal history of the rock in question with time, and thus the history of metamorphic events may become known in detail. This field is known as

text: thermochronology

text: or thermochronometry.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: isotopic system

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: radioactive decay

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous or metamorphic rock or melt,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous or metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: closure temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: measurable radioactive decay

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous or metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: As the mineral cools, the crystal structure begins to form

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: closure temperature

text: In 1967, J. Tuzo Wilson published an article in Nature describing the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins, in particular focusing on the current Atlantic Ocean area. This concept, a part of the plate tectonics revolution, became known as the Wilson cycle. The Wilson cycle has had profound effects on the modern interpretation of the rock cycle as plate tectonics became recognized as the driving force for the rock cycle.

text: In 1967, J. Tuzo Wilson published an article in Nature describing the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins, in particular focusing on the current

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: area. This concept, a part of the plate tectonics revolution, became known as the Wilson cycle. The Wilson cycle has had profound effects on the modern interpretation of the rock cycle as plate tectonics became recognized as the driving force for the rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ocean basins,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Wilson cycle.

text: Phaneritic (phaner = visible) textures are typical of intrusive igneous rocks, these rocks crystallized slowly below Earth's surface. As magma cools slowly the minerals have time to grow and form large crystals. The minerals in a phaneritic igneous rock are sufficiently large to see each individual crystal with the naked eye. Examples of phaneritic igneous rocks are gabbro, diorite and granite.

text: Phaneritic

text: (phaner = visible) textures are typical of intrusive igneous rocks, these rocks crystallized slowly below Earth's surface. As

text: magma

text: cools slowly the

text: mineral

text: s have time to grow and form large crystals. The minerals in a phaneritic igneous rock are sufficiently large to see each individual

text: crystal

text: with the

text: naked eye

text: . Examples of phaneritic igneous rocks are

text: gabbro

text: diorite

text: and

text: granite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: large crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma cools

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the minerals have time to grow and form large crystals.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the minerals have time to grow and form large crystals.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallized slowly below Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Phaneritic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: large crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks, these rocks crystallized slowly below Earth's surface.

text: The origin of the increased sediment transport into an area may be erosion on land, or activities in the water.

text: The origin of the increased sediment transport into an area may be erosion on land, or activities in the water.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The origin of the increased sediment

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion on land,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: activities in the water.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sediment transport into an area may be erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion on land, or activities in the water.

text: Hydraulic joints are joints thought to have formed when pore fluid pressure became elevated as a result of vertical gravitational loading. In simple terms, the accumulation of either sediments, volcanic, or other material causes an increase in the pore pressure of groundwater and other fluids in the underlying rock when they cannot move either laterally of vertically in response to this pressure. This also causes an increase in pore pressure in  preexisting cracks that increases the tensile stress on them perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in which the rock is being stretched). If the tensile stress exceeds the magnitude of the least principal compressive stress the rock will fail in a brittle manner and these cracks propagate in a process called hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic joints occur as both nonsystematic and systematic joints, including orthogonal and conjugate joint sets. In some cases, joint sets can be a tectonic - hydraulic hybrid.

text: Hydraulic joints are joints thought to have formed when pore fluid pressure became elevated as a result of vertical gravitational loading. In simple terms, the accumulation of either sediments, volcanic, or other material causes an increase in the pore pressure of groundwater and other fluids in the underlying rock when they cannot move either laterally of vertically in response to this pressure. This also causes an increase in pore pressure in  preexisting cracks that increases the tensile stress on them perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in which the rock is being stretched). If the tensile stress exceeds the magnitude of the least principal compressive stress the rock will fail in a brittle manner and these cracks propagate in a process called

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: . Hydraulic joints occur as both nonsystematic and systematic joints, including orthogonal and conjugate joint sets. In some cases, joint sets can be a tectonic - hydraulic hybrid.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compressive stress

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fracturing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: vertical gravitational loading.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Hydraulic joints

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: vertical gravitational loading.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tensile stress

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydraulic fracturing.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Hydraulic joints

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydraulic fracturing.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Hydraulic joints

text: In Bruges, the Procession of the Holy Blood (Heilig Bloedprocessie) is held on Ascension Day each year, during which a relic - a rock-crystal vial allegedly found during in 1148 during the Second Crusade by Derick of Alsace (the Count of Flanders) which is believed to contain the blood of Christ - is paraded round the city. The procession itself is said to date to the 13th Century. Each year, the procession attracts some 50,000 visitors and pilgrims.

text: In

text: Bruges

text: , the

text: Procession of the Holy Blood

text: (Heilig Bloedprocessie) is held on

text: Ascension Day

text: each year, during which a

text: relic

text: - a rock-crystal vial allegedly found during in 1148 during the

text: Second Crusade

text: by

text: Derick of Alsace

text: (the

text: Count of Flanders

text: ) which is believed to contain the blood of Christ - is paraded round the city. The procession itself is said to date to the 13th Century. Each year, the procession attracts some 50,000 visitors and pilgrims.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock-crystal vial allegedly found during in 1148

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: In Bruges, the Procession of the Holy Blood

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock-crystal

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock-crystal

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Procession of the Holy Blood

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock-crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock-crystal vial allegedly found during in 1148

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock-crystal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock-crystal vial allegedly found during in 1148

text: Contact metamorphism occurs typically around intrusive igneous rocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of magma into cooler country rock. The area surrounding the intrusion where the contact metamorphism effects are present is called the metamorphic aureole. Contact metamorphic rocks are usually known as hornfels. Rocks formed by contact metamorphism may not present signs of strong deformation and are often fine-grained.

text: Contact metamorphism occurs typically around

text: intrusive

text: igneous rock

text: s as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of

text: magma

text: into cooler

text: country rock

text: . The area surrounding the intrusion where the contact metamorphism effects are present is called the metamorphic aureole. Contact metamorphic rocks are usually known as

text: hornfels

text: . Rocks formed by contact metamorphism may not present signs of strong deformation and are often fine-grained.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strong deformation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hornfels

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature increase

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fine-grained.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hornfels.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fine-grained.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Contact metamorphism

text: The Lego Power Miners and Lego Rock Raiders theme both have settings that take place underground and both themes have each team search for crystals, whilst trying to prevent the Rock/Lava Monsters from eating them. However the difference is while the crystals in Lego Rock Raiders were Energy Crystals with massive power in them, the Lego Power Miners crystals seem to be kinetic energy based instead. While Lego Power Miners collect their crystals for research purposes, the Rock Raiders collect them as fuel for their ship. Another difference between the themes is that the Crystals eaten by Rock Monsters in Power Miners make them release the kinetic energy, causing massive rumbles when underneath the surface.

text: The Lego Power Miners and Lego Rock Raiders theme both have settings that take place underground and both themes have each team search for crystals, whilst trying to prevent the Rock/Lava Monsters from eating them. However the difference is while the crystals in Lego Rock Raiders were Energy Crystals with massive power in them, the Lego Power Miners crystals seem to be kinetic energy based instead. While Lego Power Miners collect their crystals for research purposes, the Rock Raiders collect them as fuel for their ship. Another difference between the themes is that the Crystals eaten by Rock Monsters in Power Miners make them release the kinetic energy, causing massive rumbles when underneath the surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lava monsters

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock/Lava Monsters

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Lego Power Miners

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: kinetic energy,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock/Lava Monsters from eating them.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock/Lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Energy Crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: kinetic energy,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the crystals in Lego Rock Raiders were Energy Crystals

text: While volcanic activity is reported as formation of a group of small islands, erosion has created the depressions which have a permeable base of "light grey, broken lava rocks, with harder rocks and grey or dark grey lavas overlying". Sandy soils resulting from sedimentation dominates the reserve with formation of parallel bars in the coastal area. The depressions are subject to filling by ephemeral floods; estuary lakes, grass marshes and wooded swamps caused by very heavy rainfall. Small tides of about  height have also affected the coastal zone. The small rivers and streams that originate in the hills and flow through the park generally have water  deep. The lakes in the northern part of the reserve are fed by the Colorado River. The very humid tropical forest is influenced by excessive humidity, rapid drainage and thin soils, with over 330 days of cloud cover per year. Moisture-laden winds come from the Caribbean.

text: While volcanic activity is reported as formation of a group of small islands, erosion has created the depressions which have a permeable base of "light grey, broken lava rocks, with harder rocks and grey or dark grey

text: lava

text: s overlying". Sandy soils resulting from sedimentation dominates the reserve with formation of parallel bars in the coastal area. The depressions are subject to filling by ephemeral floods; estuary lakes, grass marshes and wooded swamps caused by very heavy rainfall. Small tides of about  height have also affected the coastal zone. The small rivers and streams that originate in the hills and flow through the park generally have water  deep. The lakes in the northern part of the reserve are fed by the

text: Colorado River

text: . The very humid tropical forest is influenced by excessive humidity, rapid drainage and thin soils, with over 330 days of cloud cover per year. Moisture-laden winds come from the Caribbean.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: "light grey, broken lava rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeable base

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: a group of small islands,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ephemeral floods;

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "light grey, broken lava rocks,

text: The typical metamorphic assemblage reactions for low-magnesian (<25% MgO) and high-magnesian (>25% MgO) ultramafic rocks are;

text: The typical metamorphic assemblage reactions for low-magnesian (<25% MgO) and high-magnesian (>25% MgO) ultramafic rocks are;

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The typical metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ultramafic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The typical metamorphic assemblage reactions

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic assemblage reactions

text: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used. Many different methods are used to create rock engravings. There are several different types of Rock art across Australia, the most famous of which is Murujuga in Western Australia, the Sydney rock engravings around Plymouth in New South Wales, and the Panaramitee rock art in Central Australia. The Sydney engravings, depicting carved animals and humans, have their own peculiar style not found elsewhere in Australia.

text: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used. Many different methods are used to create rock engravings. There are several different types of

text: Rock art

text: across Australia, the most famous of which is

text: Murujuga

text: in

text: Western Australia

text: , the

text: Sydney rock engravings

text: around

text: Plymouth

text: in

text: New South Wales

text: , and the

text: Panaramitee

text: rock art in

text: Central Australia

text: . The Sydney engravings, depicting carved animals and humans, have their own peculiar style not found elsewhere in Australia.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock engraving

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock art

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock engraving

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock engraving

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sydney rock engravings around Plymouth in New South Wales,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock engraving

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock engraving depends on the type of rock being used.

text: Robert Arbuckle Berner  (November 25, 1935 – January 10, 2015) was an American scientist known for his contributions to the modeling of the carbon cycle. He taught Geology and Geophysics from 1965 to 2007 at Yale University, where he latterly served as Professor Emeritus until his death. His work on sedimentary rocks led to the co-founding of the BLAG model of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which takes into account both geochemical and biological contributions to the carbon cycle.

text: Robert Arbuckle Berner  (November 25, 1935 – January 10, 2015) was an American scientist known for his contributions to the modeling of the

text: carbon cycle

text: . He taught Geology and Geophysics from 1965 to 2007 at

text: Yale University

text: , where he latterly served as

text: Professor Emeritus

text: until his death. His work on

text: sedimentary rocks

text: led to the co-founding of the BLAG model of atmospheric

text: carbon dioxide

text: , which takes into account both geochemical and biological contributions to the carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geochemical and biological contributions to the carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geochemical

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Robert Arbuckle Berner

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: carbon cycle.

text: Many areas of high erosion are due to human activities. Reasons can include:  seawalls locking up sand dunes, coastal structures like ports and harbors that prevent longshore transport, dams and other river management structures. These activities interfere with the natural sediment flows either through dam construction (thereby reducing riverine sediment sources) or construction of littoral barriers such as jetties, or by deepening of inlets; thus preventing longshore transport of sediment across these channels.

text: Many areas of high erosion are due to human activities. Reasons can include:

text: seawall

text: s locking up

text: sand dunes

text: , coastal structures like ports and harbors that prevent

text: longshore transport

text: dam

text: s and other river management structures. These activities interfere with the natural sediment flows either through

text: dam

text: construction (thereby reducing riverine sediment sources) or construction of littoral barriers such as

text: jetties

text: , or by deepening of inlets; thus preventing longshore transport of sediment across these channels.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural sediment flows

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Many areas of high erosion are due to human activities.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Many areas of high erosion are due to human activities.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: human activities.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Many areas of high erosion are due to human activities.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: human activities.

text: The diversity of the landscapes of the United States can be easily seen on the shaded relief image to the right. The stark contrast between the ‘rough' texture of the western US and the ‘smooth' central and eastern regions is immediately apparent. Differences in roughness (topographic relief) result from a variety of processes acting on the underlying rock. The plate tectonic history of a region strongly influences the rock type and structure exposed at the surface, but differing rates of erosion that accompany changing climates can also have profound impacts on the land.

text: The diversity of the landscapes of the United States can be easily seen on the shaded relief image to the right. The stark contrast between the ‘rough' texture of the

text: western US

text: and the ‘smooth'

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: regions is immediately apparent. Differences in roughness (topographic relief) result from a variety of processes acting on the underlying rock. The plate tectonic history of a region strongly influences the rock type and structure exposed at the surface, but differing rates of erosion that accompany changing climates can also have profound impacts on the land.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonic history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonic history

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock type

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The diversity of the landscapes of the United States

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonic history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structure exposed at the surface,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonic history

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ‘rough'

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: differing rates of erosion that accompany changing climates

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The plate tectonic history

text: The separation of mineral from gangue is known as mineral processing, mineral dressing or ore dressing and it is a necessary and often significant aspect of mining. It can be a complicated process, depending on the nature of the minerals involved. For example, galena, an ore of lead, is usually found in large pieces within its gangue, so it does not normally need extensive processing to remove it; but cassiterite, the chief ore of tin, is usually disseminated as very small crystals throughout its gangue, so when it is mined from hard rock, the ore-bearing rock first needs to be crushed very finely, and then has to be subjected to sophisticated processes to separate the ore.

text: The separation of mineral from gangue is known as

text: mineral processing

text: , mineral dressing or ore dressing and it is a necessary and often significant aspect of

text: mining

text: . It can be a complicated process, depending on the nature of the minerals involved. For example,

text: galena

text: , an ore of lead, is usually found in large pieces within its gangue, so it does not normally need extensive processing to remove it; but

text: cassiterite

text: , the chief ore of

text: tin

text: , is usually disseminated as very small crystals throughout its gangue, so when it is

text: mined from hard rock

text: , the ore-bearing rock first needs to be crushed very finely, and then has to be subjected to sophisticated processes to separate the ore.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: mineral processing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The separation of mineral from gangue

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The separation of mineral from gangue

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cassiterite,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crushed very finely,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The separation of mineral from gangue

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: cassiterite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: cassiterite,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: mineral processing,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: mineral processing, mineral dressing or ore dressing

text: In the 1960s, there were two main types of psychedelic rock: the whimsical British variant, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. The terms "psychedelic rock" and "acid rock" are often deployed interchangeably, but "acid rock" sometimes refers to the more extreme ends of the genre. Psychedelic rock influenced the creation of psychedelic soul and bridged the transition from early blues- and folk music-based rock to progressive rock, glam rock, hard rock and as a result influenced the development of subgenres such as heavy metal. Since the late 1970s it has been revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia.

text: In the 1960s, there were two main types of psychedelic rock: the whimsical British variant, and the harder American West Coast

text: acid rock

text: . The terms "psychedelic rock" and "acid rock" are often deployed interchangeably, but "acid rock" sometimes refers to the more extreme ends of the genre. Psychedelic rock influenced the creation of

text: psychedelic soul

text: and bridged the transition from early

text: blues

text: - and

text: folk music

text: -based rock to

text: progressive rock

text: glam rock

text: hard rock

text: and as a result influenced the development of subgenres such as

text: heavy metal

text: . Since the late 1970s it has been revived in various forms of

text: neo-psychedelia

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: influenced the development of subgenres such as heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: progressive rock, glam rock, hard rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: psychedelic rock:

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: acid rock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: acid rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: acid rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: neo-psychedelia.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Psychedelic rock

text: The textures of dynamic metamorphic zones are dependent on the depth at which they were formed, as the temperature and confining pressure determine the deformation mechanisms which predominate. Within depths less than 5 km, dynamic metamorphism is not often produced because the confining pressure is too low to produce frictional heat. Instead, a zone of breccia or cataclasite is formed, with the rock milled and broken into random fragments. This generally forms a mélange. At depth, the angular breccias transit into a ductile shear texture and into mylonite zones.

text: The textures of dynamic metamorphic zones are dependent on the depth at which they were formed, as the temperature and confining pressure determine the

text: deformation mechanism

text: s which predominate. Within depths less than 5 km, dynamic metamorphism is not often produced because the confining pressure is too low to produce frictional heat. Instead, a zone of

text: breccia

text: or

text: cataclasite

text: is formed, with the rock milled and broken into random fragments. This generally forms a

text: mélange

text: . At depth, the angular breccias transit into a ductile shear texture and into mylonite zones.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: depth at which they were formed

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dynamic metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mylonite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cataclasite

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The textures of dynamic metamorphic zones

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic zones

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and confining pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: deformation mechanisms

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dynamic metamorphic zones

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: breccia or cataclasite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: mylonite zones.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dynamic metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: dynamic metamorphic zones

text: {| class="wikitable"|-! Band || Active || Notes|-| 10 Years ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge and progressive metal.|-| 12 Stones ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge, alternative rock, hard rock and christian rock.|-| 36 Crazyfists ||Yes|| Also classed as metalcore, post-hardcore and nu metal.|-| 311 ||Yes|| Also classed as reggae rock, alternative rock, rap metal, funk rock, rap rock and funk metal.|-| Alice in Chains || Yes || Also classed as grunge, heavy metal, doom metal, sludge metal, dark metal and alternative rock.|-| Alien Ant Farm ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, nu metal, pop punk and post-grunge.|-| Alter Bridge ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock and heavy metal.|-| Anthrax ||Yes|| Also classed as thrash metal, heavy metal, groove metal, speed metal, rap metal and grunge.

text: {| class="wikitable"|-! Band || Active || Notes|-|

text: 10 Years

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: and

text: progressive metal

text: 12 Stones

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: and

text: christian rock

text: 36 Crazyfists

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: metalcore

text: post-hardcore

text: and

text: nu metal

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: reggae rock

text: alternative rock

text: rap metal

text: funk rock

text: rap rock

text: and

text: funk metal

text: Alice in Chains

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: grunge

text: heavy metal

text: doom metal

text: sludge metal

text: dark metal

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Alien Ant Farm

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: nu metal

text: pop punk

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Alter Bridge

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Anthrax

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: thrash metal

text: heavy metal

text: groove metal

text: speed metal

text: rap metal

text: and

text: grunge

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: || Yes|| Also classed as intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic and sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: alternative rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Alice in Chains

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Alice in Chains

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: post-grunge and progressive metal.|-|

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: post-grunge and progressive metal.|-|

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: 10 Years

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Anthrax

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Alice in Chains

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sludge metal,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Alice in Chains

text: This type of rock formation and weathering process has happened in many other places locally and throughout the world, but what makes Meteora's appearance special is firstly the uniformity of the sedimentary rock constituents deposited over millions of years leaving few signs of vertical layering, and secondly the localised abrupt vertical weathering.

text: This type of rock formation and weathering process has happened in many other places locally and throughout the world, but what makes Meteora's appearance special is firstly the uniformity of the sedimentary rock constituents deposited over millions of years leaving few signs of vertical layering, and secondly the localised abrupt vertical weathering.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: vertical layering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: localised abrupt vertical weathering.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: vertical layering,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Meteora's

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: localised abrupt vertical weathering.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: localised abrupt vertical weathering.

text: The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the Exner equation. This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow changes the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles: examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of meander bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional: erosion can occur due to dam removal and base level fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool, and deposit its entire load or due to base level rise.

text: The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the

text: Exner equation

text: . This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow changes the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles: examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of

text: meander

text: bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional: erosion can occur due to

text: dam removal

text: and

text: base level

text: fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool, and deposit its entire load or due to base level rise.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: scour holes behind boulders,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Exner equation.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Exner equation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bed elevation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion and deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: boulders,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Exner equation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Exner equation.

text: The evolving melt will remain here until it fractionates enough (through MASH processes) that the remaining melt is less dense than the surrounding rock; the melt will then continue up into the crust, leaving behind the heavier mafic minerals which were crystallized during fractional crystallization. The assemblage of minerals remaining behind are typically mafic or ultramafic, and are responsible for the observed seismic anomaly which indicates underplated material.

text: The evolving melt will remain here until it fractionates enough (through MASH processes) that the remaining melt is less dense than the surrounding rock; the melt will then continue up into the crust, leaving behind the heavier

text: mafic

text: minerals which were crystallized during

text: fractional crystallization

text: . The assemblage of minerals remaining behind are typically mafic or

text: ultramafic

text: , and are responsible for the observed

text: seismic anomaly

text: which indicates underplated material.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: MASH processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mafic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The evolving melt

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The evolving melt

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: assemblage of minerals remaining behind are typically mafic or ultramafic,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: MASH processes)

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: less dense than the surrounding rock;

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionates

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: MASH processes) that the remaining melt is less dense than the surrounding rock;

text: The Ordovician turbidites, consisting of greywacke, feldspathic sandstone, micaceous siltstone, micaceous shale, chert, and phyllite, are very similar in all parts of the Tasman Orogen, including New Zealand and the Transantarctic Mountains. Detrital zircons from the turbidites have been isotopically dated with age ranges of 0.46 and 0.60 Gya, 1.0 and 1.2 Gya, and at ~1.8 Gya, ~2.2 Gya and ~2.7 Gya. These do not match the age of zircons from the interior of the Australian Shield, so the source of the sediments is from another continent. The other evidence from the Ordovician sediments are chemical composition indicates granitic source, with the absence of feldspar. Secondly the fine grained nature shows the sediments have been transported a long way from their ultimate, source, and could have been second cycle, derived from sedimentary rocks.

text: The Ordovician

text: turbidite

text: s, consisting of

text: greywacke

text: , feldspathic sandstone, micaceous siltstone, micaceous shale, chert, and

text: phyllite

text: , are very similar in all parts of the Tasman Orogen, including New Zealand and the

text: Transantarctic Mountains

text: . Detrital

text: zircon

text: s from the turbidites have been

text: isotopically dated

text: with age ranges of 0.46 and 0.60 Gya, 1.0 and 1.2 Gya, and at ~1.8 Gya, ~2.2 Gya and ~2.7 Gya. These do not match the age of zircons from the interior of the

text: Australian Shield

text: , so the source of the sediments is from another continent. The other evidence from the Ordovician sediments are chemical composition indicates granitic source, with the absence of feldspar. Secondly the fine grained nature shows the sediments have been transported a long way from their ultimate, source, and could have been second cycle, derived from sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: second cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: feldspar

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition indicates granitic source,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: second cycle, derived from sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: feldspar.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: second cycle,

text: The type of dominating deformation process also has a great impact on the types of rocks and structures found at certain depths within the Earth's crust. As evident from Fig. 1.1, different geological formations and rocks are found in accordance to the dominant deformation process. Gouge and Breccia form in the uppermost, brittle regime while Cataclasite and Pseudotachylite form in the lower parts of the brittle regime, edging upon the transition zone. Mylonite forms in the more ductile regime at greater depths while Blastomylonite forms well past the transition zone and well into the ductile regime, even deeper into the crust.

text: The type of dominating deformation process also has a great impact on the types of rocks and structures found at certain depths within the Earth's crust. As evident from Fig. 1.1, different geological formations and rocks are found in accordance to the dominant deformation process. Gouge and

text: Breccia

text: form in the uppermost, brittle regime while

text: Cataclasite

text: and

text: Pseudotachylite

text: form in the lower parts of the brittle regime, edging upon the transition zone.

text: Mylonite

text: forms in the more ductile regime at greater depths while Blastomylonite forms well past the transition zone and well into the ductile regime, even deeper into the crust.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: dominant deformation process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ductility

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dominant deformation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ductile

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: brittle regime

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different geological formations

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Fig. 1.1,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: dominating deformation process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ductile

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dominating deformation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ductile regime at greater depths while Blastomylonite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Cataclasite and Pseudotachylite

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deformation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rocks and structures found at certain depths within the Earth's crust.

text: The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano.

text: The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create

text: accommodation space

text: for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below.

text: Dikes

text: , long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of

text: dike swarm

text: s, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the

text: lava tube

text: of a volcano.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: addition of new rock units

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The addition of new rock units,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusively,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Dikes,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deformation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Volcanic ashes

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: deformation.

text: Regional metamorphism, also known as dynamic metamorphism, is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area. Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic, except for recent igneous intrusions. Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create orogenic belts, and cause high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion, they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface. The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock's previous history. Recrystallization of the rock will destroy the textures and fossils present in sedimentary rocks. Metasomatism will change the original composition.

text: Regional metamorphism, also known as dynamic metamorphism, is the name given to changes in great masses of rock over a wide area. Rocks can be metamorphosed simply by being at great depths below the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure caused by the immense weight of the rock layers above. Much of the lower continental crust is metamorphic, except for recent igneous intrusions. Horizontal tectonic movements such as the collision of continents create

text: orogenic belts

text: , and cause high temperatures, pressures and deformation in the rocks along these belts. If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by

text: erosion

text: , they may occur in long belts or other large areas at the surface. The process of metamorphism may have destroyed the original features that could have revealed the rock's previous history.

text: Recrystallization

text: of the rock will destroy the textures and

text: fossil

text: s present in sedimentary rocks. Metasomatism will change the original composition.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: original composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: recent igneous intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Horizontal tectonic movements

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: original composition.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism may have destroyed the original features

text: The main event at Backlash was the encounter of Goldberg and The Rock; the main feud from the Raw brand heading into the event. The feud began on the March 31, 2003 episode of Raw, where The Rock held a segment entitled The Rock Appreciation Night, a segment intended to promote his win against Steve Austin at WrestleMania XIX. During the segment, The Rock discussed the list of people he has beaten in his career including Steve Austin, wondering who would challenge him next into a match. Goldberg then made his WWE debut, as he came down to the ring and stated that he would be The Rock's next challenge. After the confrontation, Goldberg speared The Rock. The following week on Raw, Goldberg and The Rock had another confrontation, where Goldberg provoked The Rock into answering his challenge, but The Rock refused. The Rock finally accepted Goldberg's challenge on the April 14, 2003 episode of Raw via satellite. The week before Backlash, the feud intensified as The Rock held another segment entitled The Rock Concert, where he mocked Goldberg with Gillberg, a wrestler whose gimmick was to parody Goldberg. Later into the segment, Goldberg appeared from the audience and entered the ring, only to have The Rock execute a Rock Bottom on him.

text: The

text: main event

text: at Backlash was the encounter of

text: Goldberg

text: and

text: The Rock

text: ; the main

text: feud

text: from the

text: Raw

text: brand

text: heading into the event. The feud began on the March 31, 2003 episode of Raw, where The Rock held a segment entitled The Rock Appreciation Night, a segment intended to promote his win against

text: Steve Austin

text: at

text: WrestleMania XIX

text: . During the segment, The Rock discussed the list of people he has beaten in his career including Steve Austin, wondering who would challenge him next into a match. Goldberg then made his WWE debut, as he came down to the ring and stated that he would be The Rock's next challenge. After the confrontation, Goldberg

text: speared

text: The Rock. The following week on Raw, Goldberg and The Rock had another confrontation, where Goldberg provoked The Rock into answering his challenge, but The Rock refused. The Rock finally accepted Goldberg's challenge on the April 14, 2003 episode of Raw via satellite. The week before Backlash, the feud intensified as The Rock held another segment entitled The Rock Concert, where he mocked Goldberg with

text: Gillberg

text: , a wrestler whose

entity_name: Glossary of professional wrestling terms

text: gimmick

text: was to parody Goldberg. Later into the segment, Goldberg appeared from the audience and entered the ring, only to have The Rock execute a

text: Rock Bottom

text: on him.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The Rock Appreciation Night

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Rock Appreciation Night,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: WrestleMania XIX.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: who would challenge him next into a match.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: WrestleMania XIX.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Bottom

text: The rocks in question are part of a metamorphosed supracrustal sequence located at the south-western tip of the island. The sequence has been dated as no younger than 3.85 billion years old - that is,  in the Hadean eon - based on the age of an igneous band that cuts the rock.  The supracrustal sequence contains layers rich in iron and silica, which are variously interpreted as banded iron formation, chemical sediments from submarine hot springs, or hydrothermal vein deposits. Carbon in the rock, present as graphite, shows low levels of carbon-13, which may suggest an origin as isotopically light organic matter derived from living organisms.  However, this interpretation is complicated because of high-grade metamorphism that  affected the Akilia rocks after their formation. The sedimentary origin, age and the carbon content of the rocks have been questioned.

text: The rocks in question are part of a

text: metamorphosed

text: supracrustal

text: sequence located at the south-western tip of the island. The sequence has been dated as no younger than 3.85 billion years old - that is,  in the

text: Hadean

text: eon - based on the age of an

text: igneous

text: band that cuts the rock.  The supracrustal sequence contains layers rich in

text: iron

text: and

text: silica

text: , which are variously interpreted as

text: banded iron formation

text: , chemical sediments from

text: submarine hot springs

text: , or

text: hydrothermal

text: vein deposits.

text: Carbon

text: in the rock, present as

text: graphite

text: , shows low levels of

text: , which may suggest an origin as

text: isotopically

text: light organic matter derived from living organisms.  However, this interpretation is complicated because of high-grade

text: metamorphism

text: that  affected the Akilia rocks after their formation. The sedimentary origin, age and the carbon content of the rocks have been questioned.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: age of an igneous band

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hydrothermal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydrothermal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphosed supracrustal sequence

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphosed supracrustal

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: age of an igneous band

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age and the carbon content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hydrothermal vein deposits.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: supracrustal sequence

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydrothermal vein deposits.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed supracrustal sequence

text: Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks,  or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

text: Igneous rock (derived from the

text: Latin

text: word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main

text: rock types

text: , the others being

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: . Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of

text: magma

text: or

text: lava

text: . The magma can be derived from

text: partial melts

text: of existing rocks in either a

text: planet

text: 's

text: mantle

text: or

text: crust

text: . Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in

text: temperature

text: , a decrease in

text: pressure

text: , or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as

text: intrusive

text: rocks or on the surface as

text: extrusive

text: rocks. Igneous rock may form with

text: crystallization

text: to form granular, crystalline rocks,  or without crystallization to form

text: natural glass

text: es.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification of magma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: with crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: an increase in temperature,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: granular, crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Igneous rock

text: A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In 1757, the German hydrologist Albert Brahms empirically observed that the submerged weight of objects that may be carried away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. This formulation is also sometimes called Airy's law. Thus, if the speed of flow is doubled, the flow would dislodge objects with 64 times as much submerged weight. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U-shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V-shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where a river flows over flatter land, meanders may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous deltas at their mouths. Rivers whose mouths are in saline tidal waters may form estuaries.

text: A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In 1757, the German hydrologist

text: Albert Brahms

text: empirically observed that the submerged weight of objects that may be carried away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. This formulation is also sometimes called Airy's law. Thus, if the speed of flow is doubled, the flow would dislodge objects with 64 times as much submerged weight. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U-shaped

text: glaciated

text: valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V-shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where a river flows over flatter land,

text: meander

text: s may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an

text: oxbow lake

text: or

text: billabong

text: . Rivers that carry large amounts of

text: sediment

text: may develop conspicuous

text: deltas

text: at their mouths. Rivers whose mouths are in saline

text: tidal

text: waters may form

text: estuaries

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: submerged weight

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: destruction of larger rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a river

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: erosion channels through hard rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sixth power of the river flow speed.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: submerged weight

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: destruction of larger rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sands and gravels

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sixth power of the river flow speed.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Airy's law.

text: There are four primary types of sedimentary rocks: clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical.

text: There are four primary types of

text: sedimentary rocks

text: : clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: four primary types of sedimentary rocks:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: four primary types of sedimentary rocks:

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: evaporites, and chemical.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chemical.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical.

text: The term porphyry is also used for a mineral deposit called a "copper porphyry".  The different stages of cooling that create porphyritic textures in intrusive and hypabyssal porphyritic rocks also lead to a separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones. This process, which occurs primarily when fluids are driven off the cooling magma, is one of the main reasons for the existence in the world of rich, localized metal ore deposits such as those of gold, copper, molybdenum, lead, tin, zinc, rhenium and tungsten. This enrichment occurs in the porphyry itself, or in other related igneous rocks or surrounding country rocks, especially carbonate rock (in a process similar to skarns). Collectively, these type of deposits are known as "porphyry copper deposits".

text: The term porphyry is also used for a mineral deposit called a "copper porphyry".  The different stages of cooling that create porphyritic textures in intrusive and

text: hypabyssal

text: porphyritic rocks also lead to a separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones. This process, which occurs primarily when fluids are driven off the cooling magma, is one of the main reasons for the existence in the world of rich, localized metal ore deposits such as those of

text: gold

text: copper

text: molybdenum

text: lead

text: tin

text: zinc

text: rhenium

text: and

text: tungsten

text: . This enrichment occurs in the porphyry itself, or in other related igneous rocks or surrounding country rocks, especially

text: carbonate rock

text: (in a process similar to

text: skarn

text: s). Collectively, these type of deposits are known as "porphyry copper deposits".

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fluids

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: skarns

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: skarns

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive and hypabyssal porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porphyritic textures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: skarns).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: carbonate rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: porphyritic textures

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: separation of dissolved metals into distinct zones.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "copper porphyry".

text: The characteristic rocks of obducted oceanic lithosphere are the ophiolites. Ophiolites are an assemblage of oceanic lithosphere rocks that have been emplaced onto a continent. This assemblage consists of deep-marine sedimentary rock (chert, limestone, clastic sediments), volcanic rocks (pillow lavas, glass, ash, sheeted dykes and gabbros) and peridotite (mantle rock).

text: The characteristic rocks of obducted oceanic lithosphere are the

text: ophiolites

text: . Ophiolites are an assemblage of oceanic lithosphere rocks that have been emplaced onto a continent. This assemblage consists of deep-marine sedimentary rock (chert, limestone, clastic sediments), volcanic rocks (

text: pillow lava

text: s, glass, ash,

text: sheeted dykes

text: and

text: gabbro

text: s) and

text: peridotite

text: (mantle rock).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: ophiolites

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pillow lavas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the type of rock that have been emplaced onto a continent?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: emplaced

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ophiolites.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: ophiolites.

text: Geologically the Ivrea zone is considered a part of the Southern Alps. Most rocks in the zone are sedimentary, for example limestones that have been turned into marble by metamorphism. Most of the zone has been through granulite facies metamorphism and was intruded by mafic plutons. This is the type of rock common in the lower regions of the crust. When the terrane was uplifted during the formation of the Alps, the upper crust was eroded off so that these rocks are now at the surface.

text: Geologically the Ivrea zone is considered a part of the

text: Southern Alps

text: . Most rocks in the zone are

text: sedimentary

text: , for example

text: limestone

text: s that have been turned into

text: marble

text: by

text: metamorphism

text: . Most of the zone has been through

text: granulite facies

text: metamorphism and was intruded by

text: mafic

text: pluton

text: s. This is the type of rock common in the lower regions of the crust. When the terrane was

text: uplifted

text: during the formation of the Alps, the upper crust was eroded off so that these rocks are now at the surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: limestones that have been turned into marble by metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mafic plutons.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: marble by metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within orogenic belts. These rocks commonly exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called foliation. Another main type of metamorphism is caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding country rock. This contact metamorphism results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock (metasomatism). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.

text: Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within

text: orogenic belts

text: . These rocks commonly exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called

text: foliation

text: . Another main type of metamorphism is caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding country rock. This contact metamorphism results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock (

text: metasomatism

text: ). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what type of rock is metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: extreme heat

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: re-crystallized

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: re-crystallized

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (metasomatism).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified

text: The fifth match was between The Rock and The Undertaker. After Rock kicked out of a Chokeslam, Undertaker threw the referee into the steel steps and retrieved a lead pipe from his motorbike. Ric Flair interfered, attacking Undertaker but Undertaker performed a Big Boot on Flair. Undertaker attempted to hit Rock with the pipe but Rock applied the Sharpshooter on Undertaker. Vince McMahon interfered, distracting the referee. Rock attacked Vince, which distracted the referee. Undertaker attempted a Tombstone Piledriver on Rock but Flair hit Undertaker with the pipe and Rock pinned Undertaker after a Rock Bottom to win the match.

text: The fifth match was between

text: The Rock

text: and

text: The Undertaker

text: . After Rock kicked out of a Chokeslam, Undertaker threw the referee into the steel steps and retrieved a lead pipe from his motorbike.

text: Ric Flair

text: interfered, attacking Undertaker but Undertaker performed a Big Boot on Flair. Undertaker attempted to hit Rock with the pipe but Rock applied the Sharpshooter on Undertaker. Vince McMahon interfered, distracting the referee. Rock attacked Vince, which distracted the referee. Undertaker attempted a Tombstone Piledriver on Rock but Flair hit Undertaker with the pipe and Rock pinned Undertaker after a Rock Bottom to win the match.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: a Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Chokeslam

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Chokeslam,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The fifth match was between The Rock and The Undertaker.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Chokeslam,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Chokeslam,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Tombstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Chokeslam,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Chokeslam,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Bottom to win the match.

text: Fractional crystallization and accumulation of crystals formed during the differentiation process of a magmatic event are known as cumulate rocks, and those parts are the first which crystallize out of the magma. Identifying whether a rock is a cumulate or not is crucial for understanding if it can be modelled back to a primary melt or a primitive melt, and identifying whether the magma has dropped out cumulate minerals is equally important even for rocks which carry no phenocrysts.

text: Fractional crystallization and accumulation of crystals formed during the differentiation process of a magmatic event are known as cumulate rocks, and those parts are the first which crystallize out of the magma. Identifying whether a rock is a cumulate or not is crucial for understanding if it can be modelled back to a primary melt or a primitive melt, and identifying whether the magma has dropped out cumulate minerals is equally important even for rocks which carry no

text: phenocryst

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: differentiation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: primary melt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks which carry no phenocrysts.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: cumulate rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cumulate rocks,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: phenocrysts.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: differentiation process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: primary melt or a primitive melt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: cumulate rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: cumulate rocks,

text: This forms disseminated needle like millerite crystals dispersed throughout the rock mass.

text: This forms disseminated needle like millerite crystals dispersed throughout the rock mass.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock mass.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: disseminated needle like millerite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: disseminated needle like millerite crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: disseminated needle like millerite crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: disseminated needle like millerite crystals dispersed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: millerite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: disseminated needle like millerite crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: disseminated needle like millerite crystals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: millerite crystals dispersed throughout the rock mass.

text: They are the oldest igneous rocks, with crystallization ages of around 4.55 billion years.

text: They are the oldest

text: igneous rocks

text: , with

text: crystallization

text: ages of around 4.55 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization ages

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization ages of around 4.55 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization ages

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 4.55 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 4.55 billion years.

text: South of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the zone of core mountains is present. The core is formed by the Tatric unit composed predominantly by Paleozoic metamorphic rock, younger plutonic rock, and Carboniferous to Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Basement rock was formed during the Hercynian orogeny when a strong regional metamorphism affected the area. Paragneisses and amphibolites are most abundant, but low grade metamorphic rock is also present. Later, at the end of Hercynian orogeny in the Carboniferous and Permian, the area was intruded by granitic rock and strongly affected by erosion, which affected even the deeply situated granites. The autochthonous Carboniferous, Permian and most commonly Mesozoic sediments are onlaping the crystalline basement. They are represented by greywackes, quartz sandstones, shales, limestones, and marls. Sedimentary cover of the Tatric unit is overridden by Mesozoic nappes. Nappes are large slabs of the Mesozoic carbonate rock with similar sedimentary sequence as present in the Tatric cover. There are two so-called Subtatric nappes: the lower called the Kížna nappe (or the Fatric) and the upper called Choč nappe (or the Hronic). The Fatric is characterised by the occurrence of thicker formations of the Carpathian Keuper. The Hronic is typical with the occurrence of Permian andesitic-basalts (so called Ipoltica Group) and a larger thickness of variable Triassic carbonate rock. Thrusting of the nappes took place in the Upper Cretaceous, probably during the Turonian. The whole area was not so rangy as it is today. Uplift of the mountains took place at the end of the Oligocene and in the Miocene. It caused the uplift of the horsts, usually asymmetric, on the South flank, steeply bounded by normal faults and slightly declining to the North flank. The crystalline basement is usually uncovered on the South flank of the horsts. The horsts form two rows of mountains. The northern (outer) row consists of the Malé Karpaty Mts. (Pezinok part and Hainburg Mts.), Považský Inovec Mts., Strážovské vrchy Mts., Malá Fatra Mts., and Tatra Mts. The Southern row of core mountains includes the Tríbeč Mts., Žiar Mts., Veľká Fatra Mts., Chočské vrchy Mts., The Eastern part of Nízke Tatry Mts. (so called Ďumbierske Tatry) and Branisko Mts..

text: South of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the zone of core mountains is present. The core is formed by the

text: Tatric

text: unit composed predominantly by

text: Paleozoic

text: metamorphic rock, younger plutonic rock, and

text: Carboniferous

text: to

text: Mesozoic

text: sedimentary cover. Basement rock was formed during the

text: Hercynian orogeny

text: when a strong regional

text: metamorphism

text: affected the area.

text: Paragneiss

text: es and

text: amphibolite

text: s are most abundant, but low grade metamorphic rock is also present. Later, at the end of Hercynian orogeny in the Carboniferous and

text: Permian

text: , the area was intruded by

text: granitic rock

text: and strongly affected by

text: erosion

text: , which affected even the deeply situated granites. The

text: autochthon

text: ous Carboniferous, Permian and most commonly

text: Mesozoic

text: sediments are

text: onlap

text: ing the crystalline basement. They are represented by

text: greywacke

text: s, quartz

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: shale

text: s,

text: limestone

text: s, and

text: marl

text: s. Sedimentary cover of the Tatric unit is overridden by Mesozoic nappes. Nappes are large slabs of the Mesozoic carbonate rock with similar sedimentary sequence as present in the Tatric cover. There are two so-called

text: Subtatric nappes

text: : the lower called the

text: Kížna nappe

text: (or the

text: Fatric

text: ) and the upper called

text: Choč nappe

text: (or the

text: Hronic

text: ). The Fatric is characterised by the occurrence of thicker formations of the

text: Carpathian Keuper

text: . The Hronic is typical with the occurrence of Permian

text: andesitic

text: basalt

text: s (so called

text: Ipoltica Group

text: ) and a larger thickness of variable

text: Triassic

text: carbonate rock. Thrusting of the nappes took place in the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: , probably during the

text: Turonian

text: . The whole area was not so rangy as it is today. Uplift of the mountains took place at the end of the

text: Oligocene

text: and in the

text: Miocene

text: . It caused the uplift of the

text: horsts

text: , usually asymmetric, on the South flank, steeply bounded by

text: normal fault

text: s and slightly declining to the North flank. The crystalline basement is usually uncovered on the South flank of the horsts. The horsts form two rows of mountains. The northern (outer) row consists of the

text: Malé Karpaty Mts.

text: Pezinok

text: part and

text: Hainburg Mts.

text: Považský Inovec Mts.

text: Strážovské vrchy Mts.

text: Malá Fatra Mts.

text: , and

text: Tatra Mts

text: . The Southern row of core mountains includes the

text: Tríbeč Mts.

text: Žiar Mts.

text: Veľká Fatra Mts.

text: Chočské vrchy Mts.

text: , The Eastern part of

text: Nízke Tatry Mts.

text: (so called Ďumbierske Tatry) and

text: Branisko Mts.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sedimentary cover

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift of the horsts

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline basement

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the crystalline basement?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Mesozoic nappes.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Cho<unk> nappe

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Mesozoic nappes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thicker formations

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Uplift

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Basement rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Mesozoic nappes.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Thrusting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: horsts,

text: Layered gabbro and dolerite of Silurian age occur at Kapp Laura in easternmost Nordaustlandet, on the island of Storøya, and in the eastern part of the island of Kvitøya. On Andréeneset, in the southern part of Kvitøya, gneisses and granites are the most common rock types. Four generations of rocks: gneiss, amphibolite, and grey and pink granite are present on Isispynten, a headland east of Austfonna. South of Wahlenbergfjorden there is a large area with sedimentary rocks – mostly limestone and dolomite – from the Carboniferous and Permian. The youngest rocks in Nordaustlandet are Jurassic–Cretaceous dolerite dikes, which intrude the basement rocks on the island of Lågøya and in the outlet of Brennevinsfjorden.

text: Layered

text: gabbro

text: and

text: dolerite

text: of Silurian age occur at

text: Kapp Laura

text: in easternmost Nordaustlandet, on the island of

text: Storøya

text: , and in the eastern part of the island of

text: Kvitøya

text: . On

text: Andréeneset

text: , in the southern part of Kvitøya, gneisses and granites are the most common rock types. Four generations of rocks: gneiss,

text: amphibolite

text: , and grey and pink granite are present on

text: Isispynten

text: , a headland east of Austfonna. South of

text: Wahlenbergfjorden

text: there is a large area with

text: sedimentary rock

text: s – mostly

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

text: – from the Carboniferous and Permian. The youngest rocks in Nordaustlandet are Jurassic–Cretaceous dolerite dikes, which intrude the basement rocks on the island of

text: Lågøya

text: and in the outlet of

text: Brennevinsfjorden

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Four generations

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Four generations of rocks:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Silurian age

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Four generations

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolerite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Kvit<unk>ya.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Kvit<unk>ya.

text: Rocks in the anchorage include Saavedra Rock and Romero Rock.

text: Rocks in the anchorage include

text: Saavedra Rock

text: and

text: Romero Rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks in the anchorage

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Saavedra Rock and Romero Rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: anchorage

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: anchorage

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rocks in the anchorage

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Saavedra Rock and Romero Rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rocks in the anchorage

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Saavedra Rock and Romero Rock.

text: An alternative metaphor is the “crystallized self,” a notion that pulls from Laurel Richardson’s (2001) epistemological notion of "crystallization". The “crystallized self” is considered a positive term that helps people to experience and talk about the self in more appropriately politicized and layered ways. Tracy and Tretheway say:“The crystallized self is neither real nor fake…. The crystallized self is multidimensional; the more facets, the more beautiful and complex. Certainly crystals may feel solid, stable, and fixed. But just as crystals have differing forms, depending upon whether they grow rapidly or slowly, under constant or fluctuating conditions, or from highly variable or remarkably uniform fluids or gasses, crystallized selves have different shapes depending on the various discourses through which they are constructed and constrained” (Tracy & Trethewey, 2005, p. 186).Viewing the self as crystallized moves away from ideas of which parts of the self are more “authentic” and rather suggests that the self is constructed through context and communication. Multiple facets can be “real” and competing simultaneously.

text: An alternative metaphor is the “crystallized self,” a notion that pulls from Laurel Richardson’s (2001)

text: epistemological

text: notion of "crystallization". The “crystallized self” is considered a positive term that helps people to experience and talk about the self in more appropriately politicized and layered ways. Tracy and Tretheway say:“The crystallized self is neither real nor fake…. The crystallized self is multidimensional; the more facets, the more beautiful and complex. Certainly crystals may feel solid, stable, and fixed. But just as crystals have differing forms, depending upon whether they grow rapidly or slowly, under constant or fluctuating conditions, or from highly variable or remarkably uniform fluids or gasses, crystallized selves have different shapes depending on the various discourses through which they are constructed and constrained” (Tracy & Trethewey, 2005, p. 186).Viewing the self as crystallized moves away from ideas of which parts of the self are more “authentic” and rather suggests that the self is constructed through context and communication. Multiple facets can be “real” and competing simultaneously.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystals have differing forms,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: “crystallized self,”

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: highly variable or remarkably uniform fluids or gasses,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: forms,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: constant or fluctuating conditions,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystals have differing forms, depending upon whether they grow rapidly or slowly,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "crystallization".

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: “crystallized self,”

text: The high mountain ranges produced by continental collisions are immediately subjected to the forces of erosion. Erosion wears down the mountains and massive piles of sediment are developed in adjacent ocean margins, shallow seas, and as continental deposits. As these sediment piles are buried deeper they become lithified into sedimentary rock. The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks of the mountains become the new piles of sediments in the adjoining basins and eventually become sedimentary rock.

text: The high mountain ranges produced by continental collisions are immediately subjected to the forces of erosion. Erosion wears down the mountains and massive piles of sediment are developed in adjacent ocean margins, shallow seas, and as continental deposits. As these sediment piles are buried deeper they become lithified into sedimentary rock. The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks of the mountains become the new piles of sediments in the adjoining basins and eventually become sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sedimentary rock.

text: A solo show named Swimming Rocks which was on exhibit on June 27, 2014 at the Art Gallery of Kırmızı Ardıç Kuşu, Gallery Metazori in Çeşme, Alaçatı where Gülan spent most of his childhood is not only the name of the exhibition, but also one of the significant artworks in the exhibition, the Swimming Rocks are pumice typed rocks that can float on the sea and be found in Aegean Sea, especially in Çeşme and Alaçatı inspiring the artist in this process. Gülan made a sculpture, named Swimming Rocks from these and other stones; therefore this and some other sculptural pieces float on the sea and in the gallery. He made floating figurative, human-sized sculptures covered with stone. The artworks of Genco Gülan's mother, Tezer Gülan and his grandmother, Saime İzmiroğlu where also exhibited in the show. Genco Gülan had also a series called as “New Landscape” in this exhibition. This series being a conceptual/electronic interpretation of landscapes as barcodes dealing with questions, such as how the landscape pictures change in time, how different our landscapes became now and how the landscapes in the future will become. Gülan juxtaposed classical landscape paintings, barcodes and produced new pieces. Gülan also exhibited his new series; Digital Ghost in the show. The artist painted on large canvases; the non-existing images that appeared in his formatted laptop.

text: A solo show named Swimming Rocks which was on exhibit on June 27, 2014 at the Art Gallery of Kırmızı Ardıç Kuşu, Gallery Metazori in Çeşme, Alaçatı where Gülan spent most of his childhood is not only the name of the exhibition, but also one of the significant artworks in the exhibition, the Swimming Rocks are

text: pumice

text: typed rocks that can float on the sea and be found in

text: Aegean Sea

text: , especially in

text: Çeşme

text: and

text: Alaçatı

text: inspiring the artist in this process. Gülan made a sculpture, named Swimming Rocks from these and other stones; therefore this and some other sculptural pieces float on the sea and in the gallery. He made floating figurative, human-sized sculptures covered with stone. The artworks of Genco Gülan's mother, Tezer Gülan and his grandmother, Saime İzmiroğlu where also exhibited in the show. Genco Gülan had also a series called as “New Landscape” in this exhibition. This series being a conceptual/electronic interpretation of landscapes as barcodes dealing with questions, such as how the landscape pictures change in time, how different our landscapes became now and how the landscapes in the future will become. Gülan juxtaposed classical landscape paintings, barcodes and produced new pieces. Gülan also exhibited his new series; Digital Ghost in the show. The artist painted on large canvases; the non-existing images that appeared in his formatted laptop.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What are the four major groups of rocks?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: float

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: float

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: pumice typed rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Digital Ghost

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: float on the sea

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: float on the sea

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Swimming Rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Digital Ghost

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Genco Gülan

text: Modern geology acknowledges many different forms of rock formation, and explains the formation of sedimentary rock through processes very similar to those described by neptunism.

text: Modern geology acknowledges many different forms of rock formation, and explains the formation of

text: sedimentary rock

text: through processes very similar to those described by neptunism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Modern geology acknowledges many different forms of rock formation,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Modern geology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: neptunism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: neptunism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: neptunism.

text: A long thin sand and gravel spit named "Elephant Spit" extends for about  to the Southern Ocean from the eastern end of the island. From Big Ben, rock buttresses of exposed rock descending in a radial pattern have been created due to erosion of the volcanic formations. Glaciers have carried the eroded sediment to the downstream end of the island and formed the low land of the Nullarbor (gravel isthmus) between the two volcanoes, and further to the east in the Elephant Spit. The end of this spit is called "Spit Point", and the bay to the north is named "Spit Bay". To the southwest of this spit on the southeast coast of the island is the Winston Lagoon. Cape Gazert, on the northwestern coast of the island, is just to the south of South West Bay, a bay which lies between Cape Gazert and the peninsula on the northwestern tip of Heard Island, the Laurens Peninsula. This peninsula contains the Anzac peak at , with Red Island on the very northern tip of the island and peninsula. Immediately to the east of the peninsula along the northern coast is Atlas Cove, a small peninsula in turn separates it from Corinthian Bay, further to the east.

text: A long thin sand and gravel

text: spit

text: named "

text: Elephant Spit

text: " extends for about  to the Southern Ocean from the eastern end of the island. From Big Ben, rock buttresses of exposed rock descending in a radial pattern have been created due to erosion of the volcanic formations. Glaciers have carried the eroded sediment to the downstream end of the island and formed the low land of the Nullarbor (gravel isthmus) between the two volcanoes, and further to the east in the Elephant Spit. The end of this spit is called "Spit Point", and the bay to the north is named "Spit Bay". To the southwest of this spit on the southeast coast of the island is the Winston Lagoon. Cape Gazert, on the northwestern coast of the island, is just to the south of South West Bay, a bay which lies between Cape Gazert and the peninsula on the northwestern tip of Heard Island, the Laurens Peninsula. This peninsula contains the Anzac peak at , with Red Island on the very northern tip of the island and peninsula. Immediately to the east of the peninsula along the northern coast is Atlas Cove, a small peninsula in turn separates it from Corinthian Bay, further to the east.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock buttresses of exposed rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "Elephant Spit"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: descending in a radial pattern

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (gravel isthmus)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Laurens Peninsula.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock buttresses

text: The Belomorian Belt is a tectonic pile of metasedimentary, metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks which has been folded and metamorphosed several times. According to a study by Bibikova et al. (1999), the earliest metamorphic event took place ca. 2.8 Ga. "Sm-Nd isotope studies of whole rock metasediment samples have constrained their mean protolith ages to between 3.00 and 2.86 Ga, indicating a short prehistory....Zircons were separated from different localities and at various levels of the Belomorian tectonostratigraphical column. We have recognized three age groups of ancient cores at 3.2–3.1 Ga, 3.00–2.97 Ga and 2.93–2.90 Ga. The plus 3.1 Ga cores were obtained solely from localities in the northern part of the Belt. It has also been possible to distinguish three groups of metamorphic grains and overgrowths which are 2.84–2.80 Ga, 2.72–2.68 Ga and ca. 2.61 Ga old. The data presented confirm the absence of detrital material older than 3.2 Ga in the Belomorian metasediments. This differs from the adjacent Karelian craton where crustal rocks of about 3.4 Ga have been recorded. If these ages are representative of the rocks discussed, our data suggest that the Belomorian Belt represents a Neoarchaean accretionary environment in the vicinity of the Karelian craton." (Bibikova et al., 1999).

text: The Belomorian Belt is a tectonic pile of meta

text: sedimentary

text: , metavolcanic and meta

text: plutonic

text: rocks which has been folded and metamorphosed several times. According to a study by Bibikova et al. (1999), the earliest metamorphic event took place ca. 2.8 Ga. "

text: Sm-Nd

text: isotope

text: studies of whole rock metasediment samples have constrained their mean

text: protolith

text: ages to between 3.00 and 2.86 Ga, indicating a short prehistory....

text: Zircons

text: were separated from different localities and at various levels of the Belomorian

text: tectonostratigraphical

text: column. We have recognized three age groups of ancient cores at 3.2–3.1 Ga, 3.00–2.97 Ga and 2.93–2.90 Ga. The plus 3.1 Ga cores were obtained solely from localities in the northern part of the Belt. It has also been possible to distinguish three groups of

text: metamorphic

text: grains and overgrowths which are 2.84–2.80 Ga, 2.72–2.68 Ga and ca. 2.61 Ga old. The data presented confirm the absence of detrital material older than 3.2 Ga in the Belomorian metasediments. This differs from the adjacent

text: Karelian craton

text: where crustal rocks of about 3.4 Ga have been recorded. If these ages are representative of the rocks discussed, our data suggest that the Belomorian Belt represents a Neoarchaean

text: accretionary

text: environment in the vicinity of the Karelian craton." (Bibikova et al., 1999).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks is the Belomorian Belt?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metavolcanic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crustal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the earliest metamorphic event?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphosed several times.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Belomorian metasediments.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: "Sm-Nd isotope

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ages

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crustal rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: prehistory....Zircons

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Karelian craton

text: The definition of LIP has been expanded and refined, and is still a work in progress. LIP is now frequently also used to describe voluminous areas of, not just mafic, but all types of igneous rocks. Sub-categorization of LIPs into large volcanic provinces (LVP) and large plutonic provinces (LPP), and including rocks produced by normal plate tectonic processes, has been proposed.

text: The definition of LIP has been expanded and refined, and is still a work in progress. LIP is now frequently also used to describe voluminous areas of, not just mafic, but all types of igneous rocks. Sub-categorization of LIPs into large volcanic provinces (LVP) and large plutonic provinces (LPP), and including rocks produced by normal plate tectonic processes, has been proposed.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: normal plate tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks produced by normal plate tectonic processes,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: large volcanic provinces (LVP) and large plutonic provinces

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: normal plate tectonic processes,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: voluminous areas

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sub-categorization of LIPs into large volcanic provinces

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks.

text: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism refers to metamorphic processes at pressures high enough to stabilize coesite, the high-pressure polymorph of SiO. It is important because the processes that form and exhume ultra high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks may strongly affect plate tectonics, the composition and evolution of Earth's crust. The discovery of UHP metamorphic rocks in 1984 revolutionized our understanding of plate tectonics. Prior to 1984 there was little suspicion that continental rocks could reach such high pressures.

text: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism refers to

text: metamorphic

text: processes at pressures high enough to stabilize

text: coesite

text: , the high-pressure

text: polymorph

text: of SiO. It is important because the processes that form and exhume ultra high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks may strongly affect

text: plate tectonics

text: , the composition and evolution of Earth's crust. The discovery of UHP metamorphic rocks in 1984 revolutionized our understanding of plate tectonics. Prior to 1984 there was little suspicion that continental rocks could reach such high pressures.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ultra high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Ultra high-pressure metamorphism

text: Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport,  deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures.

text: Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern

text: sediment

text: s such as

text: sand

text: silt

text: , and

text: clay

text: , and the processes that result in their formation (

text: erosion

text: and

text: weathering

text: transport

text: deposition

text: and

text: diagenesis

text: . Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of

text: sedimentary rocks

text: and

text: sedimentary structures

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geologic history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (erosion and weathering),

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (erosion and weathering),

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis.

text: THEMIS found a wide range of igneous rocks and minerals.  Some of the rocks were low-silica basalts, high silica dacite, olivine basalts ultramafic (picratic) basalts, and quartz-bearning granitoid rocks.   The olivine basalts were present in a variety of locations, such as on crater floors and in some canyon wall layers.  The mineral olivine is important because it is common in more primitive magmas from the mantle and it weathers quickly when mositure is present.  So if olivine is present, the climate must have been dry since the time that olivine was exposed.  Quartz-bearing rocks were found in the central uplifts in craters.  Rocks in the central uplifts were probably once buried several kilometers beneath the surface, but raised by the impact process.  Rocks of dacite composition show that within magma chambers frational crystallization occurred.   In this process, some minerals form crystals, then settle to the bottom of the chamber.  Having a variety of rocks increases the chances that some useful/valuable minerals may be found on Mars.

text: THEMIS found a wide range of igneous rocks and minerals.  Some of the rocks were low-silica

text: basalts

text: , high silica

text: dacite

text: olivine

text: basalts ultramafic (picratic) basalts, and quartz-bearning granitoid rocks.   The olivine basalts were present in a variety of locations, such as on crater floors and in some canyon wall layers.  The mineral olivine is important because it is common in more primitive

text: magma

text: s from the

text: mantle

text: and it weathers quickly when mositure is present.  So if olivine is present, the climate must have been dry since the time that olivine was exposed.

text: Quartz

text: -bearing rocks were found in the central uplifts in craters.  Rocks in the central uplifts were probably once buried several kilometers beneath the surface, but raised by the impact process.  Rocks of dacite composition show that within magma chambers frational crystallization occurred.   In this process, some minerals form crystals, then settle to the bottom of the chamber.  Having a variety of rocks increases the chances that some useful/valuable minerals may be found on Mars.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are found in the central uplifts?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma chambers

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frational crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Having a variety of rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Having a variety of rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: frational crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals form crystals,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: frational crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: frational crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frational crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: frational crystallization

text: Its geology features intrusive igneous rock formations, such as gabbro, combined with metamorphic minerals such as serpentine.

text: Its

text: geology

text: features intrusive

text: igneous rock

text: formations, such as

text: gabbro

text: , combined with

text: metamorphic

text: mineral

text: s such as

text: serpentine

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: intrusive igneous rock formations,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive igneous rock formations, such as gabbro,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic minerals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic minerals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic minerals

text: The rock types Collins worked on are mainly granitoids, gneisses, augen gneisses, mylonites and metasedimentary rocks.

text: The rock types Collins worked on are mainly

text: granitoid

text: s,

text: gneiss

text: es,

text: augen gneiss

text: es,

text: mylonite

text: s and

text: metasedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metasedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granitoids, gneisses, augen gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metasedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: mylonites and metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metasedimentary rocks.

text: In a simplified classification, igneous rock types are separated on the basis of the type of feldspar present, the presence or absence of quartz, and in rocks with no feldspar or quartz, the type of iron or magnesium minerals present. Rocks containing quartz (silica in composition) are silica-oversaturated. Rocks with feldspathoids are silica-undersaturated, because feldspathoids cannot coexist in a stable association with quartz.

text: In a simplified classification, igneous rock types are separated on the basis of the type of feldspar present, the presence or absence of

text: quartz

text: , and in rocks with no feldspar or quartz, the type of iron or magnesium minerals present. Rocks containing quartz (silica in composition) are silica-oversaturated. Rocks with

text: feldspathoid

text: s are silica-undersaturated, because feldspathoids cannot coexist in a stable association with quartz.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: type of feldspar present

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous rock types

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock types are separated

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: feldspar

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In a simplified classification,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rock types

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: type of feldspar

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: iron or magnesium minerals present.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous rock types are separated

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: silica-oversaturated.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: silica-oversaturated.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rocks

text: The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called recrystallization. For instance, the small calcite crystals in the sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock marble, or in metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the atoms and ions in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.

text: The change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism is called

text: recrystallization

text: . For instance, the small

text: calcite

text: crystals in the sedimentary rock

text: limestone

text: and

text: chalk

text: change into larger crystals in the metamorphic rock

text: marble

text: , or in metamorphosed sandstone, recrystallization of the original quartz sand grains results in very compact quartzite, also known as metaquartzite, in which the often larger quartz crystals are interlocked. Both high temperatures and pressures contribute to recrystallization. High temperatures allow the

text: atom

text: s and

text: ion

text: s in solid crystals to migrate, thus reorganizing the crystals, while high pressures cause solution of the crystals within the rock at their point of contact.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rock limestone and chalk change into larger crystals

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism is called recrystallization.

text: There are no rocks on Mt. Everts from 65 to 2.1 million years ago. The absence of rocks is called an unconformity. During this period few or no rocks were deposited, and erosion carried away any sediments that were deposited.

text: There are no rocks on Mt. Everts from 65 to 2.1 million years ago. The absence of rocks is called an unconformity. During this period few or no rocks were deposited, and erosion carried away any sediments that were deposited.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: deposited,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unconformity.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: unconformity.

text: In a lab, this is often done by placing the material in a freeze-drying flask and rotating the flask in a bath, called a shell freezer, which is cooled by mechanical refrigeration, dry ice in aqueous methanol, or liquid nitrogen. On a larger scale, freezing is usually done using a freeze-drying machine. In this step, it is important to cool the material below its triple point, the lowest temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that sublimation rather than melting will occur in the following steps. Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry. To produce larger crystals, the product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature. This cycling process is called annealing. However, in the case of food, or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals will break the cell walls (a problem discovered, and solved, by Clarence Birdseye), resulting in the destruction of more cells, which can result in increasingly poor texture and nutritive content. In this case, the freezing is done rapidly, in order to lower the material to below its eutectic point quickly, thus avoiding the formation of ice crystals. Usually, the freezing temperatures are between −50 °C and −80 °C (-58 °F and -112 °F) . The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, because the product can be spoiled if improperly done.

text: In a lab, this is often done by placing the material in a freeze-drying flask and rotating the flask in a bath, called a shell freezer, which is cooled by mechanical refrigeration,

text: dry ice

text: in aqueous

text: methanol

text: , or

text: liquid nitrogen

text: . On a larger scale, freezing is usually done using a freeze-drying machine. In this step, it is important to cool the material below its

text: triple point

text: , the lowest temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that sublimation rather than melting will occur in the following steps. Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry. To produce larger crystals, the product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature. This cycling process is called

text: annealing

text: . However, in the case of food, or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals will break the cell walls (a problem discovered, and solved, by

text: Clarence Birdseye

text: ), resulting in the destruction of more cells, which can result in increasingly poor texture and nutritive content. In this case, the freezing is done rapidly, in order to lower the material to below its

text: eutectic point

text: quickly, thus avoiding the formation of ice crystals. Usually, the freezing temperatures are between −50 °C and −80 °C (-58 °F and -112 °F) . The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, because the product can be spoiled if improperly done.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: annealing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: annealing.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: annealing.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: To produce larger crystals,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: triple point,

text: 23. Metamorphic Rock ()

text: 23. Metamorphic Rock ()

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 23. Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic Rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic Rock

text: <br>The T age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characterisity enables theitic immobilr ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

text: <br>The T age of a rock, can yield a formation age for the crust as a whole if the sample has not suffered disturbance after its formation. Since Sm/Nd are rare-earth elements (REE), their characterisity enables theitic immobilr ratios to resist partitioning during metamorphism and melting of silicate rocks. This therefore allows for crustal formation ages to be calculated, despite any metamorphism the sample has undergone.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rare-earth elements

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: formation age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: formation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: br>The T age of a rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: br>The T age

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: T age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: formation.

text: The geology of Angola includes large areas of Precambrian age rocks. The west of the country is characterized by meta-sedimentary rocks of Proterozoic age including tillites assigned to the Bembe System. Overlying these are a thick pile of limestones and other marine sediments laid down during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.  Amidst the Proterozoic sequence are areas of crystalline basement dating from the Archaean. More Archaean basement rocks form the Kasai Craton in northeastern Angola. In the north, within the Cassanje Graben are clastic sediments and volcanic rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. Kimberlites and carbonatites resulting from magmatic activity during the Karoo period are found along a northeast-southwest line through the country. Continental sediments of the Kalahari Group are widespread in eastern Angola.

text: The geology of Angola includes large areas of

text: Precambrian

text: age rocks. The west of the country is characterized by meta-sedimentary rocks of

text: Proterozoic

text: age including

text: tillite

text: s assigned to the Bembe System. Overlying these are a thick pile of

text: limestone

text: s and other marine sediments laid down during the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras.  Amidst the Proterozoic sequence are areas of crystalline

text: basement

text: dating from the

text: Archaean

text: . More Archaean basement rocks form the

text: Kasai Craton

text: in northeastern

text: Angola

text: . In the north, within the Cassanje Graben are

text: clastic

text: sediments and

text: volcanic rock

text: s of the

text: Karoo Supergroup

text: Kimberlite

text: s and

text: carbonatite

text: s resulting from

text: magmatic activity

text: during the Karoo period are found along a northeast-southwest line through the country. Continental sediments of the

text: Kalahari Group

text: are widespread in eastern Angola.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Karoo period

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic activity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the difference between crystalline basement and crystalline basement?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Precambrian age rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: meta-sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Kimberlites and carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic activity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline basement dating from the Archaean.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: meta-sedimentary rocks of Proterozoic age

text: Sedimentary rocks contain important information about the history of the Earth. They contain fossils, the preserved remains of ancient plants and animals. Coal is considered a type of sedimentary rock. The composition of sediments provides us with clues as to the original rock. Differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time. Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils because, unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, they form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remains.

text: Sedimentary rocks contain important information about the

text: history of the Earth

text: . They contain

text: fossil

text: s, the preserved remains of ancient

text: plant

text: s and

text: animal

text: s. Coal is considered a type of sedimentary rock. The composition of sediments provides us with clues as to the original rock. Differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time. Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils because, unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, they form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remains.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remains.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossil remains.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Differences between successive layers indicate changes to the environment over time.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous and metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fossils,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sedimentary rocks

text: Hydraulic action is erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. Most generally, it is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles.  Within this rubric are a number of specific erosional processes, including abrasion, attrition, corrasion, saltation, and scouring (downcutting).  Hydraulic action is distinguished from other types of water facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called chemical weathering.It is a mechanical process, in which the moving water current flows against the banks and bed of a river, thereby removing rock particles.

text: Hydraulic action is erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. Most generally, it is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles.  Within this

text: rubric

text: are a number of specific erosional processes, including

text: abrasion

text: , attrition,

text: corrasion

text: , saltation, and scouring (

text: downcutting

text: ).  Hydraulic action is distinguished from other types of water facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called

text: chemical weathering

text: .It is a mechanical process, in which the moving water current flows against the banks and bed of a river, thereby removing rock particles.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: scouring

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: saltation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock particles.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: corrasion,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Hydraulic action

text: Titanium in zircon geothermometry can be used in zircons found in metamorphic rocks to estimate the pressure and temperatures conditions during metamorphism. This helps identify the metamorphic facies and thus the geologic setting of a rock formation. It can also be used in sedimentary rocks to help determine the source of detrital minerals. However, these crystals may sometimes be contaminated by external titanium seeping into fractures.

text: Titanium in zircon geothermometry can be used in zircons found in

text: metamorphic rock

text: s to estimate the pressure and temperatures conditions during metamorphism. This helps identify the

text: metamorphic facies

text: and thus the geologic setting of a rock formation. It can also be used in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s to help determine the source of detrital minerals. However, these crystals may sometimes be contaminated by external titanium seeping into fractures.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geologic setting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a rock formation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geologic setting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: contaminated by external titanium seeping into fractures.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: Easily identified by its red-green color (sometimes dark blue) and furrowed, twisted appearance, the assemblage is usually characterized as being primarily metamorphic in nature, its most well-known rocks being serpentine schists. However, the assemblage contains a wide range of different rocks in different stages of the rock cycle. A single outcrop may contain basalt, chert, and other rocks in addition to schist.

text: Easily identified by its red-green color (sometimes dark blue) and furrowed, twisted appearance, the assemblage is usually characterized as being primarily metamorphic in nature, its most well-known rocks being

text: serpentine

text: schist

text: s. However, the assemblage contains a wide range of different rocks in different stages of the rock cycle. A single outcrop may contain basalt, chert, and other rocks in addition to schist.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different stages

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: twisted appearance,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentine schists.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: primarily metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock cycle.

text: Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in, and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.

text: Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a

text: source rock

text: rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil, a

text: porous

text: and

text: permeable

text: reservoir rock for it to accumulate in, and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as

text: reservoirs

text: ) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an

text: oil field

text: forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by

text: drill

text: ing and

text: pump

text: ing.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: migration upward through adjacent rock layers

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock layers

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: underground water flows,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porous and permeable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: underground water flows,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: three-layer cake

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs

text: Sediment is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (longshore drift). When the upcurrent amount of sediment is less than the amount being carried away, erosion occurs. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of deposition. These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline. Where there is a bend in the coastline, quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs forming a long narrow bank (a spit). Armoured beaches and submerged offshore sandbanks may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion. Over the years, as the shoals gradually shift, the erosion may be redirected to attack different parts of the shore.

text: Sediment

text: is transported along the coast in the direction of the prevailing current (

text: longshore drift

text: ). When the upcurrent amount of sediment is less than the amount being carried away, erosion occurs. When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of

text: deposition

text: . These banks may slowly migrate along the coast in the direction of the longshore drift, alternately protecting and exposing parts of the coastline. Where there is a bend in the coastline, quite often a buildup of eroded material occurs forming a long narrow bank (a

text: spit

text: Armoured

text: beaches and submerged offshore

text: sandbanks

text: may also protect parts of a coastline from erosion. Over the years, as the shoals gradually shift, the erosion may be redirected to attack different parts of the shore.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: longshore drift

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: prevailing current

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sand or gravel banks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sediment

text: This zone extends from Bandar Abbas in the south to Kermanshah in the northwest and continues through to Iraq. Zagros is in fact the northeastern edge of the Arabian plate. Some important features of Zagros include: Absence of magmatic and metamorphic events after Triassic, and low abundance of the outcrops of Paleozoic rocks. Structurally, it consists of large anticlines and small synclines and continuous marine sedimentation from the Carboniferous to the Miocene. On the whole, a sequence of Precambrian to Pliocene rocks about 8-10 kilometres in thickness has undergone folding from the Miocene to the Recent time in the Zagros Mountains. The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by the collision of two tectonic plates — the Iranian Plate and the Arabian Plate. This collision primarily happened during the Miocene and folded the entire rocks that had been deposited from the Carboniferous to the Miocene in the geosyncline in front of the Iranian Plate. The process of collision continues to the present and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Iranian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the Iranian Plateau are getting higher and higher. The Zagros mountain range, itself, has a totally sedimentary origin and is made primarily of limestone. In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are Mesozoic rocks, a combination of Triassic and Jurassic rocks that are surrounded by Cretaceous rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of Tertiary rocks, with the Paleogene rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the Neogene rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

text: This zone extends from

text: Bandar Abbas

text: in the south to

text: Kermanshah

text: in the northwest and continues through to

text: Iraq

text: . Zagros is in fact the northeastern edge of the Arabian plate. Some important features of Zagros include: Absence of magmatic and metamorphic events after Triassic, and low abundance of the outcrops of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks. Structurally, it consists of large

text: anticline

text: s and small

text: syncline

text: s and continuous marine sedimentation from the

text: Carboniferous

text: to the

text: Miocene

text: . On the whole, a sequence of

text: Precambrian

text: to

text: Pliocene

text: rocks about 8-10 kilometres in thickness has undergone folding from the Miocene to the

text: Recent

text: time in the

text: Zagros Mountains

text: . The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by the collision of two tectonic plates — the

text: Iranian Plate

text: and the

text: Arabian Plate

text: . This collision primarily happened during the Miocene and folded the entire rocks that had been deposited from the Carboniferous to the Miocene in the

text: geosyncline

text: in front of the Iranian Plate. The process of collision continues to the present and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Iranian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the

text: Iranian Plateau

text: are getting higher and higher. The Zagros mountain range, itself, has a totally sedimentary origin and is made primarily of

text: limestone

text: . In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks could be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains along the Zagros main fault. On the both sides of this fault, there are

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks, a combination of

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: rocks that are surrounded by

text: Cretaceous

text: rocks on the both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of

text: Tertiary

text: rocks, with the

text: Paleogene

text: rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the

text: Neogene

text: rocks south of the Paleogene rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lack of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: collapsing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of collision?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Mesozoic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: higher and higher.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: collision

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: geosyncline in front of the Iranian Plate.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Carboniferous to the Miocene

text: Detrital zircons usually retain similar properties as their parent igneous rocks, such as age, rough size and mineral chemistry. However, the composition of detrital zircons is not entirely controlled by the crystallization of the zircon mineral. In fact, many of them are modified by later processes in the sedimentary cycle. Depending on the degree of physical sorting, mechanical abrasion and dissolution, a detrital zircon grain may lose some of its inherent features and gain some over-printed properties like rounded shape and smaller size.  On a larger scale, two or more tribes of detrital zircons from different origins may deposit within the same sedimentary basin. This give rise to a natural complexity of associating detrital zircon populations and their sources.

text: Detrital zircons usually retain similar properties as their parent

text: igneous rock

text: s, such as age, rough size and mineral chemistry. However, the composition of detrital zircons is not entirely controlled by the crystallization of the zircon mineral. In fact, many of them are modified by later processes in the sedimentary cycle. Depending on the degree of physical

text: sorting

text: , mechanical

text: abrasion

text: and dissolution, a detrital zircon grain may lose some of its inherent features and gain some over-printed properties like

text: rounded shape

text: and smaller size.  On a larger scale, two or more tribes of detrital zircons from different origins may deposit within the same

text: sedimentary basin

text: . This give rise to a natural complexity of associating detrital zircon populations and their sources.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization of the zircon mineral.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age, rough size and mineral chemistry.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rounded shape and smaller size.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sedimentary cycle.

text: Volcanic rock (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) is a rock formed from magma erupted from a volcano. In other words, it differs from other igneous rock by being of volcanic origin. Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some sediments and sedimentary rocks. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of Precambrian shield geology, the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly metavolcanic rocks.

text: Volcanic rock (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) is a rock formed from

text: magma

text: erupted from a

text: volcano

text: . In other words, it differs from other

text: igneous rock

text: by being of

text: volcanic

text: origin. Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into

text: hypabyssal

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s and constitute an important element of some

text: sediment

text: s and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of

text: Precambrian

text: shield

text: geology, the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly

text: metavolcanic rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic origin

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic origin.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volcanic origin.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma erupted from a volcano.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Volcanic rock

text: The 250-meter track is made of concrete with a 42.5 degree embankment in the corners and a 17 degree embankment on the front and back straights.The velodrome is part of the Rock Hill Outdoor Center. U.S. national track cycling championships will be held there in 2012 and 2013. The velodrome was designed by Ralph Schürmann, a cycling track architect from Münster, Germany.

text: The 250-meter track is made of concrete with a 42.5 degree embankment in the corners and a 17 degree embankment on the front and back straights.The

text: velodrome

text: is part of the Rock Hill Outdoor Center. U.S. national track cycling championships will be held there in 2012 and 2013. The velodrome was designed by Ralph Schürmann, a cycling track architect from

text: Münster

text: Germany

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Hill Outdoor Center.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock Hill Outdoor Center.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: 42.5 degree

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: 42.5 degree embankment

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: 42.5 degree embankment

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: concrete

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 42.5 degree embankment

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: concrete

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Hill Outdoor Center.

text: In geology, a complex is a unit of rocks composed of rocks of two or three of the following rock types: metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary. Complexes are lithodemic units usually of regional extent.

text: In

text: geology

text: , a complex is a unit of rocks composed of rocks of two or three of the following rock types:

text: metamorphic

text: igneous

text: or

text: sedimentary

text: . Complexes are

text: lithodemic

text: units usually of regional extent.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a complex is a unit of rocks composed of rocks of two or three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: regional extent.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous or sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Complexes are lithodemic units

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic, igneous or sedimentary.

text: Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process where a solid forms where the atoms or molecules are highly organized in a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways which crystals form are through  precipitating from a solution, melting or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

text: Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process where a solid forms where the atoms or molecules are highly organized in a structure known as a

text: crystal

text: . Some of the ways which crystals form are through

text: precipitating

text: from a

text: solution

text: melting

text: or more rarely

text: deposition

text: directly from a

text: gas

text: . Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In

text: chemical engineering

text: crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: precipitating from a solution, melting

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Crystallization

text: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.  Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.  Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.

text: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.  Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.  Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compactness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: particle size and state of compaction.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.

text: In the Cenozoic (66 to 1.8 mya), the processes that raised the Peñalara massif and divided it into the blocks we find today began to work again. Erosion of the rocky massif filled the basins with sediment. Glacial action in the Quaternary (1.8 mya to present) finished shaping the Peñalara cirque and the walls of the mountainous axis. The cirques were covered by a mantle of ice up to 300 m thick. Later, the confluence of the rivers gave the final touch to the landscape. The dominant rock in the park is granite, which is very hard and erosion-resistant.

text: In the

text: Cenozoic

text: (66 to 1.8 mya), the processes that raised the Peñalara massif and divided it into the blocks we find today began to work again. Erosion of the rocky massif filled the basins with sediment. Glacial action in the

text: Quaternary

text: (1.8 mya to present) finished shaping the Peñalara cirque and the walls of the mountainous axis. The cirques were covered by a mantle of ice up to 300 m thick. Later, the confluence of the rivers gave the final touch to the landscape. The dominant rock in the park is

text: granite

text: , which is very hard and erosion-resistant.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glacial action

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion-resistant.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Glacial action

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granite,

text: Not all solids are crystals. For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a polycrystalline structure. In the final block of ice, each of the small crystals (called "crystallites" or "grains") is a true crystal with a periodic arrangement of atoms, but the whole polycrystal does not have a periodic arrangement of atoms, because the periodic pattern is broken at the grain boundaries. Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline, including almost all metals, ceramics, ice, rocks, etc. Solids that are neither crystalline nor polycrystalline, such as glass, are called amorphous solids, also called glassy, vitreous, or noncrystalline. These have no periodic order, even microscopically. There are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids: most notably, the process of forming a glass does not release the latent heat of fusion, but forming a crystal does.

text: Not all solids are crystals. For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a

text: polycrystalline

text: structure. In the final block of ice, each of the small crystals (called "

text: crystallite

text: s" or "grains") is a true crystal with a periodic arrangement of atoms, but the whole polycrystal does not have a periodic arrangement of atoms, because the periodic pattern is broken at the

text: grain boundaries

text: . Most macroscopic

text: inorganic

text: solids are polycrystalline, including almost all

text: metal

text: s,

text: ceramic

text: s,

text: ice

text: rocks

text: , etc. Solids that are neither crystalline nor polycrystalline, such as

text: glass

text: , are called

text: amorphous solid

text: s, also called

text: glass

text: y, vitreous, or noncrystalline. These have no periodic order, even microscopically. There are distinct differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids: most notably, the process of forming a glass does not release the

text: latent heat of fusion

text: , but forming a crystal does.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: forming a crystal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: phase change

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What is the process of forming a glass?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: latent heat of fusion,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: polycrystalline,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: polycrystalline,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: polycrystalline,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: phase change

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Most macroscopic inorganic solids are polycrystalline,

text: Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are formed by explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column. This may include rocks plucked off the wall of the magma conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing pyroclastic surge. Lavas, especially rhyolite and dacite flows, tend to form clastic volcanic rocks by a process known as autobrecciation. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks and these blocks are then reincorporated into the lava flow again and mixed in with the remaining liquid magma. The resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition.

text: Volcanic

text: pyroclastic

text: rocks are formed by explosive eruption of

text: lava

text: and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column. This may include rocks plucked off the wall of the

text: magma

text: conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing

text: pyroclastic surge

text: Lava

text: s, especially

text: rhyolite

text: and

text: dacite

text: flows, tend to form clastic volcanic rocks by a process known as autobrecciation. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks and these blocks are then reincorporated into the lava flow again and mixed in with the remaining liquid magma. The resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: autobrecciation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: autobrecciation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: uniform in rock type and chemical composition.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Volcanic pyroclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: autobrecciation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: autobrecciation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: autobrecciation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: autobrecciation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: autobrecciation.

text: The Cadaqués migmatites formed under extreme pressure and temperatures: a partial melt. They are halfway between an igneous and metamorphic rock. The area also contains a lot of schist: a medium grade metamorphic rock that has been flattened into sheets. White blocks of pegmatite mark where molten rock was squeezed through the older metamorphics at the end of the orogeny or mountain building.

text: The Cadaqués migmatites formed under extreme pressure and temperatures: a partial melt. They are halfway between an igneous and metamorphic rock. The area also contains a lot of schist: a medium grade metamorphic rock that has been flattened into sheets. White blocks of pegmatite mark where molten rock was squeezed through the older metamorphics at the end of the orogeny or mountain building.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what type of rock is schist?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: extreme pressure and temperatures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What type of rock is schist?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous and metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: extreme pressure and temperatures:

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: flattened

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous and metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Cadaqués migmatites

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melt.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock.

text: Protoliths are non-metamorphic rocks and thus have no protoliths themselves. The non-metamorphic rocks fall into two classes: sedimentary rocks, formed from sediment, and igneous rocks, formed from magma. The source of the sediment of a sedimentary rock is termed its provenance.

text: Protoliths are non-metamorphic rocks and thus have no protoliths themselves. The non-metamorphic rocks fall into two classes:

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, formed from sediment, and

text: igneous rock

text: s, formed from

text: magma

text: . The source of the sediment of a sedimentary rock is termed its

text: provenance

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The source of the sediment

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: provenance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The non-metamorphic rocks fall into two classes:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: provenance.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: provenance.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formed from sediment, and igneous rocks, formed from magma.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Protoliths are non-metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: non-metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The non-metamorphic rocks

text: The Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex is a large coherent but varied group of metamorphic and igneous rocks –in other words a geologic complex– that crops out in the Patagonian channels of Magallanes Region. At present the rocks of the complex include migmatites, plutonic rocks and high-grade metamorphic rocks. To the west the Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex bounds the South Patagonian Batholith.

text: The Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex is a large coherent but varied group of

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous rock

text: s –in other words a

text: geologic complex

text: – that

text: crops out

text: in the

text: Patagonian channels

text: of

text: Magallanes Region

text: . At present the rocks of the complex include

text: migmatite

text: s,

text: plutonic rock

text: s and

text: high-grade

text: metamorphic rocks

text: . To the west the Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex bounds the

text: South Patagonian Batholith

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plutonic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: migmatites

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: varied group of metamorphic and igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: migmatites, plutonic rocks and high-grade metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high-grade metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: plutonic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Puerto Edén Igneous and Metamorphic Complex

text: The most striking feature about Bilger's Rocks are the various openings, crawlspaces, passageways, and arches found throughout the outcrop. These minute fissures and larger gaps are primarily caused by jointing within the rocks. Joints are caused by tectonic, or mountain-building forces that move and stress rocks, causing them to fracture. The resulting cracks provide an inlet for water, which slowly dissolves the rocks and allows space for ice crystals to freeze and thaw during the seasonal cycles, further pushing the rocks apart. Eventually, plants and trees also grow up through crevasses in the rocks and can exert considerable pressure as they grow, forcing even larger gaps to form. Gravity and erosion work together to slowly level the landscape by breaking the rock into ever smaller pieces and transporting it away. The steady continental movement combined with relentless erosion and weathering over hundreds of millions of years has left the continually evolving "Rock City" that we can observe today.

text: The most striking feature about Bilger's Rocks are the various openings, crawlspaces, passageways, and arches found throughout the outcrop. These minute fissures and larger gaps are primarily caused by jointing within the rocks. Joints are caused by tectonic, or mountain-building forces that move and stress rocks, causing them to fracture. The resulting cracks provide an inlet for water, which slowly dissolves the rocks and allows space for

text: ice crystal

text: s to freeze and thaw during the seasonal cycles, further pushing the rocks apart. Eventually, plants and trees also grow up through crevasses in the rocks and can exert considerable pressure as they grow, forcing even larger gaps to form.

text: Gravity

text: and

text: erosion

text: work together to slowly level the landscape by breaking the rock into ever smaller pieces and transporting it away. The steady continental movement combined with relentless erosion and weathering over hundreds of millions of years has left the continually evolving "Rock City" that we can observe today.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: seasonal cycles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The steady continental movement combined with relentless erosion and weathering

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: jointing

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic, or mountain-building forces

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pushing the rocks apart.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Gravity and erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: jointing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: tectonic,

text: There is general agreement that most well-exposed and well-studied UHP terrains formed by the burial of crustal rocks during subduction. Continental margin subduction is well documented in the Dabie Shan where Sino–Korean craton passive-margin sedimentary and volcanic sequences are preserved, in the Arabian continental margin beneath the Samail ophiolite (in the Al Hajar Mountains, Oman), and in the Australian margin presently subducting beneath the Banda Arc. Sediment subduction occurs beneath volcanoplutonic arcs around the world and is recognized in the compositions of arc lavas. Intracontinental subduction may be underway beneath the Pamir and may have produced UHP rocks in Greenland. Subduction erosion also occurs beneath volcanoplutonic arcs around the world, carrying continental rocks to mantle depths at least locally. Both subducted sediment and crystalline rocks may rise through the mantle diapirically to form UHP terranes. Foundering of the gravitationally unstable portions of continental lithosphere locally carries quartzofeldspathic rocks into the mantle and may be ongoing beneath the Pamir. The specific processes by which UHP terrains were exhumed to Earth's surface appear to have been different in different locations.

text: There is general agreement that most well-exposed and well-studied UHP terrains formed by the burial of crustal rocks during

text: subduction

text: . Continental margin subduction is well documented in the

text: Dabie Shan

text: where

text: Sino–Korean craton

text: passive-margin sedimentary and volcanic sequences are preserved, in the Arabian continental margin beneath the Samail ophiolite (in the

text: Al Hajar Mountains

text: , Oman), and in the Australian margin presently subducting beneath the

text: Banda Arc

text: . Sediment subduction occurs beneath

text: volcanoplutonic arcs

text: around the world and is recognized in the compositions of arc lavas. Intracontinental subduction may be underway beneath the

text: Pamir

text: and may have produced UHP rocks in Greenland. Subduction erosion also occurs beneath volcanoplutonic arcs around the world, carrying continental rocks to mantle depths at least locally. Both subducted sediment and crystalline rocks may rise through the mantle

text: diapir

text: ically to form UHP terranes. Foundering of the gravitationally unstable portions of continental lithosphere locally carries

text: quartzofeldspathic

text: rocks into the mantle and may be ongoing beneath the Pamir. The specific processes by which UHP terrains were exhumed to Earth's surface appear to have been different in different locations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: subducted sediment

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Both subducted sediment and crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: subduction.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Foundering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: arc lavas.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: subduction.

text: Once the blade had been heat treated, a sword would be ground with progressively finer abrasives, typically different types of rock. Some grinding rocks can range in the thousands of dollars today. They would polish and sharpen the sword until the desired finish was achieved. This process is long and tedious, but a good polisher was of great value to the swordsmith and was often paid well. After the sword was polished, the fine tip could be sharpened. The sharpness of a sword, and ability to keep that edge, is based on the angle of the edge and the width of the body of the sword. How long it can hold the edge is also dependent on the material used.

text: Once the blade had been heat treated, a sword would be ground with progressively finer abrasives, typically different types of rock. Some grinding rocks can range in the thousands of dollars today. They would polish and sharpen the sword until the desired finish was achieved. This process is long and tedious, but a good polisher was of great value to the swordsmith and was often paid well. After the sword was polished, the fine tip could be sharpened. The sharpness of a sword, and ability to keep that edge, is based on the angle of the edge and the width of the body of the sword. How long it can hold the edge is also dependent on the material used.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different types of rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: progressively finer abrasives,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat treated,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ability to keep that edge, is based on the angle of the edge

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressively finer abrasives,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: grinding rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: progressively finer abrasives,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: heat treated,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: progressively finer abrasives,

text: Two types or habits of anatase crystals may be distinguished. The more common occurs as simple acute double pyramids with an indigo-blue to black color and steely luster.  Crystals of this kind are abundant at Le Bourg-d'Oisans in Dauphiné, where they are associated with rock-crystal, feldspar, and axinite in crevices in granite and mica-schist.  Similar crystals, but of microscopic size, are widely distributed in sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones, clays, and slates, from which they may be separated by washing away the lighter constituents of the powdered rock.

text: Two types or

text: habits

text: of anatase crystals may be distinguished. The more common occurs as simple acute double pyramids with an indigo-blue to black color and steely luster.  Crystals of this kind are abundant at

text: Le Bourg-d'Oisans

text: in

text: Dauphiné

text: , where they are associated with rock-crystal,

text: feldspar

text: , and

text: axinite

text: in crevices in

text: granite

text: and

text: mica

text: schist

text: .  Similar crystals, but of microscopic size, are widely distributed in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, such as

text: sandstone

text: s,

text: clay

text: s, and

text: slate

text: s, from which they may be separated by washing away the lighter constituents of the powdered rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: schist

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: granite and mica-schist.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: habits of anatase crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: steely luster.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: separated by washing away the lighter constituents of the powdered rock.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Similar crystals, but of microscopic size,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: separated by washing away the lighter constituents of the powdered rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granite and mica-schist.

text: Chrysoberyl forms as a result of pegmatitic processes. Melting in the Earth's crust produces relatively low-density molten magma which can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into the crystallization of solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals. The water extends the temperature range downwards before the magma becomes completely solid, allowing concentration of rare elements to proceed so far that they produce their own distinctive minerals. The resulting rock is igneous in appearance but formed at a low temperature from a water-rich melt, with large crystals of the common minerals such as quartz and feldspar, but also with elevated concentrations of rare elements such as beryllium, lithium, or niobium, often forming their own minerals; this is called a pegmatite. The high water content of the magma made it possible for the crystals to grow quickly, so pegmatite crystals are often quite large, which increases the likelihood of gem specimens forming.

text: Chrysoberyl forms as a result of

text: pegmatitic

text: processes. Melting in the

text: Earth's crust

text: produces relatively low-density molten

text: magma

text: which can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into the

text: crystallization

text: of solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals. The water extends the temperature range downwards before the magma becomes completely solid, allowing concentration of rare elements to proceed so far that they produce their own distinctive minerals. The resulting rock is igneous in appearance but formed at a low temperature from a water-rich melt, with large crystals of the common minerals such as

text: quartz

text: and

text: feldspar

text: , but also with elevated concentrations of rare elements such as beryllium,

text: lithium

text: , or

text: niobium

text: , often forming their own minerals; this is called a

text: pegmatite

text: . The high water content of the magma made it possible for the crystals to grow quickly, so pegmatite crystals are often quite large, which increases the likelihood of gem specimens forming.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: pegmatite

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Chrysoberyl

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: pegmatitic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water-rich melt,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous in appearance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: pegmatitic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: water originally present in low concentrations

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous

text: The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become stable while others become unstable or metastable. Whether minerals really react depends on the reaction kinetics, the activation energy of the reaction and how much fluid is present in the rock.

text: The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become

text: stable

text: while others become unstable or

text: metastable

text: . Whether minerals really react depends on the

text: reaction kinetics

text: , the

text: activation energy

text: of the reaction and how much

text: fluid

text: is present in the rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the mineralogical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Whether minerals really react

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unstable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metastable

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The different metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mineralogical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: the rock can cross into a different facies

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unstable or metastable.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: reaction kinetics,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the rock can cross into a different facies

text: The rock of the Santa Lucias is dominated by granitic basement of the Salinian Block, between the San Andreas Fault and Sur-Nacimiento Fault.  The core of the Salinian block formed as part of the same batholith which forms the core of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Peninsular Ranges of Baja California.  It was separated from the North American Plate and transported north by the action of the San Andreas Fault from an original position.  It is predominantly Mesozoic granitic and pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks.  There is some Cretaceous sedimentary rock of the Great Valley Sequence, considerable Miocene marine sediments, and some other Cenozoic sediments.  Units west of the Sur-Nacimiento Fault are dominated by rocks of the Franciscan Assemblage.

text: The rock of the Santa Lucias is dominated by

text: granitic

text: basement of the

text: Salinian Block

text: , between the

text: San Andreas Fault

text: and

text: Sur-Nacimiento Fault

text: .  The core of the Salinian block formed as part of the same

text: batholith

text: which forms the core of the

text: Sierra Nevada Mountains

text: and the

text: Peninsular Ranges

text: of

text: Baja California

text: .  It was separated from the

text: North American Plate

text: and transported north by the action of the

text: San Andreas Fault

text: from an original position.  It is predominantly

text: Mesozoic

text: granitic and pre-

text: Cretaceous

text: metamorphic rock

text: s.  There is some Cretaceous

text: sedimentary rock

text: of the Great Valley Sequence, considerable

text: Miocene

text: marine sediments, and some other

text: Cenozoic

text: sediments.  Units west of the Sur-Nacimiento Fault are dominated by rocks of the

text: Franciscan Assemblage

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: San Andreas Fault

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: San Andreas Fault

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Salinian Block,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks.

text: This process occurs either after deformation or in the absence of dynamic deformation. Depending on the intensity of heat during recrystallization, the foliation will either be strengthened or weakened. If the heat is too intense, foliation will be weakened due to the nucleation and growth of new randomly oriented crystals and the rock will become a hornfels. If minimal heat is applied to a rock with a preexisting foliation and without a change in mineral assemblage, the cleavage will be strengthened by growth of micas parallel to foliation.

text: This process occurs either after deformation or in the absence of dynamic deformation. Depending on the intensity of heat during recrystallization, the foliation will either be strengthened or weakened. If the heat is too intense, foliation will be weakened due to the nucleation and growth of new randomly oriented crystals and the rock will become a

text: hornfels

text: . If minimal heat is applied to a rock with a preexisting foliation and without a change in mineral assemblage, the cleavage will be strengthened by growth of micas parallel to foliation.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intensity of heat

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hornfels

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: This process occurs either after deformation or in the absence of dynamic deformation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the intensity of heat during recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a hornfels.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: strengthened

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: recrystallization,

text: Sedimentary breccia is a type of clastic sedimentary rock which is made of angular to subangular, randomly oriented clasts of other sedimentary rocks. A conglomerate, by contrast, is a sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments or clasts of pre-existing rocks. Both breccia and conglomerate are composed of fragments averaging greater than  in size. The angular shape of the fragments indicates that the material has not been transported far from its source.

text: Sedimentary breccia is a type of

text: clastic

text: sedimentary rock

text: which is made of angular to subangular, randomly oriented

text: clasts

text: of other sedimentary rocks. A

text: conglomerate

text: , by contrast, is a sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments or clasts of pre-existing rocks. Both breccia and conglomerate are composed of fragments averaging greater than  in size. The angular shape of the fragments indicates that the material has not been transported far from its source.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transported

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary breccia

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the material has not been transported far from its source.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: angular shape

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transported far from its source.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: conglomerate,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: angular to subangular,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: clastic sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: conglomerate,

text: Certain rock types, such as granite and limestone, are more resistant to erosion due to their relatively high mechanical strength.

text: Certain rock types, such as

text: granite

text: and

text: limestone

text: , are more resistant to erosion due to their relatively high mechanical strength.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the type of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mechanical strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Certain rock types,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: granite and limestone,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high mechanical strength.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mechanical strength.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite and limestone,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Certain rock types,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granite and limestone, are more resistant to erosion

text: At the mid-ocean divergent boundaries new magma is produced by mantle upwelling and a shallow melting zone. This juvenile basaltic magma is an early phase of the igneous portion of the cycle. As the tectonic plates on either side of the ridge move apart the new rock is carried away from the ridge, the interaction of heated circulating seawater through fractures starts the retrograde metamorphism of the new rock.

text: At the

text: mid-ocean divergent boundaries

text: new

text: magma

text: is produced by

text: mantle

text: upwelling and a shallow melting zone. This juvenile

text: basalt

text: ic magma is an early phase of the igneous portion of the cycle. As the

text: tectonic plates

text: on either side of the ridge move apart the new rock is carried away from the ridge, the interaction of heated circulating

text: seawater

text: through

text: fractures

text: starts the

text: retrograde metamorphism

text: of the new rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mantle upwelling

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the interaction of heated circulating seawater

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: heated circulating seawater

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: carried away from the ridge,

text: The park's landscape has been shaped by plate tectonics, with the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate. The process has lowered the elevation of the Kenai Mountains, gradually pulling glacial features down into the sea, which is at the same time rising. The floors of the fjords can be from  below the present sea level.  The motion of the North Pacific Plate has accreted a variety of terranes against  the shoreline, so that the coastal region is a mixture of rocks that originated elsewhere, together with local igneous rock. Predominant rock types include shale and graywacke, with greenstone, tuff and chert.  The erosive power of the glaciers produces sediment as rock flour coloring the waters around the toes of glaciers, carrying minerals into the ecosystem that support phytoplankton, which in turn sustain larger animals.

text: The park's landscape has been shaped by

text: plate tectonics

text: , with the

text: Pacific Plate

text: subducting

text: beneath the

text: North American Plate

text: . The process has lowered the elevation of the Kenai Mountains, gradually pulling glacial features down into the sea, which is at the same time rising. The floors of the fjords can be from  below the present sea level.  The motion of the North Pacific Plate has accreted a variety of

text: terrane

text: s against  the shoreline, so that the coastal region is a mixture of rocks that originated elsewhere, together with local

text: igneous rock

text: . Predominant rock types include shale and

text: graywacke

text: , with

text: greenstone

text: tuff

text: and

text: chert

text: .  The erosive power of the glaciers produces sediment as

text: rock flour

text: coloring the waters around the toes of glaciers, carrying minerals into the ecosystem that support

text: phytoplankton

text: , which in turn sustain larger animals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rock is chert?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks that originated elsewhere, together with local igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: shale and graywacke,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accreted

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shale and graywacke,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: phytoplankton,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: shale and graywacke,

text: Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

text: Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanoes, wind, or water

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: The hardned layers

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Layers may be formed by groundwater

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.

text: Tuff (from the Italian tufo) is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is compacted into a solid rock in a process called consolidation.  Tuff is sometimes called tufa, particularly when used as construction material, although tufa also refers to a quite different rock.  Rock that contains greater than 50% tuff is considered tuffaceous.

text: Tuff (from the

text: Italian

text: tufo) is a type of

text: rock

text: made of

text: volcanic ash

text: ejected from a

text: vent

text: during a

text: volcanic eruption

text: . Following ejection and deposition, the ash is compacted into a solid rock in a process called

text: consolidation

text: .  Tuff is sometimes called tufa, particularly when used as construction material, although

text: tufa

text: also refers to a quite different rock.  Rock that contains greater than 50% tuff is considered tuffaceous.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: consolidation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tuff

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Tuff

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Tuff

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock that contains greater than 50% tuff

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: consolidation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Tuff

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Tuff

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: consolidation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Tuff

text: The Arc has two sections: the Internal and External Zones. The Internal Zone, which is located on the inner side of the arc, adjacent to the Alboran Sea, mostly consists of high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks. The External Zone, located on the outer side of the arc, is mostly made of sediments deposited on the passive margins of Africa and Iberia. These rocks became highly deformed during the westward emplacement of the hinterland of the subduction system, with some units in the External Rif having undergone medium-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism during the Oligocene. Flysch units from the Cretaceous to Early Miocene are located between the External and Internal Zones. These were folded and thrusted during the westward migration of the Internal Zones and can be interpreted as the palaeo-accretionary wedge of the subduction system that was active during the Lower and Middle Miocene.

text: The Arc has two sections: the Internal and External Zones. The Internal Zone, which is located on the inner side of the arc, adjacent to the Alboran Sea, mostly consists of high-pressure, low-temperature

text: metamorphic rocks

text: . The External Zone, located on the outer side of the arc, is mostly made of sediments deposited on the

text: passive margin

text: s of Africa and Iberia. These rocks became highly deformed during the westward emplacement of the hinterland of the subduction system, with some units in the External Rif having undergone medium-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism during the Oligocene.

text: Flysch

text: units from the

text: Cretaceous

text: to Early Miocene are located between the External and Internal Zones. These were

text: folded

text: and

text: thrusted

text: during the westward migration of the Internal Zones and can be interpreted as the palaeo-

text: accretionary wedge

text: of the subduction system that was active during the Lower and Middle Miocene.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high-pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: low-temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Flysch units

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: low-temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: westward emplacement of the hinterland of the subduction system,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: low-temperature

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: subduction system,

text: Storm induced large erosion events are a part of the natural evolutionary process of fine sediment, gently sloping beaches. Increased wave energy in storms leads to the removal of foreshore, berm and dune sediments. These displaced sediments are then deposited as near shore sand bars and act to dampen the wave energy lessoning the amount of sediment that is being eroded from the coast. When wave energies decrease post storm events, the sediments from these newly deposited near shore bars are returned to the upper beach, rebuilding the berm. This self-correcting cycle is an active balance between wave energies and fine sediment deposition. This store of sediment being available for erosion in storms and re-depositing when the event has subsided is an important natural buffer mechanism against protecting the mainland from erosion and minimising coastal retreat.

text: Storm induced large erosion events are a part of the natural

text: evolutionary

text: process of fine

text: sediment

text: , gently sloping

text: beaches

text: . Increased

text: wave energy

text: in storms leads to the removal of

text: foreshore

text: berm

text: and

text: dune

text: sediments. These displaced sediments are then deposited as near

text: shore

text: sand bars and act to dampen the wave energy lessoning the amount of sediment that is being eroded from the coast. When wave energies decrease post storm events, the sediments from these newly deposited near shore bars are returned to the upper beach, rebuilding the berm. This self-correcting cycle is an active balance between wave energies and fine sediment

text: deposition

text: . This store of sediment being available for erosion in storms and re-depositing when the event has subsided is an important natural buffer mechanism against protecting the

text: mainland

text: from erosion and minimising coastal retreat.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: self-correcting cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: self-correcting cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: fine sediment,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: wave energies

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: gently sloping beaches.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: self-correcting cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sand bars

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: wave energies

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: self-correcting cycle

text: A cratonic sequence is a very large-scale lithostratographic sequence that covers a complete marine transgressive-regressive cycle across a craton.  They are also known as "megasequences", "stratigraphic sequences", "sloss sequence" "supersequence" or simply "sequences."  In plain English, it is the geological evidence of the sea level rising and then falling, thereby depositing layers of sediment onto an area of ancient rock called a craton.

text: A cratonic sequence is a very large-scale

text: lithostratographic

text: sequence that covers a complete

text: marine transgressive-regressive

text: cycle across a

text: craton

text: .  They are also known as "megasequences", "stratigraphic sequences", "sloss sequence" "supersequence" or simply "sequences."  In plain English, it is the geological evidence of the sea level rising and then falling, thereby depositing layers of sediment onto an area of ancient rock called a craton.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transgressive-regressive

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sloss

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: complete marine transgressive-regressive cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: cratonic sequence

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cratonic sequence

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: layers of sediment

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: the sea level rising and then falling,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ancient rock called a craton.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: A cratonic sequence

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "sloss

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: cratonic sequence

text: The term was originally defined by Stern et al. (1989) to refer to plutonic rocks containing between 55 and 60 weight percent SiO, with Mg# >0.6, Ni >100 ppm, Cr >200 ppm, KO >1 weight percent, Rb/Sr <0.1, Ba >500 ppm, Sr >500 ppm, enrichment in LREEs, and no or minor Eu anomalies. The term "sanukitoid suite" includes more evolved rocks derived from sanukitoid through fractional crystallization. Sanukitoids are similar in major and trace element composition to "adakites" (named for occurrences on the Adak Island in the Aleutian island arc). Both suites are thought to form by melting of a mafic igneous rock protolith that has been metamorphosed to garnet-pyroxene (eclogite) or garnet-amphibole assemblages (Rapp et al. 1991; Thorkelson & Breitsprecher 2005).

text: The term was originally defined by Stern et al. (1989) to refer to plutonic rocks containing between 55 and 60 weight percent SiO, with Mg# >0.6, Ni >100 ppm, Cr >200 ppm, KO >1 weight percent, Rb/Sr <0.1, Ba >500 ppm, Sr >500 ppm, enrichment in L

text: REE

text: s, and no or minor

text: Eu anomalies

text: . The term "sanukitoid suite" includes more evolved rocks derived from sanukitoid through fractional

text: crystallization

text: . Sanukitoids are similar in major and trace element composition to "

text: adakite

text: s" (named for occurrences on the Adak Island in the Aleutian island arc). Both suites are thought to form by melting of a mafic igneous rock protolith that has been metamorphosed to garnet-pyroxene (eclogite) or garnet-amphibole assemblages (Rapp et al. 1991; Thorkelson & Breitsprecher 2005).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weight percent SiO

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: eclogite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: "sanukitoid suite"

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "sanukitoid suite"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mafic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: enrichment in LREEs, and no or minor Eu anomalies.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: garnet-pyroxene

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed to garnet-pyroxene

text: The Adamsfield Jubilee element is east of the Tyennan Block. It has a strip exposed on the surface that includes the Florentine Synclinorium, The Adamsfield District, the Jubilee Region, and down to the South Coast at Precipitous Bluff and Surprise Bay. It also underlies the Tasmania Basin across southeastern Tasmania, but not including the east coast. The subsurface structure has been studied from a few outliers, boreholes, xenoliths, and gravity and magnetic surveys. The basement at 5 km deep is the same as the Tyennan metamorphic rocks (Scotchfire Metamorphic Complex). Its oldest exposed rocks are from the Clark Group, of pelitic rocks, some with stromatolites, and evaporites, and overlaid with orthoquartzite. The Weld River Group lies above, starting with 0.5 km thickness of conglomerate and sandstone, then up to 3 km of dolostone, interbedded with sandstone, mudstone and diamictite. Glacial dropstones are found in the interbedding, suggesting Cryogenian age, however carbon isotope results suggest Ediacaran age instead. Gravity and magnetic studies indicate that this sort of dolomite (dense and non-magnetic) underlies Hobart and Bruny Island in a north–south strip, and also in a region west of Hobart.

text: The Adamsfield Jubilee element is east of the Tyennan Block. It has a strip exposed on the surface that includes the Florentine Synclinorium, The Adamsfield District, the Jubilee Region, and down to the South Coast at

text: Precipitous Bluff

text: and Surprise Bay. It also underlies the Tasmania Basin across southeastern Tasmania, but not including the east coast. The subsurface structure has been studied from a few outliers, boreholes,

text: xenolith

text: s, and gravity and magnetic surveys. The basement at 5 km deep is the same as the Tyennan metamorphic rocks (Scotchfire Metamorphic Complex). Its oldest exposed rocks are from the Clark Group, of pelitic rocks, some with

text: stromatolite

text: s, and

text: evaporite

text: s, and overlaid with orthoquartzite. The Weld River Group lies above, starting with 0.5 km thickness of conglomerate and sandstone, then up to 3 km of

text: dolostone

text: , interbedded with sandstone, mudstone and diamictite. Glacial dropstones are found in the interbedding, suggesting Cryogenian age, however

text: carbon isotope

text: results suggest Ediacaran age instead. Gravity and magnetic studies indicate that this sort of dolomite (dense and non-magnetic) underlies Hobart and Bruny Island in a north–south strip, and also in a region west of Hobart.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: How many major groups of rocks are there?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: pelitic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Clark Group,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbon isotope

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Cryogenian age,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Cryogenian age,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: pelitic rocks,

text: In the Tyennan block, the Precambrian basement that forms the central core of Tasmania there are two formations. First, the Oonah Formation contains turbidite with quartz sandstone interbedded with siltstone deposited by gravity flows. This has been deformed with tight folds that have been overturned, and exhibits crenulation cleavage and brittle faulting.  Zircons in the quartzite have peak numbers aged  and . Secondly, the Scotchfire Metamorphic Complex contains quartzite deposited in the sea from windblown desert sands, schist and phyllite possibly from a delta. Small quantities of dolomite and boulder conglomerate are also included. The complex includes boudinage structure and en echelon veins. Phyllitenear Strathgordon has been dated at . Metamorphism to greenschist facies occurred at around 400 °C and 300 MPa. The Franklin Metamorphic Complex is near Mount Franklin. At Raglan Range the rocks are a mixture of quartzite and knotted schist. Metamorphism in this area was higher grade with almandine garnet forming. The Collingwood area experienced the highest grade of metamorphism with garnet-mica schist, mica schist and garnet-mica-kyanite gneiss present, and enough heat to form veins of migmatite.  Eclogite and garnet amphibolite are believed to be the remains of basalt. The eclogite has been heated to 700° at 1520 MPa, a burial depth of perhaps 50 km. Metamorphism happened  at the same time as the Cambrian ultramafic complexes were introduced.

text: In the Tyennan block, the Precambrian basement that forms the central core of Tasmania there are two formations. First, the Oonah Formation contains

text: turbidite

text: with quartz

text: sandstone

text: interbedded with siltstone deposited by gravity flows. This has been deformed with tight folds that have been overturned, and exhibits crenulation

text: cleavage

text: and brittle faulting.  Zircons in the quartzite have peak numbers aged  and . Secondly, the Scotchfire Metamorphic Complex contains quartzite deposited in the sea from

text: windblown

text: desert sands,

text: schist

text: and

text: phyllite

text: possibly from a delta. Small quantities of dolomite and boulder

text: conglomerate

text: are also included. The complex includes

text: boudinage structure

text: and en echelon

text: veins

text: . Phyllitenear

text: Strathgordon

text: has been dated at . Metamorphism to

text: greenschist facies

text: occurred at around 400 °C and 300 MPa. The Franklin Metamorphic Complex is near Mount Franklin. At Raglan Range the rocks are a mixture of quartzite and knotted

text: schist

text: . Metamorphism in this area was higher grade with

text: almandine

text: garnet

text: forming. The Collingwood area experienced the highest grade of metamorphism with garnet-mica schist, mica schist and garnet-mica-

text: kyanite

text: gneiss

text: present, and enough heat to form veins of

text: migmatite

text: Eclogite

text: and garnet amphibolite are believed to be the remains of basalt. The eclogite has been heated to 700° at 1520 MPa, a burial depth of perhaps 50 km. Metamorphism happened  at the same time as the Cambrian

text: ultramafic

text: complexes were introduced.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a mixture of quartzite and knotted schist.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 1520 MPa,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle faulting.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: migmatite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 400 °C

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 1520 MPa,

text: The original concept of the rock cycle is usually attributed to James Hutton, from the eighteenth century Father of Geology. The rock cycle was a part of Hutton's uniformitarianism  and his famous quote: no vestige of a beginning, and no prospect of an end, applied in particular to the rock cycle and the envisioned cyclical nature of geologic processes. This concept of a repetitive non-evolutionary rock cycle remained dominant until the plate tectonics revolution of the 1960s. With the developing understanding of the driving engine of plate tectonics, the rock cycle changed from endlessly repetitive to a gradually evolving process. The Wilson cycle (a plate tectonics based rock cycle) was developed by J. Tuzo Wilson during the 1950s and 1960s. The world is made out of rocks.

text: The original concept of the rock cycle is usually attributed to

text: James Hutton

text: , from the eighteenth century Father of Geology. The rock cycle was a part of Hutton's

text: uniformitarianism

text: and his famous quote: no vestige of a beginning, and no prospect of an end, applied in particular to the rock cycle and the envisioned cyclical nature of geologic processes. This concept of a repetitive non-evolutionary rock cycle remained dominant until the plate tectonics revolution of the 1960s. With the developing understanding of the driving engine of

text: plate tectonics

text: , the rock cycle changed from endlessly repetitive to a gradually evolving process. The

text: Wilson cycle

text: (a plate tectonics based rock cycle) was developed by

text: J. Tuzo Wilson

text: during the 1950s and 1960s. The world is made out of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: gradually evolving process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The world is made out of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The world is made out of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cyclical nature of geologic processes.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The Wilson cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: The world is made out of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: James Hutton,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no vestige of a beginning, and no prospect of an end,

text: Some proteins present unique challenges for crystallization. Membrane proteins frequently require the addition of a detergent for isolation and crystallization, and tend to form "very small, weakly (x-ray) diffracting, radiation-sensitive crystals".  Proteins that form fibres need to be stabilized in a monomeric form.  Small proteins can have  poor solubility in water and require specialized crystallization techniques.

text: Some proteins present unique challenges for crystallization. Membrane proteins frequently require the addition of a

text: detergent

text: for isolation and crystallization, and tend to form "very small, weakly (x-ray) diffracting, radiation-sensitive crystals".  Proteins that form fibres need to be stabilized in a

text: monomeric

text: form.  Small proteins can have  poor

text: solubility

text: in water and require specialized crystallization techniques.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a liquid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: It is out of the rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Some proteins present unique challenges for crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Some proteins present unique challenges for crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: proteins present unique challenges for crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weakly (x-ray) diffracting,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: radiation-sensitive crystals".

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Some proteins present unique challenges for crystallization.

text: About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of polyester fibers. Clear products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below T glass transition temperature to form an amorphous solid. Like glass, amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as the melt is cooled. At room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, but, if enough heat energy is put back into them by heating above T, they begin to move again, allowing crystals to nucleate and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state crystallization.

text: About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of polyester fibers. Clear products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below T

text: glass transition temperature

text: to form an

text: amorphous solid

text: . Like

text: glass

text: , amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as the melt is cooled. At room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, but, if enough heat energy is put back into them by heating above T, they begin to move again, allowing crystals to

text: nucleate

text: and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state

text: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solid-state crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: amorphous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: polyester fibers.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: polyester fibers.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: 60% crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline fashion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solid-state crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: amorphous solid.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: At room temperature

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solid-state crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: solid-state crystallization.

text: Peninsular Gneiss is a term coined to highlight the older gneissic complex of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula. This term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. The Geological Survey of India identified one of the best exposures of this rock mass, protruding high above the ground as a hillock (pictured), dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, in the  Bangalore city in India at the famous Lalbagh gardens and declared it as a National Geological Monument to propagate the knowledge of the rock formation among the public, since Lalbagh is frequented by visitors from all over the world.It is also called the Lalbagh rock.

text: Peninsular Gneiss is a term coined to highlight the older gneissic complex of the

text: metamorphic

text: s found all over the

text: Indian Peninsula

text: . This term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. The

text: Geological Survey of India

text: identified one of the best exposures of this rock mass, protruding high above the ground as a hillock (pictured), dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, in the

text: Bangalore

text: city in

text: India

text: at the famous

text: Lalbagh

text: gardens and declared it as a National Geological Monument to propagate the knowledge of the rock formation among the public, since

text: Lalbagh

text: is frequented by visitors from all over the world.It is also called the Lalbagh rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Peninsular Gneiss

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gneissic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Peninsular Gneiss

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphics

text: He regards the rock as an "artistic form" and the pop music as, if anything, a marketing concept. Rock, in Carducci's view, is "rock and roll music made conscious of itself as a small band music".

text: He regards the rock as an "artistic form" and the pop music as, if anything, a

text: marketing

text: concept. Rock, in Carducci's view, is "rock and roll music made

text: conscious of itself

text: as a small band music".

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: artifacts

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock and roll music made conscious of itself

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock as an "artistic form"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: "artistic form"

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: "artistic form"

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: "rock and roll music made conscious of itself as a small band music".

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: "artistic form"

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: pop music as, if anything, a marketing concept.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "artistic form"

text: Highwall mining is another form of surface mining that evolved from auger mining. In Highwall mining, the coal seam is penetrated by a continuous miner propelled by a hydraulic Pushbeam Transfer Mechanism (PTM). A typical cycle includes sumping (launch-pushing forward) and shearing (raising and lowering the cutterhead boom to cut the entire height of the coal seam). As the coal recovery cycle continues, the cutterhead is progressively launched into the coal seam for 19.72 feet (6.01 m). Then, the Pushbeam Transfer Mechanism (PTM) automatically inserts a 19.72-foot (6.01 m) long rectangular Pushbeam (Screw-Conveyor Segment) into the center section of the machine between the Powerhead and the cutterhead. The Pushbeam system can penetrate nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) into the coal seam. One patented Highwall mining system uses augers enclosed inside the Pushbeam that prevent the mined coal from being contaminated by rock debris during the conveyance process. Using a video imaging and/or a gamma ray sensor and/or other Geo-Radar systems like a coal-rock interface detection sensor (CID), the operator can see ahead projection of the seam-rock interface and guide the continuous miner's progress. Highwall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications and steep-dip seams with controlled water-inflow pump system and/or a gas (inert) venting system.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sumping

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock debris

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Highwall mining

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gamma ray sensor

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: projection of the seam-rock interface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sumping (launch-pushing forward) and shearing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Highwall mining

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: shearing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Highwall mining

text: Provenance in geology, is the reconstruction of the origin of sediments. The Earth is not a static but a dynamic planet, all rocks are subject to transition between the three main rock types, which are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks (the rock cycle). Rocks exposed to the surface, sooner or later, are broken down into sediments. Sediments are expected to be able to provide evidence of the erosion history of their parent source rocks. The purpose of provenance study is to restore the tectonic, paleo-geographic and paleo-climatic history.

text: Provenance in

text: geology

text: , is the reconstruction of the origin of

text: sediments

text: . The Earth is not a static but a dynamic planet, all rocks are subject to transition between the three main rock types, which are

text: sedimentary

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: igneous rock

text: s (the

text: rock cycle

text: ). Rocks exposed to the surface, sooner or later, are broken down into sediments. Sediments are expected to be able to provide evidence of the

text: erosion

text: history of their parent source rocks. The purpose of provenance study is to restore the

text: tectonic

text: paleo-geographic

text: and

text: paleo-climatic

text: history.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: all rocks are subject to transition between the three main rock types,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (the rock cycle).

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion history

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sooner or later, are broken down into sediments.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: all rocks are subject to transition between the three main rock types,

text: Erosion continued into the Mesozoic, so the state has almost no rock record from this entire era of geologic time. The few rocks present were igneous and likely formed as a result of the rifting that divided Pangaea. No dinosaur fossils have ever been discovered in New Hampshire. No other fossils are known from this scant rock record either. Local erosion continued into the Cenozoic era. There is no local rock record for the entirety of the Tertiary. During the more recent Quaternary, New Hampshire was largely covered by glaciers. The local plant life resembled that of modern arctic Canada. This is supported by fossil plants and pollen preserved in sediments deposited when the glaciers melted.

text: Erosion continued into the

text: Mesozoic

text: , so the state has almost no rock record from this entire era of geologic time. The few rocks present were igneous and likely formed as a result of the

text: rift

text: ing that divided

text: Pangaea

text: . No

text: dinosaur

text: fossils have ever been discovered in New Hampshire. No other fossils are known from this scant rock record either. Local erosion continued into the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. There is no local rock record for the entirety of the

text: Tertiary

text: . During the more recent

text: Quaternary

text: , New Hampshire was largely covered by

text: glacier

text: s. The local plant life resembled that of modern

text: arctic

text: Canada. This is supported by fossil plants and pollen preserved in sediments deposited when the glaciers melted.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rifting that divided Pangaea

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the most recent Quaternary?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rifting that divided Pangaea.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: New Hampshire was largely covered by glaciers.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous

text: Various geological processes create discontinuities at a broadly regular spacing. For example, bedding planes are the result of a repeated sedimentation cycle with a change of sedimentation material or change in structure and texture of the sediment at regular intervals, folding creates joints at regular separations to allow for shrinkage or expansion of the rock material, etc. Normally discontinuities with the same origin have broadly the same characteristics in terms of shear strength, spacing between discontinuities, roughness, infill, etc. The orientations of discontinuities with the same origin are related to the process that has created them and to the geological history of the rock mass. A discontinuity set or family denotes a series of discontinuities for which the geological origin (history, etc.), the orientation, spacing, and the mechanical characteristics (shear strength, roughness, infill material, etc.) are broadly the same.

text: Various geological processes create discontinuities at a broadly regular spacing. For example,

text: bedding planes

text: are the result of a repeated

text: sedimentation

text: cycle with a change of sedimentation material or change in structure and texture of the sediment at regular intervals,

text: folding

text: creates

text: joints

text: at regular separations to allow for shrinkage or expansion of the rock material, etc. Normally discontinuities with the same origin have broadly the same characteristics in terms of

text: shear strength

text: , spacing between discontinuities, roughness, infill, etc. The orientations of discontinuities with the same origin are related to the process that has created them and to the geological history of the rock mass. A discontinuity set or family denotes a series of discontinuities for which the geological origin (history, etc.), the orientation, spacing, and the mechanical characteristics (

text: shear strength

text: , roughness, infill material, etc.) are broadly the same.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: shear strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: folding

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: geological history of the rock mass.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: discontinuity set or family

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mechanical characteristics (shear strength, roughness, infill material,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: folding

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: discontinuities at a broadly regular spacing. For example, bedding planes

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: discontinuity set or family

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Various geological processes create discontinuities at a broadly regular spacing.

text: Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz, may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process. However, all minerals are stable only within certain limits, and the presence of some minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed.

text: Other minerals, such as

text: olivine

text: s,

text: pyroxene

text: s,

text: amphibole

text: s,

text: mica

text: s,

text: feldspar

text: s, and

text: quartz

text: , may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the

text: crystallization

text: of igneous rocks. They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process. However, all minerals are stable only within certain limits, and the presence of some minerals in metamorphic rocks indicates the approximate temperatures and pressures at which they formed.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: all minerals are stable only within certain limits,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemically unchanged

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization of igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: Metamorphic rocks can change without melting. Heat causes atomic bonds to break, and the atoms move and form new bonds with other atoms, creating new minerals with different chemical components or crystalline structures (neocrystallization), or enabling recrystallization. When pressure is applied, somewhat flattened grains that orient in the same direction have a more stable configuration.

text: Metamorphic rocks can change without melting. Heat causes atomic bonds to break, and the atoms move and form new bonds with other atoms, creating new minerals with different chemical components or crystalline structures (

text: neocrystallization

text: ), or enabling

text: recrystallization

text: . When pressure is applied, somewhat flattened grains that orient in the same direction have a more stable configuration.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Heat

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (neocrystallization),

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (neocrystallization),

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks can change without melting.

text: Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension.

text: Sedimentary rocks are types of

text: rock

text: that are formed by the

text: deposition

text: and subsequent cementation of that material at the

text: Earth's surface

text: and within bodies of water.

text: Sedimentation

text: is the collective name for processes that cause

text: mineral

text: and/or

text: organic

text: particles (

text: detritus

text: ) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called

text: sediment

text: . Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by

text: water

text: wind

text: ice

text: mass movement

text: or

text: glacier

text: s, which are called agents of

text: denudation

text: . Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sedimentary rocks

text: Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect the surface further (such as acid rain), and sodium and chloride ions (salt) deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface.

text: Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in

text: chemical

text: reactions that can affect the surface further (such as

text: acid rain

text: ), and sodium and chloride ions

text: (salt)

text: deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in

text: erosion

text: of the surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: other rocks and soils.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Weather

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosive properties

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: carbon dioxide from the surrounding air.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments

text: The rocks follow the calc-alkaline trend of magmatic differentiation, containing silicic lavas such as dacite. Their overall composition ranges from basaltic andesite to dacite, and the dominant lava rocks are andesite and basalt. Andesites range from green to gray in colour, and dacites are pink- and light-gray. The andesitic lavas contain phenocrysts of andesine, hornblende, plagioclase and hypersthene. Dacites have biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts. Textures range from porphyritic to vitreophyritic. Andesites are more common in Pliocene rocks, and Pleistocene rocks tend to be dacitic. At least five cycles of andesite rock formation have been found on the southwest side of Koh-i-Sultan. Its rocks are typical volcanic-arc rocks in elemental chemistry, and may stem from mantle-derived magma. The satellite centre rocks differ from the main centre rocks in composition, suggesting that different processes generated the magmas which constructed the cones. There is a compositional trend from Bazman over Taftan to Sultan, with the latter having more potassium in its rocks than the other centres. Such compositional trends may come from different partial melting ratios and different fluid contributions to magma generation at each volcano.

text: The rocks follow the

text: calc-alkaline

text: trend of

text: magmatic differentiation

text: , containing silicic lavas such as dacite. Their overall composition ranges from

text: basaltic andesite

text: to dacite, and the dominant lava rocks are andesite and

text: basalt

text: . Andesites range from green to gray in colour, and dacites are pink- and light-gray. The andesitic lavas contain

text: phenocryst

text: s of

text: andesine

text: hornblende

text: , plagioclase and

text: hypersthene

text: . Dacites have

text: biotite

text: , hornblende,

text: plagioclase

text: and

text: quartz

text: phenocryst

text: s. Textures range from

text: porphyritic

text: to

text: vitreophyritic

text: . Andesites are more common in

text: Pliocene

text: rocks, and

text: Pleistocene

text: rocks tend to be dacitic. At least five cycles of andesite rock formation have been found on the southwest side of Koh-i-Sultan. Its rocks are typical volcanic-arc rocks in elemental chemistry, and may stem from

text: mantle

text: -derived magma. The satellite centre rocks differ from the main centre rocks in composition, suggesting that different processes generated the magmas which constructed the cones. There is a compositional trend from Bazman over Taftan to Sultan, with the latter having more

text: potassium

text: in its rocks than the other centres. Such compositional trends may come from different

text: partial melting

text: ratios and different fluid contributions to magma generation at each volcano.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: elemental chemistry

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic differentiation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: magmatic differentiation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rocks follow the calc-alkaline trend of magmatic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: calc-alkaline trend of magmatic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: calc-alkaline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Textures range from porphyritic to vitreophyritic.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava rocks are andesite and basalt.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: phenocrysts

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: magmatic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magmatic differentiation,

text: The rocks of Salt Point are sedimentary, mainly sandstone. All of these rocks are tilted, exposing older rocks. The rocks at the north end of the park's coast are younger than the rocks at of the southern end. Salt Point is named for the tafoni where the ocean water crystallizes in the honeycomb like crevices. This tafoni is caused when the salt crystals interact with the sandstone making parts of the sandstone harden while other parts soften.

text: The rocks of Salt Point are sedimentary, mainly sandstone. All of these rocks are tilted, exposing older rocks. The rocks at the north end of the park's coast are younger than the rocks at of the southern end. Salt Point is named for the

text: tafoni

text: where the ocean water crystallizes in the honeycomb like crevices. This tafoni is caused when the salt crystals interact with the sandstone making parts of the sandstone harden while other parts soften.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tafoni

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Tafoni

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: older rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tilted,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: harden while other parts soften.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: harden while other parts soften.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the salt crystals interact with the sandstone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: tafoni

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: older rocks.

text: The sixth match featured The Rock defending the WCW Championship against Booker T and Shane McMahon in a handicap match. Rock dominated Booker and McMahon in the earlier part of the match until Booker and McMahon started double-teaming Rock. At one point, McMahon tried to hit Rock with the WCW title belt but Rock avoided and Booker was hit with the belt instead. McMahon also hit Rock with the belt. McMahon attempted to hit a Leap of Faith on Rock but he rolled away. Booker was tagged in but Rock hit Booker and McMahon a double clothesline. Rock hit McMahon, a Rock Bottom and a Spinebuster on Booker. Test interfered in the match and prevented Rock from winning the match. Bradshaw came out to prevent Test from interfering. Booker tried to pin Rock but Mike Chioda and a WWF referee attacked the WCW referee Nick Patrick, who was refereeing the match. Earl Hebner replaced Patrick and took over as the official. Rock hit Booker with a Rock Bottom to win the match and retain the WCW Championship.

text: The sixth match featured

text: The Rock

text: defending the

text: WCW Championship

text: against

text: Booker T

text: and

text: Shane McMahon

text: in a

text: handicap match

text: . Rock dominated Booker and McMahon in the earlier part of the match until Booker and McMahon started double-teaming Rock. At one point, McMahon tried to hit Rock with the WCW title belt but Rock avoided and Booker was hit with the belt instead. McMahon also hit Rock with the belt. McMahon attempted to hit a

entity_name: Professional wrestling aerial techniques

text: Leap of Faith

text: on Rock but he rolled away. Booker was tagged in but Rock hit Booker and McMahon a

entity_name: Professional wrestling double-team maneuvers

text: double clothesline

text: . Rock hit McMahon, a

text: Rock Bottom

text: and a

text: Spinebuster

text: on Booker.

text: Test

text: interfered in the match and prevented Rock from winning the match.

text: Bradshaw

text: came out to prevent Test from interfering. Booker tried to pin Rock but

text: Mike Chioda

text: and a WWF referee attacked the WCW referee

text: Nick Patrick

text: , who was refereeing the match.

text: Earl Hebner

text: replaced Patrick and took over as the official. Rock hit Booker with a Rock Bottom to win the match and retain the WCW Championship.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: WCW Championship against Booker T and Shane McMahon

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: double-teaming Rock.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: WCW Championship against Booker T and Shane McMahon

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: WCW Championship against Booker T and Shane McMahon

text: A similar type of crystal is a phenocryst, a large crystal in an igneous rock. Porphyroblasts are often confused with porphyroclasts, which can also be large outstanding crystals, but which are older than the matrix of the rock.

text: A similar type of crystal is a

text: phenocryst

text: , a large crystal in an

text: igneous rock

text: . Porphyroblasts are often confused with

text: porphyroclast

text: s, which can also be large outstanding crystals, but which are older than the matrix of the rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: matrix

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: older than the matrix

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: phenocryst,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: older than the matrix

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: phenocryst,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: phenocryst,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: phenocryst,

text: Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism; meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization. The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume.

text: Metamorphic rock

text: s are formed by subjecting any rock type—

text: sedimentary rock

text: igneous rock

text: or another older metamorphic rock—to different

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. This process is called

text: metamorphism

text: ; meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the

text: protolith

text: , transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by

text: recrystallization

text: . The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: how many groups of rocks are there

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and pressure conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and pressure conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism;

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral types

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: recrystallization.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism;

text: As noted above, sometimes an election has no Condorcet winner because there is no candidate who is preferred by voters to all other candidates. When this occurs the situation is known as a 'majority rule cycle', 'circular ambiguity', 'circular tie', 'Condorcet paradox', or simply 'cycle'. This situation emerges when, once all votes have been added up, the preferences of voters with respect to some candidates form a circle in which every candidate is beaten by at least one other candidate. For example, if there are three candidates, Candidate Rock, Candidate Scissors, and Candidate Paper, there will be no Condorcet winner if voters prefer Candidate Rock over Candidate Scissors and Scissors over Paper, but also Candidate Paper over Rock. Depending on the context in which elections are held, circular ambiguities may or may not be common. Nonetheless an ambiguity is always possible, and so every Condorcet method must be capable of determining a winner when this occurs. A mechanism for resolving an ambiguity is known as ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.

text: As noted above, sometimes an election has no Condorcet winner because there is no candidate who is preferred by voters to all other candidates. When this occurs the situation is known as a 'majority rule cycle', 'circular ambiguity', 'circular tie', 'Condorcet paradox', or simply 'cycle'. This situation emerges when, once all votes have been added up, the preferences of voters with respect to some candidates form a circle in which every candidate is beaten by at least one other candidate. For example, if there are three candidates,

text: Candidate Rock, Candidate Scissors, and Candidate Paper

text: , there will be no Condorcet winner if voters prefer Candidate Rock over Candidate Scissors and Scissors over Paper, but also Candidate Paper over Rock. Depending on the context in which elections are held, circular ambiguities may or may not be common. Nonetheless an ambiguity is always possible, and so every Condorcet method must be capable of determining a winner when this occurs. A mechanism for resolving an ambiguity is known as ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Paper

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: every candidate is beaten by at least one other candidate.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: voters prefer Candidate Rock over Candidate Scissors

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: every candidate is beaten by at least one other candidate.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: 'circular ambiguity',

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.

text: Petrological indicators of UHP metamorphism are usually preserved in eclogite. The presence of metamorphic coesite, diamond, or majoritic garnet are diagnostic; other potential mineralogical indicators of UHP metamorphism, such as alpha-PbO structured TiO, are not widely accepted. Mineral assemblages, rather than single minerals, can also be used to identify UHP rocks; these assemblages include magnesite + aragonite. Because minerals change composition in response to changes in pressure and temperature, mineral compositions can be used to calculate pressure and temperature; for UHP eclogite the best geobarometers involve garnet + clinopyroxene + K-white mica and garnet + clinopyroxene + kyanite + coesite/quartz. Most UHP rocks were metamorphosed at peak conditions of 800 °C and 3 GPa. At least two UHP localities record higher temperatures: the Bohemian and Kokchetav Massifs reached 1000–1200 °C at pressures of at least 4 GPa.

text: Petrological indicators of UHP metamorphism are usually preserved in

text: eclogite

text: . The presence of metamorphic coesite, diamond, or

text: majoritic garnet

text: are diagnostic; other potential mineralogical indicators of UHP metamorphism, such as alpha-PbO structured TiO, are not widely accepted. Mineral assemblages, rather than single minerals, can also be used to identify UHP rocks; these assemblages include magnesite + aragonite. Because minerals change composition in response to changes in pressure and temperature, mineral compositions can be used to calculate pressure and temperature; for UHP eclogite the best geobarometers involve garnet + clinopyroxene + K-white mica and garnet + clinopyroxene + kyanite + coesite/quartz. Most UHP rocks were metamorphosed at peak conditions of 800 °C and 3

text: GPa

text: . At least two UHP localities record higher temperatures: the Bohemian and Kokchetav Massifs reached 1000–1200 °C at pressures of at least 4 GPa.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Petrological indicators of UHP metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: UHP metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: UHP metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: eclogite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 800 °C

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Petrological indicators of UHP metamorphism

text: Parallel to the phenomenon of erosion, occurs a process of sedimentation: the extremity of the new Southern Island of Sangomar increases by 100 m per annum to the south and, on the opposite bank, the outskirts of the villages of Niodior and Dionewar are silting considerably, reducing traffic of vessels and contributing to the isolation of populations.

text: Parallel to the phenomenon of

text: erosion

text: , occurs a process of

text: sedimentation

text: : the extremity of the new Southern Island of Sangomar increases by 100 m per annum to the south and, on the opposite bank, the outskirts of the villages of

text: Niodior

text: and

text: Dionewar

text: are silting considerably, reducing traffic of vessels and contributing to the isolation of populations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Parallel to the phenomenon of erosion,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentation:

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentation:

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the extremity of the new Southern Island of Sangomar

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation:

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion, occurs a process of sedimentation:

text: In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.

text: In

text: earth science

text: , erosion is the action of surface processes (such as

text: water flow

text: or

text: wind

text: ) that remove

text: soil

text: rock

text: , or dissolved material from one location on the

text: Earth's crust

text: , then

text: transport

text: it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into

text: clastic

text: sediment

text: is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded

text: sediment

text: or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: clastic sediment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion is the action of surface processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: clastic sediment

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion

text: Sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into four groups based on the processes responsible for their formation: clastic sedimentary rocks, biochemical (biogenic) sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and a fourth category for "other" sedimentary rocks formed by impacts, volcanism, and other minor processes.

text: Sedimentary rocks can be subdivided into four groups based on the processes responsible for their formation: clastic sedimentary rocks, biochemical (biogenic) sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and a fourth category for "other" sedimentary rocks formed by impacts,

text: volcanism

text: , and other minor processes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chemical sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: impacts, volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: impacts, volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: formation:

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: impacts, volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chemical sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: impacts, volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "other" sedimentary rocks

text: Rocks in the tholeiitic magma series are classified as subalkaline (they contain less sodium than some other basalts) and are distinguished from rocks in the calc-alkaline magma series by the redox state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced; calc-alkaline magmas are oxidized).  When the parent magmas of basalts crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals.  However, a calc-alkaline magma is oxidized enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.

text: Rocks in the tholeiitic magma series are classified as subalkaline (they contain less sodium than some other basalts) and are distinguished from rocks in the

text: calc-alkaline

text: magma series by the

text: redox

text: state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced; calc-alkaline magmas are oxidized).  When the parent magmas of basalts crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals

text: olivine

text: and

text: pyroxene

text: , causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals.  However, a calc-alkaline magma is oxidized enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide

text: magnetite

text: , causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: redox state

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: iron content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalts

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the redox state

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: iron content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallize,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: subalkaline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: iron-poor crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rocks in the tholeiitic magma series

text: Eastern Iran can be divided into two parts: Lut Block and Flysch Zone (flysch or coloured melange of Zabol–Baluch Zone). Located to the west of Zabol–Baluch Zone, Lut Block is the main body of Eastern Iran. Lut Block extends for about 900 km in a north–south direction. It is bounded in the north by Dorooneh fault and in the south by Jazmurian depression. In the east, it is separated from Flysch Zone by the Nehbandan fault, whereas the western boundary with Central Iran is Nayband fault and Shotori Mountains. The oldest units include upper Precambrian Lower Cambrian schists overlain by Permian limestone and other Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Flysch Zone (Zabol–Baluch) is located between Lut Block to the west and Helmand (in Afghanistan) to the east. In contrast to Lut Block, the Flysch Zone is highly deformed and tectonized and consists of thick deep-sea sediments like argillaceous and silicic shales, radiolarite, and pelagic limestone and volcanic rocks such as basalt, spilitic basalt, diabase, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, and subordinate serpentinized ultramafic rocks. The basement is likely composed of an oceanic crust. Most rock units in this zone fall into three main groups: flyschoid sediments; volcanic, volcanosedimentary, and intrusive rocks; and ophiolitic series.

text: Eastern Iran can be divided into two parts: Lut Block and Flysch Zone (

text: flysch

text: or coloured melange of Zabol–Baluch Zone). Located to the west of Zabol–Baluch Zone, Lut Block is the main body of Eastern Iran. Lut Block extends for about 900 km in a north–south direction. It is bounded in the north by Dorooneh fault and in the south by Jazmurian depression. In the east, it is separated from Flysch Zone by the Nehbandan fault, whereas the western boundary with Central Iran is Nayband fault and Shotori Mountains. The oldest units include upper Precambrian Lower Cambrian schists overlain by

text: Permian

text: limestone and other Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Flysch Zone (Zabol–Baluch) is located between Lut Block to the west and

text: Helmand

text: (in

text: Afghanistan

text: ) to the east. In contrast to Lut Block, the Flysch Zone is highly deformed and tectonized and consists of thick deep-sea sediments like argillaceous and silicic

text: shale

text: s,

text: radiolarite

text: , and pelagic limestone and volcanic rocks such as

text: basalt

text: , spilitic basalt,

text: diabase

text: andesite

text: dacite

text: rhyolite

text: , and subordinate serpentinized ultramafic rocks. The basement is likely composed of an oceanic crust. Most rock units in this zone fall into three main groups: flyschoid sediments; volcanic, volcanosedimentary, and intrusive rocks; and ophiolitic series.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: ophiolitic series

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: ophiolitic series.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: ophiolitic series.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: oceanic crust.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tectonized

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonized

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Flysch Zone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: tectonized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: volcanic rocks

text: The rock types consist of : Corallian Limestone (top layer), Oxford Clay, Raven-scar Limestone and Shales and Ironstone.

text: The rock types consist of :

text: Corallian Limestone

text: (top layer),

text: Oxford Clay

text: , Raven-scar Limestone and

text: Shales

text: and

text: Ironstone

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ironstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rock types consist of : Corallian Limestone

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Shales and Ironstone.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (top layer),

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (top layer),

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (top layer),

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Ironstone.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Raven-scar Limestone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: The rock types consist of : Corallian Limestone

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Shales and Ironstone.

text: The park's rock formations, made famous by Robert Stevens and Harold Williams, include oceanic crust and mantle rock exposed by the obduction process of plate tectonics, as well as sedimentary rock formed during the Ordovician, Precambrian granite and Palaeozoic igneous rocks.

text: The park's rock formations, made famous by Robert Stevens and

text: Harold Williams

text: , include

text: oceanic crust

text: and

text: mantle

text: rock exposed by the

text: obduction

text: process of

text: plate tectonics

text: , as well as

text: sedimentary

text: rock formed during the

text: Ordovician

text: Precambrian

text: granite

text: and

text: Palaeozoic

text: igneous

text: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: obduction process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: obduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: obduction process of plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: obduction process of plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: obduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: obduction process of plate tectonics,

text: Abrasion is the process by which sediments are transported in the flow. The rate of erosion done using abrasion is affected by the strength of the bedrock. Abrasion is also affected by the amount of sediment load present in the river. Too much sediment and most of the particles will not have enough energy; too little and not enough of the particles will come into contact with the bed. The process can erode individual grains, or flakes from the rocks surface. The most common indicators of abrasion is potholes in the bedrock or a trough-like shape to the river. There are three types of sediment transport in a fluvial process: dissolved load, suspended load, and bed load. The process that most affects a bedrock river is the suspended load.

text: Abrasion is the process by which sediments are transported in the flow. The rate of erosion done using abrasion is affected by the strength of the bedrock. Abrasion is also affected by the amount of sediment load present in the river. Too much sediment and most of the particles will not have enough energy; too little and not enough of the particles will come into contact with the bed. The process can erode individual grains, or flakes from the rocks surface. The most common indicators of abrasion is potholes in the bedrock or a trough-like shape to the river. There are three types of sediment transport in a fluvial process: dissolved load, suspended load, and bed load. The process that most affects a bedrock river is the suspended load.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process that most affects a bedrock river?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolved load

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: suspended load.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: strength of the bedrock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Abrasion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: flakes

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Abrasion

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolved load,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Abrasion

text: Metamorphic grade is an informal indication of the amount or degree of metamorphism. A more complete indication of this intensity or degree is provided with the concept of metamorphic facies.

text: Metamorphic grade is an informal indication of the amount or degree of metamorphism. A more complete indication of this intensity or degree is provided with the concept of

text: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic facies.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic facies.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic facies.

text: Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) rocks in contrast to phaneritic rocks, typically form from lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth' surface. Because extrusive rocks make contact with the atmosphere they cool quickly, so the minerals do not have time to form large crystals. The individual crystals in an aphanitic igneous rock are not distinguishable to the naked eye. Examples of aphanitic igneous rock include basalt, andesite and rhyolite.

text: Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) rocks in contrast to phaneritic rocks, typically form from

text: lava

text: which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth' surface. Because extrusive rocks make contact with the

text: atmosphere

text: they cool quickly, so the minerals do not have time to form large crystals. The individual crystals in an aphanitic igneous rock are not distinguishable to the naked eye. Examples of aphanitic igneous rock include

text: basalt

text: andesite

text: and

text: rhyolite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallize rapidly on or near Earth' surface

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: aphanitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth' surface.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Aphanitic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth' surface.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals do not have time to form large crystals.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Aphanitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the minerals do not have time to form large crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Aphanitic

text: Canadian rock describes a wide and diverse variety of music produced by Canadians, starting with American-style Rock and roll in the mid-20th century.   Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern popular music called rock. Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing significantly to the development of the most popular subgenres, which include alternative rock, pop rock, progressive rock, country rock, folk rock, hard rock, punk rock, metal and indie rock.

text: Canadian rock

text: describes a wide and diverse variety of music produced by Canadians, starting with American-style

text: Rock and roll

text: in the mid-20th century.   Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern

text: popular music

text: called rock. Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing significantly to the development of the most popular subgenres, which include

text: alternative rock

text: pop rock

text: progressive rock

text: country rock

text: folk rock

text: hard rock

text: punk rock

text: metal

text: and

text: indie rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of the most popular subgenres

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hard rock, punk rock, metal and indie rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Canadian rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Canadian rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of the most popular subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock, punk rock, metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Canadian rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Canadian rock

text: The Tuzgle volcano proper is constructed from an older rhyodacite-mafic series and a more recent series constructed from andesites alone. These and neighbouring shoshonitic centres are formed from magmas with crustal contamination. Isotope analysis of magmatic rocks have shown La/Nb ratios of 1.31.6 and Ba/Ta ratios of 160260, lower than in the main volcanic front. The overall chemical composition is potassium-rich calc-alkaline. Thermobarometry indicates that the older magmas crystallized at pressures of  while younger ones crystallized at  and temperatures of about . These magma compositions indicate that the magmas are the result of complex mixing processes and also involve the transitional nature of the mantle beneath Tuzgle, where the more northern steep slab encounters the shallower southern subducting slab. Crystal fractionation and melting of upper crustal rocks further complicate the pattern. The lava domes which were erupted from the ground after the Tuzgle ignimbrite have volumes of , while the Platform and subsequent units have volumes of . The lava domes and San Antonio lava flows have porphyritic surfaces. San Antonio lavas contain large plagioclase xenocrystals and xenoliths. The ignimbrite contains Ordovician lithic fragments and 1020% pumice. Its eruption was presumably linked to high mantle melt rates; the resulting mafic magmas induced the generation of large amounts of silicic melts. Lower mantle melt rates would form mafic melts that incorporate silicic melts before erupting.

text: The Tuzgle volcano proper is constructed from an older

text: rhyodacite

text: -mafic series and a more recent series constructed from andesites alone. These and neighbouring shoshonitic centres are formed from magmas with crustal contamination. Isotope analysis of magmatic rocks have shown

text: La

text: Nb

text: ratios of 1.31.6 and

text: Ba

text: Ta

text: ratios of 160260, lower than in the main volcanic front. The overall chemical composition is

text: potassium

text: -rich

text: calc-alkaline

text: . Thermobarometry indicates that the older magmas crystallized at pressures of  while younger ones crystallized at  and temperatures of about . These magma compositions indicate that the magmas are the result of complex mixing processes and also involve the transitional nature of the mantle beneath Tuzgle, where the more northern steep slab encounters the shallower southern subducting slab.

text: Crystal fractionation

text: and melting of upper crustal rocks further complicate the pattern. The lava domes which were erupted from the ground after the Tuzgle ignimbrite have volumes of , while the Platform and subsequent units have volumes of . The lava domes and San Antonio lava flows have porphyritic surfaces. San Antonio lavas contain large

text: plagioclase

text: xenocryst

text: als and

text: xenolith

text: s. The ignimbrite contains Ordovician lithic fragments and 1020%

text: pumice

text: . Its eruption was presumably linked to high mantle melt rates; the resulting mafic magmas induced the generation of large amounts of silicic melts. Lower mantle melt rates would form mafic melts that incorporate silicic melts before erupting.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crustal contamination

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the difference between older and younger magmas?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Tuzgle ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crustal contamination.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: silicic melts.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mantle melt rates;

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: younger ones crystallized at and temperatures of about.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lava domes and San Antonio lava flows have porphyritic surfaces.

text: The rock making up Vedauwoo's characteristic hoodoos and outcrops is the 1.4 billion year old Sherman Granite. These rocks represent some of the oldest rock in Wyoming (but are still more than a billion years younger than the Tetons).  It is exposed at the surface around Vedauwoo due to the uplift of the Laramie Mountains that began around 70 million years ago.  Younger layers of rock and sediment have progressively eroded, and this continues today.  The hard granite of vedauwoo is made of large crystals of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and some mica and is more erosion-resistant, resulting in wind and water-sculpted forms.  Just east of Vedauwoo, along I-80, sandstone cliffs are formed of the Permian-age Fountain Formation, which is about 300 million years old.  Ancient sand dunes of a broad desert met with the salty waters of a shallow, epicontinental sea, producing examples of cross-stratification.  Fossils of sea urchins, snails, and sea lilies can be found in some of these rocks.

text: The rock making up Vedauwoo's characteristic

text: hoodoos

text: and outcrops is the 1.4 billion year old Sherman Granite. These rocks represent some of the oldest rock in Wyoming (but are still more than a billion years younger than the

text: Tetons

text: ).  It is exposed at the surface around Vedauwoo due to the uplift of the

text: Laramie Mountains

text: that began around 70 million years ago.  Younger layers of rock and sediment have progressively eroded, and this continues today.  The hard granite of vedauwoo is made of large crystals of

text: quartz

text: orthoclase

text: plagioclase

text: , and some

text: mica

text: and is more erosion-resistant, resulting in wind and water-sculpted forms.  Just east of Vedauwoo, along I-80, sandstone cliffs are formed of the

text: Permian

text: -age

text: Fountain Formation

text: , which is about 300 million years old.  Ancient sand dunes of a broad desert met with the salty waters of a shallow, epicontinental sea, producing examples of cross-stratification.  Fossils of sea urchins, snails, and sea lilies can be found in some of these rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressively eroded

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Younger layers of rock and sediment have progressively eroded,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 1.4 billion year old Sherman Granite.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion-resistant,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion-resistant,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressively eroded,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Sherman Granite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: large crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cross-stratification.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 1.4 billion year old Sherman Granite.

text: Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their crystal structure expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of mass wasting called exfoliation. This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by frost wedging). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is Half Dome, located in Yosemite Valley.

text: Batholiths exposed at the surface are subjected to huge pressure differences between their former location deep in the earth and their new location at or near the surface. As a result, their

text: crystal structure

text: expands slightly over time. This manifests itself by a form of

text: mass wasting

text: called

text: exfoliation

text: . This form of weathering causes convex and relatively thin sheets of rock to slough off the exposed surfaces of batholiths (a process accelerated by

text: frost wedging

text: ). The result is fairly clean and rounded rock faces. A well-known result of this process is

text: Half Dome

text: , located in

text: Yosemite Valley

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: exfoliation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exfoliation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Batholiths

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure differences

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure expands

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Batholiths

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: exfoliation.

text: The Coomb Volcanic Formation occupies much of the south-west of the Wrekin Terrane and its associated inliers. The sequence is the most recent suite of Neoproterozoic rocks identified in southern Britain. The formation comprises over 1000m of sediments deposited in a subaqueous environment (in contrast to the subaerial Uriconian). Explosive ash-flow tuffs mark the initial phase of deposition followed by rhyolite flows and domes. Bimodal deposition followed with lavas, minor intrusions, ash-flows and volcaniclastic rocks with some ash-flows exhibiting Ediacaran body fossils. The geochemistry notes that fractional crystallisation process within the magma chamber links the lavas with the tuffs and gives intra-plate as well as subduction geochemical signatures.

text: The

text: Coomb Volcanic Formation

text: occupies much of the south-west of the Wrekin Terrane and its associated

text: inlier

text: s. The sequence is the most recent suite of Neoproterozoic rocks identified in southern Britain. The formation comprises over 1000m of sediments deposited in a subaqueous environment (in contrast to the subaerial Uriconian). Explosive ash-flow tuffs mark the initial phase of deposition followed by rhyolite flows and domes. Bimodal deposition followed with lavas, minor intrusions, ash-flows and volcaniclastic rocks with some ash-flows exhibiting

text: Ediacaran

text: body fossils. The geochemistry notes that

text: fractional crystallisation

text: process within the magma chamber links the lavas with the tuffs and gives

text: intra-plate

text: as well as

text: subduction

text: geochemical signatures.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of formation is the Coomb Volcanic Formation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallisation process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fractional crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcaniclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How would you describe fractional crystallisation?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: volcaniclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Coomb Volcanic Formation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallisation process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: subduction geochemical signatures.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcaniclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallisation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Coomb Volcanic Formation

text: The general lack of Hadean rocks (older than 3800 Ma) might be explained by the efficiency of the processes that either cycled those rocks back into the mantle or effaced any isotopic record of their antiquity. All rocks in the continental crust are subject to metamorphism, partial melting and tectonic erosion during multiple orogenic events, and the chance of survival at the surface decreases with increasing age. In addition, a period of intense meteorite bombardment at 4.0-3.8 Ga may have pulverized all rocks at the Earth's surface. The similar age of the oldest surviving rocks and the "late heavy bombardment" may not be coincidental.

text: The general lack of Hadean rocks (older than 3800 Ma) might be explained by the efficiency of the processes that either cycled those rocks back into the mantle or effaced any isotopic record of their antiquity. All rocks in the continental crust are subject to metamorphism, partial melting and tectonic erosion during multiple orogenic events, and the chance of survival at the surface decreases with increasing age. In addition, a period of intense meteorite bombardment at 4.0-3.8 Ga may have pulverized all rocks at the Earth's surface. The similar age of the oldest surviving rocks and the "

text: late heavy bombardment

text: " may not be coincidental.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: survival

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: partial melting

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: All rocks in the continental crust are subject to metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chance of survival

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cycled those rocks back into the mantle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the chance of survival at the surface decreases with increasing age.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: cycled those rocks back into the mantle

text: There are two main types of rock tumbling: barrel (rotary) tumbling, and vibratory tumbling. Rotary tumbling is more common, simpler, quieter and less expensive than vibratory tumblers. There are two differentiating factors, however, that may lead one to use a vibratory tumbler. First, vibratory tumbler retain the overall shape of the rough rock, whereas rotary tumblers tend to make rocks round. Thus, it is important to use vibratory tumbler to make faceted shapes and tear drop forms. Second, vibratory tumblers tend to process much faster than rotary tumblers, generally reducing the process time to half.

text: There are two main types of rock tumbling: barrel (rotary) tumbling, and vibratory tumbling. Rotary tumbling is more common, simpler, quieter and less expensive than vibratory tumblers. There are two differentiating factors, however, that may lead one to use a vibratory tumbler. First, vibratory tumbler retain the overall shape of the rough rock, whereas rotary tumblers tend to make rocks round. Thus, it is important to use vibratory tumbler to make faceted shapes and tear drop forms. Second, vibratory tumblers tend to process much faster than rotary tumblers, generally reducing the process time to half.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: shape

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock tumbling

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: tumbling

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: two

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: vibratory tumbling.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rotary tumblers tend to make rocks round.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: round.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tumbling:

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: round.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rotary tumblers tend to make rocks round.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock tumbling:

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: vibratory tumbler retain the overall shape of the rough rock,

text: The break-up of Pangea resulted in the break-up of the Paleozoic metamorphic basement rock. The basement rock formed half-grabens where eroded sediments from the break-up were then deposited. These sediments created the metasedimentary rocks of the La Quinta formation. Development of the passive margin occurred after rifting. Characterized by carbonate and shale, the stable passive margin allowed for large amounts of clastic sediment to deposit and stay undisturbed until burial. Some of the most important source rocks come from this stage, including the La Luna and Socuy formations. The timing of the Paleogene collision is clearly recorded in the stratigraphy of the Maracaibo basin. There is an abrupt change in sediment type of the late Cretaceous made evident by the thickly deposited, pelagic shale of the Colon formation. This represents the beginnings of the Caribbean arc collision with the South American plate. As the collision continued, this region shifted from the passive margin stage to the foreland basin stage. These Paleogene sediments are characterized by fluvial and deltaic facies and make up the Misoa formation, fluvial sandstones that act as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Mountain building begins in the late Paleogene, producing mostly continental sandstone facies.

text: The break-up of Pangea resulted in the break-up of the Paleozoic metamorphic basement rock. The basement rock formed half-grabens where eroded sediments from the break-up were then deposited. These sediments created the metasedimentary rocks of the La Quinta formation. Development of the passive margin occurred after rifting. Characterized by carbonate and shale, the stable passive margin allowed for large amounts of clastic sediment to deposit and stay undisturbed until burial. Some of the most important source rocks come from this stage, including the La Luna and Socuy formations. The timing of the Paleogene collision is clearly recorded in the stratigraphy of the Maracaibo basin. There is an abrupt change in sediment type of the late Cretaceous made evident by the thickly deposited, pelagic shale of the Colon formation. This represents the beginnings of the Caribbean arc collision with the South American plate. As the collision continued, this region shifted from the passive margin stage to the foreland basin stage. These Paleogene sediments are characterized by fluvial and deltaic facies and make up the Misoa formation, fluvial sandstones that act as

text: hydrocarbon

text: reservoirs. Mountain building begins in the late Paleogene, producing mostly continental sandstone facies.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: How many major groups of rocks are there?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hydrocarbon reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mountain building

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metasedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metasedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbonate and shale,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbonate and shale, the stable passive margin

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rifting.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metasedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: passive margin occurred after rifting.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rifting.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Paleozoic metamorphic basement rock.

text: Most rocks are metamorphic and igneous. The District has several deposits of minerals.

text: Most rocks are metamorphic and igneous. The District has several deposits of minerals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The District has several deposits of minerals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Most rocks are metamorphic and igneous.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Most rocks are metamorphic and igneous.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic and igneous.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic and igneous.

text: Caprock or cap rock is a harder or more resistant rock type overlying a weaker or less resistant rock type.  Common types of caprock are sandstone and mafic rock types.  In processes such as scarp retreat, the caprock controls the rate of erosion of the scarp.  As the softer rock is cut away, periodically the caprock shears off.  Caprock is also found on the top of mesa formations.

text: Caprock or cap rock is a harder or more resistant

text: rock

text: type overlying a weaker or less resistant rock type.  Common types of caprock are

text: sandstone

text: and

text: mafic rock

text: types.  In processes such as

text: scarp retreat

text: , the caprock controls the rate of erosion of the scarp.  As the softer rock is cut away, periodically the caprock shears off.  Caprock is also found on the top of

text: mesa

text: formations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: scarp retreat

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: scarp retreat,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Caprock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Caprock

text: Metamorphic rocks are altered rocks from sedimentary and igneous origin and are formed due to intense pressure and temperature. Their composition includes amphibolites, quartz feldspar, Phyllites and slate. Metamorphic rocks are largely found at the western and eastern potion of the municipality (mountainous areas facing the Pacific Ocean).

text: Metamorphic rocks are altered rocks from sedimentary and igneous origin and are formed due to intense pressure and temperature. Their composition includes amphibolites, quartz feldspar, Phyllites and slate. Metamorphic rocks are largely found at the western and eastern potion of the municipality (mountainous areas facing the

text: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intense pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks are altered rocks from sedimentary and igneous origin

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intense pressure and temperature.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks

text: Action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to weathering and water erosion, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in metasomatism or mineral hydration, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces clay minerals. It also occurs when Portland cement hardens.

text: Action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to

text: weathering

text: and

text: water erosion

text: , physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in

text: metasomatism

text: or

text: mineral hydration

text: , a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces

text: clay minerals

text: . It also occurs when

text: Portland cement

text: hardens.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical alteration

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical alteration

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the result of slower cooling in crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Action of water on rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical reactions with water

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral hydration,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and water erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soil and sediment,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Action of water on rock over long periods of time

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment,

text: Haloclasty is a type of physical weathering caused by the growth of salt crystals. The process is first started when saline water seeps into cracks and evaporates depositing salt crystals, when the rocks are then heated, the crystals will expand putting pressure on the surrounding rock which will over time splinter the stone into fragments.

text: Haloclasty is a type of

text: physical weathering

text: caused by the growth of

text: salt crystals

text: . The process is first started when

text: saline

text: water seeps into cracks and evaporates depositing salt crystals, when the rocks are then heated, the crystals will expand putting pressure on the surrounding rock which will over time splinter the stone into fragments.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: fragments

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: growth of salt crystals.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pressure on the surrounding rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: fragments.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Haloclasty

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Haloclasty

text: Epigenetic change (secondary processes) may be arranged under a number of headings, each of which is typical of a group of rocks or rock-forming minerals, though usually more than one of these alterations will be found in progress in the same rock. Silicification, the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline silica, is most common in felsic rocks, such as rhyolite, but is also found in serpentine, etc. Kaolinization is the decomposition of the feldspars, which are the most common minerals in igneous rocks, into kaolin (along with quartz and other clay minerals); it is best shown by granites and syenites. Serpentinization is the alteration of olivine to serpentine (with magnetite); it is typical of peridotites, but occurs in most of the mafic rocks. In uralitization, secondary hornblende replaces augite; chloritization is the alteration of augite (biotite or hornblende) to chlorite, and is seen in many diabases, diorites and greenstones. Epidotization occurs also in rocks of this group, and consists in the development of epidote from biotite, hornblende, augite or plagioclase feldspar.

text: Epigenetic change (secondary processes) may be arranged under a number of headings, each of which is typical of a group of rocks or rock-forming minerals, though usually more than one of these alterations will be found in progress in the same rock.

text: Silicification

text: , the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline silica, is most common in

text: felsic

text: rocks, such as

text: rhyolite

text: , but is also found in serpentine, etc.

text: Kaolinization

text: is the decomposition of the

text: feldspar

text: s, which are the most common minerals in igneous rocks, into

text: kaolin

text: (along with quartz and other

text: clay minerals

text: ); it is best shown by

text: granite

text: s and

text: syenite

text: s.

text: Serpentinization

text: is the alteration of

text: olivine

text: to

text: serpentine

text: (with

text: magnetite

text: ); it is typical of

text: peridotite

text: s, but occurs in most of the

text: mafic

text: rocks. In

text: uralitization

text: , secondary

text: hornblende

text: replaces

text: augite

text: chloritization

text: is the alteration of augite (biotite or hornblende) to

text: chlorite

text: , and is seen in many diabases,

text: diorite

text: s and

text: greenstones

text: Epidotization

text: occurs also in rocks of this group, and consists in the development of

text: epidote

text: from biotite, hornblende, augite or plagioclase feldspar.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: epigenetic change

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Epigenetic change

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Kaolinization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a group of rocks or rock-forming minerals,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Silicification,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Epigenetic change

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Epigenetic change

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Epigenetic change

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: kaolin

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Silicification,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Kaolinization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Epigenetic change

text: Geologic formations are usually sedimentary rock layers, but may also be metamorphic rocks and volcanic flows.  Igneous intrusive rocks are generally not divided into formations.

text: Geologic formations are usually

text: sedimentary rock

text: layers, but may also be

text: metamorphic rocks

text: and

text: volcanic

text: flows.  Igneous intrusive rocks are generally not divided into formations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: formations

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Geologic formations

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Igneous intrusive rocks are generally not divided into formations.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Igneous intrusive rocks are generally not divided into formations.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks and volcanic flows.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic flows.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Igneous intrusive rocks are generally not divided into formations.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic flows.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks and volcanic flows.

text: Germany is located between the geologically very old (Precambrian) East European Craton (Baltica) to the north and north-east that further north is exposed as the Baltic Shield, and the geologically young (Cenozoic) Alpine-Carpathian Orogen to the south. The corresponding crustal provinces of Germany are thus geologically "middle-aged" and were accreted onto the East European Craton during the Paleozoic through plate tectonic processes. These areas form the geological basement of Germany. The basement is the oldest of the four geological crustal levels (German: Stockwerke) that overlap in Central Europe, north of the Alps. The levels mainly reflect the age relationships of rocks and the great tectonic trends that the Earth's crust was subjected to in the course of its geological history: crustal extension and widespread, mostly marine, sedimentation alternating with crustal compression/orogeny and extensive erosion. The surface geology of Germany has evolved to its current configuration due to regional differences in the action and appearance of external and internal forces over the past  20 million years. Germany can be divided into three physiographic regions: the Central European Depression, the Central European Blocks and the Alps.

text: Germany

text: is located between the geologically very old (

text: Precambrian

text: East European Craton

text: Baltica

text: ) to the north and north-east that further north is exposed as the

text: Baltic Shield

text: , and the geologically young (Cenozoic)

text: Alpine

text: Carpathian

text: Orogen

text: to the south. The corresponding

text: crustal

text: provinces of Germany are thus geologically "middle-aged" and were

text: accreted

text: onto the East European Craton during the Paleozoic through

text: plate tectonic

text: processes. These areas form the geological

text: basement

text: of Germany. The basement is the oldest of the four geological crustal levels (German: Stockwerke) that overlap in Central Europe, north of the

text: Alps

text: . The levels mainly reflect the age relationships of rocks and the great

text: tectonic

text: trends that the Earth's crust was subjected to in the course of its geological history: crustal extension and widespread, mostly marine, sedimentation alternating with crustal compression/orogeny and extensive

text: erosion

text: . The surface geology of Germany has evolved to its current configuration due to regional differences in the action and appearance of external and internal forces over the past  20 million years. Germany can be divided into three

text: physiographic regions

text: : the Central European Depression, the Central European Blocks and the Alps.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the Earth's crust

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crustal extension

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the glacier?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: age relationships of rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Central European Depression, the Central European Blocks and the Alps.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crustal compression/orogeny

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crustal extension

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crustal compression/orogeny and extensive erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Baltic Shield,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Central European Depression, the Central European Blocks and the Alps.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: plate tectonic processes.

text: In extensive regions of the Slave province of northern Canada, the magma that later became batholiths heated the surrounding rock to create metamorphic regions called aureoles about 2,575 million years ago. These regions are typically  wide. The creation of aureoles was a continuous process, but three recognizable metamorphic phases can be correlated with established deformational phases. The cycle began with a deformation phase unaccompanied by metamorphism. This evolved into the second phase accompanied by broad regional metamorphism as thermal doming began. With continued updoming of the isotherms, the third phase produced minor folding but caused major metamorphic recrystallization, resulting in the emplacement of granite at the core of the thermal dome. This phase occurred at lower pressure because of erosional unloading, but the temperatures were more extreme, ranging up to about . With deformation complete, the thermal dome decayed; minor mineralogical changes occurred during this decay phase. The region has since been effectively stable.

text: In extensive regions of the Slave province of northern Canada, the magma that later became batholiths heated the surrounding rock to create metamorphic regions called aureoles about 2,575 million years ago. These regions are typically  wide. The creation of aureoles was a continuous process, but three recognizable metamorphic phases can be correlated with established deformational phases. The cycle began with a deformation phase unaccompanied by metamorphism. This evolved into the second phase accompanied by broad regional metamorphism as thermal doming began. With continued updoming of the isotherms, the third phase produced minor folding but caused major metamorphic recrystallization, resulting in the emplacement of granite at the core of the thermal dome. This phase occurred at lower pressure because of erosional unloading, but the temperatures were more extreme, ranging up to about . With deformation complete, the thermal dome decayed; minor mineralogical changes occurred during this decay phase. The region has since been effectively stable.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: three recognizable metamorphic phases

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three recognizable metamorphic phases

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heated the surrounding rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: wide.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deformation phase unaccompanied by metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic recrystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: deformation complete, the thermal dome decayed;

text: Some parts of Mars show inverted relief. This occurs when sediments are deposited on the floor of a stream and then become resistant to erosion, perhaps by cementation. Later the area may be buried. Eventually, erosion removes the covering layer and the former streams become visible since they are resistant to erosion. Mars Global Surveyor found several examples of this process. Many inverted streams have been discovered in various regions of Mars, especially in the Medusae Fossae Formation, Miyamoto Crater, Saheki Crater, and the Juventae Plateau.

text: Some parts of Mars show

text: inverted relief

text: . This occurs when sediments are deposited on the floor of a stream and then become resistant to erosion, perhaps by cementation. Later the area may be buried. Eventually, erosion removes the covering layer and the former streams become visible since they are resistant to erosion. Mars Global Surveyor found several examples of this process. Many inverted streams have been discovered in various regions of Mars, especially in the

text: Medusae Fossae Formation

text: Miyamoto Crater

text: Saheki Crater

text: , and the Juventae Plateau.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What kind of crystals are formed in crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cementation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Some parts of Mars show inverted relief.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: inverted relief.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cementation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: inverted relief.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: buried.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Some parts of Mars show inverted relief.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: inverted relief.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: inverted relief.

text: The type of rock influences the appearance of the mountain ranges very markedly, because erosion leads to very different topography depending on the hardness of the rock and its petrological structure. In addition to height and climate, other factors are the layering of the rock, its gradient and aspect, the types of waterbody and the lines of dislocation. For hard rock massifs, rugged rock faces (e.g. in the Dolomites) and mighty scree slopes are typical. By contrast, flysch or slate forms gentler mountain shapes and kuppen or domed mountaintops, because the rock is not porous, but easily shaped.

text: The type of rock influences the appearance of the mountain ranges very markedly, because

text: erosion

text: leads to very different topography depending on the

text: hardness

text: of the rock and its

text: petrological

text: structure. In addition to height and climate, other factors are the

text: layering

text: of the rock, its

text: gradient

text: and

text: aspect

text: , the types of

text: waterbody

text: and the lines of

text: dislocation

text: . For hard rock massifs, rugged rock faces (e.g. in the

text: Dolomites

text: ) and mighty

text: scree

text: slopes are typical. By contrast, flysch or slate forms gentler mountain shapes and

text: kuppen

text: or domed mountaintops, because the rock is not porous, but easily shaped.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hardness of the rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The type of rock influences the appearance of the mountain ranges very markedly,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The type of rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hardness of the rock and its petrological structure.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: gradient and aspect,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: flysch or slate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: flysch or slate

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The type of rock influences the appearance of the mountain ranges very markedly,

text: "Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary, until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane. This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over the millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers.

text: "Making a concentric ring around the core is the

text: metamorphic

text: zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally

text: sedimentary

text: , until there was a collision between the North American continent and a

text: terrane

text: . This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused the original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over the millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular

text: unconformity

text: below the younger sedimentary layers.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the type of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tilted

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eroded

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mountain range

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: diverse rock types.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic zone.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Trans-Hudson Orogeny,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tilted

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mountain range.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic zone.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic zone.

text: The main event was  Goldberg versus The Rock. Early into the match, The Rock taunted Goldberg at ringside to avoid wrestling him. As The Rock returned into the ring, Goldberg performed the Rock Bottom on him, gaining the early advantage. Goldberg attempt a spear, but The Rock dodged the spear, resulting in Goldberg hitting the ring post. The Rock took advantage over the situation, as he locked Goldberg in a sharpshooter. Goldberg broke the hold by grabbing the ring ropes and performed a successful spear on The Rock. The Rock was able to perform a spinebuster, Rock Bottom, and People's Elbow on Goldberg for a near-fall. Afterwards, Goldberg delivered two spears and a Jackhammer for the pinfall.

text: The

text: main event

text: was

text: Goldberg

text: versus

text: The Rock

text: . Early into the match, The Rock taunted Goldberg at ringside to avoid wrestling him. As The Rock returned into the ring, Goldberg performed the

text: Rock Bottom

text: on him, gaining the early advantage. Goldberg attempt a spear, but The Rock dodged the spear, resulting in Goldberg hitting the ring post. The Rock took advantage over the situation, as he locked Goldberg in a

text: sharpshooter

text: . Goldberg broke the hold by grabbing the ring ropes and performed a successful spear on The Rock. The Rock was able to perform a spinebuster, Rock Bottom, and

text: People's Elbow

text: on Goldberg for a near-fall. Afterwards, Goldberg delivered two spears and a

text: Jackhammer

text: for the pinfall.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sharpshooter.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom on him, gaining the early advantage.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: People's Elbow

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sharpshooter.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: People's Elbow

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Bottom

text: Much of the Lizard peninsula is known for its botany and geology, and about 375 million years ago the molten rock, which eventually became the Lizard, was about 10 km below the surface of the earth and under immense heat and pressure. One of the rocks (peridotite) is rich in magnesium and iron, and changed through heat and pressure to serpentinite as it pushed upwards from the Moho, the boundary of the earth's crust and mantle. It finally reached the crust's surface, about 30° south of the equator as part of an ocean ridge, in the Rheic Ocean. Over the next 80 million years the Rheic Ocean disappeared and the mass of rock heads north crossing the equator about 250 million years ago. The Tropic of Cancer is passed less than 100 million years ago and the rock, which becomes the Lizard, finally reached 50° north at about the start of the last Ice Age. There are two types of serpentine at Kynance: bastite and tremolite. The rocks at the car park, cliffs to the south and the path to the cove are bastite serpentine, which is the primary serpentine on the Lizard. The rock is coarse-grained with large shiny crystals of bastite which give a flecked appearance. The islands and stacks within the cove and the valley are of tremolite serpentine which is fine-grained and banded. Tremolite is different to the bastite serpentine because it was subject to higher pressure within the crust. Kynance Cove is an important site for geologists because of the exposures of the two types of ophiolitic serpentinite, together with granite and gneiss pods within the serpentine. The area has been designated as a Geological Conservation Review site.

text: Much of the Lizard peninsula is known for its

text: botany

text: and

text: geology

text: , and about 375 million years ago the molten rock, which eventually became the Lizard, was about 10 km below the surface of the earth and under immense heat and pressure. One of the rocks (

text: peridotite

text: ) is rich in

text: magnesium

text: and

text: iron

text: , and changed through heat and pressure to

text: serpentinite

text: as it pushed upwards from the

text: Moho

text: , the boundary of the earth's

text: crust

text: and

text: mantle

text: . It finally reached the crust's surface, about 30° south of the

text: equator

text: as part of an

text: ocean ridge

text: , in the

text: Rheic Ocean

text: . Over the next 80 million years the Rheic Ocean disappeared and the mass of rock heads north crossing the equator about 250 million years ago. The

text: Tropic of Cancer

text: is passed less than 100 million years ago and the rock, which becomes the Lizard, finally reached 50° north at about the start of the last

text: Ice Age

text: . There are two types of serpentine at Kynance: bastite and tremolite. The rocks at the car park, cliffs to the south and the path to the cove are bastite serpentine, which is the primary serpentine on the Lizard. The rock is coarse-grained with large shiny crystals of bastite which give a flecked appearance. The islands and stacks within the cove and the valley are of tremolite serpentine which is fine-grained and banded. Tremolite is different to the bastite serpentine because it was subject to higher pressure within the crust. Kynance Cove is an important site for geologists because of the exposures of the two types of

text: ophiolitic

text: serpentinite, together with granite and gneiss pods within the serpentine. The area has been designated as a

text: Geological Conservation Review

text: site.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a major group: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic or sedimentary?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magnesium and iron

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: change through heat and pressure to serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which is not the type of serpentine?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ophiolitic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bastite serpentine,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: fine-grained and banded.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tremolite serpentine which is fine-grained

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: changed through heat and pressure to serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: tremolite serpentine

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ophiolitic serpentinite,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fine-grained and banded.

text: Rock Band also supports migration of content across games. This enables players to access music that was featured in other Rock Band titles within a single game. Rock Band 2 currently supports content imported from the original Rock Band, Lego Rock Band, and Green Day: Rock Band. Rock Band 3 allows players to not only access these songs but content exported from Rock Band 2 as well. While Lego Rock Band and Green Day: Rock Band allow players to export the full soundtrack from each game, Rock Band loses three songs from its soundtrack (four in the European version) during the export process due to licensing restrictions. Rock Band 2, likewise, will not allow players to export fourteen of the eighty-four songs offered on the disc (however nine of these missing songs were offered as a free download following the release of Rock Band 3). Two additional songs from the original Rock Band export were previously unavailable within Rock Band 3, however they have since been returned to availability through a patch. Two further songs which were released on-disc in the European version are unavailable in Rock Band 3, regardless of whether the songs were obtained through a disc export or through purchase as DLC (for the North American region). Due to the licensing agreement with Apple Corps, The Beatles: Rock Band does not allow any exporting of its content whatsoever. Rock Band Blitz shipped with twenty-five songs on its soundtrack (twenty-three of which are new, two of which were offered in Rock Band 2 but not exportable to 3) and all twenty-five songs are cross-compatible with Rock Band 3. Blitz itself is also able to use the full range of content offered on the Rock Band downloadable content catalog (including future content, previous imports, and RBN songs), integrating the existing charts into its own gameplay system. Harmonix is working to assure that as much as a player's existing song library will be playable within Rock Band 4 within the same console family.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: migration of content

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a liquid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Band Blitz

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: North American region).

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock Band Blitz

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Band

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: DLC

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: migration of content across games.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: DLC

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Rock Band Blitz

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: disc export or through purchase as DLC

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: disc export or through purchase as DLC

text: Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways. Firstly, the movement of water across the bed exerts a shear stress directly onto the bed. If the cohesive strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. However, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment, this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed (abrasion). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded (attrition).

text: Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways. Firstly, the movement of water across the

text: bed

text: exerts a

text: shear stress

text: directly onto the bed. If the

text: cohesive

text: strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. However, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment, this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed (

text: abrasion

text: ). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded (attrition).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cohesive strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: attrition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cohesive strength

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cohesive strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: smaller and more rounded

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Erosion by moving water

text: Volcanism is the process that takes place at divergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate separates from another creating a rift in which molten rock (magma) erupts onto the surface of the Earth. This molten rock magma then cools and crystallizes, forming igneous rocks. If crystallization occurs at the Earth´s surface, extrusive igneous rocks are formed; if crystallization occurs within the Earth´s lithosphere, intrusive igneous rocks are formed which can then be brought to Earth´s surface by denudation.

text: Volcanism

text: is the process that takes place at divergent boundaries by which one

text: tectonic plate

text: separates from another creating a

text: rift

text: in which molten rock (

text: magma

text: ) erupts onto the surface of the

text: Earth

text: . This molten rock

text: magma

text: then cools and crystallizes, forming igneous rocks. If crystallization occurs at the Earth´s surface, extrusive

text: igneous rocks

text: are formed; if crystallization occurs within the Earth´s

text: lithosphere

text: , intrusive igneous rocks are formed which can then be brought to Earth´s surface by

text: denudation

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization occurs at the Earth <unk>s surface,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallizes,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: molten rock magma

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Volcanism

text: The exposed rock types in the vicinity of the thermal springs are sedimentary rocks of Mississippian to Ordovician age, with the exception of younger igneous rocks (Cretaceous age) exposed in two small areas about   southeast of the thermal springs (Potash Sulphur Spring and Magnet Cove, respectively), and in many small dikes and sills. Most dikes are less than  wide. There have been 80 dikes noted about  southeast of Hot Springs, on and near the Ouachita River.  There is no indication that igneous rock occurs where the thermal springs discharge.

text: The exposed rock types in the vicinity of the thermal springs are

text: sedimentary rock

text: s of

text: Mississippian

text: to

text: Ordovician

text: age, with the exception of younger

text: igneous rock

text: s (

text: Cretaceous

text: age) exposed in two small areas about   southeast of the thermal springs (Potash Sulphur Spring and

text: Magnet Cove

text: , respectively), and in many small

text: dikes

text: and

text: sills

text: . Most dikes are less than  wide. There have been 80 dikes noted about  southeast of Hot Springs, on and near the

text: Ouachita River

text: .  There is no indication that igneous rock occurs where the thermal springs discharge.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: thermal springs

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: younger igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (Cretaceous age)

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks of Mississippian to Ordovician age,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: younger igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: thermal springs

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks (Cretaceous age)

text: The ANS took about 300 million years to form. The oldest rocks associated with the formative cycle of the ANS crust formed by coalescence of Island arcs and back-arc basins and perhaps oceanic plateaus. The oldest rocks associated with this cycle are about 870 million years old and are found in eastern Sudan and SE Arabia. Some of the oldest rocks are ophiolites, which testify that formation of ANS continental crust began with formation of oceanic crust by seafloor spreading, followed by the development of subduction zones and Island arcs. The various island arcs collided and these tectonic terranes sutured together during the time period 780 to 620 Ma to form an increasingly broad and thick nucleus of juvenile continental crust. This thickening resulted in the formation of several suture zones, marked by obduction of ophiolites and intense deformation. Crustal thickening was also accompanied by melting and magmatic fractionation of mafic magmas that ponded deep in the crust. These melts rose upwards to be emplaced as granitic plutons. Magmatism during this episode is characterized by tholeiites and calc-alkaline suites.

text: The ANS took about 300 million years to form. The oldest rocks associated with the formative cycle of the ANS crust formed by coalescence of

text: Island arc

text: s and

text: back-arc basins

text: and perhaps oceanic plateaus. The oldest rocks associated with this cycle are about 870 million years old and are found in eastern Sudan and SE Arabia. Some of the oldest rocks are

text: ophiolites

text: , which testify that formation of ANS

text: continental crust

text: began with formation of

text: oceanic crust

text: by

text: seafloor spreading

text: , followed by the development of

text: subduction zones

text: and

text: Island arc

text: s. The various island arcs collided and these

text: tectonic terranes

text: sutured together during the time period 780 to 620 Ma to form an increasingly broad and thick nucleus of juvenile continental crust. This thickening resulted in the formation of several

text: suture zones

text: , marked by

text: obduction

text: of ophiolites and intense deformation. Crustal thickening was also accompanied by melting and magmatic fractionation of mafic magmas that ponded deep in the crust. These melts rose upwards to be emplaced as

text: granitic

text: plutons

text: . Magmatism during this episode is characterized by

text: tholeiite

text: s and

text: calc-alkaline

text: suites.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tholeiites

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation of oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic plutons

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Island arcs and back-arc basins

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: ophiolites,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tholeiites and calc-alkaline suites.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tholeiites and calc-alkaline suites.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: coalescence of Island arcs and back-arc basins

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic plutons.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: melting and magmatic fractionation of mafic magmas

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 870 million years old and are found in eastern Sudan and SE Arabia.

text: Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity) is considered to be the leading global cause of diffuse water pollution, due to the effects of the excess sediments flowing into the world's waterways. The sediments themselves act as pollutants, as well as being carriers for other pollutants, such as attached pesticide molecules or heavy metals.

text: Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity) is considered to be the leading global cause of diffuse

text: water pollution

text: , due to the effects of the excess sediments flowing into the world's waterways. The sediments themselves act as pollutants, as well as being carriers for other pollutants, such as attached pesticide molecules or heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity)

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Soil erosion

text: A list of rock types recognized by petrologists. There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe rock types. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock.

text: A list of

text: rock

text: types recognized by

text: petrologists

text: . There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe rock types. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: faster cooling forms larger crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: different classification systems exist for each major type of rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical composition,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grain size, texture,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical composition,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks.

text: Detritus (; adjective detrital ) is particles of rock derived from pre-existing rock through processes of weathering and erosion. A fragment of detritus is called a clast. Detrital particles can consist of lithic fragments (particles of recognisable rock), or of monomineralic fragments (mineral grains). Particles may be transported to riverbeds, lakes, or oceans, forming sedimentary successions. Diagenetic processes can transform these sediments into rock through cementation and lithification, forming sedimentary rocks such as sandstone. These rocks can then in turn again be weathered and eroded to form a second generation of sediment.

text: Detritus (; adjective detrital ) is particles of

text: rock

text: derived from pre-existing rock through processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: . A fragment of detritus is called a

text: clast

text: . Detrital particles can consist of

text: lithic fragments

text: (particles of recognisable rock), or of monomineralic fragments (mineral grains). Particles may be transported to riverbeds, lakes, or oceans, forming sedimentary successions.

text: Diagenetic

text: processes can transform these sediments into rock through

text: cementation

text: and

text: lithification

text: , forming sedimentary rocks such as sandstone. These rocks can then in turn again be weathered and eroded to form a second generation of sediment.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What is sedimentary?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the difference between detritus and mineral grains?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Detritus

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Detritus

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks such as sandstone.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Detritus

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Detritus

text: Ringing rocks are rocks that have the property of resonating like a bell when struck, such as the Musical Stones of Skiddaw in the English Lake District as well as the stones in Ringing Rocks Park, in Upper Black Eddy, Bucks County, Pennsylvania United States, the Ringing Rocks of Kiandra, near Cooma, NSW and also the Bell Rock Range of Western Australia.  Ringing rocks are also known as sonorous rocks or lithophonic rocks, as used in idiophonic musical instruments called lithophones.

text: Ringing rocks are rocks that have the property of resonating like a bell when struck, such as the

text: Musical Stones of Skiddaw

text: in the English

text: Lake District

text: as well as the stones in Ringing Rocks Park, in

text: Upper Black Eddy

text: Bucks County

text: Pennsylvania

text: United States, the Ringing Rocks of Kiandra, near Cooma, NSW and also the Bell Rock Range of Western Australia.  Ringing rocks are also known as sonorous rocks or

text: lithophonic

text: rocks, as used in

text: idiophonic

text: musical instruments called

text: lithophone

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resonating

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resonating

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: lithophonic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Ringing rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Ringing rocks

text: Geologically speaking, Colombian emeralds are said to be the purest emeralds in the world because Colombian emerald deposits are the only ones on earth found in sedimentary host rock rather than in Igneous rock. The tectonic movements that created the Andes Mountains force the raw materials of emeralds—beryllium, chromium, and vanadium—found in the ground into liquid and gaseous states. These materials, in such states, find their way into cracks in the already sedimentary medium surrounding them and then eventually cool and crystallize. A saline solution found in the sedimentary rock eventually washes out impurities such as iron that cloud other beryls from forming onto the crystallizing stone. This intricate process produces the emeralds found in the mines of Colombia.

text: Geologically speaking, Colombian emeralds are said to be the purest emeralds in the world because Colombian emerald deposits are the only ones on earth found in sedimentary host rock rather than in

text: Igneous rock

text: . The tectonic movements that created the Andes Mountains force the raw materials of emeralds—beryllium, chromium, and vanadium—found in the ground into liquid and gaseous states. These materials, in such states, find their way into cracks in the already sedimentary medium surrounding them and then eventually cool and crystallize. A saline solution found in the sedimentary rock eventually washes out impurities such as iron that cloud other beryls from forming onto the crystallizing stone. This intricate process produces the emeralds found in the mines of Colombia.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic movements

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cool and crystallize

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary host rock rather than in Igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic movements

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallize.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cool and crystallize.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallize.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Igneous rock.

text: The primary mechanism of soil creation is the weathering of rock. All rock types (igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock) may be broken down into small particles to create soil. Weathering mechanisms are physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering  Human activities such as excavation, blasting, and waste disposal, may also create soil. Over geologic time, deeply buried soils may be altered by pressure and temperature to become metamorphic or sedimentary rock, and if melted and solidified again, they would complete the geologic cycle by becoming igneous rock.

text: The primary mechanism of soil creation is the weathering of rock. All rock types (

text: igneous rock

text: metamorphic rock

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: ) may be broken down into small particles to create soil. Weathering mechanisms are physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering  Human activities such as excavation, blasting, and waste disposal, may also create soil. Over geologic time, deeply buried soils may be altered by pressure and temperature to become metamorphic or sedimentary rock, and if melted and solidified again, they would complete the geologic cycle by becoming igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidified

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: All rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: (igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock)

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: if melted and solidified again,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (igneous rock, metamorphic rock and sedimentary rock)

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical weathering,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rock.

text: Rocks are geologically classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability, the texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the end result of the processes that formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described by the geological model called the rock cycle. These events produce three general classes of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

text: Rocks are geologically classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition,

text: permeability

text: , the

text: texture

text: of the constituent particles, and

text: particle size

text: . These physical properties are the end result of the processes that formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described by the geological model called the

text: rock cycle

text: . These events produce three general classes of rock:

text: igneous

text: sedimentary

text: , and

text: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mineral and chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: transform from one type into another

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks can transform from one type into another,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rocks can transform from one type into another,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: particle size.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the rock cycle.

text: The weathering of many rock types produce clay minerals as one of its last products. The understanding of these geochemical processes is also important for the understanding of geological evolution of landscapes and macroscopic properties of rocks and sediments. Presence of clay minerals in Mars, detected by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2009 was another strong evidence of the existence of water on the planet in previous geological eras.

text: The

text: weathering

text: of many rock types produce clay minerals as one of its last products. The understanding of these geochemical processes is also important for the understanding of geological evolution of landscapes and macroscopic properties of rocks and sediments. Presence of clay minerals in

text: Mars

text: , detected by the

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: in 2009 was another strong evidence of the existence of water on the planet in previous geological eras.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: macroscopic properties

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: clay minerals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The weathering of many rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The weathering of many rock types produce clay minerals

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: macroscopic properties

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: clay minerals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: clay minerals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: clay minerals as one of its last products.

text: Crystal Rock features 12 distribution centers, and the Company manufactures and markets its own water and coffee brands, including Crystal Rock Waters, Vermont Pure Natural Spring Water and Cool Beans Coffee. Crystal Rock also features water filtration and dispensing systems, a variety of "small package waters" and a "robust coffee portfolio" that includes authorized dealer status for Keurig and Green Mountain coffee products.

text: Crystal Rock features 12 distribution centers, and the Company manufactures and markets its own water and coffee brands, including Crystal Rock Waters, Vermont Pure Natural Spring Water and Cool Beans Coffee. Crystal Rock also features water filtration and dispensing systems, a variety of "small package waters" and a "robust coffee portfolio" that includes authorized dealer status for Keurig and Green Mountain coffee products.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural spring water

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a liquid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystal Rock features 12 distribution centers,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystal Rock features 12 distribution centers,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Crystal Rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: water filtration and dispensing systems,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Spring Water

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Spring Water

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "small package waters"

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Crystal Rock features 12 distribution centers,

text: The best specimens of the architecture of the Salasthambha period are the remains of the five rock-cut caves at Jogighopa on the bank of the Brahmaputra in the district of Bongaigaon. These are the unique examples of rock-cut architecture in Assam. Though these rock-cut caves are not of such architectural interest as those in Western India, these remains at Jogighopa are the clear evidence of the fact that Assam was not outside the movement of this particular type of art developed in India as it will be seen from description of the best preserved cave noticed at Jogighopa.

text: The best specimens of the architecture of the Salasthambha period are the remains of the five rock-cut caves at Jogighopa on the bank of the Brahmaputra in the district of Bongaigaon. These are the unique examples of rock-cut architecture in Assam. Though these rock-cut caves are not of such architectural interest as those in Western India, these remains at Jogighopa are the clear evidence of the fact that Assam was not outside the movement of this particular type of art developed in India as it will be seen from description of the best preserved cave noticed at Jogighopa.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: preserved

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock-cut

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock-cut

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Brahmaputra

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock-cut caves at Jogighopa

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Brahmaputra

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: preserved

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock-cut caves

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock-cut caves

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Brahmaputra

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock-cut caves

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Brahmaputra

text: Metamorphic events may span multiple deformations. Sometimes it is useful to identify them similarly to the structural features for which they are responsible, e.g.; M. This may be possible by observing porphyroblast formation in cleavages of known deformation age, by identifying metamorphic mineral assemblages created by different events, or via geochronology.

text: Metamorphic events may span multiple deformations. Sometimes it is useful to identify them similarly to the structural features for which they are responsible, e.g.; M. This may be possible by observing

text: porphyroblast

text: formation in cleavages of known deformation age, by identifying metamorphic mineral assemblages created by different events, or via

text: geochronology

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural features

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: deformation age,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural features

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyroblast

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: porphyroblast formation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic events may span multiple deformations.

text: The newly erupted volcanic material is subject to rapid erosion depending on the climate conditions. These sediments accumulate within the basins on either side of an island arc. As the sediments become more deeply buried lithification begins and sedimentary rock results.

text: The newly erupted volcanic material is subject to rapid erosion depending on the climate conditions. These sediments accumulate within the basins on either side of an island arc. As the sediments become more deeply buried lithification begins and sedimentary rock results.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: climate conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rapid erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: climate conditions.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The newly erupted volcanic material

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithification begins and sedimentary rock

text: In geology, a large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including liquid rock (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), arising when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include large volcanic provinces (LVP), created through flood basalt, and large plutonic provinces (LPP). Rampino and Stothers (1988) cite eleven distinct flood-basalt episodes - occurring in the past 250 million years - which created volcanic provinces and plateaus and coincided with mass extinctions. However, more flood basalts have been recognized, such as the large Ontong Java Plateau, and the medium-sized Chilcotin Group, though the latter may be linked to the Columbia River Basalt Group. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the pre-existing climate state, and the biota resilience to change.

text: In

text: geology

text: , a large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of

text: igneous rock

text: s, including liquid rock (

text: intrusive

text: ) or volcanic rock formations (

text: extrusive

text: ), arising when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to

text: mantle plume

text: s or to processes associated with

text: plate tectonic

text: s. Types of LIPs can include large volcanic provinces (LVP), created through

text: flood basalt

text: , and large plutonic provinces (LPP). Rampino and Stothers (1988) cite eleven distinct flood-basalt episodes - occurring in the past 250 million years - which created volcanic provinces and plateaus and coincided with

text: mass extinctions

text: . However, more flood basalts have been recognized, such as the large

text: Ontong Java Plateau

text: , and the medium-sized

text: Chilcotin Group

text: , though the latter may be linked to the

text: Columbia River Basalt Group

text: . Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the pre-existing

text: climate state

text: , and the biota resilience to change.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: a range of factors

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volume

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: extrusion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive),

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (extrusive),

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: duration of eruption,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: liquid rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rate, duration of eruption,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (intrusive)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: a large igneous province

text: The main physical Weathering process on beaches is salt-crystal growth. Wind carries salt spray onto rocks, where it is absorbed into small pores and cracks within the rocks. There the water evaporates and the salt crystallises, creating pressure and often breaking down the rock. In some beaches calcium carbonate is able to bind together other sediments to form beachrock and in warmer areas dunerock. Wind erosion is also a form of erosion, dust and sand is carried around in the air and slowly erodes rock, this happens in a similar way in the sea were the salt and sand is washed up onto the rocks.

text: The main physical Weathering process on beaches is

text: salt-crystal growth

text: . Wind carries salt spray onto rocks, where it is absorbed into small pores and cracks within the rocks. There the water evaporates and the salt crystallises, creating pressure and often breaking down the rock. In some beaches calcium carbonate is able to bind together other sediments to form

text: beachrock

text: and in warmer areas

text: dunerock

text: . Wind erosion is also a form of erosion, dust and sand is carried around in the air and slowly erodes rock, this happens in a similar way in the sea were the salt and sand is washed up onto the rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a form of weathering?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dunerock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallises

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: beachrock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: beachrock and in warmer areas dunerock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: warmer areas dunerock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dunerock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Weathering process on beaches is salt-crystal growth.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dunerock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: salt crystallises,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: salt-crystal growth.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: salt-crystal growth.

text: By recrystallization in this manner peculiar rocks of very distinct types are often produced.  Thus shales may pass into cordierite rocks, or may show large crystals of andalusite (and chiastolite), staurolite, garnet, kyanite and sillimanite, all derived from the aluminous content of the original shale.  A considerable amount of mica (both muscovite and biotite) is often simultaneously formed, and the resulting product has a close resemblance to many kinds of schist.  Limestones, if pure, are often turned into coarsely crystalline marbles; but if there was an admixtureof clay or sand in the original rock such minerals as garnet, epidote, idocrase, wollastonite, will be present.  Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz.  These more intense stages of alteration are notso commonly seen in igneous rocks, because their minerals, being formed at high temperatures, are not so easily transformed or recrystallized.

text: By recrystallization in this manner peculiar rocks of very distinct types are often produced.  Thus shales may pass into

text: cordierite

text: rocks, or may show large crystals of

text: andalusite

text: (and

text: chiastolite

text: staurolite

text: garnet

text: kyanite

text: and

text: sillimanite

text: , all derived from the aluminous content of the original shale.  A considerable amount of

text: mica

text: (both muscovite and biotite) is often simultaneously formed, and the resulting product has a close resemblance to many kinds of schist.  Limestones, if pure, are often turned into coarsely crystalline marbles; but if there was an admixtureof clay or sand in the original rock such minerals as garnet,

text: epidote

text: idocrase

text: , wollastonite, will be present.  Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz.  These more intense stages of alteration are notso commonly seen in igneous rocks, because their minerals, being formed at high temperatures, are not so easily transformed or recrystallized.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grains of quartz

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coarse quartzites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: peculiar rocks of very distinct types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high temperatures,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coarsely crystalline marbles;

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coarse quartzites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: large crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: recrystallization

text: MC5 was an American rock band from Lincoln Park, Michigan, formed in 1964. The original band line-up consisted of vocalist Rob Tyner, guitarists Wayne Kramer and Fred "Sonic" Smith, bassist Michael Davis, and drummer Dennis Thompson. "Crystallizing the counterculture movement at its most volatile and threatening", according to AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the MC5's far left political ties and anti-establishment lyrics and music positioned them as emerging innovators of the punk movement in the United States. Their loud, energetic style of back-to-basics rock and roll included elements of garage rock, hard rock, blues rock, and psychedelic rock.

text: MC5 was an

text: American

text: rock

text: band from

text: Lincoln Park, Michigan

text: , formed in 1964. The original band line-up consisted of vocalist

text: Rob Tyner

text: , guitarists

text: Wayne Kramer

text: and

text: Fred "Sonic" Smith

text: , bassist

text: Michael Davis

text: , and drummer

text: Dennis Thompson

text: . "Crystallizing the

text: counterculture movement

text: at its most volatile and threatening", according to

text: AllMusic

text: critic

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine

text: , the MC5's

text: far left

text: political ties and

text: anti-establishment

text: lyrics and music positioned them as emerging innovators of the

text: punk movement

text: in the United States. Their loud, energetic style of back-to-basics

text: rock and roll

text: included elements of

text: garage rock

text: hard rock

text: blues rock

text: , and

text: psychedelic rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: psychedelic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: psychedelic rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: MC5

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: counterculture movement

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: loud, energetic style of back-to-basics

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: back-to-basics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: "Crystallizing

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: threatening",

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "Crystallizing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: MC5

text: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism is the process that causes phyllic alteration. While the mineralogy of the rock is altered throughout, texture is preserved and primary porphyry structure (including position of original veins) may still be visible. If a rock undergoes phyllic alteration, then orthoclase feldspar, biotite and various silicates are altered in addition to plagioclase. Plagioclase will be altered to sericite (a fine-grained white mica) by sericitic alteration, and mafic minerals are replaced by quartz. Tourmaline may appear as radiating aggregate or prismatic crystals between the quartz-sericite assemblage. Phyllic alteration is often closely associated with argillic alteration, which occurs at lower temperatures and dominantly affects plagioclase.

text: Hydrogen-ion

text: metasomatism

text: is the process that causes phyllic alteration. While the

text: mineralogy

text: of the rock is altered throughout,

text: texture

text: is preserved and primary porphyry structure (including position of original veins) may still be visible. If a rock undergoes phyllic alteration, then

text: orthoclase

text: feldspar,

text: biotite

text: and various silicates are altered in addition to plagioclase. Plagioclase will be altered to sericite (a fine-grained white mica) by

text: sericitic alteration

text: , and mafic minerals are replaced by quartz.

text: Tourmaline

text: may appear as radiating aggregate or prismatic crystals between the quartz-sericite assemblage. Phyllic alteration is often closely associated with

text: argillic alteration

text: , which occurs at lower temperatures and dominantly affects plagioclase.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineralogy

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sericite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: While the mineralogy of the rock is altered throughout,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: plagioclase.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz. Tourmaline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: argillic alteration,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Hydrogen-ion metasomatism

text: Large, striking and uniquely shaped white sandstone and quartz rocks are found throughout the Bear Rocks Preserve area. Erosion has carved bowl-shaped cavities in many of these wind- and rain-sculpted sandstone boulders and these cavities are often filled with water (or ice) and algae. In addition to the sculpted boulders are "rock streams" formed during glacial periods. The freeze-thaw cycles heaved and split rock, creating rock streams up to  wide and hundreds of feet long. Other rock patterns include polygons and circles.

text: Large, striking and uniquely shaped white sandstone and quartz rocks are found throughout the Bear Rocks Preserve area. Erosion has carved bowl-shaped cavities in many of these wind- and rain-sculpted sandstone boulders and these cavities are often filled with water (or ice) and algae. In addition to the sculpted boulders are "rock streams" formed during glacial periods. The freeze-thaw cycles heaved and split rock, creating rock streams up to  wide and hundreds of feet long. Other rock patterns include polygons and circles.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock patterns

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: freeze-thaw cycles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock patterns

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: polygons and circles.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: polygons and circles.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: freeze-thaw cycles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock streams

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: freeze-thaw

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "rock streams"

text: Rock and roll, acoustic, alternative rock, art rock, Britpop, blues rock, experimental rock, French rock, folk rock, funk rock, garage rock, glam rock, gothic rock, hard rock, indie rock, jam rock, post-Britpop, progressive rock, pop rock, psychedelia, punk rock, roots rock, space rock, steady and symphonic rock.

text: Rock and roll

text: , acoustic,

text: alternative rock

text: art rock

text: Britpop

text: blues rock

text: experimental rock

text: French rock

text: folk rock

text: funk rock

text: garage rock

text: glam rock

text: gothic rock

text: hard rock

text: indie rock

text: jam rock

text: post-Britpop

text: progressive rock

text: pop rock

text: psychedelia

text: punk rock

text: roots rock

text: space rock

text: , steady and

text: symphonic rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock music

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: psychedelia

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gothic rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: glam rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: garage rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock and roll, acoustic, alternative rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock and roll,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: glam rock, gothic rock, hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: steady

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: space rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: glam rock, gothic rock, hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: garage rock,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: glam rock, gothic rock, hard rock,

text: By 1835, his brother Henry was state geologist of Pennsylvania, and together the brothers unfolded the historical geology of the Appalachian chain. Among their joint special investigations were the study of the solvent action of water on various minerals and rocks, and the demonstration that "coal beds stand in close genetic relation to the amount of disturbance to which the inclosing strata have been submitted, the coal becoming harder and containing less volatile matter as the evidence of the disturbance increases". In modern terms, this was the realization that the geological process of metamorphism had gradually transformed softer grades of coal, such as lignite, into harder grades, such as anthracite.

text: By 1835, his brother Henry was state geologist of

text: Pennsylvania

text: , and together the brothers unfolded the historical geology of the

text: Appalachian

text: chain. Among their joint special investigations were the study of the solvent action of water on various minerals and rocks, and the demonstration that "coal beds stand in close genetic relation to the amount of disturbance to which the inclosing strata have been submitted, the coal becoming harder and containing less volatile matter as the evidence of the disturbance increases". In modern terms, this was the realization that the geological process of

text: metamorphism

text: had gradually transformed softer grades of coal, such as

text: lignite

text: , into harder grades, such as

text: anthracite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological process of metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: anthracite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: harder and containing less volatile matter

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: anthracite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the coal becoming harder and containing less volatile matter

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism

text: Thus, assigning age significance to a result requires studying the metasomatic and thermal history of the rock, any metamorphic events, and any evidence of fluid movement. A Rb-Sr date which is at variance with other geochronometers may not be useless, it may be providing data on an event which is not representing the age of formation of the rock.

text: Thus, assigning age significance to a result requires studying the metasomatic and thermal history of the rock, any metamorphic events, and any evidence of fluid movement. A Rb-Sr date which is at variance with other geochronometers may not be useless, it may be providing data on an event which is not representing the age of formation of the rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fluid movement

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metasomatic and thermal history of the rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: assigning age significance to a result

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metasomatic and thermal history

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thermal history

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic events,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fluid movement.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic events, and any evidence of fluid movement.

text: The inner trench wall marks the edge of the overriding plate and the outermost forearc.  The forearc consists of igneous and metamorphic crust, and this crust acts as buttress to a growing accretionary prism (sediments scraped off the downgoing plate onto the inner trench wall, depending on how much sediment is supplied to the trench).  If the flux of sediments is high, material will be transferred from the subducting plate to the overriding plate.  In this case an accretionary prism grows and the location of the trench migrates progressively away from the volcanic arc over the life of the convergent margin. Convergent margins with growing accretionary prisms are called accretionary convergent margins and make up nearly half of all convergent margins.  If the sediment flux is low, material will be transferred from the overriding plate to the subducting plate by a process of tectonic ablation known as subduction erosion and carried down the subduction zone.  Forearcs undergoing subduction erosion typically expose igneous rocks.  In this case, the location of the trench will migrate towards the magmatic arc over the life of the convergent margin. Convergent margins experiencing subduction erosion are called nonaccretionary convergent margins and comprise more than half of convergent plate boundaries. This is an oversimplification, because different parts of a convergent margin can  experience sediment accretion and subduction erosion over its life.

text: The inner trench wall marks the edge of the overriding plate and the outermost forearc.  The forearc consists of

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the difference between accretionary and nonaccretionary?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous and metamorphic crust,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the location of the trench will migrate towards the magmatic arc

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonic ablation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: subduction erosion

text: The Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex is a large coherent but varied group of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks –in other words a geologic complex– that crops out in the eastern Patagonian Andes in Chile and Argentina. The metamorphic grade of rocks varies but does not exceed greenschist facies, the only exception to this are rocks near plutons affected by contact metamorphism. The sedimentary protoliths sedimented in the Late Paleozoic. The pressures and temperatures of metamorphism of the Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex are different those usually expected from accretionary complexes. The sedimentary protoliths of the Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex were likely deposited in a passive continental margin.

text: The Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex is a large coherent but varied group of

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s –in other words a

text: geologic complex

text: – that

text: crops out

text: in the eastern

text: Patagonia

text: n

text: Andes

text: in Chile and Argentina. The

text: metamorphic grade

text: of rocks varies but does not exceed

text: greenschist facies

text: , the only exception to this are rocks near

text: pluton

text: s affected by

text: contact metamorphism

text: . The sedimentary

text: protolith

text: s sedimented in the

text: Late Paleozoic

text: . The pressures and temperatures of metamorphism of the Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex are different those usually expected from

text: accretionary complex

text: es. The

text: sedimentary

text: protolith

text: s of the Eastern Andes Metamorphic Complex were likely deposited in a

text: passive continental margin

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: greenschist

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks near plutons affected by contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic grade

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: greenschist facies,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: greenschist facies,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphism.

text: The Timanide Orogen (, literally: "Protouralian–Timanide Orogen") is a pre-Uralian orogen that formed in northeastern Baltica during the Neoproterozoic in the Timanide orogeny. The orogen is about 3000 km long. Its extreme points include the southern Urals in the south and the Polar Urals, the Kanin and Varanger peninsulas in the north. The Timan Ridge is the type area of the orogen. To the west, at the Varanger Peninsula, the north-west oriented Timanide Orogen is truncated by the younger Scandinavian Caledonide Orogen that has an oblique disposition. The northeastern parts of the orogen are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granitoids and few ophiolites. In contrast the southwestern part of the orogen is made up mostly of sedimentary rocks. I and A type granitoids and volcanic rocks are common in the orogen.

text: The Timanide Orogen (, literally: "Protouralian–Timanide Orogen") is a

text: pre-Uralian

text: orogen

text: that formed in northeastern

text: Baltica

text: during the

text: Neoproterozoic

text: in the Timanide orogeny. The orogen is about 3000 km long. Its extreme points include the southern

text: Urals

text: in the south and the

text: Polar Urals

text: , the

text: Kanin

text: and

text: Varanger

text: peninsulas in the north. The

text: Timan Ridge

text: is the

text: type area

text: of the orogen. To the west, at the Varanger Peninsula, the north-west oriented Timanide Orogen is truncated by the younger

text: Scandinavian Caledonide Orogen

text: that has an oblique disposition. The northeastern parts of the orogen are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, granitoids and few

text: ophiolite

text: s. In contrast the southwestern part of the orogen is made up mostly of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s.

text: I and A type

text: granitoid

text: s and

text: volcanic rock

text: s are common in the orogen.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: How many groups of rocks are there?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Timanide orogeny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How many crystals are formed in crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: I and A type granitoids and volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Timan Ridge

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ophiolites.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic and sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Timanide Orogen

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Timanide Orogen

text: There is evidence suggesting that Jotnian cover rocks or a Jotnian platform once covered much of Fennoscandia and were not restricted to a few localities like today. The limited geographical extent of Jotnian sediments at present is indebted to their erosion over geological time. Sedimentary rocks as old as the Jotnian sediments age have a low preservation potential. The distribution of some Jotnian sediments is spatially associated with the occurrence of rapakivi granite. Korja and co-workers (1993) claim the Jotnian sediment–rapakivi granite coincidence at the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia is associated with the existence of thin crust at these locations. At present Jotnian sedimentary rocks are commonly found in half-grabens, narrow grabens, in slightly downfolded (syncline) positions or in mixed graben-synclines. Most of the grabens hosting Jotnian sediments are northwest-southeast oriented. The largest occurrence of Jotnian sediments appear however to occur neither in a rift or a graben and lie in Dalarna, Sweden. It has been suggested that the sedimentary basins hosting Jotnian sediments at Dalarna, Gävle, the Bothnian Sea, Satakunta and Lake Ladoga form an alignment of subsidence parallel to the area of inferred Hallandian-Danopolonian subduction, possibly corresponding to an ancient back-arc basin.

text: There is evidence suggesting that Jotnian cover rocks or a Jotnian

text: platform

text: once covered much of

text: Fennoscandia

text: and were not restricted to a few localities like today. The limited geographical extent of Jotnian sediments at present is indebted to their

text: erosion

text: over

text: geological time

text: . Sedimentary rocks as old as the Jotnian sediments age have a low preservation potential. The distribution of some Jotnian sediments is spatially associated with the occurrence of rapakivi granite. Korja and co-workers (1993) claim the Jotnian sediment–rapakivi granite coincidence at the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia is associated with the existence of thin

text: crust

text: at these locations. At present Jotnian sedimentary rocks are commonly found in

text: half-graben

text: s, narrow

text: graben

text: s, in slightly

text: downfolded

text: (syncline) positions or in mixed graben-synclines. Most of the grabens hosting Jotnian sediments are northwest-southeast oriented. The largest occurrence of Jotnian sediments appear however to occur neither in a rift or a graben and lie in

text: Dalarna

text: , Sweden. It has been suggested that the sedimentary basins hosting Jotnian sediments at Dalarna,

text: Gävle

text: , the

text: Bothnian Sea

text: Satakunta

text: and

text: Lake Ladoga

text: form an alignment of

text: subsidence

text: parallel to the area of inferred

text: Hallandian-Danopolonian

text: subduction

text: , possibly corresponding to an ancient

text: back-arc basin

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: thin crust

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: preservation potential

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Jotnian cover rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Jotnian sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: thin crust

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: downfolded

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rapakivi granite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slightly downfolded

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subsidence

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Jotnian cover rocks

text: Liesegang rings () (also called Liesegangen rings or Liesegang bands) are colored bands of cement observed in sedimentary rocks that typically cut-across bedding.  These secondary (diagenetic) sedimentary structures exhibit bands of (authigenic) minerals that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern.    Liesegang rings are distinguishable from other sedimentary structures by their concentric or ring-like appearance.  The precise mechanism from which Liesegang rings form is not entirely known and is still under research,  however there is a precipitation process that is thought to be the catalyst for Liesegang ring formation referred to as the Ostwald-Liesegang supersaturation-nucleation-depletion cycle.  Though Liesegang rings are considered a frequent occurrence in sedimentary rocks, rings composed of iron oxide can also occur in permeable igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been chemically weathered.

text: Liesegang rings () (also called Liesegangen rings or Liesegang bands) are colored bands of

text: cement

text: observed in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s that typically cut-across

text: bedding

text: .  These

text: secondary

text: diagenetic

text: sedimentary structures

text: exhibit bands of (

text: authigenic

text: ) minerals that are arranged in a regular repeating pattern.    Liesegang rings are distinguishable from other

text: sedimentary structure

text: s by their concentric or ring-like appearance.  The precise mechanism from which Liesegang rings form is not entirely known and is still under research,  however there is a precipitation process that is thought to be the catalyst for Liesegang ring formation referred to as the Ostwald-Liesegang supersaturation-nucleation-depletion cycle.  Though Liesegang rings are considered a frequent occurrence in

text: sedimentary rocks

text: , rings composed of

text: iron oxide

text: can also occur in permeable

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s that have been chemically

text: weathered

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: a precipitation process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous and metamorphic rocks that have been chemically weathered.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: permeable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: concentric or ring-like appearance.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: supersaturation-nucleation-depletion cycle.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemically weathered.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Liesegang rings

text: The parent granite material is a common type of igneous rock that is granular, with its grains large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye (i.e., it is phaneritic in texture); it is composed of plagioclase feldspar, orthoclase feldspar, quartz, mica, and possibly other minerals. The chemical transformation of feldspar, one of the primary constituents of granite, into the clay mineral kaolin is one of the important weathering processes. The presence of clay allows water to seep in and further weaken the rock allowing it to fracture or crumble into smaller particles, where, ultimately, the grains of silica produced from the granite are relatively resistant to weathering, and may remain almost unaltered.

text: The parent

text: granite

text: material is a common type of

text: igneous rock

text: that is granular, with its grains large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye (i.e., it is

text: phaneritic

text: in texture); it is composed of

text: plagioclase feldspar

text: orthoclase feldspar

text: quartz

text: mica

text: , and possibly other minerals. The chemical transformation of

text: feldspar

text: , one of the primary constituents of

text: granite

text: , into the clay mineral

text: kaolin

text: is one of the important weathering processes. The presence of clay allows water to seep in and further weaken the rock allowing it to fracture or crumble into smaller particles, where, ultimately, the grains of

text: silica

text: produced from the granite are relatively resistant to weathering, and may remain almost unaltered.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: parent granite material

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The parent granite material is a common type of igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rock that is granular,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The parent granite material

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to weathering,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: kaolin

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: almost unaltered.

text: Rocks exposed to the atmosphere are variably unstable and subject to the processes of weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments and carry away dissolved material. This fragmented material accumulates and is buried by additional material. While an individual grain of sand is still a member of the class of rock it was formed from, a rock made up of such grains fused together is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the lithification of these buried smaller fragments (clastic sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living organisms (biogenic sedimentary rock - fossils), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a mineral bearing solution due to evaporation (precipitate sedimentary rock). Clastic rocks can be formed from fragments broken apart from larger rocks of any type, due to processes such as erosion or from organic material, like plant remains. Biogenic and precipitate rocks form from the deposition of minerals from chemicals dissolved from all other rock types.

text: Rocks exposed to the

text: atmosphere

text: are variably unstable and subject to the processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: . Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments and carry away dissolved material. This fragmented material accumulates and is buried by additional material. While an individual grain of sand is still a member of the class of rock it was formed from, a rock made up of such grains fused together is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the

text: lithification

text: of these buried smaller fragments (

text: clastic

text: sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living

text: organism

text: s (

text: biogenic

text: sedimentary rock -

text: fossil

text: s), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a mineral bearing solution due to

text: evaporation

text: precipitate

text: sedimentary rock). Clastic rocks can be formed from fragments broken apart from larger rocks of any type, due to processes such as

text: erosion

text: or from organic material, like plant remains. Biogenic and precipitate rocks form from the deposition of

text: mineral

text: s from chemicals dissolved from all other rock types.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: variablely unstable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: all other rock types.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: deposition of minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unstable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Biogenic and precipitate rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: a mineral bearing solution due to evaporation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitated

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments

text: Headlands and bays are often found on the same coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form where weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. Through the deposition of sediment within the bay and the erosion of the headlands, coastlines eventually straighten out then start the same process all over again.

text: Headlands and bays

text: are often found on the same coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form where weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. Through the deposition of sediment within the bay and the erosion of the headlands, coastlines eventually straighten out then start the same process all over again.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: alternating resistance

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bands of rock of alternating resistance

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Bays

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: alternating resistance

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition of sediment within the bay and the erosion of the headlands,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chalk, limestone, granite)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: alternating resistance

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a geological engineer and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing fault that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the Kibbey Formation, was deposited on an unconformity, an ancient Mississippian-age karst erosion surface, and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a

text: geological engineer

text: and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing

text: fault

text: that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the

text: Kibbey Formation

text: , was deposited on an

text: unconformity

text: , an ancient Mississippian-age

text: karst

text: erosion surface

text: , and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: groundwater action

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: collapsed zones

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The overlying shale, the Kibbey Formation,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Delmer L. Brown,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: groundwater circulation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the concentration of rough sapphires

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Delmer L. Brown,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Delmer L. Brown,

text: The Svecofennian orogeny is a series of related orogenies that resulted in the formation of much of the continental crust in what is today Sweden and Finland plus some minor parts of Russia. The orogenies lasted from about 2000 to 1800 million years ago during the Paleoproterozoic Era. The resulting orogen is known as the Svecofennian orogen or Svecofennides. To the west and southwest the Svecofennian orogen limits with the generally younger Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. It is assumed that the westernmost fringes of the Svecofennian orogen have been reworked by the Sveconorwegian orogeny just as the western parts of the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt has. The Svecofennian orogeny  involved the accretion of numerous island arcs in such manner that the pre-existing craton grew with this new material from what is today northeast to the southwest. The accretion of the island arcs was also related to two other processes that occurred in the same period; the formation of magma that then cooled to form igneous rocks and the metamorphism of rocks.

text: The Svecofennian orogeny is a series of related

text: orogenies

text: that resulted in the formation of much of the

text: continental crust

text: in what is today

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Finland

text: plus some minor parts of

text: Russia

text: . The orogenies lasted from about 2000 to 1800

text: million years ago

text: during the

text: Paleoproterozoic Era

text: . The resulting orogen is known as the Svecofennian orogen or Svecofennides. To the west and southwest the Svecofennian orogen limits with the generally younger

text: Transscandinavian Igneous Belt

text: . It is assumed that the westernmost fringes of the Svecofennian orogen have been reworked by the

text: Sveconorwegian orogeny

text: just as the western parts of the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt has. The Svecofennian orogeny  involved the

text: accretion

text: of numerous

text: island arc

text: s in such manner that the pre-existing

text: craton

text: grew with this new material from what is today northeast to the southwest. The accretion of the island arcs was also related to two other processes that occurred in the same period;

text: the formation of magma

text: that then cooled to form

text: igneous rock

text: s and the

text: metamorphism

text: of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: accretion of numerous island arcs

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation of magma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks and the metamorphism of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks and the metamorphism of rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cooled

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism of rocks.

text: In areas that are more geologically complex, such as those that contain intrusive rocks, faults, and/or metamorphism, stratigraphic columns can still indicate the relative locations of these units with respect to one another. However, in these cases, the stratigraphic column must either be a structural column, in which the units are stacked with respect to how they are observed in the field to have been moved by the faults, or a time column, in which the units are stacked in the order in which they were formed. They also show the lithology of the rock units.

text: In areas that are more geologically complex, such as those that contain

text: intrusive rock

text: s,

text: fault

text: s, and/or

text: metamorphism

text: , stratigraphic columns can still indicate the relative locations of these units with respect to one another. However, in these cases, the stratigraphic column must either be a structural column, in which the units are stacked with respect to how they are observed in the field to have been moved by the faults, or a time column, in which the units are stacked in the order in which they were formed. They also show the lithology of the rock units.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: lithology of the rock units.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive rocks, faults, and/or metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: time column,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: intrusive rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: In areas that are more geologically complex,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism,

text: The ML pipes are hosted within the nonmarine sedimentary rocks of the Wapiti Formation and were erupted onto an inland alluvial plain. The uppermost strata of the Wapiti have been removed by erosion in the area, and most of the bedrock is covered by glacial and post-glacial sediments of Quaternary age. The ML volcaniclastic rocks are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding Wapiti Formation rocks, so the ML cluster forms a small hill.

text: The ML pipes are hosted within the nonmarine

text: sedimentary rock

text: s of the

text: Wapiti Formation

text: and were erupted onto an inland

text: alluvial plain

text: . The uppermost strata of the Wapiti have been removed by erosion in the area, and most of the bedrock is covered by glacial and post-glacial sediments of

text: Quaternary

text: age. The ML

text: volcaniclastic

text: rocks are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding Wapiti Formation rocks, so the ML cluster forms a small hill.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcaniclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcaniclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcaniclastic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: nonmarine sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: ML volcaniclastic rocks are more resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcaniclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Wapiti Formation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Wapiti Formation

text: This was followed by the second tournament match pitting Chris Jericho and The Rock for the World Championship. The two exchanged many holds and reversals in the beginning. Jericho hit a spinning heel kick, and a missile dropkick. Jericho knocked The Rock's head into the steel ring steps, and hit a flying back elbow. The Rock came back with a flying clothesline. Jericho applied a sleeper hold but The Rock fought out of it. Jericho then hit a one-handed bulldog and a Lionsault. Jericho went to the top rope, but The Rock crotched him on the top. The Rock tried a Superplex but Jericho knocked him down, and hit a flying crossbody, but The Rock rolled through. Jericho continued attacking The Rock, but The Rock sent Jericho's head into the ringpost. Jericho fell to the outside where he dropped The Rock onto the barricade, and catapulted him into the ringpost. Jericho then tried to hit a Rock Bottom through the announce table, but The Rock reversed it into a People's DDT through the table. The Rock threw Jericho into the ring and set him for a Rock Bottom, but Jericho countered it into a Breakdown. He set The Rock up for the People's Elbow, but The Rock caught his legs, and applied a Sharpshooter on Jericho. Jericho reversed it into his own Sharpshooter, but The Rock got to the ropes to break the hold. Jericho then applied the Walls of Jericho, but The Rock countered it into a roll-up. The Rock hit a Rock Bottom, as Mr. McMahon came down to ringside. The Rock went for the pinfall but McMahon distracted the referee. The Rock hit McMahon, and hit a Spinebuster on Jericho. He brought McMahon into the ring and hit Jericho with a People's Elbow. The Rock attacked McMahon and, while the referee checked McMahon, Jericho hit a low blow and a Rock Bottom to win the match, and the title.

text: This was followed by the second tournament match pitting

text: Chris Jericho

text: and

text: The Rock

text: for the

text: World Championship

text: . The two exchanged many

text: holds

text: and reversals in the beginning. Jericho hit a

text: spinning heel kick

text: , and a

text: missile dropkick

text: . Jericho knocked The Rock's head into the steel ring steps, and hit a

text: flying back elbow

text: . The Rock came back with a

text: flying clothesline

text: . Jericho applied a

text: sleeper hold

text: but The Rock fought out of it. Jericho then hit a

text: one-handed bulldog

text: and a

text: Lionsault

text: . Jericho went to the top rope, but The Rock crotched him on the top. The Rock tried a

text: Superplex

text: but Jericho knocked him down, and hit a flying crossbody, but The Rock rolled through. Jericho continued attacking The Rock, but The Rock sent Jericho's head into the ringpost. Jericho fell to the outside where he dropped The Rock onto the barricade, and

text: catapulted

text: him into the ringpost. Jericho then tried to hit a

text: Rock Bottom

text: through the announce table, but The Rock reversed it into a

text: People's DDT

text: through the table. The Rock threw Jericho into the ring and set him for a Rock Bottom, but Jericho countered it into a

text: Breakdown

text: . He set The Rock up for the People's Elbow, but The Rock caught his legs, and applied a

text: Sharpshooter

text: on Jericho. Jericho reversed it into his own Sharpshooter, but The Rock got to the ropes to break the hold. Jericho then applied the

text: Walls of Jericho

text: , but The Rock countered it into a

text: roll-up

text: . The Rock hit a

text: Rock Bottom

text: , as

text: Mr. McMahon

text: came down to ringside. The Rock went for the pinfall but McMahon distracted the referee. The Rock hit McMahon, and hit a

text: Spinebuster

text: on Jericho. He brought McMahon into the ring and hit Jericho with a

text: People's Elbow

text: . The Rock attacked McMahon and, while the referee checked McMahon, Jericho hit a

text: low blow

text: and a Rock Bottom to win the match, and the title.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The Rock attacked McMahon and, while

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a gas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: how does a rock change?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: People's Elbow,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Jericho

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: People's DDT

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: People's Elbow,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Spinebuster

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Rock hit McMahon,

text: From Rogers Pass, layers of quartzite and slate are visible, revealing the fact that the range was part of a large, silty continental shelf 600 million years ago. 185 million years ago, successive plate movements from the west began to crumple and compress this material, driving some of it deep underground, and some into the heights of the Selkirks.  Lime from coral and other organic life was compressed into limestone, which is seen in the Cougar Brook area.  Veins of marble are present in the metamorphic rock of the high peaks. Although erosion and the effects of the glaciers are constantly grinding down the mountain peaks, the pressure of the underlying rock continues to drive them upward.  Geologists have classed the rocks of the Columbia Mountains into groups, several of which appear in the northern Selkirks.  The slates are in the Horsethief Creek and Lardeau groups, quartzite is in the Hamill group, limestone is part of the Badshot Formation, while the metamorphic rocks are classed in the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex.

text: From Rogers Pass, layers of quartzite and slate are visible, revealing the fact that the range was part of a large, silty continental shelf 600 million years ago. 185 million years ago, successive plate movements from the west began to crumple and compress this material, driving some of it deep underground, and some into the heights of the Selkirks.  Lime from coral and other organic life was compressed into limestone, which is seen in the Cougar Brook area.  Veins of marble are present in the metamorphic rock of the high peaks. Although erosion and the effects of the glaciers are constantly grinding down the mountain peaks, the pressure of the underlying rock continues to drive them upward.  Geologists have classed the rocks of the Columbia Mountains into groups, several of which appear in the northern Selkirks.  The slates are in the Horsethief Creek and Lardeau groups, quartzite is in the Hamill group, limestone is part of the Badshot Formation, while the metamorphic rocks are classed in the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate movement

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: successive plate movements

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: groups,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Shuswap Metamorphic Complex.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate movements

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: upward.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: successive plate movements from the west began to crumple and compress

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Horsethief Creek and Lardeau groups,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Shuswap Metamorphic Complex.

text: A large part of the town is built on the Coulard Hill which consists of pale grey and yellow sandstones and with these is associated a cherty and calcareous band, known as  'the cherty rock of Stotfield' .  This rock is a form of silica that contains micro-crystalline quartz.  Also in the calcareous band of the Stotfield rock there is limestone with nodular masses of flint, crystals of galena (lead ore) and iron pyrites.  The quarry on the east side of the town that produced the stone for the building of Branderburgh produced the largest variety and total numbers of fossil reptiles from the late Triassic Period to have been found in the UK. This was a total of eight species and 97 individuals; five of the species are unique to Lossiemouth, one of which is an early form of dinosaur. This quarry is ranked as one of Britain's most important fossil bearing locations of this period.

text: A large part of the town is built on the Coulard Hill which consists of pale grey and yellow sandstones and with these is associated a cherty and calcareous band, known as  'the cherty rock of Stotfield' .  This rock is a form of silica that contains micro-crystalline quartz.  Also in the calcareous band of the Stotfield rock there is limestone with nodular masses of flint, crystals of galena (lead ore) and iron pyrites.  The quarry on the east side of the town that produced the stone for the building of Branderburgh produced the largest variety and total numbers of

text: fossil

text: reptile

text: s from the late

text: Triassic

text: Period to have been found in the UK. This was a total of eight species and 97 individuals; five of the species are unique to Lossiemouth, one of which is an early form of

text: dinosaur

text: . This quarry is ranked as one of Britain's most important fossil bearing locations of this period.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline quartz

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: quarrying

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: cherty and calcareous band,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: cherty and calcareous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: micro-crystalline quartz.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: micro-crystalline quartz.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fossil reptiles from the late Triassic Period

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: micro-crystalline quartz.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: cherty and calcareous band,

text: The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions is related to the onset of melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism is typically 700 – 900 °C, depending on the pressure and on the composition of the rock. Migmatites are rocks formed at this upper limit, which contain pods and veins of material that has started to melt but has not fully segregated from the refractory residue. Since the 1980s it has been recognized that, rarely, rocks are dry enough and of a refractory enough composition to record without melting "ultra-high" metamorphic temperatures of 900 – 1100 °C.

text: The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions is related to the onset of melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism is typically 700 – 900 °C, depending on the pressure and on the composition of the rock.

text: Migmatite

text: s are rocks formed at this upper limit, which contain pods and veins of material that has started to melt but has not fully segregated from the refractory residue. Since the 1980s it has been recognized that, rarely, rocks are dry enough and of a refractory enough composition to record without melting "ultra-high" metamorphic temperatures of 900 – 1100 °C.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the onset of melting processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dry enough

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Migmatites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure and on the composition of the rock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dry enough and of a refractory enough composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Migmatites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 700 – 900 °C,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting processes in the rock. The maximum temperature for metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The upper boundary of metamorphic conditions

text: Solar System accretion began about 4.56 b.y. ago. Hamilton (2015) summarized data supporting his interpretations. Earth had reached essentially full size by 4.50 b.y., and had already fractionated core and lower and upper mantles at high temperature. The pre-4.50 b.y. high upper-mantle rocks, the dominant rocks now preserved beneath Archean cratons, are not of partially-fractionated mantle as predicted by conventional interpretations, but instead are extremely refractory differentiates, depleted of most silicate materials that could have contributed partial melts of either continental or oceanic crustal rocks. These early-fractionated mantle rocks were originally capped directly by a thick mafic crust that contained the potential subsequent crustal components, including a large proportion of Earth’s major heat-producing elements. At about 4.0 b.y., Earth received, via a barrage of icy bolides initially formed in the outer part of the asteroid belt, the volatile components that evolved into its oceans and atmosphere. Downward cycling of volatiles enabled hydrous partial melting of protocrust to begin, forming a distinctive non-plate-tectonic granitic crust atop residual protocrust. The quite different geologic assemblages of the Archean and Proterozoic eons are explained in terms of variable radiogenic partial melting of the protocrust, after hydration began, to form granitic and volcanic melts that rose from it, and of delamination and sinking of residual protocrust, densified by loss of its lighter components, that began a long-continuing process of re-enriching the upper mantle, and that ultimately enabled plate tectonics.

text: Solar System accretion began about 4.56 b.y. ago. Hamilton (2015) summarized data supporting his interpretations. Earth had reached essentially full size by 4.50 b.y., and had already fractionated core and lower and upper mantles at high temperature. The pre-4.50 b.y. high upper-mantle rocks, the dominant rocks now preserved beneath Archean cratons, are not of partially-fractionated mantle as predicted by conventional interpretations, but instead are extremely refractory differentiates, depleted of most silicate materials that could have contributed partial melts of either continental or oceanic crustal rocks. These early-fractionated mantle rocks were originally capped directly by a thick mafic crust that contained the potential subsequent crustal components, including a large proportion of Earth’s major heat-producing elements. At about 4.0 b.y., Earth received, via a barrage of icy

text: bolides

text: initially formed in the outer part of the asteroid belt, the volatile components that evolved into its oceans and atmosphere. Downward cycling of volatiles enabled hydrous partial melting of protocrust to begin, forming a distinctive non-plate-tectonic granitic crust atop residual protocrust. The quite different geologic assemblages of the Archean and Proterozoic eons are explained in terms of variable radiogenic partial melting of the protocrust, after hydration began, to form granitic and volcanic melts that rose from it, and of delamination and sinking of residual protocrust, densified by loss of its lighter components, that began a long-continuing process of re-enriching the upper mantle, and that ultimately enabled plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What are the four major groups of rocks?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: radiogenic partial melting

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: refractory

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: delamination and sinking

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the relationship between cooling and crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The quite different geologic assemblages

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: protocrust,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Downward cycling of volatiles

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: refractory

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: re-enriching the upper mantle,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: hydrous partial melting

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Downward cycling of volatiles

text: Different phyllosilicates are associated with different anatomical regions. This seems to be a result of when they formed. Phyllosilicates primarily form by filling voids. Voids formed in the fossils as the carbon films were heated and released volatile components. Different types of kerogen – reflecting different initial conditions – mature (i.e. volatilize) at different temperatures and pressures. The first kerogens to mature are those that replace labile tissue such as guts and organs; cuticular regions produce more robust kerogens that mature later. Kaolinite (rich in Al/Si, low in Mg) is the first phyllosilicate to form, once the rock is metamorphosed to the oil window, and thus replicates the most labile regions of the fossil. Once the rock is heated and compressed further, to the gas window, illite (rich in K/Al) and chlorite (rich in Fe/Mg) start to form; once all the available K is used up, no further illite forms, so the last tissues to mature are replicated exclusively in chlorite. The precise mineral formation depends on the porewater (and thus rock) chemistry; the thickness of the films increases as metamorphism continues; and the minerals align with the prevailing strain. They are not present in comparable deposits with very little metamorphism.

text: Different phyllosilicates are associated with different anatomical regions. This seems to be a result of when they formed. Phyllosilicates primarily form by filling voids. Voids formed in the fossils as the carbon films were heated and released volatile components. Different types of kerogen – reflecting different initial conditions – mature (i.e. volatilize) at different temperatures and pressures. The first kerogens to mature are those that replace labile tissue such as guts and organs; cuticular regions produce more robust kerogens that mature later.

text: Kaolinite

text: (rich in Al/Si, low in Mg) is the first phyllosilicate to form, once the rock is metamorphosed to the oil window, and thus replicates the most labile regions of the fossil. Once the rock is heated and compressed further, to the gas window,

text: illite

text: (rich in K/Al) and chlorite (rich in Fe/Mg) start to form; once all the available K is used up, no further illite forms, so the last tissues to mature are replicated exclusively in chlorite. The precise mineral formation depends on the porewater (and thus rock) chemistry; the thickness of the films increases as metamorphism continues; and the minerals align with the prevailing strain. They are not present in comparable deposits with very little metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: porewater

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness of the films

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: illite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volatilize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: They are not present in comparable deposits with very little metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: porewater (and thus rock) chemistry;

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: prevailing strain.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Different types of kerogen

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volatilize)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed to the oil window,

text: Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension. This sediment is often formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock into loose material in a source area. The material is then transported from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment transported depends on the geology of the hinterland (the source area of the sediment). However, some sedimentary rocks, such as evaporites, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the sedimentary depositional environment in which it formed.

text: Sedimentary

text: rock

text: s are formed when

text: sediment

text: is

text: deposited

text: out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in

text: suspension

text: . This sediment is often formed when

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: break down a rock into loose material in a source area. The material is then

text: transported

text: from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment transported depends on the geology of the

text: hinterland

text: (the source area of the sediment). However, some sedimentary rocks, such as

text: evaporite

text: s, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the

text: sedimentary depositional environment

text: in which it formed.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment supply,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: evaporites,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sedimentary rocks

text: Two types of magma have been determined to have generated in the Earth's upper mantle by partial melting of mantle rocks. One of these magma types is basaltic in composition, composed of plagioclase, titanium-rich pyroxene, and olivine. The other magma type crystallized to nepheline, melilite, pyroxene, and, in some of the rocks, plagioclase. Some nepheline-bearing igneous rocks contain rounded inclusions of spinel peridotite, an ultramafic rock that may represent fragments of the upper mantle incorporated into the magma during its ascent to the surface. Most of the igneous rocks on the surface probably are not representative of the original magmas formed in the mantle; certain processes, such as separation of phenocrysts from the liquid from which they crystallized have altered their original chemical compositions at depths shallower than the mantle.

text: Two types of magma have been determined to have generated in the Earth's upper mantle by partial melting of

text: mantle

text: rocks. One of these magma types is basaltic in composition, composed of

text: plagioclase

text: , titanium-rich

text: pyroxene

text: , and

text: olivine

text: . The other magma type crystallized to

text: nepheline

text: melilite

text: pyroxene

text: , and, in some of the rocks,

text: plagioclase

text: . Some nepheline-bearing igneous rocks contain rounded inclusions of spinel

text: peridotite

text: , an

text: ultramafic

text: rock that may represent fragments of the upper mantle incorporated into the magma during its ascent to the surface. Most of the igneous rocks on the surface probably are not representative of the original magmas formed in the mantle; certain processes, such as separation of phenocrysts from the liquid from which they crystallized have altered their original chemical compositions at depths shallower than the mantle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical compositions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: original chemical compositions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: partial melting of mantle rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Two types of magma

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Two types of magma

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: partial melting of mantle rocks.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical compositions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: separation of phenocrysts

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: phenocrysts

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: separation of phenocrysts

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks on the surface probably are not representative of the original magmas

text: Contact metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (country rock). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact metamorphism aureole. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important ore minerals may occur by the process of metasomatism at or near the contact zone.

text: Contact metamorphism is the name given to the changes that take place when magma is injected into the surrounding solid rock (country rock). The changes that occur are greatest wherever the magma comes into contact with the rock because the temperatures are highest at this boundary and decrease with distance from it. Around the igneous rock that forms from the cooling magma is a metamorphosed zone called a contact metamorphism aureole. Aureoles may show all degrees of metamorphism from the contact area to unmetamorphosed (unchanged) country rock some distance away. The formation of important

text: ore

text: minerals may occur by the process of

text: metasomatism

text: at or near the contact zone.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unmetamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: degrees of metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (country rock).

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: cooling magma

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Contact metamorphism

text: Metaigneous and metavolcanic rocks form the largest component of cratons and are high in silica. Igneous and volcanic rocks are also high in silica but with non-metamorphosed rock, weathering becomes faster and the mobilization of ions is more widespread. Rocks high in silica produce silicic acid as a weathering product. There are few rock types that lead to localized enrichment of some of the biologically limiting elements like phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Phosphatic shale (<15% PO) and phosphorite (>15% PO) form in anoxic deep water basins that preserve organic material. Greenstone (metabasalt), phyllite and schist release up to 30-50% of the nitrogen pool.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holloway|first1= J.|last2= Dahlgren|first2= R.|date= 1999|title= Geologic nitrogen in terrestrial biogeochemical cycling|journal=Geology|volume= 27|issue= 6|page= 567|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027

text: Metaigneous and metavolcanic rocks form the largest component of cratons and are high in silica. Igneous and volcanic rocks are also high in

text: silica

text: but with non-metamorphosed rock, weathering becomes faster and the mobilization of ions is more widespread. Rocks high in silica produce silicic acid as a weathering product. There are few rock types that lead to localized enrichment of some of the biologically limiting elements like

text: phosphorus

text: (P) and

text: nitrogen

text: (N). Phosphatic shale (<15% PO) and phosphorite (>15% PO) form in

text: anoxic

text: deep water basins that preserve organic material. Greenstone (

text: metabasalt

text: phyllite

text: and

text: schist

text: release up to 30-50% of the nitrogen pool.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holloway|first1= J.|last2= Dahlgren|first2= R.|date= 1999|title= Geologic nitrogen in terrestrial biogeochemical cycling|journal=Geology|volume= 27|issue= 6|page= 567|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: silica

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the difference between metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed rock?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: few rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metaigneous and metavolcanic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: non-metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: non-metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: non-metamorphosed rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: non-metamorphosed rock,

text: In pressure release, also known as unloading, overlying materials (not necessarily rocks) are removed (by erosion, or other processes), which causes underlying rocks to expand and fracture parallel to the surface.

text: In pressure release, also known as unloading, overlying materials (not necessarily rocks) are removed (by erosion, or other processes), which causes underlying rocks to expand and fracture parallel to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure release

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compressive strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unloading

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: overlying materials (not necessarily rocks)

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: In pressure release,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure release,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fracture parallel to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: fracture

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: pressure release,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: pressure release,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: pressure release,

text: A cataclastic rock is a type of metamorphic rock that has been wholly or partly formed by the progressive fracturing and comminution of existing rock, a process known as cataclasis, and is mainly found associated with fault zones. Mylonite was originally defined as a cataclastic rock but is now understood to have formed mainly by crystal-plastic processes.

text: A cataclastic rock is a type of

text: metamorphic rock

text: that has been wholly or partly formed by the progressive fracturing and

text: comminution

text: of existing rock, a process known as cataclasis, and is mainly found associated with

text: fault

text: zones.

text: Mylonite

text: was originally defined as a cataclastic rock but is now understood to have formed mainly by crystal-plastic processes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cataclasis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cataclasis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: progressive fracturing and comminution of existing rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: cataclastic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystal-plastic processes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fault zones.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive fracturing and comminution

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: cataclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystal-plastic processes.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cataclasis,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: cataclasis,

text: The main rivalry heading into SummerSlam was between The Rock and Booker T, battling over the WCW Championship. After losing the WWF Championship to Steve Austin at WrestleMania X-Seven, The Rock took a hiatus from professional wrestling to film the movie, The Scorpion King. On the edition of July 9, 2001 of Raw Is War, campaigning for The Rock's return began. Following the campaigning, The Rock returned to the WWF on the edition of July 30, 2001 of Raw Is War, where he chose to align himself with the WWF instead of The Alliance for The Invasion. This action was shown by The Rock delivering a Rock Bottom and the people's elbow onto Shane McMahon, The Alliance leader. Later that week on SmackDown!, Booker T and The Rock cut a promo, where Booker T challenged The Rock to a match at SummerSlam; the beginning of the The Rock-Booker T rivalry. Seeking revenge for the attack on the edition of July 30, 2001 of Raw is War, McMahon fought The Rock in a Street Fight on the edition of August 6 of Raw is War, where The Rock pinned McMahon. The rivalry between The Rock and Booker T intensified after the match, where Booker T and Shane McMahon double-teamed The Rock. Later that week on SmackDown!, in retaliation, The Rock accepted Booker T's challenge. On the edition of August 13 of Raw is War, The Rock was involved in a tag team match, where he teamed with Chris Jericho in a loss to Booker T and Rhyno. After the match, Booker T delivered his variation of the Rock Bottom on The Rock, a move dubbed, The Book End. On the final edition of SmackDown! before SummerSlam, McMahon announced that Booker T would defend the WCW Championship at SummerSlam against The Rock. Later that night, the rivalry continued to intensify during a Lights Out match between Booker T and The Rock, after Booker T delivered a Book End onto The Rock through a commentators announce table.

text: The main

text: rivalry

text: heading into SummerSlam was between

text: The Rock

text: and

text: Booker T

text: , battling over the

text: WCW Championship

text: . After losing the

text: WWF Championship

text: to

text: Steve Austin

text: at

text: WrestleMania X-Seven

text: , The Rock took a hiatus from

text: professional wrestling

text: to film the movie,

text: The Scorpion King

text: . On the edition of July 9, 2001 of

text: Raw Is War

text: , campaigning for The Rock's return began. Following the campaigning, The Rock returned to the WWF on the edition of July 30, 2001 of Raw Is War, where he chose to align himself with the WWF instead of

text: The Alliance

text: for

text: The Invasion

text: . This action was shown by The Rock delivering a

text: Rock Bottom

text: and the people's elbow onto

text: Shane McMahon

text: , The Alliance leader. Later that week on

text: SmackDown!

text: , Booker T and The Rock cut a

text: promo

text: , where Booker T challenged The Rock to a match at SummerSlam; the beginning of the The Rock-Booker T rivalry. Seeking revenge for the attack on the edition of July 30, 2001 of Raw is War, McMahon fought The Rock in a

text: Street Fight

text: on the edition of August 6 of Raw is War, where The Rock pinned McMahon. The rivalry between The Rock and Booker T intensified after the match, where Booker T and Shane McMahon

text: double-teamed

text: The Rock. Later that week on SmackDown!, in retaliation, The Rock accepted Booker T's challenge. On the edition of August 13 of Raw is War, The Rock was involved in a

text: tag team match

text: , where he teamed with

text: Chris Jericho

text: in a loss to Booker T and

text: Rhyno

text: . After the match, Booker T delivered his variation of the Rock Bottom on The Rock, a move dubbed, The Book End. On the final edition of SmackDown! before SummerSlam, McMahon announced that Booker T would defend the WCW Championship at SummerSlam against The Rock. Later that night, the rivalry continued to intensify during a

text: Lights Out match

text: between Booker T and The Rock, after Booker T delivered a Book End onto The Rock through a commentators announce table.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Lights Out

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The Rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Booker T

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Lights Out

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The rivalry between The Rock and Booker T

text: In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to denote types of rock that consist predominantly of silicate minerals.  On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering and diagenesis. Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons, known as tests, from silica. The tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment.

text: In

text: geology

text: and

text: astronomy

text: , the term silicate is used to denote types of

text: rock

text: that consist predominantly of

text: silicate minerals

text: .  On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust. These processes include partial

text: melting

text: crystallization

text: fractionation

text: metamorphism

text: weathering

text: and

text: diagenesis

text: . Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type of

text: plankton

text: known as

text: diatom

text: s construct their

text: exoskeleton

text: s, known as tests, from silica. The tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent of

text: deep ocean

text: sediment

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silicate minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: partial melting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: partial melting,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionation,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism, weathering and diagenesis.

text: Although some of the 1960s bands performed covers of songs by hard rock pioneers like Cream and Jimi Hendrix Experience, hard rock gained large popularity in the early 1970s with the works of progressive rock bands Pop Mašina, YU Grupa and Smak. Pop Mašina, formed in 1971, was one of the first Serbian and Yugoslav bands to move away from rhythm and blues towards harder sound. Their sound featured progressive, hard, psychedelic and acid rock elements. Pop Mašina disbanded in 1977. YU Grupa, formed in 1970, performed progressive/hard rock, and their songs often featured traditional music elements. The band disbanded in 1981, only to reunite in 1987. Since their comeback album, Od zlata jabuka (1987), their work has been mostly hard rock-oriented. Smak, formed in 1971, performed jazz-influenced progressive rock, but their sound often featured hard rock, blues and folk elements. The band moved towards more commercial hard rock at the beginning of the 1980s with the album Rock cirkus, but the album saw little success and the band disbanded shortly after, having constant reunions disbandments throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

text: Although some of the 1960s bands performed covers of songs by

text: hard rock

text: pioneers like

text: Cream

text: and

text: Jimi Hendrix Experience

text: , hard rock gained large popularity in the early 1970s with the works of

text: progressive rock

text: bands

text: Pop Mašina

text: YU Grupa

text: and

text: Smak

text: . Pop Mašina, formed in 1971, was one of the first Serbian and Yugoslav bands to move away from

text: rhythm and blues

text: towards harder sound. Their sound featured

text: progressive

text: , hard,

text: psychedelic

text: and

text: acid rock

text: elements. Pop Mašina disbanded in 1977. YU Grupa, formed in 1970, performed progressive/hard rock, and their songs often featured

text: traditional music

text: elements. The band disbanded in 1981, only to reunite in 1987. Since their comeback album,

text: Od zlata jabuka

text: (1987), their work has been mostly hard rock-oriented. Smak, formed in 1971, performed

text: jazz

text: -influenced progressive rock, but their sound often featured hard rock,

text: blues

text: and folk elements. The band moved towards more commercial hard rock at the beginning of the 1980s with the album

text: Rock cirkus

text: , but the album saw little success and the band disbanded shortly after, having constant reunions disbandments throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The band moved towards more commercial hard rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: acid rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: progressive, hard, psychedelic and acid rock elements.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: hard rock gained large popularity in the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: progressive, hard, psychedelic and acid rock elements.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: harder sound.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: reunions disbandments

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: acid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: hard rock gained large popularity in the early 1970s

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: hard rock gained large popularity in the early 1970s

text: Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism. It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks. Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances. Because of the role played by water, metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock, and lack some that originally were present. Still, the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur.

text: Metasomatism is the drastic change in the bulk chemical composition of a rock that often occurs during the processes of metamorphism. It is due to the introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks. Water may transport these chemicals rapidly over great distances. Because of the role played by water, metamorphic rocks generally contain many elements absent from the original rock, and lack some that originally were present. Still, the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization to occur.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the bulk chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bulk chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: introduction of chemicals from other surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bulk chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the introduction of new chemicals is not necessary for recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: A set with a cyclic order is called a cyclically ordered set or simply a cycle. Some familiar cycles are discrete, having only a finite number of elements: there are seven days of the week, four cardinal directions, twelve notes in the chromatic scale, and three plays in rock-paper-scissors. In a finite cycle, each element has a "next element" and a "previous element". There are also continuously variable cycles with infinitely many elements, such as the oriented unit circle in the plane.

text: A

text: set

text: with a cyclic order is called a cyclically ordered set or simply a cycle. Some familiar cycles are discrete, having only a

text: finite number

text: of

text: element

text: s: there are seven

text: days of the week

text: , four

text: cardinal direction

text: s, twelve notes in the

text: chromatic scale

text: , and three plays in

text: rock-paper-scissors

text: . In a finite cycle, each element has a "next element" and a "previous element". There are also continuously variable cycles with infinitely many elements, such as the oriented

text: unit circle

text: in the plane.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock-paper-scissors

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oriented unit circle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: a finite cycle

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: "next element" and a "previous element".

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: A set with a cyclic order

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cyclic order

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cyclic order

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: three plays in rock-paper-scissors.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock-paper-scissors.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: cyclically ordered set or simply a cycle.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cyclic order

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "next element" and a "previous element".

text: Among the three major types of rock, fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants. Often these fossils may only be visible under magnification.

text: Among the three major types of rock, fossils are most commonly found in sedimentary rock. Unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants. Often these fossils may only be visible under

text: magnification

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Among the three major types of rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossil remnants.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: form at temperatures and pressures that do not destroy fossil remnants.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sedimentary rock.

text: Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from the melt, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polymer. The degree of crystallinity is estimated by different analytical methods and it typically ranges between 10 and 80%, thus crystallized polymers are often called "semi-crystalline". The properties of semi-crystalline polymers are determined not only by the degree of crystallinity, but also by the size and orientation of the molecular chains.

text: Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called

text: lamellae

text: , which compose larger spheroidal structures named

text: spherulite

text: s.

text: Polymer

text: s can crystallize upon cooling from the melt, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polymer. The degree of

text: crystallinity

text: is estimated by different analytical methods and it typically ranges between 10 and 80%, thus crystallized polymers are often called "semi-crystalline". The properties of semi-crystalline polymers are determined not only by the degree of crystallinity, but also by the size and orientation of the molecular chains.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: semi-crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystallization of polymers

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystallization of polymers

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: size and orientation of the molecular chains.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Crystallization of polymers

text: Deep-seated intrusions are recognized from the way they have burst through the overlying strata. Ramifying veins result from filled cracks, and the high temperature involved in this process is evident from the altered adjacent country rock. Since heat dissipates slowly and since the rock is under pressure, crystals form and no vitreous rapidly chilled matter is present. As the intrusions have had time to rest before crystallizing, they are not fluidal. Their contained gases have not been able to escape through the thick layer of strata, beneath which they were injected. Such gases form cavities, which can often be observed in these minerals. Such gases have also resulted in many important modifications in the crystallization of the rock. Because their crystals are of approximately equal size these rocks are said to be granular.

text: Deep-seated intrusions are recognized from the way they have burst through the overlying

text: strata

text: . Ramifying veins result from filled cracks, and the high temperature involved in this process is evident from the altered adjacent country rock. Since heat dissipates slowly and since the rock is under pressure, crystals form and no

text: vitreous

text: rapidly chilled matter is present. As the intrusions have had time to rest before crystallizing, they are not

text: fluidal

text: . Their contained gases have not been able to escape through the thick layer of strata, beneath which they were injected. Such gases form cavities, which can often be observed in these minerals. Such gases have also resulted in many important modifications in the crystallization of the rock. Because their crystals are of approximately equal size these rocks are said to be granular.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granular

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granular

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusions

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granular.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: heat dissipates slowly

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallizing,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granular.

text: A typical thermochronological study will involve the dates of a number of rock samples from different areas in a region, often from a vertical transect along a steep canyon, cliff face, or slope. These samples are then dated. With some knowledge of the subsurface thermal structure, these dates are translated into depths and times at which that particular sample was at the mineral's closure temperature. If the rock is today at the surface, this process gives the exhumation rate of the rock.

text: A typical thermochronological study will involve the dates of a number of rock samples from different areas in a region, often from a vertical transect along a steep canyon, cliff face, or slope. These samples are then dated. With some knowledge of the subsurface thermal structure, these dates are translated into depths and times at which that particular sample was at the mineral's closure temperature. If the rock is today at the surface, this process gives the

text: exhumation

text: rate of the rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: subsurface thermal structure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: exhumation rate

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock samples from different areas in a region,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: A typical thermochronological study

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: closure temperature.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: exhumation rate

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: exhumation rate

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral's

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: mineral's closure temperature.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: thermochronological study

text: "Sick Cycle Carousel" is a song by American alternative rock band Lifehouse. It is the second single released from their debut studio album No Name Face (2000). The track was written by Lifehouse lead singer Jason Wade and Scott Faircloff, who says he felt freedom when writing songs for the album. American record producers Ron Aniello and Brendan O'Brien produced and mixed the song, respectively. Musically, "Sick Cycle Carousel" is a moderate rock song with an influence of soft rock. The song was released on June 4, 2001 by DreamWorks Records.

text: "Sick Cycle Carousel" is a song by American

text: alternative rock

text: band

text: Lifehouse

text: . It is the second single released from their debut studio album

text: No Name Face

text: (2000). The track was written by Lifehouse lead singer

text: Jason Wade

text: and Scott Faircloff, who says he felt freedom when writing songs for the album. American record producers

text: Ron Aniello

text: and

text: Brendan O'Brien

text: produced and mixed the song, respectively. Musically, "Sick Cycle Carousel" is a moderate

text: rock

text: song with an influence of

text: soft rock

text: . The song was released on June 4, 2001 by

text: DreamWorks Records

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: writing songs

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soft rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Sick Cycle

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: soft rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: June 4, 2001

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: soft rock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: soft rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: writing songs

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soft rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (2000).

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "Sick Cycle Carousel"

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: moderate rock song with an influence of soft rock.

text: Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually lithified into sedimentary rock, such as the conglomerate rock Mount Toby is composed of. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between. A good example of this layer-cake structure can be found on the Robert Frost Trail beneath Mount Norwottuck at the Horse Caves. The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves, a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate that the basalt layer above it. Mount Toby is also part of such a geologic layer cake. The bottom layer is composed of arkose sandstone, visible across the Connecticut River on Sugarloaf Mountain in Deerfield, Massachusetts. The middle layer is composed basalt; it is most visible as the geology of the Pocumtuck Ridge, to the northwest of Mount Toby. The top (youngest) layer is composed of Mount Toby Conglomerate.

text: Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually lithified into

text: sedimentary rock

text: , such as the conglomerate rock Mount Toby is composed of. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually

text: faulted

text: and tilted upward. Subsequent

text: erosion

text: wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between. A good example of this layer-cake structure can be found on the Robert Frost Trail beneath Mount Norwottuck at the Horse Caves. The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves, a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate that the basalt layer above it. Mount Toby is also part of such a geologic layer cake. The bottom layer is composed of

text: arkose

text: sandstone, visible across the Connecticut River on

text: Sugarloaf Mountain

text: in

text: Deerfield, Massachusetts

text: . The middle layer is composed

text: basalt

text: ; it is most visible as the geology of the

text: Pocumtuck Ridge

text: , to the northwest of Mount Toby. The top (youngest) layer is composed of Mount Toby Conglomerate.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: lithified into sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weaker sedimentary layers

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithified into sedimentary rock,

text: The park is known for its unique turbidites. It has very exposed turbidities with white calcite veins. Turbidites are rocks or sediments that travel into the ocean as suspended particles in the flow of water, causing a sedimentary layering effect on the ocean floor. Over time the sediments and rock compact and the process repeats as a constant cycle. The park also is known for its tectonic mélanges that have been deemed 'smell rocks' by the locals due to its strong petroleum odor. Mélanges are large individual rocks that are large enough that they are accounted for in map drawings. The Olympic mélanges can be as large as a house.

text: The park is known for its unique

text: turbidites

text: . It has very exposed turbidities with white calcite veins. Turbidites are rocks or sediments that travel into the ocean as suspended particles in the flow of water, causing a sedimentary layering effect on the ocean floor. Over time the sediments and rock compact and the process repeats as a constant cycle. The park also is known for its tectonic

text: mélange

text: s that have been deemed 'smell rocks' by the locals due to its strong petroleum odor. Mélanges are large individual rocks that are large enough that they are accounted for in map drawings. The Olympic mélanges can be as large as a house.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary layering effect

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: calcite veins

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary layering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: constant cycle.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: turbidites.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: turbidites.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: exposed turbidities with white calcite veins.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: compact

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Mélanges

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Olympic mélanges can be as large as a house.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary layering effect

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: turbidites.

text: The 1970s were marked by rock genres such as hard rock, progressive rock, jazz rock, art rock, glam rock, folk rock, symphonic rock, blues rock and boogie rock. In that period, some of the greatest Yugoslav stadium rock bands emerged: YU grupa, Time, Smak, Parni valjak, Atomsko Sklonište, Leb i Sol, Teška industrija and Galija.

text: The 1970s were marked by rock genres such as

text: hard rock

text: progressive rock

text: jazz rock

text: art rock

text: glam rock

text: folk rock

text: symphonic rock

text: blues rock

text: and

text: boogie rock

text: . In that period, some of the greatest Yugoslav

text: stadium rock bands

text: emerged:

text: YU grupa

text: Time

text: Smak

text: Parni valjak

text: Atomsko Sklonište

text: Leb i Sol

text: , Teška industrija and

text: Galija

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock genres

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glam rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock genres

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The 1970s

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock genres

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: symphonic rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glam rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The 1970s

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock genres such as hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: boogie rock.

text: In geology, a platform is a continental area covered by relatively flat or gently tilted, mainly sedimentary strata, which overlie a basement of consolidated igneous or metamorphic rocks of an earlier deformation. Platforms, shields and the basement rocks together constitute cratons. Platform sediments can be classified into the following groups: a "protoplatform" of metamorphosed sediments at the bottom, a "quasiplatform" of slightly deformed sediments, a "cataplatform", and a "orthoplatform" at the top. The Mesoproterozoic Jotnian sediments of the  Baltic area are examples of a "quasiplatform". The post-Ordovician rocks of the South American Platform are examples of an orthoplatform.

text: In geology, a platform is a continental area covered by relatively flat or gently tilted, mainly

text: sediment

text: ary

text: strata

text: , which overlie a

text: basement

text: of consolidated

text: igneous

text: or

text: metamorphic rocks

text: of an earlier deformation. Platforms,

text: shields

text: and the

text: basement rocks

text: together constitute

text: craton

text: s. Platform sediments can be classified into the following groups: a "protoplatform" of

text: metamorphosed

text: sediments at the bottom, a "quasiplatform" of slightly deformed sediments, a "cataplatform", and a "orthoplatform" at the top. The

text: Mesoproterozoic

text: Jotnian sediments

text: of the

text: Baltic area

text: are examples of a "quasiplatform". The post-

text: Ordovician

text: rocks of the South American Platform are examples of an orthoplatform.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphose

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: cratons.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Platform sediments

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: earlier deformation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: flat or gently tilted,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deformation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "quasiplatform".

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks of an earlier deformation.

text: Windimurra contains in excess of 13,000m of intact igneous stratigraphy  formed of cumulate layering by a process of fractional crystallization. Individual rock types can be grouped into a troctolite phase or series, a gabbro phase or series and a gabbronorite phase or series. Anorthosite cumulates are preserved in the roof sections, most of which are sheared and faulted off. A marginal granophyre complex exists in the roof and wall rocks, formed by advective heat transfer causing melting of the country rocks.

text: Windimurra contains in excess of 13,000m of intact igneous

text: stratigraphy

text: formed of

text: cumulate

text: layering by a process of

text: fractional crystallization

text: . Individual rock types can be grouped into a

text: troctolite

text: phase or series, a

text: gabbro

text: phase or series and a gabbro

text: norite

text: phase or series.

text: Anorthosite

text: cumulates are preserved in the roof sections, most of which are sheared and faulted off. A marginal

text: granophyre

text: complex exists in the roof and wall rocks, formed by advective heat transfer causing melting of the country rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granophyre

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Individual rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: troctolite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marginal granophyre

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fractional crystallization.

text: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary rock, an igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.

text: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing

text: rock

text: types, in a process called

text: metamorphism

text: , which means "change in form". The original rock (

text: protolith

text: ) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500

text: bar

text: s), causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be a

text: sedimentary rock

text: , an

text: igneous rock

text: or another older metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The protolith

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: physical and/or chemical

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C)

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism,

text: Heazlewoodite is formed within terrestrial rocks by metamorphism of peridotite and dunite via a process of nucleation. Heazlewoodite is the least sulfur saturated of nickel sulfide minerals and is only formed via metamorphic exsolution of sulfur from the lattice of metamorphic olivine.

text: Heazlewoodite is formed within terrestrial rocks by

text: metamorphism

text: of

text: peridotite

text: and

text: dunite

text: via a process of nucleation. Heazlewoodite is the least sulfur saturated of nickel sulfide minerals and is only formed via metamorphic

text: exsolution

text: of sulfur from the lattice of metamorphic

text: olivine

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exsolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Heazlewoodite is formed within terrestrial rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: least sulfur saturated

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Heazlewoodite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: nucleation.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exsolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: nucleation.

text: Tectonic uplift during the creation of high mountainous regions can produce incredible surface elevations and therefore exposure of rocks to wind and water. High precipitation can drive enhanced erosion of the exposed rocks and lead to rapid denudation of sediment from the mountains. Buoyancy of the crust, or isostasy, will then drive further tectonic uplift, in order to achieve equilibrium, as sediment is continuously stripped from the top.  Enhanced uplift will then create higher topography, drive increased precipitation which will concentrate erosion, and further uplift.

text: Tectonic uplift during the creation of high mountainous regions can produce incredible surface elevations and therefore exposure of rocks to wind and water. High precipitation can drive enhanced erosion of the exposed rocks and lead to rapid

text: denudation

text: of sediment from the mountains. Buoyancy of the crust, or

text: isostasy

text: , will then drive further tectonic uplift, in order to achieve equilibrium, as sediment is continuously stripped from the top.  Enhanced uplift will then create higher topography, drive increased precipitation which will concentrate erosion, and further uplift.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: surface elevations

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: denudation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Buoyancy

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: wind and water.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: denudation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Tectonic uplift

text: Detrital zircons are part of the sediment derived from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. Since zircons are heavy and highly resistant at Earth's surface, many zircons are transported, deposited and preserved as detrital zircon grains in sedimentary rocks. (See Figure 2, note that the diagram is used for concept illustration. Detrital zircon in reality can be products from all kind of rocks, not necessarily igneous rocks)

text: Detrital zircons are part of the

text: sediment

text: derived from

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: of pre-existing rocks. Since zircons are heavy and highly resistant at Earth's surface, many zircons are transported, deposited and preserved as detrital zircon grains in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. (See Figure 2, note that the diagram is used for concept illustration. Detrital zircon in reality can be products from all kind of rocks, not necessarily igneous rocks)

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: detrital zircon

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: highly resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks)

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Detrital zircons

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: heavy and highly resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Detrital zircons

text: The scapolite limestones and contact metamorphic rocks. As silicates rich in calcium, it is to be expected that these minerals will be found where impure limestones have been crystallized by contact with an igneous magma. Even meionite (the variety richest in soda) occurs in this association, being principally obtained in small crystals lining cavities in ejected blocks of crystalline limestone at Vesuvius and the craters of the Eifel in Germany. Scapolite and wernerite are far more common at the contacts of limestone with intrusive masses. The minerals that accompany them are calcite, epidote, vesuvianite, garnet, wollastonite, diopside and amphibole. The scapolites are colorless, flesh-colored, grey or greenish; occasionally they are nearly black from the presence of very small enclosures of graphitic material. They are not in very perfect crystals, though sometimes incomplete octagonal sections are visible; the tetragonal cleavage, strong double refraction and uniaxial interference figure distinguish them readily from other minerals. Commonly they weather to micaceous aggregates, but sometimes an isotropic substance of unknown nature is seen replacing them. In crystalline limestones and calc–silicate rocks they occur in small and usually inconspicuous grains mingled with the other components of the rock. Large, nearly idiomorphic crystals are sometimes found in argillaceous rocks (altered calcareous shales) that have suffered thermal metamorphism. In the Pyrenees there are extensive outcrops of limestone penetrated by igneous rocks described as ophites (varieties of diabase) and iherzolites (peridotites). At the contacts scapolite occurs in a great number of places, both in the limestones and in the calcareous shales that accompany them. In some of these rocks large crystals of one of the scapolite minerals (an inch or two in length) occur, usually as octagonal prisms with imperfect terminations. In others the mineral is found in small irregular grains. It is sometimes clear, but often crowded with minute enclosures of augite, tourmaline, biotite and other minerals, such as constitute the surrounding matrix. From these districts also a black variety is well known, filled with minute graphitic enclosures, often exceedingly small and rendering the mineral nearly opaque. The names couzeranite and dipyre are often given to this kind of scapolite. Apparently the presence of chlorine in small quantities, which may often be detected in limestones, to some extent determines the formation of the mineral.

text: The scapolite limestones and contact

text: metamorphic rocks

text: . As silicates rich in

text: calcium

text: , it is to be expected that these minerals will be found where impure limestones have been crystallized by contact with an igneous

text: magma

text: . Even meionite (the variety richest in soda) occurs in this association, being principally obtained in small crystals lining cavities in ejected blocks of crystalline limestone at Vesuvius and the craters of the Eifel in Germany. Scapolite and wernerite are far more common at the contacts of limestone with intrusive masses. The minerals that accompany them are

text: calcite

text: epidote

text: vesuvianite

text: garnet

text: wollastonite

text: diopside

text: and

text: amphibole

text: . The scapolites are colorless, flesh-colored, grey or greenish; occasionally they are nearly black from the presence of very small enclosures of

text: graphitic

text: material. They are not in very perfect crystals, though sometimes incomplete octagonal sections are visible; the tetragonal cleavage, strong double refraction and uniaxial interference figure distinguish them readily from other minerals. Commonly they weather to micaceous aggregates, but sometimes an isotropic substance of unknown nature is seen replacing them. In crystalline limestones and

text: calc–silicate rock

text: s they occur in small and usually inconspicuous grains mingled with the other components of the rock. Large, nearly idiomorphic crystals are sometimes found in

text: argillaceous rocks

text: (altered calcareous

text: shale

text: s) that have suffered thermal metamorphism. In the Pyrenees there are extensive outcrops of limestone penetrated by igneous rocks described as ophites (varieties of

text: diabase

text: ) and iherzolites (

text: peridotite

text: s). At the contacts scapolite occurs in a great number of places, both in the limestones and in the calcareous shales that accompany them. In some of these rocks large crystals of one of the scapolite minerals (an inch or two in length) occur, usually as octagonal prisms with imperfect terminations. In others the mineral is found in small irregular grains. It is sometimes clear, but often crowded with minute enclosures of

text: augite

text: tourmaline

text: biotite

text: and other minerals, such as constitute the surrounding matrix. From these districts also a black variety is well known, filled with minute graphitic enclosures, often exceedingly small and rendering the mineral nearly opaque. The names couzeranite and dipyre are often given to this kind of scapolite. Apparently the presence of

text: chlorine

text: in small quantities, which may often be detected in limestones, to some extent determines the formation of the mineral.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Context: The scapolite limestones and contact metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: thermal metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: argillaceous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The scapolites are colorless, flesh-colored, grey or greenish

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: thermal metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystalline limestones and calc–silicate rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Large, nearly idiomorphic crystals

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: silicates rich in calcium,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strong double refraction and uniaxial interference figure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: thermal metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: argillaceous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline limestones and calc–silicate rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: thermal metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks.

text: There are two known processes by which magma ceases to exist: by volcanic eruption, or by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a pluton. In both cases the bulk of the magma eventually cools and forms igneous rocks.

text: There are two known processes by which magma ceases to exist: by

text: volcanic eruption

text: , or by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a

text: pluton

text: . In both cases the bulk of the magma eventually cools and forms

text: igneous rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: by volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: bulk of the magma eventually cools

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magma ceases to exist:

text: Live rock is highly valued in the aquarium trade. It introduces a diverse array of bacteria, algae, and invertebrates to the closed marine environment and functions as a superior biological filter that hosts aerobic and anaerobic nitrifying bacteria required for the nitrogen cycle that processes waste. Live rock becomes the main biological nitrification base or biological filter of a saltwater aquarium. Additionally, live rocks have a stabilizing effect on the water chemistry, in particular on helping to maintain constant pH by release of calcium carbonate. Lastly, live rock, especially when encrusted with multiple colors of coralline algae, becomes a major decorative element of the aquarium and provides shelter for the inhabitants. It is often used to build caves, arches, overhangs, or other structures in the tank, a practice known as aquascaping.

text: Live rock is highly valued in the aquarium trade. It introduces a diverse array of bacteria, algae, and invertebrates to the closed marine environment and functions as a superior

text: biological filter

text: that hosts aerobic and anaerobic

text: nitrifying

text: bacteria

text: required for the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: that processes

text: waste

text: . Live rock becomes the main biological nitrification base or biological filter of a saltwater aquarium. Additionally, live rocks have a stabilizing effect on the water chemistry, in particular on helping to maintain constant

text: pH

text: by release of

text: calcium carbonate

text: . Lastly, live rock, especially when encrusted with multiple colors of coralline algae, becomes a major decorative element of the aquarium and provides shelter for the inhabitants. It is often used to build caves, arches, overhangs, or other structures in the tank, a practice known as

text: aquascaping

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: anaerobic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Live rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Live rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Live rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pH

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Live rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: anaerobic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Live rock

text: FutureGen was to capture carbon dioxide produced during the gasification process and pump it into deep rock formations thousands of feet under ground. FutureGen specifically targeted rock formations containing saline water, as these are one of the most abundant types of geologic formations that can be used to store carbon dioxide worldwide. A study by the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program estimates the storage capacity of these saline rock formations in the U.S. to be 2,970 gigatons of carbon dioxide, compared to a capacity of 77 gigatons of carbon dioxide for all other types of reservoirs, such as depleted gas fields. Focusing on rock formations with saline water was intended to help ensure that the lessons learned from the project are broadly transferable throughout the U.S. and around the world.

text: FutureGen was to capture carbon dioxide produced during the gasification process and pump it into deep rock formations thousands of feet under ground. FutureGen specifically targeted rock formations containing saline water, as these are one of the most abundant types of geologic formations that can be used to store carbon dioxide worldwide. A study by the Global Energy Technology Strategy Program estimates the storage capacity of these saline rock formations in the U.S. to be 2,970 gigatons of carbon dioxide, compared to a capacity of 77 gigatons of carbon dioxide for all other types of reservoirs, such as depleted gas fields. Focusing on rock formations with saline water was intended to help ensure that the lessons learned from the project are broadly transferable throughout the U.S. and around the world.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: gasification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock formations

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: gasification process and pump it into deep rock formations

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: deep rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: saline water,

text: Many of the rocks exposed in Turkey were formed long before this process began. Turkey contains outcrops of Precambrian rocks, (more than 540 million years old).

text: Many of the rocks exposed in Turkey were formed long before this process began. Turkey contains outcrops of

text: Precambrian

text: rocks, (more than 540 million years old).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Many of the rocks exposed in Turkey were formed long before this process began.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: 540 million years old).

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Precambrian rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Precambrian rocks,

text: By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age"  or "classic rock" period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, raga rock, and jazz-rock, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock, which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock reacted against the perceived overblown, inauthentic and overly mainstream aspects of these genres to produce a stripped-down, energetic form of music valuing raw expression and often lyrically characterised by social and political critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres, including new wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.

text: By the late 1960s, referred to as the "golden age"  or "classic rock" period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like

text: blues rock

text: folk rock

text: country rock

text: raga rock

text: , and

text: jazz-rock

text: , many of which contributed to the development of

text: psychedelic rock

text: , which was influenced by the

text: countercultural

text: psychedelic scene

text: . New genres that emerged from this scene included

text: progressive rock

text: , which extended the artistic elements;

text: glam rock

text: , which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of

text: heavy metal

text: , which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s,

text: punk rock

text: reacted against the perceived overblown, inauthentic and overly mainstream aspects of these genres to produce a stripped-down, energetic form of music valuing raw expression and often lyrically characterised by social and political critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres, including

text: new wave

text: post-punk

text: and eventually the

text: alternative rock

text: movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of

text: grunge

text: Britpop

text: , and

text: indie rock

text: . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including

text: pop punk

text: rap rock

text: , and

text: rap metal

text: , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the

text: garage rock

text: post-punk

text: and

text: synthpop

text: revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volume

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: further fusion subgenres have since emerged

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: psychedelic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock music subgenres

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: psychedelic rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: countercultural psychedelic scene.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volume, power, and speed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of psychedelic rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: psychedelic rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: psychedelic rock,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: psychedelic rock,

text: With the beginning of the Cenozoic era, some 70 million years ago, the process of erosion of the Hercynian mountain ranges changed. During the Tertiary, alpidic mountain building took place, in the course of which strong forces deformed the stumps of the Hercynian mountains. As these rocks were already folded, further tension led to cracks and fractures, which in turn created fault blocks. These blocks were later uplifted (forming horsts such as the Harz), or downfaulted (trough faults or graben such as the Upper Rhine Valley) or thrust over one another (tilted fault blocks such as the Ore Mountains). Thus the German Central Uplands exhibit the widest variety of forms, something that is also attributable to the erosion of sediments from the Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous). In some ranges the sediments have been relatively well-preserved, in others they have been carried away completely. The determining factor is the geographical location and associated intensity of exogenous processes.

text: With the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, some 70 million years ago, the process of erosion of the Hercynian mountain ranges changed. During the

text: Tertiary

text: alpidic mountain building

text: took place, in the course of which strong forces deformed the stumps of the Hercynian mountains. As these rocks were already folded, further tension led to cracks and fractures, which in turn created

text: fault block

text: s. These blocks were later uplifted (forming

text: horsts

text: such as the

text: Harz

text: ), or downfaulted (trough faults or

text: graben

text: such as the

text: Upper Rhine Valley

text: ) or thrust over one another (tilted

text: fault block

text: s such as the

text: Ore Mountains

text: ). Thus the German Central Uplands exhibit the widest variety of forms, something that is also attributable to the erosion of sediments from the

text: Mesozoic

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: and

text: Cretaceous

text: ). In some ranges the sediments have been relatively well-preserved, in others they have been carried away completely. The determining factor is the geographical location and associated intensity of exogenous processes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geographical location and associated intensity of exogenous processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: alpidic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: alpidic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: widest variety of forms,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediments from the Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geographical location and associated intensity of exogenous processes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cracks and fractures,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: alpidic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Tertiary,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fault blocks.

text: The rock cycle  is a basic concept in geology that describes the time-consuming transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. As the adjacent diagram illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered or destroyed when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it is subducted under a continent. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.

text: The rock cycle  is a basic concept in

text: geology

text: that describes the time-consuming transitions through

text: geologic time

text: among the three main

text: rock

text: types:

text: sedimentary

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: igneous

text: . As the adjacent diagram illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered or destroyed when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such as

text: basalt

text: may break down and dissolve when exposed to the

text: atmosphere

text: , or melt as it is

text: subducted

text: under a

text: continent

text: . Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle,

text: plate tectonics

text: and the

text: water cycle

text: , rocks do not remain in equilibrium and are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing

text: life

text: , a

text: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: equilibrium conditions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the relationship between cooling and crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: change from one type to another over time.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rocks do not remain in equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The rock cycle

text: Rock units are typically represented by colors. Instead of (or in addition to) colors, certain symbols can be used. Different geologic mapping agencies and authorities have different standards for the colors and symbols to be used for rocks of differing types and ages.

text: Rock units are typically represented by colors. Instead of (or in addition to) colors, certain symbols can be used. Different geologic mapping agencies and authorities have different standards for the colors and symbols to be used for rocks of differing types and ages.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: different geologic mapping agencies

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: differing types and ages.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock units are typically represented by colors.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Different geologic mapping agencies

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ages.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: ages.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rocks of differing types and ages.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Rock units are typically represented by colors.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: colors.

text: The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.

text: The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the

text: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathered

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The flow of bicarbonate ions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: carbonic acid in rainwater

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: carbon cycle.

text: Aluminium (Al) has 22 known isotopes from Al to Al and 4 known isomers. Only Al (stable isotope) and Al (radioactive isotope, t = 7.2 × 10 y) occur naturally, however Al has a natural abundance of 99.9+ %. Other than Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives under 7 minutes, most under a second.  Relative atomic mass is 26.9815386(8). Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of Al to Be has been used to study the role of sediment transport, deposition, and storage, as well as burial times, and erosion, on 10 to 10 year time scales.

text: Aluminium

text: (Al) has 22 known

text: isotope

text: s from Al to Al and 4 known

text: isomers

text: . Only Al (

text: stable isotope

text: ) and Al (

text: radioactive

text: isotope,

text: t

text: = 7.2 × 10

text: y

text: ) occur naturally, however Al has a natural abundance of 99.9+ %. Other than Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives under 7 minutes, most under a second.

text: Relative atomic mass

text: is 26.9815386(8). Al is produced from

text: argon

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: by

text: spallation

text: caused by

text: cosmic-ray

text: proton

text: s. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating

text: marine

text: sediment

text: s,

text: manganese nodule

text: s, glacial ice,

text: quartz

text: in

text: rock

text: exposures, and

text: meteorite

text: s. The ratio of Al to

text: Be

text: has been used to study the role of sediment

text: transport

text: deposition

text: , and storage, as well as burial times, and erosion, on 10 to 10 year time scales.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: burial times

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: burial times

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: spallation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Aluminium

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Aluminium

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cosmic-ray protons.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: burial times,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: burial times, and erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: spallation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Aluminium

text: The rock type along a fault can have a large effect on the amount of frictional resistance present. Most crystalline rock types will have a much higher coefficient of friction as opposed to sedimentary rocks, due to their higher cohesion and a greater surface area of asperities. The rock type also controls the effect that water will have on fault friction. Laboratory experiments have proved that the presence of water will promote the rupture of a fault in carbonate rocks (marble). However, these experiments also showed that in silica-bearing rock types (microgabbro), the presence of water may delay or even inhibit the rupture of a fault. This is because when a silica-bearing fault ruptures, the rupture occurs through the “flash melting” (instantaneous melting) of the asperities. In other words, the microscopic grain contacts which hold the fault in place instantly melt due to high stresses. The presence of water delays this “flash melting” basically by cooling the contacts, and keeping them in solid form. In fault through a carbonate, the rupture occurs when these asperities experience a brittle failure. In this case, the water acts as a lubricant which promotes the failure of these asperities. The major controlling factor pertaining to the influence of rock type is not necessarily the composition of the rock, but more importantly the “roughness” of the rock at the fault interface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coefficient of friction

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: brittle failure

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: flash melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rock type

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: “roughness”

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: “roughness”

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: “roughness”

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: “flash melting”

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: “roughness” of the rock at the fault interface.

text: Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's current land surface. They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated up by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust.Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.

text: Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: and form 12% of the Earth's current land surface. They are classified by

text: texture

text: and by

text: chemical

text: and

text: mineral

text: assemblage (

text: metamorphic facies

text: ). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from

text: tectonic

text: processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated up by the

text: intrusion

text: of hot molten rock called

text: magma

text: from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust.Some examples of metamorphic rocks are

text: gneiss

text: slate

text: marble

text: schist

text: , and

text: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock is heated up by the intrusion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: continental collisions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical and mineral assemblage

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: continental collisions,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks

text: The rocks observed on the Yalours and surrounding areas are predominantly igneous intrusives that have cooled deep under ground. The main rock type is grey to black gabbro composed of small crystals of grey-white feldspar and black pyroxene. The rocks here were formed by much the same process that the rest of the peninsula was formed; the Pacific plate sliding under the Antarctic Peninsula in an ocean/continent subduction-type tectonic event. This process, called orogenesis, is one of the most common ways for a mountain chain to form. The Andres and the coast ranges of North America are other classic examples of this type of tectonism. The mountain building has nearly stopped though; it is only at the very tip of the peninsula and in the South Shetland Islands that the process continues. For the rest of the peninsula, it erosion and gravity’s turn to shape the landscape.

text: The rocks observed on the Yalours and surrounding areas are predominantly igneous intrusives that have cooled deep under ground. The main rock type is grey to black gabbro composed of small crystals of grey-white feldspar and black pyroxene. The rocks here were formed by much the same process that the rest of the peninsula was formed; the Pacific plate sliding under the Antarctic Peninsula in an ocean/continent subduction-type tectonic event. This process, called orogenesis, is one of the most common ways for a mountain chain to form. The Andres and the coast ranges of North America are other classic examples of this type of tectonism. The mountain building has nearly stopped though; it is only at the very tip of the peninsula and in the South Shetland Islands that the process continues. For the rest of the peninsula, it erosion and gravity’s turn to shape the landscape.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: orogenesis

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: orogenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: formed by much the same process that the rest of the peninsula was formed;

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous intrusives

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cooled deep under ground.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: deep under ground.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: orogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: grey to black gabbro

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: grey-white feldspar and black pyroxene.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: orogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: orogenesis,

text: In the last match, John Cena challenged WWE Champion The Miz (accompanied by Alex Riley). During the match, Cena delivered the Five Knuckle Shuffle to The Miz. Cena attempted the Attitude Adjustment, but Miz countered with a DDT. There was a lot of back and forth action until The Miz executed the Skull Crushing Finale and Cena executed an Attitude Adjustment on Miz - both for near-falls. Both men fought outside of the ring, knocking each other out in the process, and were counted out. The Rock came out to intervene, when a message from the Anonymous Raw General Manager arrived. The Rock went to read it, but then disregarded it and restarted the match under no disqualification, no countout, no time limit stipulations. Cena dragged Miz back inside the ring and attempted an Attitude Adjustment. The Rock stalked Cena from behind and performed a Rock Bottom on him. Taking advantage, The Miz then pinned Cena for the win. After the match, The Rock had a staredown with Miz until Rock delivered a spinebuster and a People’s Elbow. WrestleMania XXVII went off air with The Rock posing on top of the turnbuckles for the fans.

text: In the last match,

text: John Cena

text: challenged

text: WWE Champion

text: The Miz

text: (accompanied by

text: Alex Riley

text: ). During the match, Cena delivered the

text: Five Knuckle Shuffle

text: to The Miz. Cena attempted the

text: Attitude Adjustment

text: , but Miz countered with a

text: DDT

text: . There was a lot of back and forth action until The Miz executed the

text: Skull Crushing Finale

text: and Cena executed an Attitude Adjustment on Miz - both for near-falls. Both men fought outside of the ring, knocking each other out in the process, and were counted out.

text: The Rock

text: came out to intervene, when a message from the Anonymous Raw General Manager arrived. The Rock went to read it, but then disregarded it and restarted the match under no disqualification, no countout, no time limit stipulations. Cena dragged Miz back inside the ring and attempted an Attitude Adjustment. The Rock stalked Cena from behind and performed a

text: Rock Bottom

text: on him. Taking advantage, The Miz then pinned Cena for the win. After the match, The Rock had a staredown with Miz until Rock delivered a spinebuster and a

text: People’s Elbow

text: . WrestleMania XXVII went off air with The Rock posing on top of the turnbuckles for the fans.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: restarted the match

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How many crystals are formed in the process?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Anonymous Raw General Manager

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: near-falls.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Five Knuckle Shuffle

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Bottom

text: In geology and geomorphology an erosion surface is a surface of rock or regolith that was formed by erosion and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition) nor fault displacement. Erosional surfaces within the stratigraphic record are known as unconformities, but not all unconformities are buried erosion surfaces. Erosion surfaces can be either small or large. Particularly large and flat erosion surfaces receive the names of peneplain, paleoplain, planation surface or pediplain.

text: In

text: geology

text: and

text: geomorphology

text: an erosion surface is a surface of

text: rock

text: or

text: regolith

text: that was formed by

text: erosion

text: and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition) nor

text: fault displacement

text: . Erosional surfaces within the

text: stratigraphic record

text: are known as

text: unconformities

text: , but not all unconformities are buried erosion surfaces. Erosion surfaces can be either small or large. Particularly large and flat erosion surfaces receive the names of

text: peneplain

text: paleoplain

text: planation surface

text: or

text: pediplain

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Erosion surfaces

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion surface

text: Crystallization mechanism forms the core of all the problems in crystal engineering. A proper understanding of crystallization mechanisms will enable us to sort among the various possibilities generated by say CSP. Moreover, it will help a crystal engineer to design a solid with particular function. It is therefore of immense importance to understand the progression from solution to the nucleus to the crystal structures, in other terms, how the entropy dominated situation in solution converts to an enthalpy driven one in the crystals through the nucleation step. As the nucleus is difficult to identify, the approaches made towards this end can be generally divided into two categories. The first type centers on the studies in solution through various spectroscopic techniques to understand the structure of the assembly in the solution and these studies give an idea about the initial stages of crystallization. The second type of approach take into account all the relevant crystal structures of a given compound and this constitutes a structural landscape. Each structure in a structural landscape is considered as an individual data point and while taken together it provides a holistic viewpoint towards the crystallization mechanism. A special situation happens when multiple components are observed in an asymmetric unit (Z′>1). These structures result from the interrupted crystallization and therefore shed lights on the intermediate stages of crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How the entropy dominated situation in solution converts to an enthalpy driven one

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystallization mechanism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystallization mechanism forms the core of all the problems in crystal engineering.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: enthalpy

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: function.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation step.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: nucleation step.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: solution to the nucleus to the crystal structures,

text: Dunite ( or ) (also known as olivinite, not to be confused with the mineral olivenite) is an igneous, plutonic rock, of ultramafic composition, with coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. The mineral assemblage is greater than 90% olivine, with minor amounts of other minerals such as pyroxene, chromite, magnetite, and pyrope. Dunite is the olivine-rich end-member of the peridotite group of mantle-derived rocks. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are considered the major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found within continental rocks, but where it is found, it typically occurs at the base of ophiolite sequences where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust by obduction during continental or island arc collisions (orogeny). It is also found in alpine peridotite massifs that represent slivers of sub-continental mantle exposed during collisional orogeny. Dunite typically undergoes retrograde metamorphism in near-surface environments and is altered to serpentinite and soapstone.

text: Dunite ( or ) (also known as olivinite, not to be confused with the mineral

text: olivenite

text: ) is an

text: igneous

text: plutonic

text: rock

text: , of

text: ultramafic

text: composition, with coarse-grained or

text: phaneritic

text: texture. The

text: mineral

text: assemblage is greater than 90%

text: olivine

text: , with minor amounts of other minerals such as

text: pyroxene

text: chromite

text: magnetite

text: , and

text: pyrope

text: . Dunite is the olivine-rich end-member of the

text: peridotite

text: group of mantle-derived rocks. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are considered the major constituents of the Earth's

text: mantle

text: above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found within continental rocks, but where it is found, it typically occurs at the base of

text: ophiolite

text: sequences where slabs of mantle rock from a

text: subduction zone

text: have been thrust onto

text: continental crust

text: by

text: obduction

text: during continental or

text: island arc

text: collisions (

text: orogeny

text: ). It is also found in alpine peridotite massifs that represent slivers of sub-continental mantle exposed during collisional orogeny. Dunite typically undergoes retrograde

text: metamorphism

text: in near-surface environments and is altered to

text: serpentinite

text: and

text: soapstone

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: ultramafic composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentinite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Dunite

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: peridotite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: peridotite

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coarse-grained or phaneritic texture.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (orogeny).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentinite and soapstone.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Dunite

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Dunite typically undergoes retrograde metamorphism

text: Rastoke as a place name has different meanings. The term generally refers to the branching of rivers. At Rastoke, the Slunjčica river (also called Slušnica by local people) splits into several river branches flowing across cascades and small waterfalls into the Korana river. Rastoke also refers to a certain kind of limestone called rastopina or rastok in the Croatian language. This stone, called travertine or tufa (Croatian sedra), is a product of permanent natural activities created by natural dissolution and sedimentation of calcium carbonate. The flowing water dissolves limestone into calcium carbonate. These particles in turn sediment along the cascades where the water is being stirred up. The quantity of carbon dioxide in the water plays a major role in this process of sedimentation. This effect slowly but permanently creates new rock along the river's cascades.

text: Rastoke as a place name has different meanings. The term generally refers to the branching of rivers. At Rastoke, the

text: Slunjčica

text: river (also called Slušnica by local people) splits into several river branches flowing across

text: cascade

text: s and small

text: waterfall

text: s into the

text: Korana

text: river. Rastoke also refers to a certain kind of limestone called rastopina or rastok in the

text: Croatian language

text: . This stone, called

text: travertine

text: or

text: tufa

text: (Croatian sedra), is a product of permanent natural activities created by natural dissolution and sedimentation of

text: calcium carbonate

text: . The flowing water dissolves limestone into calcium carbonate. These particles in turn sediment along the cascades where the water is being stirred up. The quantity of

text: carbon dioxide

text: in the water plays a major role in this process of sedimentation. This effect slowly but permanently creates new rock along the river's cascades.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: new rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The quantity of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: new rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The flowing water dissolves limestone into calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: natural dissolution and sedimentation of calcium carbonate.

text: Variations in stability of the underlying rock influence development of a bedrock-channeled river, as the waters erode different rock types at different rates. Victoria Falls, on the Zambezi River, is a spectacular example of this. The gorges visible by satellite imagery illustrate the erosional processes behind the formation of the falls. Here, much of the surface rock is a massive basalt sill, with large cracks filled with easily weathered sandstone made visible by the Zambezi's course across the land. The gorges downstream of the falls through which it flows were eroded over time by the action of the water.

text: Variations in stability of the underlying rock influence development of a bedrock-channeled river, as the waters erode different rock types at different rates.

text: Victoria Falls

text: , on the

text: Zambezi River

text: , is a spectacular example of this. The gorges visible by satellite imagery illustrate the

text: erosion

text: al processes behind the formation of the falls. Here, much of the surface rock is a massive

text: basalt

text: sill

text: , with large cracks filled with easily weathered

text: sandstone

text: made visible by the Zambezi's course across the land. The

text: gorge

text: s downstream of the falls through which it flows were eroded over time by the action of the water.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: variations in stability of the underlying rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: variations in stability of the underlying rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different rock types at different rates.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Variations in stability of the underlying rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: stability of the underlying rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erode different rock types at different rates.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt sill,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Variations in stability of the underlying rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathered

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the waters erode different rock types at different rates.

text: Crystal Rock began as a delivery company in 1914 in Stamford, Connecticut, started by Henry Baker, Sr. In 1939, the company established its first water bottling plant in Stamford. Crystal Rock Waters was born in 1965, with Henry Baker Jr. serving as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company. Since then, Crystal Rock has grown rapidly in delivering water and non-perishable snack refreshments. In 1988, Crystal Rock moved its official headquarters to Watertown. In 1990, Henry Baker, Jr. was honored by the Bottled Water Hall of Fame and three years later, Peter and Jack Baker were appointed Co-Presidents of Crystal Rock. In 2000, Crystal Rock merged with Vermont Pure water company to cooperate in the bottled water company. In May 2010, Vermont Pure Holdings, Ltd. changed its corporate name to Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc. In 2010, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange as Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc ( NYSE MKT: CRVP). Crystal Rock has sold office products under its Crystal Rock Office brand since 2011.  In 2012, Crystal Rock Learning & Development Center was opened in Watertown for corporate education. In the same year, Crystal Rock acquired the assets of Hartford Stamp and merged the company with Crystal Rock Office brand. In 2013 Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc. acquired the assets of Universal Business Equipment Corp.

text: Crystal Rock began as a delivery company in 1914 in

text: Stamford

text: Connecticut

text: , started by Henry Baker, Sr. In 1939, the company established its first water bottling plant in Stamford. Crystal Rock Waters was born in 1965, with Henry Baker Jr. serving as President and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company. Since then, Crystal Rock has grown rapidly in delivering water and non-perishable snack refreshments. In 1988, Crystal Rock moved its official headquarters to

text: Watertown

text: . In 1990, Henry Baker, Jr. was honored by the Bottled Water Hall of Fame and three years later, Peter and Jack Baker were appointed Co-Presidents of Crystal Rock. In 2000, Crystal Rock merged with Vermont Pure water company to cooperate in the bottled water company. In May 2010, Vermont Pure Holdings, Ltd. changed its corporate name to Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc. In 2010, the company went public on the

text: New York Stock Exchange

text: as Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc (

text: NYSE

text: MKT: CRVP). Crystal Rock has sold office products under its Crystal Rock Office brand since 2011.  In 2012, Crystal Rock Learning & Development Center was opened in Watertown for corporate education. In the same year, Crystal Rock acquired the assets of Hartford Stamp and merged the company with Crystal Rock Office brand. In 2013 Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc. acquired the assets of Universal Business Equipment Corp.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: distillation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystal Rock began as a delivery company in 1914

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystal Rock Holdings, Inc

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Henry Baker, Sr.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: non-perishable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: 1939,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: non-perishable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 1939,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: non-perishable

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Crystal Rock

text: Rock Monster wakes up and chases Clutch to the underground Power Miner headquarters. Clutch escapes into a tunnel, but finds out that the crystal is actually a baby rock monster. He returns it to the queen, who gives a crystal to Clutch.  Clutch then returns to his home in the Lego City and hands the crystal to his boss Kjeld Playwell (Paul Michael Glaser) who assigns him some new teammates: Brick Masterson (Roger Rose), a firefighter, weapons specialist, and demolition expert; Peg Mooring (Yvonne Strahovski) a biologist, and Bernie von Beam (Jeff Bennett) an engineer. Playwell informs of an incident in the Space Police prison planet when chaos occurs regarding to the imprisonment of the three most wanted criminals in the Lego galaxy. Clutch and his team investigate the situation at once, despite the team's lack of cooperation and Clutch's intent of working alone. They soon arrive at the planet. There, they hear a rumbling sound turning out to be Brick's stomach who then burps green gas 3 times in satisfaction.

text: Rock Monster wakes up and chases Clutch to the underground Power Miner headquarters. Clutch escapes into a tunnel, but finds out that the crystal is actually a baby rock monster. He returns it to the queen, who gives a crystal to Clutch.  Clutch then returns to his home in the

text: Lego City

text: and hands the crystal to his boss Kjeld Playwell (

text: Paul Michael Glaser

text: ) who assigns him some new teammates: Brick Masterson (

text: Roger Rose

text: ), a

text: firefighter

text: , weapons specialist, and demolition expert; Peg Mooring (

text: Yvonne Strahovski

text: ) a

text: biologist

text: , and Bernie von Beam (

text: Jeff Bennett

text: ) an

text: engineer

text: . Playwell informs of an incident in the

text: Space Police

text: prison planet when chaos occurs regarding to the imprisonment of the three most wanted criminals in the Lego galaxy. Clutch and his team investigate the situation at once, despite the team's lack of cooperation and Clutch's intent of working alone. They soon arrive at the planet. There, they hear a rumbling sound turning out to be Brick's stomach who then burps green gas 3 times in satisfaction.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What are the major groups of rocks?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock monster

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: burps green gas

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: baby rock monster

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the queen?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: green gas

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What is the rock cycle?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Monster

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock Monster wakes up and chases Clutch

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: green gas

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: demolition expert;

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: baby rock monster.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: baby rock monster.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: green gas

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Monster

text: Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.

text: Tide

text: s often determine the range over which

text: sediment

text: is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however,

text: tidal bore

text: s can erode as the waves surge up river

text: estuaries

text: from the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment is deposited

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: a smaller elevation interval.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: deprossosition

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Tides

text: Carbonatites are rare, peculiar igneous rocks formed by unusual processes and from unusual source rocks. Three models of their formation exist:

text: Carbonatites are rare, peculiar igneous rocks formed by unusual processes and from unusual source rocks. Three models of their formation exist:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unusual processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbonation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unusual processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: formation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Carbonatites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Carbonatites

text: While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.

text: While the water cycle is itself a

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: , flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of

text: eroded

text: sediment

text: and

text: phosphorus

text: from land to

text: waterbodies

text: . The

text: salinity

text: of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural

text: eutrophication

text: of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to

text: agricultural fields

text: in

text: fertilizer

text: s, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The

text: dead zone

text: at the outlet of the

text: Mississippi River

text: is a consequence of

text: nitrate

text: s from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the

text: river system

text: to the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Runoff also plays a part in the

text: carbon cycle

text: , again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dead zone

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: eroded rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: flow of water

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: The salinity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eroded rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: eroded sediment

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: carbon cycle,

text: The Rock Monsters are the enemies of the miners (Duke, Brains, Rex, and Doc). They appear in all the sets from the Power Miners series. They are made of different colored rock and crystals. There are five different kinds of Rock Monster. The rock monsters are Meltrox, Boulderax, Glaciator, Sulfurix, Firox, Geolix, Tremorox and RockRage (Crystal King). They are shown to have some primitive technology, like monster launchers. The Rock Monsters eat crystals, which give them power. If a rock monster eats a different colored crystal to what it is it will burp and break wind.

text: The Rock Monsters are the enemies of the miners (Duke, Brains, Rex, and Doc). They appear in all the sets from the Power Miners series. They are made of different colored rock and crystals. There are five different kinds of Rock Monster. The rock monsters are Meltrox, Boulderax, Glaciator, Sulfurix, Firox, Geolix, Tremorox and RockRage (Crystal King). They are shown to have some primitive technology, like monster launchers. The Rock Monsters eat crystals, which give them power. If a rock monster eats a different colored crystal to what it is it will burp and break wind.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eats crystals

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Sulfurix

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Glaciator

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different colored rock and crystals.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: five different kinds of Rock Monster.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: burp and break wind.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The Rock Monsters eat crystals,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Meltrox,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Rock Monsters eat crystals,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: burp and break wind.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Rock Monsters eat crystals,

text: Pipe can be made of materials such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, ductile iron, and steel as long as it can be pulled through the drilled hole. Directional boring is not practical if there are voids in the rock or incomplete layers of rock. The best material is solid rock or sedimentary material. Soils with cobblestone are not recommended. There are different types of heads used in the pilot-hole process, and they depend on the geological material.

text: Pipe can be made of materials such as

text: PVC

text: polyethylene

text: polypropylene

text: ductile iron

text: , and

text: steel

text: as long as it can be pulled through the drilled hole. Directional boring is not practical if there are voids in the rock or incomplete layers of rock. The best material is solid rock or sedimentary material. Soils with cobblestone are not recommended. There are different types of heads used in the pilot-hole process, and they depend on the geological material.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological material

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: directional boring

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: solid rock or sedimentary material.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary material.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological material.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: voids in the rock or incomplete layers

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid rock or sedimentary material.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: solid rock or sedimentary material.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The best material is solid rock or sedimentary material.

text: The final match on the undercard featured The Rock defending the WCW Championship against Chris Jericho. As the match started, Rock tried to perform a Rock Bottom on Jericho but Jericho countered it into the Walls of Jericho but Rock caught the ropes. Jericho hit Rock with a Springboard Dropkick through the ring apron. Jericho used several of his moves on Rock and got several near-falls until Rock made a comeback into the match by clotheslining Jericho. Rock planted Jericho in the corner and delivered him a Superplex. Rock performed a Snap Belly to Belly Suplex and a Samoan Drop for a near-fall. Rock and Jericho continued to assault each other and the action even spilled to the outside on numerous occasions until Jericho started mocking Rock by using his moves. Jericho hit Rock with his own finisher Rock Bottom, followed by a Lionsault for a nearfall. Jericho hit Rock with a One-handed Bulldog. Jericho attempted to hit Rock's own finisher People's Elbow but Rock avoided the move and applied a Sharpshooter on Jericho. Jericho reached the ropes and caught them. Rock left the ring and removed the top of the Spanish announce table and removed the monitors. Rock brought Jericho outside the ring and pulled him on the table and performed a Rock Bottom on the table. The action returned to the ring where Rock hit Jericho, a Spinebuster and attempted to hit a People's Elbow but Jericho countered it into the Walls of Jericho. Stephanie McMahon interfered in the match and came down to the ringside. She threw a chair in the ring. Jericho started chasing Stephanie. Rock took advantage and hit Jericho, a Snap DDT. Rock focused on Stephanie, pulled her into the ring and hit her with a Rock Bottom. Jericho took advantage and grabbed Rock from behind and performed his new finisher, the Breakdown on Rock on the chair to pin him for the WCW Championship. After the match, Rock grabbed the chair in his hand but gave it to Jericho and left.

text: The final match on the

text: undercard

text: featured

text: The Rock

text: defending the

text: WCW Championship

text: against

text: Chris Jericho

text: . As the match started, Rock tried to perform a

text: Rock Bottom

text: on Jericho but Jericho countered it into the

text: Walls of Jericho

text: but Rock caught the ropes. Jericho hit Rock with a

text: Springboard Dropkick

text: through the ring apron. Jericho used several of

text: his moves

text: on Rock and got several near-falls until Rock made a comeback into the match by clotheslining Jericho. Rock planted Jericho in the corner and delivered him a

text: Superplex

text: . Rock performed a

text: Snap

text: Belly to Belly Suplex

text: and a

text: Samoan Drop

text: for a near-fall. Rock and Jericho continued to assault each other and the action even spilled to the outside on numerous occasions until Jericho started mocking Rock by using his moves. Jericho hit Rock with his own finisher Rock Bottom, followed by a

text: Lionsault

text: for a nearfall. Jericho hit Rock with a

text: One-handed Bulldog

text: . Jericho attempted to hit Rock's own finisher

text: People's Elbow

text: but Rock avoided the move and applied a

text: Sharpshooter

text: on Jericho. Jericho reached the ropes and caught them. Rock left the ring and removed the top of the Spanish announce table and removed the monitors. Rock brought Jericho outside the ring and pulled him on the table and performed a Rock Bottom on the table. The action returned to the ring where Rock hit Jericho, a

text: Spinebuster

text: and attempted to hit a People's Elbow but Jericho countered it into the Walls of Jericho.

text: Stephanie McMahon

text: interfered in the match and came down to the ringside. She threw a chair in the ring. Jericho started chasing Stephanie. Rock took advantage and hit Jericho, a

text: Snap DDT

text: . Rock focused on Stephanie, pulled her into the ring and hit her with a Rock Bottom. Jericho took advantage and grabbed Rock from behind and performed his new finisher, the

text: Breakdown

text: on Rock on the chair to pin him for the WCW Championship. After the match, Rock grabbed the chair in his hand but gave it to Jericho and left.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock vs. Jericho

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Snap Belly to Belly Suplex

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Chris Jericho

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Walls of Jericho

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Superplex.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: handed Bulldog.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: One-handed Bulldog.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: One-handed Bulldog.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: WCW Championship.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: People's Elbow

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Spinebus

text: It occurs in contact metamorphic rocks and skarn ore deposits. It also occurs less commonly in syenites.

text: It occurs in

text: contact metamorphic rocks

text: and

text: skarn

text: ore deposits. It also occurs less commonly in

text: syenite

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: syenites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: contact metamorphic rocks and skarn ore deposits.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: contact metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: syenites.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: syenites.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphic rocks

text: Rock music of Canada is a wide and diverse part of the general music of Canada, beginning  with American and British style rock and roll in the mid-20th century.   Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern popular music called rock.  Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing substantively to the development of the most popular subgenres, which include pop rock, progressive rock, country rock, folk rock, hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal and indie rock.

text: Rock music of Canada is a wide and diverse part of the general

text: music of Canada

text: , beginning  with American and British style

text: rock and roll

text: in the mid-20th century.   Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern

text: popular music

text: called

text: rock

text: .  Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing substantively to the development of the most popular

text: subgenres

text: , which include

text: pop rock

text: progressive rock

text: country rock

text: folk rock

text: hard rock

text: punk rock

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: indie rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of the most popular subgenres

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal and indie rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock music of Canada

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of the most popular subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock.

text: Porphyritic is an adjective used in geology, specifically for igneous rocks, for a rock that has a distinct difference in the size of the crystals, with at least one group of crystals obviously larger than another group.  Porphyritic rocks may be aphanites or extrusive, with large crystals or phenocrysts floating in a fine-grained groundmass of non-visible crystals, as in a porphyritic basalt, or phanerites or intrusive, with individual crystals of the groundmass easily distinguished with the eye, but one group of crystals clearly much bigger than the rest, as in a porphyritic granite.  Most types of igneous rocks may display some degree of porphyritic texture.  One main type of rock that has a porphyritic texture are porphyry, though not all porphyritic rocks are porphyries.

text: Porphyritic is an adjective used in

text: geology

text: , specifically for

text: igneous rock

text: s, for a rock that has a distinct difference in the size of the crystals, with at least one group of crystals obviously larger than another group.  Porphyritic rocks may be

text: aphanite

text: s or

text: extrusive

text: , with large crystals or

text: phenocryst

text: s floating in a fine-grained

text: groundmass

text: of non-visible crystals, as in a porphyritic

text: basalt

text: , or

text: phanerite

text: s or

text: intrusive

text: , with individual crystals of the groundmass easily distinguished with the eye, but one group of crystals clearly much bigger than the rest, as in a porphyritic

text: granite

text: .  Most types of igneous rocks may display some degree of porphyritic texture.  One main type of rock that has a porphyritic texture are

text: porphyry

text: , though not all porphyritic rocks are porphyries.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the size of the crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size of crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyry

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: extrusive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: not all porphyritic rocks are porphyries.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size of the crystals,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyritic basalt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Porphyritic

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: extrusive,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Porphyritic

text: The main rivalry heading into the event was between The Rock and Chris Benoit over the WWF Championship. At King of the Ring, Rock won the title from Triple H in a six-man tag team match, when Rock and his partners The Undertaker and Kane defeated McMahon-Helmsley Faction (Triple H, Vince and Shane McMahon). On the July 3 episode of Raw is War, the WWF Commissioner Mick Foley announced that Rock would defend the title against Shane McMahon later that night. Rock defended the title against McMahon in the main event, which was interrupted by Benoit, who attacked Rock during the match. The next week on Raw is War, Rock and Benoit competed in a standard wrestling match. Although Benoit seemingly won the match after McMahon's interference, but the referee Earl Hebner disqualified Benoit, due to McMahon's interference. On the July 13 episode of SmackDown, Foley forced Benoit to wrestle Eddie Guerrero and Chyna in a Handicap match. Benoit lost by disqualification again and attacked Hebner, causing Rock to offer Benoit a WWF Championship title shot at Fully Loaded.

text: The main

text: rivalry

text: heading into the event was between

text: The Rock

text: and

text: Chris Benoit

text: over the

text: WWF Championship

text: . At

text: King of the Ring

text: , Rock won the title from

text: Triple H

text: in a

entity_name: Professional wrestling tag team match types

text: six-man tag team match

text: , when Rock and his partners

text: The Undertaker

text: and

text: Kane

text: defeated

text: McMahon-Helmsley Faction

text: (Triple H,

text: Vince

text: and

text: Shane McMahon

text: ). On the July 3 episode of Raw is War, the

entity_name: Professional wrestling authority figures

text: WWF Commissioner

text: Mick Foley

text: announced that Rock would defend the title against

text: Shane McMahon

text: later that night. Rock defended the title against McMahon in the

text: main event

text: , which was interrupted by Benoit, who attacked Rock during the match. The next week on Raw is War, Rock and Benoit competed in a

text: standard wrestling match

text: . Although Benoit seemingly won the match after McMahon's interference, but the

text: referee

text: Earl Hebner

text: disqualified

text: Benoit, due to McMahon's interference. On the July 13 episode of SmackDown, Foley forced Benoit to wrestle

text: Eddie Guerrero

text: and

text: Chyna

text: in a

text: Handicap match

text: . Benoit lost by disqualification again and attacked Hebner, causing Rock to offer Benoit a WWF Championship title shot at Fully Loaded.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a standard

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: King of the Ring, Rock won the title from Triple H

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: King of the Ring, Rock won the title from Triple H

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The Rock and Chris Benoit over the WWF Championship.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: WWF Championship.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock won the title from Triple H

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: standard wrestling match.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: King of the Ring, Rock won the title from Triple H

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Ring,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock won the title from Triple H

text: Migmatite is a rock that is a mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock. It is created when a metamorphic rock such as gneiss partially melts, and then that melt recrystallizes into an igneous rock, creating a mixture of the unmelted metamorphic part with the recrystallized igneous part. They can also be known as diatexite.

text: Migmatite is a

text: rock

text: that is a mixture of

text: metamorphic rock

text: and

text: igneous rock

text: . It is created when a metamorphic rock such as

text: gneiss

text: partially melts, and then that melt recrystallizes into an igneous rock, creating a mixture of the unmelted metamorphic part with the recrystallized igneous part. They can also be known as diatexite.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unmelted metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rock and igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rock and igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: melt recrystallizes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unmelted metamorphic part with the recrystallized

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: recrystallizes into an igneous rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: gneiss partially melts,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallizes

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock and igneous rock.

text: They were probably made in emulation of the rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt rather earlier, which were objects of great luxury in the Middle Ages, and have also mostly survived in church treasuries.; an example can be seen in the Treasury of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, which also possesses a rock-crystal ewer in the same style. A number of the glasses were elaborated into reliquaries, or in one case a chalice, during the Middle Ages, with the addition of goldsmith's work, including those at Namur, Krakow and Halberstadt (see below).  Lierke suggests that notches in the bases of many indicate that they were originally given other metalwork settings, perhaps as chalices, but none of these have survived. Seven of the known Hedwig glasses have 13th- to 15th-century metal mounts.

text: They were probably made in emulation of the

text: rock crystal

text: carved vessels

text: made in

text: Fatimid Egypt

text: rather earlier, which were objects of great luxury in the Middle Ages, and have also mostly survived in church treasuries.; an example can be seen in the Treasury of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, which also possesses a rock-crystal ewer in the same style. A number of the glasses were elaborated into

text: reliquaries

text: , or in one case a

text: chalice

text: , during the Middle Ages, with the addition of goldsmith's work, including those at Namur, Krakow and Halberstadt (see below).  Lierke suggests that notches in the bases of many indicate that they were originally given other metalwork settings, perhaps as chalices, but none of these have survived. Seven of the known Hedwig glasses have 13th- to 15th-century metal mounts.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: notches in the bases

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: elaborated into reliquaries,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ewer

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock crystal carved vessels made in Fatimid Egypt

text: Geologically Gorbeia is mostly composed of sedimentary rocks. They have been created by erosion processes whose sediments were transported inland sea and then lithified (the process by which sediments are transformed into a compact rock.) .The park is known for its rocky surroundings. Formations as the Eye of Atxular or Atxular Itxina in karst and the cave in Álava Mairuelegorreta accidents are the most notable.

text: Geologically Gorbeia is mostly composed of

text: sedimentary rocks

text: . They have been created by

text: erosion

text: processes whose sediments were transported inland sea and then lithified (the process by which sediments are transformed into a compact rock.) .The park is known for its rocky surroundings. Formations as the Eye of Atxular or

text: Atxular Itxina

text: in karst and the cave in Álava Mairuelegorreta accidents are the most notable.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithified

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithified

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: lithified

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compact rock.).The

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: lithified

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithified

text: Skarns or tactites are calcium-bearing calc–silicate rocks. Skarns are most often formed at the contact zone between intrusions of granitic magma bodies and carbonate sedimentary rocks such as limestone and dolostone. Hot fluids derived from the granitic magma are rich in silica, iron, aluminium, and magnesium. These fluids mix in the contact zone, dissolve calcium-rich carbonate rocks, and convert the host carbonate rock to skarn deposits in a metamorphic process called metasomatism. The resulting metamorphic rock may consist of a very wide variety of minerals dependent largely on the original composition of the magmatic fluids and the purity of the carbonate sedimentary rocks.

text: Skarns or tactites are calcium-bearing

text: calc–silicate rock

text: s. Skarns are most often formed at the contact zone between

text: intrusion

text: s of

text: granitic

text: magma

text: bodies and

text: carbonate

text: sedimentary rocks

text: such as

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolostone

text: . Hot fluids derived from the granitic magma are rich in silica, iron, aluminium, and magnesium. These fluids mix in the contact zone, dissolve calcium-rich carbonate rocks, and convert the host carbonate rock to skarn deposits in a

text: metamorphic

text: process called

text: metasomatism

text: . The resulting

text: metamorphic rock

text: may consist of a very wide variety of minerals dependent largely on the original composition of the magmatic fluids and the purity of the carbonate sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: original composition of the magmatic fluids

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a very wide variety of minerals

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: original composition of the magmatic fluids

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic process called metasomatism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: skarn deposits

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metasomatism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metasomatism.

text: Metamorphic code is code that when run outputs a logically equivalent version of its own code under some interpretation. This is similar to a quine, except that a quine's source code is exactly equivalent to its own output. Metamorphic code also usually outputs machine code and not its own source code.

text: Metamorphic code is code that when run outputs a

text: logically equivalent

text: version of its own code under some

text: interpretation

text: . This is similar to a

text: quine

text: , except that a quine's

text: source code

text: is exactly equivalent to its own output. Metamorphic code also usually outputs

text: machine code

text: and not its own source code.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: faster cooling

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: machine code

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic code

text: Wonderwerk Cave is an archaeological site, formed originally as an ancient solution cavity in dolomite rocks of the Kuruman Hills, situated between Danielskuil and Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It is a National Heritage Site, managed as a satellite of the McGregor Museum in Kimberley. Geologically, hillside erosion exposed the northern end of the cavity, which extends horizontally for about 140 m into the base of a hill. Accumulated deposits inside the cave, up to 7 m in depth, reflect natural sedimentation processes such as water and wind deposition as well as the activities of animals, birds and human ancestors over a period of some 2 million years. The site has been studied and excavated by archaeologists since the 1940s and research here generates important insights into human history in the subcontinent of Southern Africa.   Evidence within Wonderwerk cave has been called the oldest controlled fire.  Wonderwerk means “miracle” in the Afrikaans language.

text: Wonderwerk Cave is an archaeological site, formed originally as an ancient solution cavity in

text: dolomite

text: rocks of the

text: Kuruman Hills

text: , situated between

text: Danielskuil

text: and

text: Kuruman

text: in the

text: Northern Cape Province

text: , South Africa. It is a National Heritage Site, managed as a satellite of the

text: McGregor Museum

text: in Kimberley. Geologically, hillside erosion exposed the northern end of the cavity, which extends horizontally for about 140 m into the base of a hill. Accumulated deposits inside the cave, up to 7 m in depth, reflect natural sedimentation processes such as water and wind deposition as well as the activities of animals, birds and human ancestors over a period of some 2 million years. The site has been studied and excavated by

text: archaeologists

text: since the 1940s and research here generates important insights into human history in the subcontinent of Southern Africa.   Evidence within Wonderwerk cave has been called

text: the oldest controlled fire

text: .  Wonderwerk means “miracle” in the

text: Afrikaans

text: language.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are found in the Kuruman Hills?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural sedimentation processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solution cavity

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What does Wonderwerk Cave mean?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: natural sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation processes such as water and wind deposition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: water and wind deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 2 million years.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 2 million years.

text: The rocks of this age show extremely complex nature with clastic and chemically precipitated sediments, volcanic and plutonic rocks — all of which show varying degrees of metamorphism.  The majority of the rocks are often phyllites, schists and slates.  There are hornblende-, chlorite-, haematite-, and magnetite- schists, felspathic schists: quartzites and highly altered volcanic rocks, like rhyolites and andesites turned into hornblende-schists; abundant and widespread granitic intrusions; crystalline limestones and marbles; serpentinous marbles; steatite masses; beds of jaspers and massive beds of iron and manganese oxides.

text: The rocks of this age show extremely complex nature with clastic and chemically precipitated sediments,

text: volcanic

text: and

text: plutonic

text: rocks — all of which show varying degrees of metamorphism.  The majority of the rocks are often

text: phyllite

text: s,

text: schist

text: s and

text: slate

text: s.  There are

text: hornblende

text: chlorite

text: haematite

text: -, and

text: magnetite

text: - schists,

text: felspathic

text: schists:

text: quartzite

text: s and highly altered volcanic rocks, like

text: rhyolite

text: s and

text: andesite

text: s turned into hornblende-schists; abundant and widespread

text: granitic

text: intrusions; crystalline

text: limestone

text: s and

text: marble

text: s;

text: serpentinous

text: marbles;

text: steatite

text: masses; beds of

text: jasper

text: s and massive beds of

text: iron

text: and

text: manganese oxide

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: degree of metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline limestones

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: varying degrees of metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: varying degrees of metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: phyllites, schists and slates.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystalline limestones and marbles;

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: varying degrees of metamorphism.

text: Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.

text: Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them. Magmas of different compositions can mix with one another. In rare cases, melts can separate into two immiscible melts of contrasting compositions.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Magmas of different compositions

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: contrasting compositions.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: partial melting and fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: partial melting and fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: partial melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: partial melting and fractional crystallization.

text: Ancient igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock underlie and form the geologic base of the Santa Ana River. Most of the strata in the flat valleys and basins of the watershed are underlain by thousands of feet of sediment deposited by transient seas during climate changes and by erosion. Most of the mountains in and rimming the basin consist of granite batholiths only about 75 million years old. However, much of the rock overlying the highlands, above elevations of , is ancient metamorphic rock up to 1.7 billion years old. This rock originally formed at the bottom of the ancient Pacific Ocean and was uplifted to the highest peaks of the mountains. Even in ice ages, glaciers have rarely occurred on Southern California mountains, so the rock has remained there for tens of millions of years without significant erosion.

text: Ancient

text: igneous

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: sedimentary rock

text: underlie and form the geologic base of the Santa Ana River. Most of the

text: strata

text: in the flat valleys and basins of the watershed are underlain by thousands of feet of sediment deposited by transient seas during climate changes and by

text: erosion

text: . Most of the mountains in and rimming the basin consist of

text: granite

text: batholith

text: s only about 75 million years old. However, much of the rock overlying the highlands, above elevations of , is ancient metamorphic rock up to 1.7 billion years old. This rock originally formed at the bottom of the ancient Pacific Ocean and was uplifted to the highest peaks of the mountains. Even in

text: ice age

text: s,

text: glacier

text: s have rarely occurred on Southern California mountains, so the rock has remained there for tens of millions of years without significant erosion.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: elevations

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment deposited

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: at the bottom of the ancient Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 75 million years old.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rock

text: Temperatures estimated for the erupted rocks cover a wide range, with some exceeding . These rocks are of enigmatic origin, which may be geothermal or magmatic, with the presence of lava bombs of magnetite lava supporting the magmatic origin theory. Other viewpoints consider the texture and chemical composition of the rocks as evidence that metasomatism of andesitic rocks formed the magnetite "lavas". The role of a post-magmatic fluid phase, which was inferred from inclusions in crystals, has also been suggested. Some magnetite was oxidized to hematite, probably under the influence of rainwater as indicated by isotope analysis. Only a minor amount of hematite is primary. Isotope data indicate that the formation of this magnetite magma was accompanied by the segregation of plagioclase. This plagioclase may have generated the rhyodacite lava dome. An iron-phosphate-rich magma generated the magnetite lava flows after release of volatile substances. The magma was probably bordering on forming a two-phase melt containing nelsonite and rhyolite. A favourable tectonic context associated with the compression of the magma chamber and the presence of faults helped with the eruption of the magnetite. The magma formation probably occurred in a magma chamber. During the cooling of the magma, the ores formed. This process was probably not directed by water-rich phases, and the segregation occurred at a shallow depth. High phosphorus and volatile content may have lowered the melting point of the magma and facilitated its eruption, as well as overcoming density-based constraints on the eruption of iron-rich magmas. Suggestions that anatexis of iron-rich sediments generated the iron-rich magmas appear implausible. The ultimate origin of the El Laco iron may be subducted metal-containing sediment.

text: Temperatures estimated for the erupted rocks cover a wide range, with some exceeding . These rocks are of enigmatic origin, which may be geothermal or magmatic, with the presence of

text: lava bomb

text: s of magnetite lava supporting the magmatic origin theory. Other viewpoints consider the texture and chemical composition of the rocks as evidence that

text: metasomatism

text: of andesitic rocks formed the magnetite "lavas". The role of a post-magmatic fluid phase, which was inferred from inclusions in crystals, has also been suggested. Some magnetite was oxidized to hematite, probably under the influence of rainwater as indicated by isotope analysis. Only a minor amount of hematite is primary. Isotope data indicate that the formation of this magnetite magma was accompanied by the segregation of plagioclase. This plagioclase may have generated the rhyodacite lava dome. An iron-phosphate-rich magma generated the magnetite lava flows after release of volatile substances. The magma was probably bordering on forming a two-phase melt containing

text: nelsonite

text: and

text: rhyolite

text: . A favourable tectonic context associated with the compression of the magma chamber and the presence of faults helped with the eruption of the magnetite. The magma formation probably occurred in a magma chamber. During the cooling of the magma, the ores formed. This process was probably not directed by water-rich phases, and the segregation occurred at a shallow depth. High phosphorus and volatile content may have lowered the melting point of the magma and facilitated its eruption, as well as overcoming density-based constraints on the eruption of iron-rich magmas. Suggestions that

text: anatexis

text: of iron-rich sediments generated the iron-rich magmas appear implausible. The ultimate origin of the El Laco iron may be subducted metal-containing sediment.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: How many major groups of rocks are there?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: enigmatic origin

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: melting point

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: segregation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: magnetite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: density-based

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the ores formed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: the ores formed.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magnetite lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: During the cooling of the magma,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: the ores formed.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magnetite

text: Another important mechanism of metamorphism is that of chemical reactions that occur between minerals without them melting. In the process atoms are exchanged between the minerals, and thus new minerals are formed. Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place, and each mineral assemblage produced provides us with a clue as to the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism.

text: Another important mechanism of metamorphism is that of chemical reactions that occur between minerals without them melting. In the process atoms are exchanged between the minerals, and thus new minerals are formed. Many complex high-temperature reactions may take place, and each mineral assemblage produced provides us with a clue as to the temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: each mineral assemblage

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures at the time of metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: atoms are exchanged between the minerals, and thus new minerals are formed.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: atoms are exchanged between the minerals, and thus new minerals are formed.

text: Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create calcium carbonate shell material (CaCO) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies, its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the limestone sedimentary rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.

text: Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create

text: calcium carbonate

text: shell material (CaCO) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies, its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the

text: limestone

text: sedimentary rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: limestone sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: nutrient minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Oxygen

text: Cumulate rocks are igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating. Cumulate rocks are named according to their texture; cumulate texture is diagnostic of the conditions of formation of this group of igneous rocks.

text: Cumulate rocks are

text: igneous rocks

text: formed by the accumulation of

text: crystal

text: s from a

text: magma

text: either by settling or floating. Cumulate rocks are named according to their

text: texture

text: ; cumulate texture is diagnostic of the conditions of formation of this group of igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cumulate texture

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accumulation of crystals

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: settling

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Cumulate rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Cumulate rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cumulate texture

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture;

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accumulation of crystals from a magma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Cumulate rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: settling or floating.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: settling or floating.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Cumulate rocks

text: A metamorphic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of metamorphism wherein one assemblage of minerals is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed metamorphic rock.

text: A metamorphic reaction is a

text: chemical reaction

text: that takes place during the

text: geological

text: process of

text: metamorphism

text: wherein one assemblage of

text: minerals

text: is transformed into a second assemblage which is stable under the new temperature/pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed

text: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature/pressure conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A metamorphic reaction

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic reaction

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature/pressure conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic reaction

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic reaction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism

text: Many years later Daubrée, Delesse and others carried on similar experiments, but the first notable advance was made in 1878, when Fouqué and Lévy began their researches. They succeeded in producing such rocks as porphyrite, leucite-tephrite, basalt and dolerite, and obtained also various structural modifications well known in igneous rocks, e.g. the porphyritic and the ophitic. Incidentally they showed that while many basic rocks (basalts, etc.) could be perfectly imitated in the laboratory, the acid rocks could not, and advanced the explanation that for the crystallization of the latter the gases never absent in natural rock magmas were indispensable mineralizing agents. It has subsequently been proved that steam, or such volatile substances as certain borates, molybdates, chlorides, fluorides, assist in the formation of orthoclase, quartz and mica (the minerals of granite). Sir James Hall also made the first contribution to the experimental study of metamorphic rocks by converting chalk into marble by heating it in a closed gun-barrel, which prevented the escape of the carbonic acid at high temperatures. In 1901 Adams and Nicholson carried this a stage further by subjecting marble to great pressures in hydraulic presses and have shown how the foliated structures, frequent in natural marble may be produced artificially.

text: Many years later

text: Daubrée

text: Delesse

text: and others carried on similar experiments, but the first notable advance was made in 1878, when

text: Fouqué

text: and

text: Lévy

text: began their researches. They succeeded in producing such rocks as porphyrite,

text: leucite

text: tephrite

text: basalt

text: and dolerite, and obtained also various structural modifications well known in igneous rocks, e.g. the

text: porphyritic

text: and the

text: ophitic

text: . Incidentally they showed that while many basic rocks (basalts, etc.) could be perfectly imitated in the laboratory, the acid rocks could not, and advanced the explanation that for the crystallization of the latter the gases never absent in natural rock magmas were indispensable mineralizing agents. It has subsequently been proved that steam, or such volatile substances as certain borates, molybdates, chlorides, fluorides, assist in the formation of

text: orthoclase

text: quartz

text: and

text: mica

text: (the minerals of

text: granite

text: ). Sir James Hall also made the first contribution to the experimental study of metamorphic rocks by converting

text: chalk

text: into

text: marble

text: by heating it in a closed gun-barrel, which prevented the escape of the

text: carbonic acid

text: at high temperatures. In 1901

text: Adams

text: and

text: Nicholson

text: carried this a stage further by subjecting marble to great pressures in hydraulic presses and have shown how the foliated structures, frequent in natural marble may be produced artificially.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: structural modifications

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural modifications

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: structural modifications

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural modifications

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: gases never absent in natural rock magmas

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: In many instances, the creation of rock art was itself a ritual act. Some rock art has been interpreted to represent presumed cultural behaviors. Common features in rock art that are related to portraying shamans were bones and other skeletal remains on their coats. One reason for the bones would be that they were used as a type of armor for protecting the shaman on his journeys through different worlds.  Devlet, the author of "Rock Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Central Asian Shamanism" highlights, “Another interpretation of these skeletal costume elements explains them as representations of a shaman brought back to life after the dismemberment that occurs during the initiation process: the depicted bones thus refer to the wearer’s own skeleton” (43). The concept of death and revival is often associated with shamans and the way they are portrayed. The bones were usually on the back of the shaman's jacket or used on the breast-piece.  Another important aspect used to distinguish shamans in rock art depictions is that they are wearing fringed fabric. There are differences in the lengths of the fringe and where on the shaman the fringe is located. In the rock art, the fringe was usually long single strands attached to different parts of the shaman’s body. The symbolism of the fringe can be interpreted in several ways.  One example is, “The fringe on a shaman’s coat is an important element, which marks his or her ornithomorphic nature (i.e. the ability to transform into a bird or to gain its abilities such as the capacity for flight) ” (Devlet 44). The concept of fringe being correlated with flying was mainly used in rock art in the Altai, Tuva, and Mongolian regions.

text: In many instances, the creation of rock art was itself a ritual act. Some rock art has been interpreted to represent presumed cultural behaviors. Common features in rock art that are related to portraying

text: shaman

text: s were

text: bone

text: s and other skeletal remains on their coats. One reason for the bones would be that they were used as a type of

text: armor

text: for protecting the shaman on his journeys through different worlds.

text: Devlet

text: , the author of "Rock Art and the Material Culture of Siberian and Central Asian Shamanism" highlights, “Another interpretation of these skeletal costume elements explains them as representations of a shaman brought back to life after the

text: dismemberment

text: that occurs during the initiation process: the depicted bones thus refer to the wearer’s own

text: skeleton

text: ” (43). The concept of

text: death

text: and

text: revival

text: is often associated with shamans and the way they are portrayed. The bones were usually on the back of the shaman's jacket or used on the breast-piece.  Another important aspect used to distinguish shamans in rock art depictions is that they are wearing fringed

text: fabric

text: . There are differences in the lengths of the fringe and where on the shaman the fringe is located. In the rock art, the fringe was usually long single strands attached to different parts of the shaman’s body. The symbolism of the fringe can be interpreted in several ways.  One example is, “The fringe on a shaman’s coat is an important element, which marks his or her

text: ornithomorphic

text: nature (i.e. the ability to transform into a bird or to gain its abilities such as the capacity for flight) ” (Devlet 44). The concept of fringe being correlated with flying was mainly used in rock art in the

text: Altai

text: Tuva

text: , and

text: Mongolia

text: n regions.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What are the four major groups of rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dismemberment

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock art,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: fringed fabric.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: ornithomorphic nature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lengths

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dismemberment

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a bird

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock art, the fringe was usually long single strands

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dismemberment

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fringed fabric.

text: After the solidification was about 75 percent complete, the material anorthositic plagioclase began to crystallize, and because of its low density, it floated, forming a solid crust. Hence, elements that are usually incompatible (i.e., those that usually partition in the liquid phase) would have been progressively concentrated into the magma. Thus a "KREEP"-rich magma was formed that was sandwiched at first between the crust and mantle. The evidence for these processes comes from the highly anorthositic composition of the crust of the lunar highlands, as well as the presence of the rocks rich in KREEP.

text: After the solidification was about 75 percent complete, the material

text: anorthositic plagioclase

text: began to crystallize, and because of its low density, it floated, forming a solid crust. Hence, elements that are usually incompatible (i.e., those that usually partition in the liquid phase) would have been progressively concentrated into the magma. Thus a "KREEP"-rich magma was formed that was sandwiched at first between the crust and mantle. The evidence for these processes comes from the highly anorthositic composition of the crust of the lunar highlands, as well as the presence of the rocks rich in KREEP.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: KREEP

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid crust

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks rich in KREEP.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: anorthositic plagioclase

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: "KREEP"-rich

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: highly anorthositic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rocks rich in KREEP.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: anorthositic plagioclase

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: partition in the liquid phase)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: anorthositic plagioclase

text: Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. Specifically, basaltic andesite magma is periodically injected into a magma chamber where crystal fractionation and mixing processes take place. The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved. Presumably, if the supply of mafic magma is steady the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. This mixture origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is .

text: Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of

text: mafic

text: and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. Specifically,

text: basaltic andesite

text: magma is periodically injected into a

text: magma chamber

text: where

text: crystal fractionation

text: and mixing processes take place. The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved. Presumably, if the supply of

text: mafic

text: magma is steady the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. This mixture origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is .

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: supply of mafic magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bands of different rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas;

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: if the supply of mafic magma is steady

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: textures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dacite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystal fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: unevolved.

text: Although the band's music has often been labeled as shock rock by mainstream media, Manson disputes the use of the label, preferring instead to identify their work as being primarily rooted in rock and roll. Over the course of their career, the band has produced music which has been ascribed to many genres, including industrial metal, industrial rock, industrial dance, post-industrial, alternative metal, progressive metal, hard rock, electronic music, glam rock, goth rock, death metal, blues rock and pop.

text: Although the band's music has often been labeled as

text: shock rock

text: by mainstream media, Manson disputes the use of the label, preferring instead to identify their work as being primarily rooted in

text: rock and roll

text: . Over the course of their career, the band has produced music which has been ascribed to many genres, including

text: industrial metal

text: industrial rock

text: industrial dance

text: post-industrial

text: alternative metal

text: progressive metal

text: hard rock

text: electronic music

text: glam rock

text: goth rock

text: death metal

text: blues rock

text: and

text: pop

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: industrial metal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: death metal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: glam rock, goth rock, death metal,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: progressive metal,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive metal,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: post-industrial, alternative metal, progressive metal,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: industrial metal,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: glam rock, goth rock, death metal,

text: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents, and of the distribution of turbidite deposits, such as their extent, thickness and grain size distribution, requires an understanding of the mechanisms of sediment transport and deposition, which in turn depends on the fluid dynamics of the currents.

text: Prediction

text: of

text: erosion

text: by turbidity currents, and of the distribution of

text: turbidite

text: deposits, such as their extent, thickness and grain size distribution, requires an understanding of the mechanisms of

text: sediment transport

text: and

text: deposition

text: , which in turn depends on the

text: fluid dynamics

text: of the currents.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fluid dynamics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fluid dynamics of the currents.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: extent, thickness and grain size distribution,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

text: In geology, depositional environment or sedimentary environment describes the combination of physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and, therefore, the rock types that will be formed after lithification, if the sediment is preserved in the rock record. In most cases the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues. However, the further back in geological time sediments were deposited, the more likely that direct modern analogues are not available (e.g. banded iron formations).

text: In geology, depositional environment or sedimentary environment describes the combination of physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of

text: sediment

text: and, therefore, the rock types that will be formed after

text: lithification

text: , if the sediment is preserved in the rock record. In most cases the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues. However, the further back in geological time sediments were deposited, the more likely that direct modern analogues are not available (e.g.

text: banded iron formation

text: s).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: the rock types that will be formed after lithification,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary environment

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: depositional environment

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithification,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: iron formations).

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the rock types that will be formed after lithification,

text: It became the second highest charting single from Break the Cycle on the Billboard Hot 100, when it peaked at No. 62. It also charted on the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks lists, at No. 4 and No. 3, respectively.

text: It became the second highest charting single from

text: Break the Cycle

text: on the

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: , when it peaked at No. 62. It also charted on the

text: Modern Rock Tracks

text: and

text: Mainstream Rock Tracks

text: lists, at No. 4 and No. 3, respectively.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Break the Cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Break the Cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Break the Cycle on the Billboard Hot 100,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Billboard Hot 100,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: 62.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Break the Cycle on the Billboard Hot 100,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Billboard Hot 100,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Cycle

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Break the Cycle on the Billboard Hot 100,

text: |-| Win| align=center| 26–10 (1)| Juan Santa Cruz| TKO (injury)| Rocky Mountain MMA 1: Fists of Fury 2| | align=center|1| align=center|2:05| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States| Featherweight bout.|-| Win| align=center| 25–10 (1)| Craig Ross| Decision (unanimous)| JHEFN: Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 26| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| Salt Lake City, Utah, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 24–10 (1)| Czar Sklavos| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rocky Mountain MMA - Fist of Fury| | align=center|1| align=center|4:50| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 24–9 (1)| Nick Honstein| Decision (unanimous)| SCL - Rivals| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| Denver, Colorado, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 23–9 (1)| Nick Denis| KO (slam)| Wreck MMA - Unfinished Business| | align=center|2| align=center|1:03| Gatineau, Quebec, Canada||-| Win| align=center| 23–8 (1)| Randy Villarreal| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| BTT MMA 2 - Genesis| | align=center|1| align=center|3:24| Pueblo, Colorado, United States||-| Win| align=center| 22–8 (1)| Adrian Wooley| Decision (split)| Score Fighting Series 1| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| Mississauga, Ontario, Canada||-| Loss| align=center| 21–8 (1)| Ryan Roberts| Decision (unanimous)| The Cage Inc. - Battle at the Border 9| | align=center|5| align=center|5:00| Hankinson, North Dakota, United States| For the Cage Inc. Bantamweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 21–7 (1)| Josh Rave| Submission (punches)| VFC - Victory Fighting Championship 33| | align=center|2| align=center|1:30| Iowa, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 20–7 (1)| Jameel Massouh| Submission (guillotine choke)| Bellator 29| | align=center|1| align=center|4:27| Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 20–6 (1)| Zach Makovsky| Decision (unanimous)| Bellator 27| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| San Antonio, Texas, United States||-| Win| align=center| 20–5 (1)| Albert Rios| TKO (strikes)| Bellator 23| | align=center|1| align=center|4:40| Louisville, Kentucky, United States||-| Win| align=center| 19–5 (1)| Mark Oshiro| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Bellator 20| | align=center|2| align=center|1:29| San Antonio, Texas, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 18–5 (1)| Rafael de Freitas| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| Chavez Dojo - Revolutionary Rumble| | align=center|1| align=center|2:12| Albuquerque, New Mexico, Mexico||-| Win| align=center| 18–4 (1)| Zach Wolff| Decision (unanimous)| VFC 30: Night of Champions| | align=center|5| align=center|5:00| Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States| Won the VFC 135 lb bantamweight title.|-| Win| align=center| 17–4 (1)| Emmanuel Chapman| TKO (punches)| FI - Fight Industries| | align=center|1| align=center|1:53| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 16–4 (1)| Ron Muir| TKO (corner stoppage)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Final Round| | align=center|1| align=center|5:00| Denver, Colorado, United States| Won FTW Featherweight Grand Prix.|-| Win| align=center| 15–4 (1)| Jesse Henley| Submission (guillotine choke)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Round Two| | align=center|1| align=center|1:00| Denver, Colorado, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 14–4 (1)| Jesse Brock| Submission (kneebar)| Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 9| | align=center|2| align=center|2:58| Layton, Utah, United States||-| Win| align=center| 14–3 (1)| Jeff Willingham| TKO (punches)| WOFCF 3| | align=center|1| align=center|2:43| Green River, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 13–3 (1)| Olly Bradstreet| Submission (triangle choke)| WOFCF 2| | align=center|2| align=center|4:26| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 12–3 (1)| Vellore Cabellero| TKO (punches)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Opening Round| | align=center|2| align=center|0:44| Denver, Colorado, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 11–3 (1)| Steven Siler| Submission (guillotine choke)| Throwdown Showdown 3| | align=center|1| align=center|1:25| Salt Lake City, Utah, United States||-| Win| align=center| 11–2 (1)| Woody Gonzales| TKO (punches)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 12| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 10–2 (1)| Eddie Pelczynski| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| WOFCF - Word of Fist Cage Fights 1| | align=center|2| align=center|N/A| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 9–2 (1)| Ray Wolfley| Submission (armbar)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 11| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 8–2 (1)| Ty Hamblin| Decision (unanimous)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 10| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 7–2 (1)| Brandon Visher| Decision (unanimous)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 9| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 6–2 (1)| Mike Smith| Decision (unanimous)|Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 8||align=center|3|align=center|5:00|Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| NC| align=center| 5–2 (1)| Travis Marx| No Contest| Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 1| | align=center|2| align=center|3:33| Salt Lake City, Utah, United States||-| Win| align=center| 5–2| Ryan Schofield| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 7, Vol. 2| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Win| align=center| 4–2| Brenton Swanson| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 7, Vol. 1| | align=center|2| align=center|N/A| Rock Springs, Wyoming, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 3–2| Tyler Toner| Submission (armbar)| Battlequest 6: Shootout| | align=center|1| align=center|4:23| Eagle, Colorado, United States||-| Win| align=center| 3–1| Dan Berry| Submission (triangle choke)| UCE Round 26: Episode 12| | align=center|1| align=center|1:29| Ogden, Utah, United States||-| Win| align=center| 2–1| Erick Buck| Submission (punches)| Battlequest 5: Avalanche| | align=center|2| align=center|0:41| Vail, Colorado, United States||-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Steve Hellman| Submission (Triangle Choke)| KITC - Kraze in the Cage| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A| Wyoming, United States||-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Raphael Assunção| Submission (armbar)| Ring of Fire 26| | align=center|1| align=center|3:35| Castle Rock, Colorado, United States|

text: |-| Win| align=center| 26–10 (1)| Juan Santa Cruz| TKO (injury)| Rocky Mountain MMA 1: Fists of Fury 2| | align=center|1| align=center|2:05|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States|

text: Featherweight

text: bout.|-| Win| align=center| 25–10 (1)| Craig Ross| Decision (unanimous)| JHEFN: Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 26| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: Salt Lake City, Utah

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 24–10 (1)| Czar Sklavos| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rocky Mountain MMA - Fist of Fury| | align=center|1| align=center|4:50|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 24–9 (1)| Nick Honstein| Decision (unanimous)| SCL - Rivals| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: Denver, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 23–9 (1)|

text: Nick Denis

text: | KO (slam)| Wreck MMA - Unfinished Business| | align=center|2| align=center|1:03|

text: Gatineau, Quebec

text: , Canada||-| Win| align=center| 23–8 (1)| Randy Villarreal| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| BTT MMA 2 - Genesis| | align=center|1| align=center|3:24|

text: Pueblo, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 22–8 (1)| Adrian Wooley| Decision (split)| Score Fighting Series 1| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: Mississauga, Ontario

text: , Canada||-| Loss| align=center| 21–8 (1)|

text: Ryan Roberts

text: | Decision (unanimous)| The Cage Inc. - Battle at the Border 9| | align=center|5| align=center|5:00|

text: Hankinson, North Dakota

text: , United States| For the Cage Inc. Bantamweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 21–7 (1)| Josh Rave| Submission (punches)| VFC - Victory Fighting Championship 33| | align=center|2| align=center|1:30|

text: Iowa

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 20–7 (1)|

text: Jameel Massouh

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

entity_name: Bellator Fighting Championships: Season Three

text: Bellator 29

text: | | align=center|1| align=center|4:27|

text: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 20–6 (1)|

text: Zach Makovsky

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Bellator 27

text: | | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 20–5 (1)| Albert Rios| TKO (strikes)|

entity_name: Bellator Fighting Championships: Season Two

text: Bellator 23

text: | | align=center|1| align=center|4:40|

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 19–5 (1)| Mark Oshiro| Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Bellator 20

text: | | align=center|2| align=center|1:29|

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 18–5 (1)| Rafael de Freitas| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| Chavez Dojo - Revolutionary Rumble| | align=center|1| align=center|2:12|

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: , Mexico||-| Win| align=center| 18–4 (1)| Zach Wolff| Decision (unanimous)| VFC 30: Night of Champions| | align=center|5| align=center|5:00|

text: Council Bluffs, Iowa

text: , United States| Won the VFC 135 lb bantamweight title.|-| Win| align=center| 17–4 (1)| Emmanuel Chapman| TKO (punches)| FI - Fight Industries| | align=center|1| align=center|1:53|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 16–4 (1)| Ron Muir| TKO (corner stoppage)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Final Round| | align=center|1| align=center|5:00|

text: Denver, Colorado

text: , United States| Won FTW Featherweight Grand Prix.|-| Win| align=center| 15–4 (1)| Jesse Henley| Submission (guillotine choke)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Round Two| | align=center|1| align=center|1:00|

text: Denver, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 14–4 (1)| Jesse Brock| Submission (kneebar)| Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 9| | align=center|2| align=center|2:58|

text: Layton, Utah

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 14–3 (1)| Jeff Willingham| TKO (punches)| WOFCF 3| | align=center|1| align=center|2:43|

text: Green River, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 13–3 (1)| Olly Bradstreet| Submission (triangle choke)| WOFCF 2| | align=center|2| align=center|4:26|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 12–3 (1)| Vellore Cabellero| TKO (punches)| FTW Featherweight Grand Prix Opening Round| | align=center|2| align=center|0:44|

text: Denver, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 11–3 (1)|

text: Steven Siler

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)| Throwdown Showdown 3| | align=center|1| align=center|1:25|

text: Salt Lake City, Utah

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 11–2 (1)| Woody Gonzales| TKO (punches)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 12| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 10–2 (1)| Eddie Pelczynski| Submission (rear-naked Choke)| WOFCF - Word of Fist Cage Fights 1| | align=center|2| align=center|N/A|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 9–2 (1)| Ray Wolfley| Submission (armbar)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 11| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 8–2 (1)| Ty Hamblin| Decision (unanimous)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 10| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 7–2 (1)|

text: Brandon Visher

text: | Decision (unanimous)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 9| | align=center|3| align=center|5:00|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 6–2 (1)| Mike Smith| Decision (unanimous)|Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 8||align=center|3|align=center|5:00|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| NC| align=center| 5–2 (1)|

text: Travis Marx

text: | No Contest| Jeremy Horn's Elite Fight Night 1| | align=center|2| align=center|3:33|

text: Salt Lake City, Utah

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 5–2| Ryan Schofield| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 7, Vol. 2| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 4–2| Brenton Swanson| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Kraze in the Cage - Chapter 7, Vol. 1| | align=center|2| align=center|N/A|

text: Rock Springs, Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 3–2|

text: Tyler Toner

text: | Submission (armbar)| Battlequest 6: Shootout| | align=center|1| align=center|4:23|

text: Eagle, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 3–1| Dan Berry| Submission (triangle choke)| UCE Round 26: Episode 12| | align=center|1| align=center|1:29|

text: Ogden, Utah

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 2–1| Erick Buck| Submission (punches)| Battlequest 5: Avalanche| | align=center|2| align=center|0:41|

text: Vail, Colorado

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Steve Hellman| Submission (Triangle Choke)| KITC - Kraze in the Cage| | align=center|1| align=center|N/A|

text: Wyoming

text: , United States||-| Loss| align=center| 0–1|

text: Raphael Assunção

text: | Submission (armbar)| Ring of Fire 26| | align=center|1| align=center|3:35|

text: Castle Rock, Colorado

text: , United States|

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: all rocks and rock types are part of the rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: In crystallization, slower cooling forms smaller crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: TKO

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: a rock transforms from one type to another by the processes of the rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: States||-| Loss| align=center| 23–9

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 23–9

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: United States||-|

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (injury)|

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Genesis|

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Genesis|

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: BTT MMA 2 - Genesis|

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: TKO

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Decision (unanimous)|

text: Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity.  Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, lava flows and sills. Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or caprock, of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of shale, a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

text: Mesas form by

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by

text: tectonic

text: activity.  Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and

text: erosion

text: cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include

text: sandstone

text: conglomerate

text: quartzite

text: basalt

text: chert

text: limestone

text: lava flows

text: and

text: sills

text: . Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or

text: caprock

text: , of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of

text: shale

text: , a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resist weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: tectonic activity.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: lava flows and sills.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ability of different types of rock to resist weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: differential erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: differential erosion.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: differential erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: differential erosion.

text: The erosion of continental arcs is a part of the main process of global lithosphere circulation. According to relative study, the contribution of continental arc erosion in total continental crust loss is nearly 25%. A process called "tectonic erosion" happens when friction force during convergence scrapes off huge amount of rocks from the base of continental arcs. Also, precipitation on the continental-arc orogen itself is another erosion process. The debris from the continental arc would deposit in the subduction zone as turbidite. The undergoing subduction forces sediments to accretively add to the accretionary wedge or to subduct into the aesthonosphere. Then part of sediments would be recycled through volcanic activities thus returns to the continental crust, while another part would form new mantle material.

text: The

text: erosion

text: of continental arcs is a part of the main process of global lithosphere circulation. According to relative study, the contribution of continental arc erosion in total continental crust loss is nearly 25%. A process called "tectonic erosion" happens when friction force during

text: convergence

text: scrapes off huge amount of rocks from the base of continental arcs. Also, precipitation on the continental-arc

text: orogen

text: itself is another erosion process. The debris from the continental arc would deposit in the subduction zone as

text: turbidite

text: . The undergoing subduction forces sediments to

text: accretively

text: add to the

text: accretionary wedge

text: or to subduct into the aesthonosphere. Then part of sediments would be recycled through volcanic activities thus returns to the continental crust, while another part would form new mantle material.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic activities

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion of continental arcs

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: global lithosphere circulation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "tectonic erosion"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic activities

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: accretionary wedge

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion of continental arcs

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: turbidite.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "tectonic erosion"

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "tectonic erosion"

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "tectonic erosion"

text: In crystallization, a solid (usually impure) is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures. As the solution cools, the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller. The resultant solution is described as supersaturated, meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as vacuum filtration and centrifugal separators. The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute (as predicted by its solubility at that temperature) as well as any impurities that were not filtered out. Second and third crops of crystals can then be harvested from the mother liquor.

text: In crystallization, a solid (usually impure) is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures. As the solution cools, the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller. The resultant solution is described as

text: supersaturated

text: , meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as

text: vacuum filtration

text: and centrifugal separators. The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute (as predicted by its solubility at that temperature) as well as any impurities that were not filtered out. Second and third crops of crystals can then be harvested from the mother liquor.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solubility

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: impure

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: mother liquor,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: mother liquor,

text: The processing of minerals in the Upper Harz depended on the type of ore extracted. For example, the density of the Upper Harz lodes was very variable. Unlike the ore at Rammelsberg, the ore minerals were less intermingled with one another and the host rock. This enabled, from the beginning of mining operations in the Upper Harz, ore minerals to be processed into concentrations with a higher metal content than that of unroasted ore.

text: The processing of minerals in the Upper Harz depended on the type of

text: ore

text: extracted. For example, the density of the Upper Harz lodes was very variable. Unlike the ore at

text: Rammelsberg

text: , the

text: ore mineral

text: s were less intermingled with one another and the host rock. This enabled, from the beginning of

text: mining operations

text: in the Upper Harz, ore minerals to be processed into concentrations with a higher metal content than that of

text: unroasted ore

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: intermingled with one another and the host rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unroasted ore

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: roasted

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: host rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: less intermingled with one another and the host rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: type of ore extracted.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: less intermingled

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: less intermingled with one another and the host rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: less intermingled with one another and the host rock.

text: Blues rock is a subgenre of rock which developed in the late-1960s and which emphasizes the traditional, three-chord blues song and instrumental improvisation. The first original blues rock artists such as Cream, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band and Canned Heat actually borrowed the idea of combining an instrumental combo with loud amplification from rock and roll, and also attempted to play long, involved improvisations which were commonplace on jazz records and live blues shows. As blues rock gained popularity, bands that followed immediately were louder and more riff-oriented, giving birth to both heavy metal and Southern rock, which both used basic blues riffs and featured extended solos. In the early 1970s, the lines between blues rock and hard rock were barely visible, as bands including ZZ Top began recording rock-oriented albums that tended to obscure their blues roots. However, blues rock soon distinguished itself from hard rock and acts continued to play or rewrite blues standards, as well as write their own songs in the same idiom. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues rock was more roots-oriented than in the 1960s and 1970s, even when artists such as the Fabulous Thunderbirds and Stevie Ray Vaughan flirted with rock stardom.

text: Blues rock is a subgenre of

text: rock

text: which developed in the late-1960s and which emphasizes the traditional,

text: three-chord blues song

text: and instrumental

text: improvisation

text: . The first original blues rock artists such as

text: Cream

text: , the

text: Paul Butterfield Blues Band

text: and

text: Canned Heat

text: actually borrowed the idea of combining an instrumental combo with loud

text: amplification

text: from

text: rock and roll

text: , and also attempted to play long, involved improvisations which were commonplace on jazz records and live blues shows. As blues rock gained popularity, bands that followed immediately were louder and more

text: riff

text: -oriented, giving birth to both

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: Southern rock

text: , which both used basic blues riffs and featured extended

text: solos

text: . In the early 1970s, the lines between blues rock and

text: hard rock

text: were barely visible, as bands including

text: ZZ Top

text: began recording rock-oriented

text: albums

text: that tended to obscure their

text: blues

text: roots. However, blues rock soon distinguished itself from hard rock and acts continued to play or rewrite

text: blues standards

text: , as well as write their own songs in the same idiom. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues rock was more roots-oriented than in the 1960s and 1970s, even when artists such as

text: the Fabulous Thunderbirds

text: and

text: Stevie Ray Vaughan

text: flirted with rock stardom.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: blues rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Blues rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Blues rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: improvisation.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: louder and more riff-oriented,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: improvisation.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal and Southern rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Blues rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Blues rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Blues rock

text: The process begins with a detailed petrophysical analysis and well log calibration.  The calibration process replaces unreliable and missing sonic and density measurements with synthesized values from calibrated petrophysical and rock-physics models.  Well log information is used in the inversion process to derive wavelets, supply the low frequency component not present in the seismic data, and to verify and analyze the final results. Next, horizon and log data are used to construct the stratigraphic framework for the statistical information to build the models. In this way, the log data is only used for generating statistics within similar rock types within the stratigraphic layers of the earth.

text: The process begins with a detailed petrophysical analysis and well log calibration.  The calibration process replaces unreliable and missing sonic and density measurements with synthesized values from calibrated petrophysical and rock-physics models.  Well log information is used in the inversion process to derive wavelets, supply the low frequency component not present in the seismic data, and to verify and analyze the final results. Next, horizon and log data are used to construct the stratigraphic framework for the statistical information to build the models. In this way, the log data is only used for generating statistics within similar rock types within the stratigraphic layers of the earth.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: stratigraphic layers

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: stratigraphic layers of the earth.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: petrophysical analysis and well log calibration.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: petrophysical analysis

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock types within the stratigraphic layers

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: well log calibration.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: well log calibration.

text: When sedimentary beds are tilted and exposed to the surface, erosion and weathering may occur. Escarpments erode gradually and over geological time. The mélange tendencies of escarpments results in varying contacts between a multitude of rock types. These different rock types weather at different speeds, according to Goldich dissolution series so different stages of deformation can often be seen in the layers where the escarpments have been exposed to the elements. These varying levels of erosion can lead to strange features forming in the exposed rock.

text: When sedimentary beds are tilted and exposed to the surface,

text: erosion

text: and

text: weathering

text: may occur. Escarpments erode gradually and over

text: geological time

text: . The

text: mélange

text: tendencies of escarpments results in varying contacts between a multitude of rock types. These different rock types weather at different speeds, according to

text: Goldich dissolution series

text: so different stages of deformation can often be seen in the layers where the escarpments have been exposed to the elements. These varying levels of erosion can lead to strange features forming in the exposed rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are classified into four major groups, reflecting how they formed?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: deformation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the opposite of larger crystals?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: varying contacts between a multitude of rock types.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary beds are tilted

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Goldich dissolution series

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weather at different speeds,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock types.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Goldich dissolution series

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: varying contacts between a multitude of rock types.

text: The Spratly Islands consist of islands, reefs, banks and shoals that consist of biogenic carbonate. These accumulations of biogenic carbonate lie upon the higher crests of major submarine ridges that are uplifted fault blocks known by geologists as horsts. These horsts are part of a series of parallel and en echelon, half-grabens and rotated fault-blocks. The long axes of the horsts, rotated fault blocks and half-grabens form well-defined linear trends that lie parallel to magnetic anomalies exhibited by the oceanic crust of the adjacent South China Sea. The horsts, rotated fault blocks, and the rock forming the bottoms of associated grabens consist of stretched and subsided continental crust that is composed of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous strata that include calc-alkalic extrusive igneous rocks, intermediate to acid intrusive igneous rocks, sandstones, siltstones, dark-green claystones, and metamorphic rocks that include biotite–muscovite–feldspar–quartz migmatites and garnet–mica schists.

text: The Spratly Islands consist of islands, reefs, banks and shoals that consist of biogenic

text: carbonate

text: . These accumulations of biogenic carbonate lie upon the higher crests of major submarine ridges that are uplifted

text: fault block

text: s known by geologists as

text: horsts

text: . These horsts are part of a series of parallel and en echelon, half-grabens and rotated fault-blocks. The long axes of the horsts, rotated fault blocks and half-

text: grabens

text: form well-defined linear trends that lie parallel to

text: magnetic anomalies

text: exhibited by the

text: oceanic crust

text: of the adjacent South China Sea. The horsts, rotated fault blocks, and the rock forming the bottoms of associated grabens consist of stretched and subsided

text: continental crust

text: that is composed of

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: , and

text: Cretaceous

text: strata

text: that include

text: calc-alkalic

text: extrusive

text: igneous

text: rocks, intermediate to acid

text: intrusive

text: igneous rocks,

text: sandstones

text: siltstones

text: , dark-green

text: claystone

text: s, and

text: metamorphic rocks

text: that include

text: biotite

text: muscovite

text: feldspar

text: quartz

text: migmatites

text: and

text: garnet

text: mica

text: schists

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: acid intrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: calc-alkalic extrusive igneous rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: calc-alkalic extrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetic anomalies

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: horsts.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: In the absence of rock crevices or caves, the dens are often built under trees or bushes. The pack rats will also use plant fragments, animal dung, and small rocks in building the den. The vast majority of the materials will be from a radius of several dozen yards of the nest. Woodrats often urinate on the debris piles; sugar and other substances in the urine crystallize as it dries out, creating a material known as amberat, which under some conditions can cement the midden together. The resilience of the middens is aided by three factors. The crystallized urine dramatically slows the decay of the materials in the midden; the dry climate of the American Southwest further slows the decay; and middens protected from the elements under rock overhangs or in caves survive longer.

text: In the absence of rock crevices or caves, the dens are often built under trees or bushes. The pack rats will also use plant fragments, animal dung, and small rocks in building the den. The vast majority of the materials will be from a radius of several dozen yards of the nest. Woodrats often urinate on the debris piles; sugar and other substances in the

text: urine

text: crystallize as it dries out, creating a material known as amberat, which under some conditions can cement the midden together. The resilience of the middens is aided by three factors. The crystallized urine dramatically slows the decay of the materials in the midden; the dry climate of the American Southwest further slows the decay; and middens protected from the elements under rock overhangs or in caves survive longer.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: small rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: small rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the dry climate

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resilience

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: amberat,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sugar

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: amberat,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock crevices

text: Parent rock, also referred to as substratum, refers to the original rock from which something else was formed. It is mainly used in the context of soil formation where the parent rock (or parent material) normally has a large influence on the nature of the resulting soil. The term is also used in the context of metamorphic rocks where again the parent rock or protolith refers to the original rock before metamorphism takes place. Parent rocks can be sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.

text: Parent rock, also referred to as substratum, refers to the original rock from which something else was formed. It is mainly used in the context of

text: soil formation

text: where the parent rock (or

text: parent material

text: ) normally has a large influence on the nature of the resulting soil. The term is also used in the context of

text: metamorphic rocks

text: where again the parent rock or

text: protolith

text: refers to the original rock before metamorphism takes place. Parent rocks can be

text: sedimentary

text: igneous

text: or

text: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: parent rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Parent rocks can be sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Parent rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Parent rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: nature of the resulting soil.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Parent rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Parent rock,

text: The Vishnu Basement Rocks is the name recommended for all Early Proterozoic crystalline rocks (metamorphic and igneous) exposed in the Grand Canyon region. They form the crystalline basement rocks that underlie the Bass Limestone of the Unkar Group of the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Tapeats Sandstone of the Tonto Group. These basement rocks have also been called either the Vishnu Complex or Vishnu Metamorphic Complex. These Early Proterozoic crystalline rocks consist of metamorphic rocks that are collectively known as the Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite; sections of the Vishnu Basement Rocks contain Early Paleoproterozoic granite, granitic pegmatite, aplite, and granodiorite that have intruded these metamorphic rocks, and also, intrusive Early Paleoproterozoic ultramafic rocks.

text: The Vishnu Basement Rocks is the name recommended for all Early

text: Proterozoic

text: crystalline rock

text: s (

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous

text: ) exposed in the Grand Canyon region. They form the crystalline

text: basement rocks

text: that underlie the

text: Bass Limestone

text: of the

text: Unkar Group

text: of the

text: Grand Canyon Supergroup

text: and the

text: Tapeats Sandstone

text: of the

text: Tonto Group

text: . These basement rocks have also been called either the Vishnu Complex or Vishnu Metamorphic Complex. These Early Proterozoic crystalline rocks consist of metamorphic rocks that are collectively known as the Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite; sections of the Vishnu Basement Rocks contain Early Paleoproterozoic

text: granite

text: , granitic

text: pegmatite

text: aplite

text: , and

text: granodiorite

text: that have intruded these metamorphic rocks, and also, intrusive Early Paleoproterozoic ultramafic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the Vishnu Complex?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The Vishnu Basement Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystalline rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline rocks (metamorphic and igneous)

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Grand Canyon Supergroup

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks,

text: The cave was created by rainwater slowly seeping through the limestone rock, turning into a weak carbonic acid which gradually dissolved the rock. Through this process, tiny cracks in The Rock's geological fault grew into long passages and large caverns over thousands of years. The numerous stalactites and stalagmites in the cave are formed by an accumulation of traces of dissolved rock deposited by water dripping from the ground above.

text: The cave was created by

text: rain

text: water slowly seeping through the

text: limestone

text: rock, turning into a weak

text: carbonic acid

text: which gradually dissolved the rock. Through this process, tiny cracks in The Rock's

text: geological fault

text: grew into long passages and large caverns over thousands of years. The numerous

text: stalactite

text: s and

text: stalagmite

text: s in the cave are formed by an accumulation of traces of dissolved rock deposited by water dripping from the ground above.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geological fault

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dissolved rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: dissolved rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: dissolved rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: dissolved rock deposited by water dripping from the ground above.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cracks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tiny cracks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a weak carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: stalactites and stalagmites

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: stalactites and stalagmites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: dissolved the rock.

text: From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues rock, with country music to create country rock, roots rock and southern rock and with jazz to create jazz rock, all of which contributed to psychedelic rock. In the 1970s, rock developed a large number of subgenres, such as soft rock, hard rock, heavy metal, glam rock, progressive rock and punk rock.

text: From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create

text: folk rock

text: , with blues to create

text: blues rock

text: , with country music to create

text: country rock

text: roots rock

text: and

text: southern rock

text: and with jazz to create

text: jazz rock

text: , all of which contributed to

text: psychedelic rock

text: . In the 1970s, rock developed a large number of subgenres, such as

text: soft rock

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: glam rock

text: progressive rock

text: and

text: punk rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock music

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: development of a number of fusions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock developed a large number of subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock developed a large number of subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock music

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fusions,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: From the late 1960s and early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: psychedelic rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock developed a large number of subgenres,

text: Salt crystallization, otherwise known as haloclasty, causes disintegration of rocks when saline solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. These salt crystals expand as they are heated up, exerting pressure on the confining rock.

text: Salt crystallization, otherwise known as

text: haloclasty

text: , causes disintegration of rocks when

text: saline

text: solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt

text: crystals

text: behind. These salt crystals expand as they are heated up, exerting pressure on the confining rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compressive strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Salt crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: salt crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: salt crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Salt crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Salt crystallization, otherwise known as haloclasty,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Salt crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pressure on the confining rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Salt crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: salt crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: salt crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Salt crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Salt crystallization, otherwise known as haloclasty,

text: Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Where a rock has been subject to differential stress, the type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a mudstone, the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: slate is a  very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism, while phyllite is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism, schist is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism, and gneiss coarse to very coarse-grained, found in areas of high-grade metamorphism. Marble is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture.

text: Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides, or those that lack minerals with distinctive growth habits, will not be foliated. Where a rock has been subject to differential stress, the type of foliation that develops depends on the metamorphic grade. For instance, starting with a

text: mudstone

text: , the following sequence develops with increasing temperature: slate is a  very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, characteristic of very low grade metamorphism, while

text: phyllite

text: is fine-grained and found in areas of low grade metamorphism,

text: schist

text: is medium to coarse-grained and found in areas of medium grade metamorphism, and

text: gneiss

text: coarse to very coarse-grained, found in areas of high-grade metamorphism. Marble is generally not foliated, which allows its use as a material for sculpture and architecture.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: differential stress

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: foliation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rocks that were subjected to uniform pressure from all sides,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic grade.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: foliated.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: foliated.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mudstone,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slate is a very fine-grained,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: foliated.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Marble is generally not foliated,

text: The process of shearing occurs within brittle, brittle-ductile, and ductile rocks. Within purely brittle rocks, compressive stress results in fracturing and simple faulting.

text: The process of shearing occurs within

text: brittle

text: , brittle-ductile, and

text: ductile

text: rocks. Within purely brittle rocks, compressive stress results in

text: fracturing

text: and simple

text: faulting

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: compressive stress

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: compressive stress

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: shearing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ductile

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fracturing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: brittle, brittle-ductile, and ductile rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: brittle, brittle-ductile, and ductile

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: brittle,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: shearing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle, brittle-ductile, and ductile

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The process of shearing

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: shearing

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: brittle, brittle-ductile, and ductile rocks.

text: Chemically, anthracite may be considered as a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and graphite, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable earth-movement metamorphic stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed sedimentary rocks that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. For example, the compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachian Mountains of the Coal Region of East-central Pennsylvania are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on the  Allegheny Plateau of Kentucky and West Virginia, Eastern Ohio, and Western Pennsylvania. In the same way the anthracite region of South Wales is confined to the contorted portion west of Swansea and Llanelli, the central and eastern portions producing steam coal, coking coal and domestic house coals.

text: Chemically, anthracite may be considered as a transition stage between ordinary bituminous coal and

text: graphite

text: , produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable earth-movement metamorphic stresses and pressures, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed

text: sedimentary rock

text: s that were subjected to higher pressures and temperatures (but short of metamorphic conditions) just as bituminous coal is generally associated with less deformed or flat-lying sedimentary rocks. For example, the compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded

text: Ridge and Valley Province

text: of the

text: Appalachian Mountains

text: of the

text: Coal Region

text: of East-central

text: Pennsylvania

text: are extensions of the same layers of bituminous coal that are mined on the generally flat lying and undeformed sedimentary rocks further west on the

text: Allegheny Plateau

text: of

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: West Virginia

text: , Eastern Ohio, and Western Pennsylvania. In the same way the anthracite region of

text: South Wales

text: is confined to the contorted portion west of

text: Swansea

text: and

text: Llanelli

text: , the central and eastern portions producing

text: steam coal

text: coking coal

text: and domestic house coals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic stresses and pressures

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Anthracite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: deformed

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: graphite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: graphite,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Anthracite is associated with strongly deformed sedimentary rocks

text: Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that, as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor. Because of the latent heat of fusion, the freezing is greatly slowed down and the temperature will not drop anymore once the freezing starts but will continue dropping once it finishes. Crystallization consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step wherein the molecules start to gather into clusters, on the nanometer scale, arranging in a defined and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure. The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size.

text: Most liquids freeze by

text: crystallization

text: , formation of

text: crystalline solid

text: from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic

text: phase transition

text: , which means that, as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the

text: melting point

text: due to slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor. Because of the

text: latent heat of fusion

text: , the freezing is greatly slowed down and the temperature will not drop anymore once the freezing starts but will continue dropping once it finishes. Crystallization consists of two major events,

text: nucleation

text: and

text: crystal growth

text: . Nucleation is the step wherein the molecules start to gather into clusters, on the

text: nanometer

text: scale, arranging in a defined and periodic manner that defines the

text: crystal structure

text: . The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Most liquids freeze by crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Most liquids freeze by crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation and crystal growth.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: melting point

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: latent heat of fusion,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: nucleation and crystal growth.

text: But liquids that behave in this way on cooling are the exception rather than the rule; in spite of the second principle of thermodynamics, crystallization usually occurs at lower temperatures (supercooling). This can only mean that a crystal is more easily destroyed than it is formed. Similarly, it is usually much easier to dissolve a perfect crystal in a solvent than to grow again a good crystal from the resulting solution. The nucleation and growth of a crystal are under kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, control.

text: But liquids that behave in this way on cooling are the exception rather than the rule; in spite of the

text: second principle of thermodynamics

text: , crystallization usually occurs at lower temperatures (supercooling). This can only mean that a crystal is more easily destroyed than it is formed. Similarly, it is usually much easier to dissolve a perfect crystal in a solvent than to grow again a good crystal from the resulting solution. The nucleation and growth of a crystal are under kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, control.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: exception rather than the rule;

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: kinetic,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: kinetic,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: a crystal is more easily destroyed than it is formed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: a crystal is more easily destroyed than it is formed.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The nucleation and growth of a crystal are under kinetic,

text: There are multiple processes that can lead to the development of high pressure terranes. First, upper crustal rocks have to be carried to great depths, nearing the mantle boundary. This could be accomplished by continental margin subduction, microcontinent subduction, sediment subduction, intracontinental subduction, subduction erosion, or foundering of a crustal root.After burial at depth, these continental rocks can then return to the surface through:

text: There are multiple processes that can lead to the development of

text: high pressure terranes

text: . First, upper crustal rocks have to be carried to great depths, nearing the mantle boundary. This could be accomplished by continental margin subduction, microcontinent subduction, sediment subduction, intracontinental subduction, subduction erosion, or foundering of a crustal root.After burial at depth, these continental rocks can then return to the surface through:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: subduction erosion,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: subduction erosion,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high pressure terranes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: subduction erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: high pressure terranes.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: subduction erosion,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: subduction erosion,

text: Longshore drift by swash occurs either due to beach cusp morphology or due to oblique incoming waves causing strong alongshore swash motion. Under the influence of longshore drift, when there is no slack-water phase during backwash flows, sediments can remain suspended to result in offshore sediment transport. Beachface erosion by swash processes is not very common but erosion can occur where swash has a significant alongshore component.

text: Longshore drift

text: by swash occurs either due to beach cusp morphology or due to oblique incoming

text: waves

text: causing strong alongshore swash motion. Under the influence of longshore drift, when there is no slack-water phase during backwash flows, sediments can remain suspended to result in offshore

text: sediment transport

text: . Beachface

text: erosion

text: by swash processes is not very common but erosion can occur where swash has a significant alongshore component.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Beachface erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: oblique incoming waves causing strong alongshore swash motion.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Beachface erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: offshore sediment transport.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: when there is no slack-water

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Longshore drift

text: Many factors influence the likelihood of crystallization of a protein sample. Some of these factors include protein purity, pH, concentration of protein, temperature, precipitants and additives. The more homogeneous the protein solution is, the more likely that it will crystallize. Typically, protein samples above 97% purity are considered suitable for crystallization, although high purity is neither necessary nor sufficient for crystallization. Solution pH can be very important and in extreme cases can result in different packing orientations. Buffers, such as Tris-HCl, are often necessary for the maintenance of a particular pH. Precipitants, such as ammonium sulfate or polyethylene glycol, are usually used to promote the formation of protein crystals.

text: Many factors influence the likelihood of crystallization of a protein sample. Some of these factors include protein purity,

text: pH

text: , concentration of protein, temperature,

text: precipitants

text: and

text: additives

text: . The more

text: homogeneous

text: the protein solution is, the more likely that it will crystallize. Typically, protein samples above 97% purity are considered suitable for crystallization, although high purity is neither necessary nor sufficient for crystallization. Solution pH can be very important and in extreme cases can result in different packing orientations.

text: Buffers

text: , such as

text: Tris-HCl

text: , are often necessary for the maintenance of a particular pH. Precipitants, such as

text: ammonium sulfate

text: or

text: polyethylene glycol

text: , are usually used to promote the formation of protein crystals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Many factors influence the likelihood of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Many factors influence the likelihood of crystallization of a protein sample.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Precipitants,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: high purity is neither necessary nor sufficient for crystallization.

text: -Rock Types: Limestone, felsic volcanic rocks. Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

text: -Rock Types: Limestone, felsic volcanic rocks. Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: -Crystallization is the process by which minerals form.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: -Rock Types:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: -Rock Types: Limestone, felsic volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

text: In the main event, The Rock defended the WWF Championship against Kurt Angle in a No Disqualification match. Stephanie took advantage of the stipulations and started attacking Rock. However, Rock earned momentum and applied a Sharpshooter on Angle. Angle tapped out to the hold but the referee was distracted by Stephanie. Stephanie continued to interfere on Angle's behalf but Rock dominated Angle for much of the match until Angle hit Rock with the WWF Championship belt. Both men started bleeding. However, Rock recovered and hit Angle with a Spinebuster. Rock tried to hit a People's Elbow but Stephanie entered the ring. This angered Rock and he performed a Rock Bottom on Stephanie. Rock tried to hit a People's Elbow on Stephanie but Angle interrupted and prevented Rock from hitting the move. Triple H interfered in the match as he tossed Angle out of the ring, hit Rock with a Pedigree and carried Stephanie to the backstage. Angle and Rock continued to battle each other until an injured Rikishi interfered in the match on Rock's behalf. Rikishi started attacking Angle. Rock and Angle returned to the ring where Rock hit Angle with a Rock Bottom and attempted a pinfall but Angle kicked out at 2. Rikishi tried to do a splash on Angle in the ring but Rock was also splashed. Rikishi tried to hit a Savate Kick on Angle but accidentally hit Rock with it. Rikishi tried to perform another Savate Kick on Angle but Angle ducked and performed an Angle Slam on Rikishi. Angle focused on a knocked out Rock and delivered him an Angle Slam to win the match and thus became the new WWF Champion.

text: In the

text: main event

text: The Rock

text: defended the

text: WWF Championship

text: against

text: Kurt Angle

text: in a

text: No Disqualification match

text: . Stephanie took advantage of the stipulations and started attacking Rock. However, Rock earned momentum and applied a

text: Sharpshooter

text: on Angle. Angle

text: tapped out

text: to the hold but the referee was distracted by Stephanie. Stephanie continued to interfere on Angle's behalf but Rock dominated Angle for much of the match until Angle hit Rock with the WWF Championship belt. Both men started bleeding. However, Rock recovered and hit Angle with a

text: Spinebuster

text: . Rock tried to hit a

text: People's Elbow

text: but Stephanie entered the ring. This angered Rock and he performed a

text: Rock Bottom

text: on Stephanie. Rock tried to hit a People's Elbow on Stephanie but Angle interrupted and prevented Rock from hitting the move. Triple H interfered in the match as he tossed Angle out of the ring, hit Rock with a Pedigree and carried Stephanie to the backstage. Angle and Rock continued to battle each other until an injured Rikishi interfered in the match on Rock's behalf. Rikishi started attacking Angle. Rock and Angle returned to the ring where Rock hit Angle with a Rock Bottom and attempted a pinfall but Angle kicked out at 2. Rikishi tried to do a

text: splash

text: on Angle in the ring but Rock was also splashed. Rikishi tried to hit a

text: Savate Kick

text: on Angle but accidentally hit Rock with it. Rikishi tried to perform another Savate Kick on Angle but Angle ducked and performed an

text: Angle Slam

text: on Rikishi. Angle focused on a knocked out Rock and delivered him an Angle Slam to win the match and thus became the new WWF Champion.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: pedigree

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: pedigree

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Angle.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Angle Slam

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Bottom

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Angle.

text: From Virginia to New York the Tioga is widely distributed, running across the central and northern parts of the Appalachian basin,an areal extent exceeding .Explosive eruptions associated with the Acadian orogeny originating near present-day central Virginia released the ash into the atmosphere.It was dispersed across the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois Basins by the southern trade winds, because this area was in the southern hemisphere during the Devonian period.The volcanic origin of the ash is evidenced by its distinctive mineralogy–the ash was deposited directly upon the water, so its angular quartz grains differ from the clastic sediments rounded through the erosion process that carries them to the sea. As the volcanic ash settled to the bottom, it was admixed with these terrigenous components, producing a distinctive lithology in the sedimentary rock.

text: From Virginia to New York the Tioga is widely distributed, running across the central and northern parts of the Appalachian basin,an areal extent exceeding .

text: Explosive eruption

text: s associated with the

text: Acadian orogeny

text: originating near present-day central Virginia released the ash into the atmosphere.It was dispersed across the

text: Appalachian

text: Michigan

text: , and

text: Illinois

text: Basins by the southern

text: trade winds

text: , because this area was in the southern hemisphere during the Devonian period.The volcanic origin of the ash is evidenced by its distinctive

text: mineralogy

text: –the ash was deposited directly upon the water, so its angular quartz grains differ from the clastic sediments rounded through the erosion process that carries them to the sea. As the volcanic ash settled to the bottom, it was

text: admixed

text: with these terrigenous components, producing a distinctive lithology in the sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eruptions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mineralogy–the

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: angular quartz

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: exceeding.Explosive eruptions associated with the Acadian orogeny

text: This can include not only microorganisms and plants, but animals as well.  These interactions are very important factors in the development of certain environments like salt marsh, mangrove and other types of coastal wetlands as well as influencing coastal and shoreline stability (Reed, D.J. 2000).There are three main processes related to biogeomorphology; bioerosion, bioprotection, and bioconstruction (Naylor, Larissa A. 2005). Bioerosion is the erosion of ocean substrates by living organisms.  Bioprotection refers to the protection of substrate from various forms erosion by the presence of organisms, and the structures they create (i.e. coral reefs). Finally bioconstruction refers to the physical construction of biological structures on ocean substrate (Naylor, Larissa A. 2005).  Marine biota interact with landform processes by building structures, accumulating carbonate sediments, accelerating erosion by boring or bioturbation, and marine plant life contribute to shoreline stability, especially in marsh and wetland environments (Bernal P., and P.M. Holligan 1992).

text: This can include not only microorganisms and plants, but animals as well.  These interactions are very important factors in the development of certain environments like

text: salt marsh

text: mangrove

text: and other types of coastal wetlands as well as influencing coastal and shoreline stability (Reed, D.J. 2000).There are three main processes related to biogeomorphology;

text: bioerosion

text: bioprotection

text: , and

text: bioconstruction

text: (Naylor, Larissa A. 2005).

text: Bioerosion

text: is the erosion of ocean substrates by living organisms.

text: Bioprotection

text: refers to the protection of substrate from various forms erosion by the presence of organisms, and the structures they create (i.e. coral reefs). Finally

text: bioconstruction

text: refers to the physical construction of biological structures on ocean substrate (Naylor, Larissa A. 2005).  Marine biota interact with landform processes by building structures, accumulating carbonate sediments, accelerating erosion by boring or

text: bioturbation

text: , and marine plant life contribute to shoreline stability, especially in marsh and wetland environments (Bernal P., and P.M. Holligan 1992).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic or sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: biogeomorphology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the process that forms smaller crystals?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What is the last step of the rock cycle?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: biogeomorphology;

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three main processes related to biogeomorphology;

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: microorganisms and plants, but animals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion by boring or bioturbation,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coral reefs).

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: bioerosion, bioprotection, and bioconstruction

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: bioerosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: bioerosion, bioprotection, and bioconstruction

text: It is extremely difficult to predict good conditions for nucleation or growth of well-ordered crystals. In practice, favorable conditions are identified by screening; a very large batch of the molecules is prepared, and a wide variety of crystallization solutions are tested. Hundreds, even thousands, of solution conditions are generally tried before finding the successful one. The various conditions can use one or more physical mechanisms to lower the solubility of the molecule; for example, some may change the pH, some contain salts of the Hofmeister series or chemicals that lower the dielectric constant of the solution, and still others contain large polymers such as polyethylene glycol that drive the molecule out of solution by entropic effects. It is also common to try several temperatures for encouraging crystallization, or to gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated. These methods require large amounts of the target molecule, as they use high concentration of the molecule(s) to be crystallized. Due to the difficulty in obtaining such large quantities (milligrams) of crystallization-grade protein, robots have been developed that are capable of accurately dispensing crystallization trial drops that are in the order of 100 nanoliters in volume. This means that 10-fold less protein is used per experiment when compared to crystallization trials set up by hand (in the order of 1 microliter).

text: It is extremely difficult to predict good conditions for nucleation or growth of well-ordered crystals. In practice, favorable conditions are identified by screening; a very large batch of the molecules is prepared, and a wide variety of crystallization solutions are tested. Hundreds, even thousands, of solution conditions are generally tried before finding the successful one. The various conditions can use one or more physical mechanisms to lower the solubility of the molecule; for example, some may change the pH, some contain salts of the

text: Hofmeister series

text: or chemicals that lower the dielectric constant of the solution, and still others contain large polymers such as

text: polyethylene glycol

text: that drive the molecule out of solution by entropic effects. It is also common to try several temperatures for encouraging crystallization, or to gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated. These methods require large amounts of the target molecule, as they use high concentration of the molecule(s) to be crystallized. Due to the difficulty in obtaining such large quantities (

text: milligrams

text: ) of crystallization-grade protein, robots have been developed that are capable of accurately dispensing crystallization trial drops that are in the order of 100

text: nanoliter

text: s in volume. This means that 10-fold less protein is used per experiment when compared to crystallization trials set up by hand (in the order of 1

text: microliter

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solubility

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: It is extremely difficult to predict good conditions for nucleation

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: robots

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: favorable conditions are identified by screening;

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dielectric constant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystals.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystals.

text: An old, and largely discounted theory, granitization states that granite is formed in place by extreme metasomatism by fluids bringing in elements, e.g. potassium, and removing others, e.g. calcium, to transform the metamorphic rock into a granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. The production of granite by metamorphic heat is difficult, but is observed to occur in certain amphibolite and granulite terrains. In-situ granitisation or melting by metamorphism is difficult to recognise except where leucosome and melanosome textures are present in migmatites. Once a metamorphic rock is melted it is no longer a metamorphic rock and is a magma, so these rocks are seen as a transitional between the two, but are not technically granite as they do not actually intrude into other rocks. In all cases, melting of solid rock requires high temperature, and also water or other volatiles which act as a catalyst by lowering the solidus temperature of the rock.

text: An old, and largely discounted theory, granitization states that granite is formed in place by extreme

text: metasomatism

text: by fluids bringing in elements, e.g. potassium, and removing others, e.g. calcium, to transform the metamorphic rock into a granite. This was supposed to occur across a migrating front. The production of granite by metamorphic heat is difficult, but is observed to occur in certain

text: amphibolite

text: and

text: granulite

text: terrains. In-situ granitisation or melting by metamorphism is difficult to recognise except where leucosome and

text: melanosome

text: textures are present in

text: migmatite

text: s. Once a metamorphic rock is melted it is no longer a metamorphic rock and is a magma, so these rocks are seen as a transitional between the two, but are not technically granite as they do not actually intrude into other rocks. In all cases, melting of solid rock requires high temperature, and also

text: water

text: or other

text: volatiles

text: which act as a

text: catalyst

text: by lowering the

text: solidus

text: temperature of the rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidus temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: granitisation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: melting of solid rock requires high temperature,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high temperature,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidus temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: melting by metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: water or other volatiles

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting by metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no longer a metamorphic rock and is a magma,

text: The main feud heading into the show was between The Rock and Kurt Angle for the WWF Championship. At SummerSlam on August 27, The Rock defeated Kurt Angle and Triple H in a Triple threat match to retain the WWF title. In a rematch at No Mercy (2000), Kurt Angle beat the Rock for the WWF Championship. In the match, Rikishi interfered on Rock's behalf but accidentally nailed him with a savate kick, enabling Angle to finish off Rock with the Angle Slam. The following two months at Armageddon (2000), Angle pinned The Rock to retain the WWF title in a Hell in a Cell, also involving Steve Austin, Triple H, Rikishi and The Undertaker. On the January 1 episode of Raw Is War, The Rock lost a number one contenders match to Kane by countout after WWF Champion Kurt Angle interfered. A few days later on SmackDown!, Rock lost a non-title match to Angle by disqualification after nailing Angle with the steel chair. On the February 8 episode of SmackDown!, The Rock defeated The Big Show to become the number one contender to face the WWF Champion Kurt Angle at No Way Out. On the final episode of SmackDown!, WWF Champion Kurt Angle teamed with Edge and Christian against The Rock, Kane and The Undertaker in a six-man Tables match. At the end, Angle's team won when Angle performed an Angle slam to The Rock through a table for the victory. After the match, he finished off Rock with the ankle lock at the close of the show.

text: The main feud heading into the show was between

text: The Rock

text: and

text: Kurt Angle

text: for the

text: WWF Championship

text: . At

text: SummerSlam

text: on August 27, The Rock defeated Kurt Angle and

text: Triple H

text: in a

text: Triple threat match

text: to retain the WWF title. In a rematch at

text: No Mercy (2000)

text: , Kurt Angle beat the Rock for the WWF Championship. In the match, Rikishi interfered on Rock's behalf but accidentally nailed him with a

text: savate kick

text: , enabling Angle to finish off Rock with the

text: Angle Slam

text: . The following two months at

text: Armageddon (2000)

text: , Angle pinned The Rock to retain the WWF title in a

text: Hell in a Cell

text: , also involving

text: Steve Austin

text: , Triple H, Rikishi and

text: The Undertaker

text: . On the January 1 episode of

text: Raw Is War

text: , The Rock lost a number one contenders match to

text: Kane

text: by

text: countout

text: after WWF Champion Kurt Angle interfered. A few days later on

text: SmackDown!

text: , Rock lost a non-title match to Angle by

text: disqualification

text: after nailing Angle with the steel chair. On the February 8 episode of SmackDown!, The Rock defeated

text: The Big Show

text: to become the number one contender to face the WWF Champion Kurt Angle at No Way Out. On the final episode of SmackDown!, WWF Champion Kurt Angle teamed with

text: Edge and Christian

text: against The Rock, Kane and The Undertaker in a six-man

text: Tables match

text: . At the end, Angle's team won when Angle performed an Angle slam to The Rock through a table for the victory. After the match, he finished off Rock with the

text: ankle lock

text: at the close of the show.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Triple threat match to retain the WWF title

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Hell

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The Rock defeated The Big Show

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: WWF Champion Kurt Angle at No Way Out.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Angle Slam.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Angle Slam.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Angle Slam.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: steel chair.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Rock defeated The Big Show

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Angle slam

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Angle Slam.

text: Mount Greylock and the neighboring Taconic Mountains are comprised predominately of Ordovician phyllite, a metamorphic rock, overlain on younger layers of metamorphized sedimentary rock, especially marble. Mount Greylock is the product of thrust faulting, a tectonic process by which older rock is thrust up and above younger rock during periods of intense mountain building. The younger, underlying marble bedrock layers have been quarried in the lower foothills of the mountain in nearby Adams and North Adams, Massachusetts. During the Pleistocene, 18,000 years ago, Mount Greylock and the surrounding region were covered by the Laurentide ice sheet

text: Mount Greylock and the neighboring Taconic Mountains are comprised predominately of

text: Ordovician

text: phyllite

text: , a

text: metamorphic rock

text: , overlain on younger layers of metamorphized sedimentary rock, especially

text: marble

text: . Mount Greylock is the product of

text: thrust fault

text: ing, a tectonic process by which older rock is thrust up and above younger rock during periods of intense mountain building. The younger, underlying marble bedrock layers have been quarried in the lower foothills of the mountain in nearby

text: Adams

text: and

text: North Adams, Massachusetts

text: . During the

text: Pleistocene

text: , 18,000 years ago, Mount Greylock and the surrounding region were covered by the

text: Laurentide ice sheet

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: thrust faulting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: marble

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: younger layers of metamorphized sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: thrust faulting,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: thrust faulting,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: thrust faulting,

text: The Kaiserstuhl is today largely covered by a Quaternary loess layer, a loosely cemented sediment. It is derived from other rocks through erosion and is then transported by the wind. The loess at the Kaiserstuhl – as in all the peripheral areas of the Upper Rhine Valley – was formed during the last Ice Age. Large parts were bare of vegetation and so loess was winnowed out from the Rhine sediments. It was then deposited in the periglacial area (i.e. ice-free, but surrounded by glaciers) at the Kaiserstuhl. The major process active here was frost weathering resulting in crushed rocks. The wind blew strongly, as there was no vegetation that could have moderated it – entraining the lightest material and depositing it at obstacles like the Kaiserstuhl. Deposition took place northeast of the Kaiserstuhl, as the winds blew from the southwest.

text: The Kaiserstuhl is today largely covered by a

text: Quaternary

text: loess

text: layer, a loosely cemented sediment. It is derived from other rocks through

text: erosion

text: and is then transported by the wind. The loess at the Kaiserstuhl – as in all the peripheral areas of the Upper Rhine Valley – was formed during the last

text: Ice Age

text: . Large parts were bare of vegetation and so loess was winnowed out from the Rhine sediments. It was then deposited in the

text: periglacial

text: area (i.e. ice-free, but surrounded by glaciers) at the Kaiserstuhl. The major process active here was frost weathering resulting in crushed rocks. The wind blew strongly, as there was no vegetation that could have moderated it – entraining the lightest material and depositing it at obstacles like the Kaiserstuhl. Deposition took place northeast of the Kaiserstuhl, as the winds blew from the southwest.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crushed rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: frost weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: winnowed

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: derived from other rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion and is then transported by the wind.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crushed rocks.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: frost weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crushed rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: last Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frost weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: derived from other rocks through erosion and is then transported by the wind.

text: The loupe (hand lens) is a vital geological field tool used to identify small mineral crystals and structures in rocks.

text: The loupe (hand lens) is a vital geological field tool used to identify small mineral crystals and structures in rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The loupe (hand lens)

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The loupe

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mineral crystals and structures

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral crystals and structures in rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The loupe (hand lens)

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The loupe (hand lens)

text: Erosion began to attack the basin as rifting failed and deposition of new sediments ceased.  Over millions of years, erosion ate downward through the tilted rock of the basin, eventually encountering the basalt layers, which are significantly more erosion resistant than the surrounding sedimentary rock.  The result of this has been that the exposed edges of the eroding basalt layers have managed to persist longer than the exposed edges of the sedimentary layers, causing them to project prominently above the surrounding surface terrain as high ridges.

text: Erosion began to attack the basin as rifting failed and deposition of new sediments ceased.  Over millions of years, erosion ate downward through the tilted rock of the basin, eventually encountering the basalt layers, which are significantly more erosion resistant than the surrounding sedimentary rock.  The result of this has been that the exposed edges of the eroding basalt layers have managed to persist longer than the exposed edges of the sedimentary layers, causing them to project prominently above the surrounding surface terrain as high ridges.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: millions of years,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition of new sediments ceased.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: significantly more erosion resistant than the surrounding sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rifting failed and deposition of new sediments ceased.

text: The musical style of this album is one of tremendous depth, diversity, and complexity, where critics have put various genres and styles to its contents, such as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, metal, hard rock, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues country gospel, gospel blues bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, progressive rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues,southern gospel, southern rock, and southern soul. His music here has been compared to the likes of The Allman Brothers Band, John Mellencamp, The Marshall Tucker Band, Stevie Wonder, Fleetwood Mac, and Wilco's Jeff Tweedy. Stephen Thomas Erlewine believes, "where other country is provincial, Church embraces the world without repudiating his home."

text: The musical style of this album is one of tremendous depth, diversity, and complexity, where critics have put various genres and styles to its contents, such as the following;

text: country

text: rock

text: blues

text: folk

text: gospel

text: soul

text: funk

text: metal

text: hard rock

text: alternative country

text: alternative rock

text: country rock

text: country blues

text: country gospel

text: gospel blues

text: bluegrass

text: folk rock

text: heartland rock

text: progressive rock

text: roots rock

text: rock and roll

text: rhythm and blues

text: southern gospel

text: southern rock

text: , and

text: southern soul

text: . His music here has been compared to the likes of

text: The Allman Brothers Band

text: John Mellencamp

text: The Marshall Tucker Band

text: Stevie Wonder

text: Fleetwood Mac

text: , and

text: Wilco

text: 's

text: Jeff Tweedy

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine

text: believes, "where other country is provincial, Church embraces the world without repudiating his home."

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: heartland rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: country, rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: gospel blues bluegrass,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gospel blues bluegrass,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: depth, diversity, and complexity,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metal, hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: gospel blues bluegrass,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metal, hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: progressive rock,

text: A less obvious role of water is in the metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks as seawater, sometimes heated, flows through the fractures and crevices in the rock. All of these processes, illustrated by serpentinization, are an important part of the destruction of volcanic rock.

text: A less obvious role of water is in the metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks as seawater, sometimes heated, flows through the fractures and crevices in the rock. All of these processes, illustrated by

text: serpentinization

text: , are an important part of the destruction of volcanic rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: serpentinization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: serpentinization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fractures and crevices

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: serpentinization,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: serpentinization,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: serpentinization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks

text: MWD typically concerns measurement taken of the wellbore (the hole) inclination from vertical, and also magnetic direction from north.  Using basic trigonometry, a three-dimensional plot of the path of the well can be produced.Essentially, a MWD Operator measures the trajectory of the hole as it is drilled (for example, data updates arrive and are processed every few seconds or faster).  This information is then used to drill in a pre-planned direction into the formation which contains the oil, gas, water or condensate.  Additional measurements can also be taken of natural gamma ray emissions from the rock; this helps broadly to determine what type of rock formation is being drilled, which in turn helps confirm the real-time location of the wellbore in relation to the presence of different types of known formations (by comparison with existing seismic data).

text: MWD typically concerns measurement taken of the wellbore (the hole) inclination from vertical, and also magnetic direction from north.  Using basic trigonometry, a three-dimensional plot of the path of the well can be produced.Essentially, a MWD Operator measures the trajectory of the hole as it is drilled (for example, data updates arrive and are processed every few seconds or faster).  This information is then used to drill in a pre-planned direction into the formation which contains the oil, gas, water or condensate.  Additional measurements can also be taken of natural gamma ray emissions from the rock; this helps broadly to determine what type of rock formation is being drilled, which in turn helps confirm the real-time location of the wellbore in relation to the presence of different types of known formations (by comparison with existing seismic data).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: gamma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: condensate

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different types of known formations

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: natural gamma ray emissions from the rock;

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gamma ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: gamma ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural gamma ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oil, gas, water or condensate.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: gamma ray emissions

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: condensate.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: natural gamma ray emissions

text: The most abundant rock types are quartzite and banded iron formation, with subordinate metamorphic gneisses, metaconglomerates and pelitic to semi-pelitic quartz-muscovite schists.

text: The most abundant rock types are

text: quartzite

text: and banded

text: iron

text: formation, with subordinate metamorphic gneisses, metaconglomerates and pelitic to semi-pelitic quartz-muscovite

text: schist

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartzite and banded iron formation,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic gneisses,

text: It is monoclinic, space group C2/m.  It forms prismatic crystals with a diamond-shaped cross-section and an angled termination.  When pure, the color is colorless or white.  Impurities may color it orange, brownish, gray, yellowish, pink, or reddish.  It has perfect cleavage on [010] and [110] and its fracture is conchoidal.  It is very brittle.  The Mohs scale hardness is 3.5-4.  It has a vitreous luster and a white streak.It is found in hydrothermal deposits left in calcareous rocks, often formed as a result of secondary mineralization.  Host rock types include basalt, andesite, metamorphic rocks and granites.

text: It is monoclinic, space group C2/m.  It forms prismatic crystals with a diamond-shaped cross-section and an angled termination.  When pure, the color is colorless or white.  Impurities may color it orange, brownish, gray, yellowish, pink, or reddish.  It has perfect cleavage on [010] and [110] and its fracture is conchoidal.  It is very brittle.  The

text: Mohs

text: scale hardness is 3.5-4.  It has a vitreous luster and a white streak.It is found in hydrothermal deposits left in calcareous rocks, often formed as a result of secondary mineralization.  Host rock types include

text: basalt

text: andesite

text: metamorphic rocks

text: and

text: granites

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: secondary mineralization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: secondary mineralization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydrothermal

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Host rock types

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks and granites.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: secondary mineralization.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: secondary mineralization.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granites.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: prismatic crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: secondary mineralization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks and granites.

text: Grand Teton National Park has some of the most ancient rocks found in any U.S. National Park. The oldest rocks dated so far are 2,680 ± 12 million years old, though even older rocks are believed to exist in the park. Formed during the Archean Eon (4 to 2.5 billion years ago), these metamorphic rocks include gneiss, schist and amphibolites. Metamorphic rocks are the most common types found in the northern and southern sections of the Teton Range. 2,545 million years ago, the metamorphic rocks were intruded by igneous granitic rocks, which are now visible in the central Tetons including Grand Teton and the nearby peaks. The light colored granites of the central Teton Range contrast with the darker metamorphic gneiss found on the flanks of Mount Moran to the north. Magma intrusions of diabase rocks 765 million years ago left dikes that can be seen on the east face of Mount Moran and Middle Teton. Granite and pegmatite intrusions also worked their way into fissures in the older gneiss. Precambrian rocks in Jackson Hole are buried deep under comparatively recent Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary deposits, as well as Pleistocene glacial deposits.

text: Grand Teton National Park has some of the most ancient rocks found in any U.S. National Park. The oldest rocks dated so far are 2,680 ± 12 million years old, though even older rocks are believed to exist in the park. Formed during the

text: Archean Eon

text: (4 to 2.5 billion years ago), these

text: metamorphic

text: rocks include

text: gneiss

text: schist

text: and

text: amphibolite

text: s. Metamorphic rocks are the most common types found in the northern and southern sections of the Teton Range. 2,545 million years ago, the metamorphic rocks were intruded by

text: igneous

text: granitic

text: rocks, which are now visible in the central Tetons including Grand Teton and the nearby peaks. The light colored granites of the central Teton Range contrast with the darker metamorphic gneiss found on the flanks of Mount Moran to the north.

text: Magma

text: intrusions of

text: diabase

text: rocks 765 million years ago left

text: dikes

text: that can be seen on the east face of Mount Moran and Middle Teton. Granite and

text: pegmatite

text: intrusions also worked their way into fissures in the older gneiss.

text: Precambrian

text: rocks in Jackson Hole are buried deep under comparatively recent

text: Tertiary

text: volcanic and

text: sedimentary

text: deposits, as well as

text: Pleistocene

text: glacial deposits.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: diabase rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: light colored

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Archean Eon

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: The basement of the North Sea was formed in an intraplate setting during the Precambrian. Rigid blocks were overlaid with various depositions, sands and salts. These rigid blocks were transformed to a metamorphic base due to tectonic processes such as continental collisions which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion in the Caledonian plate cycle as well as the Variscan plate cycle. The blocks were also subjected to metamorphic evolution during the Triassic and Jurassic periods when the rock was heated up by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior.

text: The basement of the

text: North Sea

text: was formed in an intraplate setting during the

text: Precambrian

text: . Rigid blocks were overlaid with various depositions, sands and salts. These rigid blocks were transformed to a metamorphic base due to tectonic processes such as continental collisions which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion in the Caledonian plate cycle as well as the Variscan plate cycle. The blocks were also subjected to metamorphic evolution during the

text: Triassic

text: and

text: Jurassic

text: periods when the rock was heated up by the

text: intrusion

text: of hot molten rock called

text: magma

text: from the Earth's interior.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the Earth's interior

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: continental collisions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic evolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: various depositions, sands and salts.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic evolution

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: continental collisions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Precambrian.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic evolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic base

text: The Intercaldera Sequence comprises formations that crop out from overlying flows in triangularly shaped area, and includes thick volcanic ash (tuff), thick breccia layers, and intermediate to felsic igneous rocks that tend to intrude the above layers and are typically located along caldera margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence contains ash flow tuffs, mafic lavas, alluvial redbeds, and porphyritic felsic lavas that are distributed across five different layers. The late Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the outflows of the other, older layers, and comprises two formations and two relatively minor intrusive lava flows. The volcanic flows are generally mafic. The stratigraphic subdivision is supported by geochemical and mineralogical analyses, which indicate that the basaltic rocks are mantle-derived and have, unusually, relatively intraplate (or hotspot) type chemical affinities. The multiple andesite flows were probably derived from basaltic magma by the crystallization of the magma material. The relatively rare, more felsic flow units, are thought to have originated from high-end crystallization inside the magma chamber. The various stages of fractionation are continually interrupted by eruptions, and have allowed scientists to recognize seven stages of caldera development. The genesis of the caldera is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the Acadian Orogeny in the northern Appalachians.

text: The Intercaldera Sequence comprises formations that crop out from overlying flows in triangularly shaped area, and includes thick

text: volcanic ash

text: tuff

text: ), thick

text: breccia

text: layers, and intermediate to

text: felsic

text: igneous rocks that tend to

text: intrude

text: the above layers and are typically located along caldera margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence contains

text: ash flow

text: tuffs,

text: mafic

text: lavas,

text: alluvial

text: redbed

text: s, and

text: porphyritic

text: felsic lavas that are distributed across five different layers. The late Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the outflows of the other, older layers, and comprises two formations and two relatively minor intrusive lava flows. The volcanic flows are generally

text: mafic

text: . The stratigraphic subdivision is supported by geochemical and mineralogical analyses, which indicate that the basaltic rocks are

text: mantle

text: -derived and have, unusually, relatively intraplate (or

text: hotspot

text: ) type chemical affinities. The multiple

text: andesite

text: flows were probably derived from basaltic magma by the

text: crystallization

text: of the magma material. The relatively rare, more

text: felsic

text: flow units, are thought to have originated from high-end crystallization inside the

text: magma chamber

text: . The various stages of fractionation are continually interrupted by eruptions, and have allowed scientists to recognize seven stages of caldera development. The genesis of the caldera is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the

text: Acadian Orogeny

text: in the northern

text: Appalachians

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical affinities

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical affinities

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: felsic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: five different layers.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Exocaldera Sequence

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallization of the magma material.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical affinities.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractionation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: high-end crystallization inside the magma chamber.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: basaltic magma

text: In contrast to a mushroom rock formed by erosion of a single rock, these mushrooms are a type of balancing rock that formed from two separate rocks, one of which came to rest on top of the other. Typically, the uppermost rock was transported and deposited by the slow action of a glacier. The lower part of the rock formation might or might not have also undergone a degree of erosion to accentuate the mushroom shape. Examples of this type of rock are Mushroom Rock in Signal Point National Park, Tennessee, and Le Champignon in Huelgoat, France.

text: In contrast to a mushroom rock formed by erosion of a single rock, these mushrooms are a type of

text: balancing rock

text: that formed from two separate rocks, one of which came to rest on top of the other. Typically, the uppermost rock was transported and deposited by the slow action of a

text: glacier

text: . The lower part of the rock formation might or might not have also undergone a degree of erosion to accentuate the mushroom shape. Examples of this type of rock are Mushroom Rock in

text: Signal Point National Park

text: Tennessee

text: , and Le Champignon in

text: Huelgoat

text: , France.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: a mushroom

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: two separate rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: mushroom rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: slow action of a glacier.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mushroom shape.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mushroom rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slow action of a glacier.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: balancing rock that formed from two separate rocks,

text: Relatively thin and complicated, the Pieniny Klippen Belt creates a boundary, a tectonic suture, between the Outer and Central Western Carpathians. Only rock younger than the Triassic is known in this zone. Exclusively nonmetamorphic sedimentary successions are composed especially of limestones and marls. In the Jurassic period, the ocean that opened in the area of the Pieniny Klippen Belt is called the Vahic Ocean (or the South Penninic). Its preserved sedimentary successions are in the present erosion cut known only from the Vahic unit. The Vahic domain was bounded from the North by the slopes of the Oravic, and from the South by the Tatric unit. The subsiding part of the Oravic unit formed the Kysuca Basin. The most shallow part of the Oravic unit was characterized by deposition of shallow water limestones of Czorsztyn unit. To the South, closer to the deep water Kysuca Basin, other transitional units were deposited. In the deepest part of the Kysuca Basin, sediments of Kysuca-Pieniny unit were deposited. The Vahic domain had extended and deepened during its history. In the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene, the thrusting of the southern units of Tatric caused inversion or subduction of the Vahic Ocean that was followed by collision of the Oravic and Tatric units. As a result of these processes, deformation and North vergent thrusting of the Oravic units in the form of nappes occurred. After the end of compression, marly and flysch-like sedimentation (so-called klippe envelope sediments) continued on the top of the nappe stack. Later in the Paleogene, another phase of orogeny affected the Pieniny Klippen Belt. It squeezed the former nappe stack and the rocks of different rheology (competent limestones, soft flysch, and marls) were deformed in different ways, which caused the rupture of more dense rock and ductile deformation of the less dense rock. Complicated arrangement of particular tectonic units was later affected by strike-slip motion in the area of the Peri-Pieniny Lineament in the Miocene. Consequent erosion dissected the rigid limestone tectonic lenses to the shape of protruding klippes (e.g. Vršatské bradlá in Western Slovakia). The zone of klippes stretches almost uninterrupted from the Podbranč in Western Slovakia to the Poiana Botizei in Northeastern Romanian.

text: Relatively thin and complicated, the

text: Pieniny Klippen Belt

text: creates a boundary, a

text: tectonic suture

text: , between the

text: Outer

text: and

text: Central Western Carpathians

text: . Only rock younger than the

text: Triassic

text: is known in this zone. Exclusively nonmetamorphic sedimentary successions are composed especially of

text: limestone

text: s and

text: marl

text: s. In the

text: Jurassic

text: period, the ocean that opened in the area of the Pieniny Klippen Belt is called the

text: Vahic Ocean

text: (or the South

text: Penninic

text: ). Its preserved sedimentary successions are in the present

text: erosion

text: cut known only from the

text: Vahic

text: unit. The Vahic domain was bounded from the North by the slopes of the

text: Oravic

text: , and from the South by the

text: Tatric

text: unit. The subsiding part of the Oravic unit formed the

text: Kysuca Basin

text: . The most shallow part of the Oravic unit was characterized by deposition of shallow water limestones of

text: Czorsztyn unit

text: . To the South, closer to the deep water Kysuca Basin, other transitional units were deposited. In the deepest part of the Kysuca Basin, sediments of

text: Kysuca-Pieniny unit

text: were deposited. The Vahic domain had extended and deepened during its history. In the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: to

text: Paleocene

text: , the thrusting of the southern units of Tatric caused inversion or

text: subduction

text: of the Vahic Ocean that was followed by collision of the Oravic and Tatric units. As a result of these processes, deformation and North vergent thrusting of the Oravic units in the form of

text: nappe

text: s occurred. After the end of compression,

text: marl

text: y and

text: flysch

text: -like sedimentation (so-called klippe envelope sediments) continued on the top of the nappe stack. Later in the

text: Paleogene

text: , another phase of orogeny affected the Pieniny Klippen Belt. It squeezed the former nappe stack and the rocks of different rheology (competent

text: limestones

text: , soft

text: flysch

text: , and

text: marls

text: ) were deformed in different ways, which caused the rupture of more dense rock and ductile deformation of the less dense rock. Complicated arrangement of particular tectonic units was later affected by

text: strike-slip

text: motion in the area of the

text: Peri-Pieniny Lineament

text: in the

text: Miocene

text: . Consequent erosion dissected the rigid limestone tectonic

text: lenses

text: to the shape of protruding klippes (e.g.

text: Vršatské bradlá

text: in Western Slovakia). The zone of klippes stretches almost uninterrupted from the

text: Podbranč

text: in Western Slovakia to the

text: Poiana Botizei

text: in Northeastern Romanian.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rheology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: subduction of the Vahic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ductile

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What is the Pieniny Klippen Belt?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rheology

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Kysuca-Pieniny

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rheology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rheology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deformation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Kysuca Basin.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: collision of the Oravic and Tatric units.

text: One cause of high sediment loads from slash and burn and shifting cultivation of tropical forests. When the ground surface is stripped of vegetation and then seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion. In a number of regions of the earth, entire sectors of a country have become erodible. For example, on the Madagascar high central plateau, which constitutes approximately ten percent of that country's land area, most of the land area is devegetated, and gullies have eroded into the underlying soil in furrows typically in excess of 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide. This siltation results in discoloration of rivers to a dark red brown color and leads to fish kills.

text: One cause of high sediment loads from

text: slash and burn

text: and

text: shifting cultivation

text: of

text: tropical

text: forests. When the ground surface is stripped of vegetation and then seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion. In a number of regions of the earth, entire sectors of a country have become erodible. For example, on the

text: Madagascar

text: high central

text: plateau

text: , which constitutes approximately ten percent of that country's land area, most of the land area is devegetated, and gullies have eroded into the underlying soil in

text: furrows

text: typically in excess of 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide. This

text: siltation

text: results in discoloration of rivers to a dark red brown color and leads to fish kills.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: One cause of high sediment loads

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediment loads from slash and burn and shifting cultivation of tropical forests.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: slash and burn and shifting cultivation of tropical forests.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erodible.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: erodible.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slash and burn and shifting cultivation of tropical forests.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: slash and burn and shifting cultivation of tropical forests.

text: Apart from adventitious material, such as fragments of the older rocks, pieces of trees, etc., the contents of an ash deposit may be described as consisting of more or less crystalline igneous rocks. If the lava within the crater has been at such a temperature that solidification has commenced, crystals are usually present. They may be of considerable size like the grey, rounded leucite crystals found on the sides of Vesuvius. Many of these are very perfect and rich in faces because they grew in a medium that was liquid and not very viscous. Good crystals of augite and olivine are also to be obtained in the ash beds of Vesuvius and of many other volcanoes, ancient and modern. Blocks of these crystalline minerals (anorthite, olivine, augite and hornblende) are common objects in the tuffs of many of the West Indian volcanoes. Where crystals are very abundant the ashes are called "crystal tuffs." In St. Vincent and Martinique in 1902, much of the dust was composed of minute crystals enclosed in thin films of glass because the lava at the moment of eruption had very nearly solidified as a crystalline mass. Some basaltic volcanoes, on the other hand, have ejected great quantities of black glassy scoria, which, after consolidation, weather to a red soft rock known as palagonite; tuffs of this kind occur in Iceland and Sicily. In the Lipari Islands and Hungary there are acid (rhyolitic) tuffs, of pale grey or yellow color, largely composed of lumps and fragments of pumice. Over a large portion of the sea bottom the beds of fine mud contain small, water-worn, rounded pebbles of very spongy volcanic glass; these have been floated from the shore or cast out by submarine volcanoes, and may have travelled for hundreds of miles before sinking; it has been proved by experiment that some kinds of pumice will float on sea-water for more than a year. The deep sea-deposit known as the "red clay" is largely of volcanic origin and might be suitably described as a "submarine tuff-bed."

text: Apart from adventitious material, such as fragments of the older rocks, pieces of trees, etc., the contents of an ash deposit may be described as consisting of more or less

text: crystal

text: line

text: igneous rock

text: s. If the lava within the crater has been at such a temperature that solidification has commenced, crystals are usually present. They may be of considerable size like the grey, rounded

text: leucite

text: crystals found on the sides of Vesuvius. Many of these are very perfect and rich in faces because they grew in a medium that was liquid and not very viscous. Good crystals of

text: augite

text: and

text: olivine

text: are also to be obtained in the ash beds of Vesuvius and of many other volcanoes, ancient and modern. Blocks of these crystalline minerals (

text: anorthite

text: , olivine, augite and

text: hornblende

text: ) are common objects in the tuffs of many of the

text: West India

text: n volcanoes. Where crystals are very abundant the ashes are called "crystal tuffs." In St. Vincent and Martinique in 1902, much of the dust was composed of minute crystals enclosed in thin films of

text: glass

text: because the lava at the moment of eruption had very nearly solidified as a crystalline mass. Some

text: basalt

text: ic volcanoes, on the other hand, have ejected great quantities of black glassy

text: scoria

text: , which, after consolidation, weather to a red soft rock known as

text: palagonite

text: ; tuffs of this kind occur in

text: Iceland

text: and

text: Sicily

text: . In the

text: Lipari Islands

text: and

text: Hungary

text: there are

text: acid

text: rhyolitic

text: ) tuffs, of pale grey or yellow color, largely composed of lumps and fragments of

text: pumice

text: . Over a large portion of the sea bottom the beds of fine mud contain small, water-worn, rounded pebbles of very spongy volcanic glass; these have been floated from the shore or cast out by submarine volcanoes, and may have travelled for hundreds of miles before sinking; it has been proved by experiment that some kinds of pumice will float on sea-water for more than a year. The deep sea-deposit known as the "

text: red clay

text: " is largely of volcanic origin and might be suitably described as a "submarine tuff-bed."

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Where crystals are very abundant the ashes are called "crystal tuffs."

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lava within the crater

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Where crystals are very abundant the ashes are called "crystal tuffs."

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystalline igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: St. Vincent and Martinique in 1902,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: basaltic volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: palagonite;

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: minute crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: acid (rhyolitic) tuffs,

text: In order to understand the creation of igneous rocks from a melt, it is fundamental to understand the concepts produced by Drs. Norman Bowen and Frank Tuttle from the NaAlSiO-KAlSiO-SiO-HO system. Tuttle and Bowen accomplished their work by using experimental petrologic laboratories that produce synthetic igneous materials from mixes of reagents. Observations from these experiments indicate that as a melt cools, it will produce derivative magmas and igneous rock. Following Bowen's research, the magma will crystallize a mafic igneous rock prior to a felsic igneous rock. As this crystallization process occurs in nature, pressure and temperature decrease, which changes the composition of the melt along various stages of the process. This constantly changing chemical environment alters the final composition that reaches the Earth's surface.

text: In order to understand the creation of igneous rocks from a melt, it is fundamental to understand the concepts produced by Drs. Norman Bowen and Frank Tuttle from the NaAlSiO-KAlSiO-SiO-HO system. Tuttle and Bowen accomplished their work by using experimental petrologic laboratories that produce synthetic igneous materials from mixes of reagents. Observations from these experiments indicate that as a melt cools, it will produce derivative magmas and igneous rock. Following Bowen's research, the magma will crystallize a mafic igneous rock prior to a felsic igneous rock. As this crystallization process occurs in nature, pressure and temperature decrease, which changes the composition of the melt along various stages of the process. This constantly changing chemical environment alters the final composition that reaches the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure and temperature decrease

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: as a melt cools, it will produce derivative magmas

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: mafic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: pressure and temperature decrease,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rock.

text: A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.

text: A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and

text: metamorphic

text: or

text: igneous rocks

text: when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bedding

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bedding

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: A nonconformity

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: nonconformity

text: Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations will be reflected by changes in sediment composition and increases in deposition rates elsewhere.  In land areas with a depositional regime, engineered structures will tend to be buried and preserved, along with litter and debris. Litter and debris thrown from boats or carried by rivers and creeks will accumulate in the marine environment, particularly in coastal areas. Such manmade artifacts preserved in stratigraphy are known as "technofossils".

text: Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations will be reflected by changes in sediment composition and increases in deposition rates elsewhere.  In land areas with a depositional regime, engineered structures will tend to be buried and preserved, along with litter and debris. Litter and debris thrown from boats or carried by rivers and creeks will accumulate in the marine environment, particularly in coastal areas. Such manmade artifacts preserved in stratigraphy are known as "technofossils".

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: manmade artifacts

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sediment composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: changes in sediment composition

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "technofossils".

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sediment composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: "technofossils".

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "technofossils".

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "technofossils".

text: The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process occurring in equilibrium where solute molecules or atoms precipitate out of solution, and dissolve back into solution. Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, dictating crystal size.

text: The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process occurring in equilibrium where solute molecules or atoms precipitate out of solution, and dissolve back into solution. Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, dictating crystal size.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation or growth

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation or growth

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal size.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation or growth

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: nucleation or growth

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Crystal growth

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The crystal growth

text: Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.

text: Tide

text: s often determine the range over which

text: sediment

text: is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however,

text: tidal bore

text: s can erode as the waves surge up river

text: estuaries

text: from the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment is deposited

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: a smaller elevation interval.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Tides

text: Colluvium is a general name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes. Colluvium is typically composed of a heterogeneous range of rock types and sediments ranging from silt to rock fragments of various sizes. This term is also used to specifically refer to sediment deposited at the base of a hillslope by unconcentrated surface runoff or sheet erosion.

text: Colluvium is a general name for loose, unconsolidated

text: sediment

text: s that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous

text: downslope creep

text: , or a variable combination of these processes. Colluvium is typically composed of a heterogeneous range of rock types and sediments ranging from

text: silt

text: to

text: rock

text: fragments of various sizes. This term is also used to specifically refer to sediment deposited at the base of a hillslope by unconcentrated

text: surface runoff

text: or sheet

text: erosion

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: downslope creep

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unconsolidated sediments

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: heterogeneous

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Colluvium

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heterogeneous

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: downslope creep,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: slow continuous downslope creep,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Colluvium

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slow continuous downslope creep,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Colluvium

text: In a natural system, the banks of a river will meander back and forth as different channels erode, accrete, open, or close. Seasonal floods regularly overwhelm riverbanks and deposit nutrients on adjacent flood plains. These services are essential to natural ecosystems, but can be troublesome for humans, who love to build infrastructure and development close to rivers. In response, rivers in populated areas are often channelized, meaning that their banks and sometimes beds are armored with a hard material, such as rocks or concrete, which prevent erosion and fixes the stream in place. This inhibits sedimentation because there is much less soft substrate left for the river to take downstream.

text: In a natural system, the banks of a river will

text: meander

text: back and forth as different channels erode, accrete, open, or close. Seasonal floods regularly overwhelm riverbanks and deposit nutrients on adjacent flood plains. These services are essential to natural ecosystems, but can be troublesome for humans, who love to build infrastructure and development close to rivers. In response, rivers in populated areas are often

text: channelized

text: , meaning that their banks and sometimes beds are armored with a hard material, such as rocks or concrete, which prevent erosion and fixes the stream in place. This inhibits sedimentation because there is much less soft substrate left for the river to take downstream.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accrete

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In a natural system,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: channelized,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erode, accrete,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: concrete,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: channelized,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: In a natural system,

text: It was later re-discovered in 1994, when it was found growing in the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. Following this re-discovery, it was propagated at the Millennium Seed Bank and the type specimen is kept at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London. Using knowledge gained from this process, other plants have been successfully reintroduced into the Upper Rock Nature Reserve on the Rock of Gibraltar.

text: It was later re-discovered in 1994, when it was found growing in the

text: Upper Rock Nature Reserve

text: . Following this re-discovery, it was

text: propagated

text: at the

text: Millennium Seed Bank

text: and the

text: type specimen

text: is kept at the

text: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

text: in

text: London

text: . Using knowledge gained from this process, other plants have been successfully reintroduced into the

text: Upper Rock Nature Reserve

text: on the

text: Rock of Gibraltar

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: reintroduction

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock of Gibraltar.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Millennium Seed Bank

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: growing in the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock of Gibraltar.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Rock of Gibraltar.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Seed Bank

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock of Gibraltar.

text: Bustamite typically results from metamorphism of manganese-bearing sediments, with attendant metasomatism. At the (new) type locality, Franklin, the oldest rocks are Precambrian gneisses of mixed sedimentary and volcanic origin. Franklin Marble was deposited within these rocks, along with sediments containing zinc, manganese and iron minerals. These sediments were metamorphosed later in the Precambrian, then the rocks were uplifted from the late Precambrian into the Cambrian and quartzite was deposited on the eroded surface. In Cambrian-Ordovician time the quartzite was in turn overlain by limestone, and the rocks have been subject to uplift and erosion up to the present time.

text: Bustamite typically results from

text: metamorphism

text: of manganese-bearing sediments, with attendant

text: metasomatism

text: . At the (new) type locality, Franklin, the oldest rocks are

text: Precambrian

text: gneisses

text: of mixed sedimentary and volcanic origin. Franklin Marble was deposited within these rocks, along with sediments containing zinc, manganese and iron minerals. These sediments were metamorphosed later in the Precambrian, then the rocks were uplifted from the late Precambrian into the

text: Cambrian

text: and

text: quartzite

text: was deposited on the eroded surface. In Cambrian-

text: Ordovician

text: time the quartzite was in turn overlain by

text: limestone

text: , and the rocks have been subject to uplift and erosion up to the present time.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift and erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: the rocks have been subject to uplift and erosion up to the present time.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism of manganese-bearing sediments,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift and erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Bustamite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metasomatism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism

text: In collaboration with Marianne Moore she translated Adalbert Stifter's Bergkristall (Rock Crystal 1945).

text: In collaboration with

text: Marianne Moore

text: she translated

text: Adalbert Stifter

text: 's

text: Bergkristall

text: (Rock Crystal 1945).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In collaboration with Marianne Moore

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Adalbert Stifter's Bergkristall

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Adalbert Stifter's Bergkristall

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (Rock Crystal

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (Rock Crystal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (Rock Crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Adalbert Stifter's Bergkristall

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Bergkristall

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Adalbert Stifter's Bergkristall

text: During metamorphism, rocks which were originally sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic are converted into schists and gneisses. If the composition of the rocks was originally similar, they may be very difficult to distinguish from one another if the metamorphism has been great. A quartz-porphyry, for example, and a fine grained feldspathic sandstone, may both be converted into a grey or pink mica-schist.  Usually, however, it is possible to distinguish between sedimentary and igneous schists and gneisses. If, for example, the whole district occupied by these rocks has traces of bedding, clastic structure, or unconformability, then it may be a sign that the original rock was sedimentary. In other cases intrusive junctions, chilled edges, contact alteration or porphyritic structure may prove that in its original condition a metamorphic gneiss was an igneous rock. The last appeal is often to the chemistry, for there are certain rock types which occur only as sediments, while others are found only among igneous masses, and however advanced the metamorphism may be, it rarely modifies the chemical composition of the mass very greatly. Such rocks as limestones, dolomites, quartzites and aluminous shales have very definite chemical characteristics which distinguish them even when completely recrystallized.

text: During metamorphism, rocks which were originally sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic are converted into schists and

text: gneiss

text: es. If the composition of the rocks was originally similar, they may be very difficult to distinguish from one another if the metamorphism has been great. A

text: quartz-porphyry

text: , for example, and a fine grained feldspathic sandstone, may both be converted into a grey or pink mica-schist.  Usually, however, it is possible to distinguish between sedimentary and igneous schists and gneisses. If, for example, the whole district occupied by these rocks has traces of bedding,

text: clastic

text: structure, or

text: unconformability

text: , then it may be a sign that the original rock was sedimentary. In other cases

text: intrusive

text: junctions, chilled edges, contact alteration or porphyritic structure may prove that in its original condition a metamorphic gneiss was an igneous rock. The last appeal is often to the chemistry, for there are certain rock types which occur only as sediments, while others are found only among igneous masses, and however advanced the metamorphism may be, it rarely modifies the chemical composition of the mass very greatly. Such rocks as

text: limestone

text: s,

text: dolomite

text: s,

text: quartzite

text: s and aluminous shales have very definite chemical characteristics which distinguish them even when completely recrystallized.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geological formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: there are certain rock types which occur only as sediments,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chilled edges,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: schists and gneisses.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: chilled edges,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallized.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: During metamorphism,

text: A common cause of the banding is the subjection of the protolith (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction. These forces stretch out the rock like a plastic, and the original material is spread out into sheets.

text: A common cause of the banding is the subjection of the

text: protolith

text: (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction. These forces stretch out the rock like a

text: plastic

text: , and the original material is spread out into sheets.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: plastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism)

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: protolith (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism)

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: extreme shearing force,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: banding

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism)

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: plastic,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: shearing force,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: banding

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: protolith (the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism)

text: The rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall consist mainly of limestones. In the Upper Devonian, about 370 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. It was divided into basins and ridges. Limes were deposited on the ridges, which were closer to the surface of the water (carbonatic threshold facies of the Upper Harz Upper Devonian). About 300 million years ago, the rocks were folded, sunk, metamophosed by intruding granites, later uplifted again, and then exposed by erosion. That is how this old limestone comes to form the rocks over which the waterfall drops as well as the Rabenklippe crags to the west. In the intervening Oker valley is argillaceous Kulm slate. There is a path up to the top of the waterfall on the hillside north of the rocks. At its foot, a few metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks of the Lower Carboniferous have been exposed. The waterfall rocks at the lookout platform consists of upper Devonian limestones, which are tectonically heavily deformed. About 290 million years ago, the molten Oker granite nearby hardened and overprinted all the nearby rocks in a process known as contact metamorphism.

text: The rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall consist mainly of limestones. In the

text: Upper Devonian

text: , about 370 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. It was divided into basins and ridges. Limes were deposited on the ridges, which were closer to the surface of the water (carbonatic threshold

text: facies

text: of the Upper Harz Upper Devonian). About 300 million years ago, the rocks were folded, sunk, metamophosed by intruding granites, later uplifted again, and then exposed by erosion. That is how this old limestone comes to form the rocks over which the waterfall drops as well as the Rabenklippe crags to the west. In the intervening Oker valley is argillaceous Kulm slate. There is a path up to the top of the waterfall on the hillside north of the rocks. At its foot, a few metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks of the

text: Lower Carboniferous

text: have been exposed. The waterfall rocks at the lookout platform consists of upper Devonian limestones, which are tectonically heavily deformed. About 290 million years ago, the molten Oker granite nearby hardened and overprinted all the nearby rocks in a process known as

text: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: limestones.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: tectonically heavily deformed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: argillaceous Kulm slate.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphism.

text: Beach nourishment—also referred to as beach renourishment , beach replenishment or sand replenishment—describes a process by which sediment (usually sand) lost through longshore drift or erosion is replaced from sources outside of the eroding beach. A wider beach can reduce storm damage to coastal structures by dissipating energy across the surf zone, protecting upland structures and infrastructure from storm surges, tsunamis and unusually high tides. Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger coastal defense scheme. Nourishment is typically a repetitive process, since it does not remove the physical forces that cause erosion, but simply mitigates their effects.

text: Beach nourishment—also referred to as beach renourishment , beach replenishment or sand replenishment—describes a process by which

text: sediment

text: (usually

text: sand

text: ) lost through

text: longshore drift

text: or

text: erosion

text: is replaced from sources outside of the eroding

text: beach

text: . A wider beach can reduce storm damage to coastal structures by dissipating energy across the

text: surf zone

text: , protecting upland structures and

text: infrastructure

text: from

text: storm surge

text: s,

text: tsunami

text: s and unusually high

text: tide

text: s. Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger

text: coastal defense

text: scheme. Nourishment is typically a repetitive process, since it does not remove the physical forces that cause erosion, but simply mitigates their effects.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Beach nourishment—also

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Beach nourishment—also

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sand)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Beach nourishment—also

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Beach nourishment—also

text: Hillslopes with a rock veneer are more stable than those without and have lower erosion rates. Rock veneers form a rocky armor on the hillslope which prevents the erosion of smaller sediments and stabilizes the slope. Rock veneers, forming when influx and outflux sediment rates are equal, indicate a hillslope in equilibrium, partly due to their protective cover on the slope. Erosion rates on veneered hillslopes are low to moderate.

text: Hillslopes with a rock veneer are more stable than those without and have lower erosion rates. Rock veneers form a rocky armor on the hillslope which prevents the erosion of smaller sediments and stabilizes the slope. Rock veneers, forming when influx and outflux sediment rates are equal, indicate a hillslope in equilibrium, partly due to their protective cover on the slope. Erosion rates on veneered hillslopes are low to moderate.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock veneers

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: outflux

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Hillslopes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock veneers

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: influx and outflux sediment rates are equal,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion rates.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: influx and outflux sediment rates are equal,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rocky armor

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Rock veneers

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: outflux

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock veneer are more stable than those without and have lower erosion rates.

text: The Lapland Granulite Belt is an elongate and arcuate zone of granulite rock in the Cap of the North spanning areas within Norway, Finland and Murmansk Oblast in Russia. At most the belt is 80 km broad. The main rocks of the belt are migmatized greywacke and argillites. Studies of detrital zircon show that the sedimentary protolith of the metamorphic rocks of the belt could not be older than 2900–1940 million years. The belt has norite and enderbite intrusions of calc-alkaline chemistry.

text: The Lapland Granulite Belt is an elongate and arcuate zone of

text: granulite rock

text: in the

text: Cap of the North

text: spanning areas within

text: Norway

text: Finland

text: and

text: Murmansk Oblast

text: in

text: Russia

text: . At most the belt is 80 km broad. The main rocks of the belt are

text: migmatized

text: greywacke

text: and

text: argillites

text: . Studies of

text: detrital

text: zircon

text: show that the sedimentary

text: protolith

text: of the metamorphic rocks of the belt could not be older than 2900–1940

text: million year

text: s. The belt has

text: norite

text: and

text: enderbite

text: intrusion

text: s of

text: calc-alkaline chemistry

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: migmatized

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: argillites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the main rocks of the belt?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: migmatized greywacke and argillites.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: calc-alkaline chemistry.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary protolith

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: detrital zircon

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: The extensive oil and gas reserves of the Persian Gulf basin have a connection with the stable tectonic history. Over time, the Persian Gulf basin area has experienced continuous deposition that was consistent through the Paleozoic era and led to the initial accumulation of the carbonate rocks (which are excellent reservoir rocks) and evaporites (which play a big role as hydrocarbon seal rocks). The accumulation process was favored by the unique landscape and stable subsidence conditions which favored extensive deposition of carbonate rocks and evaporites which resulted in a thickness of ~12 to 13 km. Sediments and other deposits that came from the land were moved and then deposited at the bottom of the basin. Successive deposition and accumulation led to the creation of layers with an increased level of pressure as the processes progressed over time. After the deposition process, the increased pressure led to the breakdown of the organic material and consequently, the formation of the organic rich residue referred to as Kerogen. Continuous accumulation and increased pressure combined with heat are applied on the Kerogen which then transforms into either oil or gas.

text: The extensive

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: reserves of the Persian Gulf basin have a connection with the stable

text: tectonic

text: history. Over time, the Persian Gulf basin area has experienced continuous deposition that was consistent through the

text: Paleozoic

text: era and led to the initial accumulation of the

text: carbonate

text: rocks (which are excellent

text: reservoir

text: rocks) and

text: evaporites

text: (which play a big role as hydrocarbon seal rocks). The accumulation process was favored by the unique

text: landscape

text: and stable

text: subsidence

text: conditions which favored extensive deposition of carbonate rocks and evaporites which resulted in a thickness of ~12 to 13 km.

text: Sediments

text: and other deposits that came from the land were moved and then deposited at the bottom of the basin. Successive deposition and accumulation led to the creation of layers with an increased level of

text: pressure

text: as the processes progressed over time. After the deposition process, the increased pressure led to the breakdown of the

text: organic material

text: and consequently, the formation of the organic rich residue referred to as

text: Kerogen

text: . Continuous accumulation and increased pressure combined with heat are applied on the Kerogen which then transforms into either oil or gas.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: either oil or gas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Continuous accumulation and increased pressure combined with heat

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: reservoir rocks)

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oil or gas.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Kerogen.

text: The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of the rock. Feldspars, quartz or feldspathoids, olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and micas are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory minerals. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, and these rare rocks include those with essential carbonates.

text: The classification of the many types of different igneous rocks can provide us with important information about the conditions under which they formed. Two important variables used for the classification of igneous rocks are particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history, and the mineral composition of the rock.

text: Feldspar

text: s,

text: quartz

text: or

text: feldspathoid

text: s,

text: olivine

text: s,

text: pyroxene

text: s,

text: amphibole

text: s, and

text: mica

text: s are all important minerals in the formation of almost all igneous rocks, and they are basic to the classification of these rocks. All other minerals present are regarded as nonessential in almost all igneous rocks and are called accessory minerals. Types of igneous rocks with other essential minerals are very rare, and these rare rocks include those with essential

text: carbonate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cooling history

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: accessory minerals.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: particle size,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: particle size,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cooling history,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: particle size, which largely depends on the cooling history,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cooling history,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: accessory minerals.

text: The natural arches and other formations were created, and continue to be shaped, by the natural processes of weathering and erosion. Some of the rock layers are composed of a harder caprock material which resists the effects of weathering and erosion. Those caprock layers will remain intact much longer than other less resistant layers which weather and erode away below and around them leaving behind the current arches and hoodoos. Cycles of heat and cold, precipitation, ice, wind and gravity all play a part in the creation of the formations.

text: The natural arches and other formations were created, and continue to be shaped, by the natural processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: . Some of the rock layers are composed of a harder

text: caprock

text: material which resists the effects of weathering and erosion. Those caprock layers will remain intact much longer than other less resistant layers which weather and erode away below and around them leaving behind the current arches and hoodoos. Cycles of heat and cold, precipitation, ice, wind and gravity all play a part in the creation of the formations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: cycles of heat and cold

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistance to weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: heat and cold, precipitation, ice, wind and gravity

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The natural arches

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: harder caprock material which resists the effects of weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: harder caprock material which resists the effects of weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: heat and cold, precipitation, ice, wind and gravity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Cycles of heat and cold,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: weathering and erosion.

text: Around the edges of many of the plutons the country rocks have been transformed by heat in a process known as contact metamorphism. The effects of this can be seen up to a distance of 4 miles from the granite in an area called the metamorphic aureole. The effect of this process depends on the type of rocks which were heated and their distance from the intrusion. Fine grained sedimentary rocks were transformed into hornfels and minerals such as amphibole, pyroxene. At greater distances from the plutons, the only evidence of metamorphism is spotting in these rocks. Garnet developed in calcareous rocks as well as amphibole and pyroxene. The metamorphosis of  greenstones has generally led to the formation of hornblende-plagioclase rocks.

text: Around the edges of many of the plutons the country rocks have been transformed by heat in a process known as

text: contact metamorphism

text: . The effects of this can be seen up to a distance of 4 miles from the granite in an area called the metamorphic aureole. The effect of this process depends on the type of rocks which were heated and their distance from the intrusion. Fine grained sedimentary rocks were transformed into

text: hornfels

text: and minerals such as

text: amphibole

text: pyroxene

text: . At greater distances from the plutons, the only evidence of metamorphism is spotting in these rocks.

text: Garnet

text: developed in

text: calcareous

text: rocks as well as

text: amphibole

text: and

text: pyroxene

text: . The metamorphosis of

text: greenstone

text: s has generally led to the formation of

text: hornblende

text: plagioclase

text: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hornfels

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: type of rocks which were heated and their distance from the intrusion.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hornfels

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphism.

text: The presence of abundant water on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of weathering and erosion. Water in the form of precipitation and acidic soil water and groundwater is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the ions dissolved in solution and the broken down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.

text: The presence of abundant

text: water

text: on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: . Water in the form of precipitation and

text: acid

text: ic

text: soil

text: water and

text: groundwater

text: is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the

text: ion

text: s dissolved in solution and the broken down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous and metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: water on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle.

text: Another aspect in which Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem deals with sediment erosion and sediment deposition. Specifically, the effects dams have on the natural flow of the river such as the natural pulses it has and as well its ability to transfer sediment else where. The fact that the river no longer flows like it used to shows that sediment is backing up. This makes sense because a dam is a large wall blocking the path of the water and sediment. Leaving the natural ecosystem without the benefits of a naturally working cycle of nutrients and water flow.

text: Another aspect in which Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem deals with sediment erosion and sediment deposition. Specifically, the effects dams have on the natural flow of the river such as the natural pulses it has and as well its ability to transfer sediment else where. The fact that the river no longer flows like it used to shows that sediment is backing up. This makes sense because a dam is a large wall blocking the path of the water and sediment. Leaving the natural ecosystem without the benefits of a naturally working cycle of nutrients and water flow.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

text: The music of Guns N' Roses is a fusion of punk rock,  blues rock, heavy metal, hard rock, and hair metal. The Illusions albums saw the band branching out into art rock, while "The Spaghetti Incident?" saw the group blend hard rock with punk rock.  Since the group's 1999 revival, the band has retained hard rock features while also experimenting with Industrial rock and electronic rock. In the 1990s, the band integrated keyed instruments (played by either Rose or Reed, and accompanied on tour by Teddy Andreadis) into the band, and for roughly half of the Use Your Illusion tour, added a horn section to the stage.

text: The music of Guns N' Roses is a fusion of

text: punk rock

text: blues rock

text: heavy metal

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: hair metal

text: . The Illusions albums saw the band branching out into

text: art rock

text: , while

text: "The Spaghetti Incident?"

text: saw the group blend

text: hard rock

text: with punk rock.  Since the group's 1999 revival, the band has retained hard rock features while also experimenting with

text: Industrial rock

text: and

text: electronic rock

text: . In the 1990s, the band integrated keyed instruments (played by either Rose or Reed, and accompanied on tour by

text: Teddy Andreadis

text: ) into the band, and for roughly half of the Use Your Illusion tour, added a horn section to the stage.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: experimenting with Industrial rock and electronic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: industrial rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Industrial

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Industrial rock and electronic rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Industrial rock and electronic rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The music of Guns N' Roses

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: art rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: art rock,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Industrial rock and electronic rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fusion of punk rock, blues rock, heavy metal,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Industrial rock and electronic rock.

text: Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming, where the removal of native vegetation for the cultivation and harvesting of a single type of crop has left the soil unsupported. Many of these regions are near rivers and drainages. Loss of soil due to erosion removes useful farmland, adds to sediment loads, and can help transport anthropogenic fertilizers into the river system, which leads to eutrophication.

text: Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming, where the removal of native vegetation for the cultivation and harvesting of a single type of crop has left the soil unsupported. Many of these regions are near rivers and drainages. Loss of soil due to erosion removes useful farmland, adds to sediment loads, and can help transport anthropogenic fertilizers into the river system, which leads to

text: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geological conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sediment loads

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a single type of crop has left the soil unsupported.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: a single type of crop

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rivers and drainages.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eutrophication.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming,

text: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of geomorphic drivers, such as rainfall; bedrock wear in rivers; coastal erosion by the sea and waves; glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour; areal flooding; wind abrasion; groundwater processes; and mass movement processes in steep landscapes like landslides and debris flows. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically-controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave fetch, or atmospheric temperature (especially for some ice-related processes). Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition, which control the arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.

text: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of

text: geomorphic

text: drivers, such as

text: rain

text: fall; bedrock wear in

text: river

text: s; coastal erosion by the sea and

text: waves

text: glacial

text: plucking,

text: abrasion

text: , and scour; areal flooding;

text: wind

text: abrasion;

text: groundwater

text: processes; and

text: mass movement

text: processes in steep landscapes like

text: landslide

text: s and

text: debris flow

text: s. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically-controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave

text: fetch

text: , or atmospheric temperature (especially for some ice-related processes).

text: Feedback

text: s are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of

text: deposition

text: , which control the arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of geomorphic drivers,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: geomorphic drivers,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: bedrock wear

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour;

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of geomorphic drivers,

text: Helianthemum squamatum is the only known species able to extract water of crystallization from rock and is able to derive up to 90% of its fluid requirements from gypsum using this process.

text: Helianthemum squamatum is the only known species able to extract

text: water of crystallization

text: from rock and is able to derive up to 90% of its fluid requirements from

text: gypsum

text: using this process.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: water of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Helianthemum squamatum

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Helianthemum squamatum

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Helianthemum squamatum

text: |-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  |rowspan="2" | "Yellow" | Best Rock Song | |-| Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-| Parachutes | rowspan="2" |Best Alternative Music Album | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" | | A Rush of Blood to the Head | |-| "In My Place" | Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  | "Clocks" |Record of the Year | |-| "The Scientist" | Best Music Video, Short Form | |-|align="center" |  |Live 2003 | Best Music Video, Long Form | |-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  | X&Y |Best Rock Album | |-|rowspan="2" | "Speed of Sound" | Best Rock Song | |-|rowspan="2" |Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" |  | "Talk" ||-|align="center" rowspan="7" |  |rowspan="3" | "Viva la Vida" |Record of the Year | |-| Song of the Year | |-| Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|rowspan="2" | Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends | Album of the Year | |-| Best Rock Album | |-|rowspan="2" | "Violet Hill" | Best Rock Song | |-| rowspan="2" |Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  |rowspan="2" | "Life in Technicolor II" | |-| Best Music Video, Short Form ||-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  | "Paradise" | Best Pop Duo/Group Performance | |-|rowspan="2" | "Every Teardrop is a Waterfall" | Best Rock Song | |-| rowspan="2" |Best Rock Performance | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  |rowspan="1"| "Charlie Brown" |  |-|rowspan="1" | Mylo Xyloto | Best Rock Album | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  | "Atlas" | Best Song Written for Visual Media ||-| Live 2012 | rowspan="2" |Best Music Film | |-|align="center" rowspan="3" | 2015 | Ghost Stories Live 2014  | |-| "A Sky Full of Stars" | Best Pop Duo/Group Performance | |-| Ghost Stories | Best Pop Vocal Album | |-| align="center"| 2017| "Up & Up"| Best Music Video|

text: |-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  |rowspan="2" | "

text: Yellow

text: Best Rock Song

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal

text: Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

text: Parachutes

text: | rowspan="2" |

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album

text: Best Alternative Music Album

text: | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" | |

text: A Rush of Blood to the Head

text: In My Place

text: " | Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  | "

text: Clocks

text: Record of the Year

text: The Scientist

text: Best Music Video, Short Form

text: | |-|align="center" |  |

text: Live 2003

text: Best Music Video, Long Form

text: | |-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  |

text: X&Y

text: Best Rock Album

text: | |-|rowspan="2" | "

text: Speed of Sound

text: " | Best Rock Song | |-|rowspan="2" |Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" |  | "

text: Talk

text: " ||-|align="center" rowspan="7" |  |rowspan="3" | "

text: Viva la Vida

text: " |Record of the Year | |-|

text: Song of the Year

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals

text: Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

text: | |-|rowspan="2" |

entity_name: Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends

text: Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends

text: Album of the Year

text: | |-| Best Rock Album | |-|rowspan="2" | "

text: Violet Hill

text: Best Rock Song

text: | |-| rowspan="2" |Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  |rowspan="2" | "

text: Life in Technicolor II

text: Best Music Video, Short Form

text: ||-|align="center" rowspan="3" |  | "

text: Paradise

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance

text: Best Pop Duo/Group Performance

text: | |-|rowspan="2" | "

text: Every Teardrop is a Waterfall

text: Best Rock Song

text: | |-| rowspan="2" |

text: Best Rock Performance

text: | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  |rowspan="1"| "

text: Charlie Brown

text: " |  |-|rowspan="1" |

text: Mylo Xyloto

text: | Best Rock Album | |-|align="center" rowspan="2" |  | "

text: Atlas

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media

text: Best Song Written for Visual Media

text: Live 2012

text: | rowspan="2" |

text: Best Music Film

text: | |-|align="center" rowspan="3" |

text: Ghost Stories Live 2014

text: A Sky Full of Stars

text: Best Pop Duo/Group Performance

text: Ghost Stories

text: Best Pop Vocal Album

text: | |-| align="center"|

text: Up & Up

text: Best Music Video

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: All rocks are part of the rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: |-|align="center" rowspan="2" || "Every question: rocks are classified into four major groups, reflecting how they formed: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic and sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: |-|align="center" rowspan="2" ||||

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: a rock transforms from one type to another

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "Yellow"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Song of the Year | |-| Best Pop Vocal Performance

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Sound"

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Death

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Blood to the Head

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group

text: A crystal is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, and consists in the addition of new atoms, ions, or polymer strings into the characteristic arrangement of a crystalline Bravais lattice. The growth typically follows an initial stage of either homogeneous or heterogeneous (surface catalyzed) nucleation, unless a "seed" crystal, purposely added to start the growth, was already present.

text: A

text: crystal

text: is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Crystal growth is a major stage of a

text: crystallization process

text: , and consists in the addition of new

text: atom

text: s,

text: ion

text: s, or

text: polymer

text: strings into the characteristic arrangement of a crystalline

text: Bravais lattice

text: . The growth typically follows an initial stage of either homogeneous or heterogeneous (surface catalyzed)

text: nucleation

text: , unless a "seed" crystal, purposely added to start the growth, was already present.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heterogeneous

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Bravais lattice

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A crystal

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: A crystal

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: homogeneous or heterogeneous

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: arranged in an orderly repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Crystal growth

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystal

text: Despite initially being considered a glam rock act, Placebo's music developed throughout their career, adopting diverse elements from other genres. Besides the alternative rock and glam rock classifications, critics have described the band as goth-rock, Britpop, pop punk, post-punk revival, electronic rock, experimental rock and industrial rock. Progressive rock elements in the band's earlier works along with grunge and punk rock influences were also noted.

text: Despite initially being considered a glam rock act, Placebo's music developed throughout their career, adopting diverse elements from other genres. Besides the alternative rock and glam rock classifications, critics have described the band as

text: goth-rock

text: Britpop

text: pop punk

text: post-punk revival

text: electronic rock

text: experimental rock

text: and

text: industrial rock

text: Progressive rock

text: elements in the band's earlier works along with

text: grunge

text: and

text: punk rock

text: influences were also noted.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock elements

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: electronic rock, experimental rock and industrial rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: goth-rock, Britpop, pop punk,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: diverse elements from other genres.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: goth-rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: developed throughout their career, adopting diverse elements from other genres.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: industrial rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: goth-rock, Britpop, pop punk,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: industrial rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: adopting diverse elements from other genres.

text: A rhythmite consists of layers of sediment or sedimentary rock which are laid down with an obvious periodicity and regularity. They may be created by annual processes such as seasonally varying deposits reflecting variations in the runoff cycle, by shorter term processes such as tides, or by longer term processes such as periodic floods.

text: A rhythmite consists of layers of

text: sediment

text: or

text: sedimentary rock

text: which are laid down with an obvious periodicity and regularity. They may be created by annual processes such as seasonally varying deposits reflecting variations in the runoff cycle, by shorter term processes such as tides, or by longer term processes such as periodic floods.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: periodicity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A rhythmite consists of layers of sediment or sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rhythmite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: variations in the runoff cycle,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: periodicity and regularity.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: periodic floods.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rhythmite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: shorter term processes such as tides,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: periodic floods.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rhythmite

text: Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism. In geology, sedimentation is often used as the opposite of erosion, i.e., the terminal end of sediment transport. In that sense, it includes the termination of transport by saltation or true bedload transport. Settling is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the termination of the settling process.

text: Sedimentation is the tendency for

text: particle

text: s in

text: suspension

text: to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to

text: gravity

text: centrifugal acceleration

text: , or

text: electromagnetism

text: . In geology, sedimentation is often used as the opposite of erosion, i.e., the terminal end of

text: sediment transport

text: . In that sense, it includes the termination of transport by

text: saltation

text: or true

text: bedload transport

text: Settling

text: is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the termination of the settling process.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sedimentation

text: The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.

text: The crust of the

text: Earth

text: is composed of a great variety of

text: igneous

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of

text: peridotite

text: , a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the

text: Mohorovičić discontinuity

text: , a boundary defined by a contrast in

text: seismic

text: velocity. The crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contrast in seismic velocity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: a contrast in seismic velocity.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: denser

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Mohorovi<unk>i<unk> discontinuity,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

text: In the process of burial, it is possible that siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted as a result of a mountain building event or erosion.  When uplift occurs, it exposes buried deposits to a radically new environment. Because the process brings material to or closer to the surface, sediments that undergo uplift are subjected to lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water. Under these conditions, framework grains and cement are again subjected to dissolution and in turn increasing porosity. On the other hand, telogenesis can also change framework grains to clays, thus reducing porosity. These changes are dependent on the specific conditions that the rock is exposed as well as the composition of the rock and pore waters. Specific pore waters, can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements. This process can also encourage the process of oxidation on a variety of iron bearing minerals.

text: In the process of burial, it is possible that siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted as a result of a mountain building event or erosion.  When uplift occurs, it exposes buried deposits to a radically new environment. Because the process brings material to or closer to the surface, sediments that undergo uplift are subjected to lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water. Under these conditions, framework grains and cement are again subjected to dissolution and in turn increasing porosity. On the other hand, telogenesis can also change framework grains to clays, thus reducing porosity. These changes are dependent on the specific conditions that the rock is exposed as well as the composition of the rock and pore waters. Specific pore waters, can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements. This process can also encourage the process of oxidation on a variety of iron bearing minerals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: specific conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porosity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: telogenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: composition of the rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pore waters.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porosity.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: burial,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: clays,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted

text: In geology, the term relict refers to structures or minerals from a parent rock that did not undergo metamorphic change when the surrounding rock did, or to rock that survived a destructive geologic process.

text: In

text: geology

text: , the term relict refers to structures or minerals from a parent

text: rock

text: that did not undergo

text: metamorphic change

text: when the surrounding rock did, or to rock that survived a destructive geologic process.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic change

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: relict

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic change

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic change

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic change

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: relict

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: relict

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic change

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: relict

text: The rocks of the peridotite family are uncommon at the surface and are highly unstable, because olivine reacts quickly with water at typical temperatures of the upper crust and at the Earth's surface. Many, if not most, surface outcrops have been at least partly altered to serpentinite, a process in which the pyroxenes and olivines are converted to green serpentine. This hydration reaction involves considerable increase in volume with concurrent deformation of the original textures. Serpentinites are mechanically weak and so flow readily within the earth. Distinctive plant communities grow in soils developed on serpentinite, because of the unusual composition of the underlying rock. One mineral in the serpentine group, chrysotile, is a type of asbestos.

text: The rocks of the peridotite family are uncommon at the surface and are highly unstable, because olivine reacts quickly with water at typical temperatures of the upper crust and at the Earth's surface. Many, if not most, surface outcrops have been at least partly altered to

text: serpentinite

text: , a process in which the pyroxenes and olivines are converted to green

text: serpentine

text: . This hydration reaction involves considerable increase in volume with concurrent deformation of the original textures. Serpentinites are mechanically weak and so flow readily within the earth. Distinctive plant communities grow in soils developed on serpentinite, because of the unusual composition of the underlying rock. One mineral in the serpentine group,

text: chrysotile

text: , is a type of asbestos.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mechanically weak

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydration reaction

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentine

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rocks of the peridotite family

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: peridotite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: olivine reacts quickly with water at typical temperatures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mechanically weak

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydration reaction

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: serpentinite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: chrysotile, is a type of asbestos.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hydration reaction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: serpentinite,

text: In geology, solid-state recrystallization is a metamorphic process that occurs under situations of intense temperature and pressure where grains, atoms or molecules of a rock or mineral are packed closer together, creating a new crystal structure. The basic composition remains the same. This process can be illustrated by observing how snow recrystallizes to ice without melting.

text: In

text: geology

text: , solid-state recrystallization is a

text: metamorphic

text: process that occurs under situations of intense temperature and pressure where grains, atoms or molecules of a rock or mineral are packed closer together, creating a new crystal structure. The basic composition remains the same. This process can be illustrated by observing how snow recrystallizes to ice without melting.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what type of rock is sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the type of magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solid-state recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intense temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystal structure.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solid-state recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid-state recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: snow recrystallizes to ice without melting.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solid-state recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: solid-state recrystallization

text: The best type of stone from which to manufacture quern-stones are igneous rocks such as basalt. These have naturally rough surfaces, but grains do not detach easily, so the material being ground does not become gritty. However, such rocks are not always available, meaning that quern-stones have been manufactured from a wide variety of rocks, including sandstone, quartzite and limestone. Quernmore Crag near Lancaster in England is named after the quarrying of millstone grit used to make quern stones in these parts.

text: The best type of stone from which to manufacture quern-stones are

text: igneous

text: rocks such as

text: basalt

text: . These have naturally rough surfaces, but grains do not detach easily, so the material being ground does not become gritty. However, such rocks are not always available, meaning that quern-stones have been manufactured from a wide variety of rocks, including

text: sandstone

text: quartzite

text: and

text: limestone

text: . Quernmore Crag near

text: Lancaster

text: in England is named after the quarrying of millstone grit used to make quern stones in these parts.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural rough surfaces

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: natural rough surfaces

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: quarrying

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: quern

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sandstone, quartzite and limestone.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: naturally rough surfaces,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rough surfaces,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: the material being ground does not become gritty.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks such as basalt.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: gritty.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks such as basalt.

text: The Rosiwal method (also called Delesse and Rosiwal) attempts to perform a quantitative analysis of the amounts of individual minerals that make up a rock (see modal analysis). It applies only to metamorphic rocks. It consists of calculations based on proportions drawn lines very close together and act on the different materials, this measure is calculated proportionally to the area and volume of each material.

text: The Rosiwal method (also called Delesse and Rosiwal) attempts to perform a

text: quantitative analysis

text: of the amounts of individual minerals that make up a rock (see

text: modal analysis

text: ). It applies only to

text: metamorphic

text: rocks. It consists of calculations based on proportions drawn lines very close together and act on the different materials, this measure is calculated proportionally to the area and volume of each material.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the amount of individual minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: amount of individual minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Rosiwal method

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rosiwal method

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: amounts of individual minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Rosiwal method

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Rosiwal method

text: Traditionally in geomorphology, a flatiron is a steeply sloping triangular landform created by the differential erosion of a steeply dipping, erosion-resistant layer of rock overlying softer strata. Flatirons have wide bases that form the base of a steep, triangular facet that narrows upward into a point at its summit. The dissection of a hogback by regularly spaced streams often resulted in the formation of a series of flatirons along the strike of the rock layer that formed the hogback. As noted in some, but not all definitions, a number of flatirons are perched upon the slope of a larger mountain with the rock layer forming the flatiron inclined in the same direction as, but often at a steeper angle than the associated mountain slope. The name flatiron refers their resemblance to an upended, household flatiron.

text: Traditionally in

text: geomorphology

text: , a flatiron is a steeply sloping triangular landform created by the differential erosion of a steeply

text: dipping

text: , erosion-resistant

text: layer of rock

text: overlying softer strata. Flatirons have wide bases that form the base of a steep, triangular facet that narrows upward into a point at its summit. The dissection of a

text: hogback

text: by regularly spaced streams often resulted in the formation of a series of flatirons along the strike of the rock layer that formed the hogback. As noted in some, but not all definitions, a number of flatirons are perched upon the slope of a larger mountain with the rock layer forming the flatiron

text: inclined

text: in the same direction as, but often at a steeper angle than the associated mountain slope. The name flatiron refers their resemblance to an upended, household

text: flatiron

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion-resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: differential erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: flatiron

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: differential erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: not all definitions,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: flatiron

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: erosion-resistant layer of rock overlying softer strata.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion-resistant

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: differential erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: flatiron

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: softer strata.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hogback

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: softer strata.

text: The process by which Liesegang rings develop is not completely understood.  Liesegang rings may form from the chemical segregation of iron oxides and other minerals during weathering.  One popular mechanism suggested by geochemists is that Liesegang rings develop when there is a lack of convection (advection) and has to do with the interdiffusion of reacting species such as oxygen and ferrous iron that precipitate in separate discrete bands which become spaced apart in a geometric pattern.  A process of precipitation known as the Ostwald-Liesegang supersaturation-nucleation-depletion cycle is known by the geologic community as a probable mechanism for Liesegang ring formation in sedimentary rocks.  In this process the "...diffusion of reactants leads to supersaturation and nucleation; this precipitation results in localized band formation and depletion of reactants in adjacent zones."  As Ostwald suggests, and in simpler terms - there is a localized formation of crystal seeds that occurs when the right level of supersaturation is reached, and once the crystal seeds form, the growth of the crystals is believed to lower the supersaturation level of fluids in pore spaces surrounding the crystals, thus mineralization that occurs after the initial crystal growth in the surrounding areas develops in bands or rings.  One classic example based on the Ostwald-Liesegang hypothesis is observed in water and rock interactions where iron hydroxide precipitates in sandstone through pore space.

text: The process by which Liesegang rings develop is not completely understood.  Liesegang rings may form from the chemical segregation of iron oxides and other minerals during weathering.  One popular mechanism suggested by geochemists is that Liesegang rings develop when there is a lack of convection (advection) and has to do with the interdiffusion of reacting species such as oxygen and ferrous iron that precipitate in separate discrete bands which become spaced apart in a geometric pattern.  A process of precipitation known as the Ostwald-Liesegang supersaturation-nucleation-depletion cycle is known by the geologic community as a probable mechanism for Liesegang ring formation in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s.  In this process the "...diffusion of reactants leads to supersaturation and nucleation; this precipitation results in localized band formation and depletion of reactants in adjacent zones."  As Ostwald suggests, and in simpler terms - there is a localized formation of crystal seeds that occurs when the right level of supersaturation is reached, and once the crystal seeds form, the growth of the crystals is believed to lower the supersaturation level of fluids in pore spaces surrounding the crystals, thus mineralization that occurs after the initial crystal growth in the surrounding areas develops in bands or rings.  One classic example based on the Ostwald-Liesegang hypothesis is observed in water and rock interactions where iron hydroxide precipitates in sandstone through pore space.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineralization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemical segregation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The process by which Liesegang rings develop is not completely understood.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lack of convection

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineralization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystal seeds

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: (advection)

text: The rocks which form the falls and river gorge are a strongly metamorphized schist.

text: The rocks which form the falls and river gorge are a strongly

text: metamorphized

text: schist

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: schist

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: schist is a mineral

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphized schist.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphized schist.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: strongly metamorphized

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strongly metamorphized

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphized

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: schist.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: strongly metamorphized schist.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphized schist.

text: The rocks  found in and around Wichita Falls result from southwesterly-flowing Permian streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains.  Calcium-carbonate rich soils concurrently developed adjacent to these streams.  These were likely buried by further Permian sedimentation and then lithified.  Pleistocene erosion removed the younger rocks, exposing the current strata.  Exposures of sediments indicate that northeast-flowing streams locally deposited silts, clays, sands, and some gravels on the Permian rocks.  These are subsequently modified by modern (Holocene) stream erosion and deposition.

text: The rocks  found in and around Wichita Falls result from southwesterly-flowing

text: Permian

text: streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains.  Calcium-carbonate rich soils concurrently developed adjacent to these streams.  These were likely buried by further Permian sedimentation and then

text: lithified

text: Pleistocene

text: erosion removed the younger rocks, exposing the current strata.  Exposures of sediments indicate that northeast-flowing streams locally deposited silts, clays, sands, and some gravels on the Permian rocks.  These are subsequently modified by modern (

text: Holocene

text: ) stream erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation and then lithified

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: southwesterly-flowing Permian streams

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithified.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: modern (Holocene) stream erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lithified.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Calcium-carbonate

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithified.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithified.

text: Rocks composed entirely of euhedral crystals are termed panidiomorphic, and rocks composed entirely of subhedral crystals are termed subidiomorphic.

text: Rocks composed entirely of euhedral crystals are termed panidiomorphic, and rocks composed entirely of subhedral crystals are termed subidiomorphic.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: subidiomorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: subidiomorphic

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subidiomorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: panidiomorphic,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: euhedral crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: euhedral crystals are termed panidiomorphic,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: panidiomorphic,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: panidiomorphic,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: subhedral crystals are termed subidiomorphic.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: panidiomorphic,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: panidiomorphic,

text: The sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms including storm bars. In calmer weather waves return sediment to the visible part of the beach. Due to longshore drift some sediment can end up further along the beach from where it started. Often coastal areas have developed sustainable coastal positions where the sediment moving off beaches is sustainable submersion. Unfortunately, for many inhabited coastlines, anthropogenic interference in coastal processes has meant that erosion is often more permanent than submersion.

text: The sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms including storm

text: bar

text: s. In calmer weather waves return sediment to the visible part of the beach. Due to

text: longshore drift

text: some

text: sediment

text: can end up further along the beach from where it started. Often coastal areas have developed sustainable coastal positions where the sediment moving off beaches is sustainable submersion. Unfortunately, for many

text: inhabited

text: coastline

text: s,

text: anthropogenic

text: interference in coastal processes has meant that

text: erosion

text: is often more permanent than submersion.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms including storm bars.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment that is submerged during rough weather

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: storm bars.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion is often more permanent than submersion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: storm bars.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The sediment that is submerged during rough weather

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: anthropogenic interference in coastal processes has meant that erosion is often more permanent

text: Metamorphism is the change of minerals or geologic texture (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing rocks (protoliths), without the protolith melting into liquid magma (a solid-state change). The change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. The chemical components and crystal structures of the minerals making up the rock may change even though the rock remains a solid. Changes at or just beneath Earth's surface due to weathering and/or diagenesis are not classified as metamorphism. Metamorphism typically occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and melting (~850°C).

text: Metamorphism is the change of

text: mineral

text: s or

text: geologic texture

text: (distinct arrangement of minerals) in pre-existing

text: rocks

text: protolith

text: s), without the protolith melting into liquid

text: magma

text: (a

text: solid-state

text: change). The change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. The

text: chemical components

text: and

text: crystal structure

text: s of the minerals making up the rock may change even though the rock remains a

text: solid

text: . Changes at or just beneath Earth's surface due to

text: weathering

text: and/or

text: diagenesis

text: are not classified as metamorphism. Metamorphism typically occurs between diagenesis (max. 200°C), and

text: melting

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical components and crystal structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: liquid magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solid-state change

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: pre-existing rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: solid-state change).

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: The chemical components and crystal structures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: liquid magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphism

text: In the igneous environment, metasomatism creates skarns, greisen, and may affect hornfels in the contact metamorphic aureole adjacent to an intrusive rock mass.  In the metamorphic environment, metasomatism is created by mass transfer from a volume of metamorphic rock at higher stress and temperature into a zone with lower stress and temperature, with metamorphic hydrothermal solutions acting as a solvent. This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep crust losing fluids and dissolved mineral components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks.

text: In the

text: igneous

text: environment, metasomatism creates

text: skarn

text: s,

text: greisen

text: , and may affect

text: hornfels

text: in the contact metamorphic aureole adjacent to an

text: intrusive rock

text: mass.  In the metamorphic environment, metasomatism is created by

text: mass transfer

text: from a volume of

text: metamorphic rock

text: at higher

text: stress

text: and

text: temperature

text: into a zone with lower stress and temperature, with metamorphic hydrothermal solutions acting as a

text: solvent

text: . This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep

text: crust

text: losing fluids and dissolved

text: mineral

text: components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stress and temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydrous minerals break down

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dissolved mineral components

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemically change and alter these rocks.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: lower stress and temperature,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic aureole adjacent to an intrusive rock mass.

text: The naming of a lithology is based on the rock type. The three major rock types are sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic.

text: The naming of a lithology is based on the

text: rock type

text: . The three major rock types are

text: sedimentary

text: igneous

text: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: lithology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The naming of a lithology

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three major rock types are sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock type.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic.

text: These voids are consistent with features known to geologists as "vugs". These are formed when crystals form inside a rock matrix and are later removed through erosive processes, leaving behind voids. Some of the features in this picture are "disk-like", which is consistent with certain types of crystals, notably sulfate minerals.

text: These voids are consistent with features known to geologists as "

text: vug

text: s". These are formed when crystals form inside a rock matrix and are later removed through erosive processes, leaving behind voids. Some of the features in this picture are "disk-like", which is consistent with certain types of crystals, notably sulfate minerals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosive processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock matrix and are later removed through erosive processes,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "vugs".

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: "disk-like",

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosive processes,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystals form inside a rock matrix

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "vugs".

text: Siliciclastic rocks initially form as loosely packed sediment deposits including gravels, sands, and muds. The process of turning loose sediment into hard is called lithification. During the process of lithification, sediments undergo physical, chemical and mineralogical changes before becoming rock. The primary physical process in lithification is compaction. As sediment transport and deposition continues, new sediments are deposited over top of previously deposited beds burying them. Burial continues and the weight of overlying sediments cause an increase in temperature and pressure. This increase in temperature and pressure causes loose grained sediments become tightly packed reducing porosity, essentially squeezing water out of the sediment. Porosity is further reduced by the precipitation of minerals into the remaining pore spaces.  The final stage in the process is diagenesis and will be discussed in detail below.

text: Siliciclastic rocks initially form as loosely packed sediment deposits including gravels, sands, and muds. The process of turning loose sediment into hard is called lithification. During the process of lithification, sediments undergo physical, chemical and mineralogical changes before becoming rock. The primary physical process in lithification is compaction. As sediment transport and deposition continues, new sediments are deposited over top of previously deposited beds burying them. Burial continues and the weight of overlying sediments cause an increase in temperature and pressure. This increase in temperature and pressure causes loose grained sediments become tightly packed reducing porosity, essentially squeezing water out of the sediment. Porosity is further reduced by the precipitation of minerals into the remaining pore spaces.  The final stage in the process is

text: diagenesis

text: and will be discussed in detail below.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porosity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Siliciclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lithification.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porosity,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: lithification.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithification.

text: The principal method for extracting copper was heating the rock via large fires, known as fire-setting. When the rock cooled down, it would become brittle and crack, allowing manual tools such as wedges and sledge hammers to be brought to bear. After the ore had been transported out of the mine it was roasted to reduce sulfur content in open hearths. The thick, poisonous smoke produced would be a distinguishing feature of the Falun area for centuries. After the roasting, the ore was smelted; the output of which was a copper rich material. The cycle of roasting and smelting was repeated several times until crude copper was produced. This was the final output from the mine; further refinement took place at copper refineries elsewhere. This process was used without any major change for seven centuries, until the end of the 19th century. It is likely that the methods and technology for fire-setting and drainage were imported from German mines, such as in the Harz Mountains.

text: The principal method for extracting copper was heating the rock via large fires, known as

text: fire-setting

text: . When the rock cooled down, it would become brittle and crack, allowing manual tools such as wedges and sledge hammers to be brought to bear. After the ore had been transported out of the mine it was roasted to reduce sulfur content in open

text: hearth

text: s. The thick, poisonous smoke produced would be a distinguishing feature of the Falun area for centuries. After the roasting, the ore was smelted; the output of which was a copper rich material. The cycle of roasting and smelting was repeated several times until

text: crude copper

text: was produced. This was the final output from the mine; further refinement took place at copper refineries elsewhere. This process was used without any major change for seven centuries, until the end of the 19th century. It is likely that the methods and technology for fire-setting and drainage were imported from German mines, such as in the

text: Harz Mountains

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sulfur content

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: roasting and smelting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: smelting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The principal method for extracting copper was heating the rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: fire-setting.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sulfur content

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle and crack,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: roasting and smelting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: brittle and crack,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: roasted

text: A variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are used as structural and decorative dimension stone.  These rock types are more commonly known as granite, limestone, marble, travertine, quartz-based stone (sandstone, quartzite) and slate.  Other varieties of dimension stone that are normally considered to be special minor types include alabaster (massive gypsum), soapstone (massive talc), serpentine and various products fashioned from natural stone.

text: A variety of

text: igneous

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: sedimentary rock

text: s are used as structural and decorative dimension stone.  These rock types are more commonly known as

text: granite

text: limestone

text: marble

text: travertine

text: , quartz-based stone (

text: sandstone

text: quartzite

text: ) and

text: slate

text: .  Other varieties of dimension stone that are normally considered to be special minor types include

text: alabaster

text: (massive

text: gypsum

text: soapstone

text: (massive

text: talc

text: serpentine

text: and various products fashioned from natural stone.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural and decorative dimension stone.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soapstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: granite, limestone, marble, travertine,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

text: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle describes the transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation at Earth's surface and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicates by metamorphism and magmatism. It plays a large part in the carbon cycle, since the equilibrium point of the carbonate-silicate cycle dictates the pace of carbon release from the lithosphere.

text: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle describes the transformation of

text: silicate

text: rocks to

text: carbonate

text: rocks by

text: weathering

text: and

text: sedimentation

text: at Earth's surface and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicates by

text: metamorphism

text: and

text: magmatism

text: . It plays a large part in the

text: carbon cycle

text: , since the

text: equilibrium

text: point of the carbonate-silicate cycle dictates the pace of carbon release from the

text: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbon release

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicates

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pace of carbon release

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering and sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicates

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering and sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle

text: The bedrock of the island consists of metamorphic and igneous Precambrian rocks, which are part of the Frontenac Terrane of the Central Metasedimentary Belt. This is consistent with a significant amount of the geology of Frontenac County.  The metamorphic rocks, were deposited as sediments and consolidated into sedimentary rocks at least 950 million years ago. The combination of a deep burial of sedimentary rocks and the penetration  of magma which resulted in igneous rocks. Erosion then revealed the metamorphic and igneous rocks. The metamorphic rocks that are found in the area include: schist, gneiss, amphibolites, quartzite, and marble. The igneous rocks found include:  quartz monzonites, granites, diorites, gabbro, diabase, and andesite.

text: The bedrock of the island consists of

text: metamorphic

text: and

text: igneous

text: Precambrian rocks, which are part of the Frontenac Terrane of the Central Metasedimentary Belt. This is consistent with a significant amount of the geology of

text: Frontenac County

text: .  The metamorphic rocks, were deposited as sediments and consolidated into sedimentary rocks at least 950 million years ago. The combination of a deep burial of sedimentary rocks and the penetration  of magma which resulted in igneous rocks. Erosion then revealed the metamorphic and igneous rocks. The metamorphic rocks that are found in the area include: schist, gneiss, amphibolites, quartzite, and marble. The igneous rocks found include:  quartz monzonites, granites, diorites, gabbro, diabase, and andesite.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: deep burial of sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic and igneous Precambrian rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic and igneous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The combination of a deep burial of sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartz monzonites,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rocks.

text: The station, with the brand name 98.9 The Rock, broadcasts an Active Rock/Album Oriented Rock format consisting of Hard rock and Heavy metal acts. They tend to play heavier rock than modern rock/alternative rock sister station KRBZ with such artists as Disturbed, Godsmack, Staind and Shinedown mixed with older rock acts like Black Sabbath, Guns N' Roses, AC/DC, Def Leppard and Van Halen. Metallica is frequently played, including a featured "Mandatory Metallica" at 9:00 p.m. weekdays with three consecutive songs by the band.At 11 p.m. the station plays "The Pit," which is an hour of heavy metal and death metal.  The Rock airs two nationally syndicated shows on Sundays—The House of Hair with Dee Snider at 8 a.m., then the rock news show HardDrive with Lou Brutus at 10 p.m.  The rest of the station's schedule features normal airplay.

text: The station, with the brand name 98.9 The Rock, broadcasts an

text: Active Rock

text: Album Oriented Rock

text: format consisting of

text: Hard rock

text: and

text: Heavy metal

text: acts. They tend to play heavier rock than

text: modern rock

text: alternative rock

text: sister station

text: KRBZ

text: with such artists as

text: Disturbed

text: Godsmack

text: Staind

text: and

text: Shinedown

text: mixed with older rock acts like

text: Black Sabbath

text: Guns N' Roses

text: AC/DC

text: Def Leppard

text: and

text: Van Halen

text: Metallica

text: is frequently played, including a featured "Mandatory Metallica" at 9:00 p.m. weekdays with three consecutive songs by the band.At 11 p.m. the station plays "The Pit," which is an hour of heavy metal and death metal.  The Rock airs two nationally syndicated shows on Sundays—

text: The House of Hair with Dee Snider

text: at 8 a.m., then the rock news show

text: HardDrive with Lou Brutus

text: at 10 p.m.  The rest of the station's schedule features normal airplay.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metallica is frequently played

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: death

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: older rock acts

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 98.9 The Rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Active Rock/Album Oriented Rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: heavier rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock/Album

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: death metal.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 98.9 The Rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: death metal.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 98.9 The Rock,

text: Over time the sediments were buried by more sediments from other areas, until the original Devonian and Mississippian sediments were deeply buried and slowly became solid rock. Then the entire area experienced uplift, which caused the sedimentary rocks to begin to erode. Today, those upper sedimentary rocks have been completely removed, exposing the Devonian and Mississippian rocks. Today’s Catskills are a result of the continued erosion of these rocks, both by streams and, in the recent past, by glaciers.

text: Over time the sediments were buried by more sediments from other areas, until the original Devonian and Mississippian sediments were deeply buried and slowly became solid rock. Then the entire area experienced uplift, which caused the sedimentary rocks to begin to erode. Today, those upper sedimentary rocks have been completely removed, exposing the Devonian and Mississippian rocks. Today’s Catskills are a result of the continued erosion of these rocks, both by streams and, in the recent past, by glaciers.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uplift,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift, which caused the sedimentary rocks to begin to erode.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slowly became solid rock.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: solid rock.

text: This analyzer crystal acts as an angular filter for the radiation coming from the sample. When these X-rays hit the analyzer crystal the condition of Bragg diffraction is satisfied only for a very narrow range of incident angles. When the scattered or refracted X-rays have incident angles outside this range they will not be reflected at all and don´t contribute to the signal. Refracted X-rays within this range will be reflected depending on the incident angle. The dependency of the reflected intensity on the incident angle is called a rocking curve and is an intrinsic property of the imaging system, i.e. it represents the intensity measured at each pixel of the detector when the analyzer crystal is "rocked" (slightly rotated in angle θ) with no object present and thus can be easily measured. The typical angular acceptance is from a few microradians to tens of microradians and is related to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve of the crystal.

text: This analyzer crystal acts as an angular filter for the radiation coming from the sample. When these X-rays hit the analyzer crystal the condition of

text: Bragg diffraction

text: is satisfied only for a very narrow range of incident angles. When the scattered or refracted X-rays have incident angles outside this range they will not be reflected at all and don´t contribute to the signal. Refracted X-rays within this range will be reflected depending on the incident angle. The dependency of the reflected intensity on the incident angle is called a rocking curve and is an intrinsic property of the imaging system, i.e. it represents the intensity measured at each pixel of the detector when the analyzer crystal is "rocked" (slightly rotated in angle θ) with no object present and thus can be easily measured. The typical angular acceptance is from a few microradians to tens of microradians and is related to the

text: full width at half maximum (FWHM)

text: of the rocking curve of the crystal.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: angular acceptance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rocking curve

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diffraction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocking curve

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rocking curve

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rocking curve

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: reflected intensity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The dependency of the reflected intensity on the incident angle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: This analyzer crystal acts as an angular filter

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rocking curve of the crystal.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Bragg diffraction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rocking curve

text: Following the initial invasive attachment and growth, biomass increase and turgor pressure from the expanding hyphae can promote the loosening of rock crystals, which will eventually fall off of the main rock formation. These events occur in a progressive fashion, creating continuous cycles of penetration-decohesion-material loss and eventually leading to the appearance of multiple pits in the rock surface.

text: Following the initial invasive attachment and growth, biomass increase and

text: turgor pressure

text: from the expanding hyphae can promote the loosening of rock crystals, which will eventually fall off of the main rock formation. These events occur in a progressive fashion, creating continuous cycles of penetration-decohesion-material loss and eventually leading to the appearance of multiple pits in the rock surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: material loss

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: material loss

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: decohesion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock formation.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: invasive attachment and growth,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: biomass increase and turgor pressure from the expanding hyphae

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: penetration-decohesion-material loss

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: penetration-decohesion-material loss

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pits

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock crystals,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: penetration-decohesion-material loss

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: penetration-decohesion-material loss

text: The construction applied in the previous section to rock-paper-scissors applies readily to variants of the game with other numbers of gestures, as described in the section Variations, as long as there are two players and the conditions are symmetric between them; more abstractly, it may be applied to any trichotomous binary relation (like "beats" in the game). The resulting magma will be associative if the relation is transitive and hence is a (strict) total order;otherwise, if finite, it contains directed cycles (like rock-paper-scissors-rock) and the magma is non-associative. To see the latter, consider combining all the elements in a cycle in reverse order, i.e. so that each element combined beats the previous one;the result is the last element combined, while associativity and commutativity would mean that the result only depended on the set of elements in the cycle.

text: The construction applied in the previous section to rock-paper-scissors applies readily to variants of the game with other numbers of gestures, as described in the section

text: Variations

text: , as long as there are two players and the conditions are symmetric between them; more abstractly, it may be applied to any

text: trichotomous

text: binary relation (like "beats" in the game). The resulting magma will be associative if the relation is transitive and hence is a (strict)

text: total order

text: ;otherwise, if finite, it contains

text: directed cycle

text: s (like rock-paper-scissors-rock) and the magma is non-associative. To see the latter, consider combining all the elements in a cycle in reverse order, i.e. so that each element combined beats the previous one;the result is the last element combined, while associativity and commutativity would mean that the result only depended on the set of elements in the cycle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: finite

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: non-associative

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock-paper-scissors-rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: associative

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: associative

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: non-associative

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock-paper-scissors-rock)

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock-paper-scissors

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: finite,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: directed cycles

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock-paper-scissors-rock)

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: associativity and commutativity

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: commutativity

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: non-associative.

text: The occurrence of metamorphosed crystalline rock in the Western Carpathians is known from the Tatric, Veporic, Gemeric, and Zemplinic zones. Existing research has clearly demonstrated traces of the Hercynian and Alpine orogeny. Although some authors suggest the possible presence of the older Cadomian or Caledonian metamorphic cycles, existence of the Precambrian metamorphic cycles was not confirmed because of the later metamorphic overprint.

text: The occurrence of metamorphosed crystalline rock in the Western Carpathians is known from the

text: Tatric

text: Veporic

text: Gemeric

text: , and

text: Zemplinic

text: zones. Existing research has clearly demonstrated traces of the

text: Hercynian

text: and

text: Alpine orogeny

text: . Although some authors suggest the possible presence of the older

text: Cadomian

text: or

text: Caledonian

text: metamorphic cycles, existence of the

text: Precambrian

text: metamorphic cycles was not confirmed because of the later metamorphic overprint.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphose

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphosed crystalline rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphosed crystalline rock in the Western Carpathians

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphosed crystalline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphosed crystalline rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphosed crystalline rock

text: In many cases, sedimentation occurs slowly. In a desert, for example, the wind deposits siliciclastic material (sand or silt) in some spots, or catastrophic flooding of a wadi may cause sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material, but in most places eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock that forms is not only dependent on the amount of supplied material, but also on how well the material consolidates. Erosion removes most deposited sediment shortly after deposition.

text: In many cases, sedimentation occurs slowly. In a

text: desert

text: , for example, the wind deposits siliciclastic material (sand or silt) in some spots, or catastrophic flooding of a

text: wadi

text: may cause sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material, but in most places eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock that forms is not only dependent on the amount of supplied material, but also on how well the material consolidates. Erosion removes most deposited sediment shortly after deposition.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The amount of sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: how well the material consolidates.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: how well the material consolidates.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slowly.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The amount of sedimentary rock

text: The constituent rocks of the Vercors were formed by sedimentation about 165 million years ago, in the middle Jurassic period, at the bottom of the Piemont-Liguria Ocean. The deposition of animal material formed limestone, with detritus rocks, formed primarily from the erosion of marl from the Variscan orogeny formed the massif in a period marked by changing climactic conditions and ocean depth. At  Diois and Trièves is a layer of the massif, formed in the Tithonian era. Then, about 130 million years ago, in the Cretaceous era, a rise in temperatures combined with shallow waters led to the development of coral reefs, which abounded with molluscs, particularly rudists. These were the origin of the urgonian limestone which forms the upper part of the massif, more prominently in the northern half. This primitive fauna left numerous fossils, some of which have been found at a site near Rencurel in the coulmes.

text: The constituent rocks of the Vercors were formed by sedimentation about 165 million years ago, in the middle

text: Jurassic

text: period, at the bottom of the

text: Piemont-Liguria Ocean

text: . The deposition of animal material formed limestone, with detritus rocks, formed primarily from the erosion of

text: marl

text: from the

text: Variscan orogeny

text: formed the massif in a period marked by changing climactic conditions and ocean depth. At

text: Diois

text: and

text: Trièves

text: is a layer of the massif, formed in the

text: Tithonian

text: era. Then, about 130 million years ago, in the

text: Cretaceous

text: era, a rise in temperatures combined with shallow waters led to the development of coral reefs, which abounded with

text: molluscs

text: , particularly

text: rudists

text: . These were the origin of the

text: urgonian

text: limestone which forms the upper part of the massif, more prominently in the northern half. This primitive fauna left numerous fossils, some of which have been found at a site near

text: Rencurel

text: in the coulmes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coral reefs

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: limestone, with detritus rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: changing climactic conditions and ocean depth.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: climactic conditions and ocean depth.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: coral reefs,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: a rise in temperatures

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: urgonian limestone

text: The geology of the city consists of two principal types of rocks of an ancient Basement Complex, a result of a process that took place during the late Pre-Cambrian period about 500 million years ago. The most extensive rock formation consists of pyroxene granulite gneiss which covers more than 50% of the city area, from the northwest to the east and extends in two small bands southward in the western part of the city. Syenitic gneiss accounts for about 40% covering the southern, western and north-eastern corner of the city and also in form of scattered small intrusions into the pyroxene granulite gneiss. In their unweathered state, both rock types are impervious hence poor aquifers, but they provide a valuable resource for road and building construction. Blantyre City is on the eastern edge of the southern branch of the Eastern African Rift, and thus some prominent faults occur within and in the vicinity of the city rendering it prone to earthquakes. The main faults and associated zones of deeply fractured bedrock run from the north of the city in a southwesterly direction and are potential aquifers for groundwater.

text: The geology of the city consists of two principal types of rocks of an ancient Basement Complex, a result of a process that took place during the late Pre-Cambrian period about 500 million years ago. The most extensive rock formation consists of pyroxene granulite gneiss which covers more than 50% of the city area, from the northwest to the east and extends in two small bands southward in the western part of the city. Syenitic gneiss accounts for about 40% covering the southern, western and north-eastern corner of the city and also in form of scattered small intrusions into the pyroxene granulite gneiss. In their unweathered state, both rock types are impervious hence poor aquifers, but they provide a valuable resource for road and building construction. Blantyre City is on the eastern edge of the southern branch of the

text: Eastern African Rift

text: , and thus some prominent faults occur within and in the vicinity of the city rendering it prone to earthquakes. The main faults and associated zones of deeply fractured bedrock run from the north of the city in a southwesterly direction and are potential aquifers for groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: impervious

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: late Pre-Cambrian period

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: two principal types of rocks of an ancient Basement Complex,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: two principal types of rocks of an ancient Basement Complex,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pyroxene granulite gneiss

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: impervious

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: late Pre-Cambrian period

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: pyroxene granulite gneiss

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: pyroxene granulite gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractured bedrock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 500 million years ago.

text: Monazite geochronology is generally regarded as a powerful tool to reveal metamorphic history. Metamorphism is the mineral change of textural change in preexisting rocks in response to a change in environment with different temperatures and pressures. It occurs at a temperature above diagenesis (~200 °C) and below melting (>800 °C). The mineral assemblage formed under metamorphism depends on the composition of the parent rock (protolith) and more importantly, the stability of different minerals in varying temperature and pressure (P-T). A set of mineral assemblage that formed under similar temperature and pressure is called metamorphic facies. Actually, most mineral changes during rock burial, uplift, hydrothermal processes and deformation are associated with metamorphic reactions.

text: Monazite geochronology is generally regarded as a powerful tool to reveal metamorphic history.

text: Metamorphism

text: is the mineral change of textural change in preexisting rocks in response to a change in environment with different temperatures and pressures. It occurs at a temperature above

text: diagenesis

text: (~200 °C) and below

text: melting

text: (>800 °C). The mineral assemblage formed under metamorphism depends on the composition of the parent rock (

text: protolith

text: ) and more importantly, the stability of different minerals in varying temperature and pressure (P-T). A set of mineral assemblage that formed under similar temperature and pressure is called

text: metamorphic facies

text: . Actually, most mineral changes during rock burial, uplift, hydrothermal processes and deformation are associated with metamorphic reactions.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the composition of the parent rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stability of different minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hydrothermal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: preexisting rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: stability of different minerals in varying temperature and pressure (P-T).

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: stability of different minerals in varying temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydrothermal processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Monazite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: melting (>800 °C).

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphism

text: In an unprecedented move, Rock Racing announced on 6/3/2008, the creation of the "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund," a charitable entity to raise money for professional and elite amateur cyclists who suffer a catastrophic injury as a result of their participation in the competitive sport of cycling. "Rock Racing will make the initial contribution with a significant donation and will continue the fund's growth through direct monetary contributions as well as a percentage of its own sales. Ten percent of all Rock Racing on-line sales will benefit the fund as will 100 percent of proceeds from special Fund-branded products to be introduced later this year. The goal is to raise $20 million over the next two years."

text: In an unprecedented move, Rock Racing announced on 6/3/2008, the creation of the "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund," a charitable entity to raise money for professional and elite amateur cyclists who suffer a catastrophic injury as a result of their participation in the competitive sport of cycling. "Rock Racing will make the initial contribution with a significant donation and will continue the fund's growth through direct monetary contributions as well as a percentage of its own sales. Ten percent of all Rock Racing on-line sales will benefit the fund as will 100 percent of proceeds from special Fund-branded products to be introduced later this year. The goal is to raise $20 million over the next two years."

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: a catastrophic injury

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: catastrophic injury

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Ten percent of all Rock Racing on-line sales

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: catastrophic injury

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: "Professional Cycling Catastrophic Injury Fund,"

text: For honeycomb weathering to occur, some research indicates that a source of salt is needed because the basic mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface of the rock by saltwater spray or by wind. Moisture must be present to allow for the salt to settle on the rocks so that as the salt solution evaporates the salt begins to crystallize within the pore-spaces of the rock. Permeable rock is also needed so that there are pore-spaces for the salt to crystallize within. These salt crystals pry apart the mineral grains, leaving them vulnerable to other forms of weathering. It takes prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying. However, in some arid and hyper-arid environments (i.e. Southern Jordan), it has been found that the differential weathering that produces tafoni initiation and development may also be linked to freeze-thaw and wetting-drying cycles, in addition to lithologic and micro-climatic variations affecting moisture availability, residency, and source as the primary influence, as compared to salt factors (Paradise 2011).

text: For honeycomb weathering to occur, some research indicates that a source of salt is needed because the basic mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface of the rock by

text: saltwater

text: spray or by

text: wind

text: . Moisture must be present to allow for the salt to settle on the rocks so that as the salt solution evaporates the salt begins to crystallize within the pore-spaces of the rock. Permeable rock is also needed so that there are pore-spaces for the salt to crystallize within. These salt crystals pry apart the mineral grains, leaving them vulnerable to other forms of weathering. It takes prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying. However, in some arid and hyper-arid environments (i.e. Southern Jordan), it has been found that the differential weathering that produces tafoni initiation and development may also be linked to freeze-thaw and wetting-drying cycles, in addition to lithologic and micro-climatic variations affecting moisture availability, residency, and source as the primary influence, as compared to salt factors (Paradise 2011).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: wetting and drying

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallize

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: wetting and drying.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Permeable rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Permeable rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: moisture availability,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: wetting and drying.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Permeable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: salt crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: honeycomb weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as

text: photosynthesis

text: and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as

text: respiration

text: and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: slow carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: slow carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: slow carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: slow carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slow carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: acid dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: slow carbon cycle

text: The term basalt is at times applied to shallow intrusive rocks with a composition typical of basalt, but rocks of this composition with a phaneritic (coarser) groundmass are generally referred to as diabase (also called dolerite) or, when more coarse-grained (crystals over 2 mm across), as gabbro.  Gabbro is often marketed commercially as "black granite."

text: The term basalt is at times applied to shallow

text: intrusive rock

text: s with a composition typical of basalt, but rocks of this composition with a

text: phaneritic

text: (coarser) groundmass are generally referred to as

text: diabase

text: (also called dolerite) or, when more coarse-grained (crystals over 2 mm across), as

text: gabbro

text: .  Gabbro is often marketed commercially as "black granite."

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The term basalt is at times applied to shallow intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: phaneritic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: gabbro.

text: The Tinghir region is wedged between two mountain ranges, stretching over  southwest to northeast Morocco: the High Atlas in the north, with a high peak over , and the Little Atlas in the south. The road from Ouarzazate to Imtghren parallels the mountains.During the Mesozoic the region was invaded by the sea, where thick deposits of sediments rich in marine fossils (particularly of the ammonitida class). The uplift of the Atlas Mountains (primarily during the Neogene) caused the withdrawal of the sea and the deformation of rocks into folds and faults.Wind and river erosion eventually shaped the desert landscape of limestone and clay. The Todgha River has widened these layers of rock, giving rise to canyons  high but in some places only  wide.The river widens, developing an oasis edged with the red ochre of the desert.

text: The Tinghir region is wedged between two mountain ranges, stretching over  southwest to northeast Morocco: the

text: High Atlas

text: in the north, with a high peak over , and the

text: Little Atlas

text: in the south. The road from

text: Ouarzazate

text: to Imtghren parallels the mountains.During the

text: Mesozoic

text: the region was invaded by the sea, where thick deposits of sediments rich in marine fossils (particularly of the

text: ammonitida

text: class). The uplift of the Atlas Mountains (primarily during the

text: Neogene

text: ) caused the withdrawal of the sea and the deformation of rocks into folds and faults.Wind and river erosion eventually shaped the desert landscape of limestone and clay. The Todgha River has widened these layers of rock, giving rise to canyons  high but in some places only  wide.The river widens, developing an oasis edged with the red ochre of the desert.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift of the Atlas Mountains

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks into folds and faults.Wind

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: folds and faults.Wind

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deformation of rocks into folds and faults.Wind

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone and clay.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: deformation of rocks into folds and faults.Wind

text: The rate at which sediment is deposited differs depending on the location. A channel in a tidal flat can see the deposition of a few metres of sediment in one day, while on the deep ocean floor each year only a few millimetres of sediment accumulate. A distinction can be made between normal sedimentation and sedimentation caused by catastrophic processes. The latter category includes all kinds of sudden exceptional processes like mass movements, rock slides or flooding. Catastrophic processes can see the sudden deposition of a large amount of sediment at once. In some sedimentary environments, most of the total column of sedimentary rock was formed by catastrophic processes, even though the environment is usually a quiet place. Other sedimentary environments are dominated by normal, ongoing sedimentation.

text: The rate at which sediment is deposited differs depending on the location. A channel in a tidal flat can see the deposition of a few metres of sediment in one day, while on the deep ocean floor each year only a few millimetres of sediment accumulate. A distinction can be made between normal sedimentation and sedimentation caused by catastrophic processes. The latter category includes all kinds of sudden exceptional processes like

text: mass movements

text: rock slide

text: s or

text: flood

text: ing. Catastrophic processes can see the sudden deposition of a large amount of sediment at once. In some sedimentary environments, most of the total column of sedimentary rock was formed by catastrophic processes, even though the environment is usually a quiet place. Other sedimentary environments are dominated by normal, ongoing sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: normal sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: catastrophic processes.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: catastrophic processes.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: catastrophic processes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ongoing sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mass movements, rock slides or flooding.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: catastrophic processes.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation caused by catastrophic processes.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: catastrophic processes.

text: DC101's rock playlist typically swings toward the hard rock end of the rock spectrum, playing acts like Foo Fighters and Metallica. Early on, though, pop-oriented acts including Elton John, Billy Joel and Rod Stewart often cropped up on-air. During the 1990s, DC101 interspersed more modern and alternative rock acts including Smashing Pumpkins and Stone Temple Pilots into its rotation to compete with its chief rival, WHFS-FM. Originally a mainstream rock station, WWDC changed to their current alternative rock format by 2005 because of WHFS-FM flipping to tropical music as WLZL, but Mediabase & Nielsen BDS had them on the alternative rock panels prior to the WHFS-FM flip. This left the hard rock/active rock playlist for the Washington/Baltimore area to continue on rival WIYY (98 Rock) in Baltimore.

text: DC101's rock

text: playlist

text: typically swings toward the

text: hard rock

text: end of the rock spectrum, playing acts like

text: Foo Fighters

text: and

text: Metallica

text: . Early on, though,

text: pop-oriented

text: acts including

text: Elton John

text: Billy Joel

text: and

text: Rod Stewart

text: often cropped up on-air. During the 1990s, DC101 interspersed more

text: modern

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: acts including

text: Smashing Pumpkins

text: and

text: Stone Temple Pilots

text: into its rotation to compete with its chief rival,

text: WHFS-FM

text: . Originally a

text: mainstream rock

text: station, WWDC changed to their current

text: alternative rock

text: format by

text: because of WHFS-FM flipping to

text: tropical music

text: as

text: WLZL

text: , but

text: Mediabase

text: Nielsen BDS

text: had them on the alternative rock panels prior to the WHFS-FM flip. This left the hard rock/active rock playlist for the Washington/Baltimore area to continue on rival

text: WIYY

text: (98 Rock) in

text: Baltimore

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: WHFS-FM flipping to tropical music

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: flipping

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock spectrum,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: hard rock end of the rock spectrum,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: cropped up on-air.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: WIYY

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: tropical music

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: hard rock end of the rock spectrum,

text: The 1990s also saw the influence of Southern rock touching metal. In 2001, Kid Rock went from a rock/rapper to a southern rocker/country singer. Southern rock currently plays on the radio in the United States, but mostly on oldies stations and classic rock stations.  Additionally, alternative rock groups like Kings of Leon combine Southern rock with garage rock, alt-country, and blues rock. Several of the original early 1970s hard rock Southern rock groups are still performing today, such as Lynyrd Skynyrd, ZZ Top, and Canned Heat.

text: The 1990s also saw the influence of Southern rock touching

text: metal

text: . In 2001,

text: Kid Rock

text: went from a rock/rapper to a southern rocker/country singer. Southern rock currently plays on the radio in the United States, but mostly on oldies stations and classic rock stations.  Additionally,

text: alternative rock

text: groups like

text: Kings of Leon

text: combine Southern rock with

text: garage rock

text: alt-country

text: , and

text: blues rock

text: . Several of the original early 1970s

text: hard rock

text: Southern rock groups are still performing today, such as

text: Lynyrd Skynyrd

text: ZZ Top

text: , and

text: Canned Heat

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Southern rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: garage

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Southern rock with garage rock, alt-country, and blues rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Southern rock currently plays on the radio in the United States,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Southern rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metal.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Southern rock touching metal.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metal.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Southern rock currently plays on the radio in the United States,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metal.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Southern rock currently plays on the radio in the United States,

text: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, grain size is a measure of the sizes of the crystals in the rock. In igneous rock, this is used to determine the rate at which the material cooled: large crystals typically indicate intrusive igneous rock, while small crystals indicate that the rock was extrusive. As metamorphic reactions progress, the grains in metamorphic rocks can often be broken down into smaller grains.

text: In

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks, grain size is a measure of the sizes of the crystals in the rock. In igneous rock, this is used to determine the rate at which the material cooled: large crystals typically indicate

text: intrusive igneous rock

text: , while small crystals indicate that the rock was

text: extrusive

text: . As metamorphic reactions progress, the grains in metamorphic rocks can often be broken down into smaller grains.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: large crystals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grain size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic reactions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous and metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: large crystals typically indicate intrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grain size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic reactions

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: extrusive.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic reactions

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks,

text: Glacial erosion has produced an over-deepened glacial trough on the inner shelf, up to 2,100 m in depth locally, and most of the inner shelf area is characterised by exposed basement rocks as seen on GI-gun seismic profiles.  Glacial marine sedimentation processes in the bay are characterised by siliciclastic sediments dominating over biogenic sediments even in deep, inner shelf troughs.  Water circulation in the Bay involves landward flow at depth, bringing warmer ocean water into contact with the base of the Vanderford Glacier.  This water becomes mixed with fresh meltwater and suspended glacial sediments to form a buoyant plume that rises and flows in a seaward direction under the ice shelf.

text: Glacial erosion has produced an over-deepened glacial trough on the inner shelf, up to 2,100 m in depth locally, and most of the inner shelf area is characterised by exposed basement rocks as seen on GI-gun seismic profiles.  Glacial marine sedimentation processes in the bay are characterised by siliciclastic sediments dominating over biogenic sediments even in deep, inner shelf troughs.  Water circulation in the Bay involves landward flow at depth, bringing warmer ocean water into contact with the base of the Vanderford Glacier.  This water becomes mixed with fresh meltwater and suspended glacial sediments to form a buoyant plume that rises and flows in a seaward direction under the ice shelf.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: siliciclastic sediments dominating over biogenic sediments

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: GI-gun seismic profiles.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: exposed basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: warmer ocean water into contact with the base of the Vanderford Glacier.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: siliciclastic sediments dominating over biogenic sediments

text: Eagle Rock participates in the Austin Bluffs area’s soil type of the "Travessilla-Rock outcrop complex," as mapped at the scale of 1:24,000-ft., (ref. USDA, 1974.) To understand the area’s soil characteristics in more detail, we may consider a field-study lecture on site at the Heller Ranch, where Prof. Thomas P. Huber explained the geomorphological origins of Eagle Rock. The Eagle Rock cliff resulted from several long cycles of mountain-building (termed "orogenies,") followed by erosion. Heat and pressure energies that had thrust up the mountains produced igneous rock, such as the Pikes Peak pink granite, which eventually degraded. Natural forces dispersed and deposited particles of the rock debris. Over time, the sediment collected and consolidated into new sandstone at the Garden of the Gods, producing a geologic layer known as the Dakota Formation. The Dakota sedimented sandstone later came to be inundated by the waters of a shallow inland sea. From some 66 to 70 million years ago and episodically continuing for millions of years, uplift from the Laramide Orogeny exposed the old sandstone seabed, by tilting up to 90-degree angles the steep red megaliths which we now see in the Garden of the Gods (Huber, 1998, pp. 7 and 130.) Portions of the Dakota Formation again cycled into episodes of erosion, allowing a detritus of coarse-grained sedimentary sand to be displaced some three miles (5 km) eastwards, to land at the site which we now know as Austin Bluffs. The feldspar-rich sedimented particles of "arkose" sand consolidated into new sandstone, i.e. the Dawson Formation, which shows Eagle Rock’s characteristic color, ranging from grey to reddish. At Eagle Rock, the sandstone cliff we see today has survived further erosion for a longer time, than the less-resistant background soils could have withstood. Eagle Rock lies exposed to view, as a weather-sculpted geological form (Huber, pp. 6 and 55.)

text: Eagle Rock participates in the Austin Bluffs area’s soil type of the "Travessilla-Rock outcrop complex," as mapped at the scale of 1:24,000-ft., (ref. USDA, 1974.) To understand the area’s soil characteristics in more detail, we may consider a field-study lecture on site at the Heller Ranch, where Prof. Thomas P. Huber explained the geomorphological origins of Eagle Rock. The Eagle Rock cliff resulted from several long cycles of mountain-building (termed "orogenies,") followed by erosion. Heat and pressure energies that had thrust up the mountains produced igneous rock, such as the

text: Pikes Peak

text: pink granite, which eventually degraded. Natural forces dispersed and deposited particles of the rock debris. Over time, the sediment collected and consolidated into new sandstone at the Garden of the Gods, producing a geologic layer known as the

text: Dakota Formation

text: . The Dakota sedimented sandstone later came to be inundated by the waters of a shallow inland sea. From some 66 to 70 million years ago and episodically continuing for millions of years, uplift from the Laramide Orogeny exposed the old sandstone seabed, by tilting up to 90-degree angles the steep red megaliths which we now see in the Garden of the Gods (Huber, 1998, pp. 7 and 130.) Portions of the Dakota Formation again cycled into episodes of erosion, allowing a detritus of coarse-grained sedimentary sand to be displaced some three miles (5 km) eastwards, to land at the site which we now know as Austin Bluffs. The feldspar-rich sedimented particles of "arkose" sand consolidated into new sandstone, i.e. the Dawson Formation, which shows Eagle Rock’s characteristic color, ranging from grey to reddish. At Eagle Rock, the sandstone cliff we see today has survived further erosion for a longer time, than the less-resistant background soils could have withstood. Eagle Rock lies exposed to view, as a weather-sculpted geological form (Huber, pp. 6 and 55.)

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: geologic layer known as the Dakota Formation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mountain-building

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: in the Austin Bluffs

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Heat and pressure energies

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: color,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Eagle Rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion for a longer time,

text: Three types of metamorphism exist: contact, dynamic, and regional. Metamorphism produced with increasing pressure and temperature conditions is known as prograde metamorphism. Conversely, decreasing temperatures and pressure characterize retrograde metamorphism.

text: Three types of metamorphism exist:

text: contact

text: , dynamic, and

text: regional

text: . Metamorphism produced with increasing pressure and temperature conditions is known as prograde metamorphism. Conversely, decreasing temperatures and pressure characterize retrograde metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressure and temperature conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: retrograde metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Three types of metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: increasing pressure and temperature conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: retrograde metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: prograde metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: prograde metamorphism.

text: All rock exposed at the Earth's surface is subjected to physical or chemical weathering and broken down into finer grained sediment. All three types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks) can be the source of detritus.

text: All rock exposed at the Earth's surface is subjected to physical or chemical

text: weathering

text: and broken down into finer grained sediment. All three types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks) can be the source of detritus.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: physical or chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: All rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks)

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: physical or chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: physical or chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: finer grained sediment.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: physical or chemical weathering

text: For the main part seismically generated landslides usually do not differ in their morphology and internal processes from those generated under non-seismic conditions. However, they tend to be more widespread and sudden. The most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides are rock falls and slides of rock fragments that form on steep slopes. However, almost every other type of landslide is possible, including highly disaggregated and fast-moving falls; more coherent and slower-moving slumps, block slides, and earth slides; and lateral spreads and flows that involve partly to completely liquefied material (Keefer, 1999). Rock falls, disrupted rock slides, and disrupted slides of earth and debris are the most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides, whereas earth flows, debris flows, and avalanches of rock, earth, or debris typically transport material the farthest. There is one type of landslide that is essential uniquely limited to earthquakes - liquefaction failure, which can cause fissuring or subsidence of the ground. Liquefaction involves the temporary loss of strength of sands and silts which behave as viscous fluids rather than as soils. This can have devastating effects during large earthquakes.

text: For the main part seismically generated landslides usually do not differ in their morphology and internal processes from those generated under non-seismic conditions. However, they tend to be more widespread and sudden. The most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides are rock falls and slides of rock fragments that form on steep slopes. However, almost every other type of landslide is possible, including highly disaggregated and fast-moving falls; more coherent and slower-moving slumps, block slides, and earth slides; and lateral spreads and flows that involve partly to completely liquefied material (Keefer, 1999). Rock falls, disrupted rock slides, and disrupted slides of earth and debris are the most abundant types of earthquake-induced landslides, whereas

text: earth flow

text: s,

text: debris flow

text: s, and

text: avalanche

text: s of rock, earth, or debris typically transport material the farthest. There is one type of landslide that is essential uniquely limited to earthquakes -

text: liquefaction

text: failure, which can cause fissuring or subsidence of the ground. Liquefaction involves the temporary loss of strength of sands and silts which behave as viscous fluids rather than as soils. This can have devastating effects during large earthquakes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: almost every other type of landslide is possible,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: liquefaction failure,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: steep slopes.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock falls and slides of rock fragments

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: liquefied

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: slower-moving slumps,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: liquefaction failure,

text: There are eight different races of crew in the game. These races can both be acquired by the player, and fought against on an enemy ship. The eight races are: Humans, Engi, Zoltan, Mantis, Rock, Slug, Lanius and Crystal. Each of the races have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Rock race are more resistant to damage and fire, but are slower than other races. In addition to this, each race has its own ship which can be unlocked through gameplay.

text: There are eight different races of crew in the game. These races can both be acquired by the player, and fought against on an enemy ship. The eight races are: Humans, Engi, Zoltan, Mantis, Rock, Slug, Lanius and Crystal. Each of the races have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Rock race are more resistant to damage and fire, but are slower than other races. In addition to this, each race has its own ship which can be unlocked through gameplay.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: different races of crew

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to damage and fire

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock, Slug, Lanius and Crystal.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: resistant to damage and fire, but are slower

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: damage and fire,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystal.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Rock

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fire,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock, Slug, Lanius and Crystal.

text: When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks, the type of rock formed depends on the chemical composition of the magma and how rapidly the magma cools.Magma that reaches the surface to become lava cools rapidly resulting in rocks with small crystals such as basalt. Some of this magma may cool extremely rapidly and will form volcanic glass (rocks without crystals) such as obsidian. Magma that remains trapped below ground in thin intrusions cools slower than magma exposed to the surface and produces rocks with medium-sized crystals.Magma that remains trapped in large quantities below ground cools most slowly resulting in rocks with larger crystals - such as granite and gabbro.

text: When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks, the type of rock formed depends on the chemical composition of the magma and how rapidly the magma cools.Magma that reaches the surface to become lava cools rapidly resulting in rocks with small crystals such as

text: basalt

text: . Some of this magma may cool extremely rapidly and will form

text: volcanic glass

text: (rocks without crystals) such as

text: obsidian

text: . Magma that remains trapped below ground in thin intrusions cools slower than magma exposed to the surface and produces rocks with medium-sized crystals.Magma that remains trapped in large quantities below ground cools most slowly resulting in rocks with larger crystals - such as

text: granite

text: and

text: gabbro

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: When the magma cools it solidifies

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: cools.Magma that reaches the surface to become lava

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical composition of the magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: larger crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocks,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: When the magma cools it solidifies and forms rocks,

text: In the journal Science from September 2013, researchers described a different type of rock called "Jake M" or "Jake Matijevic (rock),” It was the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, and it was different from other known martian igneous rocks as it is alkaline (>15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. Jake M is similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. Jake M discovery may mean that alkaline magmas may be more common on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and trachytes).  On December 9, 2013, NASA researchers described, in a series of six articles in the journal Science, many new discoveries from the Curiosity rover.  Possible organics were found that could not be explained by contamination. Although the organic carbon was probably from Mars, it can all be explained by dust and meteorites that have landed on the planet.  Because much of the carbon was released at a relatively low temperature in Curiosity’s Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument package, it probably did not come from carbonates in the sample.  The carbon could be from organisms, but this has not been proven.  This organic-bearing material was obtained by drilling 5 centimeters deep in a site called Yellowknife Bay into a rock called “Sheepbed mudstone”.  The samples were named John Klein and Cumberland. Microbes could be living on Mars by obtaining energy from chemical imbalances between minerals in a process called chemolithotrophy which means “eating rock.” However, in this process only a very tiny amount of carbon is involved — much less than was found at Yellowknife Bay.

text: In the journal Science from September 2013, researchers described a different type of rock called "

text: Jake M

text: " or "

text: Jake Matijevic (rock)

text: ,” It was the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, and it was different from other known martian igneous rocks as it is alkaline (>15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. Jake M is similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. Jake M discovery may mean that alkaline magmas may be more common on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and

text: trachytes

text: ).  On December 9, 2013, NASA researchers described, in a series of six articles in the journal

text: Science

text: , many new discoveries from the Curiosity rover.  Possible organics were found that could not be explained by contamination. Although the organic carbon was probably from Mars, it can all be explained by dust and meteorites that have landed on the planet.  Because much of the carbon was released at a relatively low temperature in Curiosity’s

text: Sample Analysis at Mars

text: (SAM) instrument package, it probably did not come from carbonates in the sample.  The carbon could be from organisms, but this has not been proven.  This organic-bearing material was obtained by drilling 5 centimeters deep in a site called Yellowknife Bay into a rock called “

text: Sheepbed mudstone

text: ”.  The samples were named

text: John Klein

text: and

text: Cumberland

text: . Microbes could be living on Mars by obtaining energy from chemical imbalances between minerals in a process called

text: chemolithotrophy

text: which means “eating rock.” However, in this process only a very tiny amount of carbon is involved — much less than was found at Yellowknife Bay.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rocks are classified into four major groups?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractionated

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fractionated

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemolithotrophy

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the rock found on Mars?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionated

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: dust and meteorites

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks as it is alkaline

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: alkaline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fractionated.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemolithotrophy

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: alkaline magmas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Microbes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractionated.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: dust and meteorites

text: On December 18, 1993, at Midnight, WNCN signed off for good with Joseph Hadyn's Symphony No. 45 (also known as the "Farewell Symphony") as the station adopted a hard rock format, as they took the call letters WAXQ and the nickname "Q104.3". The first on-air staff was Trent Tyler and Christine Nagy in morning drive; Heidi Hess in middays; Mark Razz in afternoon drive; Candy Martin (Candice Agree) in nights and Lark Logan, overnights. The station's first PD was Bob Elliot, who was replaced by Ron Valeri. The APD/MD for Q 104.3's entire existence as a hard rock station was Vinny Marino. The playlist was split into 5-song blocks that focused on current hard rock favorites, but also mixed in classic rock tunes and cuts from bands not typically thought of as radio friendly (Type O Negative, Anthrax). However, ratings were low, as this format was not ideal during a time in which more people were listening to alternative rock than to heavy metal. Also, during the mid-1990s, other New York City radio stations were playing alternative rock music, as WXRK went from classic rock to alternative rock, and WNEW-FM was trying to go after a younger audience.

text: On December 18, 1993, at Midnight, WNCN signed off for good with Joseph Hadyn's

text: Symphony No. 45

text: (also known as the "Farewell Symphony") as the station adopted a

text: hard rock

text: format, as they took the call letters WAXQ and the nickname "Q104.3". The first on-air staff was Trent Tyler and Christine Nagy in morning drive; Heidi Hess in middays; Mark Razz in afternoon drive; Candy Martin (Candice Agree) in nights and Lark Logan, overnights. The station's first PD was Bob Elliot, who was replaced by Ron Valeri. The APD/MD for Q 104.3's entire existence as a hard rock station was Vinny Marino. The playlist was split into 5-song blocks that focused on current hard rock favorites, but also mixed in classic rock tunes and cuts from bands not typically thought of as radio friendly (

text: Type O Negative

text: Anthrax

text: ). However, ratings were low, as this format was not ideal during a time in which more people were listening to

text: alternative rock

text: than to

text: heavy metal

text: . Also, during the mid-1990s, other New York City radio stations were playing

text: alternative rock

text: music, as

text: WXRK

text: went from classic rock to alternative rock, and

text: WNEW-FM

text: was trying to go after a younger audience.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: classic rock to alternative rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Anthrax

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: classic rock tunes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 5-song blocks that focused on current hard rock favorites,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ratings were low,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: classic rock to alternative rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 5-song blocks that focused on current hard rock favorites,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (Type O Negative, Anthrax).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: WXRK went from classic rock to alternative rock,

text: The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks.  It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition.  One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays.  The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

text: The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks.  It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition.  One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays.  The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: carbonates and clays

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Martian rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: carbonates

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Martian rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 167 different wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: infrared radiation

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: minerals that were formed by the action of water,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Martian rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 167 different wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 167 different wavelengths,

text: The Narrabeen group of sedimentary rocks occurs in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. This series of rocks was formed in the Triassic Period.

text: The Narrabeen group of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s occurs in the

text: Sydney Basin

text: in eastern

text: Australia

text: . This series of rocks was formed in the

text: Triassic

text: Period.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The Narrabeen group of sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Triassic Period.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formed in the Triassic Period.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Triassic Period.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Triassic Period.

text: Although it is widely accepted that the formation of and widespread distribution of tektites requires the intense (superheated) melting of near-surface sediments and rocks at the impact site and the following high-velocity ejection of this material from the impact crater, the exact processes involved remain poorly understood. One possible mechanism for the formation of tektites is by the jetting of highly shocked and superheated melt during the initial contact/compression stage of impact crater formation. Alternatively, various mechanisms involving the dispersal of shock-melted material by an expanding vapor plume, which is created by a hypervelocity impact, have been used to explain the formation of tektites. Any mechanism by which tektites are created must explain chemical data that suggest that parent material from which tektites were created came from near-surface rocks and sediments at an impact site. In addition, the scarcity of known strewn fields relative to the number of identified Impact craters indicate that very special and rarely met circumstances are required in order for tektites to be created by a meteorite impact.

text: Although it is widely accepted that the formation of and widespread distribution of tektites requires the intense (superheated) melting of near-surface sediments and rocks at the impact site and the following high-velocity ejection of this material from the impact crater, the exact processes involved remain poorly understood. One possible mechanism for the formation of tektites is by the jetting of highly shocked and superheated melt during the initial contact/compression stage of impact crater formation. Alternatively, various mechanisms involving the dispersal of shock-melted material by an expanding vapor plume, which is created by a hypervelocity impact, have been used to explain the formation of tektites. Any mechanism by which tektites are created must explain chemical data that suggest that parent material from which tektites were created came from near-surface rocks and sediments at an impact site. In addition, the scarcity of known strewn fields relative to the number of identified Impact craters indicate that very special and rarely met circumstances are required in order for tektites to be created by a meteorite impact.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: surface hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: impact crater formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tektites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: vapor plume

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: near-surface rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: tektites

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tektites

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (superheated) melting of near-surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (superheated) melting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tektites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (superheated) melting

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: vapor plume,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: tektites

text: Whereas the Caledonian folded basement lies a few thousand metres below the surface of the Central European Depression, the Variscan basement or Variscides (German: Varistikum) outcrops in the Central European Blocks area, occurring extensively in several large highland areas and also sparsely in some lowland areas in the form of basement uplifts. A distinction is made here between rock complexes, commonly referred to as "slate belts" (German: Schiefergebirge) made of unmetamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed rocks (slate, chert, sandstone, limestone, altered basalt, phyllite and  quartzite) which are intruded only to a small extent by granitoids, and rock complexes commonly referred to as crystalline, comprising weakly to highly metamorphosed rocks (phyllite, quartzite, marble, amphibolite, serpentinite, schist, gneiss, granulite and eclogite) which are extensively intruded by granitoids. The slate belt rock units were folded at a shallow depth at relatively low temperatures, whereas the metamorphic crystalline areas sank much deeper during the Variscan Orogeny, and were subjected to high pressures and, in some places, very high temperatures which caused partial melting of the rocks. The geochemical signature of the Variscan granitoids suggests that their magma was produced by the partial melting of deeply-buried sedimentary rocks. Outcropping slate belts are found mainly in the Rhenish Massif, the Harz and the Thuringian-Franconian-Vogtland Slate Mountains. Outcropping crystalline areas are found mainly in the Black Forest, the western Odenwald, Vorspessart, the Ore Mountains, the Fichtel Mountains, the Palatinate Forest and the Bavarian Forest.

text: Whereas the Caledonian folded basement lies a few thousand metres below the surface of the Central European Depression, the Variscan basement or Variscides (German: Varistikum) outcrops in the Central European Blocks area, occurring extensively in several large highland areas and also sparsely in some lowland areas in the form of basement uplifts. A distinction is made here between rock complexes, commonly referred to as "slate belts" (German: Schiefergebirge) made of unmetamorphosed or weakly metamorphosed rocks (

text: slate

text: chert

text: sandstone

text: limestone

text: , altered

text: basalt

text: phyllite

text: and

text: quartzite

text: ) which are intruded only to a small extent by granitoids, and rock complexes commonly referred to as

text: crystalline

text: , comprising weakly to highly metamorphosed rocks (phyllite, quartzite,

text: marble

text: amphibolite

text: serpentinite

text: schist

text: gneiss

text: granulite

text: and

text: eclogite

text: ) which are extensively intruded by granitoids. The slate belt rock units were folded at a shallow depth at relatively low temperatures, whereas the metamorphic crystalline areas sank much deeper during the Variscan Orogeny, and were subjected to high pressures and, in some places, very high temperatures which caused

text: partial melting

text: of the rocks. The

text: geochemical

text: signature of the Variscan granitoids suggests that their magma was produced by the partial melting of deeply-buried sedimentary rocks. Outcropping slate belts are found mainly in the Rhenish Massif, the Harz and the Thuringian-Franconian-Vogtland Slate Mountains. Outcropping crystalline areas are found mainly in the Black Forest, the western Odenwald,

text: Vorspessart

text: , the Ore Mountains, the Fichtel Mountains, the Palatinate Forest and the Bavarian Forest.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: partial melting of deeply-buried sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Variscan Orogeny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosed

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: eclogite)

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intruded by granitoids.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: partial melting of deeply-buried sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geochemical signature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: partial melting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: eclogite)

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: melting

text: More than 90% of Sri Lanka's surface lies on Precambrian strata, some of it dating back 2 billion years. The granulite facies rocks of the Highland Series (gneisses, sillimanite-graphite gneisses, quartzite, marbles, and some charnokites) make up most of the island and the amphibolite facies gneisses, granites, and granitic gneisses of the Vinjayan Series occur in the eastern and southeastern lowlands. Jurassic sediments are present today in very small areas near the western coast and Miocene limestones underlie the northwestern part of the country and extend south in a relatively narrow belt along the west coast. The metamorphic rock surface was created by the transformation of ancient sediments under intense heat and pressure during mountain-building processes. The theory of plate tectonics suggests that these rocks and related rocks forming most of south India were part of a single southern landmass called Gondwanaland. Beginning about 200 million years ago, forces within the Earth's mantle began to separate the lands of the Southern Hemisphere, and a crustal plate supporting both India and Sri Lanka moved toward the northeast. About 45 million years ago, the Indian plate collided with the Asian landmass, raising the Himalayas in northern India, and continuing to advance slowly to the present time. Sri Lanka does not experience earthquakes or major volcanic events because it rides on the center of the plate.

text: More than 90% of Sri Lanka's surface lies on

text: Precambrian

text: strata

text: , some of it dating back 2 billion years. The granulite facies rocks of the Highland Series (gneisses, sillimanite-graphite gneisses, quartzite, marbles, and some charnokites) make up most of the island and the amphibolite facies gneisses, granites, and granitic gneisses of the Vinjayan Series occur in the eastern and southeastern lowlands. Jurassic sediments are present today in very small areas near the western coast and Miocene limestones underlie the northwestern part of the country and extend south in a relatively narrow belt along the west coast. The

text: metamorphic rock

text: surface was created by the transformation of ancient sediments under intense heat and pressure during mountain-building processes. The theory of

text: plate tectonics

text: suggests that these rocks and related rocks forming most of south India were part of a single southern landmass called

text: Gondwanaland

text: . Beginning about 200 million years ago, forces within the Earth's mantle began to separate the lands of the Southern Hemisphere, and a crustal plate supporting both India and Sri Lanka moved toward the northeast. About 45 million years ago, the Indian plate collided with the Asian landmass, raising the

text: Himalayas

text: in northern India, and continuing to advance slowly to the present time. Sri Lanka does not experience earthquakes or major volcanic events because it rides on the center of the plate.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mountain-building processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: transformation of ancient sediments under intense heat and pressure during mountain-building processes.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: intense heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic rock surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mountain-building

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 2 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: transformation of ancient sediments under intense heat and pressure during mountain-building processes.

text: The primary conditions for soil development are controlled by the chemical composition of the rock that the soil will eventually be forming on. Rock types that form the base of the soil profile are often either sedimentary (carbonate or siliceous), igneous or metaigneous (metamorphosed igneous rocks) or volcanic and metavolcanic rocks. The rock type and the processes that lead to its exposure at the surface are controlled by the regional geologic setting of the specific area under study, which revolve around the underlying theory of plate tectonics, subsequent deformation, uplift, subsidence and deposition.

text: The primary conditions for soil development are controlled by the chemical composition of the rock that the soil will eventually be forming on. Rock types that form the base of the soil profile are often either

text: sedimentary

text: (carbonate or siliceous),

text: igneous

text: or metaigneous (metamorphosed igneous rocks) or

text: volcanic

text: and metavolcanic rocks. The rock type and the processes that lead to its exposure at the surface are controlled by the regional geologic setting of the specific area under study, which revolve around the underlying theory of

text: plate tectonics

text: , subsequent

text: deformation

text: uplift

text: subsidence

text: and

text: deposition

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: regional geologic setting

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: plate tectonics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: deposition.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic and metavolcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous or metaigneous

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: deformation, uplift, subsidence and deposition.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: volcanic and metavolcanic rocks.

text: Magma compositions may evolve after formation by fractional crystallization, contamination, and magma mixing. By definition rock formed of solidified magma is called igneous rock.

text: Magma compositions may evolve after formation by

text: fractional crystallization

text: , contamination, and magma mixing. By definition rock formed of solidified magma is called

text: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidified

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma mixing

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: solidified magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization, contamination, and magma mixing.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rock.

text: This process operates regardless of the origin of the parental magma to the granite, and regardless of its chemistry. However, the composition and origin of the magma that differentiates into granite leaves certain geochemical and mineral evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final mineralogy, texture and chemical composition of a granite is often distinctive as to its origin. For instance, a granite that is formed from melted sediments may have more alkali feldspar, whereas a granite derived from melted basalt may be richer in plagioclase feldspar. It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based. Granite has a slow cooling process which forms larger crystals.

text: This process operates regardless of the origin of the parental magma to the granite, and regardless of its chemistry. However, the composition and origin of the magma that differentiates into granite leaves certain geochemical and mineral evidence as to what the granite's parental rock was. The final mineralogy, texture and chemical composition of a granite is often distinctive as to its origin. For instance, a granite that is formed from melted sediments may have more alkali

text: feldspar

text: , whereas a granite derived from melted

text: basalt

text: may be richer in

text: plagioclase

text: feldspar

text: . It is on this basis that the modern "alphabet" classification schemes are based. Granite has a slow cooling process which forms larger crystals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the composition and origin

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: larger crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: a slow cooling process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: regardless of the origin of the parental magma

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Granite has a slow cooling process which forms larger crystals.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the composition and origin of the magma that differentiates into granite

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: larger crystals.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: slow cooling process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: larger crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: regardless of the origin of the parental magma

text: Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock with differentiated strata representing a succession of deposited material. The occurrence of fossil bearing material depends on environmental factors before and after the time of preservation. After death, the first preserving factor is a rapid burial in water bodies or terrestrial sediment which would help in preserving the specimen. These rocks types are usually termed clastic rock, and are further subdivided into fine, medium and coarse grained material. While fossils can be found in all grain types, more detailed specimens are found in the fine grained material. A second type of burial is the non-clastic rock, form where the rock is made up of the precipitation of compacted fossil material, types of rock include limestone and coal. The third fossil bearing material is the evaporates, which precipitate out of concentrated dissolved salts to form nodular deposits, examples include rock salt and phosphate concentrations. The evaporates are usually associated with gastropod, algae, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Fossils are not to be found in areas of igneous rock (except in some beds between lava flows). In rocks which have undergone metamorphism, fossils are generally so distorted that they are difficult to recognize or have been destroyed completely.

text: Fossils are generally found in

text: sedimentary rock

text: with differentiated strata representing a succession of deposited material. The occurrence of fossil bearing material depends on environmental factors before and after the time of preservation. After death, the first preserving factor is a rapid burial in water bodies or

text: terrestrial

text: sediment which would help in preserving the specimen. These rocks types are usually termed

text: clastic rock

text: , and are further subdivided into fine, medium and coarse grained material. While fossils can be found in all grain types, more detailed specimens are found in the fine grained material. A second type of burial is the non-clastic rock, form where the rock is made up of the precipitation of compacted fossil material, types of rock include

text: limestone

text: and

text: coal

text: . The third fossil bearing material is the

text: evaporates

text: , which precipitate out of concentrated dissolved salts to form

text: nodular deposit

text: s, examples include

text: rock salt

text: and

text: phosphate

text: concentrations. The evaporates are usually associated with

text: gastropod

text: algae

text: vertebrate

text: , and

text: trace fossil

text: s. Fossils are not to be found in areas of

text: igneous rock

text: (except in some beds between lava flows). In rocks which have undergone

text: metamorphism

text: , fossils are generally so distorted that they are difficult to recognize or have been destroyed completely.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: clastic rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lava flows).

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: occurrence of fossil bearing material

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: evaporates, which precipitate out of concentrated dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitate out of concentrated dissolved salts to form nodular deposits,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism,

text: Explosives are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of ore in a process called blasting.  Blasting utilizes the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining are high explosives which vary in composition and performance properties.  The mining engineer is responsible for the selection and proper placement of these explosives, in order to maximize efficiency and safety.  Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as development of infrastructure as well as production of the ore.

text: Explosive

text: s are used to break up a rock formation and aid in the collection of

text: ore

text: in a process called

text: blasting

text: .  Blasting utilizes the heat and immense pressure of the detonated explosives to shatter and fracture a rock mass. The type of explosives used in mining are

text: high explosives

text: which vary in composition and performance properties.  The mining engineer is responsible for the selection and proper placement of these explosives, in order to maximize efficiency and safety.  Blasting occurs in many phases of the mining process, such as development of infrastructure as well as production of the ore.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: blasting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock formation

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: blasting.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: composition and performance properties.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: performance properties.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: blasting.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shatter

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: blasting.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: blasting.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: blasting.

text: Crystallization is also affected by water content, because a high percentage of water inhibits crystallization, as does a high dextrin content. Temperature also affects the rate of crystallization, with the fastest growth occurring between . Crystal nuclei (seeds) tend to form more readily if the honey is disturbed, by stirring, shaking, or agitating, rather than if left at rest. However, the nucleation of microscopic seed-crystals is greatest between . Therefore, larger but fewer crystals tend to form at higher temperatures, while smaller but more-numerous crystals usually form at lower temperatures. Below 5 °C, the honey will not crystallize, thus the original texture and flavor can be preserved indefinitely.

text: Crystallization is also affected by water content, because a high percentage of water inhibits crystallization, as does a high

text: dextrin

text: content. Temperature also affects the rate of crystallization, with the fastest growth occurring between . Crystal nuclei (seeds) tend to form more readily if the honey is disturbed, by stirring, shaking, or agitating, rather than if left at rest. However, the

text: nucleation

text: of microscopic seed-crystals is greatest between . Therefore, larger but fewer crystals tend to form at higher temperatures, while smaller but more-numerous crystals usually form at lower temperatures. Below 5 °C, the honey will not crystallize, thus the original texture and flavor can be preserved indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water content

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: original texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Crystallization is also affected by water content,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystallization is also affected by water content,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water content,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: original texture and flavor can be preserved indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: more-numerous crystals usually form at lower temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Crystallization is also affected by water content,

text: -Rock Types: Conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, and slate. Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

text: -Rock Types: Conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, and slate. Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: slate

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: tuffaceous sandstone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: -Rock Types:

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: -Rock Types:

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: slate.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Greenschist-facies metamorphism.

text: Crystallization will occur to allow the solution to reach a lower energy state.(Keep in mind that this process can be exothermic or endothermic). The activation energy comes in the form of a nuclei crystal being added to the liquid solution (or a condensation nuclei when the solution is gaseous). This nuclei can be either added from another source, which is known as seeding, or can spontaneously form within the solution due partly to ion and molecule interactions. This process is known as primary nucleation. It is necessary for the nuclei to be identical to the solute that is crystallizing. This will allow for the dissolved ions to build up on the nuclei and then each other in the process of crystal growth or secondary nucleation. There are a multitude of factors that will affect the rate and order of magnitude with which crystallization proceeds as well as the difference in formation of crystallites and Single crystals.

text: Crystallization

text: will occur to allow the solution to reach a lower energy state.(Keep in mind that this process can be

text: exothermic

text: or

text: endothermic

text: ). The

text: activation energy

text: comes in the form of a nuclei crystal being added to the liquid solution (or a

text: condensation nuclei

text: when the solution is gaseous). This nuclei can be either added from another source, which is known as seeding, or can spontaneously form within the solution due partly to ion and molecule interactions. This process is known as primary nucleation. It is necessary for the nuclei to be identical to the solute that is crystallizing. This will allow for the dissolved

text: ions

text: to build up on the nuclei and then each other in the process of crystal growth or secondary nucleation. There are a multitude of factors that will affect the rate and order of magnitude with which crystallization proceeds as well as the difference in formation of

text: crystallites

text: and

text: Single crystals

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the rate and order of magnitude with which crystallization proceeds

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: formation of crystallites

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal growth

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallites

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: exothermic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystallites and Single crystals.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystallites and Single crystals.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: difference in formation of crystallites and Single crystals.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystal growth

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallites and Single crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: a nuclei crystal being added to the liquid solution

text: The beginning of the 1990s featured the prominent alternative rock acts: Dža ili Bu, Darkwood Dub, Presing, Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša, and Block Out from Belgrade, Obojeni Program from Novi Sad and Bjesovi from Gornji Milanovac. Dža ili Bu, formed in 1987, featuring a combination hard rock and punk rock, with their 1992 album Hej mornari presented the political situation in the country with their ironical lyrical style. Darkwood Dub, formed in 1988, performed a combination of electronic music and rock. Presing, formed in 1990, combined post rock, soul, free jazz and krautrock. Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša, formed in 1991, performed a combination of rock, jazz and reggae. Block Out, formed in 1991, initially inspired by various diverse bands and grunge/hard rock-oriented, after the release of Crno, belo i srebrno (1994) started to move towards a darker, heavier atmosphere and sound under Nikola Vranjković's songwriting, combining elements of doom metal, psychedelic rock, hard rock and punk rock with social-related lyrics. Obojeni Program, although formed in 1980, released their debut album Najvažnije je biti zdrav in 1990. Bjesovi, formed in 1989, combining grunge, hard rock, psychedelic rock and doom metal, released their debut U osvit zadnjeg dana in 1991, but achieved success with the release of their second, self-titled album, released in 1992.

text: The beginning of the 1990s featured the prominent alternative rock acts:

text: Dža ili Bu

text: Darkwood Dub

text: Presing

text: Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša

text: , and

text: Block Out

text: from

text: Belgrade

text: Obojeni Program

text: from

text: Novi Sad

text: and

text: Bjesovi

text: from

text: Gornji Milanovac

text: . Dža ili Bu, formed in 1987, featuring a combination

text: hard rock

text: and

text: punk rock

text: , with their 1992 album Hej mornari presented the political situation in the country with their ironical lyrical style. Darkwood Dub, formed in 1988, performed a combination of

text: electronic music

text: and rock.

text: Presing

text: , formed in 1990, combined

text: post rock

text: soul

text: free jazz

text: and

text: krautrock

text: Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša

text: , formed in 1991, performed a combination of rock, jazz and

text: reggae

text: . Block Out, formed in 1991, initially inspired by various diverse bands and

text: grunge

text: hard rock

text: -oriented, after the release of

text: Crno, belo i srebrno

text: (1994) started to move towards a darker, heavier atmosphere and sound under

text: Nikola Vranjković

text: 's songwriting, combining elements of

text: doom metal

text: psychedelic rock

text: , hard rock and punk rock with social-related lyrics. Obojeni Program, although formed in 1980, released their debut album

text: Najvažnije je biti zdrav

text: in 1990. Bjesovi, formed in 1989, combining grunge, hard rock, psychedelic rock and doom metal, released their debut

text: U osvit zadnjeg dana

text: in 1991, but achieved success with the release of their second,

text: self-titled album

text: , released in 1992.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: combining elements of doom metal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: doom metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: post rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: combining elements

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: post rock, soul, free jazz and krautrock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: social-related lyrics.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: darker, heavier

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: songwriting,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: doom metal,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Bjesovi,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: krautrock.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Bjesovi,

text: Though mainly a teen-pop band, Puerto Rican band Menudo at times also dabbled into Rock en Espanol during this decade; examples of their rock music work include their albums "Quiero Ser" (alternatively named "Rock Chiquillo" in some markets), "A Todo Rock" and "Hijos del Rock" as well as songs such as "Quiero Rock", "Rock en la TV", "Mi Banda Toca Rock", "Sube a mi Motora" and "Jovenes". Similarly, Los Chicos de Puerto Rico a band that was similar to Menudo, had a song named "Rock Solido" which was released during 1983.

text: Though mainly a teen-pop band, Puerto Rican band

text: Menudo

text: at times also dabbled into Rock en Espanol during this decade; examples of their rock music work include their albums "Quiero Ser" (alternatively named "Rock Chiquillo" in some markets), "A Todo Rock" and "Hijos del Rock" as well as songs such as "Quiero Rock", "Rock en la TV", "Mi Banda Toca Rock", "

text: Sube a mi Motora

text: " and "Jovenes". Similarly,

text: Los Chicos de Puerto Rico

text: a band that was similar to Menudo, had a song named "Rock Solido" which was released during 1983.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock Solido

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Chiquillo

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Rock Solido

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 1983.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Rock en Espanol

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Motora"

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: "Hijos del Rock"

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: "Rock Chiquillo"

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 1983.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: "Rock Solido"

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 1983.

text: |-| Apartment 26 ||No|| Also classed as nu metal and industrial metal.|-| A Perfect Circle || Yes || Also classified as alternative rock, progressive rock, art rock, industrial rock, post-grunge, ambient, nu metal, and gothic rock.|-| Apocalyptica ||Yes|| Also classed as symphonic metal.|-| At the Drive-In ||Yes|| Also classed as post-hardcore.|-| Audioslave ||No|| Also classed as hard rock, funk rock, and alternative rock.|-| Avenged Sevenfold ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal, metalcore (early) and hard rock.|-| Babymetal ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal, death metal, speed metal and j-pop.|-| Bad Brains ||Yes|| 1986 album I Against I recognized as one of the first alternative metal albums. Also classed as hardcore punk and reggae rock.|-| Baroness ||Yes|| Also classed as sludge metal, progressive metal and post-rock. |-| The Big F ||No|| Also classed as hard rock and heavy metal.|-| Biohazard || Yes || Also classed as crossover thrash, metalcore, hardcore punk and rapcore.|-| Black Veil Brides ||Yes|| Also classed glam metal, hard rock, shock rock, heavy metal, melodic metalcore (early) and post-hardcore (early).|-| Breaking Benjamin ||Yes|| Also classified as alternative rock and occasionally post-grunge.|-| Bring Me the Horizon ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, heavy metal, metalcore and thrash metal.|-| Bullet for My Valentine ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, heavy metal, metalcore and thrash metal.|-| Butthole Surfers ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, neo-psychedelia, experimental rock and hardcore punk.|-| Cave In ||Yes|| Also classed as space rock, alternative rock, progressive metal, metalcore, and post-hardcore. |-| Chevelle ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, hard rock, post-grunge.|-| CKY ||On hiatus|| Also classed as alternative rock, experimental rock, and alternative metal.|-| Clutch ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, stoner rock, blues rock, jam, post-hardcore (early), funk metal and hardcore punk (early).|-| Coal Chamber ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, industrial metal and gothic metal.|-| Cold ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge, hard rock and alternative rock.|-| The Cooters  ||Yes || Also classed as Punk Rock, Punk Metal, and Rock and Roll.|-| Corrosion of Conformity || Yes || Also classed as crossover thrash (early), garage punk and sludge metal|-| Cyclone Temple ||No|| Also classed as thrash metal and progressive metal.|-| Days of the New ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock and post-grunge.|-| Decyfer Down || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock and post-grunge.|-| Defrage || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock and post-grunge.|-| Deftones || Yes || Also classed as nu metal, experimental rock, post-metal, post-hardcore, and art rock.|-| Demon Hunter ||Yes|| Also classified as metalcore, nu metal, groove metal, and Christian metal|-| Disturbed || Yes || Also classified as nu metal (early), hard rock, and heavy metal.|-| Dog Fashion Disco ||Yes|| Also classed as experimental metal.|-| Drowning Pool ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, heavy metal, hard rock and post-grunge.|-| Earshot ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock and post-grunge.|-| Echobrain ||No|| Only classed as alternative metal.|-| Enter Shikari ||Yes|| Also classed as metalcore, electronicore and post-hardcore.|-| Evanescence || Yes || Also classed as gothic rock,|nu metal, and hard rock|-| Evans Blue || Yes || Also classed as post-grunge|-| Fair to Midland ||Yes|| Also classed as progressive rock.|-| Faith No More || Yes || Recognized as one of the earliest alternative metal bands. Also classed as funk metal, experimental metal and alternative rock.|-| Fear Factory || Yes || Recognized as one of the first heavy metal bands to fuse metal with industrial and electronic stylings. Also classed as death metal and industrial metal.|-| Fightstar ||Yes|| Also classed as post-hardcore, alternative rock and symphonic rock|-| Finger Eleven ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, post-grunge, hard rock and funk metal.|-| Filter ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial rock, industrial metal and post-grunge.|-| Five Finger Death Punch ||Yes|| Also classed as groove metal.|-| Flyleaf ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock and post-grunge.|-| Fuel ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock and post-grunge.|-| Full Scale ||No|| Also classed as post-grunge|-| Fu Manchu ||Yes|| Also classed as stoner rock, punk rock and alternative rock|-| Funeral for a Friend ||Yes|| Also classed as emo, post-hardcore, screamo and melodic hardcore.|-| Glassjaw ||Yes|| Also classed as post-hardcore, hardcore punk, progressive rock and experimental rock|-| Godflesh ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial metal and post metal.|-| Godsmack ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, heavy metal, post-grunge, nu metal, and industrial metal.|-| Green Jellÿ || Yes || Also classed as comedy rock|-| Grinspoon ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge, alternative rock and nu metal|-| Guano Apes || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock, nu metal, rapcore, rap rock, post-grunge, pop rock, pop punk, punk revival and hard rock|-| Hayko Cepkin || Yes || Also classified as alternative metal, heavy metal and industrial rock.|-| Halestorm ||Yes|| Also classed hard rock and alternative rock.|-| Helmet|| Yes || Also classed as post-hardcore, noise rock, alternative rock, groove metal, post-metal and experimental metal.|-| HIM|| Yes || Also classed as gothic metal, gothic rock, alternative rock.|-| Hollywood Undead ||Yes|| Also classed rap rock, alternative rock, nu metal, rap metal and hip hop.|-| Hum || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock, post-hardcore, shoegaze, and space rock|-| Incubus ||Yes|| Also classed as funk metal (early), nu metal (early), rap metal (early), alternative rock (later) and art rock (later).|-| Icon For Hire ||Yes|| Also classed as pop punk, electronic rock, and alternative rock|-| In Flames || Yes || Also classed as melodic death metal|-| In This Moment ||Yes|| Also classed as metalcore.|-| Into Another ||Yes|| Also classed as post-hardcore, grunge, and alternative rock|-| Jane's Addiction || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock and progressive rock.|-| Jerry Cantrell ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, heavy metal, grunge and post-grunge.|-| Jesters of Destiny ||No|| Also classed as heavy metal, hard rock and psychedelic rock.|-| The Jesus Lizard || No || Also classed as noise-rock|-| Karnivool || Yes || Also classified as progressive metal, progressive rock, alternative rock and nu metal (early)|-| Kittie ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, extreme metal, heavy metal, screamo, punk, thrash metal, hard rock, alt-punk and death metal.|-| KMFDM  ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial rock, industrial metal, electro-industrial and nu metal (2002-2004).|-| Korn || Yes || Considered the first nu metal group. Also classed as industrial metal, rap metal, funk metal, groove metal and dark metal.|-| Kylesa ||On hiatus|| Also classed as sludge metal, stoner metal, experimental metal and hardcore punk |-| Kyuss ||No|| Also considered the first stoner rock band.|-| L7 ||No|| Also classed as grunge, punk rock and riot grrrl.|-| Lacuna Coil ||Yes|| Also classed as gothic metal and dark metal.|-| Life of Agony ||No|| Also classed as heavy metal, crossover thrash, hard rock, and alternative rock|-| Leprous ||Yes|| Also classed as progressive metal|-| Limp Bizkit || Yes || Also classed as nu metal and rap metal.|-| Linkin Park ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, alternative rock, rap rock, electronic rock and rap metal.|-| Living Colour || Yes || Also classed as funk metal, heavy metal and hard rock.|-| Lostprophets ||No|| Also classed as alternative rock, post-hardcore and nu metal.|-| Lou Reed and Metallica ||No|| Also classed as art rock, experimental metal, experimental rock and spoken word.|-| The Lounge Kittens||Yes|| Also classed as lounge music, rock music, parody music, and comedy rock.|-| Machine Head ||Yes|| Also classed as groove metal, thrash metal, rap metal and nu metal.|-| Marilyn Manson || Yes || Also classed as industrial metal, industrial rock, glam rock, heavy metal, shock rock and alternative rock.|-| Mastodon ||Yes|| Also classed as sludge metal, progressive metal, groove metal, stoner metal, heavy metal and hard rock.|- | Melvins || Yes || Also classed as various other genres, including grunge, sludge metal and doom metal|-| Metallica ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal, thrash metal, hard rock and speed metal|-|-| Mind Funk ||No|| Also classed as funk metal, grunge and stoner rock.|-| Mind Over Four ||No|| Also classed as progressive metal.|-| Ministry || Yes || Also classed as synthpop (early), industrial metal and thrash metal.|-| Monster Magnet || Yes || Also classed as psychedelic rock, stoner metal and heavy metal.|-| Mother Love Bone ||No|| Also classed as grunge, glam metal, hard rock and heavy metal.|-| Mötley Crüe ||No|| Also classed as heavy metal, hard rock and glam metal|-| Mr. Bungle ||No|| Also classed as various other genres, including avant-garde and funk metal|-| Mt. Helium ||No|| Also classed as progressive metal, post-grunge and nu metal. Formerly known as The Apex Theory.|-| Mudvayne ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as heavy metal, nu metal, progressive metal, math metal and groove metal.|-| Mushroomhead || Yes || Also classed as shock rock, industrial metal, experimental metal and electro-industrial.|-| Nebula ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as stoner rock, heavy metal and psychedelic rock.|-| Nickelback || Yes || Also classified as heavy metal, alternative rock, post-grunge, pop rock, nu metal and country rock.|-| Nine Inch Nails || Yes || Also classed as industrial rock, industrial metal, dark ambient, gothic rock and alternative rock.|-| Nonpoint ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, hard rock, rap metal and groove metal.|-| Nothingface ||No|| Only classed as alternative metal.|-| Norma Jean ||Yes|| Also classed as metalcore, sludge metal and post-metal.|-| Orangutang ||No|| Also classed as pop rock, and alternative rock.|-| Orgy ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial rock, industrial metal, nu metal, electronic rock and electropunk.|-| Otep || Yes || Also classed as nu metal and death metal.|-| Papa Roach ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, alternative rock, hard rock, rap metal, and glam metal.|-| P.O.D. || Yes || Also classed as nu metal, rap metal, Christian metal, reggae and post-hardcore.|-| Pantera || No || Also classed as heavy metal, groove metal, thrash metal and glam metal (early).|-| Paw ||No|| Also classed as grunge and alternative rock.|-| Pearl Jam ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, grunge, rock and hard rock.|-| Porcupine Tree ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as progressive rock, progressive metal, alternative rock, psychedelic rock, and experimental rock. |-| Powerman 5000 ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial metal, rap metal, nu metal, thrash metal, funk metal, electronic rock, alternative rock, and punk rock.|-| Primus || Yes || Also classed as funk metal, alternative rock, experimental rock, funk rock, progressive rock, progressive metal, jam and nu metal (Antipop period).|-| Prong || Yes || Also classed as industrial metal, thrash metal, groove metal and hardcore punk.|-| Puddle of Mudd ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge, hard rock, alternative rock, grunge, and nu metal.|-| Quicksand || Yes || Also classed as post-hardcore |-| Queens of the Stone Age || Yes || Also classified as alternative rock, hard rock, stoner rock and heavy metal.|-| Queensrÿche ||Yes|| Also classed as progressive metal, hard rock, heavy metal, power metal and glam metal.|-| Rage Against the Machine || Yes || Also classed as rap metal and funk metal|-| Rammstein ||Yes|| Also classed as industrial metal and Neue Deutsche Härte.|-| Red ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, hard rock, christian rock, heavy metal and post-grunge.|-| Red Hot Chili Peppers ||Yes|| Also classed as funk rock, alternative rock, funk metal and rap rock.|-| Reuben ||No|| Also classed as alternative rock, hard rock, and post-hardcore.|-| Rob Zombie ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal, industrial metal, groove metal, industrial rock and nu metal.|-| Rollins Band ||No|| Also classed as hard rock, post-hardcore, funk metal and jazz fusion.|-| Roses Are Red ||No|| Also classed as emo and alternative rock.|-| Scum of the Earth ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal.|-|Seether ||Yes|| Also classed as post-grunge.|-| Sepultura || Yes || Also classed as groove metal, death metal, thrash metal, black metal dark metal and world music (later period).|-| Serj Tankian ||Yes|| Also classed as progressive rock, experimental rock, art rock and classical.|-| Sevendust ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal and heavy metal.|-| Shinedown || Yes || Also classified as post-grunge and hard rock. |-| Sick Puppies ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, hard rock and post-grunge.|-| Slipknot || Yes || Also classed as heavy metal, nu metal, death metal and groove metal.|-| Skillet ||Yes|| Also classed as Christian rock, Christian metal, post-grunge, alternative rock, hard rock, and nu metal.|-| The Smashing Pumpkins ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, gothic rock, psychedelic rock, dream pop, grunge, progressive metal, progressive rock and shoegazing. |-| Snot ||Yes|| Also classed as hardcore punk, funk metal and nu metal.|-| SOiL ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, hard rock, heavy metal, groove metal and post-grunge.|-| Soundgarden || Yes || Also classed as grunge, heavy metal, alternative rock, psychedelic, blues and garage punk|-| Sum 41 || Yes || Also classed as punk rock, pop-punk, and alternative rock|-| Stabbing Westward ||No|| Also classed as industrial rock and alternative rock.|-| Staind || Yes || Also classified as nu metal, alternative rock, and post-grunge|-| Static X ||No|| Also classed as industrial metal and nu metal.|-| Stereomud ||No|| Also classed as hard rock and nu metal.|-| Stone Sour||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock and heavy metal.|-| Stone Temple Pilots ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, hard rock, grunge and neo-psychedelia|-| System of a Down || Yes || Also classed as heavy metal, nu metal, progressive rock, progressive metal, hard rock, alternative rock, experimental rock, thrash metal, and art rock.|-| Tad ||No|| Also classed as grunge, heavy metal, groove metal and alternative rock.|-| Taproot ||Yes|| Also classed as nu metal, alternative rock and post-grunge.|-| Therapy? ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, punk rock, grunge and noise rock|-| Tomahawk ||Yes|| Also classed as alternative rock, experimental rock, progressive rock and Native American music.|-| Three Days Grace || Yes || Also classified as alternative rock, post-grunge, and hard rock|-| Tool || Yes || Also classed as progressive metal, progressive rock, heavy metal, art rock, dark metal and industrial metal.|-| Trapt ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, post-grunge and nu metal.|-|Turbowolf ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, psychedelia, heavy metal, punk rock and electronica.|-| Type O Negative ||No|| Also classed as gothic metal and doom metal.|-| Tremonti ||Yes|| Also classed as thrash metal and speed metal.|-| Ugly Kid Joe ||Yes|| Also classed as hard rock, heavy metal, glam metal and funk metal.|-| Vampires Everywhere! ||Yes|| Also classed as post-hardcore, metalcore, gothic metal, shock rock, industrial metal and horror punk.|-| Voivod ||Yes|| Also classed as thrash metal, progressive metal and technical thrash metal.|-| Volbeat ||Yes|| Also classed as heavy metal, groove metal, hard rock, and psychobilly.|-| Waltari || Yes || Also classed as progressive metal, crossover thrash, hard rock, avant-garde metal, death metal, punk rock, symphonic metal, pop rock, and techno|-| White Zombie || No || Also classed as groove metal, industrial metal and heavy metal.|-| Zug Izland || Yes || Also classed as alternative rock|}

text: Apartment 26

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: and

text: industrial metal

text: A Perfect Circle

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: alternative rock

text: progressive rock

text: art rock

text: industrial rock

text: post-grunge

text: ambient

text: nu metal

text: , and

text: gothic rock

text: Apocalyptica

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: symphonic metal

text: At the Drive-In

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: Audioslave

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: funk rock

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: Avenged Sevenfold

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: metalcore

text: (early) and

text: hard rock

text: Babymetal

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: death metal

text: speed metal

text: and

text: j-pop

text: Bad Brains

text: ||Yes|| 1986 album

text: I Against I

text: recognized as one of the first alternative metal albums. Also classed as

text: hardcore punk

text: and

text: reggae rock

text: Baroness

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: sludge metal

text: progressive metal

text: and

text: post-rock

text: The Big F

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Biohazard

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: crossover thrash

text: metalcore

text: hardcore punk

text: and

text: rapcore

text: Black Veil Brides

text: ||Yes|| Also classed

text: glam metal

text: hard rock

text: shock rock

text: heavy metal

text: melodic metalcore

text: (early) and

text: post-hardcore

text: (early).|-|

text: Breaking Benjamin

text: ||Yes|| Also classified as

text: alternative rock

text: and occasionally

text: post-grunge

text: Bring Me the Horizon

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: metalcore

text: and

text: thrash metal

text: Bullet for My Valentine

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: metalcore

text: and

text: thrash metal

text: Butthole Surfers

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: neo-psychedelia

text: experimental rock

text: and

text: hardcore punk

text: Cave In

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: space rock

text: alternative rock

text: progressive metal

text: metalcore

text: , and

text: post-hardcore

text: Chevelle

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: post-grunge

text: CKY

text: ||On hiatus|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: experimental rock

text: , and

text: alternative metal

text: Clutch

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: stoner rock

text: blues rock

text: jam

text: post-hardcore

text: (early),

text: funk metal

text: and

text: hardcore punk

text: (early).|-|

text: Coal Chamber

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: gothic metal

text: Cold

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: hard rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: The Cooters

text: ||Yes || Also classed as

text: Punk Rock

text: Punk Metal

text: , and

text: Rock and Roll

text: Corrosion of Conformity

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: crossover thrash

text: (early),

text: garage punk

text: and

text: sludge metal

text: Cyclone Temple

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: thrash metal

text: and

text: progressive metal

text: Days of the New

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Decyfer Down

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Defrage

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Deftones

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: experimental rock

text: post-metal

text: post-hardcore

text: , and

text: art rock

text: Demon Hunter

text: ||Yes|| Also classified as

text: metalcore

text: nu metal

text: groove metal

text: , and

text: Christian metal

text: Disturbed

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: nu metal

text: (early),

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: heavy metal

text: Dog Fashion Disco

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: experimental metal

text: Drowning Pool

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: heavy metal

text: hard rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Earshot

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Echobrain

text: ||No|| Only classed as alternative metal.|-|

text: Enter Shikari

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: metalcore

text: electronicore

text: and

text: post-hardcore

text: Evanescence

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: gothic rock

text: nu metal

text: , and

text: hard rock

text: Evans Blue

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: Fair to Midland

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: progressive rock

text: Faith No More

text: || Yes || Recognized as one of the earliest alternative metal bands. Also classed as

text: funk metal

text: experimental metal

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Fear Factory

text: || Yes || Recognized as one of the first heavy metal bands to fuse metal with industrial and electronic stylings. Also classed as

text: death metal

text: and

text: industrial metal

text: Fightstar

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: symphonic rock

text: Finger Eleven

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: post-grunge

text: hard rock

text: and

text: funk metal

text: Filter

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial rock

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Five Finger Death Punch

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: groove metal

text: Flyleaf

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Fuel

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Full Scale

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: Fu Manchu

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: stoner rock

text: punk rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Funeral for a Friend

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: emo

text: post-hardcore

text: screamo

text: and

text: melodic hardcore

text: Glassjaw

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: hardcore punk

text: progressive rock

text: and

text: experimental rock

text: Godflesh

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: post metal

text: Godsmack

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: post-grunge

text: nu metal

text: , and

text: industrial metal

text: Green Jellÿ

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: comedy rock

text: Grinspoon

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Guano Apes

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: nu metal

text: rapcore

text: rap rock

text: post-grunge

text: pop rock

text: pop punk

text: punk revival

text: and

text: hard rock

text: Hayko Cepkin

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: alternative metal

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: industrial rock

text: Halestorm

text: ||Yes|| Also classed

text: hard rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Helmet

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: noise rock

text: alternative rock

text: groove metal

text: post-metal

text: and

text: experimental metal

text: HIM

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: gothic metal

text: gothic rock

text: alternative rock

text: Hollywood Undead

text: ||Yes|| Also classed

text: rap rock

text: alternative rock

text: nu metal

text: rap metal

text: and

text: hip hop

text: Hum

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: post-hardcore

text: shoegaze

text: , and

text: space rock

text: Incubus

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: funk metal

text: (early),

text: nu metal

text: (early),

text: rap metal

text: (early),

text: alternative rock

text: (later) and

text: art rock

text: (later).|-|

text: Icon For Hire

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: pop punk

text: electronic rock

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: In Flames

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: melodic death metal

text: In This Moment

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: metalcore

text: Into Another

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: grunge

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: Jane's Addiction

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: progressive rock

text: Jerry Cantrell

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: heavy metal

text: grunge

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Jesters of Destiny

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: hard rock

text: and

text: psychedelic rock

text: The Jesus Lizard

text: || No || Also classed as

text: noise-rock

text: Karnivool

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: progressive metal

text: progressive rock

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: nu metal

text: (early)|-|

text: Kittie

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: extreme metal

text: heavy metal

text: screamo

text: punk

text: thrash metal

text: hard rock

text: , alt-punk and

text: death metal

text: KMFDM

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial rock

text: industrial metal

text: electro-industrial

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Korn

text: || Yes || Considered the first

text: nu metal

text: group. Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: rap metal

text: funk metal

text: groove metal

text: and

text: dark metal

text: Kylesa

text: ||On hiatus|| Also classed as

text: sludge metal

text: stoner metal

text: experimental metal

text: and

text: hardcore punk

text: Kyuss

text: ||No|| Also considered the first

text: stoner rock

text: band.|-|

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: grunge

text: punk rock

text: and

text: riot grrrl

text: Lacuna Coil

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: gothic metal

text: and

text: dark metal

text: Life of Agony

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: crossover thrash

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: Leprous

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: Limp Bizkit

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: and

text: rap metal

text: Linkin Park

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: alternative rock

text: rap rock

text: electronic rock

text: and

text: rap metal

text: Living Colour

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: funk metal

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: hard rock

text: Lostprophets

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: post-hardcore

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Lou Reed

text: and

text: Metallica

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: art rock

text: experimental metal

text: experimental rock

text: and

text: spoken word

text: The Lounge Kittens

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: lounge music

text: rock music

text: parody music

text: , and

text: comedy rock

text: Machine Head

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: groove metal

text: thrash metal

text: rap metal

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Marilyn Manson

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: industrial rock

text: glam rock

text: heavy metal

text: shock rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Mastodon

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: sludge metal

text: progressive metal

text: groove metal

text: stoner metal

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: hard rock

text: Melvins

text: || Yes || Also classed as various other genres, including

text: grunge

text: sludge metal

text: and

text: doom metal

text: Metallica

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: thrash metal

text: hard rock

text: and

text: speed metal

text: Mind Funk

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: funk metal

text: grunge

text: and

text: stoner rock

text: Mind Over Four

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: Ministry

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: synthpop

text: (early),

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: thrash metal

text: Monster Magnet

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: psychedelic rock

text: stoner metal

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Mother Love Bone

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: grunge

text: glam metal

text: hard rock

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Mötley Crüe

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: hard rock

text: and

text: glam metal

text: Mr. Bungle

text: ||No|| Also classed as various other genres, including

text: avant-garde

text: and

text: funk metal

text: Mt. Helium

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: post-grunge

text: and

text: nu metal

text: . Formerly known as The Apex Theory.|-|

text: Mudvayne

text: ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: nu metal

text: progressive metal

text: math metal

text: and

text: groove metal

text: Mushroomhead

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: shock rock

text: industrial metal

text: experimental metal

text: and

text: electro-industrial

text: Nebula

text: ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as

text: stoner rock

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: psychedelic rock

text: Nickelback

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: heavy metal

text: alternative rock

text: post-grunge

text: pop rock

text: nu metal

text: and

text: country rock

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: industrial rock

text: industrial metal

text: dark ambient

text: gothic rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Nonpoint

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: hard rock

text: rap metal

text: and

text: groove metal

text: Nothingface

text: ||No|| Only classed as alternative metal.|-|

text: Norma Jean

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: metalcore

text: sludge metal

text: and

text: post-metal

text: Orangutang

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: pop rock

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: Orgy

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial rock

text: industrial metal

text: nu metal

text: electronic rock

text: and

text: electropunk

text: Otep

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: and

text: death metal

text: Papa Roach

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: rap metal

text: , and

text: glam metal

text: P.O.D.

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: rap metal

text: Christian metal

text: reggae

text: and

text: post-hardcore

text: Pantera

text: || No || Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: groove metal

text: thrash metal

text: and

text: glam metal

text: (early).|-|

text: Paw

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: grunge

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Pearl Jam

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: grunge

text: rock

text: and

text: hard rock

text: Porcupine Tree

text: ||On Hiatus|| Also classed as

text: progressive rock

text: progressive metal

text: alternative rock

text: psychedelic rock

text: , and

text: experimental rock

text: Powerman 5000

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: rap metal

text: nu metal

text: thrash metal

text: funk metal

text: electronic rock

text: alternative rock

text: , and

text: punk rock

text: Primus

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: funk metal

text: alternative rock

text: experimental rock

text: funk rock

text: progressive rock

text: progressive metal

text: jam

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Antipop

text: period).|-|

text: Prong

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: thrash metal

text: groove metal

text: and

text: hardcore punk

text: Puddle of Mudd

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: hard rock

text: alternative rock

text: grunge

text: , and

text: nu metal

text: Quicksand

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: Queens of the Stone Age

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: stoner rock

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Queensrÿche

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: power metal

text: and

text: glam metal

text: Rage Against the Machine

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: rap metal

text: and

text: funk metal

text: Rammstein

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: Neue Deutsche Härte

text: Red

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: christian rock

text: heavy metal

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: funk rock

text: alternative rock

text: funk metal

text: and

text: rap rock

text: Reuben

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: post-hardcore

text: Rob Zombie

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: industrial metal

text: groove metal

text: industrial rock

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Rollins Band

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: post-hardcore

text: funk metal

text: and

text: jazz fusion

text: Roses Are Red

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: emo

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Scum of the Earth

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: Seether

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-grunge

text: Sepultura

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: groove metal

text: death metal

text: thrash metal

text: black metal

text: dark metal

text: and

text: world music

text: (later period).|-|

text: Serj Tankian

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: progressive rock

text: experimental rock

text: art rock

text: and

text: classical

text: Sevendust

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Shinedown

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: post-grunge

text: and

text: hard rock

text: Sick Puppies

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Slipknot

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: nu metal

text: death metal

text: and

text: groove metal

text: Skillet

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: Christian rock

text: Christian metal

text: post-grunge

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: nu metal

text: The Smashing Pumpkins

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: gothic rock

text: psychedelic rock

text: dream pop

text: grunge

text: progressive metal

text: progressive rock

text: and

text: shoegazing

text: Snot

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hardcore punk

text: funk metal

text: and

text: nu metal

text: SOiL

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: groove metal

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Soundgarden

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: grunge

text: heavy metal

text: alternative rock

text: psychedelic

text: blues

text: and

text: garage punk

text: Sum 41

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: punk rock

text: pop-punk

text: , and

text: alternative rock

text: Stabbing Westward

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: industrial rock

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Staind

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: nu metal

text: alternative rock

text: , and

text: post-grunge

text: Static X

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Stereomud

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Stone Sour

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Stone Temple Pilots

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: hard rock

text: grunge

text: and

text: neo-psychedelia

text: System of a Down

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: nu metal

text: progressive rock

text: progressive metal

text: hard rock

text: alternative rock

text: experimental rock

text: thrash metal

text: , and

text: art rock

text: Tad

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: grunge

text: heavy metal

text: groove metal

text: and

text: alternative rock

text: Taproot

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: nu metal

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: post-grunge

text: Therapy?

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: punk rock

text: grunge

text: and

text: noise rock

text: Tomahawk

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: alternative rock

text: experimental rock

text: progressive rock

text: and

text: Native American music

text: Three Days Grace

text: || Yes || Also classified as

text: alternative rock

text: post-grunge

text: , and

text: hard rock

text: Tool

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: progressive rock

text: heavy metal

text: art rock

text: dark metal

text: and

text: industrial metal

text: Trapt

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: post-grunge

text: and

text: nu metal

text: Turbowolf

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: psychedelia

text: heavy metal

text: punk rock

text: and

text: electronica

text: Type O Negative

text: ||No|| Also classed as

text: gothic metal

text: and

text: doom metal

text: Tremonti

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: thrash metal

text: and

text: speed metal

text: Ugly Kid Joe

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: hard rock

text: heavy metal

text: glam metal

text: and

text: funk metal

text: Vampires Everywhere!

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: post-hardcore

text: metalcore

text: gothic metal

text: shock rock

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: horror punk

text: Voivod

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: thrash metal

text: progressive metal

text: and

text: technical thrash metal

text: Volbeat

text: ||Yes|| Also classed as

text: heavy metal

text: groove metal

text: hard rock

text: , and

text: psychobilly

text: Waltari

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: progressive metal

text: crossover thrash

text: hard rock

text: avant-garde metal

text: death metal

text: punk rock

text: symphonic metal

text: pop rock

text: , and

text: techno

text: White Zombie

text: || No || Also classed as

text: groove metal

text: industrial metal

text: and

text: heavy metal

text: Zug Izland

text: || Yes || Also classed as

text: alternative rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Yes|| Also classed as sedimentary.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: alternative rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hard rock and heavy metal.|-|

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Butthole Surfers

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sludge metal, progressive metal and post-rock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sludge metal,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: alternative rock, progressive rock,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sludge metal,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: hard rock, heavy metal, metalcore and thrash metal.|-|

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sludge metal,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Butthole Surfers

text: There are 24 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally:  (93.3%),  (0.0117%), and  (6.7%). Naturally occurring  has a half-life of 1.250×10 years. It decays to stable  by electron capture or positron emission (11.2%) or to stable  by beta decay (88.8%). The decay of  to  is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic  that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as tracers in studies of weathering and for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life.

text: There are 24 known

text: isotope

text: s of potassium, three of which occur naturally:  (93.3%),  (0.0117%), and  (6.7%). Naturally occurring  has a

text: half-life

text: of 1.250×10 years. It decays to stable  by

text: electron capture

text: or

text: positron emission

text: (11.2%) or to stable  by

text: beta decay

text: (88.8%). The decay of  to  is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional

text: K-Ar dating method

text: depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained.

text: Mineral

text: s are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic  that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include

text: biotite

text: muscovite

text: , metamorphic

text: hornblende

text: , and volcanic

text: feldspar

text: whole rock

text: samples from volcanic flows and shallow

text: instrusives

text: can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as

text: tracers

text: in studies of

text: weathering

text: and for

text: nutrient cycling

text: studies because potassium is a

text: macronutrient

text: required for

text: life

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic feldspar

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How many isotopes of potassium occur naturally?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: whole rock samples from volcanic flows

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic hornblende,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the rocks contained no argon

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: half-life

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic feldspar;

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 24 known isotopes of potassium,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 1.250<unk>10 years.

text: Granophyres typically are intrusive rocks that crystallized at shallow depths, and many have compositions similar to those of granites. A common occurrence of granophyre is within layered igneous intrusions dominated by rocks with compositions like that of gabbro. In such occurrences, the granophyre may form as an end product of fractional crystallization of a parent mafic magma, or by melting of rocks into which the mafic magma was emplaced, or by a combination of the two processes.

text: Granophyres typically are intrusive rocks that crystallized at shallow depths, and many have compositions similar to those of

text: granite

text: s. A common occurrence of granophyre is within layered igneous intrusions dominated by rocks with compositions like that of

text: gabbro

text: . In such occurrences, the granophyre may form as an end product of

text: fractional crystallization

text: of a parent mafic

text: magma

text: , or by melting of rocks into which the mafic magma was emplaced, or by a combination of the two processes.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: parent mafic magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granophyre

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Granophyres typically are intrusive rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallized at shallow depths,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Granophyres

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: fractional crystallization of a parent mafic magma,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fractional crystallization of a parent mafic magma,

text: Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of  beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage or high winds (see also beach evolution). Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments; erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby. The study of erosion and sediment redistribution is called 'coastal morphodynamics'. It may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion.

text: Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of

text: beach

text: or

text: dune

text: sediment

text: s by

text: wave

text: action,

text: tidal currents

text: , wave currents, drainage or high winds (see also

text: beach evolution

text: ). Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal

text: erosion

text: , which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and

text: rocks

text: , or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments; erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby. The study of erosion and sediment redistribution is called 'coastal morphodynamics'. It may be caused by

text: hydraulic

text: action,

text: abrasion

text: , impact and

text: corrosion

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: corrosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Coastal erosion

text: The appearance and size range of a crystalline product is extremely important in crystallization. If further processing of the crystals is desired, large crystals with uniform size are important for washing, filtering, transportation, and storage. The importance lies in the fact that large crystals are easier to filter out of a solution than small crystals. Also, larger crystals have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, leading to a higher purity. This higher purity is due to less retention of mother liquor which contains impurities, and a smaller loss of yield when the crystals are washed to remove the mother liquor. The theoretical crystal size distribution can be estimated as a function of operating conditions with a fairly complicated mathematical process called population balance theory (using population balance equations).

text: The appearance and size range of a crystalline product is extremely important in crystallization. If further processing of the crystals is desired, large crystals with uniform size are important for washing, filtering, transportation, and storage. The importance lies in the fact that large crystals are easier to filter out of a solution than small crystals. Also, larger crystals have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, leading to a higher purity. This higher purity is due to less retention of

text: mother liquor

text: which contains impurities, and a smaller loss of yield when the crystals are washed to remove the mother liquor. The theoretical crystal size distribution can be estimated as a function of operating conditions with a fairly complicated mathematical process called population balance theory (using

text: population balance equation

text: s).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline product

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: population balance theory

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: population balance theory

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: operating conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size range

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: population balance theory

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystalline product is extremely important in crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: small crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: population balance theory

text: The oldest rocks in the Smokies are the Precambrian gneiss and schists which were formed over a billion years ago from the accumulation of marine sediments and igneous rock. In the Late Precambrian, the primordial ocean expanded and the more recent Ocoee Supergroup rocks formed from the accumulation of eroding land mass onto the continental shelf. In the Paleozoic Era, the ocean deposited a thick layer of marine sediments which left behind sedimentary rock. During the Ordovician Period, the collision of the North American and African tectonic plates initiated the Alleghenian orogeny that created the Appalachian range. During the Mesozoic Era rapid erosion of softer sedimentary rocks re-exposed the older Ocoee Supergroup formations.

text: The oldest rocks in the Smokies are the Precambrian gneiss and schists which were formed over a billion years ago from the accumulation of marine sediments and igneous rock. In the Late Precambrian, the primordial ocean expanded and the more recent Ocoee Supergroup rocks formed from the accumulation of eroding land mass onto the continental shelf. In the Paleozoic Era, the ocean deposited a thick layer of marine sediments which left behind sedimentary rock. During the

text: Ordovician

text: Period, the collision of the North American and African

text: tectonic plate

text: s initiated the

text: Alleghenian orogeny

text: that created the Appalachian range. During the

text: Mesozoic Era

text: rapid erosion of softer sedimentary rocks re-exposed the older Ocoee Supergroup formations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Which is not the type of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: marine sediments and igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: marine sediments

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rock.

text: After the existence of a possible impact structure was announced, in early March 2006 an expedition traveled through the site and informally published their findings: "[C]ontinued north . .  towards a large circular feature that was recently announced to be an 'impact crater' . . We drove past the 'central uplift' along its western edge, then drove into the central part. It is evident, that what is considered the 'central uplift' is in fact nothing more than an eroded outlier of the Gilf, the undisturbed horizontal bedding being clearly visible at all times. The circular shape appears to be pure coincidence, the whole feature is the result of drainage patterns and subsequent eolian erosion, there is nothing to suggest its impact origin."  And "We were now in the crater area, looking at the western edge of the central uplift area of the 'crater'. What we saw were uniform horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, undisturbed except by the processes of natural erosion. The jumbled, chaotic rock formation that we would expect to see in the central uplift area of a crater was not evident at all."

text: After the existence of a possible impact structure was announced, in early March 2006 an expedition traveled through the site and informally published their findings: "[C]ontinued north . .  towards a large circular feature that was recently announced to be an 'impact crater' . . We drove past the 'central uplift' along its western edge, then drove into the central part. It is evident, that what is considered the 'central uplift' is in fact nothing more than an eroded outlier of the Gilf, the undisturbed horizontal bedding being clearly visible at all times. The circular shape appears to be pure coincidence, the whole feature is the result of drainage patterns and subsequent eolian erosion, there is nothing to suggest its impact origin."  And "We were now in the crater area, looking at the western edge of the central uplift area of the 'crater'. What we saw were uniform horizontal layers of

text: sedimentary rocks

text: , undisturbed except by the processes of natural erosion. The jumbled, chaotic rock formation that we would expect to see in the central uplift area of a crater was not evident at all."

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eolian

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks, undisturbed except by the processes of natural erosion.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural erosion.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: undisturbed

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 'impact crater'..

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eolian erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: jumbled, chaotic rock formation

text: In the várzea, tree species richness, distribution and vegetation structure are influenced by a variety of characters such as topography and sedimentation dynamics.  Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae are two of the most important and abundant families within both high and low várzea habitats. Due to the cycles of both sedimentation and erosion, habitat types of different successional stages occur simultaneously within limited areas of the várzea. Most species tend to grow in areas that are subjected to the river flood pulse, but not in areas that are influenced by the sea and tides. This results in waterlogged or flooded conditions for up to seven months of the year, and consequently plant species numbers in the várzea are lower than the non-flooded terra firme forests.

text: In the várzea, tree species richness, distribution and vegetation structure are influenced by a variety of characters such as topography and sedimentation dynamics.

text: Leguminosae

text: and

text: Euphorbiaceae

text: are two of the most important and abundant families within both high and low várzea habitats. Due to the cycles of both sedimentation and erosion, habitat types of different successional stages occur simultaneously within limited areas of the várzea. Most species tend to grow in areas that are subjected to the river flood pulse, but not in areas that are influenced by the sea and tides. This results in waterlogged or flooded conditions for up to seven months of the year, and consequently plant species numbers in the várzea are lower than the non-flooded terra firme forests.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: cycles of both sedimentation and erosion,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: topography and sedimentation dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentation dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: In the várzea,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Due to the cycles of both sedimentation and erosion,

text: One of the major aspects that changed early during the Coast Range Arc was the status of the northern end of the Farallon Plate, a portion now known as the Kula Plate. About 85 million years ago, the Kula Plate broke off from the Farallon Plate to form an area of seafloor spreading called the Kula-Farallon Ridge. This change apparently had some important ramifications for regional geologic evolution. When this change was completed, Coast Range Arc volcanism returned and sections of the arc were uplifted considerably in latest Cretaceous time. This started a period of mountain building that affected much of western North America called the Laramide orogeny. In particular a large area of dextral transpression and southwest-directed thrust faulting was active from 75 to 66 million years ago. Much of the record of this deformation has been overridden by Tertiary age structures and the zone of Cretaceous dextral thrust faulting appears to have been widespread. It was also during this period when massive amounts of molten granite intruded highly deformed ocean rocks and assorted fragments from pre-existing island arcs, largely remnants of the Bridge River Ocean. This molten granite burned the old oceanic sediments into a glittering medium-grade metamorphic rock called schist. The older intrusions of the Coast Range Arc were then deformed under the heat and pressure of later intrusions, turning them into layered metamorphic rock known as gneiss. In some places, mixtures of older intrusive rocks and the original oceanic rocks have been distorted and warped under intense heat, weight and stress to create unusual swirled patters known as migmatite, appearing to have been nearly melted in the procedure.

text: One of the major aspects that changed early during the Coast Range Arc was the status of the northern end of the Farallon Plate, a portion now known as the

text: Kula Plate

text: . About 85 million years ago, the Kula Plate broke off from the Farallon Plate to form an area of

text: seafloor spreading

text: called the

text: Kula-Farallon Ridge

text: . This change apparently had some important ramifications for regional geologic evolution. When this change was completed, Coast Range Arc volcanism returned and sections of the arc were uplifted considerably in latest Cretaceous time. This started a period of mountain building that affected much of western North America called the

text: Laramide orogeny

text: . In particular a large area of dextral transpression and southwest-directed thrust faulting was active from 75 to 66 million years ago. Much of the record of this deformation has been overridden by

text: Tertiary

text: age structures and the zone of Cretaceous dextral thrust faulting appears to have been widespread. It was also during this period when massive amounts of molten granite intruded highly deformed ocean rocks and assorted fragments from pre-existing island arcs, largely remnants of the Bridge River Ocean. This molten granite burned the old oceanic sediments into a glittering medium-grade

text: metamorphic rock

text: called

text: schist

text: . The older intrusions of the Coast Range Arc were then deformed under the heat and pressure of later intrusions, turning them into layered metamorphic rock known as

text: gneiss

text: . In some places, mixtures of older intrusive rocks and the original oceanic rocks have been distorted and warped under intense heat, weight and stress to create unusual swirled patters known as

text: migmatite

text: , appearing to have been nearly melted in the procedure.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geologic evolution

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: schist

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: layered metamorphic rock known as gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure of later intrusions,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weight and stress

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: schist.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Bridge River Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: gneiss.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: gneiss.

text: Marine terraces often result from marine erosion along rocky coast lines in temperate regions due to wave attack and sediment carried in the waves. Erosion also takes place in connection with weathering and cavitation. The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material (hardness of rock), the bathymetry, and the bedrock properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for granitic rocks and more than  per year for volcanic ejecta. The retreat of the sea cliff generates a shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform through the process of abrasion. A relative change of the sea level leads to regressions or transgressions and eventually forms another terrace (marine-cut terrace) at a different altitude while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands.

text: Marine terraces often result from

text: marine erosion

text: along rocky coast lines in

text: temperate region

text: s due to wave attack and

text: sediment

text: carried in the waves.

text: Erosion

text: also takes place in connection with

text: weathering

text: and

text: cavitation

text: . The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material (hardness of rock), the

text: bathymetry

text: , and the

text: bedrock

text: properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for

text: granitic

text: rocks and more than  per year for

text: volcanic ejecta

text: . The retreat of the sea

text: cliff

text: generates a

text: shore (wave-cut/abrasion-) platform

text: through the process of

text: abrasion

text: . A relative change of the

text: sea level

text: leads to

text: regressions

text: or

text: transgressions

text: and eventually forms another terrace (marine-cut terrace) at a different altitude while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic or sedimentary?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cavitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What happens to a rock once it is transformed?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: granitic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: granitic rocks and more than per year for volcanic ejecta.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic ejecta.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (hardness of rock), the bathymetry, and the bedrock properties

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: abrasion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic ejecta.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Marine terraces often result from marine erosion

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: cavitation.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granitic rocks and more than per year for volcanic ejecta.

text: The role of water and other volatiles in the melting of existing crustal rock in the wedge above a subduction zone is a most important part of the cycle. Along with water, the presence of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds from abundant marine limestone within the sediments atop the down going slab is another source of melt inducing volatiles. This involves the carbon cycle as a part of the overall rock cycle.

text: The role of water and other volatiles in the melting of existing crustal rock in the wedge above a subduction zone is a most important part of the cycle. Along with water, the presence of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and other carbon compounds from abundant marine

text: limestone

text: within the sediments atop the down going slab is another source of melt inducing volatiles. This involves the

text: carbon cycle

text: as a part of the overall rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: overall rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: carbon cycle as a part of the overall rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crustal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: carbon cycle

text: Deformation is the folding, breaking, or flow of rocks. There are many different types of crustal deformation depending on whether the rocks are brittle or ductile. The aspects that determine these properties are due to certain temperatures and pressures that rocks experience within the Earth. Therefore, temperature and pressure control deformation processes. Ductile rocks tend to bend, fold, stretch, or flow due to compressional or extensional forces. Brittle rocks, on the other hand, tend to break. The zone where the crust breaks is termed a fault. There are three main types of faults:normal faults, reverse faults, and strike slip (transform) faults.All of these are ways the crust can deform is due to the different types of plate margins, which are:divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries.

text: Deformation is the folding, breaking, or flow of rocks. There are many different types of crustal deformation depending on whether the rocks are brittle or

text: ductile

text: . The aspects that determine these properties are due to certain temperatures and pressures that rocks experience within the Earth. Therefore, temperature and pressure control deformation processes. Ductile rocks tend to bend, fold, stretch, or flow due to compressional or extensional forces. Brittle rocks, on the other hand, tend to break. The zone where the crust breaks is termed a

text: fault

text: . There are three main types of faults:

text: normal fault

text: s,

text: reverse fault

text: s, and

text: strike slip (transform) faults

text: .All of these are ways the crust can deform is due to the different types of plate margins, which are:

text: divergent boundaries

text: convergent boundaries

text: , and

text: transform boundaries

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ductile

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Deformation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: brittle or ductile.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: brittle or ductile.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brittle or ductile.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Deformation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: brittle or ductile.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Brittle rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Deformation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: fault.

text: The largest part of the Tux Alps comprises low grade metamorphic rocks, that are classified as part of the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite complex (quartzitic phyllite slate). Next to this zone of Paleozoic rocks to the south there is a localised zone of various Mesozoic rocks, the so-called Tarntal Mesozoic. This complex zone belongs, like the quartz-phyllite zone, to the tectonic unit of the Lower Eastern Alps. Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found dolomite and limestones that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of serpentinite that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying Penninic Hohe Tauern window. Here in the Tux Alps these are mainly rocks of the Penninic Glockner Nappe (calc-schist envelope of the Tauern). The northeasternmost corner of the Tux Alps, from the area of Schwaz to Fügen im Zillertal, belongs to the Upper Eastern Alpine greywacke zone, which consists of Paleozoic rocks. Silver and copper were once extensively mined in this zone in the area around Schwaz.

text: The largest part of the Tux Alps comprises

text: low grade metamorphic

text: rocks, that are classified as part of the Innsbruck quartz-phyllite complex (quartzitic

text: phyllite

text: slate). Next to this zone of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks to the south there is a localised zone of various

text: Mesozoic

text: rocks, the so-called Tarntal Mesozoic. This complex zone belongs, like the quartz-phyllite zone, to the tectonic unit of the Lower Eastern Alps. Amongst the rocks of Tarntal Mesozoic may be found

text: dolomite

text: and

text: limestone

text: s that are the basis of rock faces (Kalkwand and Torwand) in the area of the Wattentaler Lizum. On the other hand, there are also elements of the former ocean bed, in the shape of

text: serpentinite

text: that make up the Lizumer Reckner. The southern perimeter of the Tux Alps belongs to the tectonically deeper-lying

text: Penninic

text: Hohe Tauern window

text: . Here in the Tux Alps these are mainly rocks of the Penninic Glockner Nappe (calc-schist envelope of the Tauern). The northeasternmost corner of the Tux Alps, from the area of

text: Schwaz

text: to

text: Fügen im Zillertal

text: , belongs to the Upper Eastern Alpine

text: greywacke zone

text: , which consists of Paleozoic rocks.

text: Silver

text: and

text: copper

text: were once extensively mined in this zone in the area around Schwaz.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic unit

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dolomite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Penninic Glockner Nappe

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Penninic Glockner Nappe

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock faces

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (calc-schist

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Penninic Glockner Nappe

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (calc-schist

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks,

text: The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties.In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by many different factors (temperature, supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms or molecules arrange in a defined and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure — note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms or molecules, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure.

text: The crystallization process consists of two major events,

text: nucleation

text: and

text: crystal growth

text: which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties.In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the

text: solvent

text: start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by many different factors (

text: temperature

text: supersaturation

text: , etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms or molecules arrange in a defined and

text: periodic

text: manner that defines the

text: crystal structure

text: — note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms or molecules, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: thermodynamic properties

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size and shape

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The crystallization process

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties.In

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (size and shape),

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (temperature,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystal growth

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Nucleation

text: A bare rock consists of solid surface or very large boulders and there is no place for rooting plants to colonize. The thalli of crustose lichens can adhere to the surface of rock and absorb moisture from atmosphere; therefore, these colonize the bare surfaces of rocks first. The propagules of these lichens are brought by air from the surrounding areas. These lichens produce acids which corrode the rock and their thalli collect wind blown soil particles among them that help in formation of a thin film of soil. When these lichens die their thalli are decomposed to add humus. This promotes soil building and the environment becomes suitable for growth of foliose and fruticose type of lichens. they absorb water during dry season.They are inactive during normally in dry season.

text: A bare rock consists of solid surface or very large boulders and there is no place for rooting plants to colonize. The

text: thalli

text: of

text: crustose

text: lichen

text: s can adhere to the surface of rock and absorb moisture from atmosphere; therefore, these colonize the bare surfaces of rocks first. The

text: propagules

text: of these lichens are brought by air from the surrounding areas. These lichens produce acids which corrode the rock and their thalli collect wind blown soil particles among them that help in formation of a thin film of soil. When these lichens die their thalli are decomposed to add humus. This promotes soil building and the environment becomes suitable for growth of foliose and fruticose type of lichens. they absorb water during dry season.They are inactive during normally in dry season.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: bare rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: colonize the bare surfaces of rocks first

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: bare rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: crustose lichens

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crustose lichens

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid surface

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: When these lichens die

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: bare rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: they absorb water during dry season.They

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: humus.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crustose lichens

text: The Final Main Event of the evening was between The Rock and Booker T for the WCW Championship. The promo showed the events happening following the night of his return. As the bell rang, The Rock started jabbing Booker T and chased Shane McMahon. With the Irish whip, Booker hit Shane and Rock hit the Samoan drop and pinned him for a 2 count. Booker retaliated with a Knee to the abdomen. The Rock and Booker T exchanged blows to each other from the Turnbuckle and Irish Whips. Booker used a Super Kick on the Rock's face. The Rock drove Booker out of the ring and hit his head on the Announcer table multiple times including a low blow. Booker built momentum by hitting Rock on the Steel Steps and putting him through the barricade. The action spilled outside towards the crowd as Booker gained the upper hand by clotheslining Rock and putting him through another barricade. Booker then attempted to put the Announcer table apart, Rock tried building momentum but Booker reversed with an Irish whip which hit Rock on the same Ring Post where Kurt Angle shed blood on. Booker kept hitting Rock with jabs and kicks. As much as Rock  tried building momentum, Booker reversed the moves. The Rock then locked Booker in the Sharpshooter after reversing Booker's Headlock. Shane tried interfering but Rock brought him in the ring, only to get a kick from Booker. Shane put a Chair on the corner of the Ring. As Booker was about to get it, Referee Charles Robinson tried preventing him, at the same time, Shane hit Rock with the WCW Title. Then the APA (Bradshaw and Farooq) Chased Shane McMahon, who received a deadly Clothesline From Hell from Bradshaw, due to his early interference in their match with Spike Dudley against the Dudleys and Test. In the ring, Booker hit the Book-End on The Rock, which Rock kicked out. Rock then fought back, blocking Booker's blows, hitting him with Belly To Belly Throw. As Booker was about to hit the Scissors kick, Rock retaliated with the spinebuster, leading up to the People's Elbow. Shane McMahon interfered with the count on the Alliance Referee, only to be hit with a Rock Bottom by The Rock, who then kept hitting with jabs on Booker in the ring. Booker used a spine buster on Rock, hitting Rock with the Scissors Kick and performing the Spin-A-Rooni, but the Rock got up and hit the Rock Bottom, pinning Booker with a three Count, gaining the WCW Championship, bringing the title to the WWF for the second time. Jim Ross commented that the night belongs to the returning Rock.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: booker retaliated

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is slower cooling?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: how does the rock cycle work

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Booker hit the Book-End

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Booker hit the Book-End on The Rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Book-End

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: momentum

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: building momentum

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Chair

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Booker hit the Book-End

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Samoan drop

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock hit the Samoan drop

text: As with the other nearby lakes in the southeast portion of the Point Reyes peninsula, Pelican Lake occupies a natural synclinal depression formed behind blocks of rock displaced by landslides within the past 10,000 years. The depressions forming Crystal, Pelican and Bass lakes appear to have been caused by the Double Point Slide, which covers an area of about . The rocks involved in the landslide are shale, chert and sandstone, some similar to Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation and others to Pliocene rocks from the Central Coast Ranges. The process that caused these slides is ongoing, with several nearby slides caused by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and others as recently as 1956.

text: As with the other nearby lakes in the southeast portion of the Point Reyes peninsula, Pelican Lake occupies a natural synclinal depression formed behind blocks of rock displaced by landslides within the past 10,000 years. The depressions forming Crystal, Pelican and Bass lakes appear to have been caused by the Double Point Slide, which covers an area of about . The rocks involved in the landslide are

text: shale

text: chert

text: and

text: sandstone

text: , some similar to

text: Miocene

text: rocks of the

text: Monterey Formation

text: and others to

text: Pliocene

text: rocks from the

text: Central Coast Ranges

text: . The process that caused these slides is ongoing, with several nearby slides caused by the

text: 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

text: and others as recently as 1956.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: shale, chert and sandstone,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The process that caused these slides is ongoing,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shale, chert and sandstone,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Double Point Slide,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The process that caused these slides is ongoing,

text: His observations on the igneous rocks of South Tyrol compared with those of Christiania afford much information on the relations of the granitic and basic rocks. The subject of the differentiation of rock-types in the process of solidification as plutonic or volcanic rocks from a particular magma received much attention from him. He dealt also with the Palaeozoic rocks of Norway, and with the late glacial and post-glacial changes of sea level in the Christiania region.

text: His observations on the

text: igneous rock

text: s of

text: South Tyrol

text: compared with those of Christiania afford much information on the relations of the

text: granitic

text: and basic rocks. The subject of the differentiation of rock-types in the process of solidification as

text: pluton

text: ic or volcanic rocks from a particular

text: magma

text: received much attention from him. He dealt also with the

text: Palaeozoic

text: rocks of Norway, and with the late

text: glacial

text: and post-glacial changes of

text: sea level

text: in the Christiania region.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: particular magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: plutonic or volcanic rocks from a particular magma

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous rocks of South Tyrol

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: differentiation of rock-types

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidification

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: differentiation of rock-types in the process of solidification

text: Twin Sisters Mountain is composed of relatively unaltered dunite, an ultramafic rock that is mostly olivine. The Twin Sisters Range is a massive slab of relatively dense rock that was uplifted from major thrust fault activity in the form of a nappe. The magnesium and iron rich rock was forced upwards from the tectonic collision between the Bell Pass Mélange and the Chilliwack River terrane during the Mesozoic era. The reddish color of the mountain range may be due to the oxidation of  iron and magnesium in the dunite that is exposed to chemical weathering. Petrology of the Twin Sisters dunite consists of Enstatite rich rocks that contain, along with olivine, significant amounts of chromite, clinopyroxene, and serpentinite. These minerals are commonly associated with ultramafic rocks that crystallize below the Earth's crust within the mantle (geology). The serpentinized minerals are thought to have formed during later stages of the uplift where water could penetrate through fault fractures and initiate metamorphism.

text: Twin Sisters Mountain is composed of relatively unaltered

text: dunite

text: , an

text: ultramafic

text: rock that is mostly

text: olivine

text: . The Twin Sisters Range is a massive slab of relatively dense rock that was

text: uplifted

text: from major

text: thrust fault

text: activity in the form of a

text: nappe

text: . The magnesium and iron rich rock was forced upwards from the

text: tectonic

text: collision between the Bell Pass

text: Mélange

text: and the Chilliwack River

text: terrane

text: during the

text: Mesozoic

text: era. The reddish color of the mountain range may be due to the oxidation of  iron and magnesium in the dunite that is exposed to chemical

text: weathering

text: Petrology

text: of the Twin Sisters dunite consists of

text: Enstatite

text: rich rocks that contain, along with olivine, significant amounts of

text: chromite

text: clinopyroxene

text: , and

text: serpentinite

text: . These minerals are commonly associated with ultramafic rocks that crystallize below the Earth's crust within the

text: mantle (geology)

text: . The

text: serpentinized

text: minerals are thought to have formed during later stages of the uplift where water could penetrate through fault fractures and initiate

text: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: How many groups of rocks are there?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic collision

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: olivine

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magnesium and iron rich

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: reddish color

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ultramafic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: below the Earth's crust within the mantle

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: George Wetherill benefited from the G.I. Bill to receive four degrees, the Ph. B. (1948), S.B. (1949), S.M. (1951), and Ph. D., in physics (1953), all from the University of Chicago. He did his thesis research, on the spontaneous fission of uranium, as well as nuclear processes in nature, as an U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Predoctoral Fellow. Upon receiving his Ph. D., Wetherill became a staff member at Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) in Washington, D.C. There, he joined an interdepartmental group of Carnegie scientists who were working to date the Earth's rocks by geochemical methods involving natural radioactive decay. This involved determining the concentration and isotopic composition of inert gases such as argon, as well as the isotopes of strontium and lead. He originated the concept of the Concordia Diagram for the uranium-lead isotopic system; this diagram became the standard means for determining precise ages of rocks, and of detecting the possibility of metamorphism, and it forms the basis for all high-precision geochronology in rocks dating back to the early history of the Earth. He was also a member of the Carnegie group that accurately determined the decay constants of potassium and rubidium, an effort that has also become fundamental to the measurement of geological time.

text: George Wetherill benefited from the

text: G.I. Bill

text: to receive four degrees, the Ph. B. (1948), S.B. (1949), S.M. (1951), and Ph. D., in physics (1953), all from the

text: University of Chicago

text: . He did his thesis research, on the spontaneous

text: fission

text: of

text: uranium

text: , as well as nuclear processes in nature, as an

text: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

text: Predoctoral Fellow. Upon receiving his Ph. D., Wetherill became a staff member at Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) in Washington, D.C. There, he joined an interdepartmental group of Carnegie scientists who were working to date the Earth's rocks by geochemical methods involving natural

text: radioactive decay

text: . This involved determining the concentration and

text: isotopic

text: composition of

text: inert gases

text: such as

text: argon

text: , as well as the isotopes of

text: strontium

text: and

text: lead

text: . He originated the concept of the Concordia Diagram for the uranium-lead isotopic system; this diagram became the standard means for determining precise ages of rocks, and of detecting the possibility of

text: metamorphism

text: , and it forms the basis for all high-precision

text: geochronology

text: in rocks dating back to the early history of the Earth. He was also a member of the Carnegie group that accurately determined the decay constants of

text: potassium

text: and

text: rubidium

text: , an effort that has also become fundamental to the measurement of geological time.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural radioactive decay

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ages

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: natural radioactive decay

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks dating back to the early history of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: George Wetherill

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uranium-lead isotopic system;

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: ages

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: George Wetherill

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism,

text: Prior to the 19th century, rock was classified into three main types: primary or primitive (igneous and metamorphic rock), secondary (sedimentary rock) and tertiary (sediments). The primary rocks (like granite and gneiss) are void of fossils and were thought to be associated with the very creation of the world in the primary Pre-Adamitic period. The secondary rocks, often containing copious fossils, though human remains had not been found, were thought to have been laid down in the secondary Pre-Adamitic period. The Tertiary rocks (sediments) were thought to have been put down after Creation and possibly in connection to a flood event, and were thus associated with the Adamitic period. The Post-Flood period was termed the Quaternary, a name still in use in geology.

text: Prior to the 19th century, rock was classified into three main types: primary or primitive (

text: igneous

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: ), secondary (

text: sedimentary rock

text: ) and tertiary (

text: sediment

text: s). The primary rocks (like

text: granite

text: and

text: gneiss

text: ) are void of fossils and were thought to be associated with the very creation of the world in the primary Pre-Adamitic period. The secondary rocks, often containing copious fossils, though human remains had not been found, were thought to have been laid down in the secondary Pre-Adamitic period. The Tertiary rocks (sediments) were thought to have been put down after Creation and possibly in connection to a flood event, and were thus associated with the Adamitic period. The Post-Flood period was termed the

text: Quaternary

text: , a name still in use in geology.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: primary or primitive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: primary or primitive

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: primary

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: secondary (sedimentary rock)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Tertiary rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: primary or primitive (igneous and metamorphic rock),

text: In oceanography, terrigenous sediments are those derived from the erosion of rocks on land; that is, they are derived from terrestrial (as opposed to marine) environments.  Consisting of sand, mud, and silt carried to sea by rivers, their composition is usually related to their source rocks; deposition of these sediments is largely limited to the continental shelf.

text: In

text: oceanography

text: , terrigenous sediments are those derived from the erosion of

text: rocks

text: on land; that is, they are derived from terrestrial (as opposed to marine) environments.  Consisting of

text: sand

text: mud

text: , and

text: silt

text: carried to sea by

text: river

text: s, their composition is usually related to their source rocks; deposition of these sediments is largely limited to the

text: continental shelf

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: their composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: source rocks;

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: terrigenous sediments

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: source rocks;

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: terrigenous sediments

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: terrigenous sediments

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: terrigenous sediments

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: terrigenous sediments

text: Pressure solution is a metamorphic process that requires a rock to be under strong pressure from one direction and in the presence of hot water. During this process mineral of the protolith partially dissolve, diffuse through the water and precipitate elsewhere.

text: Pressure solution is a metamorphic process that requires a rock to be under strong pressure from one direction and in the presence of hot water. During this process mineral of the protolith partially dissolve, diffuse through the water and precipitate elsewhere.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: strong pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Pressure solution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Pressure solution

text: If the likelihood of there being a source rock is thought to be high, the next matter to address is the state of thermal maturity of the source, and the timing of maturation.  Maturation of source rocks (see diagenesis and fossil fuels) depends strongly on temperature, such that the majority of oil generation occurs in the 60° to 120°C range.  Gas generation starts at similar temperatures, but may continue up beyond this range, perhaps as high as 200°C.  In order to determine the likelihood of oil/gas generation, therefore, the thermal history of the source rock must be calculated.  This is performed with a combination of geochemical analysis of the source rock (to determine the type of kerogens present and their maturation characteristics) and basin modelling methods, such as back-stripping, to model the thermal gradient in the sedimentary column.

text: If the likelihood of there being a source rock is thought to be high, the next matter to address is the state of

text: thermal maturity

text: of the source, and the timing of maturation.  Maturation of source rocks (see

text: diagenesis

text: and

text: fossil fuel

text: s) depends strongly on temperature, such that the majority of oil generation occurs in the 60° to 120°C range.  Gas generation starts at similar temperatures, but may continue up beyond this range, perhaps as high as 200°C.  In order to determine the likelihood of oil/gas generation, therefore, the thermal history of the source rock must be calculated.  This is performed with a combination of geochemical analysis of the source rock (to determine the type of

text: kerogen

text: s present and their maturation characteristics) and

text: basin modelling

text: methods, such as

text: back-stripping

text: , to model the

text: thermal gradient

text: in the sedimentary column.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thermal maturity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Maturation of source rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Maturation of source rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: kerogens

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Maturation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: fossil fuels)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Maturation of source rocks

text: Shutting down and starting up many continuous processes typically results in off quality product that must be reprocessed or disposed of.  Many tanks, vessels and pipes cannot be left full of materials because of unwanted chemical reactions, settling of suspended materials or crystallization or hardening of materials.  Also, cycling temperatures and pressures from starting up and shutting down certain processes (line kilns, boilers, blast furnaces, pressure vessels, etc.) may cause metal fatigue or other wear from pressure or thermal cycling.

text: Shutting down and starting up many continuous processes typically results in off quality product that must be reprocessed or disposed of.  Many tanks, vessels and pipes cannot be left full of materials because of unwanted chemical reactions, settling of suspended materials or crystallization or hardening of materials.  Also, cycling temperatures and pressures from starting up and shutting down certain processes (line kilns, boilers, blast furnaces, pressure vessels, etc.) may cause metal fatigue or other wear from pressure or thermal cycling.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: settling of suspended materials

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Shutting

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Many tanks, vessels and pipes cannot be left full of materials

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chemical reactions,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: off quality product that must be reprocessed or disposed of.

text: However, Phaeacius can adopt other, more active approaches, with different gaits for each. If an insect remains almost stationary while Phaeacius is in the flattened pose and facing the insect, the spider may step slowly forward to its prey, rocking and keeping its flattened pose. To rock, Phaeacius moves about half a body length forward then, without pausing, smoothly back almost to the previous position. It performs about 10 cycles of those movements, progressing by  per cycle, and then rests. This rocking motion may disguise Phaeacius as shadows on the tree trunk. The insect occasionally keeps stationary until Phaeacius reaches within about half a body length and then lunges.

text: However, Phaeacius can adopt other, more active approaches, with different gaits for each. If an insect remains almost stationary while Phaeacius is in the flattened pose and facing the insect, the spider may step slowly forward to its prey, rocking and keeping its flattened pose. To rock, Phaeacius moves about half a body length forward then, without pausing, smoothly back almost to the previous position. It performs about 10 cycles of those movements, progressing by  per cycle, and then rests. This rocking motion may disguise Phaeacius as shadows on the tree trunk. The insect occasionally keeps stationary until Phaeacius reaches within about half a body length and then lunges.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: performs about 10 cycles of those movements, progressing by per cycle, and then rests

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rocking

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: 10 cycles

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rocking and keeping its flattened pose. To rock,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Phaeacius

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: previous position.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: smoothly back almost to the previous position.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: shadows

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rocking and keeping its flattened pose. To rock,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: shadows on the tree trunk.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 10 cycles of those movements, progressing by per cycle,

text: Rocks from the calc-alkaline magma series are distinguished from rocks from the tholeiitic magma series by the redox state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced, and calc-alkaline magmas are oxidized).  When mafic (basalt-producing) magmas crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals.  (Magnesium-rich olivine solidifies at much higher temperatures than iron-rich olivine.)  However, a calc-alkaline magma is oxidized enough to (simultaneously) precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.

text: Rocks from the calc-alkaline magma series are distinguished from rocks from the

text: tholeiitic magma series

text: by the

text: redox

text: state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced, and calc-alkaline magmas are oxidized).  When

text: mafic

text: (basalt-producing) magmas crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals

text: olivine

text: and

text: pyroxene

text: , causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals.  (Magnesium-rich olivine solidifies at much higher temperatures than iron-rich olivine.)  However, a calc-alkaline magma is oxidized enough to (simultaneously) precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide

text: magnetite

text: , causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady as it cools than with a tholeiitic magma.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: redox state

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: iron content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tholeiitic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidifies

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rocks from the calc-alkaline magma series

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the redox state

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: iron content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallize,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (basalt-producing)

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: iron-poor crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rocks from the calc-alkaline magma series

text: It is a region with its own characteristics, which has very particular types of animals and plants. The Great South American Chaco is a plain and its formation, millions of years ago, is very closely related to the formation of the Andes and the erosive process afterwards. Originally the Chaco was a hole, which within time, was filled with sediments of aerial origin ( through the wind action) and of pluvial nature ( through the rivers taking and depositing sediments along the Chaco).

text: It is a region with its own characteristics, which has very particular types of animals and plants. The Great

text: South American

text: Chaco is a plain and its formation, millions of years ago, is very closely related to the formation of the Andes and the erosive process afterwards. Originally the Chaco was a hole, which within time, was filled with sediments of aerial origin ( through the wind action) and of pluvial nature ( through the rivers taking and depositing sediments along the Chaco).

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The Great South American Chaco

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: wind action)

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: plain

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The Great South American Chaco

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The Great South American Chaco

text: Metamorphic differentiation, typical of gneisses, is caused by chemical and compositional banding within the metamorphic rock mass. Usually this represents the protolith chemistry, which forms distinct mineral assemblages. However, compositional banding can be the result of nucleation processes which cause chemical and mineralogical differentiation into bands. This typically follows the same principle as mica growth, perpendicular to the principal stress.Metamorphic differentiation can be present at angles to protolith compositional banding.

text: Metamorphic differentiation, typical of

text: gneiss

text: es, is caused by chemical and compositional banding within the metamorphic rock mass. Usually this represents the

text: protolith

text: chemistry, which forms distinct mineral assemblages. However, compositional banding can be the result of

text: nucleation

text: processes which cause chemical and mineralogical differentiation into bands. This typically follows the same principle as mica growth, perpendicular to the principal stress.Metamorphic differentiation can be present at angles to protolith compositional banding.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic differentiation

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral assemblages

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gneisses

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic differentiation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Metamorphic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mica growth,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mica growth,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: gneisses,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: mica growth,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphic differentiation,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic differentiation,

text: In the field of geology, scientists based their research work on Aphelion to perform a statistical analysis to determine the relationship between the size and shape of rock debris present in moraines, and the value of the maximal slope that will not cause rockfalls. Morphological parameters computed by Aphelion are easier to compute and less expensive to generate than the usual ones.Images, coming from macro photographies of metamorphic rocks helped to study the distribution of garnet crystals in the Alps.

text: In the field of geology, scientists based their research work on Aphelion to perform a statistical analysis to determine the relationship between the size and shape of rock debris present in

text: moraine

text: s, and the value of the maximal slope that will not cause

text: rockfall

text: s. Morphological parameters computed by Aphelion are easier to compute and less expensive to generate than the usual ones.Images, coming from

text: macro photographies

text: of

text: metamorphic rock

text: s helped to study the distribution of

text: garnet

text: crystals in the

text: Alps

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Aphelion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: maximal slope

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rockfalls.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks helped to study the distribution of garnet crystals

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: garnet crystals in the Alps.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil. The mineral content of the soil is determined by the parent material; thus, a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals needed for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types (as in glacial, aeolian or alluvial sediments) often makes more fertile soil. In addition, many of Earth's landforms and landscapes are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re-deposition.

text: The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates

text: soil

text: . The mineral content of the soil is determined by the

text: parent material

text: ; thus, a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals needed for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types (as in

text: glacial

text: aeolian

text: or

text: alluvial

text: sediments) often makes more

text: fertile soil

text: . In addition, many of Earth's landforms and landscapes are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re-deposition.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The materials left over after the rock breaks down

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: a mix of rock types

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the parent material;

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: soil.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: soil. The mineral content of the soil is determined by the parent material;

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material

text: As mentioned above, a crystal is formed following a well-defined pattern, or structure, dictated by forces acting at the molecular level. As a consequence, during its formation process the crystal is in an environment where the solute concentration reaches a certain critical value, before changing status. Solid formation, impossible below the solubility threshold at the given temperature and pressure conditions, may then take place at a concentration higher than the theoretical solubility level. The difference between the actual value of the solute concentration at the crystallization limit and the theoretical (static) solubility threshold is called supersaturation and is a fundamental factor in crystallization.

text: As mentioned above, a crystal is formed following a well-defined pattern, or structure, dictated by forces acting at the molecular level. As a consequence, during its formation process the

text: crystal

text: is in an environment where the solute

text: concentration

text: reaches a certain critical value, before changing status.

text: Solid

text: formation, impossible below the

text: solubility

text: threshold at the given

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: conditions, may then take place at a concentration higher than the theoretical solubility level. The difference between the actual value of the solute concentration at the crystallization limit and the theoretical (static) solubility threshold is called

text: supersaturation

text: and is a fundamental factor in crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: molecular level

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solubility

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a crystal is formed following a well-defined pattern,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: supersaturation

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: forces acting at the molecular level.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Solid formation, impossible below the solubility threshold

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: supersaturation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: supersaturation

text: Until the beginning of the 1970s, Serbian rock bands released only 7" singles and extended plays. Korni Grupa was the first Serbian rock act to release a full-length album, in 1971, and one of the first bands to move towards progressive rock. Progressive rock dominated the Serbian rock scene during the 1970s, with a part of bands incorporating elements of traditional music into their sound. At this period, bands like YU Grupa, Pop Mašina and Smak achieved large mainstream popularity and massive album sales. The end of the 1970s featured the appearance of the prominent hard rock band Riblja Čorba, and the emergence of the closely associated punk rock and new wave scenes. Pekinška Patka was the first Serbian punk rock band to release an album, in 1980. The new wave bands Šarlo Akrobata, Električni Orgazam and Idoli, which appeared on the influential compilation album Paket aranžman in 1980, were followed by a large number of new wave acts. Around 1982, new wave scene declined and a large number of acts moved towards more commercial sound. During the 1980s, pop rock acts, such as Đorđe Balašević and Bajaga i Instruktori, dominated the mainstream scene, but various other rock genres also emerged, and the alternative rock scene, with the acts such as Ekatarina Velika, Disciplina Kičme, and Rambo Amadeus, started to develop and gain mainstream popularity.

text: Until the beginning of the 1970s, Serbian rock bands released only

text: 7" single

text: s and

text: extended play

text: s.

text: Korni Grupa

text: was the first Serbian rock act to release a full-length album, in 1971, and one of the first bands to move towards

text: progressive rock

text: . Progressive rock dominated the Serbian rock scene during the 1970s, with a part of bands incorporating elements of

text: traditional music

text: into their sound. At this period, bands like

text: YU Grupa

text: Pop Mašina

text: and

text: Smak

text: achieved large mainstream popularity and massive album sales. The end of the 1970s featured the appearance of the prominent

text: hard rock

text: band

text: Riblja Čorba

text: , and the emergence of the closely associated

text: punk rock

text: and

text: new wave scene

text: s.

text: Pekinška Patka

text: was the first Serbian

text: punk rock

text: band to release an album, in 1980. The new wave bands

text: Šarlo Akrobata

text: Električni Orgazam

text: and

text: Idoli

text: , which appeared on the influential compilation album

text: Paket aranžman

text: in 1980, were followed by a large number of new wave acts. Around 1982, new wave scene declined and a large number of acts moved towards more commercial sound. During the 1980s,

text: pop rock

text: acts, such as

text: Đorđe Balašević

text: and

text: Bajaga i Instruktori

text: , dominated the mainstream scene, but various other rock genres also emerged, and the

text: alternative rock

text: scene, with the acts such as

text: Ekatarina Velika

text: Disciplina Kičme

text: , and

text: Rambo Amadeus

text: , started to develop and gain mainstream popularity.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock dominated the Serbian rock scene during the 1970s

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: new wave

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: various other rock genres

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: alternative rock scene,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: progressive rock.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sound.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: progressive rock.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: progressive rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Progressive rock dominated the Serbian rock scene during the 1970s,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: new wave acts.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Progressive rock

text: |-|rowspan="2" align="center"| 1993 ||rowspan="2"| "Jeremy" || Best Rock Song || |-| Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"| 1995 || "Daughter" || Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal || |-| "Go" || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-| Vs. || Best Rock Album || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"| 1996 || "Spin the Black Circle" || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|rowspan="2"| Vitalogy || Album of the Year || |-| Best Rock Album || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"| 1999 ||rowspan="2"| "Do the Evolution" || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-| Best Music Video, Short Form || |-| Yield || Best Recording Package || |-|align="center"| 2001 || "Grievance" || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|align="center"| 2010 || "The Fixer" || Best Rock Song || |-|align="center"| 2011 || Backspacer || Best Rock album || |-|align="center"| 2015 || Lightning Bolt || Best Recording Package ||

text: |-|rowspan="2" align="center"|

text: ||rowspan="2"| "

text: Jeremy

text: Best Rock Song

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance

text: Best Hard Rock Performance

text: || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"|

text: Daughter

text: Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal

text: Go

text: " || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|

text: Vs.

text: Best Rock Album

text: || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"|

text: Spin the Black Circle

text: " || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|rowspan="2"|

text: Vitalogy

text: Album of the Year

text: || |-| Best Rock Album || |-|rowspan="3" align="center"|

text: ||rowspan="2"| "

text: Do the Evolution

text: " || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|

text: Best Music Video, Short Form

text: Yield

text: Best Recording Package

text: || |-|align="center"|

text: Grievance

text: " || Best Hard Rock Performance || |-|align="center"| 2010 || "

text: The Fixer

text: " || Best Rock Song || |-|align="center"| 2011 ||

text: Backspacer

text: || Best Rock album || |-|align="center"|

text: Lightning Bolt

text: || Best Recording Package ||

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: All rocks are part of the rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: a rock transforms from one type to another by the processes of the rock cycle

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: "Grievance"

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Yield

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Vocal

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Yield

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Yield

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Lightning Bolt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: "Grievance"

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Yield

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Lightning Bolt

text: As well as human activities, natural processes operate within coastal dune environments, these processes include events such as storms, floods, sea level change, and sediment supply changes. Coastal dune systems are mainly controlled by a principle natural process called the sediment supply and transport system. This system consists of an offshore zone (sediment bank), transit zone (beach and active foredune) and a resting zone (stable sand dunes). The sediment in this system is supplied by long shore drift predominantly from rivers and from the erosion of cliffs, headlands, other dune systems and when sediment supply is low sand dunes are subject to erosion. Humans affect sediment supply in a number of ways including the damming of rivers, dredging in coastal water and the construction of harbours, all of which depletes sediment supply. They also disrupt the long shore transport of sediment through the construction of piers, marinas or groynes, breakwaters and other hard structures. Excavating, building roads, houses and walkways on coastal dunes or beaches also causes sand dune erosion by disrupting natural sediment processes. Effective management of coastal dune systems must consider natural processes as a normal part of the natural environment as well as controlling human activities and seeking to alter natural processes should be kept at a minimum in order for restoration to be successful.

text: As well as human activities, natural processes operate within coastal dune environments, these processes include events such as

text: storms

text: floods

text: sea level change

text: , and sediment supply changes. Coastal dune systems are mainly controlled by a principle natural process called the sediment supply and transport system. This system consists of an offshore zone (sediment bank), transit zone (beach and active foredune) and a resting zone (stable sand dunes). The sediment in this system is supplied by

text: long shore drift

text: predominantly from

text: rivers

text: and from the erosion of cliffs, headlands, other dune systems and when sediment supply is low sand dunes are subject to erosion. Humans affect sediment supply in a number of ways including the

text: damming

text: of rivers,

text: dredging

text: in coastal water and the construction of

text: harbours

text: , all of which depletes sediment supply. They also disrupt the long shore transport of sediment through the construction of

text: piers

text: marinas

text: or

text: groynes

text: breakwaters

text: and other hard structures. Excavating, building roads, houses and walkways on coastal dunes or beaches also causes sand dune erosion by disrupting natural sediment processes. Effective management of coastal dune systems must consider natural processes as a normal part of the natural environment as well as controlling human activities and seeking to alter natural processes should be kept at a minimum in order for restoration to be successful.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sediment supply changes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process of crystallization?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: What is a resting zone?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: natural processes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: As well as human activities, natural processes operate within coastal dune environments,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment supply and transport system.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: erosion. Humans affect sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: (sediment bank),

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: seeking to alter natural processes

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: natural processes operate within coastal dune environments,

text: Metamorphism is further divided into prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Prograde metamorphism involves the change of mineral assemblages (paragenesis) with increasing temperature and (usually) pressure conditions. These are solid state dehydration reactions, and involve the loss of volatiles such as water or carbon dioxide. Prograde metamorphism results in rock characteristic of the maximum pressure and temperature experienced. Metamorphic rocks usually do not undergo further change when they are brought back to the surface.

text: Metamorphism is further divided into prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Prograde metamorphism involves the change of mineral assemblages (

text: paragenesis

text: ) with increasing temperature and (usually) pressure conditions. These are solid state dehydration reactions, and involve the loss of volatiles such as water or carbon dioxide. Prograde metamorphism results in rock characteristic of the maximum pressure and temperature experienced. Metamorphic rocks usually do not undergo further change when they are brought back to the surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: maximum pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: maximum pressure and temperature experienced.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: maximum pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: prograde and retrograde metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dehydration reactions,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks usually do not undergo further change

text: The results of those processes are large plains in the eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia, as well as in river valleys, especially along Sava, Drava and Kupa. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to break the Pannonian Sea surface as islands. The tallest among such landforms are  Ivanšćica and  Medvednica north of Zagreb and in Hrvatsko Zagorje as well as  Psunj and  Papuk which are the tallest among the Slavonian mountains surrounding Požega. Psunj, Papuk and adjacent Krndija consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350 – 300 million years old. Požeška gora, adjacent to Psunj, consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, but there are also Upper Cretaceous sediments and igneous rocks forming the main,  ridge of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia. A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk, near Voćin. The two, as well as Moslavačka gora are possible remnants of a volcanic arc related to uplifting of the Dinaric Alps.

text: The results of those processes are large plains in the eastern Slavonia,

text: Baranya

text: and

text: Syrmia

text: , as well as in river valleys, especially along

text: Sava

text: Drava

text: and

text: Kupa

text: . The plains are interspersed by the

text: horst

text: and

text: graben

text: structures, believed to break the Pannonian Sea surface as

text: islands

text: . The tallest among such landforms are

text: Ivanšćica

text: and

text: Medvednica

text: north of

text: Zagreb

text: and in

text: Hrvatsko Zagorje

text: as well as

text: Psunj

text: and  Papuk which are the tallest among the Slavonian mountains surrounding

text: Požega

text: . Psunj, Papuk and adjacent

text: Krndija

text: consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350 – 300 million years old.

text: Požeška gora

text: , adjacent to Psunj, consists of much more recent

text: Neogene

text: rocks, but there are also Upper

text: Cretaceous

text: sediments and

text: igneous rocks

text: forming the main,

text: ridge

text: of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia. A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk, near

text: Voćin

text: . The two, as well as

text: Moslavačka gora

text: are possible remnants of a volcanic arc related to uplifting of the Dinaric Alps.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic arc

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Upper Cretaceous sediments and igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uplifting

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: uplifting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: large plains

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: river valleys, especially along Sava, Drava and Kupa.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: volcanic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Paleozoic rocks which are 350 – 300 million years old.

text: The geologic evolution of the Mindanao Pacific Cordillera was largely controlled by convergent and transcurrent tectonics intermittently active during Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene times. These complex tectonic processes brought about the justaposition of older metamorphic basement rocks with ophiolite suite of rocks later superposed by younger multiple stage island arc volcano-sedimentary sequences. The broad geomorphic configuration of the region is largely controlled by these tectonic processes of the past.

text: The geologic evolution of the Mindanao Pacific Cordillera was largely controlled by convergent and transcurrent tectonics intermittently active during Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene times. These complex tectonic processes brought about the justaposition of older metamorphic basement rocks with ophiolite suite of rocks later superposed by younger multiple stage island arc volcano-sedimentary sequences. The broad geomorphic configuration of the region is largely controlled by these tectonic processes of the past.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: complex tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic basement rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: geomorphic configuration

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: volcano-sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Upper Cretaceous to Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic basement rocks

text: Actinolite is commonly found in metamorphic rocks, such as contact aureoles surrounding cooled intrusive igneous rocks. It also occurs as a product of metamorphism of magnesium-rich limestones.

text: Actinolite is commonly found in

text: metamorphic rock

text: s, such as

text: contact aureole

text: s surrounding cooled

text: intrusive

text: igneous rock

text: s. It also occurs as a product of

text: metamorphism

text: of magnesium-rich

text: limestone

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magnesium-rich limestones

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnesium-rich

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Actinolite is commonly found in metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnesium-rich

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Actinolite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Actinolite is commonly found in metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks,

text: There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric. The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.

text: There are three major types of rock:

text: igneous

text: sedimentary

text: , and

text: metamorphic

text: . The

text: rock cycle

text: is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock

text: crystallizes

text: from melt (

text: magma

text: and/or

text: lava

text: ), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be

text: weathered

text: and

text: eroded

text: , and then

text: redeposited

text: and

text: lithified

text: into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a

text: metamorphic rock

text: due to heat and pressure that change the

text: mineral

text: content of the rock which gives it a characteristic

text: fabric

text: . The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: When a rock crystallizes from melt

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallizes

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: When a rock crystallizes from melt

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mineral content

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: When a rock crystallizes from melt

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: melt

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous rock.

text: Intrusive rock forms within Earth's crust from the crystallization of magma. Magma  slowly pushes up from deep within the earth into any cracks or spaces it can find, sometimes pushing existing country rock out of the way, a process that can take millions of years.  As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals.  Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly from large granite (or related rock) intrusions.

text: Intrusive rock forms within

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: from the

text: crystallization

text: of

text: magma

text: . Magma  slowly pushes up from deep within the earth into any cracks or spaces it can find, sometimes pushing existing

text: country rock

text: out of the way, a process that can take millions of years.  As the rock slowly cools into a solid, the different parts of the magma crystallize into minerals.  Many mountain ranges, such as the

text: Sierra Nevada

text: in

text: California

text: , are formed mostly from large

text: granite

text: (or related rock) intrusions.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma slowly pushes up

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Intrusive rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Intrusive

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Intrusive

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solid,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: crystallization of magma.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Intrusive rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: minerals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization of magma.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: magma.

text: Volcanic rock is formed when molten rock (magma), which is produced by a volcano, has cooled and solidified (crystallized). Groundmass of rock is the fine-grained mass of material in which larger grains or crystals are embedded.

text: Volcanic rock is formed when molten rock (

text: magma

text: ), which is produced by a

text: volcano

text: , has cooled and solidified (crystallized). Groundmass of rock is the fine-grained mass of material in which larger grains or crystals are embedded.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: groundmass

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: (crystallized).

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: (crystallized). Groundmass

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Volcanic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: molten rock (magma),

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (crystallized).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Volcanic rock

text: In order to make decorations and tools from animal remains, blades and bladelets were used. Sites such as CPM II, CPM III, Casal de Felipe, and Fonte Santa (all in Spain) have revealed evidence of blade and bladelet technology during the Gravettian Period. The tools were often made of quartz and rock crystals, and the blades varied in terms of platforms, abrasions, endscrapers, and burins. These burins were made by hammering bones and rocks until sharp shards were created, a process known as lithic reduction. Flint blades have also been found. These blades, like the "Noailles" burin, were used to carve and sharpen bones for use as tools. These tools were typically used to skin animals or to sharpen sticks.

text: In order to make decorations and tools from animal remains, blades and bladelets were used. Sites such as CPM II, CPM III, Casal de Felipe, and Fonte Santa (all in Spain) have revealed evidence of blade and bladelet technology during the Gravettian Period. The tools were often made of quartz and rock crystals, and the blades varied in terms of platforms, abrasions, endscrapers, and burins. These

text: burins

text: were made by hammering bones and rocks until sharp shards were created, a process known as

text: lithic reduction

text: . Flint blades have also been found. These blades, like the "Noailles" burin, were used to carve and sharpen bones for use as tools. These tools were typically used to skin animals or to sharpen sticks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithic reduction

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithic reduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: quartz and rock crystals,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Gravettian Period.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: lithic reduction.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: platforms, abrasions, endscrapers,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithic reduction.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: quartz and rock crystals,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: quartz and rock crystals,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lithic reduction.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: lithic reduction.

text: Diagenesis () is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation (lithification), at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks. It does not include changes from weathering. It is any chemical, physical, or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition, after its lithification. This process excludes surface alteration (weathering) and metamorphism. These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock's original mineralogy and texture. There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism, but the latter occurs at higher temperatures and pressures than the former. Hydrothermal solutions, meteoric groundwater, porosity, permeability, solubility, and time are all influential factors.

text: Diagenesis () is the change of

text: sediments

text: or existing

text: sedimentary rocks

text: into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation (

text: lithification

text: ), at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of

text: metamorphic rocks

text: . It does not include changes from

text: weathering

text: . It is any chemical, physical, or biological change undergone by a

text: sediment

text: after its initial deposition, after its

text: lithification

text: . This process excludes surface alteration (

text: weathering

text: ) and

text: metamorphism

text: . These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock's original

text: mineral

text: ogy and texture. There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and

text: metamorphism

text: , but the latter occurs at higher

text: temperature

text: s and

text: pressure

text: s than the former. Hydrothermal solutions, meteoric groundwater, porosity, permeability, solubility, and time are all influential factors.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hydrothermal solutions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porosity

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: lithification

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Hydrothermal solutions,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Diagenesis

text: A metamorphic facies is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar pressures and temperatures. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram at right). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain tectonic settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure is the range of formation of sedimentary rocks, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called diagenesis.

text: A metamorphic facies is a set of metamorphic

text: mineral

text: assemblages that were formed under similar

text: pressure

text: s and

text: temperature

text: s. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram at right). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain

text: tectonic

text: settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure is the range of formation of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called

text: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: pressures and temperatures

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the process called diagenesis?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperature vs. pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: diagenesis.

text: Salt is made in two ways traditionally. Rock salt is mined from the ground. The other type known as white salt is made by the evaporation of brine. Brine is obtained in several ways. Wild brine streams, occurring from the natural solution of rock salt by ground water, can come to the surface as natural brine springs or can be pumped up to the surface at well, shafts or boreholes. Artificial brine is obtained through solution mining of rock salt with fresh water and is known as ‘controlled brine pumping’. A Bastard Brine used to be made by allowing fresh water to run through abandoned rock salt mines. A Salt-on-Salt process strengthens brine by dissolving rock salt, and/ or, crystal salt in weak brine or sea water prior to evaporation. Solar Evaporation uses the sun to strengthen and evaporate sea water trapped on the sea-shore to make sea salt crystals, or to strengthen and evaporate brine sourced from natural springs where it is made into white salt crystals.

text: Salt is made in two ways traditionally. Rock salt is mined from the ground. The other type known as white salt is made by the evaporation of brine. Brine is obtained in several ways. Wild brine streams, occurring from the natural solution of rock salt by ground water, can come to the surface as natural brine springs or can be pumped up to the surface at well, shafts or boreholes. Artificial brine is obtained through solution mining of rock salt with fresh water and is known as ‘controlled brine pumping’. A Bastard Brine used to be made by allowing fresh water to run through abandoned rock salt mines. A Salt-on-Salt process strengthens brine by dissolving rock salt, and/ or, crystal salt in weak brine or sea water prior to evaporation. Solar Evaporation uses the sun to strengthen and evaporate sea water trapped on the sea-shore to make sea salt crystals, or to strengthen and evaporate brine sourced from natural springs where it is made into white salt crystals.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Salt is mined from the ground

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: brine

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Salt

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Rock salt is mined from the ground.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Rock salt is mined from the ground.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Rock salt is mined from the ground.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Salt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Solar Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystal salt

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Rock salt is mined from the ground.

text: The foreland basin forms ahead of the orogen due mainly to loading and resulting flexure of the lithosphere by the developing mountain belt.  A typical foreland basin is subdivided into a wedge-top basin above the active orogenic wedge, the foredeep immediately beyond the active front, a forebulge high of flexural origin and a back-bulge area beyond, although not all of these are present in all foreland-basin systems. The basin migrates with the orogenic front and early deposited foreland basin sediments become progressively involved in folding and thrusting. Sediments deposited in the foreland basin are mainly derived from the erosion of the actively uplifting rocks of the mountain range, although some sediments derive from the foreland. The fill of many such basins shows a change in time from deepwater marine (flysch-style) through shallow water to continental (molasse-style) sediments.

text: The

text: foreland basin

text: forms ahead of the orogen due mainly to loading and resulting

text: flexure of the lithosphere

text: by the developing mountain belt.  A typical foreland basin is subdivided into a wedge-top basin above the active orogenic wedge, the foredeep immediately beyond the active front, a forebulge high of flexural origin and a back-bulge area beyond, although not all of these are present in all foreland-basin systems. The basin migrates with the orogenic front and early deposited foreland basin sediments become progressively involved in folding and thrusting.

text: Sediment

text: s deposited in the foreland basin are mainly derived from the

text: erosion

text: of the actively uplifting rocks of the mountain range, although some sediments derive from the foreland. The fill of many such basins shows a change in time from deepwater marine (

text: flysch

text: -style) through shallow water to continental (

text: molasse

text: -style) sediments.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: folding and thrusting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: continental

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: flotation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: all of these are present in all foreland-basin systems.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: uplifting rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: flexure of the lithosphere by the developing mountain belt.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: uplifting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: folding and thrusting.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: continental (molasse-style) sediments.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: (molasse-style) sediments.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: folding and thrusting.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: deepwater marine

text: Freeze induced weathering action occurs mainly in environments where there is a lot of moisture, and temperatures frequently fluctuate above and below freezing point, especially in alpine and periglacial areas. An example of rocks susceptible to frost action is chalk, which has many pore spaces for the growth of ice crystals.  This process can be seen in Dartmoor where it results in the formation of tors. When water that has entered the joints freezes, the ice formed strains the walls of the joints and causes the joints to deepen and widen. When the ice thaws, water can flow further into the rock.Repeated freeze-thaw cycles weaken the rocks which, over time, break up along the joints into angular pieces. The angular rock fragments gather at the foot of the slope to form a talus slope (or scree slope). The splitting of rocks along the joints into blocks is called block disintegration. The blocks of rocks that are detached are of various shapes depending on rock structure.

text: Freeze induced weathering action occurs mainly in environments where there is a lot of moisture, and temperatures frequently fluctuate above and below freezing point, especially in

text: alpine

text: and

text: periglacial

text: areas. An example of rocks susceptible to frost action is

text: chalk

text: , which has many pore spaces for the growth of ice crystals.  This process can be seen in

text: Dartmoor

text: where it results in the formation of

text: tor

text: s. When water that has entered the joints freezes, the ice formed strains the walls of the joints and causes the joints to deepen and widen. When the ice thaws, water can flow further into the rock.Repeated freeze-thaw cycles weaken the rocks which, over time, break up along the joints into angular pieces. The angular rock fragments gather at the foot of the slope to form a

text: talus

text: slope (or scree slope). The splitting of rocks along the joints into blocks is called block disintegration. The blocks of rocks that are detached are of various shapes depending on rock structure.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: freeze-thaw cycles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: talus slope

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frost action

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock structure.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: block disintegration.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock structure.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: the joints to deepen and widen.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: freeze-thaw cycles

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: angular pieces.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice crystals.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: block disintegration.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: block disintegration.

text: A vug, vugh, or vugg () is a small to medium-sized cavity inside rock. It may be formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly, cracks and fissures opened by tectonic activity (folding and faulting) are partially filled by quartz, calcite, and other secondary minerals. Open spaces within ancient collapse breccias are another important source of vugs.  Vugs may also form when mineral crystals or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids.  The inner surfaces of such vugs are often coated with a crystal druse. Fine crystals are often found in vugs where the open space allows the free development of external crystal form.  The term vug is not applied to veins and fissures that have become completely filled, but may be applied to any small cavities within such veins.  Geodes are a common vug-formed rock, although that term is usually reserved for more rounded crystal-lined cavities in sedimentary rocks and ancient lavas.

text: A vug, vugh, or vugg () is a small to medium-sized cavity inside

text: rock

text: . It may be formed through a variety of processes. Most commonly, cracks and fissures opened by tectonic activity (

text: folding

text: and

text: faulting

text: ) are partially filled by

text: quartz

text: calcite

text: , and other secondary

text: mineral

text: s. Open spaces within ancient collapse

text: breccia

text: s are another important source of vugs.  Vugs may also form when mineral

text: crystal

text: s or fossils inside a rock matrix are later removed through erosion or dissolution processes, leaving behind irregular voids.  The inner surfaces of such vugs are often coated with a crystal

text: druse

text: . Fine crystals are often found in vugs where the open space allows the free development of external crystal form.  The term vug is not applied to veins and fissures that have become completely filled, but may be applied to any small cavities within such veins.

text: Geode

text: s are a common vug-formed rock, although that term is usually reserved for more rounded crystal-lined cavities in

text: sedimentary rock

text: s and ancient

text: lava

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lavas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: cracks and fissures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Fine crystals

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: tectonic activity

text: The outcropping Mesozoic platform at the surface comprises Zechstein (Middle/Late Permian) marine gypsum rocks and limestones,  Buntsandstein (Early Triassic) siliciclastic rocks, Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) marine limestones, Keuper (Middle and Late Triassic) mixed evaporite-carbonate-siliciclastic deposits, Early Jurassic (Lias/Schwarzjura) marine black shales, Dogger/Braunjura (Middle Jurassic) marine, often iron-bearing, siliciclastic rocks, White Jurassic/Malm (Late Jurassic) marine limestones, Early Cretaceous (Wealden) continental siliciclastic rocks and Late Cretaceous marine limestones, sandstones and gaizes. Outcropping Zechstein rocks are limited to the edges of basement uplifts. Triassic rocks cover the largest area. In the South German Block, extensively outcropping Mesozoic rocks dip towards the south-east. Due to the alternating layering of weathering/erosion-prone shales and more resistant sandstones and limestones, a cuesta landscape has formed there in the past several million years. The most conspicuous of these cuestas is the White Jura of Franconia and the Swabian Jura. Uplands formed by relatively weathering/erosion-resistant sandstones of the early/middle Buntsandstein are the Palatinate Forest, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Südrhön and the Burgwald. Ridges of Muschelkalk limestone are found mainly in the Thuringian Basin. Probably the most well-known occurrence of Cretaceous sandstones is the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.

text: The outcropping Mesozoic platform at the surface comprises

text: Zechstein

text: (Middle/Late Permian) marine

text: gypsum

text: rocks and limestones,

text: Buntsandstein

text: (Early Triassic)

text: siliciclastic

text: rocks,

text: Muschelkalk

text: (Middle Triassic) marine limestones,

text: Keuper

text: (Middle and Late Triassic) mixed

text: evaporite

text: carbonate

text: -siliciclastic deposits,

text: Early Jurassic

text: (Lias/Schwarzjura) marine black shales, Dogger/Braunjura (

text: Middle Jurassic

text: ) marine, often iron-bearing, siliciclastic rocks,

text: White Jurassic

text: Malm

text: Late Jurassic

text: ) marine limestones,

text: Early Cretaceous

text: (Wealden) continental siliciclastic rocks and

text: Late Cretaceous

text: marine limestones, sandstones and gaizes. Outcropping Zechstein rocks are limited to the edges of basement uplifts. Triassic rocks cover the largest area. In the South German Block, extensively outcropping Mesozoic rocks dip towards the south-east. Due to the alternating layering of weathering/erosion-prone shales and more resistant sandstones and limestones, a

text: cuesta

text: landscape has formed there in the past several million years. The most conspicuous of these cuestas is the White Jura of

text: Franconia

text: and the

text: Swabian Jura

text: . Uplands formed by relatively weathering/erosion-resistant sandstones of the early/middle Buntsandstein are the Palatinate Forest, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Südrhön and the

text: Burgwald

text: . Ridges of Muschelkalk limestone are found mainly in the Thuringian Basin. Probably the most well-known occurrence of Cretaceous sandstones is the

text: Elbe Sandstone Mountains

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the most conspicuous of these cuestas?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Evaporite

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Mesozoic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Triassic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: weathering/erosion-prone shales

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weathering/erosion-prone

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering/erosion-prone

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Triassic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: South German Block,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporite-carbonate-siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Triassic rocks

text: Erosion of soil is caused by water, wind, ice, and movement in response to gravity. More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as sediment). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially poor land use practices. These include agricultural activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds, overgrazing, deforestation, and improper construction activity. Improved management can limit erosion. Soil conservation techniques which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone crops with grass or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations, terrace building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including cover crops and other plants), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods.

text: Erosion

text: of soil is caused by

text: water

text: wind

text: ice

text: , and

text: movement in response to gravity

text: . More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from

text: weathering

text: , since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as

text: sediment

text: ). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially poor

text: land use

text: practices. These include

text: agricultural

text: activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds,

text: overgrazing

text: deforestation

text: , and improper

text: construction

text: activity. Improved management can limit erosion.

text: Soil conservation techniques

text: which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone

text: crop

text: s with

text: grass

text: or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations,

text: terrace

text: building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including

text: cover crops

text: and

text: other plants

text: ), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Improved management can limit erosion.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Erosion

text: This is a list of rock music genres consisting of subgenres of popular music that have roots in 1940s' and 1950s' rock and roll, and which developed into a distinct identity as rock music in the 1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. By the late 1960s, a number of identifiable rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion, many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock influenced by the counter-cultural psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included progressive rock, which extended the artistic elements; glam rock, which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring major subgenre of heavy metal, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, punk rock both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres, including new wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Further fusion subgenres have since emerged as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history.

text: This is a list of rock music genres consisting of subgenres of

text: popular music

text: that have roots in 1940s' and 1950s'

text: rock and roll

text: , and which developed into a distinct identity as

text: rock music

text: in the 1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. By the late 1960s, a number of identifiable rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like

text: blues rock

text: folk rock

text: country rock

text: , and

text: jazz-rock fusion

text: , many of which contributed to the development of

text: psychedelic rock

text: influenced by the

text: counter-cultural

text: psychedelic scene. New genres that emerged from this scene included

text: progressive rock

text: , which extended the artistic elements;

text: glam rock

text: , which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring major subgenre of

text: heavy metal

text: , which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s,

text: punk rock

text: both intensified and reacted against some of these trends to produce a raw, energetic form of music characterized by overt political and social critiques. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of other subgenres, including

text: new wave

text: post-punk

text: and eventually the

text: alternative rock

text: movement. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of

text: grunge

text: Britpop

text: , and

text: indie rock

text: . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volume

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fusion subgenres have since emerged

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: psychedelic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock music genres

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rock music genres

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: counter-cultural psychedelic scene.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: volume, power, and speed.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: conscious attempts to revisit rock's history.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: heavy metal,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: jazz-rock fusion,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: psychedelic rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock music in the 1960s,

text: The term has been used to describe a wide variety of rocks that are interpreted to have formed by the interaction between magma and sediments. This usage has led to overlap with other terms such as hyaloclastite. In the most recent edition of 'Igneous rocks' by Le Maître et al.  the definition is given as "A local term for a tuff or breccia, formed by the intrusion of magma into wet sediments. Usually consists of glassy fragments of igneous rock and some sedimentary rock", while White (2000) defines peperite as "a genetic term applied to a rock formed essentially in situ by disintegration of magma intruding and mingling with unconsolidated or poorly consolidated, typically wet sediments. The term also refers to similar mixtures generated by the same processes operating at the contacts of lavas and other hot volcaniclastic deposits with such sediments".

text: The term has been used to describe a wide variety of rocks that are interpreted to have formed by the interaction between magma and sediments. This usage has led to overlap with other terms such as

text: hyaloclastite

text: . In the most recent edition of 'Igneous rocks' by Le Maître et al.  the definition is given as "A local term for a tuff or breccia, formed by the intrusion of magma into wet sediments. Usually consists of glassy fragments of igneous rock and some sedimentary rock", while White (2000) defines peperite as "a genetic term applied to a rock formed essentially in situ by disintegration of magma intruding and mingling with unconsolidated or poorly consolidated, typically wet sediments. The term also refers to similar mixtures generated by the same processes operating at the contacts of lavas and other hot volcaniclastic deposits with such sediments".

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: wet sediments

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: intrusion of magma

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: disintegration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rock and some sedimentary rock",

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary rock", while White (2000) defines peperite

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: interaction between magma and sediments.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: consolidated,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: interaction between magma and sediments.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: peperite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: peperite

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: disintegration

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: peperite

text: Although Indian Rock may appear to be several rocks piled together, it actually originated as a single boulder ( by  by ). Weaknesses within the rock caused by foliation and naturally occurring fractures serve as avenues for moisture infiltration. With repeated freeze-thaw cycles, this moisture expands to exert forces up to 20,000 lbs/inch2 along the planes of weakness, thus wedging the rock apart. Glacial polish, striations and grooves commonly found on erratics of this size have for the most part been effaced by the normal process of decomposition called weathering.

text: Although Indian Rock may appear to be several rocks piled together, it actually originated as a single boulder ( by  by ). Weaknesses within the rock caused by

text: foliation

text: and naturally occurring fractures serve as avenues for moisture infiltration. With repeated freeze-thaw cycles, this moisture expands to exert forces up to 20,000 lbs/inch2 along the planes of weakness, thus wedging the rock apart.

text: Glacial polish

text: striations

text: and grooves commonly found on erratics of this size have for the most part been effaced by the normal process of decomposition called weathering.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: What type of rock is Indian Rock?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: natural processes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: strength

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Indian Rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Indian Rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: foliation and naturally occurring fractures serve as avenues for moisture infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: weakness,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: erratics

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: freeze-thaw cycles,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: weathering.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: weathering.

text: The rocks at the surface at the park were deposited at least 450 million years ago. A sequence of sediments formed rocks such as shales, sandstones and greywackes. When these sediments were deposited, the environment was similar to that off the coast of Georgia today. These deposits were formed constantly through layering of older deposits by younger ones. Later these deposits were covered by basaltic lava. Eventually, the lava cover was mantled by thousands feet of sediments.

text: The rocks at the surface at the park were deposited at least 450 million years ago. A sequence of sediments formed rocks such as

text: shale

text: s,

text: sandstone

text: s and

text: greywacke

text: s. When these sediments were deposited, the environment was similar to that off the coast of

text: Georgia

text: today. These deposits were formed constantly through layering of older deposits by younger ones. Later these deposits were covered by

text: basaltic lava

text: . Eventually, the lava cover was mantled by thousands feet of sediments.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: layering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basaltic lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: shales, sandstones and greywackes.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: shales, sandstones and greywackes.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: A sequence of sediments

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: older deposits by younger ones.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: layering of older deposits by younger ones.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: shales, sandstones and greywackes.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: shales, sandstones and greywackes.

text: Historical and geological estimates of tephra volumes are usually obtained by mapping the distribution and thickness of tephra deposits on the ground after the eruption is over.  For historical volcanic explosions, further estimates must be made of tephra deposits that might have changed significantly over time by other geological processes including erosion.  Tephra volumes measured in this way must then be corrected for void spaces (vesicles - bubbles within the pumice, empty spaces between individual pieces of pumice or ash) to get an estimate of the original volume of magma erupted. This correction can be made by comparing the bulk density of the tephra deposit with the known density of the original gas-free rock-type that makes up the tephra. The result is referred to as the dense-rock equivalent of the erupted volume.

text: Historical and geological estimates of tephra volumes are usually obtained by mapping the distribution and thickness of tephra deposits on the ground after the eruption is over.  For historical volcanic explosions, further estimates must be made of tephra deposits that might have changed significantly over time by other geological processes including erosion.  Tephra volumes measured in this way must then be corrected for void spaces (

text: vesicles

text: - bubbles within the pumice, empty spaces between individual pieces of pumice or ash) to get an estimate of the original volume of

text: magma

text: erupted. This correction can be made by comparing the bulk density of the tephra deposit with the known

text: density

text: of the original gas-free rock-type that makes up the tephra. The result is referred to as the dense-rock equivalent of the erupted volume.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gas-free rock

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eruption

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: gas-free rock-type

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Historical and geological estimates

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: gas-free

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: bulk density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: dense-rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: dense-rock equivalent of the erupted volume.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: ash)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: gas-free rock-type

text: Research is being conducted on many fronts in the gas storage field to help identify new improved and more economical ways to store gas.Research being conducted by the US Department of Energy is showing that salt formations can be chilled allowing for more gas to be stored. This will reduce the size of the formation needed to be treated, and have salt extracted from it. This will lead to cheaper development costs for salt formation storage facility type.Another aspect being looked at, are other formations that may hold gas. These include hard rock formations such as granite, in areas where such formations exists and other types currently used for gas storage do not.In Sweden a new type of storage facility has been built, called "lined rock cavern". This storage facility consists of installing a steel tank in a cavern in the rock of a hill and surrounding it with concrete. Although the development cost of such facility is quite expensive, its ability to cycle gas multiple times compensates for it, similar to salt formation facilities.Finally, another research project sponsored by the Department of Energy, is that of hydrates. Hydrates are compounds formed when natural gas is frozen in the presence of water. The advantage being that as much as 181 standard cubic feet of natural gas could be stored in a single cubic foot of hydrate.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: intrusive, extrusive, metamorphic or sedimentary?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: hydrates

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hydrates

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Salt formation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: hard rock formations such as granite,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: hydrates.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: more gas to be stored.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: salt formation facilities.Finally,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: hydrates.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: hydrates.

text: Passive-flow folds form when the rock is so soft that it behaves like weak plastic and slowly flows.  In this process different parts of the rock body move at different rates causing shear stress to gradually shift from layer to layer. There is no mechanical contrast between layers in this type of fold.  Passive-flow folds are extremely dependent on the rock composition of the stratum and can typically occur in areas with high temperatures.

text: Passive-flow folds form when the rock is so soft that it behaves like weak plastic and slowly flows.  In this process different parts of the rock body move at different rates causing shear stress to gradually shift from layer to layer. There is no mechanical contrast between layers in this type of fold.  Passive-flow folds are extremely dependent on the rock composition of the stratum and can typically occur in areas with high temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Passive-flow

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (4).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: different parts of the rock body move at different rates

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock composition of the stratum

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: shear stress

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Passive-flow folds

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Passive-flow folds

text: Meteorite shock stage is a measure of the degree of fracturing of the matrix of a common chondrite meteorite. Impacts on the parent body of a meteoroid can produce very large pressures. These pressures heat, melt and deform the rocks. This is called shock metamorphism. Meteorites are often given a rating from 1 to 6 showing the level of shock metamorphism. However, the degree of shock can vary within a meteorite on the scale of centimeters.

text: Meteorite shock stage is a measure of the degree of fracturing of the matrix of a common

text: chondrite

text: meteorite

text: . Impacts on the parent body of a meteoroid can produce very large pressures. These pressures heat, melt and deform the rocks. This is called

text: shock metamorphism

text: . Meteorites are often given a rating from 1 to 6 showing the level of shock metamorphism. However, the degree of shock can vary within a meteorite on the scale of centimeters.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chondrite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Impacts on the parent body of a meteoroid

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: shock metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: chondrite

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: centimeters.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: shock metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: chondrite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Meteorite shock stage

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: shock metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: shock metamorphism.

text: Stone Town Nature Reserve (known in Polish as Rezerwat przyrody Skamieniałe Miasto) is located on the right bank of the Biała river, near Ciężkowice. It has the area of 15 hectares, and it was created in 1931, with official recognision in 1974. The reserve spreads from the Biała valley to the peak of the Skała hill (367 meters above sea level). Among oak and pine forest there are several large sandstone rocks, shaped during the process of erosion. Altogether, they make the so-called stone town, and names of individual rocks are based on their appearance (“Pyramid”, “Witch”, “Town Hall”, “Club”). There also is a small waterfall nearby.

text: Stone Town Nature Reserve (known in Polish as Rezerwat przyrody Skamieniałe Miasto) is located on the right bank of the Biała river, near Ciężkowice. It has the area of 15

text: hectare

text: s, and it was created in 1931, with official recognision in 1974. The reserve spreads from the Biała valley to the peak of the Skała hill (367 meters above sea level). Among oak and pine forest there are several large

text: sandstone

text: rocks, shaped during the process of

text: erosion

text: . Altogether, they make the so-called stone town, and names of individual rocks are based on their appearance (“Pyramid”, “Witch”, “Town Hall”, “Club”). There also is a small waterfall nearby.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: appearance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: names of individual rocks are based on their appearance

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: appearance

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: appearance

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: small waterfall

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: erosion.

text: Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as weathering or metasomatism (hydrothermal alteration). Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical regimes. Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals; as such, it is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy. This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock cycle. An example of a series of mineral reactions is illustrated as follows.

text: Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as

text: weathering

text: or

text: metasomatism

text: hydrothermal alteration

text: ). Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes

text: tectonic

text: or

text: magmatic

text: movement into differing physical regimes. Changes in

text: thermodynamic

text: conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals; as such, it is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy. This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the

text: rock cycle

text: . An example of a series of mineral reactions is illustrated as follows.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: physical regimes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mineralogical alteration

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: two rocks to have an identical or a very similar bulk rock chemistry

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter the mineralogy

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Changes in temperature and pressure,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: composition alter the mineralogy

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: mineralogical alteration

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: minerals;

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Changes in thermodynamic conditions

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metasomatism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: mineralogical alteration is related to the rock cycle.

text: High Force was formed where the River Tees crosses the Whin Sill – a hard layer of igneous rock (also seen at Hadrian's Wall and other locations). The waterfall itself consists of three different types of rock. The upper band is made up of whinstone, or dolerite, a hard igneous rock which the waterfall takes a lot of time to erode. The lower section is made up of Carboniferous Limestone, a softer rock which is more easily worn away by the waterfall. Between these two layers is a thinner layer of Carboniferous sandstone, which was baked hard when the Whin Sill was molten 295 million years ago. The wearing away of rock means that the waterfall is slowly moving upstream, leaving a narrow, deep gorge in front of it. The length of the gorge is currently about 700 metres. The bedload (rocks that the river is carrying) is mainly composed of large boulders, which are rolled along the river bed. Upstream of the waterfall, the river is narrow; downstream, it widens and meanders.

text: High Force was formed where the River Tees crosses the

text: Whin Sill

text: – a hard layer of

text: igneous rock

text: (also seen at

text: Hadrian's Wall

text: and other locations). The

text: waterfall

text: itself consists of three different types of rock. The upper band is made up of

text: whinstone

text: , or

text: dolerite

text: , a hard igneous rock which the waterfall takes a lot of time to erode. The lower section is made up of

text: Carboniferous Limestone

text: , a softer rock which is more easily worn away by the waterfall. Between these two layers is a thinner layer of Carboniferous sandstone, which was baked hard when the Whin Sill was molten 295 million years ago. The wearing away of rock means that the waterfall is slowly moving upstream, leaving a narrow, deep

text: gorge

text: in front of it. The length of the gorge is currently about 700 metres. The

text: bedload

text: (rocks that the river is carrying) is mainly composed of large boulders, which are rolled along the river bed. Upstream of the waterfall, the river is narrow; downstream, it widens and meanders.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the River Tees

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The wearing away of rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: three different types of rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Carboniferous Limestone,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Whin Sill

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: softer rock which is more easily worn away

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The wearing away of rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Carboniferous sandstone,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Carboniferous Limestone,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erode.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Carboniferous Limestone,

text: However, research by Collins suggests that not all granite bodies of large size are formed by crystallization from magma (see Major results section above). In some places granite can form at temperatures below melting conditions where former solidified igneous rocks have been deformed and microfractured to open up the system for movements of fluids. In these places, if uranium is relatively abundant in these rocks, it also releases radioactive radon (Rn-222), which is an inert gas that freely moves through the fractures.  Because Rn-222 is the precursor to Po-218, its free movement readily facilitates the natural formation of Po halos.  That is, in those places where the former igneous rocks have relatively abundant scattered uranium, during the conversion of these rocks into granite by chemical replacement processes, the open system allows radon gas to migrate in fluids to where biotite is being crystallized or recrystallized and where polonium isotopes derived from the nearby radioactive radon can precipitate in the biotite lattice. Therefore, the three different kinds of Po halos can form naturally in biotite during thousands (or millions) of years while deformation and chemical replacements are occurring without any requirement for instantaneous crystallization on Day Three. In all these places where Po halos in biotite crystals occur, Collins has found myrmekite to be associated with the granitic rocks.

text: However, research by Collins suggests that not all granite bodies of large size are formed by crystallization from magma (see Major results section above). In some places granite can form at temperatures below melting conditions where former solidified igneous rocks have been

text: deformed

text: and

text: microfractured

text: to open up the system for movements of

text: fluids

text: . In these places, if uranium is relatively abundant in these rocks, it also releases radioactive

text: radon

text: (Rn-222), which is an

text: inert gas

text: that freely moves through the fractures.  Because Rn-222 is the precursor to Po-218, its free movement readily facilitates the natural formation of Po halos.  That is, in those places where the former igneous rocks have relatively abundant scattered uranium, during the conversion of these rocks into granite by chemical replacement processes, the open system allows radon gas to migrate in fluids to where biotite is being crystallized or recrystallized and where polonium isotopes derived from the nearby radioactive radon can precipitate in the biotite lattice. Therefore, the three different kinds of Po halos can form naturally in biotite during thousands (or millions) of years while deformation and chemical replacements are occurring without any requirement for instantaneous crystallization on Day Three. In all these places where Po halos in biotite crystals occur, Collins has found

text: myrmekite

text: to be associated with the granitic rocks.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: how are rocks classified

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uranium

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical replacement processes

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: granite bodies of large size are formed by crystallization from magma

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: granite bodies of large size are formed by crystallization from magma

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: if uranium is relatively abundant in these rocks,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: melting conditions

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: chemical replacement processes,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: temperatures below melting conditions

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: granite bodies of large size are formed by crystallization from magma

text: Types of sedimentary rock - usually limestone (calcium carbonate) - are sometimes formed by the evaporation, or rapid precipitation, of mineral spring water, especially at the mouths of hot mineral springs. (These mineral deposits can also be found in dried lakebeds.) Spectacular formations, including terraces, stalactites, stalagmites and “frozen waterfalls” can result (see, for example, Mammoth Hot Springs).

text: Types of

text: sedimentary rock

text: - usually

text: limestone

text: calcium carbonate

text: ) - are sometimes formed by the

text: evaporation

text: , or rapid

text: precipitation

text: , of mineral spring water, especially at the mouths of hot mineral springs. (These mineral deposits can also be found in dried lakebeds.) Spectacular formations, including terraces,

text: stalactite

text: s,

text: stalagmite

text: s and “frozen waterfalls” can result (see, for example,

text: Mammoth Hot Springs

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: formations

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Types of sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: evaporation, or rapid precipitation, of mineral spring water,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: “frozen waterfalls”

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: evaporation, or rapid precipitation, of mineral spring water,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: evaporation, or rapid precipitation, of mineral spring water,

text: There are thus two main classes of metamorphic komatiite; carbonated and hydrated. Carbonated komatiites and peridotites form a series of rocks dominated by the minerals chlorite, talc, magnesite or dolomite and tremolite. Hydrated metamorphic rock assemblages are dominated by the minerals chlorite, serpentine-antigorite, brucite. Traces of talc, tremolite and dolomite may be present, as it is very rare that no carbon dioxide is present in metamorphic fluids. At higher metamorphic grades, anthophyllite, enstatite, olivine and diopside dominate as the rock mass dehydrates.

text: There are thus two main classes of metamorphic komatiite; carbonated and hydrated. Carbonated komatiites and peridotites form a series of rocks dominated by the minerals chlorite,

text: talc

text: magnesite

text: or

text: dolomite

text: and

text: tremolite

text: . Hydrated metamorphic rock assemblages are dominated by the minerals chlorite,

text: serpentine

text: antigorite

text: brucite

text: . Traces of talc, tremolite and dolomite may be present, as it is very rare that no carbon dioxide is present in metamorphic fluids. At higher metamorphic grades,

text: anthophyllite

text: enstatite

text: olivine

text: and

text: diopside

text: dominate as the rock mass dehydrates.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dehydrates

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dehydrates

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: anthophyllite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dehydrates

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: two main classes of metamorphic komatiite;

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: two main classes of metamorphic komatiite;

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: dehydrates.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: dehydrates.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: anthophyllite, enstatite,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Carbonated komatiites

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: dehydrates.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Carbonated komatiites

text: WBCN is a digital-only radio station airing on WBZ-FM HD-2 in Boston, Massachusetts and owned by CBS Radio. Before switching to 98.5 HD-2 on August 12, 2009, WBCN featured its rock format for 41 years as an analog radio station on 104.1 MHz (now WBMX). WBCN became a legend in the rock music industry for breaking many bands, most notably U2.  WBCN was a modern rock/active rock station that mixed music that has been popular in the modern rock, alternative rock and classic rock genres. Known as "The Rock of Boston", its three main Boston-area competitors  were Album Oriented Rock/active rock WAAF and alternative music stations WBOS and WFNX.

text: WBCN is a digital-only

text: radio station

text: airing on

text: WBZ-FM

text: HD

text: -2 in

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: and owned by

text: CBS Radio

text: . Before switching to 98.5 HD-2 on August 12, 2009, WBCN featured its rock format for 41 years as an analog radio station on 104.1 MHz (now

text: WBMX

text: ). WBCN became a legend in the rock music industry for breaking many bands, most notably

text: .  WBCN was a

text: modern rock

text: active rock

text: station that mixed music that has been popular in the

text: modern rock

text: alternative rock

text: and

text: classic rock

text: genres. Known as "The Rock of Boston", its three main Boston-area competitors  were

text: Album Oriented Rock

text: active rock

text: WAAF

text: and

text: alternative music

text: stations

text: WBOS

text: and

text: WFNX

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: break many bands

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: modern rock, alternative rock and classic rock genres.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: WBCN

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Album Oriented Rock/active

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Album Oriented Rock/active

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: breaking many bands,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Album Oriented Rock/active

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 98.5 HD-2 on August 12, 2009,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: analog radio station on 104.1 MHz

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: WBCN

text: The Narryer Gneiss Terrane is a geological complex in Western Australia that is composed of a tectonically interleaved and polydeformed mixture of granite, mafic intrusions and metasedimentary rocks in excess of 3.3 billion years old, with the majority of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in excess of 3.6 billion years old. The rocks have experienced multiple metamorphic events at amphibolite or granulite conditions, resulting in often complete destruction of original igneous or sedimentary (protolith) textures.  Importantly, it contains the oldest known samples of the Earth's crust: samples of zircon from the Jack Hills portion of the Narryer Gneiss have been radiometrically dated at 4.4 billion years old, although the majority of zircon crystals are about 3.6-3.8 billion years old.

text: The Narryer Gneiss Terrane is a geological complex in

text: Western Australia

text: that is composed of a tectonically interleaved and polydeformed mixture of

text: granite

text: mafic

text: intrusion

text: s and

text: metasediment

text: ary

text: rocks

text: in excess of 3.3 billion years old, with the majority of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in excess of 3.6 billion years old. The rocks have experienced multiple metamorphic events at

text: amphibolite

text: or

text: granulite

text: conditions, resulting in often complete destruction of original

text: igneous

text: or

text: sedimentary

text: protolith

text: textures

text: .  Importantly, it contains the oldest known samples of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: : samples of

text: zircon

text: from the

text: Jack Hills

text: portion of the Narryer Gneiss have been

text: radiometrically

text: dated at 4.4 billion years old, although the majority of zircon

text: crystal

text: s are about 3.6-3.8 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic conditions

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: How many billion years old is zircon?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: multiple metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metasedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: textures.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic events

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: granulite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 3.6-3.8 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic events

text: Matsuyama Rocks, in Crystal Sound, Antarctica, are named in his honour.

text: Matsuyama Rocks

text: , in

text: Crystal Sound

text: , Antarctica, are named in his honour.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Matsuyama Rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Matsuyama Rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Matsuyama Rocks, in Crystal Sound, Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Matsuyama Rocks,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Matsuyama Rocks, in Crystal Sound, Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Matsuyama Rocks,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Matsuyama Rocks,

text: In geology, it is the textural coarsening, aging or growth of phenocrysts and crystals in solid rock which is below the solidus temperature. It is often ascribed as a process in the formation of orthoclase megacrysts, as an alternative to the physical processes governing crystal growth from nucleation and growth rate thermochemical limitations.

text: In

text: geology

text: , it is the textural coarsening, aging or growth of

text: phenocrysts

text: and crystals in solid rock which is below the

text: solidus

text: temperature. It is often ascribed as a process in the formation of

text: orthoclase

text: megacryst

text: s, as an alternative to the physical processes governing crystal growth from

text: nucleation

text: and growth rate

text: thermochemical

text: limitations.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: solidus temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: solidus

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: nucleation and growth rate thermochemical limitations.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: nucleation and growth rate thermochemical limitations.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: solid rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: below the solidus temperature.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: solid rock which is below the solidus temperature.

text: Basalts are important rocks within metamorphic belts, as they can provide vital information on the conditions of metamorphism within the belt. Various metamorphic facies are named after the mineral assemblages and rock types formed by subjecting basalts to the temperatures and pressures of the metamorphic event. These are:

text: Basalts are important rocks within

text: metamorphic

text: belts, as they can provide vital information on the conditions of metamorphism within the belt. Various metamorphic

text: facies

text: are named after the mineral assemblages and rock types formed by subjecting basalts to the temperatures and pressures of the metamorphic event. These are:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: temperatures and pressures of the metamorphic event.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperatures and pressures of the metamorphic event.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Basalts

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic facies

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic facies

text: Some crystals have formed by magmatic and metamorphic processes, giving origin to large masses of crystalline rock. The vast majority of igneous rocks are formed from molten magma and the degree of crystallization depends primarily on the conditions under which they solidified. Such rocks as granite, which have cooled very slowly and under great pressures, have completely crystallized; but many kinds of lava were poured out at the surface and cooled very rapidly, and in this latter group a small amount of amorphous or glassy matter is common. Other crystalline rocks, the metamorphic rocks such as marbles, mica-schists and quartzites, are recrystallized. This means that they were at first fragmental rocks like limestone, shale and sandstone and have never been in a molten condition nor entirely in solution, but the high temperature and pressure conditions of metamorphism have acted on them by erasing their original structures and inducing recrystallization in the solid state.

text: Some crystals have formed by

text: magmatic

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: processes, giving origin to large masses of crystalline

text: rock

text: . The vast majority of

text: igneous rocks

text: are formed from molten magma and the degree of crystallization depends primarily on the conditions under which they solidified. Such rocks as

text: granite

text: , which have cooled very slowly and under great pressures, have completely crystallized; but many kinds of

text: lava

text: were poured out at the surface and cooled very rapidly, and in this latter group a small amount of amorphous or

text: glass

text: y matter is common. Other crystalline rocks, the metamorphic rocks such as

text: marble

text: s,

text: mica-schist

text: s and

text: quartzite

text: s, are recrystallized. This means that they were at first fragmental rocks like

text: limestone

text: shale

text: and

text: sandstone

text: and have never been in a

text: molten

text: condition nor entirely in solution, but the high temperature and pressure conditions of

text: metamorphism

text: have acted on them by erasing their original structures and inducing recrystallization in the solid state.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: degrees of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: degree of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Some crystals have formed by magmatic and metamorphic processes,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the conditions under which they solidified.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: degree of crystallization

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: magmatic and metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: granite, which have cooled very slowly and under great pressures,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallized.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystalline rock.

text: The rocks of the Helvetic and Austroalpine nappes and the southern Alps did not experience high grade metamorphism in the major Alpine phases in the Cenozoic. Any high grade metamorphic rocks in these units will not have become metamorphic due to the formation of the Alps. Other possibilities are:

text: The rocks of the Helvetic and Austroalpine nappes and the southern Alps did not experience high grade

text: metamorphism

text: in the major Alpine phases in the Cenozoic. Any high grade

text: metamorphic rocks

text: in these units will not have become metamorphic due to the formation of the Alps. Other possibilities are:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: high grade metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high grade metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high grade metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: high grade metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: high grade metamorphism

text: The Golden Bed is a large bed, measuring  long,  high and  wide. It is made from wood, gilded gold. The bed is decorated with carvings and 'fragments of illuminated manuscripts under glass and rock crystal'. Two mirrors are inset into the headboard, which features a painting by Thomas Weekes of the Judgement of Paris at its centre. The three gods in the 'Judgement of Paris' are wearing clothes of the 13th-century, with Mercury standing to the left of Paris, with Venus bowing to Paris on the right. The painting had previously been part of a larger painted panel at Burges' rooms in Buckingham Street, where he had lived before Tower House. The sideboards of the bed are ornamented with glass covering pieces of illuminated vellum and fragments of textiles. Grotesque figures, of a female and male, feature in the side brackets at the head of the bed. The bed head and foot posts are surmounted by half orbs of rock crystal.

text: The Golden Bed is a large bed, measuring  long,  high and  wide. It is made from wood, gilded gold. The bed is decorated with carvings and 'fragments of illuminated manuscripts under glass and rock crystal'. Two mirrors are inset into the headboard, which features a painting by Thomas Weekes of the

text: Judgement of Paris

text: at its centre. The three gods in the 'Judgement of Paris' are wearing clothes of the 13th-century, with

text: Mercury

text: standing to the left of

text: Paris

text: , with

text: Venus

text: bowing to Paris on the right. The painting had previously been part of a larger painted panel at Burges' rooms in Buckingham Street, where he had lived before Tower House. The sideboards of the bed are ornamented with glass covering pieces of illuminated vellum and fragments of textiles. Grotesque figures, of a female and male, feature in the side brackets at the head of the bed. The bed head and foot posts are surmounted by half orbs of

text: rock crystal

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: half orbs of rock crystal

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock crystal

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What does the bed head and foot posts contain?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: How is the bed made?

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: half orbs of rock crystal.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: half orbs of rock crystal.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: 13th-century,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: long, high and wide.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: half orbs of rock crystal.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal'.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: half orbs of rock crystal.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: wood,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: half orbs of rock crystal.

text: Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or heave upon freezing as a result of water migrating via capillary action to grow ice lenses near the freezing front. This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The ice crystal growth weakens the rocks which, in time, break up. It is caused by the expansion of ice when water freezes, putting considerable stress on the walls of containment. This is actually a very common process in all humid, temperate areas where there is exposed rock, especially porous rocks like sandstone.  Sand can often be found just under the faces of exposed sandstone where individual grains have been popped off, one by one.  This process is often termed frost spalling.  In fact, this is often the most important weathering process for exposed rock in many areas.

text: Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or

text: heave

text: upon freezing as a result of water migrating via

text: capillary action

text: to grow

text: ice lens

text: es near the freezing front. This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The ice crystal growth weakens the rocks which, in time, break up. It is caused by the expansion of ice when water freezes, putting considerable stress on the walls of containment. This is actually a very common process in all humid, temperate areas where there is exposed rock, especially porous rocks like

text: sandstone

text: .  Sand can often be found just under the faces of exposed sandstone where individual grains have been popped off, one by one.  This process is often termed frost spalling.  In fact, this is often the most important weathering process for exposed rock in many areas.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: porous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: frost spalling

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frost spalling

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: exposed rock,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water migrating via capillary action

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: frost spalling.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rocks.

text: During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in incompatible elements. Hence, knowledge of the crystallization sequence is critical in understanding how melt compositions evolve. Textures of rocks provide insights, as documented in the early 1900s by Bowen's reaction series. An example of such texture, related to fractioned crystallization, is intergranular (also known as intercumulus) textures that develop wherever a mineral crystallizes later than the surrounding matrix, hence filling the left-over interstitial space. A variety of Cr, Fe, and Ti oxides show such textures, like intergranular chromite in a siliceous matrix. Experimentally-determined phase diagrams for simple mixtures provide insights into general principles. Numerical calculations with special software have become increasingly able to simulate natural processes accurately.

text: During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in

text: incompatible element

text: s. Hence, knowledge of the crystallization sequence is critical in understanding how melt compositions evolve. Textures of rocks provide insights, as documented in the early 1900s by

text: Bowen's reaction series

text: . An example of such texture, related to fractioned crystallization, is intergranular (also known as intercumulus) textures that develop wherever a mineral crystallizes later than the surrounding matrix, hence filling the left-over interstitial space. A variety of Cr, Fe, and Ti oxides show such textures, like intergranular chromite in a siliceous matrix. Experimentally-determined

text: phase diagram

text: s for simple mixtures provide insights into general principles. Numerical calculations with special software have become increasingly able to simulate natural processes accurately.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: During the process of fractional crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: fractional crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Textures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fractional crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: enriched in incompatible elements.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: intergranular

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: fractional crystallization,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: During the process of fractional crystallization,

text: On the closing phase of the classic Wilson cycle, two continental or smaller terranes meet at a convergent zone. As the two masses of continental crust meet, neither can be subducted as they are both low density silicic rock. As the two masses meet, tremendous compressional forces distort and modify the rocks involved. The result is regional metamorphism within the interior of the ensuing orogeny or mountain building event. As the two masses are compressed, folded and faulted into a mountain range by the continental collision the whole suite of pre-existing igneous, volcanic, sedimentary and earlier metamorphic rock units are subjected to this new metamorphic event.

text: On the closing phase of the classic Wilson cycle, two continental or smaller terranes meet at a convergent zone. As the two masses of

text: continental crust

text: meet, neither can be subducted as they are both low density silicic rock. As the two masses meet, tremendous compressional forces distort and modify the rocks involved. The result is regional metamorphism within the interior of the ensuing

text: orogeny

text: or mountain building event. As the two masses are compressed, folded and faulted into a mountain range by the continental collision the whole suite of pre-existing igneous, volcanic, sedimentary and earlier metamorphic rock units are subjected to this new metamorphic event.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: regional metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous, volcanic, sedimentary and earlier metamorphic rock units

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: igneous, volcanic, sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: compressional forces

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: regional metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: silicic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: On the closing phase of the classic Wilson cycle,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Wilson cycle,

text: One of the earliest and most prominent references to the Highland Boundary Fault was by George Barrow in 1912, ʻOn the Geology of Lower Dee-side and the Southern Highland Borderʼ, which highlights the nature of the rocks accompanying the Highland Border and describes the outlining mineral zones associated with metamorphism. In the same publication, Barrow also outlines the ʻHighland Faultʼ and the areas where he believes there are planes of overthrust. Barrowʼs description of the structural nature of the rocks along the Highland Border suggests that rocks along both ends of the fault plane are indistinguishable from one another, with no brecciation.

text: One of the earliest and most prominent references to the Highland Boundary Fault was by

text: George Barrow

text: in 1912, ʻOn the Geology of Lower Dee-side and the Southern Highland Borderʼ, which highlights the nature of the rocks accompanying the Highland Border and describes the outlining mineral zones associated with metamorphism. In the same publication, Barrow also outlines the ʻHighland Faultʼ and the areas where he believes there are planes of overthrust. Barrowʼs description of the structural nature of the rocks along the Highland Border suggests that rocks along both ends of the fault plane are indistinguishable from one another, with no

text: breccia

text: tion.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: structural

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: indistinguishable from one another,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: brecciation.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphism.

text: A phenocryst is a relatively large and usually conspicuous crystal distinctly larger than the grains of the rock groundmass of an igneous rock. Such rocks that have a distinct difference in the size of the crystals are called porphyries, and the adjective porphyritic is used to describe them.  Phenocrysts often have euhedral forms, either due to early growth within a magma, or by post-emplacement recrystallization. Normally the term  phenocryst is not used unless the crystals are directly observable, which is sometimes stated as greater than .5 millimeter in diameter. Phenocrysts below this level, but still larger than the groundmass crystals, are termed microphenocrysts. Very large phenocrysts are termed  megaphenocrysts.  Some rocks contain both microphenocrysts and megaphenocrysts.  In  metamorphic rocks, crystals similar to phenocrysts are called porphyroblasts.

text: A phenocryst is a relatively large and usually conspicuous

text: crystal

text: distinctly larger than the grains of the rock

text: groundmass

text: of an

text: igneous

text: rock. Such rocks that have a distinct difference in the size of the crystals are called

text: porphyries

text: , and the adjective

text: porphyritic

text: is used to describe them.  Phenocrysts often have

text: euhedral

text: forms, either due to early growth within a

text: magma

text: , or by post-emplacement

text: recrystallization

text: . Normally the term  phenocryst is not used unless the crystals are directly observable, which is sometimes stated as greater than .5 millimeter in diameter. Phenocrysts below this level, but still larger than the groundmass crystals, are termed microphenocrysts. Very large phenocrysts are termed  megaphenocrysts.  Some rocks contain both microphenocrysts and megaphenocrysts.  In

text: metamorphic rock

text: s, crystals similar to phenocrysts are called

text: porphyroblast

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: euhedral forms

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: size of the crystals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rock.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: early growth

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: euhedral forms,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: early growth within a magma,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: porphyries,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: microphenocrysts.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: recrystallization.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: microphenocrysts.

text: From a geological point of view the Brocken and its surrounding terrain, the Brocken massif, consists mainly of granite (called Brocken granite), an igneous rock. The granitic plutons of the Harz - the Brocken, Ramberg and Oker plutons - emerged towards the end of the Harz mountain-building phase of the Upper Carboniferous, about 300 million years ago. First, alkaline magma intruded into the overlying sediments, crystallized out and formed gabbro and diorite massifs, such as the Harzburg gabbro. A little later, silica-rich granitic magma rose, some intruding into voids and gaps in the older rocks, but most being created by the melting of existing sediments. On the boundary between granite and host rock, the so-called contact zone, a great variety of transitions may be seen. For example, the summit of the Achtermannshöhe consists of contact-metamorphosed hornfels of the contact zone that, here, lies over the Brocken granite. The subsequent erosion of the Harz mountains that followed the uplifting of the Harz during the Upper Cretaceous saw the disappearance of the protective hornfels summit, thus exposing the granite that had crystallized underground during the Upper Carboniferous. The alleged hardness of Brocken granite is not the reason for the height of the mountain, but the geological fact that it was well protected by its weather-resistant hornfels crest for a long time before erosion set in.

text: From a geological point of view the Brocken and its surrounding terrain, the Brocken massif, consists mainly of

text: granite

text: (called Brocken granite), an igneous rock. The

text: granitic plutons

text: of the Harz - the Brocken, Ramberg and Oker plutons - emerged towards the end of the Harz mountain-building phase of the

text: Upper Carboniferous

text: , about 300 million years ago. First, alkaline

text: magma

text: intruded into the overlying sediments, crystallized out and formed

text: gabbro

text: and

text: diorite

text: massifs, such as the Harzburg gabbro. A little later,

text: silica

text: -rich granitic magma rose, some intruding into voids and gaps in the older rocks, but most being created by the melting of existing sediments. On the boundary between granite and host rock, the so-called contact zone, a great variety of transitions may be seen. For example, the summit of the

text: Achtermannshöhe

text: consists of contact-metamorphosed

text: hornfels

text: of the contact zone that, here, lies over the Brocken granite. The subsequent erosion of the Harz mountains that followed the uplifting of the Harz during the

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: saw the disappearance of the protective hornfels summit, thus exposing the granite that had crystallized underground during the Upper Carboniferous. The alleged hardness of Brocken granite is not the reason for the height of the mountain, but the geological fact that it was well protected by its weather-resistant hornfels crest for a long time before erosion set in.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: alkaline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: igneous rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: a great variety of transitions

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: shöhe

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: melting of existing sediments.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: alkaline magma

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: crystallized

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact-metamorphosed hornfels of the contact zone

text: The rock is actually not a true marble (a metamorphic rock), but a type of limestone (a calcareous sedimentary rock).

text: The rock is actually not a true

text: marble

text: (a

text: metamorphic

text: rock), but a type of

text: limestone

text: (a calcareous

text: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The rock is actually not a true marble

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: marble (a metamorphic rock), but a type of limestone

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: limestone

text: This species is a stream-dwelling frog, occurring in rocky westerly flowing rivers and streams in highland areas. It is normally associated with open woodlands, but is also found in grassland and forest. Males make a quite "quirk...quirk...quirk" call from beside streams or on bedrock within streams from late winter through to summer. An average of about 1,300 eggs are laid in a single adherent clump, attached to or under rocks, within rock pools or in still sections of streams. Hatching occurs from four to seven days after laying. Tadpoles are brown with well-developed mouth parts,  and reach a maximum of about 58 mm. Metamorphosis occurs during summer, and tadpole development takes an average of 75 days. Metamorphs from northern areas average about 15 mm, while those in the south measure about 22 mm. Metamorph frogs closely resemble the adult.

text: This species is a stream-dwelling frog, occurring in rocky westerly flowing rivers and streams in highland areas. It is normally associated with open woodlands, but is also found in grassland and forest. Males make a quite "quirk...quirk...quirk" call from beside streams or on bedrock within streams from late winter through to summer. An average of about 1,300 eggs are laid in a single adherent clump, attached to or under rocks, within rock pools or in still sections of streams. Hatching occurs from four to seven days after laying. Tadpoles are brown with well-developed mouth parts,  and reach a maximum of about 58 mm.

text: Metamorphosis

text: occurs during summer, and tadpole development takes an average of 75 days. Metamorphs from northern areas average about 15 mm, while those in the south measure about 22 mm. Metamorph frogs closely resemble the adult.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphs

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rocks,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 1,300 eggs are laid in a single adherent clump,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rocky westerly flowing rivers and streams in highland areas.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: 58 mm.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock pools

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: rock pools

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 1,300

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Metamorphosis

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rocks,

text: Fruchtschiefer is a local variety of contact metamorphic rock that is derived from argillite.

text: Fruchtschiefer is a local variety of contact

text: metamorphic rock

text: that is derived from

text: argillite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: crystalline structure

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: argillite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Fruchtschiefer is a local variety of contact metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Fruchtschiefer is a local variety of contact metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: contact metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Fruchtschiefer

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: argillite.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Fruchtschiefer

text: Texture (or rock microstructure) in geology refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed. The broadest textural classes are crystalline (in which the components are intergrown and interlocking crystals), fragmental (in which there is an accumulation of fragments by some physical process), aphanitic (in which crystals are not visible to the unaided eye), and glassy (in which the particles are too small to be seen and amorphously arranged). The geometric aspects and relations amongst the component particles or crystals are referred to as the crystallographic texture or preferred orientation. Textures can be quantified in many ways. The most common parameter is the crystal size distribution. This creates the physical appearance or character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement, and other properties, at both the visible and microscopic scale.

text: Texture (or

text: rock microstructure

text: ) in

text: geology

text: refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed. The broadest textural classes are crystalline (in which the components are intergrown and interlocking crystals), fragmental (in which there is an accumulation of fragments by some physical process),

text: aphanitic

text: (in which crystals are not visible to the unaided eye), and glassy (in which the particles are too small to be seen and amorphously arranged). The geometric aspects and relations amongst the component particles or crystals are referred to as the

text: crystallographic texture or preferred orientation

text: . Textures can be quantified in many ways. The most common parameter is the

text: crystal size distribution

text: . This creates the physical appearance or character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement, and other properties, at both the visible and microscopic scale.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grain size

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fragmental

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: glassy

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: amorphous

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: crystalline

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: grain size, shape, arrangement,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: accumulation of fragments

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: fragmental

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: glassy

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: aphanitic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: crystalline

text: One of the oldest sections of the Interstate Highway System in the US goes through a two-tiered highway section through Telegraph Pass at the north end of the range. The Interstate 8 roadcuts in the area of Telegraph Pass expose some of the oldest metamorphic rocks in the state of Arizona, outside of rocks exposed at the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

text: One of the oldest sections of the

text: Interstate Highway System

text: in the US goes through a two-tiered highway section through Telegraph Pass at the north end of the range. The

text: Interstate 8

text: roadcuts in the area of Telegraph Pass expose some of the oldest

text: metamorphic rocks

text: in the state of Arizona, outside of rocks exposed at the bottom of the

text: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: oldest metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Telegraph Pass

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks

text: Until approximately 250 million years ago uplift, folding, and faulting of the rocks took place. During and after uplift streams changed landscape. Streams carried away dissolved organic acids and groundwater decomposed the rocks. These processes take place today in the park. The washed sediments were found in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Due to the erosion, rocks previously several miles deep are exposed to the earth's surface.

text: Until approximately 250 million years ago uplift, folding, and faulting of the rocks took place. During and after uplift streams changed landscape. Streams carried away dissolved organic acids and groundwater decomposed the rocks. These processes take place today in the park. The washed sediments were found in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Due to the erosion, rocks previously several miles deep are exposed to the earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: decomposed

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting of the rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 250 million years ago uplift, folding, and faulting of the rocks

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: decomposed

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: uplift, folding, and faulting

text: The most common rock type in this area is intrusive igneous, which are highly fragmented granitics, this includes most of the Foss Lakes and Enchantment Lakes area. The other major rock types are sedimentary, metamorphics, ultrabasic rock complex and the extrusive igneous group that include basalt, andesite, and rhyolite. The metamorphic rocks are primarily in the northern part and the southern area is made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Wenatchee Mountains are mostly composed of peridotite.

text: The most common rock type in this area is

text: intrusive igneous

text: , which are highly fragmented

text: granitics

text: , this includes most of the

text: Foss Lakes

text: and

text: Enchantment Lakes

text: area. The other major rock types are

text: sedimentary

text: metamorphics

text: ultrabasic

text: rock complex and the

text: extrusive igneous

text: group that include

text: basalt

text: andesite

text: , and

text: rhyolite

text: . The metamorphic rocks are primarily in the northern part and the southern area is made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The

text: Wenatchee Mountains

text: are mostly composed of

text: peridotite

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: highly fragmented

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphics

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: sedimentary, metamorphics, ultrabasic rock complex

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: extrusive igneous group

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: highly fragmented granitics,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: highly fragmented granitics,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphics,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: intrusive igneous,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphics,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: intrusive igneous,

text: Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water (sedimentation). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically precipitate (evaporite) from a solution. The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and cementation during at moderate  temperatures and pressures (diagenesis).

text: Sedimentary rock

text: s are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water (

text: sedimentation

text: ). This process causes

text: clastic

text: sediment

text: s (pieces of rock) or

text: organic

text: particles (

text: detritus

text: ) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically

text: precipitate

text: evaporite

text: ) from a

text: solution

text: . The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and

text: cementation

text: during at moderate  temperatures and pressures (

text: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: chemically precipitate

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: moderate temperatures

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: (diagenesis).

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: moderate temperatures

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: (evaporite)

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Sedimentary rocks

text: Paleomagnetic pole data is obtained by taking oriented samples of rock. Good quality poles have been recovered from many different rock types. In igneous rocks, the magnetic minerals have cooled through the curie point, typically providing good quality poles. Metamorphic rocks may contain new magnetic minerals but are not normally used to obtain poles due to their typically high magnetic anisotropy. Sedimentary rocks generally have a complex set of magnetic components such as derived clasts and mineral grains with their own inherited magnetization, primary magnetization acquired at the time of sedimentation and secondary magnetization related to subsequent diagenesis and authigenic mineral growth. Progressive demagnetization is used to discriminate between the components to identify the primary magnetization. The poles shown by the primary magnetization represent a record of their position relative to the magnetic pole at the time when the rock was formed. Suitable rocks of the right age are not present everywhere, so some pieces of the puzzle remain very unconstrained.

text: Paleomagnetic

text: pole data is obtained by taking oriented samples of rock. Good quality poles have been recovered from many different

text: rock types

text: . In

text: igneous rock

text: s, the magnetic minerals have cooled through the

text: curie point

text: , typically providing good quality poles.

text: Metamorphic rocks

text: may contain new magnetic minerals but are not normally used to obtain poles due to their typically high magnetic anisotropy.

text: Sedimentary rocks

text: generally have a complex set of magnetic components such as derived clasts and mineral grains with their own inherited magnetization, primary magnetization acquired at the time of sedimentation and secondary magnetization related to subsequent

text: diagenesis

text: and

text: authigenic

text: mineral growth. Progressive demagnetization is used to discriminate between the components to identify the primary magnetization. The poles shown by the primary magnetization represent a record of their position relative to the magnetic pole at the time when the rock was formed. Suitable rocks of the right age are not present everywhere, so some pieces of the puzzle remain very unconstrained.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magnetic minerals

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetic minerals

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Suitable rocks of the right age are not present everywhere,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: the magnetic minerals have cooled through the curie point,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: good quality poles.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks, the magnetic minerals have cooled through the curie point,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: diagenesis and authigenic mineral growth. Progressive demagnetization

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Metamorphic rocks

text: Dugan Aguilar's photographs have been published in the following books:

text: Dugan Aguilar's photographs have been published in the following books:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: texture

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: photographs

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: following

text: The 1796 collected version of the poem reads:

text: The 1796 collected version of the poem reads:

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: crystallization

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: it is transformed

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: The 1796 collected version of the poem

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: The 1796

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 1796

text: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release. He features with a cameo vocal on Nashville post-rock ambient band Hammock's recent EP Asleep In The Downlights, a band whose most recent albums he has co-produced and/or mixed.

text: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release. He features with a cameo vocal on Nashville post-rock ambient band Hammock's recent EP Asleep In The Downlights, a band whose most recent albums he has co-produced and/or mixed.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma composition

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: post-rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: post-rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: release.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: solo collaborations

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: post-rock ambient

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Downlights,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Currently he is currently working on multiple solo collaborations for imminent release.

text: The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade. Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions.

text: The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under the ground; pressure is dominant and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as

text: jade

text: . Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: formation mechanism

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: jade

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The three major classes of metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: The three major classes of metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: formation mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature-dominated

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: formation mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Pressure metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: contact metamorphism—a

text: Benjamin Benny (21 October 1869 – 10 February 1935) was an Australian politician.

text: Benjamin Benny (21 October 1869 – 10 February 1935) was an Australian politician.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma flow

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Benjamin Benny (21 October 1869

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Australian politician.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Benjamin Benny (21 October 1869 – 10 February 1935)

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Benjamin Benny

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Benjamin Benny

text: Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks.

text: Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure

text: metamorphic rock

text: s and in

text: igneous rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rutile

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: high-temperature and high-pressure

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: high-temperature

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: igneous rocks.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic rocks

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks.

text: In June 2010, Perry stated some of the album's content "is a bit sugary sweet but when you listen to the record head to toe I think it's completely appetizing. I didn't want to have just club songs. People are living real lives, working jobs, having relationships. There's definitely a bit more substance and perspective on this record." The music of Teenage Dream is derived from a wide variety of rock and pop genres, while heavily incorporating different musical styles not heard on her previous releases; disco and electronic are examples. Musically, Teenage Dream is considered to be a departure from Perry's previous album, One of the Boys (2008), which was pop rock and soft rock driven. The album features a very wide range of rock music subgenres, which include disco rock, glam metal, indie rock, pop rock, hard rock, electronic rock, rock, and goth rock.

text: In June 2010, Perry stated some of the album's content "is a bit sugary sweet but when you listen to the record head to toe I think it's completely appetizing. I didn't want to have just club songs. People are living real lives, working jobs, having relationships. There's definitely a bit more substance and perspective on this record." The music of Teenage Dream is derived from a wide variety of

text: rock

text: and

text: pop

text: genres, while heavily incorporating different musical styles not heard on her previous releases;

text: disco

text: and

text: electronic

text: are examples. Musically, Teenage Dream is considered to be a departure from Perry's previous album,

text: One of the Boys

text: (2008), which was

text: pop rock

text: and

text: soft rock

text: driven. The album features a very wide range of

text: rock music

text: subgenres, which include

text: disco rock

text: glam metal

text: indie rock

text: pop rock

text: hard rock

text: electronic rock

text: , rock, and

text: goth rock

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: disco rock

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: goth rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: hard rock

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock music subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: hard rock, electronic rock, rock, and goth rock.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hard rock,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock music subgenres,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: hard rock, electronic rock, rock, and goth rock.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: One of the Boys (2008),

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: glam metal,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: hard rock, electronic rock, rock, and goth rock.

text: In a Poisson process, the number of observed occurrences fluctuates about its mean λ with a standard deviation

text: In a Poisson process, the number of observed occurrences fluctuates about its mean λ with a

text: standard deviation

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Poisson process

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Poisson process

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Poisson process

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: a Poisson process

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In a Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: In a Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: mean

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: In a Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: In a Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Poisson process,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Poisson process,

text: Three major groups of rocks are defined: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The scientific study of rocks is called petrology, which is an essential component of geology.

text: Three major groups of rocks are defined:

text: igneous

text: sedimentary

text: , and

text: metamorphic

text: . The scientific study of rocks is called

text: petrology

text: , which is an essential component of geology.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: petrology

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: petrology,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: petrology,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphic.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

text: To avoid being detected by emulation, some viruses rewrite themselves completely each time they are to infect new executables. Viruses that utilize this technique are said to be in metamorphic code. To enable metamorphism, a "metamorphic engine" is needed. A metamorphic virus is usually very large and complex. For example, W32/Simile consisted of over 14,000 lines of assembly language code, 90% of which is part of the metamorphic engine.

text: To avoid being detected by emulation, some viruses rewrite themselves completely each time they are to infect new executables. Viruses that utilize this technique are said to be in

text: metamorphic code

text: . To enable

text: metamorphism

text: , a "metamorphic engine" is needed. A metamorphic virus is usually very large and complex. For example,

text: consisted of over 14,000 lines of

text: assembly language

text: code, 90% of which is part of the metamorphic engine.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic code

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: metamorphic

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: To avoid being detected by emulation,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: metamorphic code. To enable metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: metamorphic code. To enable metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: metamorphic code.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphic code. To enable metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: metamorphic code.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: metamorphism,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: metamorphic code.

text: The North Little Rock High School West Campus facility is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its art-deco architecture style.

text: The North Little Rock High School West Campus facility is listed on the

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: for its art-deco architecture style.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: art-deco architecture style.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: art-deco

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: art-deco architecture style.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: art-deco architecture style.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: National Register of Historic Places

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: art-deco

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: National Register of Historic Places

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: National Register of Historic Places

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: art-deco

text: Těchobuz lies approximately  north-west of Pelhřimov,  west of Jihlava, and  south-east of Prague.

text: Těchobuz lies approximately  north-west of

text: Pelhřimov

text: ,  west of

text: Jihlava

text: , and  south-east of

text: Prague

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: geologic formation

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: T<unk>chobuz

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: T<unk>chobuz

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: north-west of Pelh<unk>imov,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: north-west of Pelh<unk>imov,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: T<unk>chobuz

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: T<unk>chobuz

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Pelh<unk>imov,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: T<unk>chobuz

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: T<unk>chobuz

text: In melanocytic cell types, MBP gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

text: In melanocytic cell types, MBP gene expression may be regulated by

text: MITF

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: MITF

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: morphology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: In melanocytic cell types,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: MITF.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: MITF.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: melanocytic cell types,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: MITF.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: melanocytic cell types,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: MITF.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: MITF.

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: MITF.

text: The book received favourable reviews, including in publications normally hostile to his work, such as The Spectator and The Daily Telegraph. It won the Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.

text: The book received favourable reviews, including in publications normally hostile to his work, such as

text: The Spectator

text: and

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: . It won the

text: Society of Biology

text: Book Award for general biology in 2014.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: The book received favourable reviews,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: Biology

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.

text: One of the most recognizable elements of the Bohemian Paradise is the sandstone rock which many of the surrounding towns are constructed of. There are many rocks which have been shaped by wind, water, frost, erosion, and humans into unique and curious shapes. People can visit, for instance, Hrubé, Suché, Prachovské, and Klokočské rocks. In these rock towns, there are a lot of vantage points. Most of them are available for normal tourists, but some can be surmounted only by rock climbers.

text: One of the most recognizable elements of the Bohemian Paradise is the sandstone rock which many of the surrounding towns are constructed of. There are many rocks which have been shaped by wind, water, frost, erosion, and humans into unique and curious shapes. People can visit, for instance, Hrubé, Suché, Prachovské, and Klokočské rocks. In these rock towns, there are a lot of vantage points. Most of them are available for normal tourists, but some can be surmounted only by rock climbers.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: frost

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: shaped by wind, water, frost, erosion, and humans

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: some can be surmounted only by rock climbers.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: wind, water, frost, erosion, and humans

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: shapes.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: some can be surmounted only by rock climbers.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: shaped by wind, water, frost, erosion, and humans

text: Historically, Tayma is known for growing dates. The oasis also has produced rock salt, which was distributed throughout Arabia. Tayma also mined alum, which was processed and used for the care of camels.

text: Historically, Tayma is known for growing

text: dates

text: . The oasis also has produced

text: rock salt

text: , which was distributed throughout

text: Arabia

text: . Tayma also mined

text: alum

text: , which was processed and used for the care of

text: camel

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: alum

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock salt

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: dates. The oasis also has produced rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: salt,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock salt,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: rock salt,

text: Park who was then a senior student at Wake Forest, was called up to the Philippines women's national team for the qualification phase of the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup which was held in 2013. Park made her FIFA International debut against Thailand and also became the first Demon Deacon to be called up to a senior women's national team for a competitive match.

text: Park who was then a senior student at Wake Forest, was called up to the

entity_name: Philippines women's national football team

text: Philippines women's national team

text: for the

entity_name: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup qualification

text: qualification phase

text: of the

text: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup

text: which was held in 2013. Park made her FIFA International debut against

text: Thailand

text: and also became the first Demon Deacon to be called up to a senior women's national team for a competitive match.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup which was held in 2013.

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: AFC Women's Asian Cup

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: qualification phase of the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: qualification phase of the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: Demon Deacon

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup which was held in 2013.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: qualification phase of the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup which was held in 2013.

text: One of the most serious and long-running water erosion problems worldwide is in the People's Republic of China, on the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flows into the ocean each year. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion in the Loess Plateau region of the northwest.

text: One of the most serious and long-running water erosion problems worldwide is in the

text: People's Republic of China

text: , on the middle reaches of the

text: Yellow River

text: and the upper reaches of the

text: Yangtze River

text: . From the

text: Yellow River

text: , over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flows into the ocean each year. The

text: sediment

text: originates primarily from water erosion in the

text: Loess Plateau

text: region of the northwest.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: One

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

text: Mozilla's Firefox browser implements a similar Audio Data API extension since version 4, implemented in 2010  and released in 2011, but Mozilla warns it is non-standard and deprecated, and recommends the Web Audio API instead.Some JavaScript audio processing and synthesis libraries such as Audiolet support both APIs.

text: Mozilla's Firefox browser

text: implements a similar Audio Data API extension since version 4, implemented in 2010  and released in 2011, but Mozilla warns it is non-standard and deprecated, and recommends the Web Audio API instead.Some JavaScript audio processing and synthesis libraries such as Audiolet support both APIs.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Mozilla's

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Web Audio API

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: Mozilla warns it is non-standard and deprecated,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: non-standard and deprecated,

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: 2011, but Mozilla warns it is non-standard and deprecated,

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: non-standard and deprecated,

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Web Audio API

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: 2011, but Mozilla warns it is non-standard and deprecated,

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Audio Data API extension since version 4,

text: Without sediment supply erosion of the barrier is rapid as normal processes such as washover continue. This happens when waves hit the barrier and push sediment from the ocean side to the lagoon side, there is no incoming sediment on the ocean side to rebuild the barrier. This means that the barrier migrate landward as the barrier ridges are reworked. The ratio of fine to coarse sediments making up the barrier is also increased. The coarse sediments armour the barrier structure against ocean swell and wind waves, without this sediment the fines are much more vulnerable to being removed leaving the barrier structure more vulnerable. Maximum wave height for this section of coast during one October was found to be 6.3 metres, and other studies have recorded frequent breakers around 5 metres high. This means that the barrier would frequently have to deal with overtopping events.

text: Without sediment supply

text: erosion

text: of the barrier is rapid as normal processes such as washover continue. This happens when waves hit the barrier and push sediment from the ocean side to the lagoon side, there is no incoming sediment on the ocean side to rebuild the barrier. This means that the barrier migrate landward as the barrier ridges are reworked. The ratio of fine to coarse sediments making up the barrier is also increased. The coarse sediments armour the barrier structure against ocean

text: swell

text: and

text: wind waves

text: , without this sediment the fines are much more vulnerable to being removed leaving the barrier structure more vulnerable. Maximum wave height for this section of coast during one October was found to be 6.3 metres, and other studies have recorded frequent breakers around 5 metres high. This means that the barrier would frequently have to deal with overtopping events.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: washover

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: igneous

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: overtopping

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Without

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Without sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: vulnerable.

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: washover

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: landward as the barrier ridges are reworked.

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Without sediment supply

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: erosion of the barrier is rapid as normal processes such as washover

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Without sediment supply

text: Swiftia pallida is a species of gorgonian-type octocoral in the family Plexauridae sometimes known as the northern sea fan. At one time it was considered to be a subspecies of Swiftia rosea.

text: Swiftia pallida is a

text: species

text: of gorgonian-type

text: octocoral

text: in the

text: family

text: Plexauridae

text: sometimes known as the northern sea fan. At one time it was considered to be a subspecies of

text: Swiftia rosea

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: fossilization

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: Swiftia

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Swiftia pallida

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: family Plexauridae

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: gorgonian-type

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: gorgonian-type

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: octocoral

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Swiftia rosea.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: gorgonian-type

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: Swiftia pallida

text: Pink Floyd's] [A] Saucerful of Secrets (and removed the rock)".

text: Pink Floyd

text: 's]

text: [A] Saucerful of Secrets

text: (and removed the rock)".

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: igneous rocks are formed from magma

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: metamorphism

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: rock)".

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: Pink Floyd's] [A] Saucerful of Secrets

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: rock)".

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: rock)".

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: removed the rock)".

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: removed the rock)".

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: Pink Floyd's] [A] Saucerful of Secrets

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: rock)".

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: removed the rock)".

text: A Hungarian team proposed that a sun compass artifact with crystals might have allowed Vikings to guide their boats at night too. A type of crystal they called a sunstone can use scattered sun light from below the horizon as a guide. What they suggest is that calcite stone crystals similar to one found amongst navigational tools on a sixteenth century sunken ship was used in combination with Haidinger's brush. If so, the Vikings could have used them in the northern latitudes where during the summer it never goes completely dark. In areas of confused magnetic deviation (such as the Labrador coast) a sunstone would have been a more reliable guide than a magnetic compass.

text: A Hungarian team proposed that a sun compass artifact with crystals might have allowed Vikings to guide their boats at night too. A type of crystal they called a sunstone can use scattered sun light from below the horizon as a guide. What they suggest is that calcite stone crystals similar to one found amongst navigational tools on a sixteenth century sunken ship was used in combination with

text: Haidinger's brush

text: . If so, the Vikings could have used them in the northern latitudes where during the summer it never goes completely dark. In areas of confused magnetic deviation (such as the Labrador coast) a sunstone would have been a more reliable guide than a magnetic compass.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetic

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: A Hungarian

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: sunstone

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: sun light

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: magnetic deviation

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Haidinger's brush.

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: crystal they called a sunstone

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: sunstone

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: sunken

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: sunstone

text: Several of the later eruptions involved not only basalts, but lavas made of rhyolite or dacite. Such lavas contain greater amounts of silica, and are more viscous than basalt. These eruptions created most of the highest peaks in the Jemez Mountains, including Chicoma Mountain(11,561 feet), and Polvadera Peak and Pajarito Mountain. Weathering of the igneous rocks resulted in alluvial fans, which spread eastward into the Rio Grande Rift. By 2 million years ago, the sediments had displaced the Rio Grande eastward from an earlier location near Los Alamos to its current location in White Rock Canyon. Two more eruptive cycles took place approximately 1.6 and 1.25 million years ago. The first eruption created the Toledo Caldera, but this feature was largely obliterated by the later Valles eruption. Each eruption involved pyroclastic flows and produced some of the welded tuff now found west of the Rio Grande. There have been numerous eruptions of sticky lavas in the last 1.25 million years ago, but all have been within the Valles Caldera. The most recent eruptions took place about 40-50,000 years ago, and formed the El Cajete Crater. This crater lies at the foot of Redondo Peak, a resurgent dome that rises to 11,254 feet within the Valles Caldera. Lying between White Rock Canyon and the rim of the Valles Caldera is the Pajarito Plateau, the many canyons of which have been cut by relatively recent erosion.

text: Several of the later eruptions involved not only basalts, but lavas made of

text: rhyolite

text: or

text: dacite

text: . Such lavas contain greater amounts of silica, and are more viscous than basalt. These eruptions created most of the highest peaks in the Jemez Mountains, including

text: Chicoma Mountain

text: (11,561 feet), and Polvadera Peak and Pajarito Mountain.

text: Weathering

text: of the igneous rocks resulted in alluvial fans, which spread eastward into the Rio Grande Rift. By 2 million years ago, the sediments had displaced the Rio Grande eastward from an earlier location near

text: Los Alamos

text: to its current location in White Rock Canyon. Two more eruptive cycles took place approximately 1.6 and 1.25 million years ago. The first eruption created the Toledo Caldera, but this feature was largely obliterated by the later Valles eruption. Each eruption involved

text: pyroclastic

text: flows and produced some of the welded

text: tuff

text: now found west of the Rio Grande. There have been numerous eruptions of sticky lavas in the last 1.25 million years ago, but all have been within the Valles Caldera. The most recent eruptions took place about 40-50,000 years ago, and formed the El Cajete Crater. This crater lies at the foot of

text: Redondo Peak

text: , a resurgent dome that rises to 11,254 feet within the Valles Caldera. Lying between White Rock Canyon and the rim of the Valles Caldera is the

text: Pajarito Plateau

text: , the many canyons of which have been cut by relatively recent erosion.

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: greater amounts of silica

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: basalts

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: What is the name of the most recent eruption?

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: eruptive

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005761

answers: igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_005762

answers: welded tuff

answers: NDQ_005763

answers: greater amounts of silica,

answers: NDQ_005764

answers: viscous

answers: NDQ_005765

answers: Weathering

answers: NDQ_005766

answers: sticky lavas

answers: NDQ_005768

answers: rhyolite or dacite.

answers: NDQ_005769

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_005770

answers: welded tuff