text: Rootless cones, also called pseudocraters, are volcanic cones that are not directly associated with a conduit that brought magma to the surface from a deep-seated magma reservoir. Generally, three types of rootless cones, littoral cones, explosion craters, and hornitos are recognized. Littoral cones and explosion craters are the result of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water. Littoral cones typically form on the surface of a basaltic lava flow where it has entered into a body of water, usually a sea or ocean. Explosion craters form where either hot lava or pyroclastic flows have covered either marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort. Hornitos are rootless cones that are composed welded lava fragments and were formed on the surface of basaltic lava flows by the escape of gas and clots of molten lava through cracks or other openings in the crust of a lava flow.

text: Rootless cones, also called pseudocraters, are volcanic cones that are not directly associated with a conduit that brought magma to the surface from a deep-seated magma reservoir. Generally, three types of rootless cones,

entity_name: Littoral cone

text: littoral cone

text: s, explosion craters, and hornitos are recognized. Littoral cones and explosion craters are the result of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water. Littoral cones typically form on the surface of a basaltic lava flow where it has entered into a body of water, usually a sea or ocean. Explosion craters form where either hot lava or pyroclastic flows have covered either marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort. Hornitos are rootless cones that are composed welded lava fragments and were formed on the surface of basaltic lava flows by the escape of gas and clots of molten lava through cracks or other openings in the crust of a lava flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rootless cone: littoral cones, explosion craters, or hornitos?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What are the results of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many types of rootless cones are recognized?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are the results of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Littoral cones

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Littoral cones

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Littoral cones

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marshy ground

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are not directly associated with a conduit that brought magma to the surface from a deep-seated magma reservoir

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Littoral cones

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows with water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mild explosions

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a sea or ocean.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Explosion craters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marshy ground

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rootless cones,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Explosion craters

text: The Grotta Bianca ("white cave") is located on the island of Capri, Italy. It derives its name from white incrustations of calcareous matter upon its sides, and from clusters of white stalactites which hang from the roof and fringe the entrance. The cave faces east, and is situated near the Punta della Chiavioa. The entry, about  high, leads into upper and lower caves, of which the former is not easily accessible. The lower cave can be entered by boat for a short distance. Unlike most other caves at the water-level, it is much broader at approximately  above the water than actually at the surface. The total height is no more than . The upper erosion line is clearly marked near the cave and within it. The upper cave seems to belong to an earlier period.

text: The Grotta Bianca ("white cave") is located on the island of

entity_name: Capri

text: Capri

entity_name: Italy

text: Italy

text: . It derives its name from white incrustations of calcareous matter upon its sides, and from clusters of white

entity_name: Stalactite

text: stalactite

text: s which hang from the roof and fringe the entrance. The cave faces east, and is situated near the Punta della Chiavioa. The entry, about  high, leads into upper and lower caves, of which the former is not easily accessible. The lower cave can be entered by boat for a short distance. Unlike most other caves at the water-level, it is much broader at approximately  above the water than actually at the surface. The total height is no more than . The upper erosion line is clearly marked near the cave and within it. The upper cave seems to belong to an earlier period.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the lower cave broader at approximately above the water than actually at the surface?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The total height is no more than

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of matter: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It derives its name from white incrustations

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The upper cave seems to belong to an earlier period

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the upper erosion line clearly marked near the cave and within it?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: The upper erosion line

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water-level

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The total height is no more than

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The upper cave seems to belong to an earlier period.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: the upper erosion line

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: broader at approximately above the water than actually at the surface.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: broader

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water-level,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Unlike most other caves at the water-level,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Grotta Bianca

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Grotta Bianca

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Grotta Bianca

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Unlike most other caves at the water-level,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves at the water-level,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion line

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water-level,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion line

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The Grotta Bianca

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion line

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcareous matter

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water-level,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The upper cave seems to belong to an earlier period.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion line

text: The Punkva Caves (Czech: Punkevní jeskyně), are a cave system of the Czech Republic located north of the city of Brno, near the town of Blansko. The Punkva River flows through it. Part of it is the Macocha Gorge, its sinkhole is about 138.7 meters deep and also the deepest of its kind (light hole type) in Central Europe. It is a popular tourist attraction for casual visitors to the region, in addition to cavers and advanced technical divers.

text: The Punkva Caves (

entity_name: Czech language

text: Czech

text: : Punkevní jeskyně), are a

entity_name: Cave

text: cave

text: system of the

entity_name: Czech Republic

text: Czech Republic

text: located north of the city of

entity_name: Brno

text: Brno

text: , near the town of

entity_name: Blansko

text: Blansko

text: . The

entity_name: Punkva

text: Punkva River

text: flows through it. Part of it is the

entity_name: Macocha Gorge

text: Macocha Gorge

text: , its sinkhole is about 138.7 meters deep and also the deepest of its kind (light hole type) in

entity_name: Central Europe

text: Central Europe

text: . It is a popular

entity_name: Tourist attraction

text: tourist attraction

text: for casual visitors to the region, in addition to

entity_name: Caving

text: caver

text: s and advanced

entity_name: Technical diving

text: technical diver

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The Punkva River flows through it

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Punkva River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 138.7 meters

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Punkva River flows through it

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through it

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the deepest of its kind (light hole type) in Central Europe

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 138.7 meters deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Punkva Caves

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Macocha Gorge,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Macocha Gorge,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (light hole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Macocha Gorge,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The Punkva River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Macocha Gorge, its sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 138.7 meters deep and also the deepest of its kind

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Macocha Gorge,

text: When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.

text: When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of moving water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an effect of moving water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this a bad thing?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can be found in a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: can be eroded

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be eroded

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particles that are eroded

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are not eroded by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: increasing the average density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: density, viscosity and volume

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particles that are eroded and held in suspension

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: particles that are eroded

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: particles that are eroded

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eroded

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eroded

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: When affected by moving water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving water or wind,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increase the erosive power

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particles that are eroded

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: increase the erosive power

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: particles that are eroded and held in suspension

text: The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776-1850, of 80 km from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the "old Brahmaputra". The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river’s erosion rate has decreased to 30m per year as compared to 150m per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land.

text: The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years, with evidence of large-scale avulsion, in the period 1776-1850, of 80 km from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it. Prior to 1843, the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the "old Brahmaputra". The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts, which usually erodes through large scale slab failure, where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods. Presently, the river’s erosion rate has decreased to 30m per year as compared to 150m per year from 1973 to 1992. This erosion has, however, destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sand and silts

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the Brahmaputra River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large scale slab failure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: large scale slab failure

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slab failure

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slab failure

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: slab failure

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silts

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: old Brahmaputra

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood periods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood periods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: within the channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silts

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the "old Brahmaputra"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slab failure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: weakly cohesive sand and silts,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large scale slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood periods.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: weakly cohesive sand and silts,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: weakly cohesive sand and silts,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: weakly cohesive sand and silts,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "old Brahmaputra".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: large scale slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: large scale slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood periods.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erodes through large scale slab failure,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and silts,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "old Brahmaputra".

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slab failure,

text: Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface.  It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas.  Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits.  Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water.  On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces.  Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah.  Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.

text: Some areas of Mars show

entity_name: Inverted relief

text: inverted relief

text: , where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now above the surface.  It is believed that materials like large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas.  Later, erosion (perhaps wind which can't move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers, but left behind the more resistant deposits.  Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water.  On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces.  Examples of inverted channels on Earth are found in the Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River,

entity_name: Utah

text: Utah

text: .  Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a way of making inverted relief?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a way of making inverted relief?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is believed that large rocks were deposited in low-lying areas.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a way of making inverted relief?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a way of making inverted relief: lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for floodplains to be bad?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: relief

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flowing down a stream bed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: materials cemented by silica

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava flowing down a stream bed

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: minerals dissolved in water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Some areas of Mars

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: more resistant deposits.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind which can't move large rocks)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flowing down a stream bed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: above the surface.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inverted relief,

text: They also found evidence for underground passages and chambers, and drains for spring water. Additionally, they discovered at the site formations of travertine, a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate, which is later redeposited. Further investigation revealed that deep beneath the Delphi region lies bituminous deposit, rich in hydrocarbons and full of pitch, that has a petrochemical content as high as 20%. Friction created by earthquakes heat the bituminous layers resulting in vaporization of the hydrocarbons which rise to the surface through small fissures in the rock.

text: They also found evidence for underground passages and chambers, and drains for spring water. Additionally, they discovered at the site formations of

entity_name: Travertine

text: travertine

text: , a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone and dissolves

entity_name: Calcium carbonate

text: calcium carbonate

text: , which is later redeposited. Further investigation revealed that deep beneath the Delphi region lies

entity_name: Asphalt

text: bituminous

text: deposit, rich in

entity_name: Hydrocarbon

text: hydrocarbons

text: and full of pitch, that has a petrochemical content as high as 20%. Friction created by earthquakes heat the bituminous layers resulting in vaporization of the hydrocarbons which rise to the surface through small fissures in the rock.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe travertine?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of calcite: limestone or travertine?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a form of calcite created when water flows through limestone?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of calcite: limestone or travertine?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Delphi region rich in pitch?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fissures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: spring water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Friction created by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Friction

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Friction created by earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: calcium carbonate,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small fissures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: spring water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: underground passages and chambers, and drains for spring water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: underground passages and chambers, and drains for spring water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drains for spring water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground passages and chambers,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bituminous

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: small fissures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: spring water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flows through limestone and dissolves calcium carbonate,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine,

text: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.

text: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the European perch?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the European perch?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of habitat for the European perch?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: regrowth

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pond depth

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The European perch does not breed in cold or fast-flowing waters.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep lakes and ponds.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rivers,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep lakes and ponds.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep lakes and ponds.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: European perch

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes and ponds.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cold or fast-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slow-flowing rivers,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: European perch

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they do not breed in this habitat.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The European perch

text: By early 1964, though, the continuing eruptions had built the island to such a size that sea water could no longer easily reach the vents, and the volcanic activity became much less explosive. Instead, lava fountains and flows became the main form of activity. These resulted in a hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock being laid down on top of much of the loose volcanic pile, which prevented the island from being washed away rapidly. Effusive eruptions continued until 1965, by which time the island had a surface area of .

text: By early 1964, though, the continuing eruptions had built the island to such a size that sea water could no longer easily reach the vents, and the volcanic activity became much less explosive. Instead,

entity_name: Lava

text: lava fountain

text: s and

text: flows

text: became the main form of activity. These resulted in a hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock being laid down on top of much of the loose volcanic pile, which prevented the island from being washed away rapidly. Effusive eruptions continued until 1965, by which time the island had a surface area of .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would happen if sea water could no longer reach the vents?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion-resistant rock being laid down on top of the loose volcanic pile?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vents

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: loose volcanic pile

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a hard cap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vents

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: washed away

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lava fountains and flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Effusive eruptions continued until 1965, by which time the island had a surface area

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava fountains

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sea water could no longer easily reach the vents,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sea water could no longer easily reach the vents,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava fountains

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: By early 1964,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: of.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vents,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vents,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sea water could no longer easily reach the vents,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava fountains and flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: washed away rapidly.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sea water could no longer easily reach the vents,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava fountains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion-resistant rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sea water could no longer easily reach the vents,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock

text: The Chañares Formation represented an extremely thick accumulation of volcanic tuffs that were deposited in wither eolian or lacustrine settings. The lack of stratification prompted Romer to further conclude that deposition in water was unlikely. Instead, Romer envisioned the Chañares landscape “with tremendous quantities of volcanic ash in Pompeii-like fashion”. The formation included deposits of muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus. Ash-flow sheets potentially were emplaced as mass flows on sub alluvial surfaces and in lakes that occupied the Ischigualasto-Villa Únion Basin.

text: The Chañares Formation represented an extremely thick accumulation of volcanic tuffs that were deposited in wither

entity_name: Aeolian processes

text: eolian

text: or

entity_name: Lake

text: lacustrine

text: settings. The lack of stratification prompted Romer to further conclude that deposition in water was unlikely. Instead, Romer envisioned the Chañares landscape “with tremendous quantities of volcanic ash in Pompeii-like fashion”. The formation included deposits of muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus. Ash-flow sheets potentially were emplaced as mass flows on sub alluvial surfaces and in lakes that occupied the

entity_name: Ischigualasto Provincial Park

text: Ischigualasto

text: -Villa Únion Basin.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: muddy streams or lacustrine?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of detritus: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why was deposition in water unlikely?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is it unlikely that deposition in water was likely?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What type of sediments does a river carry?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sub alluvial surfaces

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sub alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial surfaces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sub alluvial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lacustrine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: muddy streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: volcanic tuffs

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: muddy

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposition in water was unlikely

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eolian

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposition in water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: muddy streams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: muddy streams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eolian or lacustrine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ash-flow sheets

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: muddy streams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sub alluvial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ash-flow sheets

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: muddy streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: muddy streams transporting abundant volcanic detritus. Ash-flow sheets

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcanic detritus.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposition in water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ash-flow sheets

text: The rate of flow of rivers depends mainly upon their fall, also known as the gradient or slope. When two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than is the case with the smaller river. The fall available in a section of a river approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle. Accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as torrents with a very variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge.

text: The

entity_name: Volumetric flow rate

text: rate of flow

text: of rivers depends mainly upon their fall, also known as the gradient or slope. When two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than is the case with the smaller river. The fall available in a section of a river approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle. Accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as

entity_name: Stream

entity_section: Intermittent and ephemeral streams

text: torrent

text: s with a very variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: volume

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: what is the last part of their course, their fall usually becomes quite gentle

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: friction against its bed

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Fall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradient or slope

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in large basins

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The rate of flow of rivers depends mainly upon their fall,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: retardation by friction against its bed and banks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: volume

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: gentle.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: retardation by friction against its bed and banks

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The rate of flow of rivers depends mainly upon their fall,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: fall,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The rate of flow of rivers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The rate of flow of rivers depends mainly upon their fall,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gradient or slope.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gradient or slope.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fall,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: torrents

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: friction against its bed and banks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fall,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fall,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rise

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bed and banks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The rate of flow of rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: torrents

text: The original land surface was around  above the current sea level. The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea, laid over sedimentary clay (this is the blue London Clay). All the erosion down from this higher land surface, and the sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction, formed what is known as the Thames River Gravel Terraces.

text: The original land surface was around  above the current sea level. The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea, laid over sedimentary clay (this is the blue

entity_name: London Clay

text: London Clay

text: ). All the erosion down from this higher land surface, and the sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction, formed what is known as the Thames

entity_name: Fluvial terrace

text: River Gravel Terraces

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the blue London Clay?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Thames River Gravel Terraces?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the blue London Clay?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Gravel Terraces

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: blue London Clay

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Gravel Terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel terraces

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow and direction

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sorting action

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow and direction

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: blue London Clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from sedimentary clay

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Gravel Terraces

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sorting action by these changes of water flow and direction,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Thames River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: changes of water flow and direction,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: changes of water flow and direction,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: changes of water flow and direction,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flow and direction,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The original land surface was around above the current sea level.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Thames River Gravel Terraces.

text: Florida Caverns is unusual for the state.  The limestone caverns were formed over time, as water seeped into and dissolved local bedrock, forming stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones.  The same phenomenon is occurring in many other locations throughout Florida; as years pass, local fissures may turn to holes, and holes into caves.  However, the vast majority of Florida's groundwater erosion formations have stopped at the sinkhole stage and have not developed further into caves.

text: Florida Caverns is unusual for the state.  The

entity_name: Limestone

text: limestone

text: caverns were formed over time, as water seeped into and dissolved local

entity_name: Bedrock

text: bedrock

text: , forming

entity_name: Stalagmite

text: stalagmite

text: s,

text: stalactites

text: and

entity_name: Flowstone

text: flowstone

text: s.  The same phenomenon is occurring in many other locations throughout Florida; as years pass, local fissures may turn to holes, and holes into caves.  However, the vast majority of Florida's groundwater erosion formations have stopped at the

entity_name: Sinkhole

text: sinkhole

text: stage and have not developed further into caves.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water seeped into and dissolved local bedrock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: stalagmites, stalactites or flowstones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Florida Caverns?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Florida Caverns?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstones

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole stage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: as years pass, local fissures may turn to holes, and holes into caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: seeped into and dissolved local bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stalagmites, stalactites and flowstones.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dissolved local bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water seeped into and dissolved local bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the vast majority of Florida's groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sinkhole stage and have not developed further into caves.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Florida Caverns

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Florida Caverns

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dissolved local bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole stage

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: holes, and holes into caves.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstones.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flowstones.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water seeped into and dissolved local bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: flowstones.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: have not developed further into caves.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: The aim of the majority of soil erosion models is to predict average rates (often an annual average rate) of soil loss from an area such as a plot, a field or a catchment/watershed under various land management techniques. Some erosion models are purely statistical, others more mechanistic (or physically based). Two of the more widely used soil erosion models in North America are the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Water Erosion Prediction Project erosion model (WEPP). Much of the mineland erosion literature is solely focused on fitting or improving RUSLE parameters. Few soil erosion models consider gully erosion, mostly due to difficulties in modelling these large erosional features.

text: The aim of the majority of soil erosion models is to

text: predict

text: average

text: rates

text: (often an annual average rate) of

text: soil loss

text: from an area such as a

text: plot

text: , a

text: field

text: or a

text: catchment/watershed

text: under various

text: land management

text: techniques. Some erosion models are purely

text: statistical

text: , others more mechanistic (or

text: physically based

text: ). Two of the more widely used soil erosion models in

text: North America

text: are the

text: Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

text: (RUSLE) and the

text: Water Erosion Prediction Project erosion model

text: (WEPP). Much of the

text: mineland

text: erosion literature is solely focused on fitting or improving RUSLE parameters. Few soil erosion models consider

text: gully

text: erosion, mostly due to difficulties in modelling these large erosional features.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why are few soil erosion models consider gully erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mineland

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: catchment/watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil loss

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: land management techniques

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: land management techniques.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: gully erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The aim of the majority of soil erosion models

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gully erosion,

text: At least three phases of eruptive activity have been recognized at Mount Fee. The only exposed remnant of Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor outcrop of pyroclastic rock. This is evidence of explosive eruptions during Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of volcanic rocks on Fee's eastern flank. This volcanic material was likely deposited when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of the ancestral Mount Fee. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lavas on its northern flank. The U-shaped crevice separating the two main summits of Mount Fee separates this lava flow from the main volcanic ridge. The conduit from which these lava flows originated was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older rocks deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north-south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark.

text: At least three phases of eruptive activity have been recognized at Mount Fee. The only exposed remnant of Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor outcrop of pyroclastic rock. This is evidence of

text: explosive eruption

text: s during Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of volcanic rocks on Fee's eastern flank. This volcanic material was likely deposited when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of the ancestral Mount Fee. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lavas on its northern flank. The U-shaped crevice separating the two main summits of Mount Fee separates this lava flow from the main volcanic ridge. The conduit from which these lava flows originated was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older rocks deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more

text: glacial period

text: s. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north-south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: glacial, lava, or volcanic?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The conduit from which these lava flows originated was likely vertical in structure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which event produced a sequence of volcanic rocks on Fee's eastern flank?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or glacial periods?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true of Mount Fee?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does the U-shaped crevice separating the two main summits of Mount Fee separate

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic vent

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevice

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on its northern flank

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertical in structure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: pyroclastic rock.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mount Fee.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: pyroclastic rock.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rugged north-south trending ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic vent

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava flows and broken lava fragments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rugged north-south trending ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevice

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lava flow from the main volcanic ridge.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: one or more glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pyroclastic rock.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: pyroclastic rock.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rugged north-south trending ridge

text: For slow swimmers, low Froude number, the Lighthill−Whitham geometric argument that the opening of the Kelvin chevron (wedge, V pattern) is universal goes as follows. Consider a boat moving from right to left with constant speed v, emitting waves of varying wavelength, and thus wavenumber  and phase velocity , of interest when < v for a shock wave (cf., e.g., Sonic boom or Cherenkov radiation). Equivalently, and more intuitively, fix the position of the boat and have the water flow in the opposite direction, like a piling in a river.

text: For slow swimmers, low Froude number, the Lighthill−Whitham geometric argument that the opening of the Kelvin chevron (wedge, V pattern) is universal goes as follows. Consider a boat moving from right to left with constant speed v, emitting waves of varying wavelength, and thus wavenumber  and phase velocity , of interest when < v for a shock wave (cf., e.g.,

text: Sonic boom

text: or

text: Cherenkov radiation

text: ). Equivalently, and more intuitively, fix the position of the boat and have the water flow in the opposite direction, like a piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can erosion cause rocks to break down?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a shock wave?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: soil erosion is only a minor cause

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is an example of a slow swimmer?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Shock waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shock waves

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed v

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in the opposite direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow swimmers, low Froude number,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow swimmers, low Froude number,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: river.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: For slow swimmers, low Froude number,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: piling in a river.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: opening of the Kelvin chevron

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shock wave

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slow swimmers, low Froude number,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: opposite direction,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: piling

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: universal

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: piling

text: The head of the river is located on moorland and the river character is affected by the run-off levels from the three reservoirs. The upper valley is primarily millstone grit with fluvio-glacial deposits. The overlaying soil is prone to water-logging due to its slow permeability, being composed of loamy soils on top of clay with peat on the top layer. Around Lofthouse there are outcrops of Upper Yoredale limestone, which is more permeable than millstone grit and has created the Nidderdale Caves, where the river flows underground.

text: The head of the river is located on moorland and the river character is affected by the run-off levels from the three reservoirs. The upper valley is primarily

text: millstone grit

text: with fluvio-glacial deposits. The overlaying soil is prone to water-logging due to its slow permeability, being composed of loamy soils on top of clay with peat on the top layer. Around Lofthouse there are outcrops of

text: Upper Yoredale

text: limestone, which is more permeable than millstone grit and has created the

text: Nidderdale Caves

text: , where the river flows underground.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the overlaying soil prone to water-logging?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Upper Yoredale limestone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or peat?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the overlaying soil prone to water-logging?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is the upper valley primarily millstone grit with fluvio-glacial deposits?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the overlaying soil prone to water-logging?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: upper valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Nidderdale Caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvio-glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: grit

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: grit

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Fluvio-glacial deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: millstone grit

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The overlaying soil is prone to water-logging

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: millstone grit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the river flows underground.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Nidderdale Caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water-logging due to its slow permeability,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow permeability,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Upper Yoredale limestone, which is more permeable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: loamy soils on top of clay with peat

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: run-off levels from the three reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow permeability,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow permeability,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: prone to water-logging due to its slow permeability,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: millstone grit

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Nidderdale Caves,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: moorland

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Nidderdale Caves,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvio-glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: millstone grit

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fluvio-glacial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Nidderdale Caves,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: run-off levels from the three reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Nidderdale Caves,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: run-off levels from the three reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: run-off

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: millstone grit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: underground.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Nidderdale Caves,

text: Geologic evidence supports the view that the slide occurred 13,000 to 15,000 years ago as the result of undercutting which occurred during the Missoula Floods associated with the retreat of glaciers during the last ice age. Water flowing through the Channeled Scablands split into two streams just upstream of the Corfu Slide, with part flowing to the east to pass over the low end of the Saddle Mountains and part flowing westward to pass through Sentinel Gap in the Saddle Mountains. The force of the water diverted to the west impinged on the base of the Corfu Slide area, causing erosion. At least some of the slide occurred before the final Missoula Floods as the older landslide debris has been eroded and smoothed by water flow.

text: Geologic evidence supports the view that the slide occurred 13,000 to 15,000 years ago as the result of undercutting which occurred during the

text: Missoula Floods

text: associated with the retreat of glaciers during the last

text: ice age

text: . Water flowing through the

text: Channeled Scablands

text: split into two streams just upstream of the Corfu Slide, with part flowing to the east to pass over the low end of the Saddle Mountains and part flowing westward to pass through

text: Sentinel Gap

text: in the Saddle Mountains. The force of the water diverted to the west impinged on the base of the Corfu Slide area, causing erosion. At least some of the slide occurred before the final Missoula Floods as the older landslide debris has been eroded and smoothed by water flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the older landslide debris?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: part flowing to the east to pass over the low end

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the Corfu Slide?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sentinel Gap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The force of the water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: smoothing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the force of the water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: older landslide debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the force of the water diverted to the west

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: undercutting

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The force of the water diverted to the west

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: eroded and smoothed by water flow.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flow.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: eroded and smoothed by water flow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Missoula Floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Missoula Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Water flowing through the Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: undercutting

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslide debris

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: smoothed by water flow.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: retreat of glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: landslide debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 13,000 to 15,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslide

text: In 1992, a well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston that had been used for irrigation for farmers. The well had maintained the ecosystem of the creek since a decline in the number of springs that had fed it. In 1995, plans to revitalize the creek began. Groups such as the Salado Creek Foundation began work to restore the historic significance of the creek as a link of Northern Bexar County to the missions in the South. The creek was affected by the Floods of 1998 causing property damage and unconstructive erosion to the creek bed. In March 2001, the San Antonio Water System's Salado Creek WRC began using recycled water to help the creek flow regularly for the first time in almost ten years.

text: In 1992, a

text: well

text: was plugged in

text: Fort Sam Houston

text: that had been used for

text: irrigation

text: for

text: farmers

text: . The well had maintained the

text: ecosystem

text: of the creek since a decline in the number of springs that had fed it. In 1995, plans to revitalize the creek began. Groups such as the Salado Creek Foundation began work to restore the historic significance of the creek as a link of Northern Bexar County to the

text: missions

text: in the South. The creek was affected by the

entity_section: Central and South Texas Flood of October 1998

text: Floods of 1998

text: causing property damage and unconstructive

text: erosion

text: to the creek bed. In March 2001, the San Antonio Water System's Salado Creek WRC began using

text: recycled water

text: to help the creek flow regularly for the first time in almost ten years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the well was revitalized?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the creek was affected by the Floods of 1998?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the creek was affected by the Floods of 1998?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the well was revitalized?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the creek was affected by the Floods of 1998?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the Floods of 1998?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or the well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which happened first, a well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston or a well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the well was plugged or the creek was affected by the Floods of 1998?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Floods of 1998

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: creek bed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unconstructive erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: creek bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a well

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: creek bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: WRC

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Floods of 1998

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: creek bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The creek was affected by the Floods of 1998

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods of 1998 causing property damage and unconstructive erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Salado Creek WRC began using recycled water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: recycled water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Salado Creek WRC began using recycled water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion to the creek bed.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation for farmers.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Floods of 1998 causing property damage and unconstructive

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: recycled water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion to the creek bed.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: creek bed.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: recycled water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: property damage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: recycled water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion to the creek bed.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In 1992, a well was plugged in Fort Sam Houston

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: A serious and long-running water erosion problem occurs in China, on the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion (gully erosion) in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China.

text: A serious and long-running water erosion problem occurs in

text: China

text: , on the middle reaches of the

text: Yellow River

text: and the upper reaches of the

text: Yangtze River

text: . From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The

text: sediment

text: originates primarily from water erosion (gully erosion) in the

text: Loess Plateau

text: region of northwest China.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: gully erosion or water erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment does the Yellow River carry each year?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: gully erosion or water erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: floodplains or gully erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: gully erosion or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the ocean

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the sediment originates primarily from water erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gully erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 1.6 billion tons

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment flow each year into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A serious and long-running water erosion problem occurs in China,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 1.6 billion tons

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: (gully erosion) in the Loess Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment flow each year into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (gully erosion)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A serious and long-running water erosion problem

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (gully erosion)

text: At each end of the shell, a sheet of sufficient thickness usually made of stainless steel is provided, with holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled. The inlet end of each tube is also bellmouthed for streamlined entry of water. This is to avoid eddies at the inlet of each tube giving rise to erosion, and to reduce flow friction. Some makers also recommend plastic inserts at the entry of tubes to avoid eddies eroding the inlet end. In smaller units some manufacturers use ferrules to seal the tube ends instead of rolling. To take care of length wise expansion of tubes some designs have expansion joint between the shell and the tube sheet allowing the latter to move longitudinally. In smaller units some sag is given to the tubes to take care of tube expansion with both end water boxes fixed rigidly to the shell.

text: At each end of the shell, a sheet of sufficient thickness usually made of

text: stainless steel

text: is provided, with holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled. The inlet end of each tube is also bellmouthed for streamlined entry of water. This is to avoid

text: eddies

text: at the inlet of each tube giving rise to erosion, and to reduce flow friction. Some makers also recommend plastic inserts at the entry of tubes to avoid eddies eroding the inlet end. In smaller units some manufacturers use ferrules to seal the tube ends instead of rolling. To take care of length wise

text: expansion

text: of tubes some designs have expansion joint between the shell and the tube sheet allowing the latter to move longitudinally. In smaller units some sag is given to the tubes to take care of tube expansion with both end water boxes fixed rigidly to the shell.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for bellmouthed tubes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eddy

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sagging

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: length wise expansion of tubes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: plastic inserts

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: eddies eroding the inlet end

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flow friction.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: streamlined entry of water. This is to avoid eddies

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rolled.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rolled.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rolled.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water boxes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: eddies

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: rolled.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion,

text: The canyon of the Saint-Charles river was formed after the glacier's retreat, by the erosion caused by the flowing of water from the Saint-Charles lake. The latter was formed of hard and resistan rocks, gneiss, covered by much less resistant calcarous rocks. Consequently the water eroded the calcarous rocks until it attained the resistant gneiss which resulted in the Waterfall and 42m high canyon. The rate of erosion of the canyon was an estimated 3.33mm per year.

text: The canyon of the Saint-Charles river was formed after the glacier's retreat, by the erosion caused by the flowing of water from the Saint-Charles lake. The latter was formed of hard and resistan rocks,

text: gneiss

text: , covered by much less resistant calcarous rocks. Consequently the water eroded the calcarous rocks until it attained the resistant gneiss which resulted in the Waterfall and 42m high canyon. The rate of erosion of the canyon was an estimated 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the rate of erosion of the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How high was the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: gneiss, covered by much less resistant calcarous rocks?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a rock: gneiss, covered by much less resistant calcarous rocks?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacier's retreat

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Saint-Charles lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcarous rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the Saint-Charles lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcarous rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the rate of erosion of the canyon was an estimated 3.33mm per year

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroded the calcarous rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: much less resistant calcarous rocks.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion caused by the flowing of water from the Saint-Charles lake.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gneiss,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the flowing of water from the Saint-Charles lake.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing of water from the Saint-Charles lake.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 3.33mm per year.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcarous rocks.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: resistant

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Waterfall

text: Lake Urema is located in the middle of the valley, about three-quarters of the way down from the Park's northern boundary. The Muaredzi River, flowing from the Cheringoma Plateau, deposits sediments near the outlet of the lake slowing its drainage. This "plug" causes the Urema River to greatly expand in the rainy season.  Water that makes its way past this alluvial fan flows down the Urema River to the Pungue and into the Indian Ocean. In the flooded rainy season, water backs up into the valley and out onto the plains, covering as much as 200 square km in many years. During some dry seasons, the lake's waters shrink to as little as 10 square km. This constant expansion and retraction of the floodplains, amidst a patchwork of savanna, woodland, and thickets, creates a complex mosaic of smaller ecosystems that support a greater abundance and diversity of wildlife than anywhere else in the park.

text: Lake Urema is located in the middle of the valley, about three-quarters of the way down from the Park's northern boundary. The

text: Muaredzi River

text: , flowing from the Cheringoma Plateau, deposits sediments near the outlet of the lake slowing its drainage. This "plug" causes the

text: Urema River

text: to greatly expand in the rainy season.  Water that makes its way past this

text: alluvial fan

text: flows down the Urema River to the

text: Pungue

text: and into the

text: Indian Ocean

text: . In the flooded rainy season, water backs up into the valley and out onto the plains, covering as much as 200 square km in many years. During some dry seasons, the lake's waters shrink to as little as 10 square km. This constant expansion and retraction of the floodplains, amidst a patchwork of

text: savanna

text: woodland

text: , and thickets, creates a complex mosaic of smaller ecosystems that support a greater abundance and diversity of wildlife than anywhere else in the park.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why does the Urema River expand in the rainy season?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments near the outlet of the lake slowing its drainage

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What does the Muaredzi River deposit near the outlet of the lake slowing its drainage?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which river deposits sediments near the outlet of the lake slowing its drainage?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Muaredzi River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does the Muaredzi River deposit near the outlet of the lake?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What causes the Urema River to greatly expand in the rainy season?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "plug"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Muaredzi River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: retraction of the floodplains

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: in the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: expand

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "plug"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: retraction of the floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: The Muaredzi River,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Urema

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "plug"

text: Like many other waterfalls in Wells Gray Provincial Park, Mahood Falls owes its formation to the deposits of volcanic rock in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field. Layer upon layer of fresh lava created flat areas, over which enormous floods flowed at the end of the last ice age. These floods carved the canyons below Mahood Falls and Canim Falls. Erosion by wind and rain created a natural bridge in the cliffs beside the trail, one of only three in Wells Gray Park.

text: Like many other waterfalls in Wells Gray Provincial Park, Mahood Falls owes its formation to the deposits of

text: volcanic rock

text: in the

text: Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field

text: . Layer upon layer of fresh

text: lava

text: created flat areas, over which enormous

text: flood

text: s flowed at the end of the last

text: ice age

text: . These floods carved the canyons below Mahood Falls and Canim Falls. Erosion by wind and rain created a natural bridge in the cliffs beside the trail, one of only three in Wells Gray Park.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many layers of fresh lava created flat areas?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: wind and rain?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers or slow-flowing streams?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood: Mahood Falls or Canim Falls?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: wind and rain?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Canim Falls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: natural bridge in the cliffs beside the trail

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural bridge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: enormous floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Erosion by wind and rain created a natural bridge

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Layer upon layer of fresh lava created flat areas,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind and rain created a natural bridge

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: enormous floods flowed at the end of the last ice age.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a natural bridge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: natural bridge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind and rain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcanic rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: enormous floods flowed at the end of the last ice age.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural bridge

text: Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires, which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

text: Environmental issues

text: can include

text: erosion

text: , formation of

text: sinkhole

text: s, loss of

text: biodiversity

text: , and

text: contamination of soil

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include

text: coal fires

text: , which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: groundwater or surface water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an environmental issue?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of environmental issues?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: coal fires

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: chemicals from mining processes.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion, formation of sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Environmental issues

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion, formation of sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion, formation of sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Environmental issues

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: The Via Doloroso leads down a steep path to the bottom of the sinkhole containing the Schnurbusch Karst Window. The shrine features a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Grace, a small altar for Masses, and amphitheater. A small waterfall flows out of the cave, and its water flows before the altar, under the stone bridge, and back into the cave.

text: The Via Doloroso leads down a steep path to the bottom of the

text: sinkhole

text: containing the Schnurbusch Karst Window. The shrine features a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Grace, a small altar for Masses, and amphitheater. A small waterfall flows out of the cave, and its water flows before the altar, under the stone bridge, and back into the cave.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: A sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: out of the cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Schnurbusch Karst Window is made of stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: before the altar, under the stone bridge, and back into the cave.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Schnurbusch Karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole containing the Schnurbusch Karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Schnurbusch Karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep path to the bottom of the sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall flows out of the cave,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Schnurbusch Karst Window.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole containing the Schnurbusch Karst Window.

text: By the mid-1990s a push into the central Yucatán Peninsula by dedicated deep cave explorers discovered a large number of deep sinkholes, or pit cenotes, such as Sabak Ha, Utzil and deep caves such as Chacdzinikche, Dzibilchaltun, Kankirixche that have been explored and mapped. To this day these deep caves of the central Yucatán remain largely unexplored due to the sheer number of cenotes found in the State of Yucatán, as well as the depth involved that can be only tackled using technical diving techniques or rebreathers. In the end of the last millennium closed circuit rebreather (CCR) cave diving techniques were employed in order to explore these deep water filled caves.

text: By the mid-1990s a push into the central Yucatán Peninsula by dedicated deep cave explorers discovered a large number of deep sinkholes, or pit cenotes, such as Sabak Ha, Utzil and deep caves such as Chacdzinikche, Dzibilchaltun, Kankirixche that have been explored and mapped. To this day these deep caves of the central Yucatán remain largely unexplored due to the sheer number of cenotes found in the State of Yucatán, as well as the depth involved that can be only tackled using technical diving techniques or rebreathers. In the end of the last millennium closed circuit rebreather (CCR) cave diving techniques were employed in order to explore these deep water filled caves.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cave: deep sinkholes, or pit cenotes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Peninsula

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deep sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deep sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deep sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deep caves

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep sinkholes, or pit cenotes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: closed circuit rebreather

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: closed circuit rebreather

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: By the mid-1990s a push into the central Yucatán

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deep caves of the central Yucatán

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: closed circuit rebreather

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pit cenotes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: closed circuit rebreather

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sheer number of cenotes found in the State of Yucatán,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deep sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: By the mid-1990s

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: Within the territory of Corleone, a short walk from the historic center of the city is the " Natural Park of the cascade of two fortresses ." After going through a series of narrow streets in the district San Giuliano you come in front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of precisely two fortresses . To the left of this church ' winds a path that leads between the poplars, willows and elms to the falls. Comfortably seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry trees, nuts and frassinisi can see the enchanting view of the waterfall. The jump of the water of the river has, with its erosive action, formed a large puddle among rocks calcoarenitiche . The water gets frothy considerable steam that turns into the sun shimmering rainbows . All around the rocks glauconitic, brought to life by the erosion in their yellow- green, are occupied by rocky vegetation . Looking good the walls are the remains of an ancient aqueduct. Before you jump into this point, the river upstream has exerted a strong action of excavation along the rocky sides forming the canyon. "( From Corleone SottoSopra )climate

text: Within the territory of Corleone, a short walk from the historic center of the city is the " Natural Park of the cascade of two fortresses ." After going through a series of narrow streets in the district San Giuliano you come in front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of precisely two fortresses . To the left of this church ' winds a path that leads between the poplars, willows and elms to the falls. Comfortably seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry trees, nuts and frassinisi can see the enchanting view of the waterfall. The jump of the water of the river has, with its erosive action, formed a large puddle among rocks calcoarenitiche . The water gets frothy considerable steam that turns into the sun shimmering rainbows . All around the rocks glauconitic, brought to life by the erosion in their yellow- green, are occupied by rocky vegetation . Looking good the walls are the remains of an ancient aqueduct. Before you jump into this point, the river upstream has exerted a strong action of excavation along the rocky sides forming the canyon. "( From Corleone SottoSopra )climate

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How does the water get frothy considerable steam?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: calcoarenitiche, aqueduct, or river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: calcoarenitiche, glauconitic, or ancient?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: calcoarenitiche, willows, or elms?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation: mulberry trees, willows, or elms?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: calcoarenitiche, willows, or elms?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation: poplars, willows and elms?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: calcoarenitiche, willows, or elms?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a large puddle

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water of the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rocky vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks calcoarenitiche

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the remains of an ancient aqueduct

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive action,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rocks calcoarenitiche.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosive action, formed a large puddle

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water of the river has, with its erosive action,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rocky vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rocky sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: mulberry trees,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: puddle among rocks calcoarenitiche.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: puddle among rocks calcoarenitiche.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: puddle

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water of the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rocky vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: )climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water of the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks calcoarenitiche.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: glauconitic,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon.

text: Water flow is the key factor in lotic systems influencing their ecology.  The strength of water flow can vary between systems, ranging from torrential rapids to slow backwaters that almost seem like lentic systems.  The speed of the water flow can also vary within a system and is subject to chaotic turbulence. This turbulence results in divergences of flow from the mean downslope flow vector as typified by eddy currents.  The mean flow rate vector is based on variability of friction with the bottom or sides of the channel, sinuosity, obstructions, and the incline gradient.  In addition, the amount of water input into the system from direct precipitation, snowmelt, and/or groundwater can affect flow rate.  Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed through erosion and deposition, creating a variety of habitats, including riffles, glides, and pools.

text: Water flow is the key factor in lotic systems influencing their ecology.  The strength of water flow can vary between systems, ranging from torrential rapids to slow backwaters that almost seem like lentic systems.  The speed of the water flow can also vary within a system and is subject to chaotic turbulence. This turbulence results in divergences of flow from the mean downslope flow vector as typified by eddy currents.  The mean flow rate vector is based on variability of friction with the bottom or sides of the channel,

text: sinuosity

text: , obstructions, and the incline gradient.  In addition, the amount of water input into the system from direct precipitation,

text: snowmelt

text: , and/or groundwater can affect flow rate.  Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed through erosion and deposition, creating a variety of habitats, including

text: riffle

text: s,

text: glides

text: , and

text: pools

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a result of chaotic turbulence?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of slow backwaters?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of obstruction: sinuosity, obstructions, or incline gradient?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: backwaters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: backwaters

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwaters

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: eddy currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of water input into the system

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: torrential

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riffles

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: alter the shape of the streambed

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow backwaters

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Water flow

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lentic systems.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: backwaters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Flowing waters can alter the shape of the streambed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: eddy currents.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riffles, glides, and pools.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwaters

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: direct precipitation, snowmelt, and/or groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: riffles, glides, and pools.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: habitats,

text: Some prominent delta deposits, such as those on Huron River just east of Ypsilanti, on Rouge River at Plymouth, and on Clinton River below Rochester, belong to Lake Maumee, at its lowest stage. The valleys of incoming rivers had deepened and widened during Lake Arkona. When the ice sheet advanced and the water levels rose, the lower courses of the streams became drowned and were turned into dead-water estuaries. Thus stream deposits would start at the head of these estuaries.  Only once they had completely filled the estuary would a Lake Whittlesey delta form. The deltas of Lake Whittlesey are inset and exist within the estuaries general shoreline. Recent erosion during the modern Lake Erie period has deepened these stream beds, removing most of the estuarine deltas. Only fragments remain as gravel terraces along the back areas of the old estuaries. The best remaining terrace is along the Huron River below Ypsilanti.In New York there is one delta, which is a deposit in Lake Whittlesey.  It buries the eastward ends of the Arkona beach ridges a mile or two east of Alden. The river, which built this delta, flowed westward along the front of the ice when the front was on the Alden moraine. It flowed in a valley, which had not been deepened during the time of Lake Arkona, and it is therefore an exception to the inset deltas of Lake Whittlesey. This delta is not large, but its relation to the Arkona beaches establishes the time at which it was built.In Ontario there are three Whittlesey deltas, each larger than any on the American side. One appears on Grand River between Paris and Brantford, another on Thames River between Komoka and London, and another on a large glacial river, which came from the northeast along the ice front and entered the Au Sable Bay of Lake Whittlesey a few miles northwest of Clinton. The first two are inset deltas like those in Michigan. The third, like the one near Alden, New York, was built by a river flowing along the ice border. Another smaller delta, formed, by a river flowing along the ice border, occurs near Guelph, Junction, Ontario. The fourth and only other place where such a delta could occur is occupied by the Ubly outlet in Michigan.

text: Some prominent delta deposits, such as those on

text: Huron River

text: just east of

text: Ypsilanti

text: , on

text: Rouge River

text: at

text: Plymouth

text: , and on

text: Clinton River

text: below

text: Rochester

text: , belong to

text: Lake Maumee

text: , at its lowest stage. The valleys of incoming rivers had deepened and widened during

text: Lake Arkona

text: . When the ice sheet advanced and the water levels rose, the lower courses of the streams became drowned and were turned into dead-water

text: estuaries

text: . Thus stream deposits would start at the head of these estuaries.  Only once they had completely filled the estuary would a Lake Whittlesey delta form. The deltas of Lake Whittlesey are inset and exist within the estuaries general shoreline. Recent erosion during the modern

text: Lake Erie

text: period has deepened these stream beds, removing most of the estuarine deltas. Only fragments remain as gravel terraces along the back areas of the old estuaries. The best remaining terrace is along the Huron River below Ypsilanti.In

text: New York

text: there is one delta, which is a deposit in Lake Whittlesey.  It buries the eastward ends of the Arkona beach ridges a mile or two east of

text: Alden

text: . The river, which built this delta, flowed westward along the front of the ice when the front was on the Alden moraine. It flowed in a valley, which had not been deepened during the time of Lake Arkona, and it is therefore an exception to the inset deltas of Lake Whittlesey. This delta is not large, but its relation to the Arkona beaches establishes the time at which it was built.In

text: Ontario

text: there are three Whittlesey deltas, each larger than any on the American side. One appears on

text: Grand River

text: between

text: Paris

text: and

text: Brantford

text: , another on

text: Thames River

text: between

text: Komoka

text: and

text: London

text: , and another on a large glacial river, which came from the northeast along the ice front and entered the Au Sable Bay of Lake Whittlesey a few miles northwest of

text: Clinton

text: . The first two are inset deltas like those in Michigan. The third, like the one near Alden, New York, was built by a river flowing along the ice border. Another smaller delta, formed, by a river flowing along the ice border, occurs near

text: Guelph, Junction, Ontario

text: . The fourth and only other place where such a delta could occur is occupied by the Ubly outlet in Michigan.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: a river flowing along the ice front

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravel terraces

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gravel terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Lake Erie

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gravel terraces

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Erie period

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: along the ice border

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Maumee, at its lowest stage.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: buries the eastward ends of the Arkona beach ridges

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: three Whittlesey deltas,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: inset deltas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glacial river,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: glacial river,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: inset deltas

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Arkona beach ridges

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lake Whittlesey.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: delta,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The river, which built this delta,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial river,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: delta,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inset deltas

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inset deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: incoming rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: front of the ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial river,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: westward along the front of the ice

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stream deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Whittlesey.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inset deltas

text: Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called "scale", are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)), and calcium sulfate (CaSO). Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white solids on the inside surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers. This precipitation (formation of an insoluble solid) is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions but also happens in cases where the carbonate ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the metal boiler components to overheat. In a pressurized system, this overheating can lead to failure of the boiler. The damage caused by calcium carbonate deposits varies on the crystalline form, for example, calcite or aragonite.

text: Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called "

text: scale

text: ", are composed mainly of

text: calcium carbonate

text: (CaCO),

text: magnesium hydroxide

text: (Mg(OH)), and

text: calcium sulfate

text: (CaSO). Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white solids on the inside surfaces of pipes and

text: heat exchanger

text: s. This precipitation (formation of an insoluble solid) is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions but also happens in cases where the carbonate ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the metal boiler components to overheat. In a pressurized system, this overheating can lead to failure of the boiler. The damage caused by calcium carbonate deposits varies on the crystalline form, for example,

text: calcite

text: or

text: aragonite

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a crystalline form: calcite or aragonite?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of hard water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "scale"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: calcite and aragonite

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: calcium carbonate deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcium carbonate deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: calcium carbonate deposits varies on the crystalline form

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: crystalline form,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: "scale", are composed mainly of calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: "scale",

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: crystalline form,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Calcium and magnesium carbonates

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hard water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "scale",

text: The second main point about the regular spacing of cusps is that negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion and deposition within a well-formed cusp. As the wave strikes the beach, it will first come into contact with the cusp horns, which will slow the water down. This causes it to lose energy and some of the heavier sediment that it is carrying will be deposited.  The loss of this sediment, however, gives the water extra energy, and it uses this to remove sediment from the embayment on the backwash.

text: The second main point about the regular spacing of cusps is that negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion and deposition within a well-formed cusp. As the wave strikes the beach, it will first come into contact with the cusp horns, which will slow the water down. This causes it to lose energy and some of the heavier sediment that it is carrying will be deposited.  The loss of this sediment, however, gives the water extra energy, and it uses this to remove sediment from the embayment on the backwash.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for cusp horns?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of negative feedback?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Cusp

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: negative feedback

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavier sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: as the wave strikes the beach, it will first come into contact with the cusp horns

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cusp

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: some of the heavier sediment that it is carrying will be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: heavier sediment that it is carrying will be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: heavier sediment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: heavier sediment that it is carrying will be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: negative feedback

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow the water down.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cusp.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: heavier sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: embayment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: backwash.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwash.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: negative feedback

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavier

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: negative feedback will decrease the amount of net erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cusps

text: A grassed waterway reduces soil erosion and captures most nutrients and pesticides that would normally wash out of crop fields and into major waters. These waterways help to carry surface water at a non-erosive velocity to an area where it will have a stable outlet.  Outlets must be adequate enough to allow water to drain without ponding or flooding the area being protected, while also preventing erosion of the water into the outlet which can be accomplished through the use of riprap.  A limitation is during large runoff events, when soil is saturated, grassed waterways will have a very concentrated flow of water making them not as effective during high rainfalls. Grassed waterways require very little maintenance once they are introduced with major upkeep being mowing of the grass and reseeding. Farm machinery and cattle can cross these waterways but it may be hazardous during wet periods. One of the major disadvantages of waterways are actually getting them established. A late summer or early fall seeding when rainfall is minimal is recommended to allow the seed to have the best chance at establishing a root system.

text: A

text: grassed waterway

text: reduces soil erosion and captures most nutrients and pesticides that would normally wash out of crop fields and into major waters. These waterways help to carry surface water at a non-erosive velocity to an area where it will have a stable outlet.  Outlets must be adequate enough to allow water to drain without ponding or flooding the area being protected, while also preventing erosion of the water into the outlet which can be accomplished through the use of

text: riprap

text: .  A limitation is during large runoff events, when soil is saturated, grassed waterways will have a very concentrated flow of water making them not as effective during high rainfalls. Grassed waterways require very little maintenance once they are introduced with major upkeep being mowing of the grass and reseeding. Farm machinery and cattle can cross these waterways but it may be hazardous during wet periods. One of the major disadvantages of waterways are actually getting them established. A late summer or early fall seeding when rainfall is minimal is recommended to allow the seed to have the best chance at establishing a root system.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a disadvantage of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an advantage of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a disadvantage of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a disadvantage of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a disadvantage of grassed waterways?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ponding

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a stable outlet

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: reseeding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil being saturated

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a riprap

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not as effective during high rainfalls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: grassed waterways will have a very concentrated flow of water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: non-erosive velocity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: non-erosive velocity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: grassed waterways

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: large runoff events,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: grassed waterways

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: grassed waterways

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A grassed waterway

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A grassed waterway

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterway

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Farm machinery and cattle

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: riprap.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil is saturated,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients and pesticides

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A grassed waterway

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riprap.

text: In geology, physical geography, and sediment transport, fluvial processes relate to flowing water in natural systems. This encompasses rivers, streams, periglacial flows, flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods. Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher density and viscosity. In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of sand and gravel size, but larger floods can carry cobbles and even boulders.

text: In

text: geology

text: physical geography

text: , and sediment transport,

text: fluvial

text: processes relate to flowing

text: water

text: in natural systems. This encompasses rivers, streams,

text: periglacial

text: flows,

text: flash floods

text: and

text: glacial lake outburst flood

text: s. Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher

text: density

text: and

text: viscosity

text: . In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of

text: sand

text: and

text: gravel

text: size, but larger floods can carry

text: cobbles

text: and even

text: boulders

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: streams, periglacial flows, flash floods or glacial lake outburst floods?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger floods can carry cobbles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or boulders?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fluvial process?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: rivers, streams, periglacial flows, flash floods or glacial lake outburst floods?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of floodplain?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water in natural systems

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: density and viscosity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cobbles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sediment moved by air can be larger than sediment moved by water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: periglacial flows

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: water has both a higher density and viscosity.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: larger floods can carry cobbles and even boulders.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: larger floods can carry cobbles and even boulders.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sand and gravel size, but larger floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: fluvial processes relate to flowing water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and gravel size,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: fluvial processes relate to flowing water in natural systems.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rivers, streams, periglacial flows,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cobbles

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fluvial processes relate to flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment transport, fluvial processes relate to flowing water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water has both a higher density and viscosity.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fluvial processes relate to flowing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: larger floods can carry cobbles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: fluvial processes

text: Prior to its final drawdown, the first major outburst of Lake Agassiz occurred around 12.9 ka calendar years and involved the routing of water east into the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence. Assuming this occurred over a one-year period, the flux was 0.30 Sv. Then, another outburst took place around 11.7 ka calendar years and contained two events total. First, water flooded southward through the Mississippi River Valley and into the Gulf of Mexico. Within a few years, flood water flowed to the northwest and into the Arctic Ocean. These two stages resulted in a total flux of 0.29 Sv (again, over one year). The fourth major flooding event that preceded a cooling period occurred about 11.2 ka calendar years. In this event, water flowed to the south and then the northwest, resulting in a flux of 0.19 Sv over one year. This event probably would have spanned more than a year, reducing the estimated flux, because of erosion to outflow channels due to the first two major fluxes. Subsequent flooding occurred after these three events and before the final outburst, but they are not considered, as their resultant fluxes were generally weaker and did not precede substantial cooling.

text: Prior to its final drawdown, the first major outburst of Lake Agassiz occurred around 12.9 ka calendar years and involved the routing of water east into the

text: Great Lakes

text: and the St. Lawrence. Assuming this occurred over a one-year period, the flux was 0.30 Sv. Then, another outburst took place around 11.7 ka calendar years and contained two events total. First, water flooded southward through the Mississippi River Valley and into the Gulf of Mexico. Within a few years, flood water flowed to the northwest and into the Arctic Ocean. These two stages resulted in a total flux of 0.29 Sv (again, over one year). The fourth major flooding event that preceded a cooling period occurred about 11.2 ka calendar years. In this event, water flowed to the south and then the northwest, resulting in a flux of 0.19 Sv over one year. This event probably would have spanned more than a year, reducing the estimated flux, because of erosion to outflow channels due to the first two major fluxes. Subsequent flooding occurred after these three events and before the final outburst, but they are not considered, as their resultant fluxes were generally weaker and did not precede substantial cooling.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many more Sv did the Mississippi River Valley have than the Gulf of Mexico?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many years did the fourth major flooding event that preceded a cooling period occur?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff considered a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Mississippi River Valley?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Mississippi River Valley or St. Lawrence?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which event happened first, the first major outburst of Lake Agassiz or the second major outburst of Lake Agassiz?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mississippi River Valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Agassiz

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Agassiz

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The Mississippi River Valley and the Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subsequent flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a one-year period

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Lake Agassiz

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Subsequent flooding occurred after these three events and before the final outburst

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion to outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: weaker

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion to outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: flooded southward through the Mississippi River Valley and into the Gulf of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: their resultant fluxes were generally weaker

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Mississippi River Valley

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mississippi River Valley and into the Gulf of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Mississippi River Valley

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mississippi River Valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion to outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Agassiz

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Agassiz

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: cooling.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion to outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flooded southward through the Mississippi River Valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion to outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cooling.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: outflow channels

text: The three caves of the Monument that are tourable are: Hansen Cave, Middle Cave, and Timpanogos Cave. The three caves are connected by manmade tunnels blasted in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration . The average temperature in the caves is 46 degrees Fahrenheit. Many colorful cave features or speleothems can be seen. Among the most interesting are the helictites, which are hollowed, twisted, spiraling straws of deposited calcite or aragonite. They are formed when water travels through the tube and then evaporates, leaving a trace mineral deposit at the end. Other speleothems found in the cave include: cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave popcorn, cave drapery, stalactites and stalagmites.

text: The three caves of the Monument that are tourable are: Hansen Cave, Middle Cave, and Timpanogos Cave. The three caves are connected by manmade tunnels blasted in the 1930s by the

text: Works Progress Administration

text: . The average temperature in the caves is 46 degrees Fahrenheit. Many colorful cave features or

text: speleothem

text: s can be seen. Among the most interesting are the

text: helictite

text: s, which are hollowed, twisted, spiraling straws of deposited

text: calcite

text: or

text: aragonite

text: . They are formed when water travels through the tube and then evaporates, leaving a trace mineral deposit at the end. Other

text: speleothems

text: found in the cave include: cave bacon, cave columns,

text: flowstone

text: cave popcorn

text: cave drapery

text: stalactite

text: s and

text: stalagmite

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a speleothem: cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave popcorn, stalactites and stalagmites?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a speleothem: cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave drapery, stalactites or stalagmites?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the average temperature in the caves?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a speleothem: cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, stalactites or stalagmites?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many caves are connected by manmade tunnels blasted in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many caves are connected by manmade tunnels blasted in the 1930s?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothems?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many caves are connected by manmade tunnels blasted in the 1930s by the Works Progress Administration?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: speleothem

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: speleothems

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: speleothem

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: speleothems

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: helictites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: helictites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: temperature in the caves

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are formed when water travels through the tube

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: helictites

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: manmade tunnels

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: speleothems

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: trace mineral deposit

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The average temperature in the caves is 46 degrees Fahrenheit.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: helictites,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: helictites,

text: In the upper portion of the watershed, spectacular erosion-related events have occurred at English Canyon Creek, where water flowing at high velocity around a bend during a flood caused several landslides in the 1990s.

text: In the upper portion of the watershed, spectacular erosion-related events have occurred at

text: English Canyon Creek

text: , where water flowing at high velocity around a bend during a flood caused several landslides in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of English Canyon Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: English Canyon Creek

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: English Canyon Creek

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: at high velocity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: landslides in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flowing at high velocity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: high velocity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion-related events have occurred at English Canyon Creek,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flowing at high velocity around a bend during a flood

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: English Canyon Creek,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water flowing at high velocity

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood caused several landslides in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion-related events have occurred at English Canyon Creek,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: English Canyon Creek,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing at high velocity around a bend during a flood

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowing at high velocity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: landslides in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslides

text: In freshwater ecology, upland rivers and streams are the fast-flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country, often onto broad alluvial plains (where they become lowland rivers). However, altitude is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland. Arguably the most important determinants are that of stream power and course gradient. Rivers with a course that drops in altitude rapidly will have faster water flow and higher stream power or "force of water". This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river - an incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock and coarse sediments, a riffle and pool structure and cooler water temperatures. Rivers with a course that drops in altitude very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force. This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river - a meandering course lacking rapids, a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures. Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter as well, but some lowland rivers have periods of high water clarity in seasonal low-flow periods.

text: In freshwater ecology, upland rivers and

text: stream

text: s are the fast-flowing rivers and streams that drain elevated or mountainous country, often onto broad

text: alluvial plain

text: s (where they become lowland rivers). However, altitude is not the sole determinant of whether a river is upland or lowland. Arguably the most important determinants are that of stream power and

text: course gradient

text: . Rivers with a course that drops in altitude rapidly will have faster water flow and higher stream power or "force of water". This in turn produces the other characteristics of an upland river - an

text: incised course

text: , a

text: river bed

text: dominated by

text: bedrock

text: and coarse sediments, a

text: riffle

text: and pool structure and cooler water temperatures. Rivers with a course that drops in altitude very slowly will have slower water flow and lower force. This in turn produces the other characteristics of a lowland river - a meandering course lacking rapids, a river bed dominated by fine sediments and higher water temperatures. Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended

text: sediment

text: and organic matter as well, but some lowland rivers have periods of high water clarity in seasonal low-flow periods.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a lowland river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What are the characteristics of an upland river?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: higher water temperatures

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of upland rivers and streams?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are the characteristics of an upland river - an incised course

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: an incised course

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: an incised course

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: incised course

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lowland river

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lowland river

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river power and course gradient

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lowland rivers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: course gradient

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riffle and pool structure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Lowland rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse sediments,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Lowland rivers tend to carry more suspended sediment and organic matter

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fine sediments and higher water temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: upland rivers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse sediments,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: incised course,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: coarse sediments,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: incised

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: suspended sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream power and course gradient.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: incised course, a river bed dominated by bedrock

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stream power and course gradient.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: riffle and pool structure

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: incised course,

text: This implies that a potential flow is an irrotational flow. This has direct consequences for the applicability of potential flow. In flow regions where vorticity is known to be important, such as wakes and boundary layers, potential flow theory is not able to provide reasonable predictions of the flow. Fortunately, there are often large regions of a flow where the assumption of irrotationality is valid, which is why potential flow is used for various applications. For instance in: flow around aircraft, groundwater flow, acoustics, water waves, and electroosmotic flow.

text: This implies that a potential flow is an

text: irrotational flow

text: . This has direct consequences for the applicability of potential flow. In flow regions where vorticity is known to be important, such as

text: wake

text: s and

text: boundary layer

text: s, potential flow theory is not able to provide reasonable predictions of the flow. Fortunately, there are often large regions of a flow where the assumption of irrotationality is valid, which is why potential flow is used for various applications. For instance in: flow around

text: aircraft

text: groundwater flow

text: acoustics

text: water wave

text: s, and

text: electroosmotic flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the most common cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flow: potential flow, groundwater flow, or acoustic flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flow: irrotational flow, groundwater flow or electroosmotic flow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this the case?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water waves

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vorticity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wakes and boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wakes and boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: irrotational flow.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: boundary layers,

text: Glacial plucking is the main mechanism of other small scale mechanical glacial erosion such as striation, abrasion and glacial polishing. The heavier the sediment load, the more extreme the erosion of the downhill landscape. Erosion is largely dependent on the amount of water flow and its velocity, the clast size and hardness with relation to the stability of the slope.

text: Glacial plucking is the main mechanism of other small scale mechanical glacial erosion such as

text: striation

text: abrasion

text: and

text: glacial polish

text: ing. The heavier the sediment load, the more extreme the erosion of the downhill landscape. Erosion is largely dependent on the amount of water flow and its velocity, the clast size and hardness with relation to the stability of the slope.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a clast size?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the clast size and hardness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial plucking, abrasion or glacial polishing?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial plucking or glacial polishing?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main mechanism of other small scale mechanical glacial erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial plucking, abrasion or glacial polishing?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial plucking, abrasion or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: striation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial polishing

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: striation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: striation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: striation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial plucking

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of water flow and its velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clast size

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Glacial plucking is the main mechanism of other small scale mechanical glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: striation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: velocity,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the clast size and hardness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flow and its velocity,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: clast size and hardness

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: velocity,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Glacial plucking

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The heavier the sediment load,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: largely dependent on the amount of water flow and its velocity,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: striation,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Glacial plucking

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: striation,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the clast size and hardness

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flow and its velocity,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clast

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Glacial plucking

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: striation, abrasion and glacial polishing.

text: Flow in culverts, over dams, and around bridge piers can cause erosion of the bed. This erosion can damage the environment and expose or unsettle the foundations of the structure. Therefore, good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment are important for civil and hydraulic engineers.

text: Flow in culverts, over dams, and around bridge piers can cause erosion of the bed. This erosion can damage the environment and expose or unsettle the foundations of the structure. Therefore, good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment are important for civil and hydraulic engineers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can cause erosion of the bed?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport in a built environment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What can damage the environment and expose or unsettle the foundations of the structure

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: culverts

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: culverts

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: culverts

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over dams

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of the bed.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment transport in a built environment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flow

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: culverts,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the bed.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion of the bed.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: culverts,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: damage the environment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flow in culverts, over dams,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Flow in culverts, over dams,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion of the bed.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flow in culverts,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion of the bed.

text: A bluff will be more susceptible to erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated, and more resistant in crystalline rocks, like granite. Rocks that are heavily fractured are also very likely to suffer from erosion because the water can flow between the cracks to speed up the process. A bluff will retreat towards land as the erosion processes continue.

text: A bluff will be more susceptible to erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated, and more resistant in crystalline rocks, like granite. Rocks that are heavily fractured are also very likely to suffer from erosion because the water can flow between the cracks to speed up the process. A bluff will retreat towards land as the erosion processes continue.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of rocks that are heavily fractured?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a crystalline rock?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of crystalline rocks?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, sinkholes, or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unconsolidated sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a bluff retreat towards land

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rocks that are heavily fractured

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: between cracks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: unconsolidated

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: crystalline rocks are more resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Rocks that are heavily fractured

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Rocks that are heavily fractured

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion if the sediment is unconsolidated,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: retreat towards land

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment is unconsolidated,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water can flow between the cracks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bluff

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: crystalline rocks,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bluff

text: The lava flows formed the conditions for creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, water vapor and carbon dioxide trapped within the solidified flows formed a vesicular texture (literally millions of small bubbles). Later, groundwater transported ferric iron, silica, and other dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles. These quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine-grained quartz called chalcedony, or embedded agates.

text: The lava flows formed the conditions for creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, water vapor and carbon dioxide trapped within the solidified flows formed a

text: vesicular texture

text: (literally millions of small bubbles). Later, groundwater transported ferric iron, silica, and other dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles. These quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine-grained

text: quartz

text: called

text: chalcedony

text: , or embedded agates.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: quartz, silica, or embedded agates?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: clay, silt, or quartz?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, sinkholes or agates?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: concentric bands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: chalcedony

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine-grained quartz

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: agates

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: quartz-rich groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The lava flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ferric iron,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: chalcedony,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: chalcedony,

text: Copper water tubes are susceptible to: cold water pitting caused by contamination of the pipe interior, typically with soldering flux; erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow; and stray current corrosion, caused by poor electrical wiring technique, such as improper grounding and bonding.

text: Copper water tubes are susceptible to:

text: cold water pitting

text: caused by contamination of the pipe interior, typically with

text: soldering flux

text: erosion corrosion

text: caused by high speed or turbulent flow; and

text: stray current corrosion

text: , caused by poor electrical wiring technique, such as improper grounding and bonding.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stray current corrosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion corrosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stray current

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stray current

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high speed or turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbulently

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soldering flux

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not susceptible to corrosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Copper

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cold water pitting

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cold water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high speed or turbulent flow;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Copper

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion corrosion

text: Provenance (from the French provenir, "to come from"), is the place of origin or earliest known history of something. In geology (specifically, in sedimentary petrology), the term provenance deals with the question where sediments originate from. The purpose of sedimentary provenance studies is to reconstruct and to interpret the history of sediment from parent rocks at a source area to detritus at a burial place. The ultimate goal of provenance studies is to investigate the characteristics of a source area by analyzing the composition and texture of sediments. The studies of provenance involve the following aspects: "(1) the source(s) of the particles that make up the rocks, (2) the erosion and transport mechanisms that moved the particles from source areas to depositional sites, (3) the depositional setting and depositional processes responsible for sedimentation of the particles (the depositional environment), and (4) the physical and chemical conditions of the burial environment and diagenetic changes that occur in siliciclastic sediment during burial and uplift". Provenance studies are conducted to investigate many scientific questions, for example, the growth history of continental crust, collision time of Indian and Asian plates, Asian monsoon intensity, and Himalayan exhumation Meanwhile, the provenance methods are widely used in the oil and gas industry. "Relations between provenance and basin are important for hydrocarbon exploration because sand frameworks of contrasting detrital compositions respond differently to diagenesis, and thus display different trends of porosity reduction with depth of burial."

text: Provenance

text: detrital

text: compositions respond differently to

text: diagenesis

text: , and thus display different trends of

text: porosity

text: reduction with depth of burial."

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the depositsional environment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a benefit of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the final goal of sedimentary provenance studies?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: detritus

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: physical and chemical conditions of the burial environment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: detritus

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are important for hydrocarbon exploration

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: depositional environment

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the erosion and transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the erosion and transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the erosion and transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Provenance

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Himalayan exhumation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Provenance

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Provenance

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Provenance

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the erosion and transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion and transport mechanisms that moved the particles from source areas to depositional sites,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: the depositional setting and depositional processes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: exhumation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Himalayan exhumation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the physical and chemical conditions of the burial environment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the erosion and transport mechanisms

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: detritus

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: contrasting detrital compositions respond differently to diagenesis,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (the depositional environment),

text: Once initially established, continued lava flow creates a steeper upstream face as it battles the rising water, but with most lava flowing unimpeded downstream covering the now-dried river bed and its alluvial sediments, sometimes for miles. Thus emplaced, the shape of a lava dam resembles an elongated blob, wedged in the valley bottom. At the same time, the water continues to flow, the lake continues to rise and accumulate sediment, which previously had migrated unimpeded downstream.  Sediment filling, over-topping, downward erosion, waterfalls and under-cutting inevitably follow, unless an alternative outlet is established, for water and sediment elsewhere in the drainage.

text: Once initially established, continued lava flow creates a steeper upstream face as it battles the rising water, but with most lava flowing unimpeded downstream covering the now-dried river bed and its

text: alluvial

text: sediments, sometimes for miles. Thus emplaced, the shape of a lava dam resembles an elongated blob, wedged in the valley bottom. At the same time, the water continues to flow, the lake continues to rise and accumulate sediment, which previously had migrated unimpeded downstream.  Sediment filling, over-topping, downward erosion, waterfalls and under-cutting inevitably follow, unless an alternative outlet is established, for water and sediment elsewhere in the drainage.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: alluvial sediments, water, or lava?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unimpeded

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for lava dams to be established?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: downward erosion, waterfalls and under-cutting

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dry river bed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lava dam

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Under-cutting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: alternative outlet is established

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava dam resembles an elongated blob

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sediment filling, over-topping, downward erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: downstream.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: migrated unimpeded downstream.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment, which previously had migrated unimpeded downstream.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water and sediment

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: downward erosion, waterfalls and under-cutting

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: unless an alternative outlet is established,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sediment filling, over-topping, downward erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial sediments,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterfalls and under-cutting

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls and under-cutting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: an alternative outlet is established,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downward erosion, waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: elongated blob,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: Erosion corrosion, also known as impingement damage, is the combined effect of corrosion and erosion caused by rapid flowing turbulent water. It is probably the second most common cause of copper tube failures behind Type 1 pitting which is also known as Cold Water Pitting of Copper Tube.

text: Erosion corrosion, also known as impingement damage, is the combined effect of

text: corrosion

text: and

text: erosion

text: caused by rapid flowing turbulent

text: water

text: . It is probably the second most common cause of

text: copper tube

text: failures behind Type 1 pitting which is also known as

text: Cold Water Pitting of Copper Tube

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the most common cause of copper tube failures?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pitting

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Type 1 pitting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapidly

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: copper tube

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion corrosion is the combined effect of corrosion and erosion caused by rapid flowing turbulent water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: impingement damage

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapid flowing turbulent water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Erosion corrosion,

text: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water, the flow must be slowed down in sedimentation tank so that the silt particles settle on the tank floor. The deposit formed should be periodically flushed away.

text: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water, the flow must be slowed down in sedimentation tank so that the silt particles settle on the tank floor. The deposit formed should be periodically flushed away.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the sedimentation tank?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of sedimentation tanks?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: silt particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed when water freezes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the flow must be slowed down in sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the flow must be slowed down in sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: To remove the small particles

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the flow must be slowed down

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the silt particles settle on the tank floor.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flushed away.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the flow must be slowed down in sedimentation tank

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: To remove the small particles which are carried in the water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: periodically flushed away.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation tank

text: Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals.

text: Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a

text: river

text: lake

text: , or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks

text: levee

text: s, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in

text: precipitation

text: and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood

text: property

text: or drown

text: domestic animals

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: river, lake, or ocean

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal flood

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: areal flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation and snow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal changes in precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over its usual boundaries

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: domestic animals drown in floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the water overtops or breaks levees,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: water overtops or breaks levees,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal flood.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water overtops or breaks levees,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rainwater on saturated ground

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flooding

text: Over thousands of years the waterfall has eroded its crest and slowly moved upstream. It currently appears to be two waterfalls most of the time but when the river is swollen due to summer rains can form one fall again.

text: Over thousands of years the waterfall has eroded its crest and slowly moved upstream. It currently appears to be two waterfalls most of the time but when the river is swollen due to summer rains can form one fall again.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the smallest sediment that can be carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: swollen

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: swollen river

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of water in the river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroded its crest and slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: swollen due to summer rains

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfall has eroded its crest and slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: summer rains

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: crest and slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfall has eroded its crest and slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: swollen due to summer rains

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Over thousands of years the waterfall has eroded its crest

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: swollen

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfall has eroded its crest

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eroded its crest

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: two waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfall has eroded its crest

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: summer rains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: slowly moved upstream.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: summer rains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: swollen due to summer rains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: two waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

text: A foiba (plural: foibas or foibe) is a type of deep natural sinkhole, doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave, or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the Kras (Carso) region, a karstic plateau region shared by Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia.

text: A foiba (plural: foibas or foibe) is a type of deep natural

text: sinkhole

text: , doline, or sink, and is a collapsed portion of bedrock above a void. Sinks may be a sheer vertical opening into a cave, or a shallow depression of many hectares. They are common in the

text: Kras

text: (Carso) region, a

text: karst

text: ic plateau region shared by

text: Italy

text: Slovenia

text: , and

text: Croatia

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deep natural sinkhole, doline, or sink?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karstic plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: doline

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: doline

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Foulba

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Foibe

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are common in the Kras (Carso) region

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shallow depression of many hectares.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow depression of many hectares.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: void.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A foiba

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: shallow depression of many hectares.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A foiba

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A foiba

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: collapsed portion of bedrock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karstic plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sinks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shallow depression of many hectares.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A foiba

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: foiba

text: Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by sedimentation and if buried this may eventually become sandstone and siltstone, ( sedimentary rocks).

text: Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: , and is subsequently

text: transported

text: by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of

text: gravity

text: acting on the particles. For example,

text: sand

text: and

text: silt

text: can be carried in

text: suspension

text: in river water and on reaching the sea be deposited by

text: sedimentation

text: and if buried this may eventually become

text: sandstone

text: and

text: siltstone

text: sedimentary rock

text: s).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sand and silt?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sediment is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sand and silt can be carried in suspension in river water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: suspension

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and silt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand and silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind, water, or ice,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transported by the action of wind,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation

text: The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with HCO (carbonic acid) and naturally occurring organic acids. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as karst, characterized by sinkholes and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with calcium carbonate formations produced through slow precipitation. These include flowstones, stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, soda straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems.

text: The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with HCO (

text: carbonic acid

text: ) and naturally occurring

text: organic acid

text: s. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as

text: karst

text: , characterized by

text: sinkhole

text: s and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with

text: calcium carbonate

text: formations produced through slow precipitation. These include

text: flowstone

text: s,

text: stalactite

text: s,

text: stalagmite

text: s,

text: helictite

text: s,

text: soda straw

text: s and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called

text: speleothem

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a form of precipitation: rainwater or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with HCO

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a karst formation: sinkholes, stalagmites, stalagmites, soda straws or columns?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes and underground drainage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soda straws

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: soda straws and columns

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rainwater and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: HCO (carbonic acid) and naturally occurring organic acids.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: flowstones,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites, stalagmites,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst,

text: St Cuthbert's Swallet is a classic example of a deep phreatic cave system at a depth of not less than  beneath the contemporary water table. It contains inclined bedding plane mazes at many levels, fault-guided rifts and some significant chambers. Nine successive phases of sediment deposition, stalagmite deposition and stream erosion have been recognised at the site, providing an exceptional record of environmental change through the warm and cold phases of the Ice Age.

text: St Cuthbert's Swallet is a classic example of a deep

text: phreatic

text: cave system at a depth of not less than  beneath the contemporary water table. It contains inclined bedding plane mazes at many levels, fault-guided rifts and some significant chambers. Nine successive phases of

text: sediment

text: deposition,

text: stalagmite

text: deposition and stream erosion have been recognised at the site, providing an exceptional record of environmental change through the warm and cold phases of the

text: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a benefit of stream erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a phase of sediment deposition: stalagmite deposition or stream erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Swallet

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: phreatic cave system

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stalagmite deposition

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalagmite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Swallet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stalagmite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment deposition, stalagmite deposition and stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: St Cuthbert's Swallet

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: St Cuthbert's Swallet

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: phreatic cave system

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water table.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalagmite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Swallet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: contemporary water table.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stalagmite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: warm and cold phases of the Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream erosion

text: The deposits from well recorded historical tsunamis can be compared with those from well recorded storm events. In both cases these overwash deposits are found in low-lying areas behind the coastline, such as lagoons. These depositional environments are generally characterised by slow lacustrine to swamp sedimentation, producing a sequence of fine-grained sediments. Both tsunami deposits and storm deposits may have strongly erosive bases and mainly consist of sand, often with shell fragments. The most reliable indicator of a tsunami origin appears to be the extent of the inundation, with tsunamis generally inundating further than storms on a particular coast. In some cases, tsunami deposits show clear separation into distinct sub-units deposited by successive tsunami waves, whereas storm waves normally show a higher number of sub-divisions. The presence of  material eroded from the shelf is considered more likely to suggest a tsunami rather than a storm event due to the much greater energy and erosive power associated with individual waves in the tsunami. The movement of large boulders has also been used to argue for a tsunami origin, but probably only the largest boulders represent good evidence of this as major storms, such as cyclones are known to be able to move large boulders. The amount of movement is also likely to be greater with tsunami waves  due to their much longer period.

text: The deposits from well recorded historical tsunamis can be compared with those from well recorded storm events. In both cases these

text: overwash

text: deposits are found in low-lying areas behind the coastline, such as lagoons. These depositional environments are generally characterised by slow lacustrine to swamp sedimentation, producing a sequence of fine-grained sediments. Both tsunami deposits and storm deposits may have strongly erosive bases and mainly consist of sand, often with shell fragments. The most reliable indicator of a tsunami origin appears to be the extent of the inundation, with tsunamis generally inundating further than storms on a particular coast. In some cases, tsunami deposits show clear separation into distinct sub-units deposited by successive tsunami waves, whereas storm waves normally show a higher number of sub-divisions. The presence of  material eroded from the shelf is considered more likely to suggest a tsunami rather than a storm event due to the much greater energy and erosive power associated with individual waves in the tsunami. The movement of large boulders has also been used to argue for a tsunami origin, but probably only the largest boulders represent good evidence of this as major storms, such as cyclones are known to be able to move large boulders. The amount of movement is also likely to be greater with tsunami waves  due to their much longer period.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the most reliable indicator of a tsunami origin?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the most reliable indicator of a tsunami origin?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lacustrine to swamp sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: large boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most reliable indicator of a tsunami origin?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tsunami deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overwash deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a tsunami

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the presence of material eroded from the shelf

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lagoon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lacustrine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lagoons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tsunami deposits and storm deposits may have strongly erosive bases

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: slow lacustrine to swamp sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: tsunamis can be compared with those from well recorded storm events.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow lacustrine to swamp sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow lacustrine to swamp sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overwash

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lagoons.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: tsunami

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: extent of the inundation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: tsunamis can be compared with those from well recorded storm events.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lacustrine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a higher number of sub-divisions.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: overwash deposits

text: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport (to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere) is offshore, transporting warmer waters deeper into the Arabian sea, and permitting upwelling of cooler waters along the coast.  This sea surface temperature pattern (cooler waters west of warmer waters) reinforces the northward current through geostrophic flow.The Southwest Monsoon Current is eastward from April through November, and reaches a peak intensity of 30 cm s during the summer months. During a 1995 field campaign, the Somali current was measured to transport 37 +/- 5 Sv during mid-September.

text: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport (to the right of the flow in the Northern Hemisphere) is offshore, transporting warmer waters deeper into the Arabian sea, and permitting upwelling of cooler waters along the coast.  This sea surface temperature pattern (cooler waters west of warmer waters) reinforces the northward current through geostrophic flow.The Southwest Monsoon Current is eastward from April through November, and reaches a peak intensity of 30 cm s during the summer months. During a 1995 field campaign, the Somali current was measured to transport 37 +/- 5 Sv during mid-September.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 30 cm

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flow: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The Arabian Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: upwelling of cooler waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: upwelling

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: toward the northeast

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cooler waters

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Southwest Monsoon Current reaches a peak intensity of 30 cm s during the summer months

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Southwest Monsoon Current

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 37 +/- 5 Sv during mid-September.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: During the summer

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cooler waters

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: geostrophic flow.The

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: geostrophic flow.The

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: upwelling of cooler waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sea surface temperature pattern

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: current flows toward the northeast,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cooler waters

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: During the summer when the current flows toward the northeast, Ekman transport

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: geostrophic flow.The Southwest Monsoon Current

text: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately 4,200 years ago by the upstream erosion of the Niagara Escarpment by the Niagara River.  Niagara Falls is located along the boundary of the Niagara Escarpment and has been "retreating" upstream since its formation. During this normally slow process, the retreating falls intersected with an ancient pre-glacial river bed inside Saint David's Buried Gorge.  During the retreat of ice from the Wisconsinan glaciation of the last glacial period, the gorge was filled with loose sediment and rock.  When the falls intersected with this buried gorge, the river quickly washed away the filled-in silt and rocks. The ancient buried gorge was nearly perpendicular to the Niagara River.  This sharp and sudden change in direction of water flow, coupled with the rapid flow of water exiting the Niagara Gorge (speeds as high as 30 feet per second [9 m•s]), resulted in turbulent swirling of the river.  Further erosion of the harder rock has resulted in a rounded basin that extends just to the side of the actual river's course.

text: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately 4,200 years ago by the upstream erosion of the

text: Niagara Escarpment

text: by the Niagara River.  Niagara Falls is located along the boundary of the Niagara Escarpment and has been "

text: retreating

text: " upstream since its formation. During this normally slow process, the retreating falls intersected with an ancient pre-glacial river bed inside

text: Saint David's Buried Gorge

text: .  During the retreat of ice from the

text: Wisconsinan glaciation

text: of the

text: last glacial period

text: , the gorge was filled with loose sediment and rock.  When the falls intersected with this buried gorge, the river quickly washed away the filled-in silt and rocks. The ancient buried gorge was nearly perpendicular to the Niagara River.  This sharp and sudden change in direction of water flow, coupled with the rapid flow of water exiting the Niagara Gorge (speeds as high as 30 feet per second [9 m•s]), resulted in turbulent swirling of the river.  Further erosion of the harder rock has resulted in a rounded basin that extends just to the side of the actual river's course.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Niagara River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: loose sediment and rock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately 4,200 years ago

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Niagara River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It is estimated that the whirlpool formed approximately

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, sinkholes or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Buried Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Buried Gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: whirlpool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed as high as 30 feet per second

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in Niagara Falls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: whirlpool

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: washed away the filled-in silt and rocks.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: filled-in silt and rocks.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: loose

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Niagara River.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rounded basin that extends just to the side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt and rocks.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: upstream erosion of the Niagara Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Buried Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Buried Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Buried Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Niagara Gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: whirlpool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Niagara River.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rounded basin

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rapid flow of water exiting the Niagara Gorge

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Niagara River.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 4,200 years ago

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: whirlpool

text: Classic examples are found at the Banff townsite proper: Mount Rundle is a classic dip slope mountain. Just to the north of the Banff townsite, Castle Mountain is composed of numerous Cambrian age rock formations. The uppermost section of the peak consists of relatively harder dolomite from the Eldon Formation. Below that lies the less dense shales of the Stephen Formation and the lowest exposed cliffs are limestones of the Cathedral Formation. Dogtooth mountains, such as Mount Louis, exhibit sharp, jagged slopes. The Sawback Range, which consists of nearly vertical dipping sedimentary layers, has been eroded by cross gullies. The erosion of these almost vertical layers of rock strata in the Sawback Range has resulted in formations that appear like the teeth on a saw blade. Erosion and deposition of higher elevation rock layers has resulted in scree deposits at the lowest elevations of many of the mountains.

text: Classic examples are found at the Banff townsite proper:

text: Mount Rundle

text: is a classic dip slope mountain. Just to the north of the Banff townsite,

text: Castle Mountain

text: is composed of numerous

text: Cambrian

text: age rock formations. The uppermost section of the peak consists of relatively harder dolomite from the Eldon Formation. Below that lies the less dense shales of the

text: Stephen Formation

text: and the lowest exposed cliffs are limestones of the

text: Cathedral Formation

text: . Dogtooth mountains, such as

text: Mount Louis

text: , exhibit sharp, jagged slopes. The Sawback Range, which consists of nearly vertical dipping sedimentary layers, has been eroded by cross

text: gullies

text: . The erosion of these almost vertical layers of rock strata in the Sawback Range has resulted in formations that appear like the teeth on a saw blade. Erosion and deposition of higher elevation rock layers has resulted in

text: scree

text: deposits at the lowest elevations of many of the mountains.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain: Mount Rundle, Castle Mountain, or Stephen Formation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a sedimentary formation: Stephen Formation, Cathedral Formation or Eldon Formation?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain: Mount Rundle, Castle Mountain, or Dogtooth?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain: Dogtooth mountains, Castle Mountain or Stephen Formation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the lowest exposed cliffs of the Cathedral Formation?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain: Mount Rundle, Castle Mountain, or Stephen Formation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dip slope

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dip slope

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scree

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dip slope

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cross gullies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high elevation rock layers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: higher elevation rock layers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the lowest exposed cliffs are limestones

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertical dipping

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: scree deposits

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: scree deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mount Rundle is a classic dip slope mountain.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dip slope mountain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scree

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scree

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scree

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dip slope mountain.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cross gullies.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Stephen Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the teeth on a saw blade.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross gullies.

text: Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. There are two main effects. First, wind causes small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region. This is called deflation. Second, these suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation. An example is the formation of sand dunes, on a beach or in a desert. Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous, friable, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained, silty, pale yellow or buff, windblown (Aeolian) sediment. It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.

text: Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. There are two main effects. First, wind causes small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region. This is called deflation. Second, these suspended particles may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation. An example is the formation of sand

text: dunes

text: , on a beach or in a desert. Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous,

text: friable

text: , slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained,

text: silt

text: y, pale yellow or buff, windblown (Aeolian)

text: sediment

text: . It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be the result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What can be the result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of wind erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: loess, calcareous, or calcareous?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: loess, desert, or desert?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deflation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall to support vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in either steep or vertical faces

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion by abrasion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand dunes,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deflation.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sand dunes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand dunes,

text: The western side of the park lies along Belize's border with Guatemala. The park lies west of the Maya Mountains. The park's landscape includes south Vaca Plateau and eastern slopes of the Maya Mountains. Doyle's Delight, the highest mountain in Belize, is located in the park. The park is located on a layer of limestone strata, the largest area of protected karst in Belize. The park incorporates portions of the Chiquibul Cave System, the longest known cave system in Central America. The cave system is made up of caves linked by water flows, including the Chiquibul River. The Chiquibul River flows through Belize, goes underground into the cave system, and resurfaces in Guatemala. The cave system includes the largest known underground passages and cave chamber discovered in the Western Hemisphere.

text: The western side of the park lies along Belize's border with

text: Guatemala

text: . The park lies west of the

text: Maya Mountains

text: . The park's landscape includes south

text: Vaca Plateau

text: and eastern slopes of the Maya Mountains.

text: Doyle's Delight

text: , the highest mountain in Belize, is located in the park. The park is located on a layer of

text: limestone

text: strata

text: , the largest area of protected

text: karst

text: in Belize. The park incorporates portions of the

text: Chiquibul Cave System

text: , the longest known cave system in

text: Central America

text: . The cave system is made up of caves linked by water flows, including the

text: Chiquibul River

text: . The Chiquibul River flows through Belize, goes underground into the cave system, and resurfaces in Guatemala. The cave system includes the largest known underground passages and cave chamber discovered in the

text: Western Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Chiquibul River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The cave system includes the largest known underground passages

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the Chiquibul River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the Chiquibul River?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Vaca Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone strata

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Chiquibul River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Chiquibul River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Vaca Plateau

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the largest area of protected karst in Belize

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Chiquibul Cave System,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Vaca Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave chamber

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Chiquibul River.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flows, including the Chiquibul River.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Maya Mountains.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flows, including the Chiquibul River. The Chiquibul River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone strata, the largest area of protected karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Guatemala.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

text: There are cyclic variations in the thickness of the exposed sedimentary layers, possibly indicating cyclic variations in environmental conditions while the sediment was being laid down. Most of the layers are parallel to each other, suggesting they formed by vertical settling, but a few are cross-bedded, indicating that at the time that the layers were deposited the sediment was transported along the ground surface by wind or water. The sedimentary material appears to be easily eroded and active wind erosion may be continuing to the current day.

text: There are cyclic variations in the thickness of the exposed sedimentary layers, possibly indicating cyclic variations in environmental conditions while the sediment was being laid down. Most of the layers are parallel to each other, suggesting they formed by vertical settling, but a few are cross-bedded, indicating that at the time that the layers were deposited the sediment was transported along the ground surface by wind or water. The sedimentary material appears to be easily eroded and active wind erosion may be continuing to the current day.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment was transported along the ground surface

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: wind or water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cross-bedded

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cross-bedded

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: vertical settling

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cross-bedded

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary layers

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind or water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: active wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cyclic variations in environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: by vertical settling

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: most of the layers are parallel to each other

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross-bedded

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: a few are cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: cyclic variations in the thickness of the exposed sedimentary layers,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: vertical settling,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cyclic variations in the thickness of the exposed sedimentary layers,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: vertical settling,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vertical settling, but a few are cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cross-bedded,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind or water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cyclic variations in environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertical settling,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary layers,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: vertical settling,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross-bedded,

text: The Milbanke Sound Group in the Kitimat Ranges consists of young lava flows and monogenetic cinder cones that were probably formed in the last 10,000 years. Like Silverthrone and Franklin, little is known about the Milbanke Sound Group. As a result, its affinity also remains unclear. It may reflect a northern extension of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but there is not enough data to support this hypothesis. Its formation might have also resulted from other tectonic processes that are currently not understood. Swindle Island contains a  high symmetrical cinder cone on its southern shoreline. This volcano, known as Kitasu Hill, comprises tephra and volcanic bombs. Its summit contains a volcanic crater that is breached to the east. Helmet Peak, a steep-sided cinder cone on Lake Island with an elevation of , consists of welded volcanic blocks and basaltic feeder dikes. During eruption, basaltic tuff breccia was deposited throughout Lake Island and nearby Lady Douglas Island. Lava flows on the shores of Price Island and Dufferin Island were erupted from forest-covered basalt cones, which have been reduced in size to small volcanic mounds. Basaltic lava flows on Finngal Island comprise well-developed columnar jointing. Like other volcanic deposits in the Milbanke Sound Group, very little is known about these lava flows. Although the Milbanke Sound Group was probably formed in the last 10,000 years, the exact age of the lava flows and cinder cones is unknown. It probably formed in the last 10,000 years because the volcanic formations have minimal erosion, indicative of post-glacial volcanism.

text: The

text: Milbanke Sound Group

text: in the Kitimat Ranges consists of young lava flows and monogenetic cinder cones that were probably formed in the last 10,000 years. Like Silverthrone and Franklin, little is known about the Milbanke Sound Group. As a result, its affinity also remains unclear. It may reflect a northern extension of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, but there is not enough data to support this hypothesis. Its formation might have also resulted from other tectonic processes that are currently not understood.

text: Swindle Island

text: contains a  high symmetrical cinder cone on its southern shoreline. This volcano, known as

text: Kitasu Hill

text: , comprises tephra and

text: volcanic bomb

text: s. Its summit contains a

text: volcanic crater

text: that is breached to the east.

text: Helmet Peak

text: , a steep-sided cinder cone on Lake Island with an elevation of , consists of welded

text: volcanic block

text: s and basaltic feeder dikes. During eruption, basaltic tuff breccia was deposited throughout

text: Lake Island

text: and nearby

text: Lady Douglas Island

text: . Lava flows on the shores of

text: Price Island

text: and

text: Dufferin Island

text: were erupted from forest-covered basalt cones, which have been reduced in size to small volcanic mounds. Basaltic lava flows on Finngal Island comprise well-developed columnar jointing. Like other volcanic deposits in the Milbanke Sound Group, very little is known about these lava flows. Although the Milbanke Sound Group was probably formed in the last 10,000 years, the exact age of the lava flows and cinder cones is unknown. It probably formed in the last 10,000 years because the volcanic formations have minimal erosion, indicative of

text: post-glacial

text: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: basaltic tuff breccia or basaltic lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments have been reduced in size to small volcanic mounds

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of the Milbanke Sound Group?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: slow-flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Milbanke Sound Group probably formed in the last 10,000 years

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shoreline

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic crater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: post-glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: basaltic feeder dikes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eruption

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basaltic tuff

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there is not enough data to support this hypothesis

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glacial volcanism

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: formed in the last 10,000 years,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: forest-covered basalt cones,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small volcanic mounds.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: last 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: last 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: minimal erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: forest-covered basalt cones,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lady Douglas Island.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: forest-covered basalt cones,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Price Island and Dufferin Island

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lava flows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: last 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Lava flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: in the last 10,000 years,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sound

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: forest-covered basalt cones,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: young lava flows and monogenetic cinder cones

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: last 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Lava flows on the shores of Price Island and Dufferin Island

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basalt cones,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lady Douglas Island.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tuff breccia

text: It is now believed that all three of these types of craters result from impacts into an icy layer.  Excess ejecta craters and perched craters, the larger ones, penetrated completely through the ice layer and also went into a rocky lower layer.  A portion of the rocky layer was deposited around the rim of the crater forming a rough ejecta deposit.  That ejecta protected the area beneath it from erosion.  Subsequent erosion left the craters sitting above the surrounding surface.  The smaller, "pedestal craters," developed a protective covering by a different process.  Simulations show that a large impact into ice would generate a great burst of heat that would be sufficient to melt some of the ice.  The resulting water could dissolve salts and minerals and produce a coating resistant to erosion.

text: It is now believed that all three of these types of craters result from impacts into an icy layer.  Excess ejecta craters and perched craters, the larger ones, penetrated completely through the ice layer and also went into a rocky lower layer.  A portion of the rocky layer was deposited around the rim of the crater forming a rough ejecta deposit.  That ejecta protected the area beneath it from erosion.  Subsequent erosion left the craters sitting above the surrounding surface.  The smaller, "pedestal craters," developed a protective covering by a different process.  Simulations show that a large impact into ice would generate a great burst of heat that would be sufficient to melt some of the ice.  The resulting water could dissolve salts and minerals and produce a coating resistant to erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a crater: Excess ejecta craters or perched craters?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crater: Excess ejecta craters or perched craters?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposit: clay, silt, or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a crater?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not the type of craters?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crater?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: Excess ejecta craters or perched craters?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ejecta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ejecta deposit

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ejecta deposit

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and salts

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ejecta deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ejecta deposit

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a crater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salts

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: salts and minerals and produce a coating resistant to erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rocky lower layer.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rocky lower layer.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water could dissolve salts and minerals and produce a coating resistant to erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rocky lower layer.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: "pedestal craters,"

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rocky lower layer.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rocky lower layer.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: icy layer.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "pedestal craters,"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "pedestal craters,"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ejecta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a rough ejecta deposit.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ejecta deposit.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "pedestal craters,"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rocky

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: left the craters sitting above the surrounding surface.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dissolve salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: icy layer.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: melt some of the ice.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "pedestal craters,"

text: River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches either (1) a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or reservoir, (2) another river that cannot remove the sediment quickly enough to stop delta formation, or (3) an inland region where the water spreads out and deposits sediments. The tidal currents also cannot be too strong, as sediment would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it. Of course, the river must carry enough sediment to layer into deltas over time. The river's velocity decreases rapidly, causing it to deposit the majority, if not all, of its load. This alluvium builds up to form the river delta. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its channel and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity, which diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment. As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and deposits. Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see slope).

text: River deltas form when a river carrying sediment reaches either (1) a body of water, such as a lake, ocean, or

text: reservoir

text: , (2) another river that cannot remove the sediment quickly enough to stop delta formation, or (3) an inland region where the water spreads out and deposits sediments. The tidal currents also cannot be too strong, as sediment would wash out into the water body faster than the river deposits it. Of course, the river must carry enough sediment to layer into deltas over time. The river's velocity decreases rapidly, causing it to deposit the majority, if not all, of its load. This alluvium builds up to form the river delta. When the flow enters the standing water, it is no longer confined to its

text: channel

text: and expands in width. This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity, which diminishes the ability of the flow to

text: transport sediment

text: . As a result, sediment drops out of the flow and

text: deposits

text: . Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the

text: gradient

text: of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see

text: slope

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a river delta to form?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: when the flow enters the standing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Mississippi or Ural?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river deltas

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion or river deltas?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deltaic lobe

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltaic lobe

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Tidal currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tidal currents

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the standing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltaic lobe

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: decrease in the flow velocity,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: expands in width.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: River deltas form when a river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: longer

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: River deltas

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deltaic lobe

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: River deltas

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: standing water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: River deltas

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltaic lobe

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: standing water,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: River deltas

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tidal currents also cannot be too strong,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: standing water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: River deltas

text: The bulk of the volcano was formed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, one tephra deposit being carbon-14 dated to 27,20037,370 BP. In the early Holocene, andesite lava flows overran late moraines. Strong glacial and other erosion effects can be seen on Coropuna. Chlorine-36 exposure dating has found ages of 6,000 years ago for the western lava flow and 2,000 years ago and less for the eastern lava flows. These flows are tens of meters thick and  long and are only weakly eroded, conserving most of their breccia cover. Each of these lava emissions is associated with the formation of mudflows from lavaice interaction. The youngest date reported for one of these lava flows is 1,100 ± 100 years ago.

text: The bulk of the volcano was formed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, one

text: tephra

text: deposit being

text: dated to 27,20037,370

text: BP

text: . In the early

text: Holocene

text: andesite

text: lava flow

text: s overran late

text: moraine

text: s. Strong glacial and other erosion effects can be seen on Coropuna.

text: exposure dating has found ages of 6,000 years ago for the western lava flow and 2,000 years ago and less for the eastern lava flows. These flows are tens of meters thick and  long and are only weakly eroded, conserving most of their

text: breccia

text: cover. Each of these lava emissions is associated with the formation of mudflows from lavaice interaction. The youngest date reported for one of these lava flows is 1,100 ± 100 years ago.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can erosion cause?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: glacial or lava?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: glacial or runoff?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many meters thick and long are the eastern lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many meters thick and long are the eastern lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many years ago was the youngest date reported for one of these lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial and other

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial and other erosion effects

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are only weakly eroded, conserving most of their breccia cover

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mudflows from lavaice

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: weakly eroded,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: weakly eroded,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: weakly eroded,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Strong glacial and other erosion effects can be seen on Coropuna.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Pliocene and Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mudflows from lavaice interaction.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: moraines.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Strong glacial and other erosion effects can be seen on Coropuna.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraines.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lavaice interaction.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: conserving most of their breccia cover.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mudflows

text: This technique is mostly used to produce coatings on structural materials. Such coatings provide protection against high temperatures (for example thermal barrier coatings for exhaust heat management), corrosion, erosion, wear; they can also change the appearance, electrical or tribological properties of the surface, replace worn material, etc. When sprayed on substrates of various shapes and removed, free-standing parts in the form of plates, tubes, shells, etc. can be produced. It can also be used for powder processing (spheroidization, homogenization, modification of chemistry, etc.). In this case, the substrate for deposition is absent and the particles solidify during flight or in a controlled environment (e.g., water). This technique with variation may also be used to create porous structures, suitable for bone ingrowth, as a coating for medical implants.A polymer dispersion aerosol can be injected into the plasma discharge in order to create a grafting of this polymer on to a substrate surface. This application is mainly used to modify the surface chemistry of polymers.

text: This technique is mostly used to produce coatings on structural materials. Such coatings provide protection against high temperatures (for example

text: thermal barrier coating

text: s for

text: exhaust heat management

text: corrosion

text: erosion

text: wear

text: ; they can also change the appearance, electrical or tribological properties of the surface, replace worn material, etc. When sprayed on substrates of various shapes and removed, free-standing parts in the form of plates, tubes, shells, etc. can be produced. It can also be used for powder processing (spheroidization, homogenization, modification of chemistry, etc.). In this case, the substrate for deposition is absent and the particles solidify during flight or in a controlled environment (e.g., water). This technique with variation may also be used to create porous structures, suitable for bone ingrowth, as a coating for medical implants.A polymer dispersion aerosol can be injected into the plasma discharge in order to create a grafting of this polymer on to a substrate surface. This application is mainly used to modify the surface chemistry of polymers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Such coatings provide protection against high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be used to create porous structures, suitable for bone ingrowth?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay, silt or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Wear

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they can be used to replace worn material, etc

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tribological

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the particles solidify during flight

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the particles solidify during flight

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the substrate for deposition is absent

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: polymer dispersion aerosol

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: polymer dispersion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: corrosion,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: coatings provide protection against high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: porous structures,

text: Flood waters naturally spread out over the surface of this cone. Flows over 25,000 m³/s have been measured where the Kosi exits the Himalayan foothills, enough to create a flow of water 30 km wide. At this rate, in one week enough water would accumulate to cover the entire megafan to a depth of 1.5 meters.

text: Flood waters naturally spread out over the surface of this cone. Flows over 25,000 m³/s have been measured where the Kosi exits the Himalayan foothills, enough to create a flow of water 30 km wide. At this rate, in one week enough water would accumulate to cover the entire megafan to a depth of 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Kosi?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the Kosi exiting the Himalayan foothills?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Kosi, Himalayan foothills or Kosi?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood waters naturally

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a large area

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Kosi exits the Himalaya foothills

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 30 km wide.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 25,000 m3/s

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 25,000 m3/s

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Flood waters naturally spread out over the surface of this cone.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depth of 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depth of 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: megafan

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 1.5 meters.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cone.

text: Studies of the volcano's lava accumulation rate have put the volcano's age at somewhere near one million years. It is believed to have breached sea level more than 500,000 years ago. Beginning 300,000 years ago, the rate of eruption slowly decreased over a long period of time to a point where erosion wore the volcano down faster than Kohala rebuilt itself through volcanic activity. Decreasing eruptions combined with increasing erosion caused Kohala to slowly weather away and subside into the ocean. The oldest lava flows that are still exposed at the surface are just under 780,000 years old. It is difficult to determine the original size and shape of the volcano, as the southeast flank has been buried by volcanic lava flows from nearby Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. However, based on a sharp increase of incline on the submarine slope of the volcano at a depth of , scientists estimate that in its prime the portion of Kohala that was above the water was more than  wide. Geologists estimate that the volcano was once about twice its current size.

text: Studies of the volcano's lava accumulation rate have put the volcano's age at somewhere near one million years. It is believed to have breached

text: sea level

text: more than 500,000 years ago. Beginning 300,000 years ago, the rate of eruption slowly decreased over a long period of time to a point where

text: erosion

text: wore the volcano down faster than Kohala rebuilt itself through volcanic activity. Decreasing eruptions combined with increasing erosion caused Kohala to slowly

text: weather

text: away and subside into the ocean. The oldest lava flows that are still exposed at the surface are just under 780,000 years old. It is difficult to determine the original size and shape of the volcano, as the southeast flank has been buried by volcanic

text: lava flow

text: s from nearby

text: Mauna Kea

text: and

text: Mauna Loa

text: . However, based on a sharp increase of incline on the submarine slope of the volcano at a depth of , scientists estimate that in its prime the portion of Kohala that was above the water was more than  wide. Geologists estimate that the volcano was once about twice its current size.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How old is Kohala?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: Decreasing eruptions combined with increasing erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: slow-flowing rivers or volcanoes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Kohala?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused Kohala to slowly weather away and subside into the ocean?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: submarine slope

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breached

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Kohala

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Kohala

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: volcano's lava accumulation rate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Kohala

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: submarine slope

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wide.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly weather away and subside into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: increasing erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: one million years.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: increasing erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wide.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: volcanic activity. Decreasing eruptions

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Decreasing eruptions

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Decreasing eruptions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Kohala

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 500,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lava flows

text: Beneath a waterfall in the Pemigewasset River is a granite pothole about  across known simply as "the Basin". It was scrubbed out by stones dragged (and eventually deposited) by the retreating North American ice sheet, and since made smooth by 15 millennia of rapidly whirling pebbles and grit. Below the Basin is "Old Man's Foot", a distinctively shaped rock formation, also the natural result of Pemigewasset's erosive energy.

text: Beneath a

text: waterfall

text: in the

text: Pemigewasset River

text: is a

text: granite

text: pothole

text: about  across known simply as "the Basin". It was scrubbed out by stones dragged (and eventually deposited) by the retreating

text: North American ice sheet

text: , and since made smooth by 15 millennia of rapidly whirling pebbles and grit. Below the Basin is "Old Man's Foot", a distinctively shaped

text: rock formation

text: , also the natural result of Pemigewasset's

text: erosive energy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the Basin made of?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of the Basin?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many millennia has the Basin been smooth?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It was scrubbed out by stones dragged

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It was scrubbed out by stones dragged (and eventually deposited) by the retreating North American ice sheet

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the Basin?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a natural result of Pemigewasset's erosive energy?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: grit

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: North American ice sheet

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: grit

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: grit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Basin is a granite pothole about across known simply as "the Basin"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Old Man's Foot

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive energy.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rapidly whirling

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rapidly whirling pebbles and grit.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rapidly whirling pebbles and grit.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: retreating North American ice sheet,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rapidly whirling

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rapidly whirling pebbles and grit.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: grit.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ice sheet,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "the Basin".

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: grit.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "Old Man's Foot",

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pothole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: North American ice sheet,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: "Old Man's Foot",

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: retreating North American ice sheet,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall in the Pemigewasset River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: grit.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: retreating North American ice sheet,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "Old Man's Foot",

text: The Facho-Pico Alto Volcanic Complex was constructed in three phases: the first related to stratovolcanic unit of Facho, and then, two lateral centres associated with Pico Alto. The volcanism that originated Facho was submarine in nature, with two visible centres positioned in the southern part of the island: Pico do Facho and a second pyroclastic cone situated  west of Rocha Alta (the remains of its chamber still visible along the coast). Both these emission centre were responsible for pyroclastic and submarine lava flows. In the northern coast, there was likely another eruptive centre associated within this volcanic unit, but erosion makes its localization difficult. Following a long period of volcanic activity, conditions changed, allowing the deposition of sediments and formation of beaches. These deposits were constructed of conglomerates of stone and marine fossils, such as in Pedraque-Pica.

text: The Facho-Pico Alto Volcanic Complex was constructed in three phases: the first related to stratovolcanic unit of Facho, and then, two lateral centres associated with Pico Alto. The volcanism that originated Facho was submarine in nature, with two visible centres positioned in the southern part of the island: Pico do Facho and a second pyroclastic cone situated  west of Rocha Alta (the remains of its chamber still visible along the coast). Both these emission centre were responsible for pyroclastic and submarine lava flows. In the northern coast, there was likely another eruptive centre associated within this volcanic unit, but erosion makes its localization difficult. Following a long period of volcanic activity, conditions changed, allowing the deposition of sediments and formation of beaches. These deposits were constructed of conglomerates of stone and marine fossils, such as in Pedraque-Pica.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can sediments be constructed of?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments were constructed of conglomerates

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: pyroclastic or submarine lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many lateral centres associated with Pico Alto?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What makes its localization difficult?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lateral centres

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: its chamber still visible along the coast

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stratovolcanic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: stratovolcanic unit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion makes its localization difficult

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marine fossils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: These deposits were constructed of conglomerates of stone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: conglomerates of stone and marine fossils,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: conglomerates of stone and marine fossils,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Pedraque-Pica.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: erosion makes its localization difficult.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion makes its localization difficult.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion makes its localization difficult.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beaches.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: conglomerates of stone and marine fossils,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: submarine in nature,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: beaches.

text: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole approximately  from Peacock I down the Pothole tunnel.  There are two small entrances into the cave system at Olsen dropping into the same tunnel.  Being central to the cave system, Olsen was once a popular entrance for cave divers as it allowed easy access to much of the cave.  To prevent erosion, cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink as of 2002, although it remains a popular place to temporarily surface during a dive.

text: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole approximately  from Peacock I down the Pothole tunnel.  There are two small entrances into the cave system at Olsen dropping into the same tunnel.  Being central to the cave system, Olsen was once a popular entrance for cave divers as it allowed easy access to much of the cave.  To prevent erosion, cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink as of 2002, although it remains a popular place to temporarily surface during a dive.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Olsen sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Olsen sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large is the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why are cave divers no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for cave divers not to enter at Olsen sink as of 2002?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Olsen sink?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are cave divers not allowed to enter at Olsen sink as of 2002?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cave divers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cave divers are no longer permitted to enter

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Pothole tunnel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: cave divers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole approximately from Peacock I down the Pothole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cave divers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cave divers are no longer permitted to enter at Olsen sink

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Olsen is a small inline sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: Entering Illinois, the river returns to its natural channel, winding its way to Momence, Illinois.  This is the last section of the Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched.  It is at Momence that the river crosses a  limestone shelf, referred to as the Momence Dam.  This natural feature's resistance to erosion created a blockage in the flow of the Kankakee River, backing up water and thereby creating the Great Swamp that once covered .  The dam's removal is part of the story of the draining the marsh.

text: Entering Illinois, the river returns to its natural channel, winding its way to

text: Momence, Illinois

text: .  This is the last section of the Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched.  It is at Momence that the river crosses a  limestone shelf, referred to as the Momence Dam.  This natural feature's resistance to erosion created a blockage in the flow of the Kankakee River, backing up water and thereby creating the Great Swamp that once covered .  The dam's removal is part of the story of the draining the marsh.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the dam's removal?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the dam's removal affect the flow of the river?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the last section of the Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the dam's removal?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It is at Momence that the river crosses a limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the last section of the Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the last section of the Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Swamp

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Swamp

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Swamp

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dam removal

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dam's removal

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Great Swamp

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the dam's removal is part of the story of the draining the marsh

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp that has never been ditched.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone shelf,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Great Swamp

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone shelf,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Great Swamp

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Great Swamp

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Momence Dam.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: backing up water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: resistance to erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: backing up water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: never been ditched.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Great Kankakee Swamp

text: Both natural and man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a levee breach.  Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a crevasse splay. In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of meander cutoffs if the river flow direction is permanently diverted through the gap.

text: Both natural and man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a

text: levee breach

text: .  Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a

text: crevasse splay

text: . In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of

text: meander cutoff

text: s if the river flow direction is permanently diverted through the gap.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of a levee breach?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of a levee breach?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of a breach?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, erosion, or surface erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meander cutoffs

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crevasse

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crevasse splay

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crevasse splay

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevasse

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: crevasse splay

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: meander cutoffs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: overtopping

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: levee saturation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overtopping, erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a gap

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: crevasse splay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meander cutoffs

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gradual

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: levee breach.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: levee breach.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meander cutoffs

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levee breach.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevasse

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: crevasse splay.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Breaches

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: levee breach.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: crevasse

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Both natural and man-made levees

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crevasse splay.

text: The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm/s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are logarithmic.

text: The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm/s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are

text: logarithmic

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: deposition velocity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deposition velocity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: because they are prone to flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mm

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion velocity in cm/s

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion velocity in cm/s

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: critical erosion velocity in cm/s

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: mm,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition velocity

text: Visitors must be in good physical conditions in order to walk into "Cueva Clara" and reach "Sumidero y Cueva Espiral" to see the mouth of this cave.  They must go down to it through a scenic 205-step boardwalk. The challenge is getting the way back to the tram. Once walking down the 205 steps into the sinkhole, the cave itself is off limits to reach.  Only experienced spelunkers can penetrate the cave and the underground river with special permission from the National Parks Company of Puerto Rico. This sinkhole is believed to have once been an enormous cavern that collapsed thousands of years ago. At the opening of the cave there is an impressive sight.

text: Visitors must be in good physical conditions in order to walk into "Cueva Clara" and reach "Sumidero y Cueva Espiral" to see the mouth of this cave.  They must go down to it through a scenic 205-step boardwalk. The challenge is getting the way back to the tram. Once walking down the 205 steps into the sinkhole, the cave itself is off limits to reach.  Only experienced spelunkers can penetrate the cave and the underground river with special permission from the National Parks Company of Puerto Rico. This sinkhole is believed to have once been an enormous cavern that collapsed thousands of years ago. At the opening of the cave there is an impressive sight.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the cave being off limits to reach?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What may be the reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: underground river

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: only experienced spelunkers can penetrate the cave

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: underground river with special permission from the National Parks Company of Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: underground river with special permission from the National Parks Company of Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 205-step boardwalk.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 205-step boardwalk.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: "Cueva Clara"

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: underground river with special permission from the National Parks Company of Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 205-step boardwalk.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "Cueva Clara"

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 205-step boardwalk.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: enormous cavern that collapsed thousands of years ago.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underground river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: good physical conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: "Sumidero y Cueva Espiral"

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: "Sumidero y Cueva Espiral"

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: enormous cavern that collapsed thousands of years ago.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole,

text: Mackinac Falls is a submerged 100-foot (30 m)-high waterfall formation under the waters of the Straits of Mackinac.  The formation, which lies approximately 1 mile (1.5 km) east of Arch Rock on Mackinac Island, was the former outflow point for water flowing eastward from Lake Chippewa (proto-Lake Michigan) into Lake Stanley (proto-Lake Huron).  The formation was discovered on August 16, 2007.

text: Mackinac Falls is a submerged 100-foot (30 m)-high

text: waterfall

text: formation under the waters of the

text: Straits of Mackinac

text: .  The formation, which lies approximately 1 mile (1.5 km) east of

text: Arch Rock

text: on

text: Mackinac Island

text: , was the former outflow point for water flowing eastward from

text: Lake Chippewa

text: (proto-

text: Lake Michigan

text: ) into

text: Lake Stanley

text: (proto-

text: Lake Huron

text: ).  The formation was discovered on August 16, 2007.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Mackinac Falls?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Mackinac Falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation to be discovered?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Mackinac Falls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What can be concluded about floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the purpose of a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: straits

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: submerged

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: submerged

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Straits

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing eastward

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mackinac Falls was discovered on August 16, 2007

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flowing eastward from Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 100-foot

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water flowing eastward from Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Mackinac Falls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water flowing eastward from Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mackinac

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: outflow point for water flowing eastward from Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mackinac Falls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: waterfall formation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Stanley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Chippewa

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Arch Rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mackinac Falls is a submerged

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mackinac Falls

text: The Dinosaur Park Formation is composed of sediments that were derived from the erosion of the mountains to the west. It was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain by river systems that flowed eastward and southeastward to the Bearpaw Sea, a large inland sea that was part of the Western Interior Seaway.  That sea gradually inundated the adjacent coastal plain, depositing the marine shales of the Bearpaw Formation on top of the Dinosaur Park Formation.

text: The Dinosaur Park Formation is composed of sediments that were derived from the erosion of the mountains to the west. It was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain by river systems that flowed eastward and southeastward to the Bearpaw Sea, a large inland sea that was part of the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: .  That sea gradually inundated the adjacent coastal plain, depositing the marine

text: shale

text: s of the

text: Bearpaw Formation

text: on top of the Dinosaur Park Formation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments that were derived from the erosion of the mountains

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the erosion of the mountains to the west?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What was deposited on an alluvial to coastal plain by river systems that flowed eastward and southeastward

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bearpaw Sea

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bearpaw Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mountains to the west

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eastward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marine shales

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from marine sediments

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: the Bearpaw Sea

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: eastward and southeastward

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: eastward and southeastward to the Bearpaw Sea,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: inundated the adjacent coastal plain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Dinosaur Park Formation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial to coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial to coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: alluvial to coastal plain

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Bearpaw Sea,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bearpaw Sea,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the mountains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eastward and southeastward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Dinosaur Park Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Dinosaur Park Formation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Dinosaur Park Formation

text: years. The maximum depth of the bay is about 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits. The bay waters draining south into the Champlain Lake and the Richelieu River. Until the late 2000s, the water of the bay was stagnant and the bay was dying. At the opening of the new bridge on the US side, on the old road embankment was partly demolished which brought a flow of fresh water from the Champlain.

text: years. The maximum depth of the bay is about 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits. The bay waters draining south into the

text: Champlain Lake

text: and the

text: Richelieu River

text: . Until the late 2000s, the water of the bay was stagnant and the bay was dying. At the opening of the new bridge on the US side, on the old road embankment was partly demolished which brought a flow of fresh water from the Champlain.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water in the bay?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the bay?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Richelieu River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Richelieu River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the bay dying?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embankment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: marine deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embankment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the depth of the bay

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: regional marine deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water of the bay was stagnant

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: embankment

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: brought a flow of fresh water from the Champlain.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 4.75 m

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embankment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 4.75 m and its bottom is made of regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embankment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: road embankment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Champlain Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: years.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: years.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: regional marine deposits.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: years.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: regional marine deposits.

text: A flood is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land. The EU Floods Directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land  which is usually not covered by water. In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tides. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows causing the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless the water covers land used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads, expanses of farmland, etc.

text: A

text: flood

text: is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land. The EU

text: Floods Directive

text: defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land  which is usually not covered by water. In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow of the

text: tides

text: . Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a

text: river

text: or

text: lake

text: , which overflows causing the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless the water covers land used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads, expanses of farmland, etc.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not a major cause of soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a significant flood?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is it not a significant flood unless the water covers land used by man?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: submerges

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not a significant flood unless the water covers land

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: tides.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: tides.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: it is not a significant flood

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farmland,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: boundaries.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: expanses of farmland,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river or lake, which overflows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

text: Forests absorb and then gradually release water.The effect of upstream forest clearance and siltation has been to cause the river to flood over its banks onto fields and roads during the rainy seasons, and for insufficient water to flow during the dry seasons.In February 2010 plans were announced to expand the Gishwati National Conservation Park from , reforesting  of land in the Kinyenkanda area of Rutsiro District.About 150 families had moved into this area and cleared land on the steep slopes for small-scale farming.The result was rapid erosion, depositing silt into the Sebeya River. The families were relocated.

text: Forests absorb and then gradually release water.The effect of upstream forest clearance and siltation has been to cause the river to flood over its banks onto fields and roads during the rainy seasons, and for insufficient water to flow during the dry seasons.In February 2010 plans were announced to expand the

text: Gishwati National Conservation Park

text: from , reforesting  of land in the Kinyenkanda area of Rutsiro District.About 150 families had moved into this area and cleared land on the steep slopes for small-scale farming.The result was rapid erosion, depositing silt into the Sebeya River. The families were relocated.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Sebeya River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is true of the sediments in the Sebeya River?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a result of upstream forest clearance?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Sebeya River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the Sebeya River?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a result of rapid erosion, depositing silt into the Sebeya River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fields

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sebeya River

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over its banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sebeya River

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Forests absorb and then gradually release water.The

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Forests

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: insufficient water to flow during the dry seasons.In

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rapid erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fields and roads

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion, depositing silt into the Sebeya River.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water.The

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sebeya River.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: forest clearance and siltation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Forests

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood over its banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Forests absorb and then gradually release water.The

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sebeya River.

text: The northwestern and northern portions of the Yucatán Peninsula experience lower rainfall than the rest of the peninsula; these regions feature highly porous limestone bedrock resulting in less surface water. This limestone geology results in most rainwater filtering directly through the bedrock to the phreatic zone, from whence it slowly flows to the coasts to form large submarine springs. Various freshwater springs rise along the coast to form watering holes. The filtering of rainwater through the limestone has caused the formation of extensive cave systems. These cave rooves are subject to collapse forming deep sinkholes; if the bottom of the cave is deeper than the groundwater level then a cenote is formed.

text: The northwestern and northern portions of the Yucatán Peninsula experience lower rainfall than the rest of the peninsula; these regions feature highly porous limestone bedrock resulting in less surface water. This limestone geology results in most rainwater filtering directly through the bedrock to the

text: phreatic zone

text: , from whence it slowly flows to the coasts to form large submarine springs. Various freshwater springs rise along the coast to form watering holes. The filtering of rainwater through the limestone has caused the formation of extensive cave systems. These cave rooves are subject to collapse forming deep

text: sinkhole

text: s; if the bottom of the cave is deeper than the

text: groundwater

text: level then a

text: cenote

text: is formed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of extensive cave systems?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large submarine springs

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of spring: large submarine springs or watering holes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the geology of the Yucatán Peninsula?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: submarine springs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Various freshwater springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: to the coasts

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed in caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deep sinkholes;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large submarine springs.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: directly through the bedrock to the phreatic zone,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: phreatic zone,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: highly porous limestone bedrock resulting in less surface water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: phreatic zone,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The northwestern and northern portions of the Yucatán Peninsula experience lower rainfall

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: cave rooves

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes;

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deep sinkholes;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: highly porous limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: large submarine springs.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phreatic zone,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: less surface water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cenote

text: The abundance of water on earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes earth from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.

text: The abundance of water on earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes earth from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's

text: hydrosphere

text: consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is

text: Challenger Deep

text: of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the deepest underwater location?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: lakes, rivers, or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: lakes, rivers, or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the deepest underwater location?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the deepest underwater location in the Pacific Ocean?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mariana Trench

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Challenger Deep

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a depth of 2,000 m

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: inland seas, lakes, rivers,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inland seas,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inland seas, lakes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: inland seas, lakes, rivers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: inland seas,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydrosphere

text: The most common civil engineering use of gabions was refined and patented by Gaetano Maccaferri in the late 1800s in Sacerno, Emilia Romagna and used to stabilize shorelines, stream banks or slopes against erosion. Other uses include retaining walls, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel lining. They may be used to direct the force of a flow of flood water around a vulnerable structure.

text: The most common civil engineering use of gabions was refined and

text: patent

text: ed by Gaetano

text: Maccaferri

text: in the late 1800s in Sacerno, Emilia Romagna and used to stabilize

text: shore

text: lines, stream banks or slopes against

text: erosion

text: . Other uses include retaining walls, temporary

text: flood wall

text: s,

text: silt

text: filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, river training, or channel lining. They may be used to direct the force of a flow of

text: flood

text: water

text: around a vulnerable structure.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a use of gabions: retaining walls, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, or channel lining?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the most common civil engineering use of gabions?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood walls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: retaining walls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: retaining walls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: retaining walls

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They may be used to direct the force of a flow of flood water around a vulnerable structure

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river training

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: gabions

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: runoff,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: retaining walls, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: channel lining.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The most common civil engineering use of gabions

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: retaining walls, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The most common civil engineering use of gabions

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: channel lining.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: channel lining.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: retaining walls, temporary flood walls,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: channel lining.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stabilize shorelines,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: silt filtration from runoff,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow of flood water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The most common civil engineering use of gabions

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river training,

text: Hydraulic toe erosion occurs when flow is in the direction of a bank at the bend of the river and the highest velocity is at the outer edge and in the center depth of the water. Centrifugal forces raise the water elevation so that it is highest on the outside bend, and as gravity pulls the water downward, a rolling, helical spiral happens, with downward velocities against the bank (erosive force). It will be highest in tight bends. The worst erosion will be immediately downstream from the point of maximum curvature. In cases with noncohesive layers, currents remove the material and create a cantilever overhang of cohesive material. Shear exceeds the critical shear at the toe of the bank, and particles are eroded. This then causes an overhand eventually resulting in bank retreat and failure.

text: Hydraulic toe erosion occurs when flow is in the direction of a bank at the bend of the river and the highest velocity is at the outer edge and in the center depth of the water. Centrifugal forces raise the water elevation so that it is highest on the outside bend, and as gravity pulls the water downward, a rolling, helical spiral happens, with downward velocities against the bank (erosive force). It will be highest in tight bends. The worst erosion will be immediately downstream from the point of maximum curvature. In cases with noncohesive layers, currents remove the material and create a cantilever overhang of cohesive material. Shear exceeds the critical shear at the toe of the bank, and particles are eroded. This then causes an overhand eventually resulting in bank retreat and failure.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: Hydraulic toe erosion or bank retreat?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of noncohesive layers?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It will be highest in tight bends

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bank retreat

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: hydraulic toe

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cantilever overhang

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: an overhand

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: toe

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: toe

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Centrifugal forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Overhand

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the point of maximum curvature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: toward a bank

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cohesive material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are not eroded.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Centrifugal forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bank retreat and failure.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The worst erosion will be immediately downstream from the point of maximum curvature.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow is in the direction of a bank

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: noncohesive layers,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hydraulic toe erosion

text: Somali seasons include the Xagaa from July to September, the Dayr from October to December, the Jilal from December to March, and the Gu from late March to June. The Xagaa and Jilal seasons are notably dry, and can cause drought. Contrastingly, the Dayr and Gu seasons have the most rainfall, with the Gu being the heavier rain season of the two. The floods that shock the southeastern part of the nation are a result of the Gu rains that fall each year. The water from the rainfall flows to the lowlands near the Jubba River valley and the Shabelle River valley in the southwestern part of the nation. In addition, any excess water that runs down from the two rivers can also contribute to the water flow. The runoff then causes massive flooding for the communities in the area of the two river valleys. As the Gu rains fall every year, the Jubba River and Shabelle River Valleys are susceptible to flooding every year because of the terrain and climate of the area.

text: Somali seasons include the Xagaa from July to September, the Dayr from October to December, the Jilal from December to March, and the Gu from late March to June. The Xagaa and Jilal seasons are notably dry, and can cause drought. Contrastingly, the Dayr and Gu seasons have the most rainfall, with the Gu being the heavier rain season of the two. The floods that shock the southeastern part of the nation are a result of the Gu rains that fall each year. The water from the rainfall flows to the lowlands near the

text: Jubba River

text: valley and the

text: Shabelle River

text: valley in the southwestern part of the nation. In addition, any excess water that runs down from the two rivers can also contribute to the water flow. The runoff then causes massive flooding for the communities in the area of the two river valleys. As the Gu rains fall every year, the Jubba River and Shabelle River Valleys are susceptible to flooding every year because of the terrain and climate of the area.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for flooding: terrain and climate of the area?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the Xagaa season?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of drought?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or sides?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the Jubba River and Shabelle River Valleys susceptible to flooding every year?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Jubba River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: terrain and climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Xagaa from July to September, the Dayr from October to December,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Xagaa and Jilal seasons are notably dry,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Somali seasons include the Xagaa from July to September,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Jubba River valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Jubba River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: excess water that runs down from the two rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: terrain and climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Somali

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding

text: The more easily accessible and more often visited of the two waterfalls is the "cascada chica," also called the Amphitheatre. This cliff rises over fifty metres above the valley floor, where there is a natural platform about sixty meters wide. This platform has four springs. The water from three of the four springs is captured by a number of small natural pools and two large artificial pools in which visitors can swim. The lower of the two pools is very close to the cliff edge and was built in 2007.   In these pools, the water appears a turquoise green due to the mineral concentration. The fourth spring is located closest to the edge and responsible for most of the waterfall rock formation. Two of the four springs on the Amphitheatre side rise from the level floor and appear to bubble up, which is the source of the name. The bubbling action of these and some other springs  is thought to occur due to construction of underground water currents. This bubbling action leads to the name of the area, Hierve el Agua (the water boils). Water constantly flows out of the springs and the process of depositing the calcium carbonate is ongoing, which can be seen on the walls of the artificial pools.

text: The more easily accessible and more often visited of the two waterfalls is the "cascada chica," also called the Amphitheatre. This cliff rises over fifty metres above the valley floor, where there is a natural platform about sixty meters wide. This platform has four springs. The water from three of the four springs is captured by a number of small natural pools and two large artificial pools in which visitors can swim. The lower of the two pools is very close to the cliff edge and was built in 2007.   In these pools, the water appears a turquoise green due to the mineral concentration. The fourth spring is located closest to the edge and responsible for most of the waterfall rock formation. Two of the four springs on the Amphitheatre side rise from the level floor and appear to bubble up, which is the source of the name. The bubbling action of these and some other springs  is thought to occur due to construction of underground water currents. This bubbling action leads to the name of the area, Hierve el Agua (the water boils). Water constantly flows out of the springs and the process of depositing the calcium carbonate is ongoing, which can be seen on the walls of the artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be seen on the walls of the artificial pools?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of the name of the area: Hierve el Agua (the water boils) or the fourth spring?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many springs are on the Amphitheatre side

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many springs are captured by a number of small natural pools and two large artificial pools in which visitors can swim

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many springs are captured by a number of small natural pools and two large artificial pools

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many springs are captured by a number of small natural pools and two large artificial pools in which visitors can swim?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: construction of underground water currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Calcium carbonate deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cliff height

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water boils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the process of depositing the calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Amphitheatre.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Amphitheatre.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Amphitheatre.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground water currents.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground water currents.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: natural platform

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground water currents.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls is the "cascada chica,"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underground water currents.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: artificial pools

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: construction of underground water currents.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water constantly flows out of the springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The more easily accessible and more often visited

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall rock

text: Before being deposited, sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks by erosion in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers (agents of denudation). Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 to 15% (limestone and dolostone). About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consist of limestone (6%), sandstone and arkoses (12%). Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils. Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal or near horizontal layers or strata and may be referred to as stratified rocks. A small fraction of sedimentary rocks deposited on steep slopes will show cross bedding where one layer stops abruptly along an interface where another layer eroded the first as it was laid atop the first.

text: Before being deposited, sediments are formed by

text: weathering

text: of earlier rocks by

text: erosion

text: in a source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by

text: water

text: wind

text: ice

text: mass movement

text: or

text: glacier

text: s (agents of

text: denudation

text: ). Mud rocks comprise 65% (

text: mudstone

text: shale

text: and

text: siltstone

text: sandstone

text: s 20 to 25% and

text: carbonate rock

text: s 10 to 15% (

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolostone

text: ). About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consist of limestone (6%), sandstone and

text: arkose

text: s (12%). Sedimentary rocks often contain

text: fossil

text: s. Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal or near horizontal layers or

text: strata

text: and may be referred to as stratified rocks. A small fraction of sedimentary rocks deposited on steep slopes will show cross bedding where one layer stops abruptly along an interface where another layer eroded the first as it was laid atop the first.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many percent of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How many percent of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: mudstone, shale and siltstone

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many percent of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a source area

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, wind, ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Denudation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sedimentary rocks often contain fossils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stratified rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: horizontal or near horizontal layers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cross bedding

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cross bedding

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: stratified rocks.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cross bedding

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Mud rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Before being deposited,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross bedding

text: She also holds the Italian women’s record for deepest dive in a sinkhole () and in a cave (), and leads the exploration team at the sinkhole Merro in Italy ().

text: She also holds the Italian women’s record for deepest dive in a

text: sinkhole

text: () and in a

text: cave

text: (), and leads the exploration team at the sinkhole Merro in

text: Italy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The answer: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the sinkhole Merro?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole depth

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the sinkhole Merro in Italy is a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deepest dive in a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sinkhole Merro in Italy

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sinkhole Merro

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deepest dive in a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: deepest dive in a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole Merro

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deepest dive in a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: Before the works started in 1868, the Aare River did not flow into Lake Bienne, but divided into several branches after the city of Aarberg, to join the River Thielle, which flows into and out of Lake Bienne, near Büren an der Aare. Depending on weather and water conditions, the alluvial deposits and debris carried by the current would form banks damming the course of the Aare, resulting in rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding, affecting the economic health of the whole area.

text: Before the works started in 1868, the Aare River did not flow into Lake Bienne, but divided into several branches after the city of

text: Aarberg

text: , to join the River

text: Thielle

text: , which flows into and out of Lake Bienne, near

text: Büren an der Aare

text: . Depending on weather and water conditions, the alluvial deposits and debris carried by the current would form banks damming the course of the Aare, resulting in rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding, affecting the economic health of the whole area.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would form banks damming the course of the Aare?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What would form banks damming the course of the Aare?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not the type of river: slow flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: damming

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aare

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: current

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weather and water conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Aare River did not flow into Lake Bienne

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: weather and water conditions,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the alluvial deposits and debris

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: affecting the economic health

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: banks damming the course of the Aare,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial deposits and debris carried by the current

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rising waters upstream and unavoidable flooding,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weather and water conditions,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Aare River did not flow into Lake Bienne,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: banks

text: The images acquired by the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter, launched in 1971, revealed the first direct evidence of past water in the form of dry river beds, canyons (including the Valles Marineris, a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more. The findings from the Mariner 9 missions underpinned the later Viking program. The enormous Valles Marineris canyon system is named after Mariner 9 in honor of its achievements.

text: The images acquired by the

text: Mariner 9

text: Mars orbiter, launched in 1971, revealed the first direct evidence of past water in the form of dry river beds,

text: canyon

text: s (including the

text: Valles Marineris

text: , a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of water

text: erosion

text: and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more. The findings from the Mariner 9 missions underpinned the later

text: Viking program

text: . The enormous

text: Valles Marineris

text: canyon system is named after Mariner 9 in honor of its achievements.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water erosion and deposition

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the Valles Marineris canyon system?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or fog?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: past water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: past dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: past water in the form of dry river beds

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weather fronts, fogs,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dry river beds,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: For each of the sources of water, different hydraulic intensities occur. Floods can occur because of a combination of sources of flooding, such as high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system. The topography, hydrogeology and physical attributes of the existing or proposed development need to be considered. A flood risk assessment should be an evaluation of the flood risk and the consequences and impact and vulnerability.

text: For each of the sources of water, different hydraulic intensities occur. Floods can occur because of a combination of sources of flooding, such as high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system. The topography, hydrogeology and physical attributes of the existing or proposed development need to be considered. A flood risk assessment should be an evaluation of the flood risk and the consequences and impact and vulnerability.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of water: groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a source of flooding?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a physical attribute of the existing or proposed development?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a source of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a physical attribute of the existing or proposed development?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a physical attribute of the existing or proposed development?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a source of flooding: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a source of flooding: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a source of flooding?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: topography

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: topography

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: high groundwater

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: different hydraulic intensities

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: different hydraulic intensities

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: topography,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high groundwater and an inadequate surface water drainage system.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: topography, hydrogeology and physical attributes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: For each of the sources of water, different hydraulic intensities

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floods

text: A little more than 13,000 years ago, a sequence of nine tephra eruptions occurred within a period of less than a few hundred years. Associated with these eruptions were pyroclastic flows. Mixed with snow, ice and water, these formed lahars that raced into three nearby rivers, filling their valleys with deep deposits. Subsequently the mudflows drained into both the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River (at that time an outlet of the Sauk River) and Skagit Rivers. In Arlington,  downstream, lahars deposited seven feet of sediment. Subsequent erosion of lahar deposits near Darrington led to the current river system with the Stillaguamish River separated from the Sauk/Skagit Rivers. Lahar debris was deposited along both the Skagit and Stillaguamish Rivers all the way to Puget Sound. A small portion of the erupted tephra was deposited locally. However, most of the tephra reached higher levels of the atmosphere, and was transported by the wind hundreds of miles. Deposits from this congregation were as thick as  near Chelan and  near Missoula, Montana.

text: A little more than 13,000 years ago, a sequence of nine tephra eruptions occurred within a period of less than a few hundred years. Associated with these eruptions were pyroclastic flows. Mixed with snow, ice and water, these formed lahars that raced into three nearby rivers, filling their valleys with deep deposits. Subsequently the mudflows drained into both the North Fork of the

text: Stillaguamish River

text: (at that time an outlet of the

text: Sauk River

text: ) and

text: Skagit River

text: s. In

text: Arlington

text: ,  downstream, lahars deposited seven feet of sediment. Subsequent erosion of lahar deposits near

text: Darrington

text: led to the current river system with the Stillaguamish River separated from the Sauk/Skagit Rivers. Lahar debris was deposited along both the Skagit and Stillaguamish Rivers all the way to

text: Puget Sound

text: . A small portion of the erupted tephra was deposited locally. However, most of the tephra reached higher levels of the atmosphere, and was transported by the wind hundreds of miles. Deposits from this congregation were as thick as  near

text: Chelan

text: and  near

text: Missoula, Montana

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Stillaguamish River, Sauk River, or Skagit River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many feet of sediment was deposited in Arlington, downstream?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or snow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Stillaguamish River, Sauk River, or Skagit River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Stillaguamish River, Sauk River, or Skagit River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion or tephra eruptions?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Lahars

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lahar deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lahars deposited seven feet of sediment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into three nearby rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from tephra

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wind hundreds of miles.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hundreds of miles.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the wind hundreds of miles.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: locally.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: locally.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Lahar debris

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pyroclastic flows. Mixed with snow, ice and water,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep deposits.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lahars

text: It is formed where a small stream falls for approximately 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal. Depending on flow, it can be either an ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

text: It is formed where a small stream falls for approximately 305 feet to reach the slopes above

text: Llyn Idwal

text: . Depending on flow, it can be either an ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall: single drop waterfall, broken waterfall, or ice climbing route?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cliffs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: for approximately 305 feet

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: broken waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 305 feet to reach the slopes above Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Llyn Idwal.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice climbing route, a single drop waterfall, or a broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: broken waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice climbing route,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: falls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ice climbing route,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: broken waterfall.

text: Prismatically discretized models like SahysMod   have a grid over the land surface only. The 2-dimensional grid network consists of triangles, squares, rectangles or polygons (Fig. 7). Hence, the flow domain is subdivided into vertical blocks or prisms (Fig. 3). The prisms can be discretized into horizontal  layers with different characteristics that may also vary between the prisms. The groundwater flow between neighboring prisms is calculated using 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations. Vertical flows are found by applying one-dimensional flow equations in a vertical sense, or they can be derived from the water balance: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow (or vice versa) is translated into vertical flow, as demonstrated in the article Hydrology (agriculture).

text: Prismatically discretized models like

text: SahysMod

text: have a grid over the land surface only. The 2-dimensional grid network consists of triangles, squares, rectangles or

text: polygons

text: (Fig. 7). Hence, the flow domain is subdivided into vertical blocks or

text: prisms

text: (Fig. 3). The prisms can be discretized into horizontal  layers with different characteristics that may also vary between the prisms. The groundwater flow between neighboring prisms is calculated using 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations. Vertical flows are found by applying one-dimensional flow equations in a vertical sense, or they can be derived from the water balance: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow (or vice versa) is translated into vertical flow, as demonstrated in the article

text: Hydrology (agriculture)

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flow equation: horizontal or vertical?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertical blocks or prisms

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater flow equations

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: vertical blocks or prisms

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What can be demonstrated in the article Hydrology (agriculture)?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: horizontal inflow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: The 2-dimensional grid network

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Outflow

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater flow equations

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they can be discretized into horizontal layers with different characteristics

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Hydrology (agriculture).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: triangles, squares, rectangles or polygons

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: vertical blocks or prisms (Fig. 3).

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: (agriculture).

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hydrology (agriculture).

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: grid

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: triangles, squares, rectangles or polygons

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Vertical flows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: triangles, squares, rectangles or polygons

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: 2-dimensional horizontal groundwater flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: excess of horizontal inflow over horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: horizontal outflow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: grid over the land surface only.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Vertical flows

text: The area was settled in the 1830s and named "Wilcockson". At that time the entrance to the as-yet-unnamed Mystic Caverns was a sinkhole which led to a  drop into the cave itself. It is likely that settlers became aware of the cave and visited it prior to the 1850s. However, the first known visitor to the cave carved his name and the date on one of the formations:

text: The area was settled in the 1830s and named "Wilcockson". At that time the entrance to the as-yet-unnamed Mystic Caverns was a

text: sinkhole

text: which led to a  drop into the cave itself. It is likely that settlers became aware of the cave and visited it prior to the 1850s. However, the first known visitor to the cave carved his name and the date on one of the formations:

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is true of runoff?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of eroded channel?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the first known visitor to the cave carved his name and the date

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Mystic Caverns was a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 1830s and named "Wilcockson".

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: carved his name and the date on one of the formations:

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 1850s.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the Exner equation. This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow changes the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles: examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of meander bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional: erosion can occur due to dam removal and base level fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool, and deposit its entire load or due to base level rise.

text: The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the

text: Exner equation

text: . This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow changes the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles: examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of

text: meander

text: bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional: erosion can occur due to

text: dam removal

text: and

text: base level

text: fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool, and deposit its entire load or due to base level rise.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of scour holes behind boulders?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of scour holes behind boulders?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meander bends

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bed elevation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dam removal and base level fall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment in transport

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dam emplacement that causes the river to pool

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: changes in the power of the flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: power of the flow changes the ability of the flow to carry sediment,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: dam removal

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: scour holes behind boulders,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Exner equation.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dam emplacement that causes the river to pool, and deposit its entire load

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pool,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bed elevation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour holes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: scour holes behind boulders,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dam removal and base level fall.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment in transport

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment that falls out of the flow.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour holes

text: Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its spillway capacity will cause its eventual failure. The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even a small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion. As the mass of the dam erodes, the force exerted by the reservoir begins to move the entire structure. The embankment, having almost no elastic strength, would begin to break into separate pieces, allowing the impounded reservoir  water to flow between them, eroding and removing even more material as it passes through. In the final stages of failure the remaining pieces of the embankment would offer almost no resistance to the flow of the water and continue to fracture into smaller and smaller sections of earth and/or rock until these would disintegrates into a thick mud soup of earth, rocks and water.

text: Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its

text: spillway

text: capacity will cause its eventual

text: failure

text: . The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even a small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion. As the mass of the dam erodes, the force exerted by the reservoir begins to move the entire structure. The embankment, having almost no elastic strength, would begin to break into separate pieces, allowing the impounded reservoir  water to flow between them, eroding and removing even more material as it passes through. In the final stages of failure the remaining pieces of the embankment would offer almost no resistance to the flow of the water and continue to fracture into smaller and smaller sections of earth and/or rock until these would disintegrates into a thick mud soup of earth, rocks and water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the reason for overtopping dams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What would the remaining pieces of the embankment offer almost no resistance to?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Overtopping

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overburden

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: overburden

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: overtopping runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the final stage of failure?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overtopping dam beyond its spillway capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: disintegrate into a thick mud soup

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: thick mud soup

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroding and removing even more material as it passes through.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: thousands of tons of overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The embankment, having almost no elastic strength,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: overtopping flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Overtopping

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: overtopping runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Overtopping

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: embankment dam

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: embankment dam beyond its spillway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: overtopping runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the force exerted by the reservoir begins to move the entire structure.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: spillway capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: allowing the impounded reservoir water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: overburden soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Overtopping

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mud soup

text: The land is tilled after harvesting and has become sensitive to sheet erosion. The area suffers periodically from floods and droughts. Increased erosion since forest clearance has led to the increase of sediment load in rivers draining into the reservoir. As a result, sediment deposition in the dam gradually decreased the water storage capacity from 150 million m3 in 1970 to 121 and 108 million m3 in 1983 and 1991 respectivelyThe suspended sediments in the water bodies also affect water quality and cause pollution because of various agrochemicals adsorbed by the sediments into the catchments.

text: The land is tilled after harvesting and has become sensitive to sheet erosion. The area suffers periodically from floods and droughts. Increased erosion since forest clearance has led to the increase of sediment load in rivers draining into the reservoir. As a result, sediment deposition in the dam gradually decreased the water storage capacity from 150 million m3 in 1970 to 121 and 108 million m3 in 1983 and 1991 respectivelyThe suspended sediments in the water bodies also affect water quality and cause pollution because of various agrochemicals adsorbed by the sediments into the catchments.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rivers, dams, or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or agrochemicals?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or slow flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the increase of sediment load in rivers draining into the reservoir or the decrease of water storage capacity?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment load

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not eroded.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sheet erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: suspended sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: forest clearance

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 108 million m3

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods and droughts.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment load in rivers draining into the reservoir.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sheet erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sheet erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sheet erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sheet erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: catchments.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: forest clearance

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment load

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods and droughts. Increased erosion since forest clearance

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The land is tilled after harvesting

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: reservoir.

text: 33 sinkholes have been found in the main canal leading the water from Martebo mire to the cave. In the area west of the cliff there are five springs. After the draining of the mire the flow of water in the canal have decreased significantly, from  in 1948, to  in 1977. This has caused some of the sinkholes to disappear. During dry summers there is an impending danger that the cave is completely drained.

text: sinkhole

text: s have been found in the main canal leading the water from Martebo mire to the cave. In the area west of the cliff there are five springs. After the draining of the mire the flow of water in the canal have decreased significantly, from  in 1948, to  in 1977. This has caused some of the sinkholes to disappear. During dry summers there is an impending danger that the cave is completely drained.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water in the canal?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many sinkholes have been found in the canal?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or mire?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many sinkholes have been found in the area west of the cliff?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Martebo mire?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dry summers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the cave is completely drained

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flow of water in the canal have decreased significantly,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: five springs.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 33 sinkholes have been found in the main canal

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 33 sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mire

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: springs.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: During dry summers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: springs.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: five springs.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: These domed rock formations are composed of conglomerate, a sedimentary rock consisting of cobbles and boulders of varying rock types including granite and basalt, cemented by a matrix of sandstone. The crevasses are due to erosion, primarily by water.  Although it is a dry region, the large area of these domes collects a lot of rainwater, which runs off in steep waterfalls during rain.

text: These domed rock formations are composed of

text: conglomerate

text: , a

text: sedimentary

text: rock consisting of cobbles and boulders of varying rock types including

text: granite

text: and

text: basalt

text: , cemented by a matrix of

text: sandstone

text: . The crevasses are due to erosion, primarily by water.  Although it is a dry region, the large area of these domes collects a lot of rainwater, which runs off in steep waterfalls during rain.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: granite, basalt or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the boulders?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: granite, basalt, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: granite, basalt, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: granite, basalt, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a dry region

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The crevasses are due to erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The crevasses

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion, primarily by water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: domes collects a lot of rainwater,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The crevasses are due to erosion, primarily by water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steep waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: crevasses

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater, which runs off in steep waterfalls during rain.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: conglomerate,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a dry region,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crevasses

text: The river is known as meandering and extremely slow, and it has a very small inclination in its basin - less than 10 m from Vinkovci until its mouth. Bosut is known for a phenomenon of being 'the river that flows backwards', because sometimes, with strong winds and being so slow, it appears as if the water is flowing backwards.

text: The river is known as meandering and extremely slow, and it has a very small inclination in its basin - less than 10 m from Vinkovci until its mouth. Bosut is known for a phenomenon of being 'the river that flows backwards', because sometimes, with strong winds and being so slow, it appears as if the water is flowing backwards.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Bosut?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or wind?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the river known as meandering and extremely slow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Bosut?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: backwards

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the river that flows backwards is the river that flows backwards

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: small inclination in its basin

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The river is known as meandering and extremely slow,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: less than 10 m from Vinkovci

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bosut

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: inclination

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: backwards.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 'the river that flows backwards',

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inclination

text: Meanders are sinuous bends in rivers or other channels, which form as a fluid, most often water, flows around bends. As soon as the path is slightly curved, the size and curvature of each loop increases as helical flow drags material like sand and gravel across the river to the inside of the bend. The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected, so erosion accelerates, further increasing the meandering in a powerful positive feedback loop.

text: Meander

text: s are sinuous bends in rivers or other channels, which form as a fluid, most often water, flows around bends. As soon as the path is slightly curved, the size and curvature of each loop increases as

text: helical flow

text: drags material like sand and gravel across the river to the inside of the bend. The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected, so

text: erosion

text: accelerates, further increasing the meandering in a powerful

text: positive feedback loop

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of helical flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a material carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the outside of the loop left clean and unprotected?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a positive feedback loop

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the path is slightly curved

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: around bends

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The outside of the loop is left clean

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: helical flow drags material like sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: helical flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: helical flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: helical flow drags material like sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion accelerates,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion accelerates,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: positive feedback loop.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The outside of the loop is left clean and unprotected,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Meanders are sinuous bends

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: clean and unprotected,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Meanders

text: Þjórsárdals's hot spring is west of the waterfall, east near Rauðukömbum. There is a hot spring bath, and an abundance of hot- and cold water that is freely flowing into the hot spring. Inside the valley is Háifoss, one of the highest waterfalls of Iceland. Skeiða- og Gnúpverjahreppur has provided a viewing platform west of Stangarfelli which is situated on the way from Hólaskógur.

text: Þjórsárdals's hot spring is west of the waterfall, east near Rauðukömbum. There is a hot spring bath, and an abundance of hot- and cold water that is freely flowing into the hot spring. Inside the valley is

text: Háifoss

text: , one of the highest waterfalls of Iceland.

text: Skeiða- og Gnúpverjahreppur

text: has provided a viewing platform west of Stangarfelli which is situated on the way from

text: Hólaskógur

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Háifoss?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Háifoss

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the hot spring bath?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Gn pverjahreppur

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ukömbum

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Háifoss

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Hot spring bath

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hot spring bath, and an abundance of hot- and cold water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a hot spring

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Gn pverjahreppur

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Háifoss, one of the highest waterfalls of Iceland.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hot spring

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hot- and cold water that is freely flowing into the hot spring.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Háifoss, one of the highest waterfalls of Iceland.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hot- and cold water that is freely flowing into the hot spring.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: <unk>jórsárdals's hot spring

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Gn<unk>pverjahreppur

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Gn<unk>pverjahreppur

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Gn<unk>pverjahreppur

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: hot spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hot- and cold water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: <unk>jórsárdals's hot spring

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hot- and cold water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: hot- and cold water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Rau<unk>ukömbum.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: <unk>jórsárdals's hot spring

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hot spring

text: Reduced crop productivity usually results from erosion, and these effects are studied in the field of soil conservation. The soil particles carried in runoff vary in size from about .001 millimeter to 1.0 millimeter in diameter. Larger particles settle over short transport distances, whereas small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column. Erosion of silty soils that contain smaller particles generates turbidity and diminishes light transmission, which disrupts aquatic ecosystems.

text: Reduced crop productivity usually results from erosion, and these effects are studied in the field of

text: soil conservation

text: . The soil particles carried in runoff vary in size from about .001 millimeter to 1.0 millimeter in diameter. Larger particles

text: settle

text: over short transport distances, whereas small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the

text: water column

text: . Erosion of silty soils that contain smaller particles generates

text: turbidity

text: and diminishes light transmission, which disrupts

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of runoff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Larger particles settle over short transport distances

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Larger particles settle over long distances suspended in the water column

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, runoff, or crop productivity?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Reduced crop productivity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Larger

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion of silty soils that contain smaller particles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The soil particles carried in runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Larger particles settle over short transport distances,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Larger particles settle over short transport distances,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Larger particles settle over short transport distances,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Reduced crop productivity usually results from erosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Larger particles settle over short transport distances,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Reduced crop productivity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The soil particles carried in runoff vary in size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Larger particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: small particles can be carried over long distances suspended in the water column.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: turbidity

text: Headward erosion is erosion at the origin of a stream channel, which causes the origin to move back away from the direction of the stream flow, and so causes the stream channel to lengthen. It can also refer to widening of a canyon by erosion along its very top edge, when sheets of water first enter the canyon from a more roughly planar surface above it, such as at Canyonlands National Park in Utah. (See image at right.) When sheets of water on a roughly planar surface first enter a depression in it, this erodes the top edge of the depression. This either causes the stream to grow longer at the very top of the stream, which moves its origin back, or causes the canyon formed by the stream to grow wider, by erosion along the length of its top side edge as sheets of water flow over the edge. Widening of the canyon by erosion inside the canyon, below the canyon side top edge, or origin or the stream, such as erosion caused by the streamflow inside it, is not called headwall erosion.

text: Headward erosion is

text: erosion

text: at the origin of a

text: stream channel

text: , which causes the origin to move back away from the direction of the stream flow, and so causes the stream channel to lengthen. It can also refer to widening of a

text: canyon

text: by erosion along its very top edge, when sheets of water first enter the canyon from a more roughly planar surface above it, such as at

text: Canyonlands National Park

text: in

text: Utah

text: . (See image at right.) When sheets of water on a roughly planar surface first enter a depression in it, this erodes the top edge of the depression. This either causes the stream to grow longer at the very top of the stream, which moves its origin back, or causes the canyon formed by the stream to grow wider, by erosion along the length of its top side edge as sheets of water flow over the edge. Widening of the canyon by erosion inside the canyon, below the canyon side top edge, or origin or the stream, such as erosion caused by the streamflow inside it, is not called headwall erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can cause the canyon formed by the stream to grow wider?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of headwall erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: headwall erosion, widening of a canyon or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Canyonlands National Park

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a depression

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: headwall erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the direction of the stream flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the edge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: planar surface

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: widening of the canyon by erosion inside the canyon

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Headward erosion is erosion at the origin of a stream channel,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sheets of water on a roughly planar surface first enter a depression

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: headwall erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: headwall erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sheets of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stream flow,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: direction of the stream flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: headwall erosion.

text: Flooding consists of multiple stages.  First, at the start of the flooding, nutrients rush in from the area where the flood begins.  During flood periods, the most important element is called the moving littoral.  As flooding begins and water levels increase nutrients that have been mineralized in the dry phase are suspended with sediments in the flood waters and main river.  The moving littoral consists of the water from the shoreline to a few meters deep in the river.  This pulse of water is the primary driver of high productivity and decomposition rates as it moves nutrients in and out of the system and is good breeding ground for many species of estuarial organisms. At this point in time production rates exceed decomposition rates.  As water levels stabilize, decomposition rates outpace production rates, frequently contributing to dissolved oxygen deficiency. When the water starts receding, the moving littoral reverses, concentrating nutrients and contributing to phytoplankton growth.

text: Flooding consists of multiple stages.  First, at the start of the flooding, nutrients rush in from the area where the flood begins.  During flood periods, the most important element is called the moving

text: littoral

text: .  As flooding begins and water levels increase nutrients that have been

text: mineralized

text: in the dry phase are suspended with sediments in the flood waters and main river.  The moving littoral consists of the water from the shoreline to a few meters deep in the river.  This pulse of water is the primary driver of high productivity and decomposition rates as it moves nutrients in and out of the system and is good breeding ground for many species of

text: estuarial

text: organisms. At this point in time production rates exceed decomposition rates.  As water levels stabilize, decomposition rates outpace production rates, frequently contributing to

text: dissolved oxygen

text: deficiency. When the water starts receding, the moving littoral reverses, concentrating nutrients and contributing to

text: phytoplankton

text: growth.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the moving littoral?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the moving littoral?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the most important element of the moving littoral?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: littoral

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a few meters deep

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dry phase

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: littoral

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: moving littoral

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuarial

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: nutrient rush

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Decomposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dissolved oxygen deficiency

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: moving littoral

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: nutrients that have been mineralized in the dry phase

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a few meters deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: nutrients that have been mineralized in the dry phase are suspended with sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: production rates exceed decomposition rates.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: the moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: The moving littoral

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The moving littoral

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving littoral.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dissolved oxygen deficiency.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: production rates exceed decomposition rates.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: shoreline to a few meters deep in the river.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: the moving littoral

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: moving littoral.

text: The Cambrian Tonto Group is the three-member sequence of geologic formations that represent the basal section of Paleozoic rocks in the Grand Canyon. The group is about  thick.  The base unit, the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone was deposited upon the erosion surface of the Vishnu Basement Rocks, which is found in Granite Gorge (the Inner Gorge). The erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone forms the platform, called Tonto Platform, that the two less erosion resistant upper layers, the Bright Angel Shale and Muav Limestone, rest on.

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: Tonto Group is the three-member sequence of

text: geologic formations

text: that represent the basal section of

text: Paleozoic

text: rocks in the

text: Grand Canyon

text: . The group is about  thick.  The base unit, the

text: Cambrian

text: Tapeats Sandstone

text: was deposited upon the

text: erosion surface

text: of the

text: Vishnu Basement Rocks

text: , which is found in Granite Gorge (the Inner Gorge). The erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone forms the platform, called

text: Tonto Platform

text: , that the two less erosion resistant upper layers, the

text: Bright Angel Shale

text: and

text: Muav Limestone

text: , rest on.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Granite Gorge?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the group?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone or Granite Gorge?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the erosion of the Grand Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Granite Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: platform

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Granite Gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Tonto Platform

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Granite Gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Vishnu Basement Rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Bright Angel Shale

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Bright Angel Shale and Muav Limestone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group is about thick

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Tonto Platform

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion surface of the Vishnu Basement Rocks,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thick.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion resistant

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Granite Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Granite Gorge (the Inner Gorge).

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Vishnu Basement Rocks,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion resistant

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Tonto Platform,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Cambrian Tonto Group

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Tonto Platform,

text: The south two-fifths of the Bidahochi Formation is cut by the drainage of the southwest-flowing Puerco River out of New Mexico, but the river meets the Little Colorado at the central extent of the Bidahochi-(east to west), and the Little Colorado River then turns northwesterly, then more north-northwesterly to the Colorado River, at Grand Canyon. The entire region north and east of the Little Colorado River is the Painted Desert, composed of the bright, multi-colored, (non-consolidated), highly erodable Chinle Formation. From south of the Little Colorado-Puerco River, (towards the White Mountains), and extending north-northwest to the south of Black Mesa, the Bidahochi lies as a resistant layer, overlying the Chinle, and preventing its erosion in various exposures across the intervening washes, and mesas. In the centerpoint of the transect between the Puerco River, north-northwest to the southeast of Black Mesa is Bidahochi, Arizona. Due west, lies the Hopi Buttes volcanic field, where some of the up 200 vents are maars, erupted through the Bodahochi Formation; the thickest Bidahochi deposits lie due east of the Bidahochi townsite. The Bidahochi forms erosion-resistant, landslide slopes, at the base of specific individual Hopi volcanic buttes.

text: The south two-fifths of the Bidahochi Formation is cut by the drainage of the southwest-flowing

text: Puerco River

text: out of New Mexico, but the river meets the Little Colorado at the central extent of the Bidahochi-(east to west), and the Little Colorado River then turns northwesterly, then more north-northwesterly to the Colorado River, at Grand Canyon. The entire region north and east of the Little Colorado River is the

text: Painted Desert

text: , composed of the bright, multi-colored, (non-consolidated), highly erodable

text: Chinle Formation

text: . From south of the Little Colorado-Puerco River, (towards the White Mountains), and extending north-northwest to the south of Black Mesa, the Bidahochi lies as a resistant layer, overlying the Chinle, and preventing its erosion in various exposures across the intervening washes, and mesas. In the centerpoint of the transect between the Puerco River, north-northwest to the southeast of Black Mesa is

text: Bidahochi, Arizona

text: . Due west, lies the

text: Hopi Buttes volcanic field

text: , where some of the up 200 vents are

text: maar

text: s, erupted through the Bodahochi Formation; the thickest Bidahochi deposits lie due east of the Bidahochi townsite. The Bidahochi forms erosion-resistant, landslide slopes, at the base of specific individual Hopi volcanic buttes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Little Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick are the Bidahochi deposits?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the Painted Desert composed of the bright, multi-colored, (non-consolidated)?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Puerco River, Little Colorado River, or Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Puerco River, Little Colorado River, or Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Painted Desert composed of the bright, multi-colored Chinle Formation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, landslide slopes, or volcanic buttes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Painted Desert

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Black Mesa

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slopes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Bidahochi Formation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: landslide slopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: towards the White Mountains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Bidahochi Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unconfirmed

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: southwest-flowing Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (non-consolidated),

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: southwest-flowing Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Painted Desert,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Painted Desert,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Grand Canyon.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: landslide slopes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslide slopes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Grand Canyon.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Bidahochi Formation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: highly erodable Chinle Formation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Puerco River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Bidahochi Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The south two-fifths

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslide slopes,

text: A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In 1757, the German hydrologist Albert Brahms empirically observed that the submerged weight of objects that may be carried away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. This formulation is also sometimes called Airy's law. Thus, if the speed of flow is doubled, the flow would dislodge objects with 64 times as much submerged weight. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U-shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V-shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where a river flows over flatter land, meanders may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous deltas at their mouths. Rivers whose mouths are in saline tidal waters may form estuaries.

text: A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In 1757, the German hydrologist

text: Albert Brahms

text: empirically observed that the submerged weight of objects that may be carried away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. This formulation is also sometimes called Airy's law. Thus, if the speed of flow is doubled, the flow would dislodge objects with 64 times as much submerged weight. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U-shaped

text: glaciated

text: valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V-shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where a river flows over flatter land,

text: meander

text: s may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an

text: oxbow lake

text: or

text: billabong

text: . Rivers that carry large amounts of

text: sediment

text: may develop conspicuous

text: deltas

text: at their mouths. Rivers whose mouths are in saline

text: tidal

text: waters may form

text: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the destruction of larger rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of meanders?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glaciated valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river flowing in its channel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sands and gravels

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the speed of the river flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in its channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sixth power of the river flow speed.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large amounts

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the submerged weight

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposition on the inside of bends.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sixth power of the river flow speed.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: torrential zones

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion channels through hard rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lake or billabong.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hard rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sands and gravels

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sixth power of the river flow speed.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in its channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sands and gravels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 64 times as much submerged weight.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meanders

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in molecular mass, water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of buoyancy. However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the

text: air

text: . Ice and snow can

text: sublimate

text: directly into water vapour.

text: Evapotranspiration

text: is water

text: transpired

text: from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in

text: molecular mass

text: , water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of

text: buoyancy

text: . However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see

text: Gas laws

text: ). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as

text: precipitation

text: . Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as

text: surface runoff

text: . A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (

text: groundwater

text: ) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as

text: infiltration

text: . Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes

text: aquifer

text: s, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the

text: hyporheic zone

text: . Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: runoff enters rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of runoff?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Fog

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: openings

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Fog

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing over the ground

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: infiltration.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: infiltration.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: infiltration.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: freshwater springs.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water vapour

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure.

text: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano, where deposits from this stage are found at an altitude of . For comparison, Lake Cabana deposits are found at altitudes of  and Lake Ballivian at an altitude of . Both Mataro and Cabana were named by Lavenu and others in 1984. The height of Lake Mataro was  above that of Lake Titicaca. It formed a single large lake over the central and northern Altiplano. Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca may be responsible for the observed reduction of the levels of the northern paleolakes during time, as it allowed water from the northern lakes to spill into the southern ones.

text: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano, where deposits from this stage are found at an altitude of . For comparison, Lake Cabana deposits are found at altitudes of  and Lake Ballivian at an altitude of . Both Mataro and Cabana were named by Lavenu and others in 1984. The height of Lake Mataro was  above that of Lake Titicaca. It formed a single large lake over the central and northern Altiplano. Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca may be responsible for the observed reduction of the levels of the northern paleolakes during time, as it allowed water from the northern lakes to spill into the southern ones.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Lake Titicaca?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which is not the reason for the observed reduction of the levels of the northern paleolakes during time?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the reason for the observed reduction of the levels of the northern paleolakes during time?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Altiplano

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Altiplano

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outlet

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: paleolakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water spilling into the southern ones

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Lake Ballivian

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Ballivian at an altitude of

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: paleolakes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Progressive erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lake Titicaca.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Lake Ballivian

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Ballivian

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: paleolakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Progressive erosion of the outlet of Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Mataro has been identified in the northern Altiplano,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Lake

text: Landforms visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as outflow channels, cut across the surface in about 25 places. These are thought to be a record of erosion caused by the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava. One of the larger examples, Ma'adim Vallis is  long, much greater than the Grand Canyon, with a width of  and a depth of  in places. It is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history. The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago. Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic networks of valleys are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by runoff resulting from precipitation in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.

text: Landforms

text: visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as

text: outflow channels

text: , cut across the surface in about 25 places. These are thought to be a record of erosion caused by the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava. One of the larger examples,

text: Ma'adim Vallis

text: is  long, much greater than the Grand Canyon, with a width of  and a depth of  in places. It is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history. The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago. Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic

text: networks of valleys

text: are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by

text: runoff

text: resulting from precipitation in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and

text: groundwater sapping

text: may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How long is the Grand Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform on Mars?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ma'adim Vallis

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scoured ground

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers or lava

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Precipitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Ma'adim Vallis

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ma'adim Vallis

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: width of and a depth of in places.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Ma'adim Vallis

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Grand Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Grand Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Grand Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channels,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers or lava.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: subsurface aquifers,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: outflow channels,

text: A blackwater river is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands.

text: A

text: blackwater river

text: is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of a blackwater river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The size of sediments determines how they are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of a river with a deep, slow-moving channel?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: is a river

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Blackwater River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Blackwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a river's depth

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a forest

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep, slow-moving channel

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: forested swamps or wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: forested swamps or wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through forested swamps

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: blackwater river

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blackwater

text: At the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, and tie channels.

text: At the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This

text: sediment

text: deposition can generate a variety of

text: landform

text: s, such as

text: deltas

text: sand bar

text: s,

text: spit

text: s, and tie channels.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Slowly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a landform?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment dropping

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: change in flow condition

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand bars

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: drop any sediment it is carrying.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: At the mouth of a river,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: drop any sediment it is carrying.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: At the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: tie channels.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: At the mouth of a river,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: At the mouth of a river,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand bars,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tie channels.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tie channels.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: change in flow condition

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: any sediment it is carrying.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: drop any sediment it is carrying.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltas,

text: It is composed primarily of settled silt and debris from the Fraser River and shaped by the erosive power of the river.  Geologically it was (10000 years ago) a peninsula on the shore of what is now Maple Ridge.  Erosion wore down the peninsula until it became an island, although one much larger than the current McMillan Island.  Once there was a channel worn between this large island and the mainland, the water flow slowed and silt and debris settled on the south side of the island, eventually connecting it to what is now Fort Langley.  The water eventually broke a small section of the original island off, resulting in the current McMillan Island.

text: It is composed primarily of settled

text: silt

text: and debris from the Fraser River and shaped by the erosive power of the river.  Geologically it was (10000 years ago) a

text: peninsula

text: on the shore of what is now Maple Ridge.

text: Erosion

text: wore down the peninsula until it became an island, although one much larger than the current McMillan Island.  Once there was a channel worn between this large island and the mainland, the water flow slowed and silt and debris settled on the south side of the island, eventually connecting it to what is now Fort Langley.  The water eventually broke a small section of the original island off, resulting in the current McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe McMillan Island?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the difference between the size of the sediment and the size of the island?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the water flow slowed or the water flow slowed?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: erosion wore down the peninsula until it became an island

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Maple Ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the Fraser River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What happened after erosion?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: power of the river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: island

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the water flow slowed

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slowed

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Fraser River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the water flow slowed

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: McMillan Island.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Maple Ridge.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Maple Ridge.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: channel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: channel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Fraser River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: island,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosive power of the river.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slowed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt and debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosive power of the river.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: channel

text: About 450 million years ago sedimentary rocks were deposited as the land was intermittently covered by shallow seas that transgressed and regressed. Over the eons the alternating deposits of mud and oceanic debris were compressed to form limestone, shale and sandstone layers. Today these layers are  above sea level. Within the last 500,000 to 1,000,000 years, flood waters dissolved along fractures in the limestone bedrock to create most of the cave. Acidic rainwater also sculpted the land above and around the cave, creating thousands of sinkholes and other karst features in the surrounding county.

text: About 450 million years ago sedimentary rocks were deposited as the land was intermittently covered by shallow seas that transgressed and regressed. Over the eons the alternating deposits of mud and oceanic debris were compressed to form

text: limestone

text: shale

text: and

text: sandstone

text: layers. Today these layers are  above sea level. Within the last 500,000 to 1,000,000 years, flood waters dissolved along fractures in the limestone bedrock to create most of the cave. Acidic rainwater also sculpted the land above and around the cave, creating thousands of

text: sinkholes

text: and other karst features in the surrounding county.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: limestone, shale or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, shale or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason sedimentary rocks were deposited?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: along fractures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes and other karst features

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: compressed

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mud and oceanic debris

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Acidic rainwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: The park's waterfalls expose two distinct rock formations from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The higher and more recent of these is the Huntley Mountain Formation, from the late Devonian and early Mississippian. This is made of layers of olive green to gray sandstone and gray to red shale. The lower and older layer is the Catskill Formation, which is composed of red shale and siltstone up to 370 million years old. The harder Huntley Mountain Formation caps the Allegheny Front and has kept it from eroding as much as the softer Catskill Formation to the south. The portions of the Allegheny Front within the park are named North Mountain and Red Rock Mountain, with the latter name coming from an exposed band of Huntley Formation red shale and sandstone visible along Pennsylvania Route 487.

text: The park's waterfalls expose two distinct rock formations from the

text: Devonian

text: and

text: Carboniferous

text: periods. The higher and more recent of these is the

text: Huntley Mountain Formation

text: , from the late Devonian and early

text: Mississippian

text: . This is made of layers of olive green to gray sandstone and gray to red shale. The lower and older layer is the

text: Catskill Formation

text: , which is composed of red shale and siltstone up to 370 million years old. The harder Huntley Mountain Formation caps the Allegheny Front and has kept it from eroding as much as the softer Catskill Formation to the south. The portions of the Allegheny Front within the park are named North Mountain and Red Rock Mountain, with the latter name coming from an exposed band of Huntley Formation red shale and sandstone visible along

text: Pennsylvania Route 487

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many layers of shale are in the Catskill Formation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: layers of olive green to gray sandstone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the harder Huntley Mountain Formation caps the Allegheny Front?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many layers of shale are in the Catskill Formation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: North Mountain and Red Rock Mountain

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The harder Huntley Mountain Formation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gray to red shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: North Mountain and Red Rock Mountain

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: softer Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The harder Huntley Mountain Formation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: red shale and siltstone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The park's waterfalls expose two distinct rock formations

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation, from the late Devonian and early Mississippian.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rock formations

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Mississippian.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Allegheny Front

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: softer Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The harder Huntley Mountain Formation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 370 million years old.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Allegheny Front

text: The Arbuckle Mountains of south central Oklahoma contain intensely folded and faulted carbonate beds that have produced some of the highest densities of karst features found in the United States. Due to the nature of the uplifted beds, the Arbuckle Mountains contains a sequence of limestone ridges and shale valleys. This causes waterfalls to develop where creeks descend over a limestone ridge into a shale valley. Because the waters are rich in calcium carbonate dissolved from the karst system, large deposits of travertine have accumulated on the waterfalls where turbulence causes mineral precipitation. The most notable of these waterfalls is Turner Falls near the city of Davis.

text: The

text: Arbuckle Mountains

text: of south central Oklahoma contain intensely folded and faulted carbonate beds that have produced some of the highest densities of karst features found in the United States. Due to the nature of the uplifted beds, the Arbuckle Mountains contains a sequence of limestone ridges and shale valleys. This causes waterfalls to develop where creeks descend over a limestone ridge into a shale valley. Because the waters are rich in calcium carbonate dissolved from the karst system, large deposits of

text: travertine

text: have accumulated on the waterfalls where turbulence causes mineral precipitation. The most notable of these waterfalls is

text: Turner Falls

text: near the city of Davis.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not a reason for waterfalls to develop where creeks descend over a limestone ridge?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: what is the first type of sediment mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: limestone ridges or shale valleys?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of large deposits of travertine?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the most notable of these waterfalls near the city of Davis?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone ridges

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: limestone ridge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: creeks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: limestone ridges

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a limestone ridge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: limestone ridges and shale valleys

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: turbulence causes mineral precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: descend over a limestone ridge into a shale valley.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: turbulence causes mineral precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: turbulence causes mineral precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shale valley.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Arbuckle Mountains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone ridge into a shale valley.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: creeks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mineral precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intensely folded and faulted carbonate beds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: descend over a limestone ridge into a shale valley.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: These landforms are created by earth flow ("solifluction"). They can also be former river terraces that are subsequently bisected by fluvial erosion. In cases where there is a deposit of younger sedimentary beds (loess, colluvium) the interfluves have a rounder and less rugged appearance. A consequence of interfluve formation is the so-called "interfluvial landscape."

text: These landforms are created by

text: earth flow

text: solifluction

text: "). They can also be former

text: river terrace

text: s that are subsequently bisected by

text: fluvial erosion

text: . In cases where there is a deposit of younger sedimentary beds (

text: loess

text: colluvium

text: ) the interfluves have a rounder and less rugged appearance. A consequence of interfluve formation is the so-called "interfluvial landscape."

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a consequence of interfluve formation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How old are sedimentary beds?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of interfluve formation: rounder and less rugged appearance?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of interfluve formation?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can be caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: interfluve

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silfluction

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: colluvium

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: earth flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: interfluve formation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the deposit of younger sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: loess

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: older sedimentary beds have a rounder and less rugged appearance

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: younger sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: younger

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ("solifluction").

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river terraces that are subsequently bisected by fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: younger sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "interfluvial landscape."

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "interfluvial landscape."

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "interfluvial landscape."

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (loess, colluvium)

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ("solifluction").

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: interfluves

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: earth flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: "interfluvial landscape."

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a deposit of younger sedimentary beds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: earth flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (loess, colluvium)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: These landforms are created by earth flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "interfluvial landscape."

text: Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year and kills pests in the farming land. Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity. Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to increased biomass and improved fisheries for a few years.

text: Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging

text: ground water

text: , making soil more

text: fertile

text: and increasing

text: nutrient

text: s in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in

text: arid

text: and

text: semi-arid

text: regions where precipitation can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year and kills pests in the farming land. Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining

text: ecosystem

text: s in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain

text: biodiversity

text: . Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which can lead to increased

text: biomass

text: and improved

text: fisheries

text: for a few years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of flooding: recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of flooding: making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of flooding: recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some soils?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of flooding?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid and semi-arid regions

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of floods?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: nutrient levels in soil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river corridors

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: kills pests in the farming land.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: recharging ground water,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain biodiversity. Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ecosystems in river corridors

text: Technically, a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond when the inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow (such as during a heavy rain event), even if the body of water is not at full flood level.  Most lakes and reservoirs have the ability to lower the level of the lake even when it is already significantly below full.  This is used for flood prevention during periods of high (or potentially high) inflow to prevent flooding and to prevent water from breaching containment when it is expected the body of water will soon exceed full pond status.

text: Technically, a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond when the inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow (such as during a heavy rain event), even if the body of water is not at full

text: flood level

text: .  Most lakes and reservoirs have the ability to lower the level of the lake even when it is already significantly below full.  This is used for

text: flood prevention

text: during periods of high (or potentially high) inflow to prevent flooding and to prevent water from breaching containment when it is expected the body of water will soon exceed full pond status.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a heavy rain event

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of slowly flowing water over quickly flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: not

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: outflow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: full flood level

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: full pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rain events

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rain event

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: full pond

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: heavy rain event),

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Technically, a body of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood prevention

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood level.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a body of water can have a water level higher than full pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rain event),

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lower the level of the lake

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: inflow of water into the body greatly exceeds the outflow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a body of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood level.

text: The sedimentation of the area directly contributed to the formation of the rockshelter. The bedrock is composed of Denver and Dawson formations, deposited in the late Cretaceous to Paleogene, and overlaid with Castle Rock conglomerate. The Castle Rock conglomerate is harder than the relatively soft Denver and Dawson formations. Groundwater moving between these two major layers erodes the lower, softer formations and leaves the harder Castle Rock conglomerate behind. Where these layers form outcrops, the same groundwater erosion may produce natural caves as seen in the Cherry Creek rockshelter.

text: The sedimentation of the area directly contributed to the formation of the rockshelter. The bedrock is composed of Denver and Dawson formations, deposited in the late

text: Cretaceous

text: to

text: Paleogene

text: , and overlaid with Castle Rock conglomerate. The Castle Rock conglomerate is harder than the relatively soft Denver and Dawson formations. Groundwater moving between these two major layers erodes the lower, softer formations and leaves the harder Castle Rock conglomerate behind. Where these layers form outcrops, the same groundwater erosion may produce natural caves as seen in the Cherry Creek rockshelter.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The Castle Rock conglomerate is harder than the relatively soft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of the rockshelter?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to grow crops in a floodplain?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Where these layers form outcrops, the same groundwater erosion may produce natural caves

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rockshelter

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rockshelter

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Denver and Dawson formations

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: between two major layers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Castle Rock conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed in caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: harder than the relatively soft Denver and Dawson formations. Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rockshelter.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Castle Rock conglomerate.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rockshelter.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rockshelter.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rockshelter.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: natural caves

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Castle Rock conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposited in the late Cretaceous to Paleogene,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural caves

text: Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches, soil erosion is found to be one of the most important factors . Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and floodwalls. There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008)  used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when the overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed.  Hughes and Nadal in 2009  studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation similar to the experimental tests while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions.Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping.

text: Among various failure mechanisms that cause

text: levee breach

text: es,

text: soil erosion

text: is found to be one of the most important factors . Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and

text: floodwalls

text: . There have been numerous studies to investigate the

text: erodibility

text: of soils. Briaud et al. (2008)  used

text: Erosion Function Apparatus

text: (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software,

text: numerical simulations

text: were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when the overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an

text: erosion

text: chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed.  Hughes and Nadal in 2009  studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation similar to the experimental tests while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions.Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate

text: score characterization

text: of different levees due to

text: floodwall

text: overtopping.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a flow characteristic?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a flow characteristic: flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do clay and silt get carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this a problem?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What are the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is NOT the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Overtopping water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erodibility of soils

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wave overtopping and storm surge overflow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flow thickness,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: flow thickness,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: one of the most important factors.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: wave overtopping and storm surge overflow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: scour development.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: scour development.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodwalls.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour development.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: overtopping

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: scour generation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wave overtopping

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surge level above levee crown

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches, soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour

text: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow, happens over a 4-month period – June through September. This spatial and time variance in availability of natural water versus year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap, that only worsens with India's rising population. Proponents claim the answers to India's water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and use this water in areas which have occasional inadequate rainfall, or are known to be drought-prone or in those times of the year when water supplies become scarce.

text: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow, happens over a 4-month period – June through September. This spatial and time variance in availability of natural water versus year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap, that only worsens with India's rising population. Proponents claim the answers to India's water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and use this water in areas which have occasional inadequate rainfall, or are known to be drought-prone or in those times of the year when water supplies become scarce.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: surface water flow, drinking and industrial water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Demand-supply gap

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a demand-supply gap

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: monsoon water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: India's rising population.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: inadequate rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: demand-supply gap,

text: Water enters the alps as snow or rain. Bogs and frost hollows collect the water as snow melt and run off. A key element of these bogs is Sphagnum Moss, which acts as a sponge, absorbing up to twenty times its weight in water. These bogs then release the water over summer, ensuring creeks flow throughout most of the year maintaining the alps’ creeks and streams. The greatest risk to this system is damage to the Sphagnum bogs. Trampling by feral animals (pigs, cattle, horses, humans) reduces their ability to absorb and then release water; instead of a steady release, water flows increase significantly in spring, leading to erosion and scouring of river beds, and ceases over summer and autumn, leading to localised drought. Fire can remove riparian vegetation, also increasing run-off and erosion.

text: Water enters the alps as snow or rain. Bogs and frost hollows collect the water as snow melt and run off. A key element of these bogs is Sphagnum Moss, which acts as a sponge, absorbing up to twenty times its weight in water. These bogs then release the water over summer, ensuring creeks flow throughout most of the year maintaining the alps’ creeks and streams. The greatest risk to this system is damage to the Sphagnum bogs. Trampling by feral animals (pigs, cattle, horses, humans) reduces their ability to absorb and then release water; instead of a steady release, water flows increase significantly in spring, leading to erosion and scouring of river beds, and ceases over summer and autumn, leading to localised drought. Fire can remove riparian vegetation, also increasing run-off and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a risk to the Sphagnum bogs?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many times its weight in water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a key element of these bogs?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a key element of these bogs: bogs or frost hollows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: frost hollows or bogs?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bogs

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: frost hollow

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bogs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: creeks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Trampling

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: localised drought

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Trampling

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a bog

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sphagnum Moss

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: localised drought

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: scouring of river beds,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion and scouring of river beds,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: absorbing up to twenty times its weight in water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Fire can remove riparian vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Bogs and frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: riparian vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion and scouring of river beds,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: frost hollows

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion and scouring of river beds,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Fire

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Fire can remove riparian vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion and scouring of river beds,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: riparian vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water enters the alps

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: drought.

text: The upper lakes in terms of the shape and size are usually small, at the beginning with small depth 1–3 m, while in the eighth lake reaches up to 6.5 m. Waters of the lakes move from one lake to another through straits, thresholds and deepening that have created waterfalls of different heights. It is characteristic of the upper lakes, the trend of deepening due to the free fall of water and erosion that cause these drops of water. the width of the upper canyon is small from the first lake where the water begins to create waterfalls and lakes in 0.50–1 m river width which up to the last lake (the eighth) reaches maximum width of 3 m. Another interesting feature is the sound of waterfalls because this part of the canyon is very narrow.

text: The upper lakes in terms of the shape and size are usually small, at the beginning with small depth 1–3 m, while in the eighth lake reaches up to 6.5 m. Waters of the lakes move from one lake to another through straits, thresholds and deepening that have created waterfalls of different heights. It is characteristic of the upper lakes, the trend of deepening due to the free fall of water and erosion that cause these drops of water. the width of the upper canyon is small from the first lake where the water begins to create waterfalls and lakes in 0.50–1 m river width which up to the last lake (the eighth) reaches maximum width of 3 m. Another interesting feature is the sound of waterfalls because this part of the canyon is very narrow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of the upper lakes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the upper lakes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the last lake (the eighth) reaches?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this part of the canyon so narrow?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is characteristic of the upper lakes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: threshold

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: threshold

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: straits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: free fall of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: free fall of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through straits

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are usually small, at the beginning with small depth

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: straits, thresholds and deepening

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: straits, thresholds and deepening

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: free fall of water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: drops of water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 0.50–1 m river width

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The upper lakes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 0.50–1 m river width

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: free fall of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deepening

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: free fall of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Waters of the lakes move from one lake to another

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: small,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: As the slope of the river channel decreases, it becomes unstable for two reasons. First, gravity makes the water flow in the most direct course down slope. If the river breaches its natural levees (i.e., during a flood), it spills out onto a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a more stable steeper slope. Second, as its slope gets lower, the amount of shear stress on the bed decreases, which results in deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the floodplain. This makes it easier for the river to breach its levees and cut a new channel that enters the body of standing water at a steeper slope. Often when the channel does this, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. When these channel-switching events occur, a mature delta develops a distributary network.

text: As the slope of the river channel decreases, it becomes unstable for two reasons. First, gravity makes the water flow in the most direct course down slope. If the river breaches its natural levees (i.e., during a flood), it spills out onto a new course with a shorter route to the ocean, thereby obtaining a more stable steeper slope. Second, as its slope gets lower, the amount of shear stress on the bed decreases, which results in deposition of sediment within the channel and a rise in the channel bed relative to the floodplain. This makes it easier for the river to breach its levees and cut a new channel that enters the body of standing water at a steeper slope. Often when the channel does this, some of its flow remains in the abandoned channel. When these channel-switching events occur, a mature delta develops a

text: distributary

text: network.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is it easier for the river to breach its levees?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a result of deposition of sediment within the channel?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a river channel to become unstable?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is it easier for the river to breach its levees

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the first reason gravity makes the water flow in the most direct course down slope

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rise in the channel bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a slope

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: distributary network

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the amount of shear stress

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rise in the channel bed relative to the floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposition of sediment within the channel

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shear stress on the bed

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: channel bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: standing water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of shear stress on the bed decreases,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down slope.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shear stress on the bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: As the slope of the river channel decreases,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a mature delta develops a distributary network.

text: The Mount Meager massif is the most voluminous composite volcano in the Garibaldi chain and British Columbia, as well as the most recent to erupt. It has a volume of  and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite. Several dissected lava domes and volcanic plugs are present on its glaciated summit, as well as a clearly defined volcanic crater with a lava dome placed within it. At least eight volcanic vents compose the complex and have been the sources for volcanic activity throughout Meager's 2.2 million year history.  A well-documented history of volcanism is present at Meager, with its most recent eruption about 2,350 years ago that was similar in character to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the continuous eruption of Soufrière Hills on the island of Montserrat. This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of Plinth Peak. It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least  high into the stratosphere. As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and Alberta. Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down Meager's flanks for  and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. This created thick agglutinated rubble that successfully blocked the adjacent Lillooet River to form a lake. Subsequently, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders more than  downstream. After the flood took place, a small dacite lava flow was erupted that later solidified to form a series of well-preserved columnar joints. This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut though this lava flow to form a waterfall.

text: The Mount Meager massif is the most voluminous

text: composite volcano

text: in the Garibaldi chain and British Columbia, as well as the most recent to erupt. It has a volume of  and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite. Several dissected lava domes and volcanic plugs are present on its glaciated summit, as well as a clearly defined

text: volcanic crater

text: with a lava dome placed within it. At least eight volcanic vents compose the complex and have been the sources for volcanic activity throughout Meager's 2.2 million year history.  A well-documented history of volcanism is present at Meager, with its most recent eruption about 2,350 years ago that was similar in character to the

text: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: and the continuous eruption of

text: Soufrière Hills

text: on the island of

text: Montserrat

text: . This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of

text: Plinth Peak

text: . It was Plinian in nature, sending an eruption column at least  high into the

text: stratosphere

text: . As prevailing winds carried ash of the column eastwards, it deposited across British Columbia and

text: Alberta

text: . Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down Meager's flanks for  and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. This created thick agglutinated rubble that successfully blocked the adjacent Lillooet River to form a lake. Subsequently, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders more than  downstream. After the flood took place, a small dacite lava flow was erupted that later solidified to form a series of well-preserved columnar joints. This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut though this lava flow to form a waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff or lava flow?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood or the eruption of a lava flow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Lillooet River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why were house-sized boulders more than downstream?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: what is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the breccia dam collapsed or the catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: house-sized boulders more than downstream

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic crater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia dam

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: breccia dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: What is the most recent eruption?

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: prevailing winds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: after a flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: stream erosion has cut though this lava flow to form a waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Lillooet River to form a lake.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood that deposited house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Lillooet River to form a lake.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eruption of a lava flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: prevailing winds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: house-sized boulders

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a series of well-preserved columnar joints.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall.

text: Groundwater may exist in underground rivers (e.g., caves where water flows freely underground). This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, which make up only a small percentage of Earth's area. More usual is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge — which can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

text: Groundwater may exist in underground rivers (e.g.,

text: cave

text: s where water flows freely underground). This may occur in

text: eroded

text: limestone

text: areas known as

text: karst topography

text: , which make up only a small percentage of Earth's area. More usual is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge — which can be

text: pump

text: ed out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of karst?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of karst topography?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: kitchen sponge

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: groundwater may exist in underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: pore spaces

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Groundwater may exist in underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Groundwater may exist in underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Groundwater may exist in underground rivers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: kitchen sponge

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: saturated with water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst topography,

text: The Tekenteri cave is located at  above sea level. Its only entrance—the hole of a large beech tree—has no bottom but the karst sinkhole  deep, with a lake of cold, clean water. A water stream stemming from it flows through a horizontal passage to form a waterfall, judging by noises from the depths. There are many metal buckets and pitchers floating in the lake, suggesting that cave water had been used by locals for many years.

text: The Tekenteri cave is located at  above

text: sea level

text: . Its only entrance—the hole of a large beech tree—has no bottom but the karst sinkhole  deep, with a lake of cold, clean water. A water stream stemming from it flows through a horizontal passage to form a waterfall, judging by noises from the depths. There are many metal buckets and pitchers floating in the lake, suggesting that cave water had been used by locals for many years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or metal buckets?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for locals to use the cave water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the cave?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horizontal passage

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a horizontal passage

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: metal buckets

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: have no bottom but the karst sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: metal buckets and pitchers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: horizontal passage to form a waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: metal buckets and pitchers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: horizontal passage to form a waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Tekenteri cave is located at above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Tekenteri cave is located at above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: beech tree—has

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a horizontal passage

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: metal buckets and pitchers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: tree—has no bottom

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall,

text: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Archipelago to replace the cold and salty Antarctic Bottom Water. This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the South Atlantic to Greenland, where it cools off and undergoes evaporative cooling and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.

text: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the

text: Indian Ocean

text: through the

text: Indonesian Archipelago

text: to replace the cold and salty

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: . This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the

text: South Atlantic

text: to

text: Greenland

text: , where it cools off and undergoes

text: evaporative cooling

text: and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slowly flowing water: larger sediments can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: tropical Pacific or tropical Atlantic?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bottom water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bottom water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bottom Water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Haline forcing

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Haline forcing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: temperature and salinity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the ocean

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unrelated to stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The out-flowing

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The out-flowing undersea

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: The out-flowing undersea

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The out-flowing undersea

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: thermohaline circulation.

text: Until water flows out to sea, it must go somewhere. This meant flooding on unprotected low-lying land. The amount of land inundated, and the height of peak flood waters was difficult to project for three reasons:

text: Until water flows out to sea, it must go somewhere. This meant flooding on unprotected low-lying land. The amount of land inundated, and the height of peak flood waters was difficult to project for three reasons:

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why water can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the last reason sediments are carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a reason that clay and silt are carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow flowing mountain streams to cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The bottom of a river is more likely to be eroded than the sides.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The largest sediments a river carries are sand.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for sinkholes to occur?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be called a flood plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding on low-lying land

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of limestone.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Until water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: three

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Until water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Until water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding on unprotected low-lying land.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water flows out to sea,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding

text: If it were true that, around a bend in a stream, the difference between the speed of the water near one bank and the other was sufficient to cause deposition of suspended solids on one bank but not the other, the deposition would occur near the concave bank rather than the convex bank because vortex flow is slowest where the radius of curvature is greatest.  Any fluid, including water in a stream, can only flow around a bend in vortex flow.

text: If it were true that, around a bend in a stream, the difference between the speed of the water near one bank and the other was sufficient to cause deposition of suspended solids on one bank but not the other, the deposition would occur near the concave bank rather than the convex bank because

text: vortex

text: flow is slowest where the radius of curvature is greatest.  Any fluid, including water in a stream, can only flow around a bend in vortex flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of vortex flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What type of solids are carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is a major cause

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Because vortex flow is slower where the radius of curvature is greatest

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this a bad thing to do?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water in a stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed of the water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: around a bend

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposition of suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: vortex flow is slowest where the radius of curvature is greatest.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vortex flow is slowest where the radius of curvature is greatest.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deposition of suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the deposition would occur near the concave bank

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: vortex flow is slowest where the radius of curvature is greatest.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: If it were true that, around a bend in a stream,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: the deposition would occur near the concave bank

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deposition of suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deposition of suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the difference between the speed of the water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: around a bend in vortex flow.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: concave bank rather than the convex bank

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: concave bank

text: An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater, rivers,  lakes or overland flow, and distributes it over an area. Hydrological, or direct, effects of doing this include reduction in downstream river flow, increased evaporation in the irrigated area, increased level in the water table as groundwater recharge in the area is increased and flow increased in the irrigated area. Likewise, irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the atmosphere, inducing atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall, or in other cases modifies the atmospheric circulation, delivering rain to different downwind areas. Increases or decreases in irrigation are a key area of concern in precipitationshed studies, that examine how significant modifications to the delivery of evaporation to the atmosphere can alter downwind rainfall.

text: An

text: irrigation scheme

text: draws water from groundwater,

text: river

text: s,

text: lake

text: s or

text: overland flow

text: , and distributes it over an area.

text: Hydrological

text: , or direct, effects of doing this include reduction in downstream river flow, increased

text: evaporation

text: in the irrigated area, increased level in the

text: water table

text: as

text: groundwater recharge

text: in the area is increased and flow increased in the irrigated area. Likewise, irrigation has immediate effects on the provision of moisture to the atmosphere, inducing atmospheric instabilities and increasing downwind rainfall, or in other cases modifies the atmospheric circulation, delivering rain to different downwind areas. Increases or decreases in irrigation are a key area of concern in

text: precipitationshed

text: studies, that examine how significant modifications to the delivery of evaporation to the atmosphere can alter downwind rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a direct effect of an irrigation scheme?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is not a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a direct effect of irrigation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the first type of flow mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion:

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: downstream river flow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentationshed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increase in downstream river flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are a key area of concern in precipitationshed studies

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: precipitationshed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: increased evaporation in the irrigated area,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: reduction in downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: increased level in the water table

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: reduction in downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: reduction in downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: irrigation scheme

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: reduction in downstream river flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: An irrigation scheme draws water from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: atmospheric instabilities

text: Due to the substantial amount of annual rainfall of the region and the action of the Cumberland River and surrounding tributaries the water acts to erode the softer Mississippian rock composed of limestone, shale, and calcareous sandstone from beneath the much harder and erosion resistant capstone composed of Pennsylvanian sandstone.   Flowing water hollows out the softer layers beneath and forms waterfalls and gorges.  Where there is hard capstone intact, arches can form creating natural bridges across streams or a dry ravines.  Direct erosion widens a joint and forms a cavity below the more resilient rock thus creating a void between the hard capstone and the area below.  As result, water eroded arches are formed in the Big South Fork.  Hoodoos are a rare but intriguing feature occurring in the Big South Fork.  These hoodoos form in a similar manner to those found in the western United States.  Where tough capstone still exists on the side of a hill for instance, it prevents the erosion of the softer material below.  The result is a naturally formed erect columnar rock where once was located a hill.

text: Due to the substantial amount of annual rainfall of the region and the action of the

text: Cumberland River

text: and surrounding tributaries the water acts to erode the softer Mississippian rock composed of

text: limestone

text: shale

text: , and calcareous

text: sandstone

text: from beneath the much harder and erosion resistant capstone composed of Pennsylvanian sandstone.   Flowing water hollows out the softer layers beneath and forms waterfalls and gorges.  Where there is hard capstone intact, arches can form creating natural bridges across streams or a dry ravines.  Direct erosion widens a joint and forms a cavity below the more resilient rock thus creating a void between the hard capstone and the area below.  As result, water eroded arches are formed in the Big South Fork.

text: Hoodoos

text: are a rare but intriguing feature occurring in the Big South Fork.  These hoodoos form in a similar manner to those found in the western United States.  Where tough capstone still exists on the side of a hill for instance, it prevents the erosion of the softer material below.  The result is a naturally formed erect columnar rock where once was located a hill.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, shale, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, shale, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Where is hard capstone intact?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, shale, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for hoodoos to form?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, shale, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Cumberland River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water hollows out the softer layers beneath

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Where there is hard capstone intact, arches can form

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hollows out the softer layers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Cumberland River and surrounding tributaries

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Cumberland River and surrounding tributaries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorges.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: arches

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hoodoos

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavity

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Cumberland River and surrounding tributaries the water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: annual rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: softer Mississippian rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Due to the substantial amount of annual rainfall

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls and gorges.

text: Channelization of a stream may be undertaken for several reasons. One is to make a stream more suitable for navigation or for navigation by larger vessels with deep draughts. Another is to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands so that the bulk of such lands can be made available for agriculture. A third reason is flood control, with the idea of giving a stream a sufficiently large and deep channel so that flooding beyond those limits will be minimal or nonexistent, at least on a routine basis. One major reason is to reduce natural erosion; as a natural waterway curves back and forth, it usually deposits sand and gravel on the inside of the corners where the water flows slowly, and cuts sand, gravel, subsoil, and precious topsoil from the outside corners where it flows rapidly due to a change in direction. Unlike sand and gravel, the topsoil that is eroded does not get deposited on the inside of the next corner of the river. It simply washes away.

text: Channelization of a stream may be undertaken for several reasons. One is to make a stream more suitable for navigation or for navigation by larger vessels with deep draughts. Another is to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands so that the bulk of such lands can be made available for agriculture. A third reason is flood control, with the idea of giving a stream a sufficiently large and deep channel so that flooding beyond those limits will be minimal or nonexistent, at least on a routine basis. One major reason is to reduce natural

text: erosion

text: ; as a natural waterway curves back and forth, it usually deposits

text: sand

text: and

text: gravel

text: on the inside of the corners where the water flows slowly, and cuts sand, gravel,

text: subsoil

text: , and precious

text: topsoil

text: from the outside corners where it flows rapidly due to a change in direction. Unlike sand and gravel, the topsoil that is eroded does not get deposited on the inside of the next corner of the river. It simply washes away.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is channelization of a stream undertaken?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large and deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to restrict water to a certain area of a stream's natural bottom lands?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for channelization of a stream?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsoil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural waterway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Channelization

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: change in direction

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapidly

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: it usually deposits sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rapidly due to a change in direction.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Channelization of a stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the topsoil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: natural bottom lands

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood control,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep draughts.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: topsoil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep draughts.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Channelization

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: It simply washes away.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: change in direction.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapidly

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep draughts.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: topsoil

text: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).

text: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate

text: erosion

text: and encourage the development of a

text: canyon

text: (gorge).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the capturing stream?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: is a canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Canyons

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a stream's size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The additional water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: (gorge).

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon (gorge).

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyon (gorge).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The additional water flowing down the capturing stream

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon (gorge).

text: Thang Hen Mountain lake, in Trà Lĩnh district, consists of 36 small natural lakes located on the top of a hill at  elevation. The lakes have been created in limestone formations and some of them flow out as steams. An unusual feature of the lakes is that their water level fluctuates like the tides of the seas, which phenomenon is attributed to the springs of water emerging from artesian wells in lime stone formations. The lakes flow through the river, which eventually becomes the Ban Gioc waterfall.

text: Thang Hen Mountain lake, in Trà Lĩnh district, consists of 36 small natural lakes located on the top of a hill at  elevation. The lakes have been created in limestone formations and some of them flow out as steams. An unusual feature of the lakes is that their water level fluctuates like the tides of the seas, which phenomenon is attributed to the springs of water emerging from artesian wells in lime stone formations. The lakes flow through the river, which eventually becomes the Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Thang Hen Mountain lake?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Thang Hen Mountain lake?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Thang Hen Mountain lake?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Thang Hen Mountain lake?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: artesian wells in lime stone formations

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone formations

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone formation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mountain lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: limestone formations

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: some of them flow out as steams

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: steams.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: steams.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steams.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: steams.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Thang Hen Mountain lake,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Thang Hen Mountain lake, in Trà L<unk>nh

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Thang Hen Mountain lake, in Trà L<unk>nh

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Thang Hen Mountain lake, in Trà L<unk>nh

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone formations

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: springs of water emerging from artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: elevation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The lakes flow through the river,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: artesian

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: steams.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ban Gioc waterfall.

text: The plot shows several key concepts about the relationships between erosion, transportation, and deposition. For particle sizes where friction is the dominating force preventing erosion, the curves follow each other closely and the required velocity increases with particle size. However, for cohesive sediment, mostly clay but also silt, the erosion velocity increases with decreasing grainsize, as the cohesive forces are relatively more important when the particles get smaller. The critical velocity for deposition, on the other hand, depends on the settling velocity, and that decreases with decreasing grainsize. The Hjulström curve shows that sand particles of a size around 0.1 mm require the lowest stream velocity to erode.

text: The plot shows several key concepts about the relationships between erosion, transportation, and deposition. For particle sizes where friction is the dominating force preventing erosion, the curves follow each other closely and the required velocity increases with particle size. However, for

text: cohesive

text: sediment, mostly

text: clay

text: but also

text: silt

text: , the erosion velocity increases with decreasing

text: grainsize

text: , as the cohesive forces are relatively more important when the particles get smaller. The critical velocity for deposition, on the other hand, depends on the

entity_section: Terminal velocity in the presence of buoyancy force

text: settling velocity

text: , and that decreases with decreasing grainsize. The Hjulström curve shows that sand particles of a size around 0.1 mm require the lowest stream velocity to erode.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the Hjulström curve?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Hjulström curve?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the relationship between erosion, transportation, and deposition?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What does the Hjulström curve show?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What type of sediment does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand particles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sand particles of a size around 0.1 mm require the lowest stream velocity to erode what?

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sand particles of a size around 0.1 mm require the lowest stream velocity to erode

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: cohesive sediment,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the required velocity increases with particle size.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the required velocity increases with particle size.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: cohesive sediment,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: settling velocity,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the required velocity increases with particle size.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: friction is the dominating force preventing erosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: particle size.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: particle size.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cohesive sediment,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the required velocity increases with particle size.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cohesive sediment,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: decreasing grainsize,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition.

text: German engineers have also devoted special attention to the measurement of the flow in rivers; the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen (Prague, 1872–1875) of AR Harlacher contained valuable measurements of this kind, together with a comparison of the experimental results with the formulae of flow that had been proposed up to the date of its publication, and important data were yielded by the gaugings of the Mississippi made for the United States government by AA Humphreys and HL Abbot, by Robert Gordon's gaugings of the Ayeyarwady River, and by Allen JC Cunningham's experiments on the Ganges canal. The friction of water, investigated for slow speeds by Coulomb, was measured for higher speeds by William Froude (1810–1879), whose work is of great value in the theory of ship resistance (Brit. Assoc. Report., 1869), and stream line motion was studied by Professor Osborne Reynolds and by Professor HS Hele-Shaw.

text: German engineers have also devoted special attention to the measurement of the flow in rivers; the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen (Prague, 1872–1875) of

text: AR Harlacher

text: contained valuable measurements of this kind, together with a comparison of the experimental results with the formulae of flow that had been proposed up to the date of its publication, and important data were yielded by the gaugings of the

text: Mississippi

text: made for the United States government by

text: AA Humphreys

text: and

text: HL Abbot

text: , by

text: Robert Gordon

text: 's gaugings of the

text: Ayeyarwady River

text: , and by Allen JC Cunningham's experiments on the

text: Ganges

text: canal. The friction of water, investigated for slow speeds by

text: Coulomb

text: , was measured for higher speeds by

text: William Froude

text: (1810–1879), whose work is of great value in the theory of ship resistance (Brit. Assoc. Report., 1869), and stream line motion was studied by

text: Professor Osborne Reynolds

text: and by

text: Professor HS Hele-Shaw

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be concluded about the friction of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Mississippi, Ayeyarwady River, or Coulomb?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The friction of water, investigated for slow speeds by Coulomb

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hydrography

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Gauging

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Fracture

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the friction of water, investigated for slow speeds by Coulomb

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream line motion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The friction of water, investigated for slow speeds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow speeds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow speeds by Coulomb,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flow in rivers;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rivers; the Beiträge zur Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hydrographie des Königreiches Bohmen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: friction of water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The friction of water,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: measurement of the flow in rivers;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow in rivers;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: friction

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: measurement of the flow in rivers;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream line motion

text: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as limestone and dolomite, creating vast cave systems.

text: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as

text: limestone

text: and

text: dolomite

text: , creating vast cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone or dolomite?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of bedrock?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by the action of water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The action of the groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: vast cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone and dolomite,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: limestone and dolomite, creating vast cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vast cave systems.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone and dolomite,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cave systems.

text: The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods in the Snake River Plain also had a lasting effect on most of the middle Snake River. The high hydraulic conductivity of the mostly-basalt rocks in the plain led to the formation of the Snake River Aquifer, one of the most productive aquifers in North America. Many rivers and streams flowing from the north side of the plain sink into the aquifer instead of flowing into the Snake River, a group of watersheds called the lost streams of Idaho. The aquifer filled to hold nearly  of water, underlying about  in a plume  thick. In places, water exits from rivers at rates of nearly . Much of the water lost by the Snake River as it transects the plain issues back into the river at its western end, by way of many artesian springs.

text: The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods in the Snake River Plain also had a lasting effect on most of the middle Snake River. The high

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: of the mostly-

text: basalt

text: rocks in the plain led to the formation of the

text: Snake River Aquifer

text: , one of the most productive aquifers in North America. Many rivers and streams flowing from the north side of the plain sink into the aquifer instead of flowing into the Snake River, a group of watersheds called the

text: lost streams of Idaho

text: . The aquifer filled to hold nearly  of water, underlying about  in a plume  thick. In places, water exits from rivers at rates of nearly . Much of the water lost by the Snake River as it transects the plain issues back into the river at its western end, by way of many

text: artesian

text: spring

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: massive amounts

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or slow flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow, fast, or fast flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of the floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Snake River Plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Snake River Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Snake River Plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Snake River Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Lake Bonneville Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Bonneville Floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the north side of the plain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Snake River Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sink into the aquifer

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: nearly.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: nearly.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: nearly.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Snake River Plain

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sink into the aquifer

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Snake River Plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Snake River Plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lost streams of Idaho.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Lake Bonneville Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The high hydraulic conductivity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Snake River,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The massive amounts of sediment deposited by the Lake Bonneville Floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Snake River Aquifer,

text: Only one size of particle is considered in this equation. However, river beds are often formed by a mixture of sediment of various sizes. In case of partial motion where only a part of the sediment mixture moves, the river bed becomes enriched in large gravel as the smaller sediments are washed away. The smaller sediments present under this layer of large gravel have a lower possibility of movement and total sediment transport decreases. This is called armouring effect. Other forms of armouring of sediment or decreasing rates of sediment erosion can be caused by carpets of microbial mats, under conditions of high organic loading.

text: Only one size of particle is considered in this equation. However, river beds are often formed by a mixture of sediment of various sizes. In case of partial motion where only a part of the sediment mixture moves, the river bed becomes enriched in large gravel as the smaller sediments are washed away. The smaller sediments present under this layer of large gravel have a lower possibility of movement and total sediment transport decreases. This is called armouring effect. Other forms of armouring of sediment or decreasing rates of sediment erosion can be caused by carpets of microbial mats, under conditions of high organic loading.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transport?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: smaller sediments present under this layer of large gravel have a lower possibility

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transport?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is an example of armouring effect?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a river bed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: armouring effect

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: microbial mats

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Armouring

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high organic loading

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: only one size of particle is considered in this equation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: armouring effect

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: microbial mats,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: partial motion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The smaller sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment of various sizes.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: total sediment transport decreases.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: armouring effect.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: enriched in large gravel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: carpets of microbial mats, under conditions of high organic loading.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: armouring effect.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: armouring effect.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: armouring effect.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: carpets of microbial mats,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: armouring effect.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high organic loading.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: smaller sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Only one size of particle is considered in this equation.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: armouring effect.

text: Of particular note is the Moncodeno, an extensive natural amphitheater located on the north of the northern Grigna at an altitude of between  and , characterised by the presence of a large number of sinkholes (depressions in the ground) and almost 500 caves, formed by the combined action of the karst and erosion by ice that covered the area during the ice ages. In one of these caves, the Icebox of Moncodeno, are deposits of underground ice.

text: Of particular note is the Moncodeno, an extensive natural amphitheater located on the north of the northern Grigna at an altitude of between  and , characterised by the presence of a large number of

text: sinkhole

text: s (depressions in the ground) and almost 500 caves, formed by the combined action of the karst and erosion by ice that covered the area during the ice ages. In one of these caves, the Icebox of Moncodeno, are deposits of underground ice.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can sinkholes be formed?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the presence of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: amphitheater

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposits of underground ice.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: a large number of sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: (depressions

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: A foreset bed is one of the main parts of a river delta. It is the inclined part of a delta that is found at the end of the stream channel as the delta sediment is deposited along the arcuate delta front. As the sediments are deposited on a sloping surface the resulting bedding is not horizontal, but dips in the direction of current flow toward deeper water. A cross-section of a delta shows the cross bedding in the direction of stream flow into the still water.

text: A foreset bed is one of the main parts of a

text: river delta

text: . It is the inclined part of a delta that is found at the end of the stream channel as the delta

text: sediment

text: is deposited along the

text: arcuate delta

text: front. As the sediments are deposited on a sloping surface the resulting bedding is not horizontal, but

text: dips

text: in the direction of current flow toward deeper water. A cross-section of a delta shows the

text: cross bedding

text: in the direction of stream flow into the still water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the direction of current flow toward deeper water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a foreset bed?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not the direction of current flow toward deeper water?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: delta front

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: current flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Foreset beds

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: current flow toward deeper water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in the direction of current flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: delta sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not horizontal

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: current flow toward deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: still water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: horizontal, but dips in the direction of current flow toward deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: delta sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: still water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: current flow toward deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: current flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: A foreset bed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: current flow toward deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: current flow toward deeper water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: delta sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: horizontal,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: foreset bed

text: Major Rod-Kohi areas traversed by hill torrents constitute nearly 65 percent of the total area of Pakistan and encompass entire Balochistan i.e. (Makran coastal Basin and Kharan closed Desert Basin). The other major hill torrent areas include D.G.Khan and D.I.Khan, FATA and AJK. In Sindh province, the systems are spread in Dadu district (Kirthar range). There are around  as the potential area under hill torrent / Rod-Kohi / Sailaba fanning excluding riverine areas.Indigenous Spate Irrigation/ hill torrent-irrigation systems traditionally called Rod-Kohi. Rod means water channel and Kohi pertains to mountains. In these areas major constraint is the use of flood flow which is highly variable in quantity and distribution, both in time and space. Annual rainfall is low, uncertain and patchy. Flow is laden with high silt in each flood. It is unfortunate that in spite of scarcity of water, major part of flood flows is lost due to mismanagement. Spate irrigation often takes place in environments that are arid and remote. Poverty in these areas is a major issue. There are very few options for generating income and improvement of livelihood. Abject poverty in the areas affected by the Rod-Kohi water calls for a rational and scientific management of flood flows.

text: Major Rod-Kohi areas traversed by hill torrents constitute nearly 65 percent of the total area of Pakistan and encompass entire Balochistan i.e. (Makran coastal Basin and Kharan closed Desert Basin). The other major hill torrent areas include D.G.Khan and D.I.Khan, FATA and AJK. In Sindh province, the systems are spread in Dadu district (Kirthar range). There are around  as the potential area under hill torrent / Rod-Kohi / Sailaba fanning excluding riverine areas.Indigenous Spate Irrigation/ hill torrent-irrigation systems traditionally called Rod-Kohi. Rod means water channel and Kohi pertains to mountains. In these areas major constraint is the use of flood flow which is highly variable in quantity and distribution, both in time and space. Annual rainfall is low, uncertain and patchy. Flow is laden with high silt in each flood. It is unfortunate that in spite of scarcity of water, major part of flood flows is lost due to mismanagement. Spate irrigation often takes place in environments that are arid and remote. Poverty in these areas is a major issue. There are very few options for generating income and improvement of livelihood. Abject poverty in the areas affected by the Rod-Kohi water calls for a rational and scientific management of flood flows.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a riverine area: Dadu district, FATA or AJK?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: silt, sand, or gravel?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of drainage: Rod-Kohi / Sailaba fanning excluding riverine areas?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of the total area of Pakistan is traversed by hill torrents?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this a major issue?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Rod-Kohi / Sailaba fanning excluding riverine areas

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a source of sinkholes: groundwater erosion, flooding, or mismanagement?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverine areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sailaba

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sailaba fanning

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sailaba

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sailaba

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Desert Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quantity and distribution

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a mountain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there are very few options for generating income and improvement of livelihood

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hill torrent

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flow is laden with high silt

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flow is laden with high silt

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: high silt

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Flow is laden with high silt

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flow is laden with high silt in each flood.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Annual rainfall is low,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: high silt

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: There are very few options for generating income and improvement of livelihood.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: hill torrents

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverine areas.Indigenous

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Rod-Kohi

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Rod-Kohi

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Rod-Kohi.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hill torrents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Annual rainfall is low, uncertain and patchy.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: (Makran coastal Basin and Kharan closed Desert Basin).

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Desert Basin).

text: Becker concluded the sulfur of Sulphur Bank was deposited after the cinnabar had been deposited, because he could find no evidence of acid farther than  below the surface of the mine. He wrote the acid would have thrown the cinnabar down, instead of migrating up with the sulfur through the basalt rock which covered the mine site.But Becker was mystified when the water of the flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver: "The absence of mercury from these waters was not a little perplexing," he wrote.

text: Becker concluded the sulfur of Sulphur Bank was deposited after the cinnabar had been deposited, because he could find no evidence of acid farther than  below the surface of the mine. He wrote the acid would have thrown the cinnabar down, instead of migrating up with the sulfur through the basalt rock which covered the mine site.But Becker was mystified when the water of the flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver: "The absence of mercury from these waters was not a little perplexing," he wrote.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why would the acid have thrown the cinnabar down?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the absence of mercury from these waters?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the lack of quicksilver perplexing?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded shaft

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: shaft

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: shaft

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: basalt rock

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Acid

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: basalt rock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the acid would have thrown the cinnabar down

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: migrating up with the sulfur through the basalt rock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: flooded shaft

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flooded shaft

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sulphur Bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: basalt rock

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: basalt rock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flooded shaft was tested and it contained no quicksilver:

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cinnabar

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposited after the cinnabar had been deposited,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sulphur Bank

text: Cliff Cave, also known as Indian Cave, is a natural cave that is considered the second longest cave in St. Louis County, with 4723 ft (1514 m) of cave passage surveyed. It is found at the head of a ravine, with a stream flowing from the entrance. It is developed in Mississippian Period St. Louis limestone. The cave maintains a temperature of  all year round. The cave was created from the karst plateau in the area forming many sinkholes, dissolving the dolomite/limestone bedrock over time. The cave is connected to a number of these sinkholes, causing the cave to be susceptible to flash flooding.

text: Cliff Cave, also known as Indian Cave, is a natural cave that is considered the second longest cave in St. Louis County, with 4723 ft (1514 m) of cave passage surveyed. It is found at the head of a

text: ravine

text: , with a stream flowing from the entrance. It is developed in

text: Mississippian Period

text: St. Louis limestone

text: . The cave maintains a temperature of  all year round. The cave was created from the

text: karst

text: plateau

text: in the area forming many

text: sinkhole

text: s, dissolving the

text: dolomite

text: /limestone

text: bedrock

text: over time. The cave is connected to a number of these sinkholes, causing the cave to be susceptible to

text: flash flood

text: ing.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Cliff Cave?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 4723 ft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the cave to be susceptible to flash flooding?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the cave susceptible to flash flooding?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ravine

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ravine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst plateau

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ravine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ravine

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The cave is connected to a number of these sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the entrance

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The cave maintains a temperature of all year round

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flash flooding.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 4723 ft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Mississippian Period St. Louis limestone.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flash flooding.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dolomite/limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flash flooding.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst plateau

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flash flooding.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flash flooding.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The cave is connected to a number of these sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the entrance.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dolomite/limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: all year round.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: The policy also deals with participation of farmers and voluntary agencies, water quality, water zoning, conservation of water, flood and drought management, erosion etc.

text: The policy also deals with participation of farmers and voluntary agencies, water quality, water zoning, conservation of water, flood and drought management, erosion etc.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: conservation of water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can refer to

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be referred to as erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: voluntary agencies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: conservation of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of limestone.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood and drought management,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flood and drought management, erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: farmers and voluntary agencies,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood and drought management,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: conservation of water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: Floodgates, also called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow in flood barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems. They may be designed to set spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or storm surge system. Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates. In the case of flood bypass systems, floodgates sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a main river or canal channels by allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or detention basin when the main river or canal is approaching a flood stage.

text: Floodgates, also called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow in

text: flood barrier

text: s,

text: reservoir

text: river

text: stream

text: , or

text: levee

text: systems. They may be designed to set

text: spillway

text: crest heights in

text: dam

text: s, to adjust flow rates in

text: sluice

text: s and

text: canals

text: , or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or

text: storm surge

text: system. Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates. In the case of flood bypass systems, floodgates sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a main river or canal channels by allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or

text: detention basin

text: when the main river or canal is approaching a flood stage.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of floodgate: flood gates, crest gates, or dams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of device: crest gates, floodgates, or dams?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of floodgate?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floodgates

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floodgates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are adjustable gates used to control water flow in flood barriers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levee systems.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crest gates.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest gates.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: detention basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water surface elevation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Floodgates,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floodgates,

text: Lake Manly left behind many deposits, indicating the range of its waters. Geologists have discovered 30 distinct deposits. The deposits range from strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes, among others. The numerous features span Death Valley from north to south, but are primarily located on the eastern side. Despite how far ranging the features are, the record of deposition is far more incomplete than other Pleistocene pluvial lakes such as Lake Bonneville or Lake Lahontan. Deposits from Lake Manly are often only partially intact because they have been affected by erosion or faulting. The depositional features provide insight into Lake Manly's history and expand the geologic understanding of the region.

text: Lake Manly left behind many deposits, indicating the range of its waters. Geologists have discovered 30 distinct deposits. The deposits range from strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes, among others. The numerous features span Death Valley from north to south, but are primarily located on the eastern side. Despite how far ranging the features are, the record of deposition is far more incomplete than other

text: Pleistocene

text: pluvial lakes such as

text: Lake Bonneville

text: or

text: Lake Lahontan

text: . Deposits from Lake Manly are often only partially intact because they have been affected by erosion or faulting. The depositional features provide insight into Lake Manly's history and expand the geologic understanding of the region.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Lake Bonneville or Lake Lahontan?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments from Lake Manly are often only partially intact

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the record of deposition far more incomplete than Lake Bonneville?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are deposits from Lake Manly often only partially intact?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Death Valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Manly

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: strandlines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: spit

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: faulting

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: strandlines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Manly

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: faulting

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Faulting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faulting

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shoreline gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are primarily located on the eastern side

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: faulting

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion or faulting.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Deposits from Lake Manly are often only partially intact

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion or faulting.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Pleistocene pluvial lakes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lake Manly left behind many deposits, indicating the range of its waters.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion or faulting.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Death Valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: strandlines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: strandlines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pluvial lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: faulting.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion or faulting.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faulting.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel to spit and bar complexes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: strandlines to shoreline gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: primarily located on the eastern side.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: faulting.

text: Wetter and cooler conditions developed during the Pleistocene epoch and briefly returned via at least two neoglacial episodes (little ice ages) in the current epoch, the Holocene. The various rivers and streams in the area were engorged by increased precipitation and with melt-water from mountain glaciers on the Henry Mountains to the east and the Aquarius Plateau to the west of the park. Flash floods, mass wasting of hillsides, frost wedging, and landslides all contributed to a significantly faster rate of erosion. Glaciers plucked 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders from atop Boulder and Thousand Lake Mountains that were subsequently deposited over the park area by meltwater streams from the glaciers, rockslides and floods.

text: Wetter and cooler conditions developed during the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch and briefly returned via at least two neoglacial episodes (

text: little ice age

text: s) in the current epoch, the

text: Holocene

text: . The various rivers and streams in the area were engorged by increased precipitation and with melt-water from mountain

text: glacier

text: s on the

text: Henry Mountains

text: to the east and the

text: Aquarius Plateau

text: to the west of the park.

text: Flash flood

text: s,

text: mass wasting

text: of hillsides,

text: frost wedging

text: , and

text: landslide

text: s all contributed to a significantly faster rate of

text: erosion

text: . Glaciers plucked 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders from atop

text: Boulder

text: and

text: Thousand Lake Mountain

text: s that were subsequently deposited over the park area by meltwater streams from the glaciers, rockslides and

text: flood

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: Flash floods, mass wasting of hillsides, frost wedging, or landslides?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 20- to 30-million-year-old

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: flash floods, mass wasting of hillsides, frost wedging, or landslides?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: glaciers, rockslides, or floods?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: what is the first time period mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, landslides, or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Aquarius Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mass wasting of hillsides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Glaciers plucked 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: melt-water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: meltwater streams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 20- to 30-million-year-old black basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: meltwater streams from the glaciers, rockslides and floods.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: meltwater streams from the glaciers, rockslides and floods.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides all contributed to a significantly faster rate of erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: meltwater streams from the glaciers, rockslides and floods.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flash floods,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: melt-water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: black basaltic boulders

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 20- to 30-million-year-old

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flash floods, mass wasting of hillsides, frost wedging,

text: Hydraulic action is erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. Most generally, it is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles.  Within this rubric are a number of specific erosional processes, including abrasion, attrition, corrasion, saltation, and scouring (downcutting).  Hydraulic action is distinguished from other types of water facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called chemical weathering.It is a mechanical process, in which the moving water current flows against the banks and bed of a river, thereby removing rock particles.

text: Hydraulic action is erosion that occurs when the motion of water against a rock surface produces mechanical weathering. Most generally, it is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles.  Within this

text: rubric

text: are a number of specific erosional processes, including

text: abrasion

text: , attrition,

text: corrasion

text: , saltation, and scouring (

text: downcutting

text: ).  Hydraulic action is distinguished from other types of water facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called

text: chemical weathering

text: .It is a mechanical process, in which the moving water current flows against the banks and bed of a river, thereby removing rock particles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not a specific type of erosional process?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: corrasion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scouring

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: corrasion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: corrasion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: corrasion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: downcutting

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mechanical weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: movement of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: against the banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rock particles.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scouring

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (downcutting).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: abrasion, attrition, corrasion, saltation,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mechanical weathering.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: against the banks and bed of a river,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock particles.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hydraulic action

text: The year 1784 wrought catastrophe throughout Europe, and brought the river Moselle its greatest ever flood. On 9 February 1784, Pünderich’s lower village was particularly gravely stricken. After the frightful ice flows from 24 to 26 February, the Moselle’s waters rose until on 29 February, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood, eventually exceeding it by three Schuh (roughly a metre). The flood also deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

text: The year 1784 wrought catastrophe throughout

text: Europe

text: , and brought the river Moselle its greatest ever flood. On 9 February 1784, Pünderich’s lower village was particularly gravely stricken. After the frightful ice flows from 24 to 26 February, the Moselle’s waters rose until on 29 February, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood, eventually exceeding it by three Schuh (roughly a metre). The flood also deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How did the flood cause lasting problems?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the river Moselle?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: roughly a metre

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which happened first, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood, or the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1784 flood?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, flood, or ice flows?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood or the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1784 flood?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which happened first, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood, or the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which happened first, the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood, or the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1784 flood?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: How many Schuh did the flood exceed?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the river Moselle’s waters rose or the flood reached the high water mark set in the 1740 flood?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river Moselle

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Schuh

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: high water mark

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deposited sediments

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The year 1784 wrought catastrophe throughout Europe

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The flood also deposited sediments

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (roughly a metre).

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The flood also deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The flood also deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: The flood also deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ice flows

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ice flows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deposited sediments in many places, causing lasting problems.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ice flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The year 1784

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: problems.

text: The Jing River flows for , with a basin area of . The river's flow varies greatly throughout the year, and soil erosion causes serious problems in its basin. Summer floods cause the Jing to be laden with sediment; in the dry season, the river flows with relatively clear water.

text: The Jing River flows for , with a basin area of . The river's flow varies greatly throughout the year, and

text: soil erosion

text: causes serious problems in its basin. Summer floods cause the Jing to be laden with sediment; in the dry season, the river flows with relatively clear water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Jing River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Jing River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is soil erosion a problem?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion or soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a river's flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: with relatively clear water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Jing River flows with relatively clear water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: in the dry season, the river flows with relatively clear water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil erosion causes serious problems in its basin. Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Summer floods cause the Jing to be laden with sediment;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment;

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Jing River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil erosion causes serious problems in its basin. Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Summer floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The Jing River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: laden with sediment;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Summer floods

text: Karst topography is found throughout the Driftless area. This is characterized by caves and cave systems, disappearing streams, blind valleys, underground streams, sinkholes, springs, and cold streams. Disappearing streams occur where surface waters sinks down into the earth through fractured bedrock or a sinkhole, either joining an aquifer, or becoming an underground stream. Blind valleys are formed by disappearing streams and lack an outlet to any other stream. Sinkholes are the result of the collapse of the roof of a cave, and surface water can flow directly into them. Disappearing streams can re-emerge as large cold springs. Cold streams with cold springs as their sources are noted as superb trout habitat.

text: Karst topography

text: is found throughout the Driftless area. This is characterized by

text: cave

text: s and cave systems,

text: disappearing stream

text: s,

text: blind valley

text: s,

text: underground streams

text: sinkhole

text: s,

text: springs

text: , and cold streams. Disappearing streams occur where surface waters sinks down into the earth through fractured bedrock or a sinkhole, either joining an

text: aquifer

text: , or becoming an underground stream. Blind valleys are formed by disappearing streams and lack an outlet to any other stream. Sinkholes are the result of the collapse of the roof of a cave, and surface water can flow directly into them. Disappearing streams can re-emerge as large cold springs. Cold streams with cold springs as their sources are noted as superb

text: trout

text: habitat.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of karst?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a result of the collapse of the roof of a cave, and surface water can flow directly into them?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of karst topography?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes are the result of the collapse of the roof of a cave

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of karst topography?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: blind valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: underground streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are formed by disappearing streams and lack an outlet to any other stream

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blind valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: cold streams.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cold streams.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Disappearing streams

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Karst topography is found throughout the Driftless

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: underground stream.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: collapse of the roof of a cave,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Blind valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Disappearing streams

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Blind valleys

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Blind valleys

text: Urbanization increases surface runoff by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings that do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer. It is instead forced directly into streams or storm water runoff drains, where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when flooding is not. Increased runoff reduces groundwater recharge, thus lowering the water table and making droughts worse, especially for farmers and others who depend on the water wells.

text: Urbanization

text: increases surface runoff by creating more

text: impervious surface

text: s such as

text: pavement

text: and buildings that do not allow

text: percolation

text: of the water down through the soil to the

text: aquifer

text: . It is instead forced directly into streams or

text: storm water runoff drains

text: , where

text: erosion

text: and

text: siltation

text: can be major problems, even when flooding is not. Increased runoff reduces

text: groundwater

text: recharge, thus lowering the

text: water table

text: and making

text: drought

text: s worse, especially for farmers and others who depend on the

text: water well

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and siltation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What can be major problems, even when flooding is not?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and siltation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason urbanization increases surface runoff?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pavement and buildings

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: impervious surfaces

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down through the soil

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: urbanization increases surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion and siltation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and siltation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: major problems,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water down through the soil to the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Urbanization increases surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Urbanization increases surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water wells.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion and siltation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion and siltation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: storm water runoff drains, where erosion and siltation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water down through the soil to the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siltation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Urbanization increases surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: siltation

text: This erosion also deepened the channel draining one of the largest desert wetlands in the U.S. southwest as the water flowed down the channel rather than flooding the wetlands area.  This has had several consequences among them, increased flows of silt into Lake Mead, fewer migratory birds, reduced water polishing from the native plants, and infestation of invasive plant species such as African Tamarisk (Tamarix africana) and Sahara Mustard (Brassica tournefortii).

text: This erosion also deepened the channel draining one of the largest desert

text: wetland

text: s in the

text: U.S.

text: southwest

text: as the water flowed down the channel rather than flooding the wetlands area.  This has had several consequences among them, increased flows of silt into Lake Mead, fewer

text: migratory bird

text: s, reduced

text: water polishing

text: from the native plants, and infestation of invasive plant species such as African

text: Tamarisk

text: (Tamarix africana) and Sahara Mustard (

text: Brassica tournefortii

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of increased flows of silt?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What type of sediments are carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of increased flows of silt into Lake Mead, fewer migratory birds, reduced water polishing from the native plants, or infestation of invasive plant species?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of increased flows of silt into Lake Mead?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing or fast-flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of increased flows of silt?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a channel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Mead

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: African Tamarisk

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: invasive plant species

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: invasive plant species

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: fewer migratory birds

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: reduced water polishing from the native plants,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increased flows of silt into Lake Mead,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: silt into Lake Mead,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: increased flows of silt into Lake Mead,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water polishing from the native plants,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fewer migratory birds, reduced water polishing from the native plants,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flooding the wetlands area.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water polishing from the native plants,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt into Lake Mead,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion also deepened the channel draining one of the largest desert wetlands

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands area.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deepened the channel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion also deepened the channel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Mead,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: infestation of invasive plant species

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: reduced water polishing from the native plants,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wetlands

text: While the Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers studied the riverbed and mechanically bolted and strengthened any faults they found; faults that would, if left untreated, have hastened the retreat of the American Falls. A plan to remove the huge mound of talus deposited in 1954 was abandoned owing to cost, and in November 1969, the temporary dam was dynamited, restoring flow to the American Falls. Even after these undertakings, Luna Island, the small piece of land between the main waterfall and the Bridal Veil, remained off limits to the public for years owing to fears that it was unstable and could collapse into the gorge.

text: While the Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow, the

text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

text: studied the riverbed and mechanically bolted and strengthened any faults they found; faults that would, if left untreated, have hastened the retreat of the American Falls. A plan to remove the huge mound of

text: talus

text: deposited in 1954 was abandoned owing to cost, and in November 1969, the temporary dam was

text: dynamite

text: d, restoring flow to the American Falls. Even after these undertakings,

text: Luna Island

text: , the small piece of land between the main waterfall and the Bridal Veil, remained off limits to the public for years owing to fears that it was unstable and could collapse into the gorge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the purpose of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why did the Horseshoe Falls absorb the extra flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: huge mound of talus

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow, or the temporary dam was dynamited?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the first word in the first paragraph?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why was Luna Island off limits to the public for years?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mound

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Horseshoe Falls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the temporary dam was dynamited

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flow,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: While the Horseshoe Falls absorbed the extra flow,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mound of talus

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mound of talus

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Horseshoe Falls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Luna Island,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faults

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: faults

text: The lakes are seasonally flooded with alkaline water in most years, drying out in the summer. Annual precipitation in the basin ranges from . The average annual runoff is , which occurs mainly between March and June as snowmelt. This is enough to flood the lake beds  deep; however, most of the water is either appropriated for irrigation, or evaporates in the desert heat. Formed by erosion during the Pleistocene, the alluvial deposits that make up the lake beds are up to  deep at Middle Alkali Lake and hold significant amounts of groundwater. The  Surprise Valley Groundwater Basin has an estimated volume of .

text: The lakes are seasonally flooded with alkaline water in most years, drying out in the summer. Annual precipitation in the basin ranges from . The average annual runoff is , which occurs mainly between March and June as snowmelt. This is enough to flood the lake beds  deep; however, most of the water is either appropriated for irrigation, or evaporates in the desert heat. Formed by erosion during the

text: Pleistocene

text: , the

text: alluvial

text: deposits that make up the lake beds are up to  deep at Middle Alkali Lake and hold significant amounts of

text: groundwater

text: . The  Surprise Valley Groundwater Basin has an estimated volume of .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep are the lake beds?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the average annual precipitation in the basin?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing or fast-flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop: crops or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surprise Valley Groundwater Basin

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: precipitation in the basin

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion during the Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The average annual runoff

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: most of the water is either appropriated for irrigation,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: most of the water is either appropriated for irrigation,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion during the Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood the lake beds deep;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Formed by erosion during the Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surprise Valley Groundwater Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Pleistocene,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: irrigation, or evaporates in the desert heat.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial

text: The crater's rim is cut with gullies, and at the end of some gullies are fan-shaped deposits of material transported by water.   The crater is of great interest to scientists because it has some of the best-exposed lake deposits.  One of the layers has been found by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to contain clays.Clays only form in the presence of water. There are two unit of sediments in the crater.  The lower unit formed in a large lake.  It is believed the lake waters originated from the crater walls/or groundwater.  Water from the crater walls may have come from precipitation when the Martian climate was different.  The upper unit formed when water that was ponded to the south in Uzboi Vallis broke through Holden's rim.   It is believed that great amount of water went through the rim; one flow was caused by  a body of water larger than Earth's Lake Huron.  Some of the evidence for such a large flow of water is the presence of boulders tens of meters in size sticking above the surface.  To transport such huge rocks takes a great deal of water.

text: The crater's rim is cut with

text: gullies

text: , and at the end of some gullies are fan-shaped deposits of material transported by water.   The crater is of great interest to scientists because it has some of the best-exposed lake deposits.  One of the layers has been found by the

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: to contain

text: clay

text: s.Clays only form in the presence of water. There are two unit of sediments in the crater.  The lower unit formed in a large lake.  It is believed the lake waters originated from the crater walls/or groundwater.  Water from the crater walls may have come from precipitation when the Martian climate was different.  The upper unit formed when water that was ponded to the south in

text: Uzboi Vallis

text: broke through Holden's rim.   It is believed that great amount of water went through the rim; one flow was caused by  a body of water larger than Earth's

text: Lake Huron

text: .  Some of the evidence for such a large flow of water is the presence of boulders tens of meters in size sticking above the surface.  To transport such huge rocks takes a great deal of water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How big are the boulders sticking above the surface?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clays, silt or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the presence of boulders sticking above the surface?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for floodplains to be poor?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: boulders tens of meters in size sticking above the surface

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Vallis

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lake deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fan-shaped

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Precipitation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Clays

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the presence of boulders

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a crater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites only form in the presence of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a body of water larger than Earth's Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: To transport such huge rocks takes a great deal of water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: To transport such huge rocks takes a great deal of water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clays.Clays only form in the presence of water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Earth's Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Earth's Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Earth's Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater walls/or

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Earth's Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: fan-shaped deposits of material transported by water.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fan-shaped deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: boulders tens of meters in size sticking above the surface.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lower unit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: clays.Clays only form in the presence of water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: upper unit

text: Songdalselva (also known as Sogna / Sogne / Sygna / Søgneelva) is a river that originates in Finsland in Songdalen municipality, Vest-Agder, Norway. The catchment area is located between Otra's and Mandalselva's watersheds. The highest hills in the catchment area goes up to   above sea level. Water flows are normally at its lowest in summer and highest in autumn and spring. There are only a few and small lakes in the river system. The steep slopes down from the moors can create short and intense flood rapids. The river flows through the valley Stallemodalen in Vennesla, and falls into Songdalen through a gorge at Underåsen. Here it receives more water from the right from the Gumpedalselva tributary. The river drops no more than about  over the last  to the river mouth, and has on this stretch a very meandering run. By Søgne Landbruksskole is a few meters high waterfall, Søgne waterfall. From the waterfall to the sea the river is called the Søgneelva.  Songdalselva flows into the sea between Høllen and Åros in Høllefjorden in Søgne municipality.

text: Songdalselva (also known as Sogna / Sogne / Sygna / Søgneelva) is a

text: river

text: that originates in

text: Finsland

text: in

text: Songdalen

text: municipality,

text: Vest-Agder

text: Norway

text: . The catchment area is located between

text: Otra

text: 's and

text: Mandalselva

text: 's watersheds. The highest hills in the catchment area goes up to   above sea level. Water flows are normally at its lowest in summer and highest in autumn and spring. There are only a few and small lakes in the river system. The steep slopes down from the moors can create short and intense flood rapids. The river flows through the valley Stallemodalen in

text: Vennesla

text: , and falls into Songdalen through a

text: gorge

text: at Underåsen. Here it receives more water from the right from the Gumpedalselva

text: tributary

text: . The river drops no more than about  over the last  to the river mouth, and has on this stretch a very

text: meander

text: ing run. By Søgne Landbruksskole is a few meters high waterfall, Søgne waterfall. From the waterfall to the sea the river is called the Søgneelva.  Songdalselva flows into the sea between

text: Høllen

text: and

text: Åros

text: in Høllefjorden in

text: Søgne

text: municipality.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Songdalselva?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many meters high is the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many meters high is the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many lakes are there in the river system?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of Songdalselva?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the source of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: moors

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gumpedalselva tributary

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a gorge

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep slopes down from the moors

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: moss

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: There are only a few and small lakes in the river system.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Water flows are normally at its lowest in summer and highest in autumn and spring.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Gumpedalselva tributary.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood rapids.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: small lakes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: meandering run.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood rapids.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gorge at Under<unk>sen.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: short and intense flood rapids.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steep slopes down from the moors

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood rapids.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Songdalen through a gorge at Under<unk>sen.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moors

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gorge at Under<unk>sen.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The steep slopes down from the moors

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: S<unk>gne waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Gumpedalselva

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Songdalselva

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood rapids.

text: Water near the surface of the hillside can cause the erosion of surface material due to water runoff. This process tends to weaken the slope by removing material and triggering excess pore pressures due to the water flow.

text: Water near the surface of the hillside can cause the erosion of surface material due to water runoff. This process tends to weaken the slope by removing material and triggering excess pore pressures due to the water flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can cause erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a hillside

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: removing material and triggering excess pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Water near the surface of the hillside can cause the erosion of surface material

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Water near the surface of the hillside can cause the erosion of surface material

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: excess pore pressures due to the water flow.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Water near the surface of the hillside

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: excess pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion of surface material due to water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion of surface material due to water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Water near the surface of the hillside

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: excess pore pressures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Water near the surface of the hillside

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water runoff.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: weaken the slope

text: The decision to employ the Schwimmtor depended on the level of the water at the Ferdinandsbrücke (today the Schwedenbrücke). When the Danube flooded, ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water, although it was essential that it never completely blocked the flow of the canal. The amount of ballast on board therefore had to be constantly adjusted as the level of the water in the Danube rose and fell.

text: The decision to employ the Schwimmtor depended on the level of the water at the Ferdinandsbrücke (today the

text: Schwedenbrücke

text: ). When the Danube flooded, ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water, although it was essential that it never completely blocked the flow of the canal. The amount of ballast on board therefore had to be constantly adjusted as the level of the water in the Danube rose and fell.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to employ the Schwimmtor?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Schwedenbrücke

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ballast

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Ballast

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Ballast

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Ballast

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: level of the water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unobstructed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: when the Danube flooded

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: When the Danube flooded,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: When the Danube flooded,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Danube flooded,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Schwimmtor

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ballast was loaded onto the barrier to make it sit deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: level of the water in the Danube rose and fell.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ballast

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deeper in the water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Schwimmtor

text: Sedimentation began in the Caradoc (upper Ordovician, ).  During the Llandovery, the Stockdale Supergroup is marked by a number of oxic-anoxic transitions, with black shales corresponding to transgressions - these may have helped to mitigate a runaway greenhouse effect.The rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time; it held fairly steady at a low ~50 metres per million years (m/Ma) until the Wenlock (mid Silurian, ), when it increased greatly, eventually reaching over 1000 m/Ma when the record is terminated by erosion in the Pridoli (terminal Silurian, ).  This sudden upturn in deposition rate is a result of the increasing proximity of the Avalon mountain belt, which started to depress the plate from the Ordovician, but was not close enough to increase the sedimentary input until the Silurian.  The latest phase of sedimentation reflected a change in the basin's state.  Instead of being underfilled, and trapping all sediment that flowed into it, it became overfilled. This was reflected by a shallowing of water depth, as the basin silted up. This culminated with a transition to terrestrial conditions in the Přídolí.

text: Sedimentation began in the Caradoc (upper Ordovician, ).  During the Llandovery, the Stockdale Supergroup is marked by a number of oxic-

text: anoxic

text: transitions, with black shales corresponding to transgressions - these may have helped to mitigate a

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: .The rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time; it held fairly steady at a low ~50 metres per million years (m/Ma) until the Wenlock (mid Silurian, ), when it increased greatly, eventually reaching over 1000 m/Ma when the record is terminated by erosion in the Pridoli (terminal Silurian, ).  This sudden upturn in deposition rate is a result of the increasing proximity of the Avalon mountain belt, which started to depress the plate from the Ordovician, but was not close enough to increase the sedimentary input until the Silurian.  The latest phase of sedimentation reflected a change in the basin's state.  Instead of being underfilled, and trapping all sediment that flowed into it, it became overfilled. This was reflected by a shallowing of water depth, as the basin silted up. This culminated with a transition to terrestrial conditions in the Přídolí.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What may have helped to mitigate a runaway greenhouse effect?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 50 metres per million years

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How is sedimentation carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What may have helped to mitigate a runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why was the rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What may have helped to mitigate a runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the P dol

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shales

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shales

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Avalon mountain belt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the increasing proximity of the Avalon mountain belt

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Black shales

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment accumulation accelerated with time

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: shallowing of water depth,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: effect.The rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time;

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: underfilled,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 50 metres per million years

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sedimentation began in the Caradoc

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: terrestrial conditions

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: trapping all sediment that flowed into it, it became overfilled.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Avalon mountain belt,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: underfilled,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Pridoli

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: black shales

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: black shales

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: black shales

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: P<unk>dol<unk>

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Avalon mountain belt,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion in the Pridoli

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increasing proximity of the Avalon mountain belt,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment that flowed into it, it became overfilled.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: underfilled, and trapping all sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: underfilled,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: black shales

text: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.  Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.  Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.

text: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.  Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.  Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or wind?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for vegetation to be established?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be called a riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Compaction

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: compacted

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are more resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Established vegetation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size and state of compaction.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: still water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Particles tend to settle and compact in still water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Established vegetation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion. Established vegetation

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: still water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Established vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Established vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: vegetation

text: Rivers are parts of integrated systems that include floodplains and riparian corridors.  Collectively these systems provide a large suite of benefits.  However, the world's rivers are increasingly being altered through the construction of dams, diversions, and levees. More than half of the world's large rivers are dammed, a figure that continues to increase.  Almost 1,000 dams are planned or under construction in South America and 50 new dams are planned on China's Yangtze River alone.  Dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns and consequently affect water quality, temperature, sediment movement and deposition, fish and wildlife, and the livelihoods of people who depend on healthy river ecosystems. Environmental flows seek to maintain these river functions while at the same time providing for traditional offstream benefits.

text: Rivers are parts of integrated systems that include

text: floodplains

text: and

text: riparian corridor

text: s.  Collectively these systems provide a large suite of benefits.  However, the world's rivers are increasingly being altered through the construction of dams, diversions, and

text: levee

text: s. More than half of the world's large rivers are dammed, a figure that continues to increase.  Almost 1,000 dams are planned or under construction in South America and 50 new dams are planned on China's Yangtze River alone.  Dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns and consequently affect water quality, temperature, sediment movement and deposition, fish and wildlife, and the livelihoods of people who depend on healthy river ecosystems. Environmental flows seek to maintain these river functions while at the same time providing for traditional offstream benefits.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of the Yangtze River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What does dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of sediment movement and deposition?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: dams, diversions, or levees?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of the Yangtze River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: dams, diversions, or levees?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian corridor

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riparian corridor

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: diversions

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams and other river structures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dams and other river structures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dams and other river structures change the downstream flow patterns

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riparian corridor

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: dams,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dams, diversions, and levees.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dams, diversions, and levees.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian corridors.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: offstream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream flow patterns

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment movement and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riparian corridors.

text: Heavy rains fell in December 1999 along the north-central coast of Venezuela, culminating in a period of extreme intensity from 14 to 16 December. Starting around 8 PM local time (AST) on 15 December, runoff entered channels and rushed towards the sea, picking up and depositing sediments on its way. Generally after this first wave of flooding, from the coast to just past the crest of the Sierra de Avila, these rains triggered thousands of shallow landslides that stripped soil and rock off of the landscape and sent them slipping down the mountainside. Additional water liquefied these landslides into debris flows, which are granular flows in which water mixes with high concentrations of rock and mud. The first eyewitness accounts of debris flows were from 8:30 PM on the 15th, and the final debris flows were reported between 8 and 9 AM on 16 December. Many catchments released multiple debris flows, some of which carried large boulders and tree trunks onto the alluvial fan deltas. Starting between 7 and 9 AM on the 16th and continuing until late that afternoon, a new wave of floods occurred. These floodwaters were less concentrated in sediment and were therefore able to entrain new material and incise new channels into the flood and debris flow deposits from the previous days.

text: Heavy rains fell in December 1999 along the north-central coast of Venezuela, culminating in a period of extreme intensity from 14 to 16 December. Starting around 8 PM local time (

text: AST

text: ) on 15 December, runoff entered channels and rushed towards the sea, picking up and depositing sediments on its way. Generally after this first wave of flooding, from the coast to just past the crest of the Sierra de Avila, these rains triggered thousands of shallow landslides that stripped soil and rock off of the landscape and sent them slipping down the mountainside. Additional water liquefied these landslides into

text: debris flows

text: , which are

text: granular flow

text: s in which water mixes with high concentrations of rock and mud. The first eyewitness accounts of debris flows were from 8:30 PM on the 15th, and the final debris flows were reported between 8 and 9 AM on 16 December. Many catchments released multiple debris flows, some of which carried large boulders and tree trunks onto the alluvial fan deltas. Starting between 7 and 9 AM on the 16th and continuing until late that afternoon, a new wave of floods occurred. These floodwaters were less concentrated in sediment and were therefore able to entrain new material and incise new channels into the flood and debris flow deposits from the previous days.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of debris flow: granular flows or shallow landslides?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large boulders and tree trunks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or mud?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of debris flow: granular flows in which water mixes with high concentrations of rock and mud

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which happened first, the first wave of flooding or the new wave of floods?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, landslides, or debris flows?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: new channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shallow landslides

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Debris flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: towards the sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in Venezuela

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: fan deltas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large boulders and tree trunks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: shallow landslides

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: floodwaters were less concentrated in sediment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: floodwaters

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial fan deltas.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: shallow landslides

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial fan deltas.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: incise new channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shallow landslides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil and rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Heavy rains fell in December 1999

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: debris flows,

text: The coastal land masses are formed or modified both by action of the sea currents and tides, and by the rainwater flow through the estuaries, from the rivers and backwater systems, supplying sediments. Deposition or erosion of coastal areas are common and dynamic. Sea erosion claims land in some areas with the eroded soil being deposited in other areas. Severe floods and tidal changes have caused more abrupt and drastic transformations at times. The Cochin estuary itself is said to have resulted from the floods of 1341, which caused the silting up of the ancient harbor of Muziris and the opening of the channel at Cochin Azhi.

text: The coastal land masses are formed or modified both by action of the sea currents and tides, and by the rainwater flow through the estuaries, from the rivers and backwater systems, supplying sediments. Deposition or erosion of coastal areas are common and dynamic. Sea erosion claims land in some areas with the eroded soil being deposited in other areas. Severe floods and tidal changes have caused more abrupt and drastic transformations at times. The Cochin estuary itself is said to have resulted from the floods of 1341, which caused the silting up of the ancient harbor of

text: Muziris

text: and the opening of the channel at Cochin Azhi.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rivers or backwater systems?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or slow flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: backwater systems

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a channel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea currents and tides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Severe floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the estuaries

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Severe floods and tidal changes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: supplying sediments.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rainwater flow through the estuaries,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rivers and backwater systems,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Severe floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Severe floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rivers and backwater systems,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: eroded soil being deposited in other areas.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Severe floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eroded soil being deposited in other areas.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eroded soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: backwater systems,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea currents and tides,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Severe floods and tidal changes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: eroded soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: formed or modified both by action of the sea currents and tides,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: coastal land masses

text: The strong discharge of groundwater from the spring has created an area of peatland or karst fen. The vast majority of peat is located in the high-rainfall regions of the northern hemisphere and its occurrence in South Africa is rare. The spring is fed by water issuing from a system of interlinked dolomitic aquifers or compartments. Four of the nine compartments which feed the Wonderfonteinspruit are affected by deep level gold mining. Large-scale pumping of water has led to a lowering of the groundwater table by up to 1000 metres, the trapping of uranium-bearing tailings in caves and sinkholes, the discharge of pollutants into the Wonderfonteinspruit, and seepage from tailings into the aquifer beneath.

text: The strong discharge of groundwater from the spring has created an area of peatland or karst fen. The vast majority of peat is located in the high-rainfall regions of the northern hemisphere and its occurrence in South Africa is rare. The spring is fed by water issuing from a system of interlinked dolomitic aquifers or compartments. Four of the nine compartments which feed the Wonderfonteinspruit are affected by deep level gold mining. Large-scale pumping of water has led to a lowering of the groundwater table by up to 1000 metres, the trapping of uranium-bearing tailings in caves and sinkholes, the discharge of pollutants into the Wonderfonteinspruit, and seepage from tailings into the aquifer beneath.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: peat or karst fen?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dolomitic aquifers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or peat?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is peatland or karst fen rare?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: spruit

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peatland

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst fen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Wonderfonteinspruit

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: large-scale pumping

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: peatland

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high-rainfall regions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: peat is located in the high-rainfall regions of the northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst fen

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lowering of the groundwater table by up to 1000 metres,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Large-scale pumping

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dolomitic aquifers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: peatland or karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The strong discharge of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rare.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The strong discharge of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: peatland or karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: peatland

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Large-scale pumping

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peatland or karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst fen.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Wonderfonteinspruit

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: peatland

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lowering of the groundwater table by up to 1000 metres,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Wonderfonteinspruit

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: uranium-bearing tailings

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: rare.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst fen.

text: Unconformities mark both the base and, possibly, the top of the Nankoweap Formation. The red beds of the Nankoweap Formation unconformably overlie the Cardenas Lavas of the Unkar Group. At most places, the upper member of the Nankoweap Formation directly overlies the Cardenas Basalt. In Basalt Canyon, an angular discordance in this lower contact reflects the erosion of 60 m of Cardenas Basalt has been recognized. West of Tanner Canyon, erosion has locally removed as much as 300 m of Cardenas Basalt before the deposition of the Nankoweap Formation. As demonstrated by a 10 m thick ferruginous weathered zone (paleosol), deep chemical weathering of the exposed lava flows of the Cardenas Basalt occurred before deposition of the Nankoweap Formation west of Tanner Canyon. The deeply weathered lavas retain their original textures but have been pervasively stained and altered to earthy hematite and siderite.

text: Unconformities mark both the base and, possibly, the top of the Nankoweap Formation. The red beds of the Nankoweap Formation unconformably overlie the Cardenas Lavas of the Unkar Group. At most places, the upper member of the Nankoweap Formation directly overlies the Cardenas Basalt. In Basalt Canyon, an angular discordance in this lower contact reflects the erosion of 60 m of Cardenas Basalt has been recognized. West of Tanner Canyon, erosion has locally removed as much as 300 m of Cardenas Basalt before the deposition of the Nankoweap Formation. As demonstrated by a 10 m thick ferruginous weathered zone (paleosol), deep chemical weathering of the exposed lava flows of the Cardenas Basalt occurred before deposition of the Nankoweap Formation west of Tanner Canyon. The deeply weathered lavas retain their original textures but have been pervasively stained and altered to earthy hematite and

text: siderite

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Cardenas Basalt or Tanner Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the ferruginous weathered zone?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: what is the first formation mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Basalt Canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Basalt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Basalt Canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Basalt Canyon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lava flows of the Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The deeply weathered lavas retain their original textures

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: angular discordance

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deep chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 300 m of Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 10 m thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Unconformities

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 300 m of Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion of 60 m of Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Unconformities

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Cardenas Lavas of the Unkar Group.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the erosion of 60 m of Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Basalt Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Basalt Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (paleosol),

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Nankoweap Formation.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Basalt Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Basalt Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Basalt Canyon,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deep chemical weathering

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of the Nankoweap Formation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Unconformities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cardenas Basalt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Unconformities

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Unconformities

text: Since pre-Inca times, salt has been obtained in Maras by evaporating salty water from a local subterranean stream. The highly salty water emerges at a spring, a natural outlet of the underground stream. The flow is directed into an intricate system of tiny channels constructed so that the water runs gradually down onto the several hundred ancient terraced ponds. Almost all the ponds are less than four meters square in area, and none exceeds thirty centimeters in depth. All are necessarily shaped into polygons with the flow of water carefully controlled and monitored by the workers. The altitude of the ponds slowly decreases, so that the water may flow through the myriad branches of the water-supply channels and be introduced slowly through a notch in one sidewall of each pond. The proper maintenance of the adjacent feeder channel, the side walls and the water-entry notch, the pond's bottom surface, the quantity of water, and the removal of accumulated salt deposits requires close cooperation among the community of users. It is agreed among local residents and pond workers that the cooperative system was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, the water becomes supersaturated and salt precipitates as various size crystals onto the inner surfaces of a pond's earthen walls and on the pond's earthen floor. The pond's keeper then closes the water-feeder notch and allows the pond to go dry. Within a few days the keeper carefully scrapes the dry salt from the sides and bottom, puts it into a suitable vessel, reopens the water-supply notch, and carries away the salt. Color of the salt varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on the skill of an individual worker. Some salt is sold at a gift store nearby.

text: Since pre-Inca times,

text: salt

text: has been obtained in Maras by evaporating salty water from a local subterranean stream. The highly salty water emerges at a spring, a natural outlet of the underground stream. The flow is directed into an intricate system of tiny channels constructed so that the water runs gradually down onto the several hundred ancient terraced ponds. Almost all the ponds are less than four meters square in area, and none exceeds thirty centimeters in depth. All are necessarily shaped into polygons with the flow of water carefully controlled and monitored by the workers. The altitude of the ponds slowly decreases, so that the water may flow through the myriad branches of the water-supply channels and be introduced slowly through a notch in one sidewall of each pond. The proper maintenance of the adjacent feeder channel, the side walls and the water-entry notch, the pond's bottom surface, the quantity of water, and the removal of accumulated salt deposits requires close cooperation among the community of users. It is agreed among local residents and pond workers that the cooperative system was established during the time of the Incas, if not earlier. As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds, the water becomes

text: supersaturate

text: d and salt precipitates as various size crystals onto the inner surfaces of a pond's earthen walls and on the pond's earthen floor. The pond's keeper then closes the water-feeder notch and allows the pond to go dry. Within a few days the keeper carefully scrapes the dry salt from the sides and bottom, puts it into a suitable vessel, reopens the water-supply notch, and carries away the salt. Color of the salt varies from white to a light reddish or brownish tan, depending on the skill of an individual worker. Some salt is sold at a gift store nearby.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water supply channels?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Salt precipitates as various size crystals

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or salt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: subterranean, spring, or mountain?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the ponds?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the ponds?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subterranean

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: terraced ponds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Salt precipitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The altitude of the ponds slowly decreases

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pond

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: salt is sold at a gift store nearby.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: polygons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: various size crystals

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: earthen walls and on the pond's earthen floor.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: As water evaporates from the sun-warmed ponds,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: pond workers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: accumulated salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pond's earthen walls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: spring,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water-feeder notch

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ponds.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quantity of water,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water runs gradually down onto the several hundred ancient terraced ponds.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the cooperative system was established during the time of the Incas,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: salt

text: The canyon was created by progressive erosion by flowing water from glaciers through the rocks and palagonite over millennia.

text: The canyon was created by progressive

text: erosion

text: by flowing water from glaciers through the rocks and

text: palagonite

text: over millennia.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can not be described as

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be created by erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: palagonite thickness

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The canyon was created by progressive erosion by flowing water from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: progressive erosion by flowing water from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: palagonite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The canyon was created by progressive erosion by flowing water from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

text: The three headwaters of the Jordan River – the Hasbani River (annual stable flow of 250 Mm^3), the Banias River (annual stable flow of 125 Mm^3), and the Dan River (annual stable flow of 250 Mm^3) originate in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, respectively. They merge in Lake Huleh and then flow south as the Jordan River. Just south of Tiberias, the Yarmuk River joins the Jordan River. In total, the Jordan River flows for roughly 350 km, starting in the foothills of Mount Hermon in the north and ending in the Dead Sea to the south. The River has an estimated flow of 1880 MCM/Y, 73 percent of which originates in Arab countries and 27 percent of which originates in Israel. According to a September 2000 USAF study, over 90% of Syria’s water is shared with neighboring Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. Approximately 36 percent of Jordan’s water sources are shared with Syria, the West Bank, and Israel, and more than half of Israel’s waters is shared with Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the West Bank.

text: The three headwaters of the Jordan River – the

text: Hasbani River

text: (annual stable flow of 250 Mm^3), the

text: Banias River

text: (annual stable flow of 125 Mm^3), and the

text: Dan River

text: (annual stable flow of 250 Mm^3) originate in

text: Lebanon

text: Syria

text: , and

text: Israel

text: , respectively. They merge in

text: Lake Huleh

text: and then flow south as the Jordan River. Just south of

text: Tiberias

text: , the

text: Yarmuk River

text: joins the Jordan River. In total, the Jordan River flows for roughly 350 km, starting in the foothills of

text: Mount Hermon

text: in the north and ending in the

text: Dead Sea

text: to the south. The River has an estimated flow of 1880 MCM/Y, 73 percent of which originates in Arab countries and 27 percent of which originates in Israel. According to a September 2000 USAF study, over 90% of Syria’s water is shared with neighboring

text: Iraq

text: Turkey

text: , Israel, Lebanon, and

text: Jordan

text: . Approximately 36 percent of Jordan’s water sources are shared with Syria, the

text: West Bank

text: , and Israel, and more than half of Israel’s waters is shared with Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the West Bank.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Jordan River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of Syria’s water is shared with neighboring Iraq?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many percent of Syria’s water is shared with neighboring Iraq?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many percent of Syria’s water is shared with neighboring Iraq?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Dead Sea

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Huleh

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: foothills

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Dead Sea

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dead Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 73 percent of which originates in Arab countries and 27 percent of which originates in Israel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Jordan River flows for roughly 350 km

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: curve

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 73 percent of which originates in Arab countries

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 125 Mm<unk>3),

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 125 Mm<unk>3),

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 125 Mm<unk>3),

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 350 km, starting in the foothills of Mount Hermon

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 125 Mm<unk>3),

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The three headwaters of the Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Lake Huleh

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The three headwaters of the Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Dead Sea

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Huleh

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: foothills of Mount Hermon

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Huleh

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Huleh

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mount Hermon

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 73 percent of which originates in Arab countries

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: 125 Mm<unk>3),

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The three headwaters of the Jordan River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Lake Huleh and then flow south as the Jordan River.

text: Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes can cause a differential in land heights which interfere with the natural course of a water flow, and result in waterfalls.

text: Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the

text: kinetic energy

text: of the water hitting the bottom. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by

text: earthquakes

text: or

text: landslides

text: or

text: volcano

text: es can cause a differential in land heights which interfere with the natural course of a water flow, and result in waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: what is the first type of sediment mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition: earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of waterfalls: earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: earthquakes and volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a differential in land heights

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flowing over the rock shelf,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rock shelf,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: horizontal pit

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: earth movement caused by earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock shelf,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Streams become wider and shallower just above waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Waterfalls

text: An infiltration basin (also known as a recharge basin or in some areas, a sump), is a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is essentially a shallow artificial pond that is designed to infiltrate stormwater though permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer.  Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions.

text: An infiltration basin (also known as a recharge basin or in some areas, a

text: sump

text: ), is a type of

entity_name: Best management practice for water pollution

text: best management practice

text: (BMP) that is used to manage

text: stormwater

text: runoff

text: , prevent

text: flood

text: ing and downstream

text: erosion

text: , and improve

text: water quality

text: in an adjacent

text: river

text: stream

text: lake

text: or

text: bay

text: . It is essentially a shallow artificial pond that is designed to

text: infiltrate

text: stormwater though permeable soils into the

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: .  Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to manage stormwater runoff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow artificial pond

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Infiltration basins do not release water except by infiltration, evaporation or emergency overflow during flood conditions

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Infiltration basins

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: downstream erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sump

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: infiltration basins

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: downstream erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stormwater runoff,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: downstream erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downstream erosion,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: An infiltration basin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion,

text: Tributaries flowing into the Minnesota River had to drop down into the deep glacial valley, creating numerous waterfalls.  The waterfall on Minneopa Creek was likely once near its mouth on the river.  Over the millennia downcutting of the creek has carved a gorge through the soft Jordan Sandstone, causing the waterfall to "migrate" upstream.  The double waterfall in Minneopa is the result of there being three layers of differing hardness in the sandstone.  The upper and lower layers are softer than the middle, which creates a short stretch of erosion-resistant creekbed between two waterfalls.  The gorge is littered with blocks of the middle sandstone that broke off as the supporting layer below wore away.  Weathering from the constant spray of the falls helps keep the gorge walls nearly vertical.

text: Tributaries flowing into the Minnesota River had to drop down into the deep glacial valley, creating numerous waterfalls.  The waterfall on Minneopa Creek was likely once near its mouth on the river.  Over the millennia

text: downcutting

text: of the creek has carved a gorge through the soft Jordan Sandstone, causing the waterfall to "migrate" upstream.  The double waterfall in Minneopa is the result of there being three layers of differing hardness in the sandstone.  The upper and lower layers are softer than the middle, which creates a short stretch of erosion-resistant creekbed between two waterfalls.  The gorge is littered with blocks of the middle sandstone that broke off as the supporting layer below wore away.  Weathering from the constant spray of the falls helps keep the gorge walls nearly vertical.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the waterfall to "migrate" upstream?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many layers of differing hardness are there in the sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many layers of differing hardness are there in the sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Jordan Sandstone, Minneopa Creek, or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial valley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Weathering from the constant spray of the falls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hardness of the sandstone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a glacial valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Jordan Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The upper and lower layers are softer than the middle

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wore away.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Tributaries flowing into the Minnesota River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Tributaries

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Minnesota River had to drop down into the deep glacial valley,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gorge through the soft Jordan Sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion-resistant creekbed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: creekbed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterfalls.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: three layers of differing hardness

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: drop down into the deep glacial valley,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Jordan Sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: vertical.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

text: Streambed topography is the primary factor in creating rapids, and is generally consistent over time.  Increased flow, as during a flood or high rainfall season can make permanent changes to the streambed by displacing rocks and boulders, by deposition of alluvium or by creating new channels for flowing water.

text: Streambed topography is the primary factor in creating rapids, and is generally consistent over time.  Increased flow, as during a flood or high rainfall season can make permanent changes to the streambed by displacing rocks and boulders, by deposition of

text: alluvium

text: or by creating new channels for flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in creating rapids?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Streambed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Streambed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high rainfall season

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: during a flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites do not change over time

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: displacing rocks and boulders,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Increased flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: alluvium or by creating new channels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Increased flow,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Increased flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Streambed topography

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Streambed topography

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Streambed topography

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rapids,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rocks and boulders,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of alluvium

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Streambed topography

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapids,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvium

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: consistent over time.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rapids,

text: Slowing stream bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg helps stabilize running water sources. Placing boulders along the thalweg in a running water source helps to protect the channel's sedimentary erosion and deposit balance. In concurrence with the placement of boulders along a thalweg, the placement of boulders along an instream to form man-made sills also helps to slow the sedimentary erosion and deposit of running water sources, while keeping the esteem (fishing, local wildlife, and recreation) and natural resources of the running water source intact. The placement of boulders along a thalweg and the creation of instream sills help to aid the flow of water during late summer months when the flow rate drops, and helps to slow sedimentary erosion and deposit in the spring and fall months when the flow rates are high. This process of utilizing a thalweg to slow stream bed erosion was used in Meacham Creek in Umatilla, Oregon.

text: Slowing stream bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg helps stabilize running water sources. Placing boulders along the thalweg in a running water source helps to protect the channel's sedimentary erosion and deposit balance. In concurrence with the placement of boulders along a thalweg, the placement of boulders along an

text: instream

text: to form man-made sills also helps to slow the sedimentary erosion and deposit of running water sources, while keeping the esteem (fishing, local wildlife, and recreation) and natural resources of the running water source intact. The placement of boulders along a thalweg and the creation of instream sills help to aid the flow of water during late summer months when the flow rate drops, and helps to slow sedimentary erosion and deposit in the spring and fall months when the flow rates are high. This process of utilizing a thalweg to slow stream bed erosion was used in Meacham Creek in

text: Umatilla, Oregon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to place boulders along a thalweg?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Meacham Creek in Umatilla, Oregon?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposit

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow rate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: slow sedimentary erosion and deposit

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow sedimentary erosion and deposit

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: running water sources.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow sedimentary erosion and deposit

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Slowing stream bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Slowing stream bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Slowing stream bed erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: man-made sills

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: thalweg

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposit

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow rates are high.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: man-made sills

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Slowing stream bed erosion by taking advantage of a thalweg

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sills

text: In some places molten rock intruded into depositional sand but it failed to erupt through the surface, so erosion took place to expose the igneous formations. In other places molten rock erupted explosively, producing clouds of solidified lava that later fell back to earth as ash, forming a cone around the vent. In some cases, it erupted several times as a succession of lava flows from a single vent forming widespread basalt layers taking on the form of a shield. At times, molten rock came into contact with water-saturated sand and it produced superheated and highly pressurized water vapor that exploded though the earth’s surface with a devastating force creating large craters known as maars or lakes.

text: In some places molten rock intruded into depositional sand but it failed to erupt through the surface, so erosion took place to expose the igneous formations. In other places molten rock erupted explosively, producing clouds of solidified lava that later fell back to earth as ash, forming a cone around the vent. In some cases, it erupted several times as a succession of lava flows from a single vent forming widespread basalt layers taking on the form of a shield. At times, molten rock came into contact with water-saturated sand and it produced superheated and highly pressurized water vapor that exploded though the earth’s surface with a devastating force creating large

text: craters

text: known as maars or lakes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not true of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a shield

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: maars

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basalt layers

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vent

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water-saturated sand

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by lava

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water-saturated sand

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: molten rock intruded into depositional sand

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: molten rock came into contact with water-saturated sand

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: molten rock came into contact with water-saturated sand

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion took place to expose the igneous formations.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion took place to expose the igneous formations.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: molten rock intruded into depositional sand

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: molten rock intruded into depositional sand

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion took place to expose the igneous formations.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: maars

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: maars or lakes.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: basalt layers

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: depositional sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: maars

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: maars or lakes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: molten rock

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion took place to expose the igneous formations.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: superheated and highly pressurized water vapor

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: molten rock intruded into depositional sand

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: maars or lakes.

text: Groundwater may have played an important part in forming layers in many locations.  Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.   According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.  Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers.  Some of these layers may have resulted from climate changes.  The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past.  Some changes are large.  Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars will be much thicker and contain more moisture.  The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks; additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions, and layers in these regions have been observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: salts

text: and other

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for layers of dust to not easily erode away?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or dust?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, sandstone, or quartz?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock: sandstone, sandstone, or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: intercrater regions

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Earth's aquifers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Cementing agents

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Earth's aquifers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dissolved minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Martian ground water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: low areas containing sediments,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Great Artesian Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: layers of dust

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: aquifers,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: aquifers,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Martian ground water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layers

text: Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, cholera and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.

text: Floods also frequently damage

text: power transmission

text: and sometimes

text: power generation

text: , which then has

text: knock-on effect

text: s caused by the loss of power. This includes loss of drinking

text: water treatment

text: and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water combined with

text: human sewage

text: in the flood waters raises the risk of

text: waterborne diseases

text: , which can include

text: typhoid

text: giardia

text: cryptosporidium

text: cholera

text: and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: loss of drinking water treatment and water supply

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What can cause the loss of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterborne diseases

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the location of the flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lack of clean water combined with human sewage

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: loss of drinking water treatment and water supply,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floods

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the

text: water

text: present beneath

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: soil pore spaces

text: and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formations

text: . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

text: soil

text: pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: Groundwater is recharged

text: from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

text: springs

text: and

text: seeps

text: , and can form

text: oases

text: or

text: wetland

text: s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for

text: agricultural

text: municipal

text: , and

text: industrial

text: use by constructing and operating extraction

text: wells

text: . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

text: hydrogeology

text: , also called groundwater

text: hydrology

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of groundwater: springs and seeps?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated deposit

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the water table

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason groundwater is withdrawn for agricultural use?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: seeps

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unconsolidated deposit

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seeps

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: springs and seeps,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: springs and seeps,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: oases or wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seeps,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oases or wetlands.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wetlands.

text: Positive-displacement (PD) meters can measure both liquids and gases. Like turbine meters, PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive, and non-erosive liquids and gases, although some models will tolerate some impurities. Because of their high accuracy, PD meters are widely used at residences to measure the amount of gas or water used. Other applications include:  chemical injection, fuel measurement, precision test stands, high pressure, hydraulic testing, and similar precision applications.

text: Positive-displacement (PD) meters can measure both liquids and gases. Like turbine meters, PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive, and non-erosive liquids and gases, although some models will tolerate some impurities. Because of their high accuracy, PD meters are widely used at residences to measure the amount of gas or water used. Other applications include:  chemical injection, fuel measurement, precision test stands, high pressure, hydraulic testing, and similar precision applications.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of liquid: gas, water, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a non-corrosive liquid?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: non-corrosive

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: non-corrosive

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: isosceles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbine meters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: impurities

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: clean, non-corrosive

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: impurities

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are widely used at residences to measure the amount of water used

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydraulic testing

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbine meters,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: PD flow meters work best with clean, non-corrosive,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: clean, non-corrosive, and non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: non-erosive

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Positive-displacement

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Positive-displacement

text: A water bar or interceptor dyke is a road construction feature that is used to prevent erosion on sloping roads, cleared paths through woodland (for utility companies such as electricity pylons), or other accessways by reducing flow length.  It is a diagonal channel across the road that diverts surface water (that would otherwise flow down the whole length of the road) off the road and into a stable drain way.  By constructing a series of water bars at intervals along a road, the volume of water flowing down the road is reduced. Without water bars, flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation can occur.

text: A water bar or interceptor dyke is a road construction feature that is used to prevent

text: erosion

text: on sloping roads, cleared paths through woodland (for utility companies such as electricity pylons), or other accessways by reducing flow length.  It is a diagonal channel across the road that diverts surface water (that would otherwise flow down the whole length of the road) off the road and into a stable drain way.  By constructing a series of water bars at intervals along a road, the volume of water flowing down the road is reduced. Without water bars,

text: flood

text: ing,

text: washouts

text: , and accelerated road degradation can occur.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Without water bars, flooding

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of a water bar?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to construct a series of water bars?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water bars at intervals along a road

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a road

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not used to prevent erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dyke

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: accelerated road degradation can occur.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: flow length.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sloping roads,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A water bar

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooding, washouts,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water bar or interceptor dyke

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stable drain way.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flooding, washouts,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding, washouts, and accelerated road degradation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the whole length of the road)

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A water bar

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding, washouts,

text: After 349 days in orbit, Mariner 9 had transmitted 7,329 images, covering 85% of Mars' surface, whereas previous flyby missions had returned less than one thousand images covering only a small portion of the planetary surface. The images revealed river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes (such as Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Solar System; Mariner 9 led directly to its reclassification from Nix Olympica), canyons (including the Valles Marineris, a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of wind and water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more. Mars' small moons, Phobos and Deimos, were also photographed.

text: After 349 days in orbit, Mariner 9 had transmitted 7,329 images, covering 85% of Mars' surface, whereas previous flyby missions had returned less than one thousand images covering only a small portion of the planetary surface. The images revealed

text: river

text: beds,

text: crater

text: s, massive extinct

text: volcano

text: es (such as

text: Olympus Mons

text: , the largest known volcano in the

text: Solar System

text: ; Mariner 9 led directly to its reclassification from Nix Olympica),

text: canyon

text: s (including the

text: Valles Marineris

text: , a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of wind and water

text: erosion

text: and deposition, weather fronts,

text: fog

text: s, and more. Mars' small

text: moon

text: s,

text: Phobos

text: and

text: Deimos

text: , were also photographed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: evidence of wind and water erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What type of water can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long are the canyons?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found on Mars

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind and water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wind and water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: wind and water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: wind and water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind and water erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: craters,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: previous flyby missions had returned less than one thousand

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: The canyon formation is along the banks of the fast flowing Charyn River in a northern flow stretch of about  ( is also stated) which is a tributary of the Ile River; the river has a total length of . The river rises from the Tian Shan Mountains (meaning: "Heavenly Mountains",) that is spread over the arid semi-desert to the east of Almaty. In parts, it attains a depth of . The geological formation of the canyon is of sedimentary red sandstone  which have been subject to the "atmogenic process" (defined in Websters dictionary as "atmospheric origin by condensation, wind action, or deposition from volcanic vapors") of water and wind erosion resulting in "weird and colourful formations" in the form of sculptures.

text: The canyon formation is along the banks of the fast flowing Charyn River in a northern flow stretch of about  ( is also stated) which is a tributary of the

text: Ile River

text: ; the river has a total length of . The river rises from the

text: Tian Shan Mountains

text: (meaning: "Heavenly Mountains",) that is spread over the arid semi-desert to the east of Almaty. In parts, it attains a depth of . The geological formation of the canyon is of sedimentary red sandstone  which have been subject to the "atmogenic process" (defined in Websters dictionary as "atmospheric origin by condensation, wind action, or deposition from volcanic vapors") of water and wind erosion resulting in "weird and colourful formations" in the form of sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: water and wind erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Charyn River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Charyn River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: fast flowing, Charyn or slow flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "atmogenic process"

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fast flowing Charyn River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: "atmogenic process"

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentary red sandstone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fast flowing Charyn River

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fast flowing Charyn River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: arid semi-desert

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sedimentary red sandstone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: "atmogenic process"

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyon formation is along the banks of the fast flowing Charyn River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "atmogenic process"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary red sandstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon formation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "atmogenic process"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water and wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ( is also stated) which is a tributary

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sculptures.

text: The River Enrick passes Corrimony, before flowing down Glenurquhart to Loch Ness. The river flows over Corrimony Falls, a waterfall to the south of the settlement.

text: The River Enrick passes Corrimony, before flowing down Glenurquhart to

text: Loch Ness

text: . The river flows over

text: Corrimony Falls

text: , a waterfall to the south of the settlement.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the River Enrick?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the River Enrick pass Corrimony?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the River Enrick?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Glenurquhart

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Corrimony Falls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Loch Ness

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the River Enrick

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a waterfall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Corrimony Falls is not a waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Loch Ness.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Loch Ness.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The River Enrick passes Corrimony,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The River Enrick passes Corrimony,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Glenurquhart to Loch Ness.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Glenurquhart to Loch Ness.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The River Enrick passes Corrimony,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Glenurquhart to Loch Ness.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The River Enrick

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Corrimony Falls,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The River Enrick passes Corrimony,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Corrimony Falls,

text: Used in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow of heat in a solid (heat conduction). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the Laplace equation, which is a form of potential flow and has analogs in numerous fields.

text: Used in

text: hydrogeology

text: , the groundwater flow equation is the

text: mathematical

text: relationship which is used to describe the flow of

text: groundwater

text: through an

text: aquifer

text: . The

text: transient

text: flow of groundwater is described by a form of the

text: diffusion equation

text: , similar to that used in

text: heat transfer

text: to describe the flow of heat in a solid (

text: heat conduction

text: ). The steady-state flow of groundwater is described by a form of the

text: Laplace equation

text: , which is a form of

text: potential flow

text: and has analogs in numerous fields.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the Laplace equation?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a form of potential flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the Laplace equation used for?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: steady-state flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the Laplace equation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Laplace equation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Laplace equation is a form of potential flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flow of groundwater through an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Laplace equation,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flow of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The steady-state flow of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Used in hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Used in hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Used in hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Used in hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: (heat conduction).

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: diffusion equation,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow of groundwater through an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow of groundwater through an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater through an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flow of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer.

text: The above reaction is very important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves, and for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves.  As water containing carbon dioxide (including extra CO acquired from soil organisms) passes through limestone or other calcium carbonate-containing minerals, it dissolves part of the calcium carbonate,  hence becomes richer in bicarbonate.  As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.

text: The above reaction is very important to the formation of

text: stalactites

text: stalagmite

text: s, columns, and other

text: speleothems

text: within

text: caves

text: , and for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves.  As water containing carbon dioxide (including extra CO acquired from soil organisms) passes through limestone or other calcium carbonate-containing minerals, it dissolves part of the calcium carbonate,  hence becomes richer in bicarbonate.  As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothems?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: limestone or other calcium carbonate-containing minerals?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: speleothems

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil organisms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the above reaction is very important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: carbon dioxide (including extra CO acquired from soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: carbon dioxide (including extra CO acquired from soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soluble calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: carbon dioxide (including extra CO acquired from soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: speleothems

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil organisms)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stalactites,

text: There have been many different theories about the formation of Valles Marineris that have changed over the years.  Ideas in the 1970s were erosion by water or thermokarst activity, which is the melting of permafrost in glacial climes. Thermokarst activity may contribute, but erosion by water is a problematic mechanism because liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions, which typically experience about 1% of Earth’s atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of  to . Many scientists agree that there was liquid water flowing on the Martian surface in the past. Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water at this time. Another hypothesis by McCauley in 1972 was that the canyons formed by withdrawal of subsurface magma. Around 1989 Tanaka and Golombek proposed a theory of formation by tensional fracturing. The most agreed upon theory today is that Valles Marineris was formed by rift faults like the East African Rift, later made bigger by erosion and collapsing of the rift walls. It has also been proposed that Valles Marineris was formed by flowing lava.

text: There have been many different theories about the formation of Valles Marineris that have changed over the years.  Ideas in the 1970s were erosion by

text: water

text: or

text: thermokarst

text: activity, which is the melting of

text: permafrost

text: in glacial climes. Thermokarst activity may contribute, but erosion by water is a problematic mechanism because liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions, which typically experience about 1% of Earth’s atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of  to . Many scientists agree that there was

text: liquid water

text: flowing on the Martian surface in the past. Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water at this time. Another hypothesis by McCauley in 1972 was that the canyons formed by withdrawal of subsurface magma. Around 1989 Tanaka and Golombek proposed a theory of formation by tensional fracturing. The most agreed upon theory today is that Valles Marineris was formed by rift faults like the

text: East African Rift

text: , later made bigger by erosion and collapsing of the rift walls. It has also been proposed that Valles Marineris was formed by flowing lava.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flowing water: liquid water, lava, or rift faults?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a theory: erosion by water or thermokarst activity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Thermokarst activity may contribute

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is erosion by water a problematic mechanism?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a theory: erosion by water or thermokarst activity?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Valles Marineris?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Valles Marineris

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Valles Marineris

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and magma

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapsing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressure and temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the Martian surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rift faults

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion by water is a problematic mechanism

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion by water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rift faults like the East African Rift,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion by water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Valles Marineris may have been enlarged by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion by water or thermokarst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion by water or thermokarst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion by water or thermokarst activity,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water or thermokarst activity,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapsing of the rift walls.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: liquid water cannot exist in most current Martian surface conditions,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: subsurface magma.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: A losing stream, disappearing stream or influent stream, is a stream or river that loses water  as it flows downstream. The water infiltrates into the ground recharging the local groundwater, because the water table is below the bottom of the stream channel. This is the opposite of a more common gaining  stream (or effluent stream) which increases in water volume farther down stream as it gains water from the local aquifer.

text: A losing stream, disappearing stream or influent stream, is a

text: stream

text: or

text: river

text: that loses water  as it flows downstream. The water

text: infiltrates

text: into the ground recharging the local

text: groundwater

text: , because the

text: water table

text: is below the bottom of the stream channel. This is the opposite of a more common gaining  stream (or effluent stream) which increases in water volume farther down stream as it gains water from the local

text: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of a losing stream?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: losing stream, disappearing stream or influent stream?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the opposite of a gaining stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is the water table below the bottom of the stream channel?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the opposite of a more common gaining stream?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a gaining stream

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local aquifer

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a losing stream

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The water infiltrates into the ground

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the water table is below the bottom of the stream channel.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: losing stream,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: losing stream,

text: The Palo Alto Flood Basin was constructed in 1956 in order to prevent a repeat of the floods of 1955, when a high tide prevented the escape of heavy runoff from Matadero, Adobe, and Barron Creeks into the San Francisco Bay. The trapped runoff waters overflowed upstream creek banks and caused severe flooding in Palo Alto. In order to control the flow of water into the flood basin, a tidegate was placed at the confluence of Adobe Creek, Matadero Creek, and the San Francisco Bay, so that the flood basin could be maintained at approximately 2 feet below sea level, creating room to absorb floodwaters. The tidegate consists of several weirs and one operator-controlled sluice gate that enables tidal flows into the basin in order to improve water quality and for mosquito control. Three agencies oversee the tidegates: Santa Clara Valley Water District, City of Palo Alto, and Santa Clara County Vector Control. Because the trash grate and weirs separate the mouth of the flood basin from the San Francisco Bay estuary, large fish cannot swim freely between the Bay and the basin, unless the sluice gate is open. In addition, the tidegates are set to reduce tidal inflows into the basin, so that the basin is mostly freshwater. After a rainstorm the tidegate is kept closed, however this is precisely when steelhead trout in-migrations should occur. In 2002 a small opening was cut in the trash grate on the tidal gate to permit fish passage but local fisherman in the Flood Basin no longer report catching steelhead trout in recent years.

text: The Palo Alto Flood Basin was constructed in 1956 in order to prevent a repeat of the floods of 1955, when a high tide prevented the escape of heavy runoff from Matadero, Adobe, and Barron Creeks into the San Francisco Bay. The trapped runoff waters overflowed upstream creek banks and caused severe flooding in Palo Alto. In order to control the flow of water into the flood basin, a tidegate was placed at the confluence of Adobe Creek, Matadero Creek, and the San Francisco Bay, so that the flood basin could be maintained at approximately 2 feet below sea level, creating room to absorb floodwaters. The tidegate consists of several

text: weir

text: s and one operator-controlled

text: sluice

text: gate that enables tidal flows into the basin in order to improve water quality and for mosquito control. Three agencies oversee the tidegates:

text: Santa Clara Valley Water District

text: City of Palo Alto

text: , and Santa Clara County Vector Control. Because the trash grate and weirs separate the mouth of the flood basin from the San Francisco Bay estuary, large fish cannot swim freely between the Bay and the basin, unless the sluice gate is open. In addition, the tidegates are set to reduce tidal inflows into the basin, so that the basin is mostly freshwater. After a rainstorm the tidegate is kept closed, however this is precisely when steelhead trout in-migrations should occur. In 2002 a small opening was cut in the trash grate on the tidal gate to permit fish passage but local fisherman in the Flood Basin no longer report catching steelhead trout in recent years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a creek: Adobe Creek, Matadero Creek, or Barron Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: how many feet below sea level

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or slow flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many agencies oversee the tidegates?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do local fisherman no longer report catching steelhead trout in recent years?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused the trapped runoff waters to overflood upstream creek banks?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the flood basin could be maintained at approximately 2 feet below sea level

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: creek banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: upstream creek banks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: the flood basin

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Palo Alto Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: freshwater.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: large fish cannot swim freely between the Bay and the basin,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Bay estuary,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 2 feet below sea level,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trash grate

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Flood Basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff from Matadero, Adobe, and Barron Creeks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high tide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: freshwater.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: large fish

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: San Francisco Bay estuary,

text: Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

text: Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.  The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion.  This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a way to form layers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: Volcanoes, wind, or water?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: It may occur instead of layers forming under lakes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by erosion: Volcanoes, wind, or water?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can form layers

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: layers may be formed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can form layers

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater rising up

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater rising up

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hardned layers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cementing

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Layers may be formed by groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Layers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: layers forming under lakes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Volcanoes, wind,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The hardned layers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layers

text: Flowing water appears to have been common on the surface of Mars at various points in its history, and especially on ancient Mars. Many of these flows carved the surface, forming valley networks and producing sediment. This sediment has been redeposited in a wide variety of wet environments, including in alluvial fans, meandering channels, deltas, lakes, and perhaps even oceans. The processes of deposition and transportation are associated with gravity. Due to gravity, related differences in water fluxes and flow speeds, inferred from grain size distributions, Martian landscapes were created by different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, there are other ways of estimating the amount of water on ancient Mars (see: Water on Mars). Groundwater has been implicated in the cementation of aeolian sediments and the formation and transport of a wide variety of sedimentary minerals including clays, sulphates and hematite.

text: Flowing water appears to have been common on the surface of Mars at various points in its history, and especially on ancient Mars. Many of these flows carved the surface, forming

text: valley networks

text: and producing sediment. This sediment has been redeposited in a wide variety of wet environments, including in

text: alluvial fans

text: , meandering channels,

text: deltas

text: lake

text: s, and perhaps even oceans. The processes of deposition and transportation are associated with gravity. Due to gravity, related differences in water fluxes and flow speeds, inferred from grain size distributions, Martian landscapes were created by different environmental conditions. Nevertheless, there are other ways of estimating the amount of water on ancient Mars (see:

text: Water on Mars

text: ). Groundwater has been implicated in the cementation of

text: aeolian

text: sediments and the formation and transport of a wide variety of sedimentary minerals including clays, sulphates and

text: hematite

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: meandering channels, deltas, lakes or oceans?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: grain size distributions

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clays and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: meandering channels, deltas, lakes, or oceans?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: meandering channels, deltas, lakes, or oceans?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of wet environment: floodplains, deltas, lakes, or oceans?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: clays, sulphates or hematite?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: different environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: groundwater has been implicated in the cementation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: forming valley networks and producing sediment.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flow speeds,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clays, sulphates and hematite.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: meandering channels,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fans,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: different environmental conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley networks

text: The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders relative to the modern landscape has been used to identify the highest level of water in proglacial lakes (e.g., Lake Musselshell in central Montana) and temporary lakes (e.g., Lake Lewis in Washington state. Ice-rafted debris is deposited when the iceberg strands on the shore and subsequently melts, or drops out of the ice floe as it melts. Hence all erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake; however the measured altitude of ice-rafted debris can be used to estimate the lake surface elevation.

text: The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders relative to the modern landscape has been used to identify the highest level of water in proglacial lakes (e.g.,

text: Lake Musselshell

text: in central

text: Montana

text: ) and temporary lakes (e.g.,

text: Lake Lewis

text: in

text: Washington

text: state. Ice-rafted debris is deposited when the iceberg strands on the shore and subsequently melts, or drops out of the ice floe as it melts. Hence all erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake; however the measured altitude of ice-rafted debris can be used to estimate the lake surface elevation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the lowest level of water in proglacial lakes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: proglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: proglacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shore

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: proglacial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: proglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: proglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high water level of the lake

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erratic deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: all erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: proglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Ice-rafted debris is deposited

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: drops out of the ice floe

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposited below the actual high water level of the lake;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Ice-rafted debris is deposited

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erratic deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: proglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Ice-rafted debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ice-rafted boulders

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erratic deposits

text: Dynamic steady states of sediment erosion and deposition work to sustain alluvial channel morphology, as river reaches import and export fine and coarse sediments at approximately equal rates. At the apex of meander curves, high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools. The mobilized sediment is then deposited at the point bar directly across the channel or downstream. Flows of high magnitude and duration can be seen as important thresholds that drive channelbed mobility. Channel aggradation or degradation indicate sediment budget imbalances.

text: Dynamic steady states of sediment erosion and deposition work to sustain alluvial channel morphology, as river reaches import and export fine and coarse sediments at approximately equal rates. At the apex of meander curves, high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools. The mobilized sediment is then deposited at the point bar directly across the channel or downstream. Flows of high magnitude and duration can be seen as important thresholds that drive channelbed mobility. Channel

text: aggradation

text: or

text: degradation

text: indicate sediment budget imbalances.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of coarse sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine and coarse

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of alluvial channel morphology?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial channel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high velocity flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment budget imbalances

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: at a high velocity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment budget imbalances indicate sediment budget imbalances

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high velocity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine and coarse

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fine and coarse sediments at approximately equal rates.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: high velocity flows

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: high velocity flows

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: high velocity flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: fine and coarse sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pools.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pools.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pools.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pools.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pools.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high velocity flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flows of high magnitude and duration

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high velocity flows scour out sediment and form pools.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine and coarse

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: equal rates.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pools.

text: There are at least 120 named waterfalls in Montana.A waterfall is a place where flowing water rapidly drops in elevation as it flows over a steep region or a cliff. Waterfalls are most commonly formed when a river is young.

text: There are at least 120 named waterfalls in

text: Montana

text: .A

text: waterfall

text: is a place where flowing water rapidly drops in elevation as it flows over a steep region or a cliff. Waterfalls are most commonly formed when a river is young.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following statements about waterfalls is TRUE?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to grow crops in floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cliff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cliff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a river's age

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a steep region

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Waterfalls are most commonly formed when a river is young

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rapidly drops in elevation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 120 named waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Montana.A waterfall is a place where flowing water rapidly drops in elevation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Waterfalls are most commonly formed when a river is young.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cliff.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep region or a cliff.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: when a river is young.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 120 named waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: Some areas of Mars show inverted relief, where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now instead above the surface.  These may have been formed when materials, like large rocks, were deposited in low-lying areas, then left behind after erosion (perhaps wind which can not move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers.  Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water.  On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces.  Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.  There are many examples of inverted channels near Juventae Chasma; some are shown in the image of Juventae Chasma below.

text: Some areas of Mars show

text: inverted relief

text: , where features that were once depressions, like streams, are now instead above the surface.  These may have been formed when materials, like large rocks, were deposited in low-lying areas, then left behind after erosion (perhaps wind which can not move large rocks) removed much of the surface layers.  Other ways of making inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water.  On Earth, materials cemented by silica are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces.  Inverted relief in the shape of streams are further evidence of water flowing on the Martian surface in past times.  There are many examples of inverted channels near Juventae Chasma; some are shown in the image of Juventae Chasma below.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why might water flowing down a stream bed or materials being cemented by minerals dissolved in water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a way of making inverted relief?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: slow-flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: relief

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Inverted relief?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: materials cemented by silica

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inverted relief

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: materials being cemented

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large rocks,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large rocks,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: minerals dissolved in water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: wind which can not move large rocks)

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: large rocks,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: materials, like large rocks, were deposited in low-lying areas,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inverted channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: inverted relief,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind which can not move large rocks)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flowing down a stream bed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large rocks,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: highly resistant to all kinds of erosional forces.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inverted relief,

text: There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle and the rate that the particle separates from a heterogeneous mixture, when the only force applied is that of gravity. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture. By applying a larger effective gravitational force to the mixture, like a centrifuge does, the separation of the particles is accelerated. This is ideal in industrial and lab settings because particles that would naturally separate over a long period of time can be separated in much less time.

text: There is a correlation between the size and

text: density

text: of a particle and the rate that the particle separates from a heterogeneous mixture, when the only force applied is that of gravity. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture. By applying a larger effective gravitational force to the mixture, like a centrifuge does, the separation of the particles is accelerated. This is ideal in industrial and lab settings because particles that would naturally separate over a long period of time can be separated in much less time.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an ideal setting for a centrifuge?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: faster they separate from the mixture

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: long periods of time

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: the largest sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: density of the particles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large the size and the larger the density

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The larger the size and larger the density of the particles, the faster they separate from the mixture

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: long period of time

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: long period of time

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: There

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mixture,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: centrifuge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: centrifuge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mixture,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mixture,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gravity. The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mixture,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a long period of time

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mixture,

text: The volcanic activity took place in several phases. In the first phase, uplift and extension of the Precambrian basement occurred in the central area. The first structure to be formed was probably Tarso Abeki, followed by Tarso Tamertiou, Tarso Tieroko, Tarso Yega, Tarso Toon, and Ehi Yéy. The product of this early volcanic activity has been completely obscured by later eruptions. In the second phase, the volcanic activity moved north and east, forming Tarso Ourari and the ignimbrite bases of the vast tarsos, as well as Emi Koussi to the southeast. Thereafter, during the third phase, the outpouring of lava and ejecta deposits increased from Tarso Yega, Tarso Toon, Tarso Tieroko and Ehi Yéy; the collapse of these structures formed the first calderas. This phase also saw the formation of the Bounaï lava dome and Tarson Voon. To the east, the lava flows formed the large plateaus of Tarso Emi Chi, Tarso Ahon and Tarso Toon. Emi Koussi increased in height. The fourth phase saw the formation of Tarso Toussidé and the lava flows of Tarso Tôh in the west, the collapse of the caldera on the summit of Tarso Voon and associated ejecta deposits in the center, and the decline in lava production in the east, with the exception of Emi Koussi, which continued to rise. The end of this phase coincided with the beginning of the Holocene. The Yirrigué volcano emitted pyroclastic ignimbrite up to  in all directions, filling in valleys. In the fifth phase, volcanic activity became much more localized and lava production continued to wane. Calderas form on top of Tarso Toussidé and Emi Koussi, and the lava domes Ehi Sosso and Ehi Mousgou appeared. Finally, in the sixth phase, Pic Toussidé formed on the western rim of several pre-Trou au Natron calderas, along with new lava flows, including Timi on the northern slope of Tarso Toussidé. With scarce time for erosion, these lava flows have a dark, youthful appearance. The Trou au Natron and Doon Kidimi craters have formed even more recently, with the former dissecting the earlier Toussidé calderas. Lava flows, minor pyroclastic deposits, and the appearance of small cinder cones, and the formation of the Era Kohor crater are the most recent volcanic activities on Emi Koussi. Presently, there are reports of volcanic activity in various parts of the massif, including hot springs at the Soborom geothermal field and fumaroles on Tarso Voon, Yi Yerra near Emi Koussi and Pic Toussidé. Deposits of sodium carbonate in the Trou au Natron and Era Kohor craters reflect recent events, as does the formation of volcanic centers on the floor of Trou au Natron.

text: The volcanic activity took place in several phases. In the first phase, uplift and extension of the Precambrian

text: basement

text: occurred in the central area. The first structure to be formed was probably Tarso Abeki, followed by Tarso Tamertiou, Tarso Tieroko, Tarso Yega, Tarso Toon, and Ehi Yéy. The product of this early volcanic activity has been completely obscured by later eruptions. In the second phase, the volcanic activity moved north and east, forming Tarso Ourari and the ignimbrite bases of the vast tarsos, as well as Emi Koussi to the southeast. Thereafter, during the third phase, the outpouring of lava and ejecta deposits increased from Tarso Yega, Tarso Toon, Tarso Tieroko and Ehi Yéy; the collapse of these structures formed the first calderas. This phase also saw the formation of the Bounaï

text: lava dome

text: and Tarson Voon. To the east, the lava flows formed the large plateaus of Tarso Emi Chi, Tarso Ahon and Tarso Toon. Emi Koussi increased in height. The fourth phase saw the formation of Tarso Toussidé and the lava flows of Tarso Tôh in the west, the collapse of the caldera on the summit of Tarso Voon and associated ejecta deposits in the center, and the decline in lava production in the east, with the exception of Emi Koussi, which continued to rise. The end of this phase coincided with the beginning of the Holocene. The Yirrigué volcano emitted

text: pyroclastic

text: ignimbrite up to  in all directions, filling in valleys. In the fifth phase, volcanic activity became much more localized and lava production continued to wane. Calderas form on top of Tarso Toussidé and Emi Koussi, and the lava domes Ehi Sosso and Ehi Mousgou appeared. Finally, in the sixth phase, Pic Toussidé formed on the western rim of several pre-Trou au Natron calderas, along with new lava flows, including Timi on the northern slope of Tarso Toussidé. With scarce time for erosion, these lava flows have a dark, youthful appearance. The Trou au Natron and Doon Kidimi craters have formed even more recently, with the former dissecting the earlier Toussidé calderas. Lava flows, minor pyroclastic deposits, and the appearance of small

text: cinder cone

text: s, and the formation of the Era Kohor crater are the most recent volcanic activities on Emi Koussi. Presently, there are reports of volcanic activity in various parts of the massif, including hot springs at the Soborom geothermal field and fumaroles on Tarso Voon, Yi Yerra near Emi Koussi and Pic Toussidé. Deposits of

text: sodium carbonate

text: in the Trou au Natron and Era Kohor craters reflect recent events, as does the formation of volcanic centers on the floor of Trou au Natron.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tarso Abeki

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Tarso Emi Chi

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large plateaus

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Tarson Voon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ejecta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: caldera

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Tarson Voon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Tarson Voon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Tarso Abeki

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eruptions

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tarson Voon

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ejecta deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The product of this early volcanic activity has been completely obscured by later eruptions

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tarso Tôh

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ho

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Tarso Tôh

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Holocene.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava production continued to wane.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tarso Tôh

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Ho

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tarso Toussidé

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Ho

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Tarso Toussidé

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valleys.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ejecta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Emi Koussi,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: calderas.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ejecta deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Tarso Voon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: formation of Tarso Toussidé

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: valleys.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ejecta deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Calderas

text: This experiment contained two sealed pressure zones, extending along the interior walls of the satellite, which were designed to record the impact of micrometeorites large enough to pierce the satellite shell. These pressure zones were partial vacuums, each at a different pressure, and were protected by 0.66 mm magnesium walls that presented an exposed surface area of 0.162 m², which was 20% of the area of the shell. A puncture in the walls of either zone was detected by a differential pressure gauge mounted between them, and telemetered as a change in the length of one of the telemetry channels. Erosion of the satellite shell through bombardment by space dust, micrometeorites, and other particles was recorded by three chromium-strip erosion gauges mounted on the satellite surface, and by a photosensitive detector. Electrical resistances of the gauges changed as their surfaces were changed by erosion. The photosensitive detector, a cadmium sulfide cell protected by an opaque covering of aluminized PET film, also showed a resistance change as the covering was eroded or penetrated. Erosion measurements also were telemetered as channel lengths, which permitted estimates of the erosion rates. Four barium titanate-type microphones recorded micrometeorite impacts on the satellite's surface. The microphone output was amplified, shaped, and fed into a magnetic counter unit, which provided continuously, in three-decimal digits, the cumulative count of impacts. The unit counted up to 1000 and then reset to zero. The satellite recorded 6600 micrometeorite impacts during 66 days of operation, of which 2800 occurred during a 70-h interval from November 16 to 18, 1959. No penetrations or fractures were recorded in the sensors of the surface penetration experiment. Because the erosion sensors were not disrupted, no definite results could be drawn from that experiment.

text: This experiment contained two sealed pressure zones, extending along the interior walls of the satellite, which were designed to record the impact of

text: micrometeorite

text: s large enough to pierce the satellite shell. These pressure zones were partial vacuums, each at a different pressure, and were protected by 0.66 mm

text: magnesium

text: walls that presented an exposed surface area of 0.162 m², which was 20% of the area of the shell. A puncture in the walls of either zone was detected by a differential pressure gauge mounted between them, and telemetered as a change in the length of one of the telemetry channels. Erosion of the satellite shell through bombardment by

text: space dust

text: , micrometeorites, and other particles was recorded by three

text: chromium

text: -strip erosion gauges mounted on the satellite surface, and by a photosensitive detector. Electrical resistances of the gauges changed as their surfaces were changed by erosion. The photosensitive detector, a

text: cadmium sulfide

text: cell protected by an opaque covering of

text: aluminized PET film

text: , also showed a resistance change as the covering was eroded or penetrated. Erosion measurements also were telemetered as channel lengths, which permitted estimates of the erosion rates. Four

text: barium titanate

text: -type

text: microphone

text: s recorded micrometeorite impacts on the satellite's surface. The microphone output was amplified, shaped, and fed into a magnetic counter unit, which provided continuously, in three-decimal digits, the cumulative count of impacts. The unit counted up to 1000 and then reset to zero. The satellite recorded 6600 micrometeorite impacts during 66 days of operation, of which 2800 occurred during a 70-h interval from November 16 to 18, 1959. No penetrations or fractures were recorded in the sensors of the surface penetration experiment. Because the erosion sensors were not disrupted, no definite results could be drawn from that experiment.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the size of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do clay and silt get carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: micrometeorites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Micrometeorites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: electrical resistances of the gauges

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: space dust

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no definite results could be drawn from that experiment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: channel lengths,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: channel lengths,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: channel lengths,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 6600

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 6600

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: No penetrations or fractures

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion measurements also were telemetered as channel lengths,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 2800

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: resistance change as the covering was eroded or penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: micrometeorite impacts

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: resistance change

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: covering was eroded or penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: micrometeorite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: covering was eroded or penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: resistance change as the covering was eroded or penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: channel lengths,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: space dust, micrometeorites, and other particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: channel lengths, which permitted estimates of the erosion rates.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: micrometeorite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: eroded or penetrated.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: channel lengths,

text: Particle size, also called grain size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks.  The term may also be applied to other granular materials. This is different from the crystallite size, which refers to the size of a single crystal inside a particle or grain. A single grain can be composed of several crystals. Granular material can range from very small colloidal particles, through clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles, to boulders.

text: Particle size, also called grain size, refers to the

text: diameter

text: of individual grains of

text: sediment

text: , or the

text: lithified

text: particles in

text: clastic rock

text: s.  The term may also be applied to other

text: granular material

text: s. This is different from the

text: crystallite

text: size, which refers to the size of a single

text: crystal

text: inside a particle or grain. A single grain can be composed of several

text: crystal

text: s.

text: Granular material

text: can range from very small

text: colloidal particles

text: , through

text: clay

text: silt

text: sand

text: gravel

text: , and

text: cobbles

text: , to

text: boulder

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, gravel, and cobbles?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a granular material: clay, silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the difference between particle size and crystallite size?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cobbles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: granular material

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A single grain can be composed of several crystals.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cobbles

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Granular material can range from very small colloidal particles,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: boulders.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Particle size,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay, silt,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A single grain can be composed of several crystals.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rocks.

text: The particle size distribution of a soil sample may indicate the conditions under which the strata or sediment were deposited. Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving (coarse samples such as till, gravel and sands, sometimes coarser silts) or by measuring the changes of the density of a dispersed solution (in sodiumpyrophosphate, for example))of the sample (finer silts, clays). A rotating clock-glass with a very fine-grained dispersed sample under a heat lamp is useful in separating particles.

text: The particle size distribution of a soil sample may indicate the conditions under which the

text: strata

text: or

text: sediment

text: were deposited. Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving (coarse samples such as

text: till

text: gravel

text: and

text: sand

text: s, sometimes coarser

text: silt

text: s) or by measuring the changes of the density of a dispersed solution (in sodiumpyrophosphate, for example))of the sample (finer silts,

text: clay

text: s). A rotating clock-glass with a very fine-grained dispersed sample under a heat lamp is useful in separating particles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What may indicate the conditions under which the strata or sediment were deposited?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a dispersed solution?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Till

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sands

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under a heat lamp

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: till

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not used in medicine

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: conditions under which the strata or sediment were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: dispersed solution

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: very fine-grained dispersed sample under a heat lamp

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Particle sizes are generally separated by means of dry or wet sieving

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The particle size distribution of a soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a very fine-grained dispersed sample under a heat lamp

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: clock-glass

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: coarser silts)

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: conditions under which the strata or sediment were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rotating clock-glass

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarser silts)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The particle size distribution of a soil

text: Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect if water came out of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah. However, the idea that aquifers formed the gullies does not explain the ones found on isolated peaks, like knobs and the central peaks of craters. Also, a type of gully seems to be present on sand dunes. Aquifers need a wide collecting area which is not present on sand dunes or on isolated slopes. Even though most of the original gullies that were seen seemed to come from the same layer in the slope, some exceptions to this pattern have been found. Examples of gullies coming from different levels is shown below in the image of Lohse Crater and the image of gullies in Ross Crater.

text: Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect if water came out of an

text: aquifer

text: . Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin. One variation of this model is that rising hot

text: magma

text: could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in

text: Zion National Park

text: Utah

text: . However, the idea that aquifers formed the gullies does not explain the ones found on isolated peaks, like knobs and the central peaks of craters. Also, a type of gully seems to be present on sand dunes. Aquifers need a wide collecting area which is not present on sand dunes or on isolated slopes. Even though most of the original gullies that were seen seemed to come from the same layer in the slope, some exceptions to this pattern have been found. Examples of gullies coming from different levels is shown below in the image of Lohse Crater and the image of gullies in Ross Crater.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully: sand dunes, craters, or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: aquifers need a wide collecting area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a crater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not present on sand dunes or on isolated slopes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: aquifers formed the gullies

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Aquifers need a wide collecting area

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Aquifers need a wide collecting area

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: aquifers formed the gullies

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: aquifers formed the gullies

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Aquifers need a wide collecting area

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "Weeping Rock"

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: gullies.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: crater wall.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: crater wall.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: aquifers formed the gullies

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: aquifers formed the gullies

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies.

text: In areas of heavy water flow along a trail, a ditch is often dug on the uphill side of the trail with drainage points across the trail. The cross-drainage is also accomplished by means of culverts, which are cleared on a semi-annual basis, or by means of cross-channels, often created by placing logs or timbers across the trail in a downhill direction, called "thank-you-marms", "deadmen", or waterbars.  Timbers or rocks are also used for this purpose to creates erosion barriers. Rock paving in the bottom of these channels and in the trailside ditches are also sometimes used o maintain stability. The creation of water bars, with or without ditching, at major points of water flow on or along the trail, and in conjunction with existing drainage channels below the trail is also a technique that is applied Another important technique that is adopted is the construction coweeta dips, or drain dips, points on the trail where it falls briefly (for a meter or so) and then rises again. These provide positive drainage points that are almost never clogged by debris.

text: In areas of heavy water flow along a trail, a ditch is often dug on the uphill side of the trail with drainage points across the trail. The cross-drainage is also accomplished by means of

text: culvert

text: s, which are cleared on a semi-annual basis, or by means of cross-channels, often created by placing logs or timbers across the trail in a downhill direction, called "thank-you-marms", "deadmen", or

text: waterbar

text: s.  Timbers or rocks are also used for this purpose to creates

text: erosion

text: barriers. Rock paving in the bottom of these channels and in the trailside ditches are also sometimes used o maintain stability. The creation of water bars, with or without ditching, at major points of water flow on or along the trail, and in conjunction with existing drainage channels below the trail is also a technique that is applied Another important technique that is adopted is the construction coweeta dips, or drain dips, points on the trail where it falls briefly (for a meter or so) and then rises again. These provide positive drainage points that are almost never clogged by debris.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cross-channels?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a technique that is adopted?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a technique that is adopted: construction coweeta dips?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ditch

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: drainage channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: coweeta dips

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion barriers

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deadmen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cross-channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: timbers or rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Rock paving

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: culverts

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downhill

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are almost never clogged by debris

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cross-channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rock paving

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In areas of heavy water flow along a trail,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coweeta dips,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drainage points

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: coweeta dips,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: coweeta dips,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion barriers.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy water flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: falls briefly (for a meter or so) and then rises

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: almost never clogged by debris.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion barriers.

text: Hundested is situated at the tip of the Halsnæs peninsula which projects west from the northwestern corner of North Zealand, forming the west side of the entrance to Issefjord. The south coast of the peninsula is fronted by two cliffs which at Store Karlsminde Klint rises to 33 metres. It is located opposite the northern tip of Horns Herred, defining Kulhuse Rende, the one kilometer long entrance to Roskilde Fjord. To the west of Store Karlsminde Klint is the lower Skuldslev Klint which continues for about 1 kilometer to Kynæs Harbour. in the southern part of Hundested. The cliffs have formerly been subject to continuous erosion but is now sheltered by the harbor. The erosion has resulted in a shallow-watered area with water depths of only about one metre. To the east of Store Karlsminde Klint is a low area with coastal meadows, Sølager, which further inland gives way to forested slopes.

text: Hundested is situated at the tip of the Halsnæs peninsula which projects west from the northwestern corner of

text: North Zealand

text: , forming the west side of the entrance to

text: Issefjord

text: . The south coast of the peninsula is fronted by two cliffs which at Store Karlsminde Klint rises to 33 metres. It is located opposite the northern tip of

text: Horns Herred

text: , defining Kulhuse Rende, the one kilometer long entrance to

text: Roskilde Fjord

text: . To the west of Store Karlsminde Klint is the lower Skuldslev Klint which continues for about 1 kilometer to Kynæs Harbour. in the southern part of Hundested. The cliffs have formerly been subject to continuous erosion but is now sheltered by the harbor. The erosion has resulted in a shallow-watered area with water depths of only about one metre. To the east of Store Karlsminde Klint is a low area with coastal meadows, Sølager, which further inland gives way to forested slopes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why the cliffs have formerly been subject to continuous erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sediments, sediments, sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the reason for the shallow-watered area?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the reason for the shallow-watered area?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the shallow-watered area?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal meadows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Store Karlsminde Klint

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: coastal meadow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Klint

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Issefjord

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Roskilde Fjord

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cliffs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the result of the shallow-watered area?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water depths

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: S lager

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cliffs have formerly been subject to continuous erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shallow-watered area

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The cliffs have formerly been subject to continuous erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water depths of only about one metre.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: coastal meadows,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Skuldslev Klint

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal meadows,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Skuldslev Klint

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Issefjord.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Roskilde Fjord.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the harbor.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: shallow-watered

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coastal meadows,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 33 metres.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shallow-watered

text: A post-earthquake survey of the land was undertaken by seismologists N. N. Ambraseys and C. P. Melville, but it was not completed until the mid 1970s. At that time,  of surface breaks with right-lateral offsets between  were located between the villages of Shurgil and Kuhneh Shahr. Substantial vertical movement of the west-northwest trending fault was also seen, with even greater maximum displacements of , but the average vertical slip was about  throughout the extent of the observed surface faulting. They estimated that about  of visible fault breaks were present immediately following the shocks, but by the time they had completed their survey 45 years later about half of the surface features had succumbed to erosion. Other effects included disturbed stream and spring flow, water table fluctuations, and landslides.

text: A post-earthquake survey of the land was undertaken by seismologists

text: N. N. Ambraseys

text: and C. P. Melville, but it was not completed until the mid 1970s. At that time,  of surface breaks with right-lateral offsets between  were located between the villages of Shurgil and Kuhneh Shahr. Substantial vertical movement of the west-northwest trending fault was also seen, with even greater maximum displacements of , but the average vertical slip was about  throughout the extent of the observed surface faulting. They estimated that about  of visible fault breaks were present immediately following the shocks, but by the time they had completed their survey 45 years later about half of the surface features had succumbed to

text: erosion

text: . Other effects included disturbed stream and

text: spring

text: flow,

text: water table

text: fluctuations, and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: stream or spring flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: spring flow, water table fluctuations, or landslides?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop: crops, streams, or landslides?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: right-lateral

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: spring flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface breaks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface breaks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water table fluctuations

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on a fault

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they were not completed until the mid 1970s

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface faulting

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow, water table fluctuations, and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: water table fluctuations,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water table fluctuations, and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream and spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface breaks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow, water table fluctuations, and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: disturbed stream and spring flow, water table fluctuations, and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spring flow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: half of the surface features had succumbed to erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslides.

text: Klevevž is known for the ruins of Klevevž Castle with the remains of the castle park, the hypothermal spring Klevevž Spa (''Klevevške toplice''), also suitable for bathing, and two caves, Upper Klevevž Cave (''Zgornja Klevevška jama'') and Lower Klevevž (or Heathen) Cave (''Spodnja Kleveška jama'' or ''Ajdovska jama''). The first one is an over -long dry cave, with some dripstones at its end. Some prehistoric ceramics has been found there. The latter is a water cave inside of which there is the only known thermal spring in a cave in Slovenia. It is a home to a rich animal life, including bat colonies. The hypothermal spring flows to the Radulja, which flows through a gorge formed in the Triassic limestone and forms a cascade in this part.

text: Klevevž is known for the ruins of Klevevž Castle with the remains of the castle park, the

text: hypothermal

text: spring Klevevž Spa (''Klevevške toplice''), also suitable for bathing, and two caves, Upper Klevevž Cave (''Zgornja Klevevška jama'') and Lower Klevevž (or Heathen) Cave (''Spodnja Kleveška jama'' or ''Ajdovska jama''). The first one is an over -long dry cave, with some

text: dripstones

text: at its end. Some prehistoric

text: ceramics

text: has been found there. The latter is a water cave inside of which there is the only known thermal spring in a cave in Slovenia. It is a home to a rich animal life, including bat colonies. The hypothermal spring flows to the

text: Radulja

text: , which flows through a

text: gorge

text: formed in the

text: Triassic

text: limestone

text: and forms a

text: cascade

text: in this part.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the thermal spring?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Lower Klevev Cave?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the dry cave?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Klevev?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is Klevev Spa used for?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is Klevev Spa?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Limestone

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lower Klevev (or Heathen) Cave

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lower Klevev ka jama or ''Ajdovska jama''

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: forms a cascade

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Triassic limestone and forms a cascade

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Triassic limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gorge formed in the Triassic limestone and forms a cascade

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Klevev<unk>

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Triassic limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Triassic limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge formed in the Triassic limestone and forms a cascade

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cascade

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Triassic limestone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: cascade

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dripstones

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cascade

text: Dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward-flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream beds to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms.  Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic energy.

text: Dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward-flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream beds to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their

text: erosive potential

text: on banks and

text: river bottoms

text: .  Very often these devices look like small

text: waterfall

text: s or

text: cascades

text: , where water flows vertically or over

text: riprap

text: to lose some of its

text: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of device: small waterfalls or cascades?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or riprap?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of device: small waterfalls or cascades?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: downstream-flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward-flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive potential

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Various devices are designed in stream beds to reduce the kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertically or over riprap

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Various devices are designed in stream beds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosive potential

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: small waterfalls or cascades,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosive potential

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls or cascades,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dissipation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls or cascades,

text: In hydrology and geography, armor is the association of surface pebbles, rocks or boulders with stream beds or beaches. Most commonly hydrological armor occurs naturally; however, a man-made form is usually called riprap, when shorelines or stream banks are fortified for erosion protection with large boulders or sizable manufactured concrete objects.  When armor is associated with beaches in the form of pebbles to medium-sized stones grading from two to 200 millimeters across, the resulting landform is often termed a shingle beach.  Hydrological modeling indicates that stream armor typically persists in a flood stage environment. Bed Armor is most often transported through entrainment, and more specifically suspension and saltation. Both of these processes involve moving the sediment both near and around the bed of a river. When a sediment is entrained it is being moved downstream through the forces between the layers of water around it, and once it settles it begins to create a layer on the bed of the river. This layer of sediment changes the hydrology of the river around it, as once this layer on the bottom is formed it affects the hydraulics of the river. This layer of sediments on the bed of the river can act as barrier to the incoming flow, and depending on the size and distribution of the grains, can change the river. Understanding the Hjulstroms Diagram is important, as it represents at what grain size and flow speed a particle is transported. The slope present at the top left of the graph is due to clay and silt cohesion.

text: In

text: hydrology

text: and

text: geography

text: , armor is the association of surface

text: pebble

text: s, rocks or

text: boulder

text: s with

text: stream bed

text: s or

text: beach

text: es. Most commonly hydrological armor occurs naturally; however, a man-made form is usually called

text: riprap

text: , when

text: shoreline

text: s or stream banks are fortified for

text: erosion

text: protection with large boulders or sizable manufactured concrete objects.  When armor is associated with

text: beach

text: es in the form of pebbles to medium-sized stones grading from two to 200 millimeters across, the resulting

text: landform

text: is often termed a

text: shingle beach

text: .  Hydrological modeling indicates that stream armor typically persists in a

text: flood stage

text: environment. Bed Armor is most often transported through entrainment, and more specifically suspension and saltation. Both of these processes involve moving the sediment both near and around the bed of a river. When a sediment is entrained it is being moved downstream through the forces between the layers of water around it, and once it settles it begins to create a layer on the bed of the river. This layer of sediment changes the hydrology of the river around it, as once this layer on the bottom is formed it affects the hydraulics of the river. This layer of sediments on the bed of the river can act as barrier to the incoming flow, and depending on the size and distribution of the grains, can change the river. Understanding the

text: Hjulstroms Diagram

text: is important, as it represents at what grain size and flow speed a particle is transported. The slope present at the top left of the graph is due to clay and silt

text: cohesion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Hjulstroms Diagram?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What does the Hjulstroms Diagram represent?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which process involves moving the sediment both near and around the bed of a river?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of these processes involves moving the sediment both near and around the bed of a river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is an example of a man-made form?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Beach

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: entrainment, and more specifically

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Bed Armor

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a flood stage environment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: saltation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: man-made form is usually called riprap

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shingle beach

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Bed Armor is most often transported through entrainment,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Hjulstroms Diagram

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Hjulstroms Diagram

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Hjulstroms Diagram

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: entrainment,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Bed Armor is most often transported through entrainment,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: entrainment,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Bed Armor

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Bed Armor

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Bed Armor

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bed Armor

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: entrainment, and more specifically suspension and saltation.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: armor

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: size and distribution of the grains,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: shingle beach.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspension and saltation.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: riprap,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bed Armor

text: The female T. annulata is thought to deposit her eggs by flying over the surface and dipping the tip of her abdomen in the water. The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive predators. The adults are also predators, using their excellent eyesight to detect prey and their legs to hold and carry their victims.

text: The female T. annulata is thought to deposit her eggs by flying over the surface and dipping the tip of her abdomen in the water. The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive

text: predators

text: . The adults are also predators, using their excellent eyesight to detect prey and their legs to hold and carry their victims.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for predators to use their legs to hold and carry their victims?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of T. annulata?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the female T. annulata?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: isosceles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: predators

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Predation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: T. annulata

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive predators.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive predators.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: legs to hold and carry their victims.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: legs to hold and carry their victims.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: legs to hold and carry their victims.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water. The larvae develop in water where they are aggressive predators.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: aggressive predators.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The female T. annulata is thought to deposit her eggs

text: The National Conservation Strategy Report has three explicit objectives: conservation of natural resources, promotion of sustainable development, and improvement of efficiency in the use and management of resources. It sees itself as a "call for action" addressed to central and provincial governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, and individuals. The primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), sediment, animal wastes, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct surface runoff or through seepage to ground water that discharges to a surface water outlet. Various farming activities result in the erosion of soil particles. The sediment produced by erosion can damage fish habitat and wetlands and, in addition, often transports excess agricultural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This runoff in turn affects changes to aquatic habitat such as temperature increases and decreased oxygen. The most common sources of excess nutrients in surface water from non point sources are chemical fertilizers and manure from animal facilities. Such nutrients cause eutrophication in surface water. Pesticides used for pest control in agricultural operations can also contaminate surface as well as ground-water resources. Return flows, runoff, and leach ate from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients, salts, and other materials. Finally, improper grazing practices in riparian, as well as upland areas, can also cause water quality degradation able development of Pakistan is viewed as a multigenerational enterprise. In seeking to transform attitudes and practices, the National Conservation Strategy recognizes that two key changes in values are needed: the restoration of the conservation ethic derived from Islam ix moral values, called Qantas, and the revival of community spirit and responsibility, Aquila-UL-bad.

text: The National Conservation Strategy Report has three explicit objectives: conservation of natural resources, promotion of sustainable development, and improvement of efficiency in the use and management of resources. It sees itself as a "call for action" addressed to central and provincial governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, and individuals. The primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), sediment, animal wastes, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct

text: surface runoff

text: or through seepage to ground water that discharges to a surface water outlet. Various farming activities result in the erosion of soil particles. The sediment produced by erosion can damage fish habitat and wetlands and, in addition, often transports excess agricultural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This runoff in turn affects changes to aquatic habitat such as temperature increases and decreased oxygen. The most common sources of excess nutrients in surface water from non point sources are chemical fertilizers and manure from animal facilities. Such nutrients cause eutrophication in surface water. Pesticides used for pest control in agricultural operations can also contaminate surface as well as ground-water resources. Return flows, runoff, and

text: leach ate

text: from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients, salts, and other materials. Finally, improper grazing practices in riparian, as well as upland areas, can also cause water quality degradation able development of Pakistan is viewed as a multigenerational enterprise. In seeking to transform attitudes and practices, the National Conservation Strategy recognizes that two key changes in values are needed: the restoration of the conservation ethic derived from

text: Islam

text: ix moral values, called Qantas, and the revival of community spirit and responsibility, Aquila-UL-bad.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can damage fish habitat and wetlands

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of excess nutrients in surface water from non point sources?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: riparian

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Various farming activities

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Various farming activities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through direct surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: irrigated lands

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: irrigated lands

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: improper grazing practices

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: irrigated lands

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: irrigated lands

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ground-water resources.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: agricultural operations

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Various farming activities

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface as well as ground-water resources.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: damage fish habitat and wetlands

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Return flows, runoff, and leach ate

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients, salts,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: contaminate surface as well as ground-water resources.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: contaminated runoff.

text: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

text: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This

text: water cycle

text: is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: river systems or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a function of the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Precipitation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Precipitation patterns

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are a primary factor in the erosion of surface features

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river systems

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a primary factor in the erosion of surface features

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion of surface features

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: transported to lower elevations by river systems

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface features

text: The formation of the cinder cone is currently a point of contention, with some arguing that lava flowing into the sea was suddenly cooled, forming an edifice on the coastline (a literal cone) and others noting that the cone was most likely too far away from the ocean at the time of formation to make such an event possible. Regardless of how it was formed according to the United States Geological Survey, the last lava flow in the area ended over 10,000 years ago, making the area one of the more stable features in the geologically turbulent Kaū region. As such, the geologic history of the site can be seen in the rock surrounding the beach and bay, which are not subject to erosion and thus display geologic layers formed by previous eruptions, lava flows, and other volcanic events. In addition, the current patterns of erosion can be seen first-hand, as only the portions at the bottom of the cinder cone collapse have been subject to the waves and turned into green sand; the remaining portions appear gray.

text: The formation of the cinder cone is currently a point of contention, with some arguing that lava flowing into the sea was suddenly cooled, forming an edifice on the coastline (a literal cone) and others noting that the cone was most likely too far away from the ocean at the time of formation to make such an event possible. Regardless of how it was formed according to the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: , the last lava flow in the area ended over 10,000 years ago, making the area one of the more stable features in the geologically turbulent Kaū region. As such, the geologic history of the site can be seen in the rock surrounding the beach and bay, which are not subject to erosion and thus display geologic layers formed by previous eruptions, lava flows, and other volcanic events. In addition, the current patterns of erosion can be seen first-hand, as only the portions at the bottom of the cinder cone collapse have been subject to the waves and turned into green sand; the remaining portions appear gray.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be seen in the rock surrounding the beach and bay?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: only the portions at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: what is the last lava flow in the area?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bay

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Green sand

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: geologic history of the site

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: green sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not subject to erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom of the cinder cone collapse have been subject to the waves

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: previous eruptions, lava flows, and other volcanic events.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cinder cone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bay,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: green sand;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: previous eruptions, lava flows, and other volcanic events.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flowing into the sea was suddenly cooled,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: green sand;

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cinder cone

text: Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by weathering and erosion from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers, which are called agents of denudation. Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension.

text: Sedimentary rocks are types of

text: rock

text: that are formed by the

text: deposition

text: and subsequent cementation of that material at the

text: Earth's surface

text: and within bodies of water.

text: Sedimentation

text: is the collective name for processes that cause

text: mineral

text: and/or

text: organic

text: particles (

text: detritus

text: ) to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called

text: sediment

text: . Before being deposited, the sediment was formed by

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: from the source area, and then transported to the place of deposition by

text: water

text: wind

text: ice

text: mass movement

text: or

text: glacier

text: s, which are called agents of

text: denudation

text: . Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures settle out of suspension.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an agent of denudation: water, mass movement or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not an agent of denudation: wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an agent of denudation?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of glacier?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles to settle in place?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Denudation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: source area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sedimentation may also occur as minerals precipitate from water solution

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: agents of denudation.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: denudation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water, wind, ice, mass movement or glaciers,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals precipitate from water solution or shells of aquatic creatures

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: agents of denudation.

text: Grant (1946) – the elevation of the beach watertable had an important bearing on deposition and erosion across the foreshore. A high watertable coincided with periods of accelerated beach erosion, and conversely, a low watertable coincided with pronounced aggradation of the foreshoreA lower watertable (unsaturated beach face) facilitates deposition by reducing flow velocities during backwash and prolonging laminar flow. In contrast, a high watertable results in condition favoring beach erosion. With the beach in a saturated state, Grant proposed that backwash velocity is accelerated by the addition of groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.

text: Grant (1946) – the elevation of the beach watertable had an important bearing on deposition and erosion across the foreshore. A high watertable coincided with periods of accelerated beach erosion, and conversely, a low watertable coincided with pronounced aggradation of the foreshoreA lower watertable (unsaturated beach face) facilitates deposition by reducing flow velocities during backwash and prolonging laminar flow. In contrast, a high watertable results in condition favoring beach erosion. With the beach in a saturated state, Grant proposed that backwash velocity is accelerated by the addition of groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of a lower watertable?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: laminar flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a lower watertable?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: foreshore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: laminar flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beach erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: beach watertable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: effluent zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high watertable

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a high watertable coincided with periods of accelerated beach erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: effluent zone

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: laminar flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: reducing flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: reducing flow velocities during backwash

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: reducing flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: accelerated beach erosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: reducing flow velocities during backwash

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: foreshore.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater seepage out of the beach within the effluent zone.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: effluent zone.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition by reducing flow velocities during backwash

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: elevation of the beach watertable

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: backwash

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: accelerated beach erosion,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: backwash

text: During first half of 2004 various sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater being pumped out by vegetable farmers in the area.

text: During first half of 2004 various sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater being pumped out by vegetable farmers in the area.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is true of the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the reason for the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is true of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not pumped out by vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: pumped out by vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: too much groundwater being pumped out by vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkholes appeared, as a result of too much groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: too much groundwater being pumped out by vegetable farmers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: A groyne's length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local wave energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion, and are ineffective because they trap too much sediment. Groynes that are too short, too low, or too permeable are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. If a groyne does not extend far enough landward, water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge) may flow past the landward end and erode a channel bypassing the groyne, a process known as  flanking.

text: A groyne's length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local wave energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion, and are ineffective because they trap too much sediment. Groynes that are too short, too low, or too

text: permeable

text: are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. If a groyne does not extend far enough landward, water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge) may flow past the landward end and erode a channel bypassing the groyne, a process known as  flanking.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: downdrift erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for groynes to be too long or too high?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Too long

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flanking

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: flanking

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: downdrift erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groyne

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: downdrift erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flanking

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: downdrift erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flanking

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: beach slope

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: past a groyne

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they trap too little sediment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flanking

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Groynes that are too long

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Groynes that are too long or too high

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge)

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Groynes that are too short,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Groynes that are too long or too high

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Groynes that are too long or too high

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: downdrift erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groyne's

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: downdrift erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flanking.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local wave energy and beach slope.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge)

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: downdrift erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ineffective because they trap too much sediment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flanking.

text: Water can increase or decrease the stability of a slope depending on the amount present.  Small amounts of water can strengthen soils because the surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.  This allows the soil to resist erosion better than if it were dry.  If too much water is present the water may act to increase the pore pressure, reducing friction, and accelerating the erosion process and resulting in different types of mass wasting (i.e. mudflows, landslides, etc.).  A good example of this is to think of a sand castle.  Water must be mixed with sand in order for the castle to keep its shape.  If too much water is added the sand washes away, if not enough water is added the sand falls and cannot keep its shape. Water also increases the mass of the soil, this is important because an increase in mass means that there will be an increase in velocity if mass wasting is triggered.

text: Water can increase or decrease the stability of a slope depending on the amount present.  Small amounts of water can strengthen soils because the surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.  This allows the soil to resist erosion better than if it were dry.  If too much water is present the water may act to increase the pore pressure, reducing friction, and accelerating the erosion process and resulting in different types of mass wasting (i.e. mudflows, landslides, etc.).  A good example of this is to think of a

text: sand castle

text: .  Water must be mixed with sand in order for the castle to keep its shape.  If too much water is added the sand washes away, if not enough water is added the sand falls and cannot keep its shape. Water also increases the mass of the soil, this is important because an increase in mass means that there will be an increase in velocity if mass wasting is triggered.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of mass wasting?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much water can strengthen soils?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mass wasting?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of mass wasting?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The bottom of a river is more likely to be eroded

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mass wasting?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sand castle

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mudflow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mudflows and landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mudflows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of water present

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not enough water is added to keep its shape

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mass wasting

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: accelerating the erosion process

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increases the mass

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: too much water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Small amounts of water can strengthen soils

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: accelerating the erosion process

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Small amounts of water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: too much water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mudflows, landslides,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mudflows, landslides,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mudflows,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mudflows, landslides,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: mudflows, landslides,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mudflows,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mudflows,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mudflows, landslides,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mass wasting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: too much water is present the water may act to increase the pore pressure,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand castle. Water must be mixed with sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sand castle.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mudflows, landslides,

text: Much of Florida consists of karst limestone veined with water-filled caves and sinkholes, which provide homes to many species of aquatic life, some unique to particular Florida locations. As urban and suburban development have increased over the last decades, demand for groundwater has also risen, resulting in damage and drying out of portions of the cave system. This has led to ground subsidence as dry caves collapse, threatening property as well as ecosystems.

text: Much of Florida consists of

text: karst

text: limestone

text: veined with water-filled

text: cave

text: s and

text: sinkhole

text: s, which provide homes to many species of aquatic life, some unique to particular Florida locations. As urban and suburban development have increased over the last decades, demand for groundwater has also risen, resulting in damage and drying out of portions of the cave system. This has led to ground subsidence as dry caves collapse, threatening property as well as ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: karst limestone or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of ground subsidence?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a result of urban and suburban development?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subdivision

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dry caves collapse

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: karst limestone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: karst limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: urban and suburban development have increased over the last decades, demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: karst limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: demand for groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ground subsidence

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: urban and suburban development

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water-filled caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: The effect of increased human and animal population, as well as land use in the Himalayan Mountains have caused soil erosion, which could have resulted in the extra deposition of sediments in the Bangladesh watersheds. This may have effects on the soil composition near the watershed and the propensity of the area to flood. While Eckholm and Myers have proposed a now popular theory that there is a direct causal relationship between deforestation in Nepal and higher flooding in the Bangladesh watersheds, there is not enough evidence to determine whether or not this is true. Improper watershed management does lead to sedimentation in reservoirs and changing patterns of stream flow. Sedimentation in reservoirs effects the turbidity of the reservoir, and erosion patters along the river. It also presents a cost to the government who has to dredge the rivers of its sediments. In Bangladesh, the government has to remove 0.8 million cubic meters of maintenance dredging and 2 million cubic meters of capital dredging per year. Since scientists do not unanimously agree the degree to which watershed management affects patterns of stream flow and flooding, it is difficult determine the extent of this effect.

text: The effect of increased human and animal population, as well as land use in the Himalayan Mountains have caused soil erosion, which could have resulted in the extra deposition of sediments in the Bangladesh watersheds. This may have effects on the soil composition near the watershed and the propensity of the area to flood. While Eckholm and Myers have proposed a now popular theory that there is a direct causal relationship between deforestation in Nepal and higher flooding in the Bangladesh watersheds, there is not enough evidence to determine whether or not this is true. Improper watershed management does lead to sedimentation in reservoirs and changing patterns of stream flow. Sedimentation in reservoirs effects the turbidity of the reservoir, and erosion patters along the river. It also presents a cost to the government who has to dredge the rivers of its sediments. In Bangladesh, the government has to remove 0.8 million cubic meters of maintenance dredging and 2 million cubic meters of capital dredging per year. Since scientists do not unanimously agree the degree to which watershed management affects patterns of stream flow and flooding, it is difficult determine the extent of this effect.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: human and animal population

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation in reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbidity of the reservoir

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: uncontrollably

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Improper watershed management

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentation in reservoirs and changing patterns of stream flow.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: increased human and animal population,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: extra deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion patters along the river.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: turbidity of the reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation in reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: increased human and animal population,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: extra deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increased human and animal population,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Improper watershed management

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: direct causal relationship between deforestation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion patters

text: Eventually, the face of a waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool, and will cave into the pool, filling it with debris.  Subsequently, the debris is removed by additional heavy rainfalls, leaving a new plunge-pool relatively free of debris.  The waterfall, however, has moved up-slope by a few feet.  Over time, the waterfalls slowly recede upslope.  If a waterfall hits a stronger region that resists erosion, lower level waterfalls can 'catch-up' and two waterfalls merge into one deeper waterfall.  This process is causing the Umauma Falls to slowly move upslope over geologic time, though we can see the plunge-pools at the bases of the three Umauma Falls (Note:  there are many other waterfalls on the Umauma River, also slowly moving upslope over geologic time).  We can see what Umauma Falls might look like in the far distant future by visiting the neighboring river (KoleKole) just to the south of the Umauma River, which has a very large single waterfall, known as Akaka Falls, formed in just such a manner in the distant geologic past.  It is further upslope than the Umauma Falls, and it is in a much heavier rainfall region.

text: Eventually, the face of a waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool, and will cave into the pool, filling it with debris.  Subsequently, the debris is removed by additional heavy rainfalls, leaving a new plunge-pool relatively free of debris.  The waterfall, however, has moved up-slope by a few feet.  Over time, the waterfalls slowly recede upslope.  If a waterfall hits a stronger region that resists erosion, lower level waterfalls can 'catch-up' and two waterfalls merge into one deeper waterfall.  This process is causing the Umauma Falls to slowly move upslope over geologic time, though we can see the plunge-pools at the bases of the three Umauma Falls (Note:  there are many other waterfalls on the Umauma River, also slowly moving upslope over geologic time).  We can see what Umauma Falls might look like in the far distant future by visiting the neighboring river (KoleKole) just to the south of the Umauma River, which has a very large single waterfall, known as

text: Akaka Falls

text: , formed in just such a manner in the distant geologic past.  It is further upslope than the Umauma Falls, and it is in a much heavier rainfall region.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of Akaka Falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the waterfall move upslope?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Akaka Falls?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Umauma River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slop

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: plunge-pool

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge-pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rainfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavy rainfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stronger regions that resist erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the face of a waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: heavy rainfalls,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: heavy rainfalls, leaving a new plunge-pool relatively free of debris.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lower level waterfalls can 'catch-up'

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave into the pool,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: waterfall will become undermined by the plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge-pool,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rainfalls,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the debris is removed by additional heavy rainfalls,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stronger region that resists erosion,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainfalls,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Eventually, the face of a waterfall will become undermined

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Akaka Falls,

text: River flow is intermittent and when it flows, its water flows very slowly owing to a gradient of only 0.76 m/km. Floods are rare because the vast sandveld areas of the Kalahari Desert on the Namibian side of its basin absorb all water from the seasonal rains. In case of exceptionally heavy and continuous precipitation the flow discharges into the Orange River, which it meets downstream of Augrabies Falls National Park at . It is believed that this last occurred more than 100 years ago.

text: River flow is intermittent and when it flows, its water flows very slowly owing to a gradient of only 0.76 m/km. Floods are rare because the vast

text: sandveld

text: areas of the

text: Kalahari Desert

text: on the Namibian side of its basin absorb all water from the seasonal rains. In case of exceptionally heavy and continuous precipitation the flow discharges into the

text: Orange River

text: , which it meets downstream of

text: Augrabies Falls National Park

text: at . It is believed that this last occurred more than 100 years ago.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sandveld areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the Kalahari Desert

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sandveld

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 0.76 m/km gradient

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream of Augrabies Falls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed in the ocean

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Orange River,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sandveld areas of the Kalahari Desert

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Augrabies Falls National Park

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 0.76 m/km.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandveld areas of the Kalahari Desert

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Orange River,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sandveld areas of the Kalahari Desert

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy and continuous precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Augrabies Falls National Park

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandveld

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 100 years ago.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floods

text: Langavatnet is a lake in the municipality of Odda in Hordaland county, Norway.  The  lake lies about  straight east of the town of Odda.  The lake has a dam at the north end to regulate the water level for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation.  The water of the lake previously flowed north to create the large Ringedalsfossen waterfall which now only flows when the lake gets too full.  The water flows over the falls into the lake Ringedalsvatnet (which has a dam at its western end) before flowing through the short river Tysso which empties into the Sørfjorden.

text: Langavatnet is a

text: lake

text: in the municipality of

text: Odda

text: in

text: Hordaland

text: county,

text: Norway

text: .  The  lake lies about  straight east of the town of

text: Odda

text: .  The lake has a

text: dam

text: at the north end to regulate the water level for the purposes of

text: hydroelectric power

text: generation.  The water of the lake previously flowed north to create the large Ringedalsfossen

text: waterfall

text: which now only flows when the lake gets too full.  The water flows over the falls into the lake

text: Ringedalsvatnet

text: (which has a dam at its western end) before flowing through the short river Tysso which empties into the

text: Sørfjorden

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments in the lake?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not the reason for the large Ringedalsfossen waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How would you describe Langavatnet?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ringedalsvatnet

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Fossil

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lake gets too full

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Ringedalsvatnet

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in Langavatnet

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: when the lake gets too full.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Ringedalsvatnet

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Tysso

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tysso

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: hydroelectric power generation.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tysso

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Ringedalsfossen

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ringedalsfossen

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Tysso

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Ringedalsfossen

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: S<unk>rfjorden.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: when the lake gets too full.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall which now only flows when the lake gets too full.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Ringedalsfossen

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Langavatnet

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ringedalsfossen waterfall

text: Erosion, Flooding and  Surface Water

text: Erosion, Flooding and  Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The size of sediments determines how they are carried by flowing

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What causes sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: is called a riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: can be flooded

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding and surface water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion, Flooding and Surface Water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flooding

text: The waterfall is made by two streams, Arroyo del Durazno and Arroyo de Basaseachic, which merge in the high mountains and then fall down the canyon wall. Past the falls, the stream is called Río Candameña (Candamena River), which is the namesake of the canyon it flows through, Candamena Canyon (Cañon Candameña). Candamena River contributes to the formation of Río Mayo (Mayo River).

text: The waterfall is made by two streams, Arroyo del Durazno and Arroyo de Basaseachic, which merge in the high mountains and then fall down the canyon wall. Past the falls, the stream is called

text: Río Candameña

text: (Candamena River), which is the namesake of the canyon it flows through, Candamena Canyon (Cañon Candameña). Candamena River contributes to the formation of

text: Río Mayo

text: (Mayo River).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Arroyo de Basaseachic?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the smallest stream?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Arroyo del Durazno, Basaseachic, or Mayo?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Candamena River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high mountains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Basaseachic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The waterfall is made by two streams

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fall down the canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fall down the canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Arroyo del Durazno

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: high mountains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: R<unk>o Candame<unk>a

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Candamena Canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Candamena Canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fall down the canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (Mayo River).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high mountains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fall down the canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: canyon wall.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The waterfall is made by two streams,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: R<unk>o Mayo

text: Flows in the river are swelled by discharges from several sewage treatment works. The three largest are at Princes Marsh, Petersfield and Ambersham, all of which have outflows between  per day, with another three discharging between  per day at Rogate, Coultershaw and Fittleworth. The entire river, including parts of some of its tributaries, is designated as a Site of Nature Conservation Importance by the local authorities through which it flows, in recognition of its value for wildlife. The upper reaches of the Rother are important for their fish populations of brown trout, grayling, juvenile sea trout, and the spawning and early development of salmonids. There are also populations of bullhead, eel, lamprey, minnow and stone loach. There has been some concern about declining fish stocks, thought to be partly caused by soil erosion, leading to silt and sediments being deposited on the river bed, which has been exacerbated by low flows in the river. Parts of the lower river support the same types of fish, but there are areas, particularly immediately upstream of weirs, where the major species are bream, pike and roach, with chubb, dace and perch on the lowest reaches. In order to assist the movement of fish along the river, particularly those that migrate to the headwaters to spawn, fish passes have been constructed around the gauging stations. The only known population of native white clawed crayfish in Sussex is located in the upper reaches of the Rother.

text: Flows in the river are swelled by discharges from several sewage treatment works. The three largest are at Princes Marsh, Petersfield and Ambersham, all of which have outflows between  per day, with another three discharging between  per day at Rogate, Coultershaw and Fittleworth. The entire river, including parts of some of its tributaries, is designated as a

text: Site of Nature Conservation Importance

text: by the local authorities through which it flows, in recognition of its value for wildlife. The upper reaches of the Rother are important for their fish populations of

text: brown trout

text: grayling

text: , juvenile sea trout, and the spawning and early development of

text: salmonids

text: . There are also populations of

text: bullhead

text: eel

text: lamprey

text: minnow

text: and

text: stone loach

text: . There has been some concern about declining fish stocks, thought to be partly caused by soil erosion, leading to silt and sediments being deposited on the river bed, which has been exacerbated by low flows in the river. Parts of the lower river support the same types of fish, but there are areas, particularly immediately upstream of weirs, where the major species are

text: bream

text: pike

text: and

text: roach

text: , with

text: chubb

text: dace

text: and

text: perch

text: on the lowest reaches. In order to assist the movement of fish along the river, particularly those that migrate to the headwaters to spawn,

text: fish pass

text: es have been constructed around the gauging stations. The only known population of native

text: white clawed crayfish

text: in Sussex is located in the upper reaches of the Rother.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is there concern about declining fish stocks?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many sewage treatment works are at Princes Marsh

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is soil erosion exacerbated by low flows in the river?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Marsh

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: river bed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sewage treatment works

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: low flows in the river

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low flows in the river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river bed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: declining fish stocks,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: silt and sediments being deposited on the river bed,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: salmonids.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: weirs,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: discharges from several sewage treatment works.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt and sediments being deposited on the river bed,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: white clawed crayfish

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: weirs,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: white clawed crayfish

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: weirs,

text: The caves are naturally formed by water erosion through the limestone rock. The calcium-rich water that runs through the caves have formed the unusual stalactites and stalagmites formations. Travel through the caves is by tram, at certain points during the tour visitors are allowed to alight from the tram and get close up to the formations. One main area of the caves is a huge cavern, termed "The Great Hall", measuring over 50 feet in height. After the Great Hall the tram stops at "The Village". At The Village some of the formations have joined together to form columns after thousands of years. Other areas the tram stops along the tour is "The Chapel," "The Rotundra," and the "The Altar." Visitors travel through the Boyce Tunnel via tram to all depths of the cave. Harrison's Cave is in the central uplands of Barbados. It is situated at 700 ft above sea level. The three (3) characteristics of the central uplands are gullies, sinkholes and caverns. It is also an entrance for another place of insterest Welchman Hall Gully which is shut off for a purpose.

text: The caves are naturally formed by water

text: erosion

text: through the

text: limestone

text: rock. The

text: calcium

text: -rich water that runs through the caves have formed the unusual

text: stalactite

text: s and

text: stalagmite

text: s formations. Travel through the caves is by

text: tram

text: , at certain points during the tour visitors are allowed to alight from the tram and get close up to the formations. One main area of the caves is a huge cavern, termed "The Great Hall", measuring over 50 feet in height. After the Great Hall the tram stops at "The Village". At The Village some of the formations have joined together to form columns after thousands of years. Other areas the tram stops along the tour is "The Chapel," "The Rotundra," and the "The Altar." Visitors travel through the Boyce Tunnel via tram to all depths of the cave. Harrison's Cave is in the central uplands of Barbados. It is situated at 700 ft above sea level. The three (3) characteristics of the central uplands are gullies, sinkholes and caverns. It is also an entrance for another place of insterest Welchman Hall Gully which is shut off for a purpose.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands: gullies, sinkholes and caverns?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of formation: stalactites or stalagmites?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, sinkholes, or caverns?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands: gullies, sinkholes and caverns?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands: gullies, sinkholes and caverns?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of the central uplands: gullies, sinkholes and caverns?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which is not a characteristic of the central uplands: gullies, sinkholes and caverns?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes or gullies?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "The Great Hall"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites and stalagmites formations

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcium-rich water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The caves are naturally formed by water erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The calcium-rich water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The calcium-rich water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 50 feet in height.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water erosion through the limestone rock.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gullies,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: central uplands

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gullies,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: gullies, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gullies, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalactites and stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Welchman Hall Gully

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcium-rich water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water erosion through the limestone rock. The calcium-rich water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stalactites and stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stalactites and stalagmites

text: Dolines (or sinkholes) are mostly found in its suffusion form. Suffusion dolines are depressions formed above caves and smaller cavities in unconsolidated sediments. Many dolines in the Eramosa Karst are formed by a combination of soil piping and erosion of the glacially deposited sediments, overlying the bedrock.

text: Dolines (or

text: sinkhole

text: s) are mostly found in its suffusion form. Suffusion dolines are depressions formed above caves and smaller cavities in unconsolidated sediments. Many dolines in the Eramosa Karst are formed by a combination of soil piping and erosion of the glacially deposited sediments, overlying the bedrock.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: Suffusion dolines or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which sediments are carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: glacially deposited sediments, unconsolidated sediments, or glacially deposited sediments?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacially

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil piping

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unconsolidated sediments

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacially deposited

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dolines are mostly found in its suffusion form

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil piping

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glacially deposited sediments,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unconsolidated

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suffusion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: soil piping

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: glacially deposited sediments,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unconsolidated sediments.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion of the glacially deposited sediments,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Suffusion dolines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil piping

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion of the glacially deposited sediments,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacially deposited sediments,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacially

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dolines

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Dolines

text: Like most of the rivers that rise in the heights of Limousin, the Auvézère is a water-rich river. Its flow has been observed during the period of 27 years (between 1982 and 2008) at Le Change, just upstream of its confluence with the Isle. The mean annual flow at this station was 8.52 m³/s. The Auvézère is a seasonal river with the highest flows during winter and early spring. The median flows between December and April lie between 12.2 and 16.8 m³/s. In spring the flow rapidly decreases to 4.62 m³/s in June. The lowest flow is observed in August: 1.87 m³/s. The lowest three-day aaverage flow is only 0.22 m³/s. The highest calculated flow is 250 m³/s, and the highest observed flow at Le Change was 182 m³/s on January 7, 1982.

text: Like most of the rivers that rise in the heights of Limousin, the Auvézère is a water-rich river. Its flow has been observed during the period of 27 years (between 1982 and 2008) at

text: Le Change

text: , just upstream of its confluence with the Isle. The mean annual flow at this station was 8.52 m³/s. The Auvézère is a seasonal river with the highest flows during winter and early spring. The median flows between December and April lie between 12.2 and 16.8 m³/s. In spring the flow rapidly decreases to 4.62 m³/s in June. The lowest flow is observed in August: 1.87 m³/s. The lowest three-day aaverage flow is only 0.22 m³/s. The highest calculated flow is 250 m³/s, and the highest observed flow at Le Change was 182 m³/s on January 7, 1982.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the Auvézère?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many m3/s is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many m3/s is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the Auvézère?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the lowest three-day aaverage flow?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: confluence

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: confluence

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crevice

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: confluence

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: confluence

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: In spring the flow rapidly decreases to

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: highest flows during winter and early spring

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 8.52 m3/s

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The lowest three-day aaverage flow is only 0.22 m3/s

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a seasonal river

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: highest flows during winter and early spring.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 12.2 and 16.8 m3/s.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 12.2 and 16.8 m3/s.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 12.2 and 16.8 m3/s.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 0.22 m3/s.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: highest flows during winter and early spring.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Like most of the rivers that rise in the heights of Limousin,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Isle.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water-rich river.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Auvézère

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Isle.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water-rich river.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal river with the highest flows during winter and early spring.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water-rich river.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: June.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Like most of the rivers that rise in the heights of Limousin,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Isle.

text: The waterfalls are located in an area of mature karst formations where the original limestone bedrock layers are being eroded. Numerous streams spring from underground fissures along the lower levels of the area. The waterfalls have multiple drops, from bedrock layer to layer, which shows the multiple depositions of sediments of different hardness which formed the terrain over millions of years.

text: The waterfalls are located in an area of mature

text: karst

text: formations where the original limestone bedrock layers are being eroded. Numerous streams spring from underground fissures along the lower levels of the area. The waterfalls have multiple drops, from bedrock layer to layer, which shows the multiple depositions of sediments of different hardness which formed the terrain over millions of years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments of different hardness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: fissures

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: depositions

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fissures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediments' hardness

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The waterfalls have multiple drops

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: streams spring from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediments of different hardness

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hardness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments of different hardness

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: streams spring from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: multiple depositions of sediments of different hardness

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: streams spring from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: multiple depositions of sediments of different hardness

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams spring from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spring from underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock layer

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: underground fissures

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation, and erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water.  In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind.  Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind.  The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region (deflation).  Suspended particles within the wind may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.

text: Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over farming, excessive irrigation,

text: deforestation

text: , and

text: erosion

text: adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water.  In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind.  Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind.  The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region (deflation).  Suspended particles within the wind may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be the result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not the result of material movement by the wind?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: insufficient rainfall to support vegetation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deflation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deflation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deflation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: human activity and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ecological succession

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: insufficient rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ecological succession

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The wind can cause small particles to be lifted

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Suspended particles

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (deflation).

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abrasion (ecological succession).

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: small particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (ecological succession).

text: Head cut in stream geomorphology is an erosional feature of some intermittent and perennial streams where an abrupt vertical drop, also known as a knickpoint in the stream bed occurs. The knickpoint, where a head cut begins, can be as small as an overly-steep riffle zone or as a large as a waterfall. When not flowing, the head cut will resemble a very short cliff or bluff.  A small plunge pool may be present at the base of the head cut due to the high energy of falling water. As erosion of the knickpoint and the streambed continues, the head cut will migrate upstream.

text: Head cut in

text: stream

text: geomorphology

text: is an

text: erosion

text: al feature of some

text: intermittent

text: and

text: perennial

text: stream

text: s where an abrupt vertical drop, also known as a

text: knickpoint

text: in the stream bed occurs. The knickpoint, where a head cut begins, can be as small as an overly-steep

text: riffle

text: zone or as a large as a

text: waterfall

text: . When not flowing, the head cut will resemble a very short

text: cliff

text: or

text: bluff

text: .  A small

text: plunge pool

text: may be present at the base of the head cut due to the high energy of falling water. As erosion of the knickpoint and the streambed continues, the head cut will migrate upstream.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: intermittent or perennial?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: as small as an overly-steep riffle zone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of intermittent and perennial streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: intermittent and perennial

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riffle zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Head cut will migrate upstream

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: knickpoint, where a head cut begins

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: small plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high energy of falling water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: overly-steep riffle zone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: high energy of falling water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: falling water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: When not flowing,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: intermittent and perennial streams

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: falling water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the head cut will migrate upstream.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overly-steep riffle zone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: knickpoint

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Head cut

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Head cut

text: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water, which in turn increases water volume, especially during rainy seasons. Therefore, the increased level of vertical erosion of the river increases the power of the water, leading to erosion of the river. A study of San Pedro River and another river in the southwest have indicated that floods were the main cause of river entrenchment in the 18th century. The study shows that increased population and human activities in these places increased floods and, consequently, the volume of runoff water (Hereford 43).

text: Urbanization

text: and clearing of

text: vegetation

text: increase runoff water, which in turn increases water

text: volume

text: , especially during rainy seasons. Therefore, the increased level of vertical

text: erosion

text: of the river increases the power of the water, leading to

text: erosion

text: of the river. A study of

text: San Pedro River

text: and another river in the southwest have indicated that floods were the main cause of river entrenchment in the 18th century. The study shows that increased population and human activities in these places increased

text: floods

text: and, consequently, the

text: volume

text: of runoff water (Hereford 43).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of river entrenchment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of river entrenchment?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: vertical erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vertical erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Runoff water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: urbanization and clearing of vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertical erosion of the river increases the power of the water,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: vertical erosion of the river increases the power of the water,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vertical erosion of the river

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: vertical erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: vertical erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vertical erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river entrenchment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation increase runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increases the power of the water,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Urbanization and clearing of vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: runoff water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river entrenchment

text: Trails lead from the cascada chica to the cascada grande, the valley floor and other areas in the vicinity.  The cascada grande is just to the south of the cascada chica and easily visible from it. This waterfall rock formation is more vertical than the cascada chica. Similarly, it is a rock shelf from which flows mineral laden water over the side. This shelf is ninety metres above the valley floor, eighty metres wide with the waterfall extending down for about thirty metres. This shelf does not have artificial pools.

text: Trails lead from the cascada chica to the cascada grande, the valley floor and other areas in the vicinity.  The cascada grande is just to the south of the cascada chica and easily visible from it. This waterfall rock formation is more vertical than the cascada chica. Similarly, it is a rock shelf from which flows mineral laden water over the side. This shelf is ninety metres above the valley floor, eighty metres wide with the waterfall extending down for about thirty metres. This shelf does not have artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the cascada grande?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many metres wide is the shelf?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the shelf?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cascada grande

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: artificial pools

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a rock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: artificial pools

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: eighty metres wide

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: thirty metres. This shelf does not have artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rock shelf from which flows mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rock shelf

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Trails

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mineral laden water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: artificial pools.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a rock shelf

text: Formations in Petty John's Cave include: Stalagmites that are a type of speleothem that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.  Stalactites are also found in the cave. These formations hang from the ceiling or wall of the cave. There are also pillars, soda straws, cave pearls, flowstones, and cave popcorn are other formations in the cave. In addition, waterfalls can be found in the stream passage section.

text: Formations in Petty John's Cave include:

text: Stalagmite

text: s that are a type of

text: speleothem

text: that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

text: Stalactite

text: s are also found in the cave. These formations hang from the ceiling or wall of the cave. There are also pillars,

text: soda straw

text: s,

text: cave pearl

text: s,

text: flowstone

text: s, and

text: cave popcorn

text: are other formations in the cave. In addition, waterfalls can be found in the stream passage section.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem: soda straws, cave pearls, or flowstones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of speleothem that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of speleothem?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a limestone cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstones

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: speleothem

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: speleothem

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream passage

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water levels in the area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soda straws

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: These formations hang from the ceiling or wall of the cave.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream passage

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: limestone cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstones,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: waterfalls can be found in the stream passage section.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dripping of mineralized solutions and the deposition of calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfalls can be found in the stream passage section.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: hang from the ceiling or wall of the cave.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Stalagmites

text: Hamilton Pool Preserve is a natural pool that was created when the dome of an underground river collapsed due to massive erosion thousands of years ago.  The pool is located about 23 miles (37 km) west of Austin, Texas off Highway 71.  Since the 1960s, Hamilton Pool has been a popular summer swimming spot for Austin visitors and residents.  Hamilton Pool Preserve consists of  of protected natural habitat featuring a jade green pool into which a  waterfall flows.

text: Hamilton Pool Preserve is a natural pool that was created when the dome of an underground

text: river

text: collapsed due to massive

text: erosion

text: thousands of years ago.  The pool is located about 23 miles (37 km) west of

text: Austin

text: Texas

text: off

text: Highway 71

text: .  Since the 1960s, Hamilton Pool has been a popular summer swimming spot for Austin visitors and residents.  Hamilton Pool Preserve consists of  of protected natural habitat featuring a jade green pool into which a  waterfall flows.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: an underground river

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a dome

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dome

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underground river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thousands of years ago

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pool

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: jade green

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The pool has been a popular summer swimming spot

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waterfall flows.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: massive erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: massive erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 71.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground river

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: natural pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall flows.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: thousands of years ago.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hamilton Pool Preserve is a natural pool

text: In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.

text: In

text: earth science

text: , erosion is the action of surface processes (such as

text: water flow

text: or

text: wind

text: ) that remove

text: soil

text: rock

text: , or dissolved material from one location on the

text: Earth's crust

text: , then

text: transport

text: it away to another location. The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into

text: clastic

text: sediment

text: is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion; this contrasts with chemical erosion, where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent (typically water), followed by the flow away of that solution. Eroded

text: sediment

text: or solutes may be transported just a few millimetres, or for thousands of kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: chemical erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: millimetres

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: physical or chemical?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow or wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transport it away to another location

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow or wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion is the action of surface processes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: chemical erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: thousands of kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: just a few millimetres,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: chemical erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: thousands of kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: clastic sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow or wind)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: chemical erosion,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thousands of kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: physical or mechanical erosion;

text: The density of vegetation in mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and tidal marshes is an important factor in carbon burial rates.The density of the vegetation must be sufficient to change water flows enough to reduce erosion and increase sediment deposition.

text: The density of vegetation in mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and tidal marshes is an important factor in carbon burial rates.The density of the vegetation must be sufficient to change water flows enough to reduce erosion and increase sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for vegetation to change water flows enough to reduce erosion and increase sediment deposition?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation: mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, or tidal marshes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the most important factor in carbon burial rates?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does the density of vegetation in mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, and tidal marshes mean?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: marsh

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: carbon burial

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: density of vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: densely

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: carbon burial rates

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increase sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and increase sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rates.The density of the vegetation must be sufficient to change water flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The density of vegetation in mangrove forests,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion and increase sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rates.The density of the vegetation must be sufficient to change water flows

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tidal marshes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: carbon burial rates.The

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: carbon burial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tidal marshes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rates.The density of the vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rates.The density of the vegetation must be sufficient to change water flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: reduce erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: carbon burial rates.The

text: Some of Queensland's towns are located on relatively flat land on the banks of rivers. During severe floods, such as the 2010 Queensland floods, numerous towns are inundated as flood waters rise. Levees have alleviated some minor flooding but after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall the sheer volume of flood waters cannot be held back. Disruptions from flooding have become accepted in inland towns like Charleville and to a lesser degree in coastal towns such as Gympie.

text: Some of Queensland's towns are located on relatively flat land on the banks of rivers. During severe floods, such as the

text: 2010 Queensland floods

text: , numerous towns are inundated as flood waters rise.

text: Levee

text: s have alleviated some minor flooding but after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall the sheer volume of flood waters cannot be held back. Disruptions from flooding have become accepted in inland towns like

text: Charleville

text: and to a lesser degree in coastal towns such as

text: Gympie

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rivers, creeks, or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Levee

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: inundated

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: flat land

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rivers. During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers. During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Some of Queensland's towns are located on relatively flat land

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flat land on the banks of rivers. During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: relatively flat land on the banks of rivers. During severe floods,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: flat land

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Some of Queensland's towns are located on relatively flat land

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Levees

text: The waterfalls are on the section of Kitchen Creek that flows down the Allegheny Front, a steep escarpment between the Allegheny Plateau to the north and the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians to the south. The glens are made of sedimentary rocks from the Huntley Mountain and Catskill Formations that formed up to 370 million years ago in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The waterfalls are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers enlarging its drainage basin during the last Ice Age.

text: The waterfalls are on the section of Kitchen Creek that flows down the

text: Allegheny Front

text: , a steep

text: escarpment

text: between the

text: Allegheny Plateau

text: to the north and the

text: Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians

text: to the south. The glens are made of sedimentary rocks from the

text: Huntley Mountain

text: and

text: Catskill Formation

text: s that formed up to 370 million years ago in the

text: Devonian

text: and

text: Carboniferous

text: periods. The waterfalls are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers enlarging its

text: drainage basin

text: during the

text: last Ice Age

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Kitchen Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The glens are made of sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: Clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which is not the reason glaciers enlarging its drainage basin during the last Ice Age?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: the Allegheny Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Allegheny Plateau

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: escarpment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a steep escarpment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Catskill Formations

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the waterfalls are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The waterfalls are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The waterfalls are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sedimentary rocks from the Huntley Mountain and Catskill Formations

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Allegheny Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: steep escarpment between the Allegheny Plateau

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glaciers enlarging its drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Huntley Mountain and Catskill Formations

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 370 million years ago

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glens

text: It had been known since before the 20th century that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow", and in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of suspension composition was discovered to flow along the floor of the Bosphorus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were to be on land.  The study of the water and wind erosion of the straits relates to that of its formation.   Sections of the shore have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and sections of the strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.

text: It had been known since before the 20th century that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow", and in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of

text: suspension

text: composition was discovered to flow along the floor of the Bosphorus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were to be on land.  The study of the

text: water

text: and

text: wind erosion

text: of the straits relates to that of its formation.   Sections of the shore have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and sections of the strait prone to

text: deposition

text: are periodically dredged.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were to be on land?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: density flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were to be on land?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why would the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the study of the water and wind erosion of the straits?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 'underwater channel'

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: density flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shore

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underwater channel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: density flow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: straits

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into each other

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: concrete

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are periodically dredged

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: underwater channel

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspension composition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water and wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: prone to deposition are periodically dredged.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "density flow", and in August 2010,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 'underwater channel'

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dredged.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 'underwater channel'

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dredged.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 'underwater channel'

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: 'underwater channel'

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dredged.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: formation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: "density flow",

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rubble

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sixth largest river on Earth if it were to be on land.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: 'underwater channel'

text: When sufficient data have been assembled, it is possible to determine some of missing information by calibration. This implies that one assumes a range of values for the unknown or doubtful value of a certain parameter and one runs the model repeatedly while comparing results with known corresponding data. For example, if salinity figures of the groundwater are available and the value of hydraulic conductivity is uncertain, one assumes a range of conductivities and the selects that value of conductivity as "true" that yields salinity results close to the observed values, meaning that the groundwater flow as governed by the hydraulic conductivity is in agreemnent with the salinity conditions. This procedure is similar to the measurement of the flow in a river or canal by letting very saline water of a known salt concentration drip into the channel and measuring the resulting salt concentration downstream.

text: When sufficient data have been assembled, it is possible to determine some of missing information by calibration. This implies that one assumes a range of values for the unknown or doubtful value of a certain parameter and one runs the model repeatedly while comparing results with known corresponding data. For example, if

text: salinity

text: figures of the groundwater are available and the value of

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: is uncertain, one assumes a range of conductivities and the selects that value of conductivity as "true" that yields salinity results close to the observed values, meaning that the groundwater flow as governed by the hydraulic conductivity is in agreemnent with the salinity conditions. This procedure is similar to the measurement of the flow in a river or canal by letting very saline water of a known salt concentration drip into the channel and measuring the resulting salt concentration downstream.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: how can erosion cause erosion in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: size of sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do clay and silt get carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Calibration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hydraulic conductivity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: When sufficient data

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: When sufficient data have been assembled,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: very saline water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: very saline water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: letting very saline water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: calibration.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hydraulic conductivity is in agreemnent with the salinity conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When sufficient data have been assembled,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: channel

text: The New Zealand Resource Management Act 1991  dictates that as part of mitigation for the loss of recreational amenities on the Tongariro River, Genesis Energy must divert water into natural riverbed for 3 weekends per year. This is purely for recreational enjoyment and separate from any maintenance or flushing flows that are otherwise necessary. The dates for these releases are set in conjunction with the national body WhitewaterNZ and generally are structured such that Access 10 releases are on a Saturday and Access 14/13 are on the Sunday of the same weekend. Flows of  are released from Rangipo Dam for a duration of 8 hours.  Flows of 30 cumecs are released from the Poutu Intake for 6 hours. The Access 14/13 sections are not able to be paddled without a release from Genesis Energy, due to the fact that the minimum required flow from below Rangipo Dam is negligible in terms of whitewater and the intake structure at Rangipo is able to take huge amounts of water; so if there is extra storm flow in these sections the flow is generally dangerously high. Access 10 is able to be paddled year-round as the minimum flow of  below Poutu Intake is paddleable - albeit scratchy, and the amount of extra water able to be taken during storm events at Poutu Intake is relatively small so water is often spilled into the river.

text: The New Zealand Resource Management Act 1991  dictates that as part of mitigation for the loss of recreational amenities on the Tongariro River,

text: Genesis Energy

text: must divert water into natural riverbed for 3 weekends per year. This is purely for recreational enjoyment and separate from any maintenance or flushing flows that are otherwise necessary. The dates for these releases are set in conjunction with the national body WhitewaterNZ and generally are structured such that Access 10 releases are on a Saturday and Access 14/13 are on the Sunday of the same weekend. Flows of  are released from Rangipo Dam for a duration of 8 hours.  Flows of 30 cumecs are released from the Poutu Intake for 6 hours. The Access 14/13 sections are not able to be paddled without a release from

text: Genesis Energy

text: , due to the fact that the minimum required flow from below Rangipo Dam is negligible in terms of whitewater and the intake structure at Rangipo is able to take huge amounts of water; so if there is extra storm flow in these sections the flow is generally dangerously high. Access 10 is able to be paddled year-round as the minimum flow of  below Poutu Intake is paddleable - albeit scratchy, and the amount of extra water able to be taken during storm events at Poutu Intake is relatively small so water is often spilled into the river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many hours are released from Rangipo Dam for a duration of 8 hours?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cumecs

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the minimum required flow from below Rangipo Dam?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many hours is the minimum required flow from below Rangipo Dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the Tongariro River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Tongariro River flooded?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: natural riverbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Rangipo

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: natural riverbed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Intake

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Intake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: How many hours are released from the Poutu Intake?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the intake structure

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: below a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Access 10 is able to be paddled year-round

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural riverbed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: WhitewaterNZ

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 30 cumecs

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: relatively small

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Rangipo Dam

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The New Zealand

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: relatively small

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tongariro River,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: recreational amenities

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tongariro River,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The New Zealand

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Rangipo Dam

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: storm flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Rangipo Dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: natural riverbed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: storm flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water into natural riverbed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: if there is extra storm flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: released from Rangipo Dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: year-round

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riverbed

text: Hjulström is most known for creating the Hjulström curve, which describes the thresholds for erosion and deposition of particles in running water.

text: Hjulström is most known for creating the

text: Hjulström curve

text: , which describes the thresholds for

text: erosion

text: and

text: deposition

text: of particles in running water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the Hjulström curve?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hjulström cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: running water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Hjulström curve describes the thresholds for erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: running water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hjulström

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: particles in running water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thresholds for erosion and deposition of particles in running water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: running water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hjulström curve,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hjulström curve,

text: Pandavleni, also known as Panch Pandav, is ancient rock-cut sculptures complex located at  in Gomai River around 6 kilometer north of Shahada, Maharashtra. The Pandavleni complex is in the bed of Gomai river carved in one solid rock. The Pandavleni is around 10 metres below the rest of terrain. There are rather identical two structures around 15 metres apart in east-west line. Sculptures in rock are carved in such a way that water in river flows over the rock, water falls in sculpture complex but force of water do not impact sculptures. It is like sculpture carved on the wall of well. During flood well will be filled with water and water will flow over well without causing any damage to sculpture on the wall of the well.

text: Pandavleni, also known as Panch Pandav, is ancient rock-cut sculptures complex located at  in

text: Gomai River

text: around 6 kilometer north of

text: Shahada

text: Maharashtra

text: . The Pandavleni complex is in the bed of Gomai river carved in one solid rock. The Pandavleni is around 10 metres below the rest of terrain. There are rather identical two structures around 15 metres apart in east-west line. Sculptures in rock are carved in such a way that water in river flows over the rock, water falls in sculpture complex but force of water do not impact sculptures. It is like sculpture carved on the wall of well. During flood well will be filled with water and water will flow over well without causing any damage to sculpture on the wall of the well.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Pandavleni complex?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sculptures in rock are carved in such a way

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: clay, silt, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is like sculpture carved on the wall of well.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Pandavleni complex?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Gomai River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Pandavleni complex in the bed of Gomai River

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: During flood

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gomai River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: How would you describe the structure?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: force of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a rock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sculpture complex

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock-cut

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood well will be filled with water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: well will be filled with water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: well.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water in river flows over the rock,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: well.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: well.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: well.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the rock,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sculpture complex

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: force of water do not impact sculptures.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

text: Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered.Groundwater in karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community trash dumps.  Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.

text: Water supplies from

text: wells

text: in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered.

text: Groundwater

text: in karst areas is just as easily

text: polluted

text: as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community

text: trash dumps

text: .  Overloaded or malfunctioning

text: septic tank

text: s in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for wells in karst topography to be unsafe?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sewage?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for wells in karst areas to be unsafe?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or surface streams?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface streams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high rates of permeability

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through karst

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes have often been used as farmstead

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Karst formations

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: permeability,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: bypassing the normal filtering

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Karst formations

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: filtered.Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water supplies from wells in karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high rates of permeability,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminants to be filtered.Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water supplies from wells in karst

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst topography

text: Nanded is the second largest city in Marathawada after Aurangabad with an area of 63.22 km. Also it is 8th largest city/urban agglomeration in Maharshatra after Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nasik, Aurangabad, Solapur and Amravati. Nanded district borders Latur district and Parbhani district to the west and Yavatmal district to the north, the district is bounded by Nizamabad, Medak and Adilabad districts of Telangana on the east. Nanded City is divided in two parts: Old Nanded (20.62 km) on the north bank of Godavari River, and New Nanded (31.14 km), comprising Waghala and six other newly merged villages which are situated on south of the Godavari river.22. The entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units.  The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles

text: Nanded is the second largest city in Marathawada after

text: Aurangabad

text: with an area of 63.22 km. Also it is 8th largest city/urban agglomeration in Maharshatra after Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nasik, Aurangabad, Solapur and Amravati. Nanded district borders

text: Latur district

text: and

text: Parbhani district

text: to the west and

text: Yavatmal district

text: to the north, the district is bounded by

text: Nizamabad

text: , Medak and Adilabad districts of Telangana on the east. Nanded City is divided in two parts: Old Nanded (20.62 km) on the north bank of

text: Godavari

text: River, and New Nanded (31.14 km), comprising Waghala and six other newly merged villages which are situated on south of the

text: Godavari

text: river.22. The entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units.  The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the soil in Nanded City?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depths

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the main cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Godavari River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Deccan Traps

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Godavari River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Godavari River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: depths and profiles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: horizontally

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Deccan Traps

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Aurangabad.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Godavari River,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: different depths and profiles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Godavari River,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: thin alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Kham and Sukhana river.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Nanded is the second largest city in Marathawada

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Kham and Sukhana river.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Nanded is the second largest city in Marathawada

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Kham and Sukhana river.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vesicular trap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Deccan Trap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deccan Trap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Deccan Trap

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: thin alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: different depths and profiles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Godavari River,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Deccan Trap

text: The Sumidero Canyon was formed by cracks in the earth’s crust along with erosion by the Grijalva River, which still flows through it. The process of its formation began about 35 million years ago, making the Sumidero contemporary with the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River . The Grijalva is the main water system in the area, beginning in the Cuchumatanes in Guatemala. The river then flows through Chiapas, including the thirteen km length of the canyon from south to north then onto Tabasco before it empties into the Usumacinta River. This river basin is one of the two most important in Chiapas, and one of the most important in Mexico with a total river length of 766 km, draining an area of 7,940km2, with an average flow of about forty million cubic meters.

text: The Sumidero Canyon was formed by cracks in the earth’s crust along with erosion by the

text: Grijalva River

text: , which still flows through it. The process of its formation began about 35 million years ago, making the Sumidero contemporary with the

text: Grand Canyon

text: on the

text: Colorado River

text: . The Grijalva is the main water system in the area, beginning in the

text: Cuchumatanes

text: in Guatemala. The river then flows through Chiapas, including the thirteen km length of the canyon from south to north then onto

text: Tabasco

text: before it empties into the

text: Usumacinta River

text: . This river basin is one of the two most important in Chiapas, and one of the most important in Mexico with a total river length of 766 km, draining an area of 7,940km2, with an average flow of about forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: cracks in the earth’s crust?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the Sumidero Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which river basin is one of the two most important in Chiapas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow or fast flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to grow crops in the Sumidero Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: cracks in the earth’s crust along with erosion by the Grijalva River?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cracks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Grijalva River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Grijalva River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cracks in the earth’s crust

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sumidero

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion by the Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: forty million cubic meters.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sumidero Canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Usumacinta River.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sumidero Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cracks in the earth’s crust

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion by the Grijalva River,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Sumidero Canyon

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sumidero Canyon

text: The rocks in the Nahe region are predominantly of Cisuralian (early Permian) age and part of the Rotliegendes. At that time, an impetuous volcanism appeared in the region. Huge deposits of the reddish volcanic rock Rhyolite and of the more alkaline volcanic rock Andesite were left. The valleys of the Nahe and its tributaries have been being formed since 2.6 million years ago during the Quaternary, the geologically latest period, as a result of ground heaving of the surrounding mountains of Hunsrück and North Palatine Uplands. This led to a steep decline of all waters and hence to strong erosion activities. Particularly strong erosion occurred in warmer melting periods during the ice ages, when tundra climate reigned and the soil was not protected by a dense cover of vegetation. Depending on the underground, narrow gorges with cliffy precipices arose in areas with hard volcanic rocks or wide gentle valleys with flood plains in areas with soft sedimentary deposits. The frequent change between both forms is charming along the Nahe.

text: The rocks in the Nahe region are predominantly of

text: Cisuralian

text: (early

text: Permian

text: ) age and part of the

text: Rotliegendes

text: . At that time, an impetuous volcanism appeared in the region. Huge deposits of the reddish volcanic rock

text: Rhyolite

text: and of the more alkaline volcanic rock

text: Andesite

text: were left. The valleys of the Nahe and its tributaries have been being formed since 2.6 million years ago during the

text: Quaternary

text: , the geologically latest period, as a result of ground heaving of the surrounding mountains of Hunsrück and North Palatine Uplands. This led to a steep decline of all waters and hence to strong erosion activities. Particularly strong erosion occurred in warmer melting periods during the ice ages, when tundra climate reigned and the soil was not protected by a dense cover of vegetation. Depending on the underground, narrow gorges with cliffy precipices arose in areas with hard volcanic rocks or wide gentle valleys with flood plains in areas with soft sedimentary deposits. The frequent change between both forms is charming along the Nahe.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: This led to a steep decline of all waters and hence to strong erosion activities

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Rhyolite or Andesite?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wide gentle valleys with flood plains

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, ground heaving of the surrounding mountains or ground heaving of the surrounding mountains?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for strong erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ground heaving

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ground heaving

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: cliffy precipices

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ground heaving of the surrounding mountains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steeply

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: hard volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unprotected by a dense cover of vegetation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: warmer melting periods during the ice ages,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: soft sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: warmer melting periods during the ice ages,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soft sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wide gentle valleys with flood plains in areas with soft sedimentary deposits.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cliffy precipices arose in areas with hard volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a steep decline of all waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorges

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: warmer melting periods during the ice ages,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soft

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The rocks in the Nahe region are predominantly of Cisuralian

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: narrow gorges

text: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

text: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the reason sediments are carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is this a bad thing?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can be found in a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: can be described as smooth

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be shaped by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: is formed from erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: can be referred to as

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a straight line

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: streamline

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Streamlined shapes are formed from erosion by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Streamlined shapes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Streamlined shapes

text: The eruption of 1257 occurred probably around September. Based on the deposits of the eruption, it commenced with a first phreatic stage that deposited  of ash over  of northwest Lombok. In the subsequent first magmatic stage, a lithic rich pumice ash fell, reaching a thickness of  both upwind on East Lombok and on Bali. Subsequently, various phases of lapilli and ash falls occurred, as well as pyroclastic flows that were partially confined within the valleys on Samalas's western flank. Some ash deposits were eroded by the pyroclastic flows, generating furrow structures. Pyroclastic flows even crossed the Bali Sea, reaching the Gili Islands. This eruption phase was probably phreatomagmatic, as the deposits show evidence of interaction with water. Three pumice fallouts subsequently fell, reaching the widest extend of all deposits formed by the eruption. These pumices fell as far as Sumbawa in the east, where they were up to  thick. The formation of these pumices was followed by another stage of pyroclastic flow activity, probably caused by the collapse of the eruption column and the beginning of the formation of the caldera, where the conditions changed from column-generating to fountain-generating. These pyroclastic flows were deflected by older volcanic edifices and incinerated the vegetation. Interaction between these flows and the air triggered the formation of additional eruption clouds and secondary pyroclastic flows. Where the flows entered the sea north and east of Lombok, steam explosions generated pumice cones on the beach and additional secondary pyroclastic flows. These pyroclastic flows had an on-land volume of , and reached thicknesses of  as far as  away from Samalas. These phases are also known as P1 (phreatic and first magmatic phase), P2 (phreatomagmatic with pyroclastic flows), P3 (plinian) and P4 (pyroclastic flows). The whole eruption lasted between 12 and 15 hours, not accounting for the first emission of pyroclastic flows (P2).

text: The eruption of 1257 occurred probably around September. Based on the deposits of the eruption, it commenced with a first

text: phreatic

text: stage that deposited  of ash over  of northwest Lombok. In the subsequent first magmatic stage, a

text: lithic

text: rich

text: pumice

text: ash fell, reaching a thickness of  both upwind on East Lombok and on Bali. Subsequently, various phases of

text: lapilli

text: and ash falls occurred, as well as pyroclastic flows that were partially confined within the valleys on Samalas's western flank. Some ash deposits were eroded by the pyroclastic flows, generating furrow structures. Pyroclastic flows even crossed the

text: Bali Sea

text: , reaching the

text: Gili Islands

text: . This eruption phase was probably

text: phreatomagmatic

text: , as the deposits show evidence of interaction with water. Three pumice fallouts subsequently fell, reaching the widest extend of all deposits formed by the eruption. These pumices fell as far as

text: Sumbawa

text: in the east, where they were up to  thick. The formation of these pumices was followed by another stage of pyroclastic flow activity, probably caused by the collapse of the eruption column and the beginning of the formation of the caldera, where the conditions changed from column-generating to fountain-generating. These pyroclastic flows were deflected by older volcanic edifices and incinerated the vegetation. Interaction between these flows and the air triggered the formation of additional eruption clouds and secondary pyroclastic flows. Where the flows entered the sea north and east of Lombok, steam explosions generated pumice cones on the beach and additional secondary pyroclastic flows. These pyroclastic flows had an on-land volume of , and reached thicknesses of  as far as  away from Samalas. These phases are also known as P1 (phreatic and first magmatic phase), P2 (phreatomagmatic with pyroclastic flows), P3 (plinian) and P4 (pyroclastic flows). The whole eruption lasted between 12 and 15 hours, not accounting for the first emission of pyroclastic flows (P2).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The eruption of 1257 occurred probably around September

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: phreatic and first magmatic phase

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: incinerated the vegetation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: the Bali Sea

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caldera

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: plinian

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Pumice

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: caldera

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lapilli

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: the Bali Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Furrow structures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ash deposits were eroded by the pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lapilli

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the whole eruption lasted between 12 and 15 hours

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: furrow structures

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Bali Sea, reaching the Gili Islands.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sumbawa

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: north

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: incinerated the vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: pumices

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: pyroclastic flows, generating furrow structures.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pumices

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caldera,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pumices

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: furrow structures.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pumices

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pumices

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bali Sea,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pyroclastic flow activity,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pyroclastic flows, generating furrow structures.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (plinian)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The whole eruption lasted between 12 and 15 hours,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: furrow structures.

text: The river is just about 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing. It is an olive shade of green during the dry months and a bluish-brown in the monsoon months attributed to much algae and aquatic plant life.The impounded water of the Koyna Dam though has submerged a significant amount of Rain forest of the Western Ghats, it has helped a lot to the surrounding forest by supplying water all round the year. Hence a wide biodiversity of plants and animals is observed in the evergreen forest surrounding the river.

text: The river is just about 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing. It is an olive shade of green during the dry months and a bluish-brown in the

text: monsoon

text: months attributed to much

text: algae

text: and aquatic plant life.The impounded water of the Koyna Dam though has submerged a significant amount of

text: Rain forest

text: of the

text: Western Ghats

text: , it has helped a lot to the surrounding forest by supplying water all round the year. Hence a wide biodiversity of plants and animals is observed in the evergreen forest surrounding the river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the river?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or algae?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the river is an olive shade of green during the dry months?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Koyna

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: submerged

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: plants and animals

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: submersion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: algae and aquatic plant life

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bluish-brown

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in the Western Ghats

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: submerged a significant amount of Rain forest of the Western Ghats,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 100 meters in width

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: algae and aquatic plant life.The

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rain forest

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Rain forest

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Rain forest

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Koyna Dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: algae and aquatic plant life.The

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Rain forest

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: algae and aquatic plant life.The

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Rain forest

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The river is just about 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Koyna Dam

text: For two weeks water flowed through the spillway to a maximum depth of .  The continuous rush of water removed tons of soil, numerous trees, and a portion of the 244 Spur Highway.  Pooling waters from the spillway flow also threatened to damage U.S. Highway 77.  To protect the U.S. highway, a culvert was intentionally breached on State Highway 57 to allow the pooling floodwaters to drain back into the Republican River channel.  Throughout the entire flood, the dam performed as designed and held floodwaters back, lessening the downstream flood damage.  During the highest release of water through the dam,  which lasted for approximately 10 hours, the riverbank channel immediately below the dam suffered some erosion damage.  In the winter of 1996/7, repairs were made to the damaged channel below the dam.  To prevent future damage during extremely high releases, the river channel was dropped  in elevation by excavation.  The removed rock was used to create a berm across the south bank washout.  The channel banks were re-graded, re-rocked, and re-grouted.

text: For two weeks water flowed through the spillway to a maximum depth of .  The continuous rush of water removed tons of soil, numerous trees, and a portion of the

text: 244 Spur Highway

text: .  Pooling waters from the spillway flow also threatened to damage

text: U.S. Highway 77

text: .  To protect the U.S. highway, a

text: culvert

text: was intentionally breached on State Highway 57 to allow the pooling floodwaters to drain back into the Republican River channel.  Throughout the entire flood, the dam performed as designed and held floodwaters back, lessening the downstream flood damage.  During the highest release of water through the dam,  which lasted for approximately 10 hours, the riverbank channel immediately below the dam suffered some

text: erosion

text: damage.  In the winter of 1996/7, repairs were made to the damaged channel below the dam.  To prevent future damage during extremely high releases, the river channel was dropped  in elevation by excavation.  The removed rock was used to create a

text: berm

text: across the south bank washout.  The channel banks were re-graded, re-rocked, and re-grouted.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many hours did the highest release of water through the dam last?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the spillway?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many hours did the highest release of water through the dam last

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the continuous rush of water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many hours did the highest release of water through the dam last?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did the continuous rush of water remove tons of soil?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What was the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: south bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: berm

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: berm

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: culverts

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Repairs

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floodwaters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in the Republican River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: berm

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the riverbank channel immediately below the dam suffered some erosion damage.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: tons

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: tons of soil,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: south bank washout.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: riverbank channel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: berm

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Republican River channel.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tons of soil, numerous trees,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: re-grouted.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the riverbank channel immediately below the dam suffered some erosion damage.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowed through the spillway

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: For two weeks water flowed through the spillway

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: berm across the south bank washout.

text: Glacial lake volumes vary, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic metres of water.  Catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days.  Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic metres per second have been recorded in such events, suggesting that the v-shaped canyon of a normally small mountain stream could suddenly develop an extremely turbulent and fast-moving torrent some  deep. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods are often compounded by a massive river bed erosion in the steep moraine valleys, as a result, the flood peaks increase as they flow downstream until the river reaches, where the sediment deposits. On a downstream floodplain, it suggests a somewhat slower inundation spreading as much as  wide.  Both scenarios are significant threats to life, property and infrastructure.

text: Glacial lake volumes vary, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic metres of water.  Catastrophic failure of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days.  Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic metres per second have been recorded in such events, suggesting that the v-shaped canyon of a normally small mountain stream could suddenly develop an extremely turbulent and fast-moving torrent some  deep. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods are often compounded by a massive river bed erosion in the steep moraine valleys, as a result, the flood peaks increase as they flow downstream until the river reaches, where the sediment deposits. On a downstream floodplain, it suggests a somewhat slower inundation spreading as much as  wide.  Both scenarios are significant threats to life, property and infrastructure.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not true about glacial lake outbursts?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: some deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraine valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moraine valleys

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraine valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: V-shaped canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: moraine valleys

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: glacial lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial lake volumes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 15,000 cubic metres per second

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: moraine valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: downstream floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: turbulent and fast-moving torrent some deep.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Glacial lake volumes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slower inundation spreading as much as wide.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river bed erosion in the steep moraine valleys,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: river bed erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: v-shaped canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: v-shaped canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Glacial lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice or glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice or glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: v-shaped canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Glacial lake volumes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

text: One generally accepted view for the formation of large outflow channels is that they were formed by catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs. Perhaps, the water started to come out of the ground due to faulting or volcanic activity. Sometimes hot magma just travels under the surface. If that is the case, the ground will be heated, but there may be no evidence of lava at the surface. After water escapes, the surface collapses. Moving across the surface, the water would have simultaneously frozen and evaporated. Chunks of ice that would have rapidly formed may have enhanced the erosive power of the flood. Furthermore, the water may have frozen over at the surface, but continuing to flow underneath, eroding the ground as it moved along. Rivers in cold climates on the Earth often become ice-covered, yet continue to flow.

text: One generally accepted view for the formation of large outflow channels is that they were formed by catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs. Perhaps, the water started to come out of the ground due to faulting or volcanic activity. Sometimes hot

text: magma

text: just travels under the surface. If that is the case, the ground will be heated, but there may be no evidence of

text: lava

text: at the surface. After water escapes, the surface collapses. Moving across the surface, the water would have simultaneously frozen and evaporated. Chunks of ice that would have rapidly formed may have enhanced the erosive power of the flood. Furthermore, the water may have frozen over at the surface, but continuing to flow underneath, eroding the ground as it moved along. Rivers in cold climates on the Earth often become ice-covered, yet continue to flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would have enhanced the erosive power of the flood?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What would have enhanced the erosive power of the flood?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under the ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they were formed by catastrophic floods of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroding the ground as it moved along.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: eroding the ground

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: eroding the ground

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: large outflow channels

text: Mariner 9 imaging revealed the first direct evidence of water in the form of river beds, canyons (including the Valles Marineris, a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more. The findings from the Mariner 9 missions underpinned the later Viking program. The enormous Valles Marineris canyon system is named after Mariner 9 in honor of its achievements.

text: Mariner 9

text: imaging revealed the first direct evidence of water in the form of river beds,

text: canyon

text: s (including the

text: Valles Marineris

text: , a system of canyons over about  long), evidence of water

text: erosion

text: and deposition, weather fronts,

text: fog

text: s, and more. The findings from the Mariner 9 missions underpinned the later

text: Viking program

text: . The enormous

text: Valles Marineris

text: canyon system is named after Mariner 9 in honor of its achievements.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What type of water can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or fog?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the first direct evidence of water?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weather fronts

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: river beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Mariner 9

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mariner 9

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Mariner 9

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Mariner 9

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water erosion and deposition,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weather fronts, fogs,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weather fronts, fogs,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: river beds,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: The ascent to Orcombe Point shows the successive layers of different sedimentary rocks, which were deposited under varying geological conditions. At the base are cross-bedded sandstones. Towards the top, the rock types are those deposited by quieter, slower-flowing waters (i.e. siltstones and mudstones). The sediments are markedly red and this indicates that they were formed in a desert. These formations belong to the "Aylesbeare Mudstone Group" and date from the Triassic period 250 million years ago.

text: The ascent to Orcombe Point shows the successive layers of different

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, which were deposited under varying

text: geological

text: conditions. At the base are

text: cross-bedded

text: sandstone

text: s. Towards the top, the rock types are those deposited by quieter, slower-flowing waters (i.e.

text: siltstone

text: s and

text: mudstone

text: s). The sediments are markedly red and this indicates that they were formed in a desert. These formations belong to the "Aylesbeare Mudstone Group" and date from the Triassic period 250 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: siltstones and mudstones?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why are the sediments markedly red and this indicates that they were formed in a desert?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock: siltstones or mudstones?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: siltstones and mudstones?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rocks: siltstones and mudstones?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the sediments markedly red and this indicates that they were formed in a desert?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a desert

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mudstones

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: siltstones

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Orcombe Point

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltstones

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Siltstones

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: geological conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the stream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siltstones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they were formed in a desert

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock types

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deposited by quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: siltstones and mudstones).

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deposited under varying geological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltstones and mudstones).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: varying geological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: quieter, slower-flowing waters

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siltstones and mudstones).

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a desert.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "Aylesbeare Mudstone Group"

text: The monophyly of Centrolenidae is supported by morphological and behavioral characters, including:1) presence of a dilated process on the medial side of the third metacarpal (an apparently unique synapomorphy); 2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; 3) terminal phalanges T-shaped; 4) exotroph, lotic, burrower/fossorial tadpoles with a vermiform body and dorsal C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still or flowing water systems; and 5) eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing water systems. Several molecular synapomorphies also support the monophyly of the clade.

text: The

text: monophyly

text: of Centrolenidae is supported by morphological and behavioral characters, including:1) presence of a dilated process on the medial side of the third

text: metacarpal

text: (an apparently unique

text: synapomorphy

text: ); 2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; 3) terminal phalanges T-shaped; 4)

text: exotroph

text: lotic

text: , burrower/fossorial tadpoles with a

text: vermiform

text: body and dorsal C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still or flowing water systems; and 5) eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing water systems. Several molecular

text: synapomorphies

text: also support the monophyly of the clade.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be concluded from the passage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: burrower

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Fossorial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Fossorial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: leaf packs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Egg clutches

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: morphological and behavioral characteristics

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: leaf packs

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing water systems

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eggs clutches

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: still

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: buried within leaf packs

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: buried within leaf packs

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water systems;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: still or flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: buried within leaf packs in still or flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The monophyly of Centrolenidae

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: burrower/fossorial

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: burrower/fossorial

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: leaf packs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: still or flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flowing water systems;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vegetation or rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: musculus transversi metacarpi I;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eggs clutches

text: Sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of waste. A consequence of this is the pollution of groundwater resources, with serious health implications in such areas. The Maya civilization sometimes used sinkholes in the Yucatán Peninsula (known as cenotes) as places to deposit precious items and human sacrifices.

text: Sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of

text: waste

text: . A consequence of this is the

text: pollution of groundwater

text: resources, with serious health implications in such areas. The

text: Maya civilization

text: sometimes used sinkholes in the

text: Yucatán Peninsula

text: (known as

text: cenotes

text: ) as places to deposit precious items and human sacrifices.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can sinkholes be used for?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of sinkholes: pollution of groundwater resources, serious health implications, or human sacrifices?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of sinkholes: the pollution of groundwater resources, with serious health implications, or the pollution of groundwater resources?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for sinkholes to be used as disposal sites?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason sinkholes have been used as disposal sites for various forms of waste?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a consequence of sinkholes: the pollution of groundwater resources, with serious health implications in such areas, or the pollution of groundwater resources?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes have been used for centuries as disposal sites for various forms of waste

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: pollution of groundwater resources,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pollution of groundwater resources,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pollution of groundwater resources,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkholes

text: When dealing with tons of water, it has to be distributed evenly and slowly. Occasionally main channels will need maintenance, or may be damaged due to external reasons. In order to even assess the problem, tons of water need to be removed from the main channel. The best way to do this is to slow the overall flow from the main dam and redirect all water flowing originally through the damaged channel to backup channels. Radial gates serve this purpose, they regulate the flow of water. It is imperative to keep water flowing. Lack of the flow will not only compromise all irrigation linked to that channel but also all cities linked will experience a power outage.

text: When dealing with tons of water, it has to be distributed evenly and slowly. Occasionally main channels will need maintenance, or may be damaged due to external reasons. In order to even assess the problem, tons of water need to be removed from the main channel. The best way to do this is to slow the overall flow from the main dam and redirect all water flowing originally through the damaged channel to backup channels. Radial gates serve this purpose, they regulate the flow of water. It is imperative to keep water flowing. Lack of the flow will not only compromise all irrigation linked to that channel but also all cities linked will experience a power outage.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slowly flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to slow the flow of water?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is it imperative to keep water flowing?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the purpose of a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lack of flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: radial gates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lack of the flow will not not compromise all irrigation linked to that channel but also all cities linked will experience a power outage

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: radial gates

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: power outage.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: evenly and slowly.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: power outage.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Occasionally main channels will need maintenance, or may be damaged due to external reasons.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tons of water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: main channels will need maintenance, or may be damaged due to external reasons.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backup channels.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: power outage.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: external reasons.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Radial gates

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When dealing with tons of water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Radial gates

text: Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow gradients, a well-developed floodplain, and cohesive floodplain material. Deposition of sediment occurs on the inner edge, because the secondary flow of the river sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a point bar below the slip-off slope. Meandering morphology is dependent upon similar bank erosion and bar growth rates. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a cut bank. This can be seen in areas where willows grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides.

text: Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow

text: gradient

text: s, a well-developed

text: floodplain

text: , and cohesive floodplain material.

text: Deposition

text: of

text: sediment

text: occurs on the inner edge, because the

text: secondary flow

text: of the river sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a

text: point bar

text: below the slip-off slope. Meandering morphology is dependent upon similar bank erosion and bar growth rates. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a

text: cut bank

text: . This can be seen in areas where

text: willows

text: grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Deposition of sediment occurs on the inner edge

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of meandering morphology?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay, silt, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of meanders?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do willows grow on the banks of rivers?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can be seen in areas where willows grow on the banks of rivers?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unprotected soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slip-off slope

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Slumping

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: secondary flow of the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Slumping

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: bank erosion and bar growth rates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the outside of the bend

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are not protected by deposits of sand and rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroding the unprotected soil,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shallow gradients,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sweeps and rolls

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand, rocks and other submerged objects

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: shallow gradients,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: outside of the bend

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cut bank.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: slides.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut bank.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The current

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: slides.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: a small cliff called a cut bank.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: shallow gradients,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a point bar

text: Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous, friable, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained, silty, pale yellow or buff, windblown (Aeolian) sediment. It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.  Wind erosion is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the Great Plains, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years.

text: Loess is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous,

text: friable

text: , slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained,

text: silt

text: y, pale yellow or buff, windblown (

text: Aeolian

text: sediment

text: . It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess.  Wind erosion is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the

text: Great Plains

text: , it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for farmers to plant windbreaks?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is NOT true of loess deposits?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is NOT true of loess deposits?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: blanket deposit

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: windbreaks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: times of drought

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: windbreaks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tens of meters thick.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: windblown

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: windbreaks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: windbreaks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: windbreaks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: arid areas and during times of drought.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steep or vertical faces.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Loess

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Loess is a homogeneous,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Loess

text: Water has a high surface tension of  71.99 mN/m at 25 °C, caused by the strong cohesion between water molecules, the highest of the common non-ionic, non-metallic liquids. This can be seen when small quantities of water are placed onto a sorption-free (non-adsorbent and non-absorbent) surface, such as polyethylene or Teflon, and the water stays together as drops. Just as significantly, air trapped in surface disturbances forms bubbles, which sometimes last long enough to transfer gas molecules to the water.

text: Water has a high

text: surface tension

text: of  71.99 mN/m at 25 °C, caused by the strong cohesion between water molecules, the highest of the common non-ionic, non-metallic liquids. This can be seen when small quantities of water are placed onto a

text: sorption

text: -free (non-adsorbent and non-absorbent) surface, such as

text: polyethylene

text: or

text: Teflon

text: , and the water stays together as drops. Just as significantly, air trapped in surface disturbances forms bubbles, which sometimes last long enough to transfer gas molecules to the water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be seen when small quantities of water are placed onto a sorption-free (non-adsorbent and non-absorbent) surface

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be seen when small quantities of water are placed onto a surface?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What can be seen when small quantities of water are placed onto a sorption-free surface?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances forms bubbles

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: adsorbent

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface disturbances

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface disturbances

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bubbles

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: non-absorbent

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances forms bubbles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bubbles

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: drops.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: drops.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the water stays together as drops.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances forms bubbles,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: drops.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: (non-adsorbent and non-absorbent)

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: drops.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bubbles,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: air trapped in surface disturbances

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sorption-free (non-adsorbent

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water has a high surface tension

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bubbles,

text: The hype about septic systems being the major culprit for the spread of green algae in the embayments, the killing of eelgrass and the cause of hypoxia in Cape Cod waterways is egregiously overdone.  Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems is likely a very small fraction unless the leaching fields or devices are plugged or have otherwise failed to deliver orderly flow into the subterranean.  A properly functioning Septic System that has an adequate surface area of biological mat interface will deliver partially treated effluent without overflowing to the surface and short circuiting effluent into surface waters.    There are estimates that 80% of nitrogen in waters surrounding the Cape is from onsite Septic Systems.  This is totally flawed as there are many other sources of nitrogen, both anthropogenic and natural.  There are huge quantities of nitrogen released from vegetation, animals and bacteria that occur in natural systems and from atmospheric deposition.  In addition the Boston Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Facility releases vast amounts of Nitrogen into Massachusetts Bay Waters.  Further, there are many other nutrients and detrimental compounds from sources other than Septic Systems which affect water quality in Cape Cod water bodies.

text: The hype about septic systems being the major culprit for the spread of green algae in the embayments, the killing of eelgrass and the cause of hypoxia in Cape Cod waterways is egregiously overdone.  Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems is likely a very small fraction unless the leaching fields or devices are plugged or have otherwise failed to deliver orderly flow into the subterranean.  A properly functioning Septic System that has an adequate surface area of biological mat interface will deliver partially treated effluent without overflowing to the surface and short circuiting effluent into surface waters.    There are estimates that 80% of nitrogen in waters surrounding the Cape is from onsite Septic Systems.  This is totally flawed as there are many other sources of nitrogen, both anthropogenic and natural.  There are huge quantities of nitrogen released from vegetation, animals and bacteria that occur in natural systems and from atmospheric deposition.  In addition the Boston Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Facility releases vast amounts of Nitrogen into Massachusetts Bay Waters.  Further, there are many other nutrients and detrimental compounds from sources other than Septic Systems which affect water quality in Cape Cod water bodies.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of nitrogen: vegetation, animals, or bacteria?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a source of nitrogen: vegetation, animals, or bacteria?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embayments

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subterranean

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: leaching fields

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: embayments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: embayments

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: vegetation, animals and bacteria

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Hypoxia

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: to the surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: elgrass

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: septic systems being the major culprit for the spread of green algae

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: embayments

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: eelgrass

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: surface area

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Nitrogen emanating from Septic Systems

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: subterranean.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 80% of nitrogen in waters surrounding the Cape is from onsite Septic Systems.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: embayments,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subterranean.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: atmospheric deposition.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eelgrass

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subterranean.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eelgrass

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: embayments,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: vegetation, animals and bacteria

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: septic systems being the major culprit for the spread of green algae

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: A properly functioning Septic System

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: subterranean.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: eelgrass

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 80% of nitrogen in waters surrounding the Cape is from onsite Septic Systems.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: green algae in the embayments,

text: When precipitation flows down South Mountain, a large amount of groundwater is produced. Much of the water, which has an acidic pH, is able to erode the valley's limestone bedrock and continue flowing at about  below the soil. However, some of the water is trapped by the impermeable diabase dikes, which act as a hydrologic barrier. The water becomes progressively confined by the dikes as it nears the tip of the "V". Due to the positive pressure created by this confinement, water is pushed up to the surface and out of the artesian aquifer, giving the impression of "boiling" springs. The springs have a median flow of  per minute.

text: When precipitation flows down

entity_name: South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)

text: South Mountain

text: , a large amount of

text: groundwater

text: is produced. Much of the water, which has an acidic

text: pH

text: , is able to erode the valley's limestone bedrock and continue flowing at about  below the soil. However, some of the water is trapped by the impermeable diabase dikes, which act as a hydrologic barrier. The water becomes progressively confined by the dikes as it nears the tip of the "V". Due to the

text: positive pressure

text: created by this confinement, water is pushed up to the surface and out of the

text: artesian aquifer

text: , giving the impression of "boiling" springs. The springs have a median flow of  per minute.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can groundwater cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the springs have a median flow of per minute?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: artesian aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: diabase dikes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: artesian aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: acidic pH

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down South Mountain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the springs have a median flow of per minute

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: artesian aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erode the valley's limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The springs have a median flow of per minute.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: precipitation flows down South Mountain, a large amount of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: below the soil.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erode the valley's limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: When precipitation flows down South Mountain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: diabase dikes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "V".

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: diabase dikes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "V".

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: artesian aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: artesian aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: impermeable diabase dikes,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: acidic pH,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: precipitation flows down South Mountain,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "boiling" springs.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: artesian aquifer,

text: Originally open at both ends, collapsing ground closed one of the caves when the underground water flow sharply diminished. This cave now ends with basins at ground level formed by limestone deposits left by the water.

text: Originally open at both ends, collapsing ground closed one of the caves when the underground water flow sharply diminished. This cave now ends with basins at ground level formed by limestone deposits left by the water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the underground water flow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be formed by limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the underground water flow sharply diminished.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: basins at ground level

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: limestone deposits left by the water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Originally open at both ends,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: limestone deposits left by the water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: limestone deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: underground water flow sharply diminished.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: limestone deposits left by the water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Originally open at both ends,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basins

text: Flood stage is the level at which a body of water's surface has risen to a sufficient level to cause sufficient inundation of areas that are not normally covered by water, causing an inconvenience or a threat to life and/or property. When a body of water rises to this level, it is considered a flood event. Flood stage does not apply to areal flooding. Because areal flooding occurs, by definition, over areas not normally covered by water, any water at all creates a flood. Usually, Moderate and Major stages are not defined for areal floodplains.

text: Flood stage is the level at which a body of water's surface has risen to a sufficient level to cause sufficient inundation of areas that are not normally covered by water, causing an inconvenience or a threat to life and/or property. When a body of water rises to this level, it is considered a

text: flood

text: event. Flood stage does not apply to

text: areal flooding

text: . Because areal flooding occurs, by definition, over areas not normally covered by water, any water at all creates a flood. Usually, Moderate and Major stages are not defined for areal

text: floodplain

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an advantage of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do clay and silt get carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Moderate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood stage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: to a higher elevation

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: any water at all creates a flood

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: areal flooding

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal floodplains.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: areal flooding.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flood stage

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flood stage

text: In physical geography, entrainment is the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow (such as air, water or even ice ) as part of the operation of erosion.

text: In

text: physical geography

text: , entrainment is the process by which surface

text: sediment

text: is incorporated into a

text: fluid flow

text: (such as

text: air

text: water

text: or even

text: ice

text: ) as part of the operation of

text: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is an example of entrainment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of entrainment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface sediment

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and air

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: entrainment is the process of surface sediment being incorporated into a fluid flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: air, water or even ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: entrainment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: entrainment

text: The Wallula Gap was widened about the 14th millennium BC, by the historic flow of the Salmon, Snake, and Columbia rivers combined with the glacial waters that poured across the Channeled Scablands during the Missoula Floods. The Wallula Gap constrained the flow such that less than 1/5 of the 800 km³ (192 mi³) of water per day entering could be discharged as it passed into Lake Condon downstream. As a result, the floods filled the Pasco Basin and formed, for a short period, Lake Lewis. The large volumes of flood water passing through the gap contributed substantially to the erosion of the gap, as is evidenced by the shear walls and by scab-features such as "Twin Sisters".

text: The Wallula Gap was widened about the 14th millennium BC, by the historic flow of the

text: Salmon

text: Snake

text: , and Columbia rivers combined with the glacial waters that poured across the

text: Channeled Scablands

text: during the

text: Missoula Floods

text: . The Wallula Gap constrained the flow such that less than 1/5 of the 800 km³ (192 mi³) of water per day entering could be discharged as it passed into

text: Lake Condon

text: downstream. As a result, the floods filled the

text: Pasco Basin

text: and formed, for a short period,

text: Lake Lewis

text: . The large volumes of flood water passing through the gap contributed substantially to the erosion of the gap, as is evidenced by the shear walls and by scab-features such as "Twin Sisters".

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of a river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the shear walls?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the Wallula Gap?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Wallula Gap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Condon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flood water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Shear walls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: large volumes of flood water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Scablands

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lake Lewis was formed, for a short period, Lake Lewis

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shear walls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "Twin Sisters".

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: less than 1/5 of the 800 km3 (192 mi3)

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: less than 1/5 of the 800 km3 (192 mi3)

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Missoula Floods.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 1/5 of the 800 km3

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: less than 1/5 of the 800 km3

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Salmon, Snake, and Columbia rivers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glacial waters that poured across the Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The Wallula Gap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: The Wallula Gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Lewis.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shear walls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less than 1/5 of the 800 km3

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: "Twin Sisters".

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "Twin Sisters".

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shear walls

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in soils, sediments and other porous media. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in

text: soil

text: s,

text: sediment

text: s and other

text: porous media

text: . In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in the direction of groundwater flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the water table rarely horizontal?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a geological structure?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: horizontal

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horizontal

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface relief

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface relief

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the permeability of the material

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from higher pressure to lower pressure

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water table is rarely horizontal

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Within an aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: horizontal,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horizontal, but reflects the surface relief

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface relief

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: horizontal, but reflects the surface relief

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: hydraulic gradient,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: permeability of the material.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soils,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface relief due to the capillary effect

text: Spring Creek Reservoir is the artificial lake formed behind the dam. The reservoir is used mostly for flood control storage, and is rarely filled to its  capacity. During the dry season, water from Spring Creek pools in a small, stagnant pond retained behind the dam, depositing contaminated sediment and acidic mine waste in the reservoir space. When flows from the Shasta Dam, upstream on the Sacramento River, are sufficient to flush contaminated water away, water held in the reservoir is released through the outlet works into the Keswick Reservoir and the Sacramento River. Despite this operation strategy, the reservoir was eventually deemed inadequate for the watershed, and can be filled to capacity by a single heavy storm event. Uncontrollable spills frequently poured into the Sacramento River during floods, through the crest spillway of the dam, which lacks gates. As a result, numerous fish kills have occurred during these sudden releases of contaminants, a major one of which was in 1969. Due to this consistent acid pollution from the reservoir, most large fish spawn downstream of Red Bluff Diversion Dam, a dam also on the Sacramento River near Red Bluff, California.

text: Spring Creek Reservoir

text: is the

text: artificial lake

text: formed behind the dam. The reservoir is used mostly for flood control storage, and is rarely filled to its  capacity. During the dry season, water from Spring Creek pools in a small,

text: stagnant

text: pond retained behind the dam, depositing contaminated sediment and acidic mine waste in the reservoir space. When flows from the

text: Shasta Dam

text: , upstream on the

text: Sacramento River

text: , are sufficient to flush contaminated water away, water held in the reservoir is released through the outlet works into the

text: Keswick Reservoir

text: and the Sacramento River. Despite this operation strategy, the reservoir was eventually deemed inadequate for the watershed, and can be filled to capacity by a single heavy storm event. Uncontrollable spills frequently poured into the Sacramento River during floods, through the crest spillway of the dam, which lacks gates. As a result, numerous

text: fish kill

text: s have occurred during these sudden releases of contaminants, a major one of which was in 1969. Due to this consistent acid pollution from the reservoir, most large fish spawn downstream of

text: Red Bluff Diversion Dam

text: , a dam also on the Sacramento River near

text: Red Bluff, California

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Spring Creek Reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is soil erosion not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason Spring Creek pools in a small, stagnant pond retained behind the dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Sacramento River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do fish kills occur during these sudden releases of contaminants?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Spring Creek pools

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: spring creek pools

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: diversion dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: uncontrollable spills

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy storm event

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: uncontrollably

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: contaminated sediment and acidic mine waste

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sacramento River,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sacramento River,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sacramento River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: contaminated sediment and acidic mine waste

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy storm event.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sacramento River,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Spring Creek Reservoir

text: A pediment is a very gently sloping (.5°-7°) inclined bedrock surface. It typically slopes down from the base of a steeper retreating desert cliff, or escarpment, but may continue to exist after the mountain has eroded away. It is caused by erosion. It develops when sheets of running water (laminar sheet flows) wash over it in intense rainfall events. It may be thinly covered with fluvial gravel that has washed over it from the foot of mountains produced by cliff retreat erosion. It is typically a concave surface gently sloping away from mountainous desert areas.

text: A pediment is a very gently sloping (.5°-7°) inclined

text: bedrock

text: surface. It typically slopes down from the base of a steeper

text: retreating desert cliff

text: , or

text: escarpment

text: , but may continue to exist after the mountain has eroded away. It is caused by

text: erosion

text: . It develops when sheets of running water (

text: laminar sheet flows

text: ) wash over it in intense rainfall events. It may be thinly covered with

text: fluvial

text: gravel that has washed over it from the foot of mountains produced by

text: cliff retreat

text: erosion. It is typically a concave surface gently sloping away from mountainous desert areas.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a pediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pediment?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pediment?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: escarpment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pediment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Pediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intense rainfall events

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pediment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Pediment is a very gently sloping

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (laminar sheet flows) wash over it in intense rainfall events.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: running water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: (laminar sheet flows) wash over it in intense rainfall events.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: (laminar sheet flows) wash over it in intense rainfall events.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: (laminar sheet flows) wash over it in intense rainfall events.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (laminar sheet flows)

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intense rainfall events.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sheets of running water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A pediment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pediment

text: The following is a list of sinkholes, blue holes, dolines, cenotes, and pit caves. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Some are caused by karst processes—for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks<ref>{{cite journal|author = Lard, L., Paull, C., & Hobson, B. |year = 1995|title = Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal = Geology|volume = 23|issue = 10|pages = 949–951|doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023

text: The following is a list of

text: sinkhole

text: s,

text: blue hole

text: s,

text: dolines

text: cenote

text: s, and

text: pit cave

text: s. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Some are caused by

text: karst processes

text: —for example, the chemical dissolution of

text: carbonate rocks

text: <ref>{{cite journal|author = Lard, L., Paull, C., & Hobson, B. |year = 1995|title = Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal = Geology|volume = 23|issue = 10|pages = 949–951|doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The size of sediments determines how they are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: cite journal|author = Lard, L., Paull, C., & Hobson, B.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: cite journal|author = Lard, L., Paull, C., & Hobson, B. |year = 1995|title = Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal = Geology|volume = 23|issue = 10|pages = 949–951|doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cite journal|author = Lard, L., Paull, C., & Hobson, B. |year = 1995|title = Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal = Geology|volume = 23|issue = 10|pages = 949–951|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes are caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: A levee forms from the largest sediments a river carries.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dolines

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dolines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dolines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Blue Hole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are caused by chemical dissolution

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blue holes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Genesis of a submarine sinkhole without subaerial exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: some form of collapse of the surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dolines,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: blue holes, dolines,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dolines,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dolines,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dolines,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: exposure|journal

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: The water enters from the top and down the inner tube. At this point the water starts to bleed out the bleed hole which goes into the grey water system, a garden watering system, or drain. As the flow from the roof exceeds the bleed amount, the tube fills up, depositing any heavy material in the lower part of the tube, most of which flushes out the bleed hole. Some debris floats, (such as seeds, leaves, insect bodies) and remains floating between the inner and outer pipe, it is prevented from entering the collection pipe due to the entry of the collection pipe being submerged under water.

text: The water enters from the top and down the inner tube. At this point the water starts to bleed out the bleed hole which goes into the grey water system, a garden watering system, or drain. As the flow from the roof exceeds the bleed amount, the tube fills up, depositing any heavy material in the lower part of the tube, most of which flushes out the bleed hole. Some debris floats, (such as seeds, leaves, insect bodies) and remains floating between the inner and outer pipe, it is prevented from entering the collection pipe due to the entry of the collection pipe being submerged under water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: seeds, leaves, or insect bodies?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a heavy material: seeds, leaves, or insect bodies?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Grey water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a garden watering system

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bleed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a slope

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: any heavy material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The water enters from the top and down the inner tube.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: depositing any heavy material

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: floats,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: floats,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: grey water system,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Some debris floats, (such as seeds, leaves, insect bodies)

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The water enters from the top

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: grey water system,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The water enters from the top and down the inner tube.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: grey water system,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: seeds, leaves, insect bodies)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bleed out the bleed hole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: As the flow from the roof exceeds the bleed amount,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow from the roof exceeds the bleed amount,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavy material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The water enters from the top and down the inner tube.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bleed hole

text: A corduroy or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune.  Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy or relocate.  They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways.  They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift.  However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff coming from the beach head.  If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface run off and can quickly lead to serious  erosion.  Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks.

text: A corduroy or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune.  Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy or relocate.  They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways.  They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift.  However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff coming from the beach head.  If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface run off and can quickly lead to serious  erosion.  Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by surface runoff coming from the beach head?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for corduroys to become buried or undermined?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wide enough for vehicles using it

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for corduroys to adjust well to moderate erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dune

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: buried

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dune

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a spoon drain that accelerates surface run off

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface run off

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: displaced creating a spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: moderate erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: moderate erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: corduroy

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: corduroy

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: corduroy

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: spoon drain

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A corduroy

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: spoon drain

text: Borrow pits containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation such that the earth can be sluiced to the fill after being washed from the bank by high-pressure nozzles. Hydraulic fill is likely to be the most economic method of construction. Even when the source material lacks sufficient elevation, it can be elevated to the sluice by a dredge pump. In the construction of a hydraulic fill dam, the edges of the dam are defined by low embankments or dykes which are built upward as the fill progresses. The sluices are carried parallel to, and just inside of, these dykes. The sluices discharge their water-earth mixture at intervals, the water fanning out and flowing towards the central pool which is maintained at the desired level by discharge control. While flowing from the sluices, coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited (fine material has a slower terminal velocity thus takes longer to settle, see Stoke's Law) as the flow velocity is reduced towards the center of the dam. This fine material forms an impervious core to the dam. The water flow must be well controlled at all times, otherwise the central section may be bridged by tongues of coarse material which would facilitate seepage through the dam later.

text: Borrow pit

text: s containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation such that the earth can be

text: sluice

text: d to the fill after being washed from the bank by high-pressure nozzles. Hydraulic fill is likely to be the most economic method of construction. Even when the source material lacks sufficient elevation, it can be elevated to the sluice by a dredge pump. In the construction of a hydraulic fill

text: dam

text: , the edges of the dam are defined by low embankments or

text: dykes

text: which are built upward as the fill progresses. The sluices are carried parallel to, and just inside of, these dykes. The sluices discharge their water-earth mixture at intervals, the water fanning out and flowing towards the central pool which is maintained at the desired level by discharge control. While flowing from the sluices, coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited (fine material has a slower terminal velocity thus takes longer to settle, see

text: Stoke's Law

text: ) as the flow velocity is reduced towards the center of the dam. This fine material forms an impervious core to the dam. The water flow must be well controlled at all times, otherwise the central section may be bridged by tongues of coarse material which would facilitate seepage through the dam later.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fine material has a slower terminal velocity

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is finer material deposited first?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is Stoke's Law?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the most economic method of construction

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the most economical method of construction?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the most economic method of construction?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most economic method of construction?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Borrow pit

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sluice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embankments

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Borrow pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sluice

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dredge pump

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: finer material

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Stoke's Law

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: (fine material

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: high-pressure nozzles.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: coarse material is deposited first and then finer material

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Stoke's Law)

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Borrow pits containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse material

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Borrow pits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: low embankments

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Borrow pits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: coarse material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: embankments

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Borrow pits

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: coarse material

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: central pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high-pressure nozzles.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: finer material

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Borrow pits containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water fanning out and flowing towards the central pool

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: high-pressure nozzles.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: impervious core to the dam.

text: Because of erosions, numerous cracks, caves and sinkholes which prevail in the limestone, two of the three lakes have no surface drainage: the water of the Fälensees flows by the mountain ridge southwest into the Rhine.

text: Because of erosions, numerous cracks, caves and sinkholes which prevail in the limestone, two of the three lakes have no surface drainage: the water of the Fälensees flows by the mountain ridge southwest into the

text: Rhine

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It can cause erosion by causing cracks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water of the Fälensees?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for no surface drainage?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface drainage

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water of the Fälensees flows by the mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosions, numerous cracks, caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Because of erosions, numerous cracks, caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone, two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone, two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cracks, caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: cracks, caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: numerous cracks, caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: southwest into the Rhine.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone, two of the three lakes have no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no surface drainage:

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: The Devil's Sinkhole is a vertical natural bat habitat.  The  opening drops down to reveal a cavern some  below. The cavern was first discovered by local residents in 1876.  H. S. Barber carved his name inside the cave in 1889. The area was transferred to the state of Texas in 1985, and open to the public in 1992.  Carved by water erosion, the cavern is home to several million Mexican free-tailed bats who emerge at sunset during April through October.

text: The Devil's Sinkhole is a vertical natural bat habitat.  The  opening drops down to reveal a cavern some  below. The cavern was first discovered by local residents in 1876.  H. S. Barber carved his name inside the cave in 1889. The area was transferred to the state of Texas in 1985, and open to the public in 1992.  Carved by water erosion, the cavern is home to several million

text: Mexican free-tailed bat

text: s who emerge at sunset during April through October.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the cavern?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the cavern home to?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which happened first, the cavern was first discovered by local residents or the area was transferred to the state of Texas?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the cavern was first discovered by local residents or the area was transferred to the state of Texas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many years after the area was transferred to the state of Texas was the area first discovered by local residents?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which happened first, the area was transferred to the state of Texas or the area was opened to the public in 1992?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What happened after the cave was discovered?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Devil's Sinkhole is a vertical natural bat habitat.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 1876.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Devil's Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Devil's Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Carved by water erosion, the cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: several million Mexican free-tailed bats

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Devil's Sinkhole is a vertical natural bat habitat.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The Devil's Sinkhole

text: Imagery of the surrounding massive sulfate deposits sent back by the NASA Opportunity Rover in Meridiani Planum, has indicated the existence of pervasive needle-shaped void spaces throughout the deposit. The now empty angular holes are interpreted as being cavities once filled by a highly soluble mineral species, most likely a magnesium sulfate. These cavities are observed to closely match the crystal habit of Meridianiite, and have been proposed as sites where crystals of Meridianiite were located, having subsequently dissolved when environmental conditions rendered the crystal unstable. Due to the decomposition of Meridianiite to 70% epsomite and 30% water, it has been proposed that meridianiite may represent a periodic reservoir of water near the Martian surface. During warmer periods in Mars’ history it is possible that triggered melting of this mineral may help explain the occurrence of some of the chaotic, and short lived, surface-water episodes throughout Martian history.

text: Imagery of the surrounding massive sulfate deposits sent back by the

text: NASA

text: Opportunity Rover

text: in

text: Meridiani Planum

text: , has indicated the existence of pervasive needle-shaped void spaces throughout the deposit. The now empty angular holes are interpreted as being cavities once filled by a highly soluble mineral species, most likely a

text: magnesium sulfate

text: . These cavities are observed to closely match the crystal habit of Meridianiite, and have been proposed as sites where crystals of Meridianiite were located, having subsequently dissolved when environmental conditions rendered the crystal unstable. Due to the decomposition of Meridianiite to 70%

text: epsomite

text: and 30%

text: water

text: , it has been proposed that meridianiite may represent a periodic reservoir of water near the Martian surface. During warmer periods in Mars’ history it is possible that triggered melting of this mineral may help explain the occurrence of some of the chaotic, and short lived, surface-water episodes throughout Martian history.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What may help explain the occurrence of some of the chaotic, and short lived, surface-water episodes throughout Martian history?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What may help explain the occurrence of some of the chaotic, and short lived, surface-water episodes throughout Martian history

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: magnesium sulfate, epsomite or water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: magnesium sulfate, epsomite or water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers, streams, or lakes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for flooding?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: angular holes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Meridianiite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: angular holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Meridianiite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the NASA Opportunity Rover

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Decomposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: epsomite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: triggered melting of this mineral

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface-water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: needle-shaped void spaces

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soluble mineral species, most likely a magnesium sulfate.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sulfate deposits

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: needle-shaped void spaces

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: magnesium sulfate.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavities

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: angular holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface-water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: NASA Opportunity Rover in Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dissolved when environmental conditions rendered the crystal unstable. Due to the decomposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Meridiani Planum,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dissolved when environmental conditions rendered the crystal unstable.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: needle-shaped void spaces

text: Jotabeche is a  high volcano with a caldera. A rhyolitic dome formed inside of the caldera. The Jotabeche complex reaches a thickness of  when including ignimbrite, lava domes and lavas. The  high and  wide Jotabeche Norte stratovolcano is found northeast of Jotabeche and is surrounded by pyroclastic flows. The Santa Cecilia lava domes () have diametres of  and sit along a  long fault. The Miocene volcanic complex branches out in four chains stretching in east-west direction, the Cadillal, Aguas Blancas, Jotabeche Norte and Cordon de Yeguas Heladas. N-S to NE-SW trending faults border the volcanic complex and have allowed the intrusion of diorite porphyries. The resulting hydrothermally altered rocks are the sites of mineral deposits and prospects. These faults include the Yeguas Heladas, Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga and form a hexagonal structure which partly forms the margin of the caldera. Otherwise, only little erosion has taken place at Jotabeche; stronger erosion though has exposed a > thick hydrothermally altered complex at Aldebaran-Cerro Casale. Other hydrothermally altered areas are found within depressions. The crust beneath Jotabeche reaches a thickness of .

text: Jotabeche is a  high volcano with a caldera. A

text: rhyolitic

text: dome formed inside of the caldera. The Jotabeche complex reaches a thickness of  when including ignimbrite, lava domes and lavas. The  high and  wide Jotabeche Norte

text: stratovolcano

text: is found northeast of Jotabeche and is surrounded by

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s. The Santa Cecilia lava domes () have diametres of  and sit along a  long

text: fault

text: . The Miocene volcanic complex branches out in four chains stretching in east-west direction, the Cadillal, Aguas Blancas, Jotabeche Norte and Cordon de Yeguas Heladas. N-S to NE-SW trending faults border the volcanic complex and have allowed the intrusion of

text: diorite

text: porphyries

text: . The resulting hydrothermally altered rocks are the sites of mineral deposits and

text: prospects

text: . These faults include the Yeguas Heladas, Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga and form a hexagonal structure which partly forms the margin of the caldera. Otherwise, only little erosion has taken place at Jotabeche; stronger erosion though has exposed a > thick hydrothermally altered complex at Aldebaran-Cerro Casale. Other hydrothermally altered areas are found within depressions. The crust beneath Jotabeche reaches a thickness of .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Hydrothermally altered rocks are the sites of mineral deposits and prospects

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Rio La Gallina or Rio Astaburuaga?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the Jotabeche complex?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is there little deposition at Jotabeche?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of the Jotabeche complex?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the Jotabeche complex?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What type of erosion has taken place at Jotabeche?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caldera

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: margin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Caldera

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Hydrothermally altered areas are found within depressions

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hydrothermally altered areas are found within depressions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Jotabeche complex reaches a thickness of

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: little erosion has taken place at Jotabeche;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: stronger erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depressions.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Rio La Gallina and Rio Astaburuaga

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stronger erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stronger erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Jotabeche is a high volcano with a caldera.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hexagonal structure

text: Erosion along the tributaries and upper reaches coupled with rain-on-snow events contribute to sediment transport and floods along Ashland Creek. About  of sediment per year accumulates in Reeder Reservoir, but a flood in 1974 deposited  quickly, forcing the city to temporarily shut down the municipal water supply. In addition to moving sediment, heavy flows block the creek with woody debris, creating dams that, upon breaking, cause flood surges. Five significant floods, the last in 1997, damaged property in Ashland during the second half of the 20th century. The 1997 rain-on-snow event caused many streams in the Bear Creek watershed to reach 100-year flood levels, resulting in $4.5 million in damages.

text: Erosion along the tributaries and upper reaches coupled with rain-on-snow events contribute to sediment transport and floods along Ashland Creek. About  of sediment per year accumulates in Reeder Reservoir, but a flood in 1974 deposited  quickly, forcing the city to temporarily shut down the municipal water supply. In addition to moving sediment, heavy flows block the creek with woody debris, creating dams that, upon breaking, cause flood surges. Five significant floods, the last in 1997, damaged property in Ashland during the second half of the 20th century. The 1997 rain-on-snow event caused many streams in the Bear Creek watershed to reach

text: 100-year flood

text: levels, resulting in $4.5 million in damages.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion along the tributaries and upper reaches?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in sediment transport: heavy flows, heavy flows or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment per year accumulates in Reeder Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, a flood in 1974 or the 1997 rain-on-snow event?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is Reeder Reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, sediment transport, or floods?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Rain-on-snow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood surges

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upon breaking

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Reeder Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rain-on-snow events contribute to sediment transport and floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ashland Creek.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: heavy flows block the creek with woody debris,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain-on-snow events

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: About of sediment per year accumulates in Reeder Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: heavy flows

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Reeder Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reeder Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain-on-snow events

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rain-on-snow events

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rain-on-snow events contribute to sediment transport and floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Reeder Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dams

text: Tree, shrubs and ground-cover are effective perimeter treatment for soil erosion prevention, by impeding surface flows. A special form of this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a “grass way” that both channels and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding surface runoff and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface water.

text: Tree,

text: shrub

text: s and

text: ground-cover

text: are effective perimeter treatment for

text: soil erosion

text: prevention, by impeding surface flows. A special form of this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a “grass way” that both

text: channel

text: s and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding

text: surface runoff

text: and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of impeding surface flows?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of the use of a “grass way”?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vegetation: Trees, shrubs or ground-cover?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of planting trees and shrubs?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: grass way

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Runoff through surface friction

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface friction, impeding surface runoff and encouraging infiltration

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are effective perimeter treatment for soil erosion prevention

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: “grass way” that both channels and dissipates runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: surface friction,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tree, shrubs and ground-cover

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: “grass way”

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tree, shrubs and ground-cover

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface friction,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Tree, shrubs and ground-cover

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: impeding surface flows.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

text: Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways. Firstly, the movement of water across the bed exerts a shear stress directly onto the bed. If the cohesive strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. However, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment, this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed (abrasion). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded (attrition).

text: Erosion by moving water can happen in two ways. Firstly, the movement of water across the

text: bed

text: exerts a

text: shear stress

text: directly onto the bed. If the

text: cohesive

text: strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses, then the bed will be lowered purely by clearwater flow. However, if the river carries significant quantities of sediment, this material can act as tools to enhance wear of the bed (

text: abrasion

text: ). At the same time the fragments themselves are ground down, becoming smaller and more rounded (attrition).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: smaller and more rounded

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the second way erosion by moving water can happen?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: If the cohesive strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted, or the bed is composed of loose sediment which can be mobilized by such stresses

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: significant quantities of sediment

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: shear stress directly onto the bed or attrition?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: clearwater flow

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the cohesive strength of the substrate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: abrasively

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: loose sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: attrition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: if the river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: if the river carries significant quantities of sediment,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: if the river carries significant quantities of sediment,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: clearwater flow.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: if the river carries significant quantities of sediment,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: if the river carries significant quantities of sediment,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: if the river carries significant quantities of sediment,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: (abrasion).

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: clearwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: (attrition).

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the cohesive strength of the substrate is lower than the shear exerted,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Erosion by moving water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clearwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (abrasion).

text: Depression storage capacity, in soil science, is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depressions, thus preventing it from flowing. Depression storage capacity, along with infiltration capacity, is one of the main factors involved in Horton overland flow, whereby water volume surpasses both infiltration and depression storage capacity and begins to flow horizontally across land, possibly leading to flooding and soil erosion. The study of land's depression storage capacity is important in the fields of geology, ecology, and especially hydrology.

text: Depression storage capacity, in

text: soil science

text: , is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depressions, thus preventing it from flowing. Depression storage capacity, along with

text: infiltration capacity

text: , is one of the main factors involved in

text: Horton overland flow

text: , whereby water volume surpasses both infiltration and depression storage capacity and begins to flow horizontally across land, possibly leading to

text: flood

text: ing and

text: soil erosion

text: . The study of land's depression storage capacity is important in the fields of

text: geology

text: ecology

text: , and especially

text: hydrology

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main factor involved in Horton overland flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is one of the main factors involved in Horton overland flow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of depression storage capacity?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flooding and soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not all stalactites contain water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: horizontally

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Horton overland flow,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depressions,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Horton overland flow,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Horton overland flow,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water volume surpasses both infiltration and depression storage capacity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Depression storage capacity,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion.

text: The Pyrddin is best known for two spectacular waterfalls, Sgwd Gwladus and Sgwd Einion Gam, meaning the 'lady's fall' and the 'fall of crooked Einion' respectively.  Sgwd Gwladus is formed where a band of erosion-resistant gritstone known as the 'Twelve Foot Sandstone' creates a lip over which the river plunges.  It is easily accessible by footpath from Pontneddfechan. A notable feature beside the fall is the erratic block of gritstone which was balanced so that it rocked - at least until Victorian times when it was displaced.  The ruins of a small building close to the falls are thought to be those of a corn-mill.

text: The Pyrddin is best known for two

text: spectacular waterfalls

text: Sgwd Gwladus

text: and

text: Sgwd Einion Gam

text: , meaning the 'lady's fall' and the 'fall of crooked Einion' respectively.  Sgwd Gwladus is formed where a band of erosion-resistant gritstone known as the 'Twelve Foot Sandstone' creates a lip over which the river plunges.  It is easily accessible by footpath from

text: Pontneddfechan

text: . A notable feature beside the fall is the erratic block of gritstone which was balanced so that it rocked - at least until Victorian times when it was displaced.  The ruins of a small building close to the falls are thought to be those of a corn-mill.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sgwd Gwladus

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Sgwd Gwladus?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: twelve foot sandstone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid or slow flowing?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did the ruins of a small building close to the falls have a corn-mill?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lip

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sgwd Gwladus

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gritstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lip

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lip

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lip

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lip

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: displaced

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a lip

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gritstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: crooked Einion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sgwd Gwladus

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gritstone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: corn-mill.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sgwd Gwladus

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: corn-mill.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Pontneddfechan.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gritstone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gritstone

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: displaced.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion-resistant gritstone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the river plunges.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: 'Twelve Foot Sandstone'

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: displaced.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls, Sgwd Gwladus

text: Flood waters that occur during monsoon seasons can often host numerous protozoa, bacterial, and viral microorganisms. Mosquitoes and flies will lay their eggs within the contaminated bodies of water. These disease agents may cause infections of foodborne and waterborne diseases. Diseases associated with exposure to flood waters include malaria, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and the common cold. Possible trenchfoot infections may also occur when personnel are exposed for extended periods of time within flooded areas.

text: Flood waters that occur during monsoon seasons can often host numerous

text: protozoa

text: bacteria

text: l, and

text: viral

text: microorganisms. Mosquitoes and flies will lay their eggs within the contaminated bodies of water. These disease agents may cause infections of foodborne and waterborne diseases. Diseases associated with exposure to flood waters include

text: malaria

text: cholera

text: typhoid

text: hepatitis A

text: , and the

text: common cold

text: . Possible

text: trenchfoot

text: infections may also occur when personnel are exposed for extended periods of time within flooded areas.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a disease agent associated with exposure to flood waters?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a disease agent?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of bacteria: protozoa, bacterial, and viral

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a disease agent?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a disease agent?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do mosquitoes and flies lay their eggs within contaminated bodies of water?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: monsoon

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: exposure to flood waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mosquitoes and flies will lay their eggs within the contaminated bodies of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: trenchfoot infections

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: protozoa, bacterial, and viral microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded areas.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trenchfoot

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: protozoa, bacterial, and viral microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: protozoa, bacterial, and viral microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flood waters

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flood waters

text: Drainage tile sometimes decreases soil erosion and runoff of some nutrients, including phosphorus. Phosphorus is an important nutrient to control because it is the limiting nutrient in most aquatic ecosystems. Thus phosphorus is the main culprit in eutrophication of surface water; however, the other limiting nutrient, nitrogen, causes substantial damage to waters. For example, nitrogen has been implicated in the gulf hypoxia. Drainage tile sometimes increases water quality because the water flows into the ground then the tile, instead of running off the field into a ditch, carrying soil and nutrients with it. The soil has a chance to filter the water before it enters the streams and rivers. However, by bypassing surface improvements like conservation tillage or riparian buffers, tile drainage can also create problems with water quality  and outflow from tile drainage tends to be extremely high in nitrogen. Furthermore, some tile drainage sometime contains very high levels of other chemicals. Since surface forms of conservation agriculture are less effective in tile-drained systems, other practices such as controlled drainage or constructed wetlands may be more effective. In very flat areas, where the natural topography does not provide the gradient necessary for water flow, "agricultural wells" can be dug to provide tile lines sufficient outlet. In these cases, it is the groundwater that stands to be polluted by unfiltered tile output.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of drainage tile?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: In very flat areas, where the natural topography does not provide the gradient

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are surface forms of conservation agriculture less effective in tile-drained systems

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian buffer

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: agricultural wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian buffer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: agricultural wells

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil and nutrients

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: natural topography

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a ditch

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unfiltered tile output.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riparian buffer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tile drainage can also create problems with water quality

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: soil and nutrients with it.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soil and nutrients with it.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil and nutrients with it.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil and nutrients

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: surface forms of conservation agriculture

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ditch,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unfiltered tile output.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "agricultural wells"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "agricultural wells"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian buffers,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "agricultural wells"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil erosion and runoff of some nutrients, including phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: runoff of some nutrients, including phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Drainage tile sometimes decreases soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water flows into the ground then the tile,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Drainage tile

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eutrophication

text: Floods create a scenario in which stream flow and velocity are unusually high due to the drastic addition of water to a stream.  These heightened characteristics increase both the potential of stream erosion and heavier stream load (Knighton, 1998).  Flooded streams are often responsible for heavy sediment transportation and deposition downstream.  Stream capacity is greatly increased during a flood (Knighton, 1998).  During a flood, increased suspended load may be visible, giving the stream a muddy color. Floods can also cause extreme damage to homes by lifting them up and forcing them into the ocean, where they then are subducted at mid-ocean ridges.

text: Floods

text: create a scenario in which stream flow and velocity are unusually high due to the drastic addition of water to a stream.  These heightened characteristics increase both the potential of stream erosion and heavier stream load (Knighton, 1998).  Flooded streams are often responsible for heavy sediment transportation and deposition downstream.  Stream capacity is greatly increased during a flood (Knighton, 1998).  During a flood, increased suspended load may be visible, giving the stream a muddy color. Floods can also cause extreme damage to homes by lifting them up and forcing them into the ocean, where they then are subducted at mid-ocean ridges.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a potential of stream erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not true of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a result of flooding?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subducted

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridges

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavier stream load

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended load

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: subducted at mid-ocean ridges.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: muddy color

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: stream erosion and heavier stream load

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flooded streams

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Flooded streams are often responsible for heavy sediment transportation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flooded streams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Flooded streams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Flooded streams are often responsible for heavy sediment transportation and deposition downstream.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: mid-ocean ridges.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavier stream load

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heightened characteristics increase both the potential of stream erosion and heavier stream load

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended load

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flooded streams

text: In the 2002 flood, the peak flow was about 70,000 cubic feet per second (2,000 m³/s).  The amount of water that flowed over the spillway was about 3½ times the amount of water that the reservoir holds. Erosion over the course of three days tore away soil to reveal what is now the Canyon Lake Gorge.

text: In the 2002 flood, the peak flow was about 70,000 cubic feet per second (2,000 m³/s).  The amount of water that flowed over the spillway was about 3½ times the amount of water that the reservoir holds. Erosion over the course of three days tore away soil to reveal what is now the

text: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can erosion cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is now the Canyon Lake Gorge?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water holdings

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a spillway

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 70,000 cubic feet per second

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 70,000 cubic feet per second

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 70,000 cubic feet per second

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 2002 flood,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 70,000 cubic feet per second

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Erosion over the course of three days tore away soil

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion over the course of three days tore away soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 31<unk>2 times the amount of water that the reservoir holds.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the spillway

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 70,000 cubic feet per second

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Canyon Lake Gorge.

text: Rivers within the basin have a low gradient, slow flow rate and a naturally turbid water quality. Several of the major Lake Eyre Basin river systems are well-known. Because the Lake Eyre Basin is almost flat, rivers flow slowly and frequently split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels. Water is lost to evaporation, to seepage, and in the many ephemeral wetland systems, with the result that downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows. Only in exceptional years is there sufficient upstream rain to provide a flow into Lake Eyre itself.

text: Rivers within the basin have a low gradient, slow

text: flow rate

text: and a naturally

text: turbid

text: water quality. Several of the major Lake Eyre Basin river systems are well-known. Because the Lake Eyre Basin is almost flat, rivers flow slowly and frequently split up into

text: floodplain

text: s or multiple braided channels. Water is lost to evaporation, to

text: seepage

text: , and in the many ephemeral

text: wetland

text: systems, with the result that downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows. Only in exceptional years is there sufficient upstream rain to provide a flow into Lake Eyre itself.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slower flowing water to carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or rain?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is there sufficient upstream rain to provide a flow into Lake Eyre itself?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the low gradient in the Lake Eyre Basin?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a result of slow flowing rivers: low gradient, low flow rate, or a naturally turbid water quality?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is water lost to evaporation, to seepage and in the many ephemeral wetland systems

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: seepage, evaporation, or evaporation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: low gradient

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: evaporation and seepage

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: slowly and frequently split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slowly and frequently split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: turbid water quality.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: turbid water quality.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ephemeral wetland systems,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: floodplains or multiple braided channels.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ephemeral wetland systems,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ephemeral wetland systems,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downstream flows are typically smaller than upstream flows.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slowly and frequently split up into floodplains or multiple braided channels.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: seepage,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floodplains or multiple braided channels.

text: Geologically the landscape demonstrates the contrast between the retention of the top of the Greensand Ridge from coastal deposition (geology) followed by avoiding sea rise changes and the formation of the lower Weald because of water erosion on the three-county-sized calciferous and sandy beds south of this ridge.  The Ridge forms the highest hills in the south east, excluding the southwest Berkshire Downs.

text: Geologically the landscape demonstrates the contrast between the retention of the top of the

text: Greensand Ridge

text: from coastal

text: deposition (geology)

text: followed by avoiding sea rise changes and the formation of the lower

text: Weald

text: because of water erosion on the three-county-sized calciferous and sandy beds south of this ridge.  The Ridge forms the highest hills in the south east, excluding the southwest

text: Berkshire Downs

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of the lower Weald?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments transported by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What may be the reason for the retention of the top of the Greensand Ridge from coastal deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of the lower Weald?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: coastal deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sea rise changes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: avoiding sea rise

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calciferous

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Ridge forms the highest hills in the south east

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: three-county-sized calciferous

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: three-county-sized

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calciferous

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: coastal deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: three-county-sized calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Greensand Ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Greensand Ridge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lower Weald

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: avoiding sea rise changes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: avoiding sea rise changes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calciferous and sandy beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: avoiding sea rise changes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lower Weald

text: Two to four and a half barrels of water are required to produce a barrel of oil from the tar sands. Water is used to create the slurry of bitumen and oil that is heated and processed.  Water is also disposed of through Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage method of extraction where steam is pumped into the ground to cause bitumen to flow into a lower pipe for removal. For every barrel of oil produced approximately one barrel of water is contaminated in the process and deposited into a tailings pond.

text: Two to four and a half barrels of water are required to produce a barrel of oil from the tar sands. Water is used to create the slurry of bitumen and oil that is heated and processed.  Water is also disposed of through Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage method of extraction where steam is pumped into the ground to cause bitumen to flow into a lower pipe for removal. For every barrel of oil produced approximately one barrel of water is contaminated in the process and deposited into a tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of extraction: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage or Gravity Drainage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or oil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many barrels of water are required to produce a barrel of oil from the tar sands

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many barrels of water are required to produce a barrel of oil from the tar sands?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tar sands

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Gravity Drainage

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tailings pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tailings pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Gravity Drainage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: bitumen and oil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites do not contain water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tailings pond

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Two

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Two

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: tailings pond.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tailings

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Two to four and a half barrels of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tailings pond.

text: Erosion, and subsequent sea water inundation poses a serious threat along the length of the Canterbury Bight. To date, erosion has led to the loss of agricultural land, threatened valuable infrastructure and some holiday settlements, and reduced coastal lagoons and wetlands (Ecan, 2005). One of the main areas of concern is the Washdyke barrier. The shoreline at Washdyke was naturally eroding before construction of the Timaru harbour commenced in 1879. The harbour has prevented sediment being transported from the south meaning that no coarse sediment is able to nourish the Washdyke beach/barrier. The material that is currently on the beach is undergoing abrasion (discussed above), which has reduced grain sizes and lowered the berm heights increasing the amount of washover, which further increases erosion (Kirk, 1992).

text: Erosion, and subsequent sea water inundation poses a serious threat along the length of the Canterbury Bight. To date, erosion has led to the loss of agricultural land, threatened valuable infrastructure and some holiday settlements, and reduced coastal lagoons and wetlands (Ecan, 2005). One of the main areas of concern is the Washdyke barrier. The shoreline at Washdyke was naturally eroding before construction of the Timaru harbour commenced in 1879. The harbour has prevented sediment being transported from the south meaning that no coarse sediment is able to nourish the Washdyke beach/barrier. The material that is currently on the beach is undergoing abrasion (discussed above), which has reduced grain sizes and lowered the berm heights increasing the amount of washover, which further increases erosion (Kirk, 1992).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the harbour prevent sediment being transported from the south?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion: runoff, coastal lagoons, or wetlands?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is erosion a serious threat along the length of the Canterbury Bight?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the material that is currently on the beach undergoing?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Washdyke

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: berm

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: coastal lagoons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea water inundation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sea water inundation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the material that is currently on the beach

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no coarse sediment is able to nourish the Washdyke beach/barrier

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: washover,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: coarse sediment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: grain sizes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment being transported from the south

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: washover,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: no coarse sediment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion has led to the loss of agricultural land,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion, and subsequent sea water inundation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Canterbury Bight.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Canterbury Bight.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beach/barrier.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion has led to the loss of agricultural land,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: coastal lagoons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea water inundation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sea water inundation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: reduced grain sizes and lowered the berm heights

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: washover,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: washover,

text: Although cultivation has added markedly to the sediment in the river as it flows through the valley, the water was turbid even before the widespread introduction of agriculture, according to early European travellers. Erosion and deposition are believed to be in equilibrium in the trench. Siltation now provides a major challenge for the impounded sections of the river in the valley.

text: Although

text: cultivation

text: has added markedly to the sediment in the river as it flows through the valley, the water was turbid even before the widespread introduction of

text: agriculture

text: , according to early

text: Europe

text: an travellers.

text: Erosion

text: and

text: deposition

text: are believed to be in equilibrium in the trench.

text: Silt

text: ation now provides a major challenge for the impounded sections of the river in the valley.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trench

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Siltation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trench

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trench

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Siltation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: impounded sections

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Siltation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Siltation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cultivation has added markedly to the sediment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: equilibrium

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the water was turbid even before the widespread introduction of agriculture,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion and deposition

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Erosion and deposition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: cultivation

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Siltation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion and deposition are believed to be in equilibrium in the trench.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: the water was turbid even before the widespread introduction of agriculture,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: impounded

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion and deposition are believed to be in equilibrium in the trench.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: impounded

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trench.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trench.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trench.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: impounded

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: impounded

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cultivation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the valley,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water was turbid even before the widespread introduction of agriculture,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: trench.

text: The main deposit settled  from the face of Dzhimarai-Khokh. A  thick chunk of the Kolka Glacier travelled  down the Karmadon Gorge and Koban Valley at over . The outflow of mud and debris measured  wide and  thick. Two villages along the gorge were under surveillance as flood waters backed up along the choked rivers. It finally came to rest in the village of Nijni Karmadon, burying most of the village in ice, snow, and debris. On September 25, a first round of explosives intended to break up the avalanche flow was unsuccessful in reducing flood waters lapping through the village of Gornaya Saniba.  The avalanche had two distinct flows.

text: The main deposit settled  from the face of Dzhimarai-Khokh. A  thick chunk of the Kolka Glacier travelled  down the

text: Karmadon Gorge

text: and Koban Valley at over . The outflow of mud and debris measured  wide and  thick. Two villages along the gorge were under surveillance as flood waters backed up along the choked rivers. It finally came to rest in the village of Nijni Karmadon, burying most of the village in ice, snow, and debris. On September 25, a first round of explosives intended to break up the avalanche flow was unsuccessful in reducing flood waters lapping through the village of Gornaya Saniba.  The avalanche had two distinct flows.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the Kolka Glacier?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the Kolka Glacier?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the Kolka Glacier?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How does the Kolka Glacier travel down the Karmadon Gorge and Koban Valley at over?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why did the Kolka Glacier travel down the Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: rapid flowing mountain streams or choked rivers?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the Karmadon Gorge?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What was the cause of the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: avalanche

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Kolka Glacier

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Kolka Glacier

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: avalanche

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by glaciers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The avalanche had two distinct flows.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wide and thick.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flood waters backed up along the choked rivers.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: choked rivers.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: avalanche

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Karmadon Gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Kolka Glacier

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood waters backed up along the choked rivers.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dzhimarai-Khokh.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Karmadon Gorge

text: It is suspected that the disappearance of mimic shiners in some areas may be due to a change in hydraulic regimes due to fragmentation of landscapes along with urbanization and development. Due to fragmentation of the landscape near or around riverine ecosystems, there is less available vegetation along these areas. With less vegetation, a faster flow of water pours into streams and rivers and possibly causes erosion to its banks. This influx of water and higher velocity of flow could have negative impacts on this species that lives in areas that has a relatively slow to moderate current.

text: It is suspected that the disappearance of mimic shiners in some areas may be due to a change in hydraulic regimes due to fragmentation of landscapes along with urbanization and development. Due to fragmentation of the landscape near or around riverine ecosystems, there is less available vegetation along these areas. With less vegetation, a faster flow of water pours into streams and rivers and possibly causes erosion to its banks. This influx of water and higher velocity of flow could have negative impacts on this species that lives in areas that has a relatively slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the disappearance of mimic shiners?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or vegetation?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the disappearance of mimic shiners?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: faster flow of water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is there less vegetation near or around riverine ecosystems?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: possible causes erosion to its banks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: streams and rivers and possibly causes erosion to its banks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: possible causes erosion to its banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a crack

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: faster flow of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: faster flow of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faster flow of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a fossil.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: banks.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a faster flow of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less available vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion to its banks.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vegetation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: slow to moderate current.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: banks.

text: Water runoff often collects over watersheds flowing into rivers. A mathematical model used to simulate river or stream flow and calculate water quality parameters is a hydrological transport model. Some water is diverted to irrigation for agriculture. Rivers and seas offer opportunity for travel and commerce. Through erosion, runoff shapes the environment creating river valleys and deltas which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water. It is when a river overflows its banks or flood comes from the sea. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.

text: Water runoff often collects over

text: watersheds

text: flowing into rivers. A mathematical model used to simulate river or stream flow and calculate water quality parameters is a

text: hydrological transport model

text: . Some water is diverted to

text: irrigation

text: for agriculture. Rivers and seas offer opportunity for

text: travel

text: and

text: commerce

text: . Through

text: erosion

text: , runoff shapes the environment creating river

text: valley

text: s and

text: deltas

text: which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A

text: flood

text: occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water. It is when a river overflows its banks or flood comes from the sea. A

text: drought

text: is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a mathematical model used to simulate river or stream flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transport model?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension, clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a drought?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of terrain: river valleys or deltas?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality parameters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rich soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: hydrological transport model.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hydrological transport model.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff shapes the environment creating river valleys and deltas

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation for agriculture.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Water runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: river valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river valleys and deltas

text: Surface erosion of the surface of a levee is usually caused by the action of wind and water (waves but also normal flow). Erosion can be worsened by pre-existing or new damage to a levee. Areas with no surface protection are more prone to erosion. A levee grazed by certain types of animals, like sheep, can show trails used by the animals where grass does not grow.

text: Surface erosion of the surface of a levee is usually caused by the action of wind and water (waves but also normal flow). Erosion can be worsened by pre-existing or new damage to a levee. Areas with no surface protection are more prone to erosion. A levee grazed by certain types of animals, like

text: sheep

text: , can show trails used by the animals where grass does not grow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not caused by the action of wind and water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow, fast, or fast-flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of animal?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: damage to a levee

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: grass

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion can be worsened by pre-existing or new damage

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (waves but also normal flow).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: (waves

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (waves but also normal flow).

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: normal flow).

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: grass does not grow.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface erosion of the surface of a levee

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface erosion of the surface of a levee

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pre-existing or new damage to a levee.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: trails

text: The formation was formed by the erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, and deposition by fluvial processes as alluvial fans.

text: The formation was formed by the erosion of the

text: Ancestral Rocky Mountains

text: , and deposition by fluvial processes as

text: alluvial fan

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of alluvial fan?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial processes as alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The formation was formed by the erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ancestral Rocky Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fluvial processes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The formation was formed by the erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial fans.

text: A lazy river is a water ride found in water parks, hotels, resorts, and recreation centers, which usually consists of a shallow (2½ ft. to 3½ ft.) pool that flows similarly to a river.There is generally a slow current, usually just enough to allow guests to gently ride along lying on rafts.  There may also be scenic elements added, such as small waterfalls on the edge of the river. Some lead into wave pools, while some just go around in circles.

text: A lazy river is a

text: water ride

text: found in

text: water park

text: s, hotels, resorts, and recreation centers, which usually consists of a shallow (2½ ft. to 3½ ft.) pool that flows similarly to a river.There is generally a slow current, usually just enough to allow guests to gently ride along lying on rafts.  There may also be scenic elements added, such as small waterfalls on the edge of the river. Some lead into

text: wave pool

text: s, while some just go around in circles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of a lazy river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a lazy river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe a lazy river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a river

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a river

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a slow current

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the edge of the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wave pools

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: waterfalls on the edge of the river. Some lead into wave pools,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lazy river

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A lazy river

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lazy river

text: Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (called the "Gulf oil spill"), the entrance to Perdido Pass was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily high tide was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system is designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but to close during the incoming tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass.

text: Following the

text: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: (called the "Gulf oil spill"), the entrance to

text: Perdido Pass

text: was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily

text: high tide

text: was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system is designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but to close during the incoming tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the purpose of the barrier system?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the barrier system to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or oil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the barrier system to be closed?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why was the barrier system designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Bay

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Perdido Pass

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: barrier system

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bay

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: boats

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: daily high tide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a barrier system

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Perdido Pass

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: outflowing tide,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: tidal flow of oil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: barrier system in June 2010,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: outflowing tide,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Perdido Pass

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: retention area

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Deepwater Horizon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: the outflowing tide,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Perdido Bay.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high tide

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: barrier system

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The daily high tide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: outflowing tide,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: oil deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: retention area

text: Riparian zones dissipate stream energy. The meandering curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage. Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less turbid water, replenish soils, and build stream banks. Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration.

text: Riparian zones dissipate stream energy. The

text: meander

text: ing curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage. Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less

text: turbid

text: water, replenish soils, and build stream banks. Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of riparian zones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of riparian zones?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of riparian zones?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood damage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood damage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream banks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: reducing suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: stream banks.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: build stream banks.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Riparian zones

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream energy.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood damage.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vegetation and root systems,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slow the flow of water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Riparian zones dissipate stream energy.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream banks.

text: Agate Falls is a 39-foot-high (12 m) waterfall of the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River. Dropping down from the highlands of the western Upper Peninsula, this river drops  from the Bond Falls Flowage to Lake Superior, and Agate Falls is part of this change in elevation. The water flows over a shelf of erosion-resistant sandstone.

text: Agate Falls is a 39-foot-high (12 m) waterfall of the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River. Dropping down from the highlands of the western

text: Upper Peninsula

text: , this river drops  from the

text: Bond Falls Flowage

text: to

text: Lake Superior

text: , and Agate Falls is part of this change in elevation. The water flows over a shelf of erosion-resistant

text: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: sandstone or erosion-resistant sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Agate Falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the water flow over the sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Agate Falls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What kind of sediments does the river carry?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a shelf

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Agate Falls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a shelf

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in sandstone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: highlands

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: shelf of erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a shelf of erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosion-resistant sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bond Falls Flowage

text: Madhav Kunda Falls is a must-see tourist  It is Bangladesh's largest waterfall boasting a height of 200 ft (61m) and is set in a lush green Eco-park setting makes for a spectacular viewing. Madhabkunda is surrounded by beautiful tea estates and is full of water lilies. Every year thousands of tourists are drawn to Madhabkunda because of its natural beauty, especially in winter. It is about 5 km from Barlekha railway station, and 350 km from the city of Dhaka. Geologically, this waterfall is in the Patharia Structure and is composed of the rocks of the Bhuban Formation. Local Hindus believe the circular pool where the water falls is a magical place, and many worshippers go there every year. Although the water in the pool is not very deep, several tourists have lost their lives in Madhabkunda by the force of the water.

text: Madhav Kunda

text: Falls is a must-see tourist  It is Bangladesh's largest waterfall boasting a height of 200 ft (61m) and is set in a lush green Eco-park setting makes for a spectacular viewing. Madhabkunda is surrounded by beautiful tea estates and is full of water lilies. Every year thousands of tourists are drawn to Madhabkunda because of its natural beauty, especially in winter. It is about 5 km from Barlekha railway station, and 350 km from the city of Dhaka. Geologically, this waterfall is in the Patharia Structure and is composed of the rocks of the Bhuban Formation. Local Hindus believe the circular pool where the water falls is a magical place, and many worshippers go there every year. Although the water in the pool is not very deep, several tourists have lost their lives in Madhabkunda by the force of the water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to visit Madhabkunda Falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for tourists to go to Madhabkunda?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the purpose of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to visit Madhabkunda?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: circular pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: patharia structure

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water lilies

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Bhuban Formation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Bhuban Formation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Bhuban Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water in the pool is not very deep

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: several tourists have lost their lives

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water lilies.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rocks of the Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water lilies.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deep,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Patharia Structure and is composed of the rocks of the Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: tea estates

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tea estates

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Patharia Structure

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: circular pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rocks of the Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Patharia Structure and is composed of the rocks of the Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rocks of the Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Bhuban Formation.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water lilies.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Patharia Structure

text: Analyses by Piotrowski demonstrate that the annual production of water from one typical catchment of  would normally drain through its associated tunnel valley in less than 48 hours. The debris found in tunnels and at the mouth of tunnels tends to be coarse rocks and boulders – this is indicative of high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment. This erosive environment is consistent with creation of tunnels over  deep and  wide, as have been observed in the Antarctic. Piotrowski’s model predicts a cycle as follows:

text: Analyses by Piotrowski demonstrate that the annual production of water from one typical catchment of  would normally drain through its associated tunnel valley in less than 48 hours. The debris found in tunnels and at the mouth of tunnels tends to be coarse rocks and boulders – this is indicative of high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment. This erosive environment is consistent with creation of tunnels over  deep and  wide, as have been observed in the Antarctic. Piotrowski’s model predicts a cycle as follows:

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not indicative of high flow velocities?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an indication of low flow velocities?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not an indication of high flow velocities?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is a benefit of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The debris found in tunnels tends to be coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Tunnel valley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Tunnel valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a tunnel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the annual production of water from one typical catchment of would normally drain through its associated tunnel valley

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 48 hours.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: high flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tunnel valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tunnel valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: creation of tunnels

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse rocks and boulders

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 48 hours.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tunnels

text: Residents and legislators met in October 1993 to discuss possible solutions to the recurring sinkhole problems.  The installation of a storm sewer system was widely supported, but the estimated $10 million cost was a major hurdle.  Since the meeting, several projects have been introduced to correct some of the water flow problems of the borough.

text: Residents and legislators met in October 1993 to discuss possible solutions to the recurring sinkhole problems.  The installation of a storm sewer system was widely supported, but the estimated $10 million cost was a major hurdle.  Since the meeting, several projects have been introduced to correct some of the water flow problems of the borough.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What may be the reason for the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why was the installation of a storm sewer system a major hurdle?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: borough

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: borough

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are caused by stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole problems.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: storm sewer system

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: $10 million cost was a major hurdle.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sinkhole problems.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: storm sewer system

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: storm sewer system

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkhole problems.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The installation of a storm sewer system was widely supported,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: storm sewer system

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole problems.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Residents and legislators met in October 1993

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a glacial trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.Waterfalls can be grouped into ten broad classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall (which depends on both the waterfall's average flow and its height) using a logarithmic scale. Class 10 waterfalls include Niagara Falls, Paulo Afonso Falls and Khone Falls.

text: A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a

text: fault line

text: . Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a

text: glacial trough

text: , where a stream or river flowing into a

text: glacier

text: continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in

text: Yosemite Valley

text: are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a

text: hanging valley

text: . Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.Waterfalls can be grouped into ten broad classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall (which depends on both the waterfall's average flow and its height) using a

text: logarithmic scale

text: . Class 10 waterfalls include

text: Niagara Falls

text: Paulo Afonso Falls

text: and

text: Khone Falls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for hanging valleys to form?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the average volume of water present on the fall?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a reason hanging valleys may form?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for hanging valleys to form?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not a reason hanging valleys may form?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can occur along the edge of a glacial trough?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glacial trough

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial trough

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacial trough

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial trough

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: glacial trough

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Fault lines

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the waterfall's average flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a large step in the rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are formed by a fault line

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hanging valley

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Class 10

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: hanging valley.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fault line.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: waterfall's average flow and its height)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: melted.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial trough,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a fault line.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys

text: The water discharge varies between  with the average of . The flow is relatively strong – about 10 times that of such rivers as Volga and Kama; it is about  on average and may reach  in some places. Chusovaya usually freezes in late October through early December and thaws in April. Ice jams are common for the lower reaches with the increase in the water level of up to . The river is fed by snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%). The floods typically occur between mid-April and mid-June. During the early summer, there are 6–7 rain floods with water levels rising up to . In July through August, the river depth decreases to  in some places.

text: The water discharge varies between  with the average of . The flow is relatively strong – about 10 times that of such rivers as Volga and Kama; it is about  on average and may reach  in some places. Chusovaya usually freezes in late October through early December and thaws in April.

text: Ice jam

text: s are common for the lower reaches with the increase in the water level of up to . The river is fed by snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%). The floods typically occur between mid-April and mid-June. During the early summer, there are 6–7 rain floods with water levels rising up to . In July through August, the river depth decreases to  in some places.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: snow, precipitation or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: snow (55%), precipitation (29%) or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Chusovaya?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Volga or Kama?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Chusovaya?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee: underground waters or snow?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a source of sinkholes: underground waters or snow?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ice jams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Chusovaya

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river depth

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow and underground waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice jams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice jams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: with the average of

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: During the early summer, there are 6–7 rain floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The flow is relatively strong

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Chusovaya

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The floods typically occur between mid-April and mid-June.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The floods typically occur between mid-April and mid-June.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ice jams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: snow (55%). precipitation (29%) and underground waters (18%).

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: strong

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 10 times that of such rivers as Volga and Kama;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Ice jams

text: This species’ typical habitat has been described as relatively shallow, fast flowing water with fine to intermediate gravel substratum. However, broad-scale habitat use appears to vary for this mussel; and live specimens have been collected from both sand-gravel bars and bedrock fissures. For example, habitat use by this mussel in the Spring River and Shoal Creek differs considerably from habitat use in other Kansas rivers. In the Spring River where water currents are faster than in many other Kansas waters, the Neosho mucket occurs in high densities in the fast flow, and dominates over other freshwater mussel species; whereas in Shoal Creek and also the Oklahoma portion of the Illinois River, it has been often found in backwater areas out of the strongest currents where it is less dominant than most heterospecifics. However, the gravel beds of Shoal Creek and the Spring River are less compacted than in other Kansas streams and the availability of loose substratum to bury in may therefore be important for this mussel even where water currents are slow such as in Shoal Creek. Overall, its optimal habitat conditions appear to comprise fast water currents and plentiful loose gravel substratum; whereas low water currents with compact substratum are probably least optimal. The Neosho mucket also appears more adapted to unstable habitats than most other local unionids.

text: This species’ typical habitat has been described as relatively shallow, fast flowing water with fine to intermediate gravel

text: substratum

text: . However, broad-scale habitat use appears to vary for this mussel; and live specimens have been collected from both sand-gravel bars and bedrock fissures. For example, habitat use by this mussel in the Spring River and Shoal Creek differs considerably from habitat use in other Kansas rivers. In the Spring River where water currents are faster than in many other Kansas waters, the Neosho mucket occurs in high densities in the fast flow, and dominates over other freshwater mussel species; whereas in Shoal Creek and also the Oklahoma portion of the Illinois River, it has been often found in backwater areas out of the strongest currents where it is less dominant than most heterospecifics. However, the gravel beds of Shoal Creek and the Spring River are less compacted than in other Kansas streams and the availability of loose substratum to bury in may therefore be important for this mussel even where water currents are slow such as in Shoal Creek. Overall, its optimal habitat conditions appear to comprise fast water currents and plentiful loose gravel substratum; whereas low water currents with compact substratum are probably least optimal. The Neosho mucket also appears more adapted to unstable habitats than most other local unionids.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is it important for this mussel even where water currents are slow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine to intermediate gravel

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of substratum: gravel, sand, or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of substratum?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is Shoal Creek?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Neosho mucket adapted to unstable habitats?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the Neosho mucket adapted to unstable habitats?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: backwater areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: backwater areas

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravel beds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sand-gravel bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fissure

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sand-gravel bars

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: availability of loose substratum

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fast

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: compact

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: low water currents with compact substratum are probably least optimal

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: backwater areas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fast flowing water with fine to intermediate gravel substratum.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: compact substratum

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine to intermediate gravel substratum.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fine to intermediate gravel substratum.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: shallow, fast flowing water with fine to intermediate gravel substratum.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low water currents with compact substratum

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the availability of loose substratum

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Neosho mucket also appears more adapted to unstable habitats

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand-gravel bars and bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: backwater areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand-gravel bars and bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand-gravel bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: backwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand-gravel bars and bedrock fissures.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: loose substratum

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fast water currents and plentiful loose gravel substratum;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fast flowing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: compact substratum

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: low water currents with compact substratum

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: backwater

text: The mouth of Popes Creek is plugged by a flood-tide delta making it an efficient trap for sediment and enriched run-off from three primary sources: farmed watersheds consisting of broad terraces and open upland slopes, erosion of the bluffs and beaches of the Potomac, and the creek bluff erosion itself. Agriculturally derived fill deposited in adjacent ravines to a depth of 2 meters is found covering stumps from the 17th century. Beaver dams and ponds dot the flood plains as well as several old mill ponds which interrupt the flow. Historically, the navigation of the creek has been limited to shallow-draft vessels with present depth up to one meter augmented by 0.3 to 0.4 meter tide. The tributary continues to shoal as the sea level rises driving Potomac silt more than a kilometer inland. Core drilling in the delta has indicated 15 meters of mollusk-bearing sediment, over peat and sand deposits dating back over 6000 years. The taking of oysters is abundantly evident. Aboriginal shell middens were found during archeological excavations, post structure and land preparation for the Visitors’ Center at the site of George Washington’s birthplace. The 18th century refuse pit at the birthplace containing food garbage yielded shucked oyster shells as well. Fishing at the creek mouth is highlighted by the white perch run. In Captain John Smith’s explorations the fish were so thick their heads stuck out of water, prompting his men to attempt to catch them in a frying pan. The entrance to the smaller estuaries would be clogged during spring migrations including shad runs. Later colonial inventories of the Popes Creek plantation list seine corks, lead, seine rope, a knot of perch lines, yielding to the more than adequate kitchen utensil, or fish kettle, serving up the local delicacy.

text: The mouth of Popes Creek is plugged by a flood-tide delta making it an efficient trap for sediment and enriched run-off from three primary sources: farmed watersheds consisting of broad terraces and open upland slopes, erosion of the bluffs and beaches of the Potomac, and the creek bluff erosion itself. Agriculturally derived fill deposited in adjacent ravines to a depth of 2 meters is found covering stumps from the 17th century. Beaver dams and ponds dot the flood plains as well as several old mill ponds which interrupt the flow. Historically, the navigation of the creek has been limited to shallow-draft vessels with present depth up to one meter augmented by 0.3 to 0.4 meter tide. The tributary continues to shoal as the

text: sea level rise

text: s driving Potomac silt more than a kilometer inland. Core drilling in the delta has indicated 15 meters of mollusk-bearing sediment, over peat and sand deposits dating back over 6000 years. The taking of

text: oyster

text: s is abundantly evident. Aboriginal shell

text: midden

text: s were found during archeological excavations, post structure and land preparation for the Visitors’ Center at the site of George Washington’s birthplace. The 18th century refuse pit at the birthplace containing food garbage yielded shucked oyster shells as well. Fishing at the creek mouth is highlighted by the

text: white perch

text: run. In

text: Captain John Smith

text: ’s explorations the fish were so thick their heads stuck out of water, prompting his men to attempt to catch them in a frying pan. The entrance to the smaller estuaries would be clogged during spring migrations including

text: shad

text: runs. Later colonial inventories of the Popes Creek plantation list seine corks, lead, seine rope, a knot of perch lines, yielding to the more than adequate kitchen utensil, or fish kettle, serving up the local delicacy.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: peat or sand?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment is deposited in ravines to a depth of 2 meters?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: Agriculturally derived fill deposited in adjacent ravines to a depth of 2 meters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of sediment: farmed watersheds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is NOT true of the flood plains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a source of sediment: farmed watersheds consisting of broad terraces?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a primary source: farmed watersheds consisting of broad terraces and open upland slopes, erosion of the bluffs and beaches of the Potomac, or the creek bluff erosion itself?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The 18th century refuse pit

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Agriculturally derived fill

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: refuse pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood-tide delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: farmed watersheds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: farmed watersheds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pond

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood-tide delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: enriched run-off

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Popes Creek

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2 meters

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Popes Creek is plugged by a flood-tide delta

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Popes Creek

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Popes Creek

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 6000 years.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Popes Creek

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flood-tide delta

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Popes Creek

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: refuse pit

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Agriculturally derived fill

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: middens

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: refuse pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood-tide delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: farmed watersheds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: taking of oysters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: farmed watersheds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: run-off

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: years. The taking of oysters

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ring sediment,

text: The water velocity of the Aller is very slow in places. In its upper reaches, at the height of the Drömling, the water compares to a sluggish canal and, in some sections, it is almost like a stretch of still water. Its sluggishness is due to the very gradual slope of the channel, which in Lower Saxony averages a mere 10–20 cm per kilometre. Even in the upper course of the river, the flow across the whole of the stream bed is uniformly slow, due to the river having been widened and straightened. Here, the bed is covered by a mixture of sand and mud.

text: The water velocity of the Aller is very slow in places. In its upper reaches, at the height of the

text: Drömling

text: , the water compares to a sluggish canal and, in some sections, it is almost like a stretch of still water. Its sluggishness is due to the very gradual slope of the channel, which in Lower Saxony averages a mere 10–20 cm per kilometre. Even in the upper course of the river, the flow across the whole of the stream bed is uniformly slow, due to the river having been widened and straightened. Here, the bed is covered by a mixture of sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the water velocity of the Aller?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 10–20 cm per kilometre

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or mud?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is soil erosion only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the water velocity of the Aller very slow in places?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is the Aller's sluggishness due to the gradual slope of the channel?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the river bed covered by sand and mud?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sluggish canal

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Drömling

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sluggish canal

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Drömling

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Drömling

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slope of the channel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the bed is covered by sand and mud

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a mixture of sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 10–20 cm per kilometre.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a mixture of sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Drömling,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a mixture of sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradual slope of the channel,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: widened and straightened.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a mixture of sand and mud.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sluggish canal

text: Experiments and mathematical models show that more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres if it is first filled with large spheres, then the spaces between (interstices) are filled with smaller spheres, and the new interstices filled with still smaller spheres as many times as possible. For this reason, control of particle size distribution can be quite important in the choice of aggregate; appropriate simulations or experiments are necessary to determine the optimal proportions of different-sized particles.

text: Experiments and mathematical models show that more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres if it is first filled with large spheres, then the spaces between (

text: interstices

text: ) are filled with smaller spheres, and the new interstices filled with still smaller spheres as many times as possible. For this reason, control of particle size distribution can be quite important in the choice of aggregate; appropriate simulations or experiments are necessary to determine the optimal proportions of different-sized particles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is it important to control particle size distribution?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size distribution

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particle size distribution can be quite important in the choice of aggregate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Large spheres

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: isosceles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: interstices

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Smaller spheres

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size distribution

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: aggregate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: smaller spheres as many times as possible

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: interstices

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: control of particle size distribution

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Experiments and mathematical models

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Experiments and mathematical models

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: (interstices) are filled with smaller spheres,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aggregate;

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: (interstices)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aggregate;

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the spaces between (interstices) are filled with smaller spheres,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size distribution

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large spheres,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: more of a given volume can be filled with hard spheres

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (interstices)

text: Nidhan Kund: Almost 1/2 km from the Bhainsaghat Rest House towards the Bhainsa village (5 km from Singrampur), a road goes to this waterfall. One kilometer from the main road a stream between the high black rocks flows down from more than 100 ft (30 m) height. This is called Nidan Kund. During the months of July and August there is much water in the stream so the sight of this fall from the front is impressive. It becomes a picnic spot in September and October as water in the stream is reduced. There are step-like formations on the black rocks against the flow of the stream which create a spectacle when the water flow is high.

text: Nidhan Kund: Almost 1/2 km from the Bhainsaghat Rest House towards the Bhainsa village (5 km from Singrampur), a road goes to this waterfall. One kilometer from the main road a stream between the high black rocks flows down from more than 100 ft (30 m) height. This is called Nidan Kund. During the months of July and August there is much water in the stream so the sight of this fall from the front is impressive. It becomes a picnic spot in September and October as water in the stream is reduced. There are step-like formations on the black rocks against the flow of the stream which create a spectacle when the water flow is high.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of Nidan Kund?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How is the waterfall described?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Nidan Kund?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of Nidan Kund?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to visit Nidhan Kund?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Nidan Kund

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Nidan Kund

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Nidan Kund

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Nidan Kund

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water in the stream

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down from a higher height

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: black rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: step-like formations on the black rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: step-like formation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 100 ft (30 m) height.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 100 ft (30 m) height.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: September and October as water in the stream is reduced.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Nidhan Kund:

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 100 ft (30 m) height.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: step-like formations

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: step-like formations

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Nidan Kund.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Nidhan Kund:

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water in the stream is reduced.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down from more than 100 ft (30 m) height.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: black rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: step-like formations on the black rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: step-like formations

text: If the soil is saturated, or if the rainfall rate is greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil, surface runoff occurs. If the runoff has sufficient flow energy, it will transport loosened soil particles (sediment) down the slope. Sheet erosion is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow.

text: If

text: the soil is saturated

text: , or if the rainfall rate is

text: greater than the rate at which water can infiltrate

text: into the soil, surface runoff occurs. If the runoff has sufficient

text: flow energy

text: , it will

text: transport

text: loosened soil particles (

text: sediment

text: ) down the slope. Sheet erosion is the transport of loosened soil particles by overland flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of runoff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: If the runoff has sufficient flow energy, it will transport loosened soil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow flowing rivers to erode their channels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sufficient flow energy

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a slope

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: loosen soil particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed when water freezes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: loosened soil particles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: loosened soil particles

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: loosened soil particles (sediment) down the slope. Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the runoff has sufficient flow energy,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sheet erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: loosened soil particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: If the soil is saturated,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sheet erosion

text: In June 2000, possible evidence for current liquid water flowing at the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood-like gullies.  Additional similar images were published in 2006, taken by the Mars Global Surveyor, that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in steep crater walls and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago.

text: In June 2000, possible evidence for current liquid water flowing at the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood-like gullies.  Additional similar images were published in 2006, taken by the

text: Mars Global Surveyor

text: , that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in steep crater walls and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would happen if water flowed faster?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: steep crater walls and sediment deposits?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The images did not actually show flowing water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: changes in steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood-like gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: changes in steep crater walls and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flood-like gullies.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood-like gullies.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flood-like gullies.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood-like gullies.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater walls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: steep crater walls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep crater walls and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood-like gullies.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies.

text: The cave is located in the Driftless Area of Iowa and Minnesota, a region characterized by karst topography, which involves disappearing streams, blind valleys, sinkholes, caves, cold springs, and cold streams, all of which are present here.

text: The cave is located in the

text: Driftless Area

text: of Iowa and Minnesota, a region characterized by

text: karst topography

text: , which involves

text: disappearing streams

text: blind valleys

text: sinkhole

text: s,

text: cave

text: s, cold springs, and cold streams, all of which are present here.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: cold streams, sinkholes, or caves?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Driftless Area

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Driftless

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Driftless Area

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The cave is located in the Driftless Area of Iowa

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: karst topography, which involves disappearing streams,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: cold streams,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: disappearing streams,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: karst topography, which involves disappearing streams,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Driftless

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes, caves,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: disappearing streams,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: karst topography, which involves disappearing streams,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact in Brazil area. Among the different types of environmental degradation, mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

text: The mining activity has caused severe

text: environmental impact

text: in Brazil area. Among the different types of

text: environmental degradation

text: , mining activities has caused landscape degradation,

text: erosion

text: soil contamination

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not caused by mining activities: erosion, soil contamination, groundwater or surface water pollution?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water pollution: groundwater or surface water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of environmental degradation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: mining activities has caused landscape degradation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landscape degradation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact in Brazil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The mining activity

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion, soil contamination, groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil contamination,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mining activities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion,

text: The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase vegetative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion. Terracing is an extremely effective means of erosion control, which has been practiced for thousands of years by people all over the world. Windbreaks (also called shelterbelts) are rows of trees and shrubs that are planted along the edges of agricultural fields, to shield the fields against winds. In addition to significantly reducing wind erosion, windbreaks provide many other benefits such as improved microclimates for crops (which are sheltered from the dehydrating and otherwise damaging effects of wind), habitat for beneficial bird species, carbon sequestration, and aesthetic improvements to the agricultural landscape. Traditional planting methods, such as mixed-cropping (instead of monocropping) and crop rotation have also been shown to significantly reduce erosion rates. Crop residues play a role in the mitigation of erosion, because they reduce the impact of raindrops breaking up the soil particles. There is a higher potential for erosion when producing potatoes than when growing cereals, or oilseed crops.  Forages have a fibrous root system, which helps combat erosion by anchoring the plants to the top layer of the soil, and covering the entirety of the field, as it is a non-row crop. In tropical coastal systems, properties of mangroves have been examined as a potential means to reduce soil erosion. Their complex root structures are known to help reduce wave damage from storms and flood impacts while binding and building soils. These roots can slow down water flow, leading to the deposition of sediments and reduced erosion rates. However, in order to maintain sediment balance, adequate mangrove forest width needs to be present.

text: The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase vegetative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion.

text: Terracing

text: is an extremely effective means of erosion control, which has been practiced for thousands of years by people all over the world.

text: Windbreaks

text: (also called shelterbelts) are rows of trees and shrubs that are planted along the edges of agricultural fields, to shield the fields against winds. In addition to significantly reducing wind erosion, windbreaks provide many other benefits such as improved

text: microclimate

text: s for crops (which are sheltered from the dehydrating and otherwise damaging effects of wind), habitat for beneficial bird species,

text: carbon sequestration

text: , and aesthetic improvements to the agricultural landscape. Traditional planting methods, such as mixed-cropping (instead of

text: monocropping

text: ) and

text: crop rotation

text: have also been shown to significantly reduce erosion rates. Crop residues play a role in the mitigation of erosion, because they reduce the impact of raindrops breaking up the soil particles. There is a higher potential for erosion when producing potatoes than when growing cereals, or oilseed crops.  Forages have a fibrous root system, which helps combat erosion by anchoring the plants to the top layer of the soil, and covering the entirety of the field, as it is a non-row crop. In tropical coastal systems, properties of mangroves have been examined as a potential means to reduce soil erosion. Their complex root structures are known to help reduce wave damage from storms and flood impacts while binding and building soils. These roots can slow down water flow, leading to the deposition of sediments and reduced erosion rates. However, in order to maintain sediment balance, adequate mangrove forest width needs to be present.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Crop residues play a role in the mitigation of erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can mangroves slow down water flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop: potatoes, cereals, or oilseed crops

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mangrove?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a non-row crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most effective known method for erosion prevention?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shelterbelts

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Which of the following is not an agent of erosion: wind, water, or crops?

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: crop residues

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mangrove forest

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: raindrops

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: potatoes than when growing cereals, or oilseed crops.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mangroves have been examined as a potential means to reduce soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mangroves have been examined as a potential means to reduce soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: potatoes than when growing cereals, or oilseed crops.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mangroves

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: potatoes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mangroves

text: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope. The erosion associated with overland flow may occur through different methods depending on meteorological and flow conditions.

text: Overland flow

text: can erode soil particles and transport them downslope. The erosion associated with overland flow may occur through different methods depending on meteorological and flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of overland flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a method of transport in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can erode soil particles

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overland

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: overland

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Overland flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: meteorological and flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Overland flow

text: Uplifting of the north of the Kaapvaal Craton, in addition to orogenesis (mountain formation), towards the end of the deposition of the “West Rand Group” of sediments caused the Witwatersrand sea to retreat. The area of the craton on top of which Johannesburg is now situated, became a vast riverine plain, which extended along the entire northern and western shoreline of the shrunken sea, in an arc extending from Evander in the east, through Johannesburg, Carletonville and then southwards to Klerksdorp and Welkom in the south-west. The rivers formed braided deltas with many interlacing, slow flowing channels where all the heavy materials brought down from the mountains were deposited: large pebbles, and heavy minerals, such as gold, iron pyrite, and uraninite. The gold was in its free elemental form. Cyanobacteria grew in relative abundance in these mineral rich waters. The kerogen, or bitumen, that is found in association with the gold deposits almost certainly represents what remains of these Archean photosynthesizing micro-organisms.

text: Uplifting of the north of the Kaapvaal Craton, in addition to

text: orogenesis

text: (mountain formation), towards the end of the deposition of the “West Rand Group” of sediments caused the Witwatersrand sea to retreat. The area of the craton on top of which Johannesburg is now situated, became a vast riverine plain, which extended along the entire northern and western shoreline of the shrunken sea, in an arc extending from Evander in the east, through Johannesburg, Carletonville and then southwards to Klerksdorp and Welkom in the south-west. The rivers formed

text: braided deltas

text: with many interlacing, slow flowing channels where all the heavy materials brought down from the mountains were deposited: large pebbles, and heavy minerals, such as

text: gold

text: iron pyrite

text: , and

text: uraninite

text: . The gold was in its free elemental form. Cyanobacteria grew in relative abundance in these mineral rich waters. The

text: kerogen

text: , or

text: bitumen

text: , that is found in association with the gold deposits almost certainly represents what remains of these Archean photosynthesizing micro-organisms.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large pebbles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: interlacing, slow flowing, or fast flowing?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of slow flowing river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: large pebbles

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion, or uplifting?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverine plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: orogenesis

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riverine plain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverine plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: orogenesis

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Uplifting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy minerals, such as gold

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large pebbles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Cyanobacteria grew in relative abundance

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The rivers formed braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large pebbles, and heavy minerals,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large pebbles,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: large pebbles,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: riverine plain,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow flowing

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: riverine plain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Uplifting

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverine plain,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverine plain,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: deltas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: orogenesis

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Uplifting

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: braided deltas

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: large pebbles,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Uplifting

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided deltas

text: A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a  covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

text: A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The

text: European Union

text: (EU)

text: Floods Directive

text: defines a flood as a  covering by

text: water

text: of land not normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the

text: tide

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow flowing rivers to erode their channels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: land

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tide.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: "flowing water",

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tide.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: tide.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood is an overflow of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dry.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

text: Another major determinant is the soil particle size. Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Due to their structure the spaces between individual clay particles is small and already restricts the passage of water, reducing infiltration and hence drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges. Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge and will readily bond to positively charged ions dissolved in the soil-water matrix. Common salts such as sodium ions contained in wastewater can fulfil this role and lead to a localized hardpan in some soil types. This is a common cause of septic system failure due to the prevention of proper drainage in field.

text: Another major determinant is the soil particle size.

text: Clay

text: particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Due to their structure the spaces between individual clay particles is small and already restricts the passage of water, reducing infiltration and hence drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges. Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge and will readily bond to positively charged ions dissolved in the soil-water matrix. Common salts such as

text: sodium

text: ions contained in wastewater can fulfil this role and lead to a localized hardpan in some soil types. This is a common cause of

text: septic system

text: failure due to the prevention of proper drainage in field.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a major determinant of drainage: clay particles or soil particle size?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the spaces between individual clay particles is small

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of proper drainage in field?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of proper drainage in field?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a major determinant of drainage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a major determinant of soil particle size?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a field

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a field

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: clay particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the spaces between individual clay particles is small

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Clay particles

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Clay particles

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: reducing infiltration

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: man-made discharges.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Clay particles

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Another major determinant is the soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: hardpan

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Another major determinant is the soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Clay particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: soil particle size.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Clay particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hardpan

text: When ponds were the vogue, they served not only as water reservoirs but also as drains during the rainy season. Consequently, the streets became dry as all the water flowed into the ponds through channels made for that purpose.Fruit trees like the cherry (udala enwe, udala omumu), mango, pepper fruit (mmimi) berry (anene) ugili, agbono, plantain (ogede ji-oko), banana (ogede ntiti) and bread fruit (ukwa) were usually planted around the homes and provided nutritious fruit, shades and necessary checks against erosion.

text: When ponds were the vogue, they served not only as water reservoirs but also as drains during the rainy season. Consequently, the streets became dry as all the water flowed into the ponds through channels made for that purpose.Fruit trees like the cherry (udala enwe, udala omumu), mango, pepper fruit (mmimi) berry (anene) ugili, agbono, plantain (ogede ji-oko), banana (ogede ntiti) and bread fruit (ukwa) were usually planted around the homes and provided nutritious fruit, shades and necessary checks against erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fruit tree?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the best title for the passage?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fruit tree?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a fruit tree?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a fruit tree?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ugili

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: channels made for that purpose.Fruit

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: purpose.Fruit trees

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowed into the ponds

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the streets became dry

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion.

text: In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.

text: In the water cycle, when

text: precipitation

text: falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming

text: stream

text: s and

text: river

text: s. The remaining water, through

text: infiltration

text: , penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the

text: vadose zone

text: soil,

text: recharging

text: aquifer

text: s, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In

text: hydrogeology

text: it is measured by the

text: Groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: streams and rivers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: Clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a form of infiltration?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, subsurface runoff, or precipitation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: streams and rivers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams and rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vadose zone soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water flows on the surface

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: subsurface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: In the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Groundwater flow equation.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: subsurface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: subsurface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: vadose zone soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: streams

text: Surface runoff is water that flows when heavy rains do not infiltrate soil; excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flowing over the land.  This is a major component of the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel is also called a nonpoint source. When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up soil contaminants including, but not limited to petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers that become discharge or nonpoint source pollution.

text: Surface runoff is water that flows when heavy rains do not infiltrate soil; excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flowing over the land.  This is a major component of the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a

text: channel

text: is also called a

text: nonpoint source

text: . When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up

text: soil contaminants

text: including, but not limited to petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers that become

text: discharge

text: or nonpoint source pollution.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a nonpoint source?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a nonpoint source?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface runoff is water that flows when heavy rains do not infiltrate soil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a nonpoint source?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a channel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: runoff does not infiltrate soil

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up soil contaminants

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: When runoff flows along the ground, it can pick up soil contaminants

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: nonpoint source.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: nonpoint source.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rains do not infiltrate soil;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Surface runoff

text: For a surface water system to operate without filtration it has to fulfill certain criteria set by the EPA under its Surface Water Treatment Rule, including the implementation of a watershed control program. The water system of New York City has repeatedly fulfilled these criteria.

text: For a surface water system to operate without filtration it has to fulfill certain criteria set by the EPA under its Surface Water Treatment Rule, including the implementation of a watershed control program. The water system of New York City has repeatedly fulfilled these criteria.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to implement a watershed control program?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a watershed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: watershed control programs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: watershed control program

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Surface Water Treatment Rule,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface Water Treatment Rule,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: For a surface water system

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: For a surface water system

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface Water Treatment Rule,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: watershed control program. The water system of New York City

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: watershed control program.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: watershed control program.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: implementation of a watershed control program.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface Water Treatment Rule,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: For a surface water system to operate without filtration

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: watershed

text: The geologic history from Tertiary and Quaternary periods includes 1) deposition and folding of the Potoco Formation, 2) erosion of this formation, 3) deposition of the Quehua Formation, 4) intrusion of the andesite porphyry stocks, 5) hydrothermal circulation altering rocks and depositing oxide-siderite-barite veins containing silver, 6) intrusion of dacite porphyry stocks, uplift of the Potoco and Quehua Formations, and deposition of dacite porphyry lava flows, 7) intrusion of breccia pipes and faulting, 8) deposition of dacite tuff, 9) hydrothermal circulation altering rocks and depositing galena, sphalerite, pyrite, native silver and barite, 10) erosion.

text: The geologic history from

text: Tertiary

text: and

text: Quaternary

text: periods includes 1)

text: deposition

text: and

text: folding

text: of the Potoco

text: Formation

text: , 2)

text: erosion

text: of this formation, 3) deposition of the Quehua Formation, 4)

text: intrusion

text: of the

text: andesite

text: porphyry

text: stock

text: s, 5)

text: hydrothermal circulation

text: altering rocks and depositing oxide-

text: siderite

text: barite

text: vein

text: s containing silver, 6) intrusion of

text: dacite

text: porphyry stocks, uplift of the Potoco and Quehua Formations, and deposition of dacite porphyry

text: lava

text: flows, 7) intrusion of

text: breccia pipe

text: s and

text: faulting

text: , 8) deposition of dacite

text: tuff

text: , 9) hydrothermal circulation altering rocks and depositing

text: galena

text: sphalerite

text: pyrite

text: , native silver and barite, 10) erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hydrothermal circulation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tuff

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the last formation mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Potoco Formation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tuff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia pipes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hydrothermal circulation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hydrothermal circulation altering rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: galena

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: native silver and barite

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia pipes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hydrothermal circulation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: hydrothermal circulation

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: dacite porphyry lava flows,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: breccia pipes and faulting,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dacite porphyry lava flows,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia pipes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: breccia pipes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hydrothermal circulation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: breccia pipes and faulting,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dacite tuff,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: oxide-siderite-barite veins containing silver,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia pipes

text: –	Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow, Availability of Water, Water use)

text: –	Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow, Availability of Water, Water use)

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Minimum Flow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Minimum Flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Minimum Flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Availability of Water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Availability of Water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Minimum Flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Availability of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Availability of water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Availability of water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: minimum flow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Minimum Flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Availability of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites do not contain water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: – Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: – Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Quantification of water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floods,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (Water level,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Quantification of water (Water level, Floods, Minimum Flow,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floods,

text: A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

text: A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a flood?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the volume of water within a body of water within a river or lake compare to the total capacity of the formation?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of flooding?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a slow flowing river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: landslip

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslip

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslip

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: volume of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: outside of the normal perimeter

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: total capacity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: exceeds the total capacity of the formation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: landslips

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A flood

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

text: or suffosion processes.  Sinkholes vary in size from  both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.

text: or

text: suffosion

text: processes.  Sinkholes vary in size from  both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a suffosion process?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: suffosion processes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: is a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are not found worldwide

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sinkholes vary in size from both in diameter and depth,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suffosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: suffosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: suffosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: suffosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: suffosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil-lined

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: suffosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkholes

text: The Mekong, which is 4,220 kilometers long, is one of the 12 great rivers of the world. From its source in the Tibetan Plateau, it flows through the Tibetan and Yunnan regions of China, forms the boundary between Laos and Myanmar as well as between Laos and Thailand.  At Phnom Penh it merges with the Tonlé Sap and divides into two branches - the Sông Hậu Giang (Hậu Giang river) (known as the Bassac River on the Cambodian side) and the Sông Tiền Giang (Tiền Giang river) - and continues through Cambodia and the Mekong basin before draining into the South China Sea through nine mouths known as the Cửu Long (nine dragons). The river is heavily silted and is navigable by seagoing craft of shallow draft as far as Kompong Cham in Cambodia. A tributary entering the river at Phnom Penh drains the Tonlé Sap, a shallow freshwater lake that acts as a natural reservoir to stabilize the flow of water through the lower Mekong. When the river is in flood stage, its silted delta outlets are unable to carry off the high volume of water. Floodwaters back up into the Tonlé Sap, causing the lake to inundate as much as 10,000 square kilometers. As the flood subsides, the flow of water reverses and proceeds from the lake to the sea. The effect is to reduce significantly the danger of devastating floods in the Mekong delta, where the river floods the surrounding fields each year to a level of one to two meters.

text: The Mekong, which is 4,220 kilometers long, is one of the 12 great rivers of the world. From its source in the

text: Tibetan Plateau

text: , it flows through the Tibetan and Yunnan regions of China, forms the boundary between Laos and

text: Myanmar

text: as well as between Laos and Thailand.  At

text: Phnom Penh

text: it merges with the

text: Tonlé Sap

text: and divides into two branches - the Sông Hậu Giang (Hậu Giang river) (known as the

text: Bassac River

text: on the Cambodian side) and the Sông Tiền Giang (Tiền Giang river) - and continues through Cambodia and the Mekong basin before draining into the

text: South China Sea

text: through nine mouths known as the Cửu Long (nine dragons). The river is heavily silted and is navigable by seagoing craft of shallow draft as far as

text: Kompong Cham

text: in Cambodia. A tributary entering the river at Phnom Penh drains the

text: Tonlé Sap

text: , a shallow

text: freshwater

text: lake that acts as a natural reservoir to stabilize the flow of water through the lower Mekong. When the river is in flood stage, its

text: silt

text: ed delta outlets are unable to carry off the high volume of water. Floodwaters back up into the Tonlé Sap, causing the lake to inundate as much as 10,000 square kilometers. As the flood subsides, the flow of water reverses and proceeds from the lake to the sea. The effect is to reduce significantly the danger of devastating floods in the Mekong delta, where the river floods the surrounding fields each year to a level of one to two meters.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How is the flow of water through the lower Mekong?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow draft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the river heavily silted?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the Mekong is heavily silted?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: floodwaters back up into the Tonlé Sap?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mekong delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Tonlé Sap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silted

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The river is heavily silted

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: when the river is in flood stage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mekong delta,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silted

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Floodwaters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: silted

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Floodwaters back up into the Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Tonlé Sap,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: natural reservoir to stabilize the flow of water through the lower Mekong.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: silted

text: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate and eventually block boiler tubes. Any non-volatile salts and minerals that will remain when the feedwater is evaporated must be removed, because they will become concentrated in the liquid phase and require excessive  "blow-down" (draining) to prevent the formation of solid precipitates. Even worse are minerals that form scale. Therefore, the make-up water added to replace any losses of feedwater must be demineralized/deionized water, unless a purge valve is used to remove dissolved minerals.

text: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate and eventually block boiler tubes. Any non-

text: volatile

text: salts and minerals that will remain when the feedwater is

text: evaporate

text: d must be removed, because they will become concentrated in the liquid phase and require excessive

text: "blow-down"

text: (draining) to prevent the formation of solid precipitates. Even worse are minerals that form

text: scale

text: . Therefore, the

text: make-up water

text: added to replace any losses of feedwater must be

text: demineralized

text: deionized water

text: , unless a purge valve is used to remove dissolved minerals.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How can deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: clay, silt, or salt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a non-volatile salt?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: precipitates

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: precipitates

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: minerals that form scale

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: minerals that form scale

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: minerals that form scale

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scale

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a purge valve is used to remove dissolved minerals.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the make-up water added to replace any losses of feedwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: minerals that will remain when the feedwater is evaporated

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: block boiler tubes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: solid precipitates.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Any non-volatile salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Deposits reduce the heat transfer in the boiler, reduce the flow rate

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salts and minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Deposits

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: solid precipitates.

text: Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid,  by-products of the production of fertilizer from phosphate rock. These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks. Lake Jackson near Tallahassee, FL occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the Peace River near Bartow, FL, was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d of water from the Peace River during June 2006.

text: Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing

text: phosphogypsum

text: and

text: phosphoric acid

text: ,  by-products of the production of

text: fertilizer

text: from

text: phosphate rock

text: . These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks.

text: Lake Jackson

text: near

text: Tallahassee, FL

text: occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the

text: Peace River

text: near

text: Bartow, FL

text: , was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d of water from the Peace River during June 2006.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: dissolution, cover-subsidence, or cover-collapse?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: dissolution, cover-subsidence, or cover-collapse?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phosphoric acid

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: dissolution cavities

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Peace River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: dissolution, cover-subsidence,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: phosphogypsum

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Dover Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dover Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: intense withdrawals of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phosphogypsum

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkholes

text: The main branch of the Knife River flows  from source to mouth, flowing parallel to the shoreline from the direction of Two Harbors. It has four or five major tributaries. Its watershed is , and contains  of streams. Since data began being collected in 1974, its mean annual daily discharge of water has been calculated as . There is concern over the river's water quality due to suspended sediment, and it was placed on the state's impaired waters list in 1998. A 2008 study found that about sixty percent of the sediment was coming from erosion of the streambanks, and about thirty from erosion of the river's bluffs.

text: The main branch of the Knife River flows  from source to mouth, flowing parallel to the shoreline from the direction of Two Harbors. It has four or five major tributaries. Its watershed is , and contains  of streams. Since data began being collected in 1974, its mean annual daily discharge of water has been calculated as . There is concern over the river's water quality due to suspended sediment, and it was placed on the state's impaired waters list in 1998. A 2008 study found that about sixty percent of the sediment was coming from erosion of the streambanks, and about thirty from erosion of the river's bluffs.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: streambanks, bluffs or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Knife River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many major tributaries does the Knife River have?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It was placed on the state's impaired waters list in 1998

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many major tributaries does the Knife River have?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many major tributaries does Knife River have?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Knife River on the state's impaired waters list?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many major tributaries does the Knife River have?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shoreline

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bluffs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: streambanks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mouth

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the streambanks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from source to mouth

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: streambanks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from sediment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bluffs

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended sediment,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The main branch of the Knife River

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bluffs.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Knife River

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: suspended sediment,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion of the streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: parallel to the shoreline

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: streambanks,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: parallel to the shoreline from the direction of Two Harbors.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bluffs.

text: The fourth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Lord Narasimha, is half human and half lion. Legend says that Narasimha after killing Hiranyakashipu, slew another giant named Jharasura (Jalasura) who was a staunch devotee of Lord Shiva. While breathing his last, Jharasura beseeched Vishnu (or rather, his incarnation) to reside in the cave in which he was living and to grant boons to devotees. Granting last wish of his, Narasimha came to live in the cave. There is a roughly carved image of Narasimha on a stone wall at the end of the cave. After being killed, the demon turned into water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha. The flow of water in the cave tunnel is continuous since then. The spring has never dried out.

text: The fourth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Lord Narasimha, is half human and half lion. Legend says that Narasimha after killing Hiranyakashipu, slew another giant named Jharasura (Jalasura) who was a staunch devotee of Lord

text: Shiva

text: . While breathing his last, Jharasura beseeched Vishnu (or rather, his incarnation) to reside in the cave in which he was living and to grant boons to devotees. Granting last wish of his,

text: Narasimha

text: came to live in the cave. There is a roughly carved image of Narasimha on a stone wall at the end of the cave. After being killed, the demon turned into water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha. The flow of water in the cave tunnel is continuous since then. The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the spring has never dried out?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Lord Narasimha?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why the spring has never dried out?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Jharasura

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What will happen to the wall?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The spring has never dried out

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the feet of the Lord

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water and started flowing down the feet of the Lord Narasimha.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cave tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: The spring

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carved image of Narasimha

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The spring has never dried out.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cave tunnel

text: Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface (areas shaded brown in image above), clays are thin or absent and dissolution of the limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes are apparent. Transmissivity of the aquifer in karstified areas such as these is much higher owing to the development of large, well-connected conduits within the rock (see image at right). Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater to flow out on the land surface. More than 700 springs have been mapped in Florida. Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County is one of a number of major outflows of the aquifer with a flow rate of 200–300 million US gallons (757,082 - 1,135,623 cubic meters) of water per day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973, was measured at  per second - equal to 1.2 billion gallons (4,542,494 cubic meters) per day.

text: Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface (areas shaded brown in image above), clays are thin or absent and dissolution of the limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes are apparent.

text: Transmissivity

text: of the aquifer in

text: karst

text: ified areas such as these is much higher owing to the development of large, well-connected conduits within the rock (see image at right). Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater to flow out on the land surface. More than 700 springs have been mapped in Florida.

text: Wakulla Springs

text: in

text: Wakulla County

text: is one of a number of major outflows of the aquifer with a flow rate of 200–300 million US gallons (757,082 - 1,135,623 cubic meters) of water per day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973, was measured at  per second - equal to 1.2 billion gallons (4,542,494 cubic meters) per day.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many cubic meters of water does Wakulla Springs have per day?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clays and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff or clays?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many springs have been mapped in Florida?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers, lakes, or streams?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karstified

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Wakulla Springs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water pressure

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water out on the land surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 200–300 million US gallons

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: clays are thin or absent

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dissolution of the limestone is intensified

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Springs

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karstified

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Springs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: springs and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: springs and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: clays are thin or absent

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: thin or absent

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Any obstruction within flowing water will produce changes in velocity within the water column. The flow changes that occur in the vicinity of the substrate may cause differential movement in the bed materials near the obstruction. The magnitude of these changes varies with stream velocity, feature shape and substrate character. Generally the stream bed is deepened at the upstream end of the obstruction, and the material removed from the substrate is usually deposited in the sheltered areas behind or adjacent to the obstruction where the local velocity is sufficiently reduced. In conditions of high stream velocities, mobile bed materials, and poorly streamlined structures scour depths can be quite deep.

text: Any obstruction within flowing water will produce changes in velocity within the water column. The flow changes that occur in the vicinity of the substrate may cause differential movement in the bed materials near the obstruction. The magnitude of these changes varies with stream velocity, feature shape and substrate character. Generally the stream bed is deepened at the upstream end of the obstruction, and the material removed from the substrate is usually deposited in the sheltered areas behind or adjacent to the obstruction where the local velocity is sufficiently reduced. In conditions of high stream velocities, mobile bed materials, and poorly streamlined structures scour depths can be quite deep.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the material removed from the substrate?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a substrate: clay, silt, or obstruction?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of obstruction?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Generally the stream bed is deepened

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour depths can be quite deep

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: upstream end

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mobile bed materials and poorly streamlined structures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stream velocity, feature shape and substrate character

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in the direction of the obstruction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: material removed from the substrate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Generally the stream bed is deepened at the upstream end of the obstruction

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: differential movement in the bed materials

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high stream velocities,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: feature shape and substrate character.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: differential movement in the bed materials

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Any obstruction within flowing water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sheltered areas behind or adjacent to the obstruction where the local velocity is sufficiently reduced.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Generally the stream bed is deepened at the upstream end

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Any obstruction within flowing water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Generally the stream bed

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Generally the stream bed is deepened at the upstream end of the obstruction,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour depths

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mobile bed materials, and poorly streamlined structures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Generally the stream bed is deepened

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stream velocity, feature shape and substrate character.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high stream velocities,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: substrate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: scour depths

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a geological engineer and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing fault that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the Kibbey Formation, was deposited on an unconformity, an ancient Mississippian-age karst erosion surface, and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a

text: geological engineer

text: and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing

text: fault

text: that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the

text: Kibbey Formation

text: , was deposited on an

text: unconformity

text: , an ancient Mississippian-age

text: karst

text: erosion surface

text: , and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater action produced collapsed zones

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The Kibbey Formation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did Delmer L. Brown conduct the most thorough scientific exploration

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the overlying shale?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: breccias

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater action produced collapsed zones

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pre-existing fault

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia zones

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater circulation.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: minimal.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: minimal.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Yogo dike

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: collapsed zones

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Yogo dike

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Yogo dike

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapse breccias

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: minimal.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shale,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not intruded by the dike.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia zones.

text: Melaleuca viminalis provides food for nectivores. Its adaptations to survive strong currents during flood events allow it to slow the flow of floodwater and reduce erosion, thereby improving the water quality in streams and rivers. The matted roots of this species also strengthen the soil of riverbanks, further reducing the potential for erosion.

text: Melaleuca viminalis provides food for

text: nectivore

text: s. Its adaptations to survive strong currents during flood events allow it to slow the flow of floodwater and reduce erosion, thereby improving the water quality in streams and rivers. The matted roots of this species also strengthen the soil of riverbanks, further reducing the potential for erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can Melaleuca viminalis do to reduce erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Melaleuca viminalis?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an adaptation of Melaleuca viminalis?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is Melaleuca viminalis?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true of Melaleuca viminalis?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: sinkholes, groundwater erosion, or riverbanks?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbanks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: potential for erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbanks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riverbanks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floodwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Melaleuca viminalis provides food for nectivores

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: floodwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Melaleuca viminalis

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Melaleuca viminalis

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Melaleuca viminalis

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Melaleuca viminalis

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floodwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floodwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The matted roots of this species also strengthen the soil of riverbanks,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Melaleuca viminalis provides food for nectivores.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion.

text: Braided rivers, as distinct from meandering rivers, occur when a threshold level of sediment load or slope is reached whilst a steep gradient is also maintained.  Geologically speaking, an increase in sediment load will over time increase in the slope of the river, so these two conditions can be considered synonymous; and, consequently, a variation of slope can model a variation in sediment load.  A threshold slope was experimentally determined to be 0.016 (ft/ft) for a  stream with poorly sorted coarse sand.  Any slope over this threshold created a braided stream, while any slope under the threshold created a meandering stream or— for very low slopes—a straight channel. So the main controlling factor on river development is the amount of sediment that the river carries; once a given system crosses a threshold value for sediment load, it will convert from a meandering system to a braided system.  Also important to channel development is the proportion of suspended load sediment to bed load.  An increase in suspended sediment allowed for the deposition of fine erosion-resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances caused a river to shift from a braided to a meandering profile.The channels and braid bars are usually highly mobile, with the river layout often changing significantly during flood events. Channels move sideways via differential velocity: On the outside of a curve, deeper, swift water picks up sediment (usually gravel or larger stones), which is re-deposited in slow-moving water on the inside of a bend.

text: Braided rivers, as distinct from

text: meander

text: ing rivers, occur when a threshold level of

text: sediment

text: load or slope is reached whilst a steep gradient is also maintained.  Geologically speaking, an increase in sediment load will over time increase in the slope of the river, so these two conditions can be considered synonymous; and, consequently, a variation of slope can model a variation in sediment load.  A threshold slope was experimentally determined to be 0.016 (ft/ft) for a  stream with poorly sorted coarse sand.  Any slope over this threshold created a braided stream, while any slope under the threshold created a

text: meander

text: ing stream or— for very low slopes—a straight channel. So the main controlling factor on river development is the amount of sediment that the river carries; once a given system crosses a threshold value for sediment load, it will convert from a

text: meander

text: ing system to a braided system.  Also important to channel development is the proportion of

text: suspended load

text: sediment to

text: bed load

text: .  An increase in suspended sediment allowed for the deposition of fine

text: erosion

text: -resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances caused a river to shift from a braided to a

text: meander

text: ing profile.The channels and braid bars are usually highly mobile, with the river layout often changing significantly during

text: flood

text: events. Channels move sideways via differential velocity: On the outside of a curve, deeper, swift water picks up sediment (usually

text: gravel

text: or larger stones), which is re-deposited in slow-moving water on the inside of a bend.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger stones

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the main controlling factor on river development?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood events

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a straight channel

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: braid bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: braid bars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: straight channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravel or larger stones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the proportion of suspended load sediment to bed load

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a threshold

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided rivers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow-moving water on the inside of a bend.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: amount of sediment that the river carries;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood events.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow-moving water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deeper, swift water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood events.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: once a given system crosses a threshold value for sediment load,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Braided rivers,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood events.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Braided rivers,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion-resistant material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: braid bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Braided rivers,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: braid bars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: straight channel.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravel or larger stones),

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion-resistant material

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: amount of sediment that the river carries;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Braided rivers,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel or larger stones),

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Braided rivers,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Channels

text: The roots of trees growing by a stream are undercut by such erosion.  As the roots bind the soil tightly, they form abutments which jut out over the water.  These have a significant effect upon the rate and progress of the erosion.

text: The

text: root

text: s of

text: tree

text: s growing by a stream are undercut by such erosion.  As the roots bind the soil tightly, they form abutments which jut out over the water.  These have a significant effect upon the rate and progress of the erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: abutments

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abutments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a hill

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream are undercut

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Abutments

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: abutments which jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion. As the roots bind the soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream are undercut by such erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The roots of trees

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: abutments which jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: abutments which jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: abutments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The roots of trees growing by a stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abutments which jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The roots of trees

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: abutments which jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: jut out over the water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: abutments

text: In summer, the cooler talus-covered slopes power an air exchange with sinkholes atop the ridge, with warm air entering the sinkhole to an ice cave. The air is cooled and vented on the algific slope. In winter, the airflow is reversed. Cool or cold air is drawn through the algific talus into the ice cave, with flowing water or atmospheric humidity being turned to ice. The air temperature on these slopes ranges from "30 degrees F to 55 degrees F spring to fall".

text: In summer, the cooler talus-covered slopes power an air exchange with sinkholes atop the ridge, with warm air entering the sinkhole to an ice cave. The air is cooled and vented on the algific slope. In winter, the airflow is reversed. Cool or cold air is drawn through the algific talus into the ice cave, with flowing water or atmospheric humidity being turned to ice. The air temperature on these slopes ranges from "30 degrees F to 55 degrees F spring to fall".

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: flowing water or atmospheric humidity?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or air?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is true of runoff?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: talus

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: air temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes atop the ridge

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water or atmospheric humidity being turned to ice.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "30 degrees F to 55 degrees F

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ridge,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: talus-covered slopes power an air exchange with sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ice cave.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: atmospheric humidity

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ice cave.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: After this period of filling in, came a period of isostatic deepening. The weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below, at the same time as erosion decreased and the mountains began to grow. At the same time, the drainage basin that had basically been an inland sea began to pour out its waters through the River Genil and the Infiernos de Loja. The river and its tributaries were carved out, and after the Quaternary climate crisis, river terraces formed. The River Genil has two well-defined terraces. The deepening of the Depression of Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada led to the formation of a flooded area between Santa Fe and Granada. The Quaternary also produced a diapiric uprising of a mass of gypsum clay to the height of the town of Láchar, which made area from Láchar to Granada more easily flooded, and broke the original depression into two units the Depression of Granada and the Pasillo or Depression of Loja.

text: After this period of filling in, came a period of

text: isostatic

text: deepening. The weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below, at the same time as erosion decreased and the mountains began to grow. At the same time, the drainage basin that had basically been an

text: inland sea

text: began to pour out its waters through the River Genil and the Infiernos de Loja. The river and its tributaries were carved out, and after the

text: Quaternary

text: climate crisis, river terraces formed. The River Genil has two well-defined terraces. The deepening of the Depression of Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada led to the formation of a flooded area between

text: Santa Fe

text: and

text: Granada

text: . The Quaternary also produced a

text: diapir

text: ic uprising of a mass of

text: gypsum

text: clay

text: to the height of the town of

text: Láchar

text: , which made area from Láchar to Granada more easily flooded, and broke the original depression into two units the Depression of Granada and the Pasillo or

text: Depression of Loja

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: the River Genil, the Infiernos de Loja, or the Depression of Granada?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many well-defined terraces does the River Genil have?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why did the weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below, or the weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: River Genil, Infiernos de Loja, or Granada?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: the River Genil, the Infiernos de Loja, or the Sierra Nevada?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below or the weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments below?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Infiernos de Loja

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Infiernos

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weight of the recent deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: isostatic deepening

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weight of the recent deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments below

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The River Genil has two well-defined terraces

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: River Genil

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The weight

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gypsum clay

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: River Genil

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The River Genil has two well-defined terraces.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The weight of the recent deposits bore down on the sediments

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: River Genil and the Infiernos de Loja.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: diapiric

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river terraces

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The weight of the recent deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: filling in, came a period of isostatic deepening.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The weight of the recent deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: recent deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: inland sea

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river terraces

text: Immediately southeast of Mount Cayley lies Mount Fee, an extensively eroded volcano containing a north-south trending ridge. It is one of the older volcanic features in the central Garibaldi chain. Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacai ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Therefore, volcanism at Mount Fee does not display evidence of interaction with glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of pyroclastic rock. This is evidence of explosive volcanism from Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of lavas and breccias on the eastern flank of the main ridge. These volcanics were likely placed when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of a large volcano. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lava flows forming its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit and the northern end of the main ridge. The conduit for which these lava flows originated from was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older volcanics deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north-south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark.

text: Immediately southeast of Mount Cayley lies

text: Mount Fee

text: , an extensively eroded volcano containing a north-south trending ridge. It is one of the older volcanic features in the central Garibaldi chain. Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacai ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000 years ago before the

text: Wisconsinan Glaciation

text: . Therefore, volcanism at Mount Fee does not display evidence of interaction with glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of

text: pyroclastic rock

text: . This is evidence of explosive volcanism from Fee's eruptive history, as well as its first volcanic event. The second volcanic event produced a sequence of lavas and breccias on the eastern flank of the main ridge. These volcanics were likely placed when a sequence of lava flows and broken lava fragments erupted from a volcanic vent and moved down the flanks during the construction of a large volcano. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lava flows forming its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit and the northern end of the main ridge. The conduit for which these lava flows originated from was likely vertical in structure and intruded through older volcanics deposited during Fee's earlier volcanic events. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged north-south trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the conduit for which these lava flows originated from?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is true of the conduit for which these lava flows originated from?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: lavas or breccias?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, erosion, or glacial periods?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How long ago did the Wisconsinan Glaciation occur?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or glacial periods?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for volcanoes not to interact with glacial ice?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: erosion, glacial periods, or volcanic events?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a volcanic vent

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from a volcano

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: older volcanics

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vertical in structure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: older volcanics

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: renewed volcanism

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rugged north-south trending ridge

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: older volcanics

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mount Fee has created the rugged north-south trending ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Mount Fee

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Wisconsinan Glaciation.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: one or more glacial periods.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: older volcanics

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rugged north-south trending ridge

text: The Reid Glacier was named by the members of the Harriman Alaska Expedition for Harry Fielding Reid (1859–1944), professor of geology at Johns Hopkins University, who was well known for his studies of glacier flow and stratification in Alaska and the Alps. The glacier has its origin in Brady Icefield and has a flow rate of  per day. At the water edge, its width is , rises to a height of  and stretches to a length of  and flows into Bigourdan Fjord. In view of fast rate of retreat, this glacier has turned from tide water to terrestrial glacier, particularly on its eastern and western one third widths. Sediment deposits from the glacier have gradually filled the eastern and western margins at its inlet, as seen during low tides. The central one third of the glacier, however, touches water edge with a recorded depth of  of water, during high tide. The walls of the fjord of the glacier, however, also show marks of lateral deposits of the glaciers right up to rock faces.

text: The Reid Glacier was named by the members of the

text: Harriman Alaska Expedition

text: for

text: Harry Fielding Reid

text: (1859–1944), professor of geology at

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: , who was well known for his studies of glacier flow and stratification in Alaska and the

text: Alps

text: . The glacier has its origin in

text: Brady Icefield

text: and has a flow rate of  per day. At the water edge, its width is , rises to a height of  and stretches to a length of  and flows into

text: Bigourdan Fjord

text: . In view of fast rate of retreat, this glacier has turned from tide water to terrestrial glacier, particularly on its eastern and western one third widths. Sediment deposits from the glacier have gradually filled the eastern and western margins at its inlet, as seen during low tides. The central one third of the glacier, however, touches water edge with a recorded depth of  of water, during high tide. The walls of the fjord of the glacier, however, also show marks of lateral deposits of the glaciers right up to rock faces.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Reid Glacier?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow rate of the glacier?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth of water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, glacier, or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason glaciers turn from tide water to terrestrial glacier?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the glacier?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion or glacier flow?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: margins

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bigourdan Fjord

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: margins

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fjord

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: low tide

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Fjord

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low tides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into Bigourdan Fjord

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lateral deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lateral deposits of the glaciers right up to rock faces.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: low tides.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: low tides.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fast rate of retreat, this glacier has turned from tide water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lateral deposits of the glaciers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: low tides.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Reid Glacier

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: low tides.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Reid Glacier

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tide water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bigourdan Fjord.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: margins at its inlet,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Bigourdan Fjord.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bigourdan Fjord.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fast rate of retreat,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tides.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lateral deposits of the glaciers right up to rock faces.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bigourdan Fjord.

text: Although 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water, water accounts for just some 0.05% of Earth’s mass. There are worlds where more than 10% of the mass may be water. This may be the case, for example, for all the six innermost planets orbiting the star Kepler-11. These planets may have oceans hundreds of kilometres deep.Their abyssal depths would be so deep and dense that even at high temperatures the pressure would turn the water into ice. The immense pressures in the lower regions of these oceans could lead to the formation of a mantle of exotic forms of ice. This ice would not necessarily be as cold as conventional ice. If the planet is close enough to its star that the water reaches its boiling point, the water will become supercritical and lack a well-defined surface. Even on cooler water-dominated planets, the atmosphere can be much thicker than that of Earth, and composed largely of water vapor, producing a very strong greenhouse effect. Such planets would have to be small enough not to be able to retain a thick envelope of hydrogen and helium, otherwise they would form a warmer version of an ice giant instead, like Uranus and Neptune.

text: Although 70.8% of all

text: Earth

text: 's surface is covered in water, water accounts for just some 0.05% of Earth’s mass. There are worlds where more than 10% of the mass may be water. This may be the case, for example, for all the six innermost planets orbiting the star

text: . These planets may have oceans hundreds of kilometres deep.Their abyssal depths would be so deep and dense that even at high temperatures the pressure would turn the water into ice. The immense pressures in the lower regions of these oceans could lead to the formation of a mantle of exotic forms of

text: ice

text: . This ice would not necessarily be as cold as conventional ice. If the planet is close enough to its star that the water reaches its boiling point, the water will become

text: supercritical

text: and lack a well-defined surface. Even on cooler water-dominated planets, the atmosphere can be much thicker than that of Earth, and composed largely of water vapor, producing a very strong

text: greenhouse effect

text: . Such planets would have to be small enough not to be able to retain a thick envelope of hydrogen and helium, otherwise they would form a

text: warmer version

text: of an

text: ice giant

text: instead, like

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ice?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep would their abyssal depths be

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ice?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice giants

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: abyssal depths

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from ice

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 0.05% of Earth’s mass.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 70.8%

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 70.8%

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 70.8% of all Earth's surface is covered in water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mantle

text: Some crater floors in the Syrtis Major area show elongated ridges in a lattice-like pattern.  Such patterns are typical of faults and breccia dikes formed as a result of an impact.  Some have suggested that these ridges are dikes made up of molten rock, but others have advanced the idea that other fluids, like water were involved.  The ridges are found where there has been enhanced erosion.   Pictures below show examples of these dikes.  Water may flow along faults.  The water often carries minerals that serve to cement rock materials thus making them harder.  Later when the whole area undergoes erosion the dikes will remain as ridges because they are more resistant to erosion.  This discovery may be of great importance for future colonization of Mars because these types of faults and breccia dikes on earth are associated with key mineral resources.  It has been estimated that 25% of the Earth's impacts are connected to mineral production.  The largest gold deposit on Earth is the Vredefort 300 km diameter impact structure in South Africa. Perhaps, when people live on Mars these kinds of areas will be mined as they are on earth.

text: Some crater floors in the Syrtis Major area show elongated ridges in a lattice-like pattern.  Such patterns are typical of

text: faults

text: and breccia

text: dikes

text: formed as a result of an impact.  Some have suggested that these ridges are dikes made up of molten rock, but others have advanced the idea that other fluids, like water were involved.  The ridges are found where there has been enhanced

text: erosion

text: .   Pictures below show examples of these dikes.  Water may flow along faults.  The water often carries minerals that serve to cement rock materials thus making them harder.  Later when the whole area undergoes erosion the dikes will remain as ridges because they are more resistant to erosion.  This discovery may be of great importance for future colonization of Mars because these types of faults and breccia dikes on earth are associated with key mineral resources.  It has been estimated that 25% of the Earth's impacts are connected to mineral production.  The largest

text: gold

text: deposit on Earth is the

text: Vredefort

text: 300 km diameter impact structure in

text: South Africa

text: . Perhaps, when people live on Mars these kinds of areas will be mined as they are on earth.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fluid that can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why water may flow along faults?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fluid: water, sediment, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fluid?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: slow flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for people to live on Mars?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of dike?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: elongated ridges

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water carries minerals

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: along faults

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of molten rock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The water often carries minerals that serve to cement rock materials

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The water often carries minerals

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Water may flow along faults.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: ridges in a lattice-like pattern.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The water often carries minerals

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: faults and breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ridges

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: breccia dikes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ridges

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: minerals that serve to cement rock materials

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water may flow along faults.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: molten rock,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia dikes

text: The sediment taken from the bank during the process of bank erosion is deposited on the opposing side of the channel fueling the process called point bar deposition. The helicoidal flow also plays a role in this process by acting as a cross channel component that moves the sediment to the other side. The processes of point bar deposition and bank erosion are intertwined and in most cases the erosion rate of cut banks is equal to the deposition rate of point bars. In addition, point bars act as topographic obstructions once formed that further drive flow into the opposite bank, creating a positive feedback loop. This leads to the meanders of an alluvial river becoming more well defined over time.

text: The sediment taken from the bank during the process of

text: bank erosion

text: is deposited on the opposing side of the channel fueling the process called point bar deposition. The

text: helicoidal flow

text: also plays a role in this process by acting as a cross channel component that moves the sediment to the other side. The processes of point bar deposition and bank erosion are intertwined and in most cases the erosion rate of cut banks is equal to the deposition rate of point bars. In addition, point bars act as topographic obstructions once formed that further drive flow into the opposite bank, creating a

text: positive feedback loop

text: . This leads to the meanders of an alluvial river becoming more well defined over time.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of helicoidal flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, cut banks, or point bars?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cut banks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: point bar deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut banks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: helicoidal flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: point bar deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: point bar deposition

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the opposite bank

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: point bar deposition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: helicoidal flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: helicoidal flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: helicoidal flow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: point bars.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The sediment taken from the bank during the process of bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: point bars

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut banks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: helicoidal flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cut banks is equal to the deposition rate of point bars.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The sediment taken from the bank during the process of bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: point bar deposition.

text: The effects of wind and water were able to chemically and mechanically erode and destroy the Hercynic mountain ranges. In the Permian, the main deposits in Europe were sandstone and conglomerate, products of erosion in the Hercynic mountain range.  At the same time, crustal extension took place because the mountain range was isostatically unstable (this is called orogenic collapse). Due to extension, basins formed along the axis of the mountain range and felsic volcanism occurred. This was the first phase of rifting between Europe and Africa. Due to the rising sealevel in the Triassic period, the eastern margin of Pangaea was flooded. Shallow shelf seas and epicontinental seas existed in which evaporites and limestones were deposited.

text: The effects of

text: wind

text: and water were able to chemically and mechanically

text: erode

text: and destroy the Hercynic mountain ranges. In the

text: Permian

text: , the main deposits in Europe were

text: sandstone

text: and

text: conglomerate

text: , products of erosion in the Hercynic mountain range.  At the same time, crustal extension took place because the mountain range was

text: isostatically

text: unstable (this is called

text: orogenic collapse

text: ). Due to extension, basins formed along the axis of the mountain range and

text: felsic

text: volcanism

text: occurred. This was the first phase of

text: rifting

text: between Europe and Africa. Due to the

text: rising sealevel

text: in the

text: Triassic

text: period, the eastern margin of Pangaea was flooded. Shallow

text: shelf sea

text: s and

text: epicontinental sea

text: s existed in which

text: evaporite

text: s and

text: limestone

text: s were deposited.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: shallow shelf seas or epicontinental seas?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Shallow shelf seas and epicontinental seas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sea: Shallow shelf seas or epicontinental seas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: chemically and mechanically erode and destroy the Hercynic mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sandstone or conglomerate?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the eastern margin of Pangaea was flooded or the eastern margin of Europe was flooded?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: eastern margin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Fellsic volcanonism

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: chemical and mechanical

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not deposited in shallow shelf seas

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: chemically and mechanically

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Shallow shelf seas and epicontinental seas

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: evaporites and limestones

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The effects of wind and water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Shallow shelf seas and epicontinental seas

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The effects of wind and water were able to chemically and mechanically

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sandstone and conglomerate,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion in the Hercynic mountain range.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: evaporites and limestones

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: orogenic collapse).

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: conglomerate,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: crustal extension

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The effects of wind and water were able to chemically and mechanically

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basins

text: Academician Ridge represents a unique sedimentary environment within Lake Baikal. The depths of the two basins it separates, about 900 m in the North Basin and about 1600 m deep in the Central basin, isolate the ridge from mass-flows and turbidites. Therefore, sedimentation on Academician Ridge is restricted to fine, continuous hemipelagic sedimentation with dispersed coarse-grained sediment deposited by ice rafting (Kuzmin et al., 2000). The stratigraphy observed in boreholes drilled into Academician Ridge shows that the upper sequence of continuous hemipelagic deposits, which are consistent with a bathymetric high in a deep lacustrine environment, is underlain by a lower sequence that is consistent with prograding, deltaic deposits in a shallow-water environment (Mats et al., 2000). This change from a shallow-water environment to a deep-water environment represents two things: one, that Academician Ridge experienced gradual flooding and, two, that the presence of a lake in the North Basin occurred long after the  presence of a lake in the Central and South basins first occurred (Mats et al., 2000).

text: Academician Ridge represents a unique

text: sedimentary environment

text: within Lake Baikal. The depths of the two basins it separates, about 900 m in the North Basin and about 1600 m deep in the Central basin, isolate the ridge from mass-flows and

text: turbidites

text: . Therefore, sedimentation on Academician Ridge is restricted to fine, continuous

text: hemipelagic

text: sedimentation with dispersed coarse-grained sediment deposited by

text: ice rafting

text: (Kuzmin et al., 2000). The stratigraphy observed in boreholes drilled into Academician Ridge shows that the upper sequence of continuous hemipelagic deposits, which are consistent with a bathymetric high in a deep

text: lacustrine

text: environment, is underlain by a lower sequence that is consistent with prograding, deltaic deposits in a shallow-water environment (Mats et al., 2000). This change from a shallow-water environment to a deep-water environment represents two things: one, that Academician Ridge experienced gradual flooding and, two, that the presence of a lake in the North Basin occurred long after the  presence of a lake in the Central and South basins first occurred (Mats et al., 2000).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is sedimentation on Academician Ridge restricted to fine, continuous hemipelagic sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sedimentation on Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sedimentation on Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sedimentation on Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: boreholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: turbidites

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: borehole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltaic deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shallow-water environment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a shallow water environment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the presence of a lake in the Central and South basins first occurred

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltaic deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mass-flows and turbidites.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: coarse-grained sediment deposited by ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shallow-water environment

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Academician Ridge represents a unique sedimentary environment within Lake Baikal.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse-grained sediment deposited by ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: boreholes drilled into Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Academician Ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: boreholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: boreholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deltaic

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice rafting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mass-flows and turbidites.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mass-flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deltaic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: turbidites.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deltaic

text: The composition, moisture, and compaction of soil are all major factors in determining the erosivity of rainfall. Sediments containing more clay tend to be more resistant to erosion than those with sand or silt, because the clay helps bind soil particles together. Soil containing high levels of organic materials are often more resistant to erosion, because the organic materials coagulate soil colloids and create a stronger, more stable soil structure. The amount of water present in the soil before the precipitation also plays an important role, because it sets limits on the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil (and hence prevented from flowing on the surface as erosive runoff). Wet, saturated soils will not be able to absorb as much rain water, leading to higher levels of surface runoff and thus higher erosivity for a given volume of rainfall. Soil compaction also affects the permeability of the soil to water, and hence the amount of water that flows away as runoff. More compacted soils will have a larger amount of surface runoff than less compacted soils.

text: The composition, moisture, and compaction of soil are all major factors in determining the erosivity of rainfall. Sediments containing more

text: clay

text: tend to be more resistant to erosion than those with sand or silt, because the clay helps bind soil particles together. Soil containing high levels of organic materials are often more resistant to erosion, because the organic materials coagulate soil colloids and create a stronger, more stable soil structure. The amount of water present in the soil before the precipitation also plays an important role, because it sets limits on the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil (and hence prevented from flowing on the surface as erosive runoff). Wet, saturated soils will not be able to absorb as much rain water, leading to higher levels of surface runoff and thus higher erosivity for a given volume of rainfall.

text: Soil compaction

text: also affects the permeability of the soil to water, and hence the amount of water that flows away as runoff. More compacted soils will have a larger amount of surface runoff than less compacted soils.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in determining erosivity of rainfall?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The amount of water present in the soil before the precipitation also plays an important role

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: more compacted soils

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in determining erosivity of rainfall?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Why are sinkholes caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Soil compaction

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and silt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The composition, moisture, and compaction of soil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive runoff

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sand or silt,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the clay helps bind soil particles together.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Wet, saturated soils

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: higher levels of surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Soil containing high levels of organic materials

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Wet, saturated soils

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion than those with sand or silt,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion than those with sand or silt,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: composition, moisture, and compaction of soil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosive runoff).

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: more resistant to erosion than those with sand or silt,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive runoff).

text: Dredging was feared to increase water flow velocity and erosion in upper streams and flooding in their lower reaches. A collapsed bridge in eastern Korea has been blamed on dredging.

text: Dredging was feared to increase water flow velocity and erosion in upper streams and flooding in their lower reaches. A collapsed bridge in eastern Korea has been blamed on dredging.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to fear dredging?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for dredging?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: reaches

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be dredged

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: collapsed bridge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by dredging

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Dredging was feared to increase water flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Dredging was feared to increase water flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooding in their lower reaches.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion in upper streams

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: collapsed bridge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dredging

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding

text: A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, shakehole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline (the different terms for sinkholes are often used interchangeably), is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Most are caused by karst processes—for example, the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks

text: A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, shakehole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline (the different terms for sinkholes are often used interchangeably), is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Most are caused by

text: karst processes

text: —for example, the chemical dissolution of

text: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: karst processes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: swallet

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: karst processes—for

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonate rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole,

text: Sedimentary rocks are formed when sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension. This sediment is often formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock into loose material in a source area. The material is then transported from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment transported depends on the geology of the hinterland (the source area of the sediment). However, some sedimentary rocks, such as evaporites, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the sedimentary depositional environment in which it formed.

text: Sedimentary

text: rock

text: s are formed when

text: sediment

text: is

text: deposited

text: out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in

text: suspension

text: . This sediment is often formed when

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: break down a rock into loose material in a source area. The material is then

text: transported

text: from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment transported depends on the geology of the

text: hinterland

text: (the source area of the sediment). However, some sedimentary rocks, such as

text: evaporite

text: s, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the

text: sedimentary depositional environment

text: in which it formed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hinterland

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: evaporites

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: geology of the hinterland

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: evaporites are composed of material that form at the place of deposition

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: suspension.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: weathering and erosion break down a rock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: geology of the hinterland

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: evaporites,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sedimentary rocks

text: The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the "Blue Planet" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.

text: The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the "Blue Planet" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is

text: Challenger Deep

text: of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the deepest underwater location?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between a river and a lake?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: lakes, rivers, or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water surface: lakes, rivers, or underground waters?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the deepest underwater location?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the deepest underwater location?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mariana Trench

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Challenger Deep

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: depth of Mariana Trench

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Earth's hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 2,000 m.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inland seas,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inland seas, lakes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: inland seas, lakes, rivers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: inland seas,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The abundance of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydrosphere

text: The garden presents Mughal architecture as used in different Mughal gardens. The artistically build garden has Iranian influence in its art and architecture and the design is based on the Persian gardens. It is built around a fresh water spring, discovered by Rupa Bhawani, which flows through its centre in terraces. The topography and the steepness of the land has led the formation of the garden. The main focus of the garden is the spring which flows down in terraces and is divided into three sections: an aqueduct, waterfall, and fountains. A two-storey Kashmiri hut stands at the first terrace which is the origin of the spring. The water then flows down through a water ramp (chadar) into the second terrace. The second terrace serves as a water pool and a large fountain stands at its centre. The water again flows down through a water ramp into the third terrace, which is a square five-fountain pool. It is the lowest pool at the entrance of the garden. The visitors are received through a flight of stairs on both sides of the terraces which leads up to the origin of the spring. The English writer and traveler Amit Kumar wrote about the garden that "the little Chashma Shahi is architecturally the most charming of the gardens near Srinagar". The water of the spring is believed to have some medicinal properties. The former Premier of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, used to get the water of the spring to Delhi. 2

text: The garden presents Mughal architecture as used in different Mughal gardens. The artistically build garden has Iranian influence in its art and architecture and the design is based on the

text: Persian gardens

text: . It is built around a fresh water spring, discovered by Rupa Bhawani, which flows through its centre in terraces. The topography and the steepness of the land has led the formation of the garden. The main focus of the garden is the spring which flows down in terraces and is divided into three sections: an aqueduct, waterfall, and fountains. A two-storey Kashmiri hut stands at the first terrace which is the origin of the spring. The water then flows down through a water ramp (chadar) into the second terrace. The second terrace serves as a water pool and a large fountain stands at its centre. The water again flows down through a water ramp into the third terrace, which is a square five-fountain pool. It is the lowest pool at the entrance of the garden. The visitors are received through a flight of stairs on both sides of the terraces which leads up to the origin of the spring. The English writer and traveler

text: Amit Kumar

text: wrote about the garden that "the little Chashma Shahi is architecturally the most charming of the gardens near Srinagar". The water of the spring is believed to have some medicinal properties. The former Premier of India,

text: Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

text: , used to get the water of the spring to Delhi. 2

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How many sections is the spring divided into?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many sections does the spring have?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The water then flows down through a water ramp

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How many sections are there in the garden?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How many floodplains are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many types of sinkholes are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: chadar

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water ramps

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water ramp

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down in terraces

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water ramp

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The water of the spring is believed to have some medicinal properties

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fresh water spring, discovered by Rupa Bhawani,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steepness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fresh water spring,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fresh water spring,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fresh water spring,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: fresh water spring, discovered by Rupa Bhawani,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water ramp

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: fresh water spring,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fresh water spring,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water ramp

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: (chadar)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (chadar)

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fresh water spring, discovered by Rupa Bhawani,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: topography and the steepness of the land

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down in terraces

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: medicinal properties.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall,

text: This scenario seeks to describe the formation of the valley networks without appeal to conditions or processes different from those already known to exist on Mars today. Modeling indicates that seeps of groundwater could occur on the surface even under modern conditions, but will freeze very quickly. However, under this suggestion ice cover could insulate the water flowing beneath it well enough to allow long distance transport (and associated erosion), much like a lava tube insulates the molten lava inside it.

text: This scenario seeks to describe the formation of the valley networks without appeal to conditions or processes different from those already known to exist on Mars today. Modeling indicates that seeps of groundwater could occur on the surface even under modern conditions, but will freeze very quickly. However, under this suggestion ice cover could insulate the water flowing beneath it well enough to allow long distance transport (and associated erosion), much like a

text: lava tube

text: insulates the molten lava inside it.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can flowing water cause?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of long distance transport?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lava tube

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under ice

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by lava

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion),

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: seeps of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: freeze very quickly.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ice cover could insulate the water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: seeps of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley networks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lava tube

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion),

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava tube

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lava tube

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: seeps of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ice cover could insulate the water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion),

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley networks

text: The verdant green colour of the water flowing over the Niagara Falls is a byproduct of the estimated 60 tonnes/minute of dissolved salts and "rock flour" (very finely ground rock) generated by the erosive force of the Niagara River itself. The current rate of erosion is approximately  per year, down from a historical average of  per year. It is estimated that 50,000 years from now, even at this reduced rate of erosion, the remaining  to Lake Erie will have been undermined and the falls will cease to exist.

text: The verdant green colour of the water flowing over the Niagara Falls is a byproduct of the estimated 60 tonnes/minute of dissolved salts and "rock flour" (very finely ground rock) generated by the erosive force of the Niagara River itself. The current rate of erosion is approximately  per year, down from a historical average of  per year. It is estimated that 50,000 years from now, even at this reduced rate of erosion, the remaining  to Lake Erie will have been undermined and the falls will cease to exist.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How does the Niagara River cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the Niagara River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: very finely

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: clay, silt or rock flour?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the verdant green colour of the water flowing over the Niagara Falls?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lake Erie

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Erie

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rock flour

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rock flour

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lake Erie being undermined

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a historical average of per year

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock flour

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock flour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 60 tonnes/minute

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (very finely ground rock)

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: a historical average of per year.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosive force of the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "rock flour" (very finely ground rock)

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive force of the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive force of the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Erie

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosive force of the Niagara River

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowing over the Niagara Falls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: "rock flour"

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The verdant green colour of the water flowing over the Niagara Falls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "rock flour"

text: Roxar Flow Measurement develops real-time flow measurement and instrumentation of wells and data acquisition systems. From high temperature reservoir monitoring to multiphase flow metering, sand erosion sensors, oil in water monitoring, and corrosion detection, the technology helps operators make reservoir management and flow assurance decisions.

text: Roxar Flow Measurement develops real-time

text: flow measurement

text: and instrumentation of

text: wells

text: and

text: data acquisition

text: systems. From high temperature

text: reservoir

text: monitoring to

text: multiphase flow

text: metering, sand

text: erosion

text: sensors,

text: oil

text: in water monitoring, and

text: corrosion

text: detection, the technology helps operators make reservoir management and

text: flow assurance

text: decisions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can Roxar Flow Measurement do for operators?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Roxar Flow Measurement?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sand erosion sensors

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sand erosion sensors

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sand erosion sensors

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a well

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Oil in water monitoring

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: oil in water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: corrosion detection,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sand erosion sensors,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Roxar Flow Measurement

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand erosion sensors,

text: The waters of the Tigris and Euphrates are essential to the life of the country, but they sometimes threaten it. The rivers are at their lowest level in September and October and at flood in March, April, and May when they may carry forty times as much water as at low mark. Moreover, one season's flood may be ten or more times as great as that in another year. In 1954, for example, Baghdad was seriously threatened, and dikes protecting it were nearly topped by the flooding Tigris. Since Syria built a dam on the Euphrates, the flow of water has been considerably diminished and flooding was no longer a problem in the mid-1980s. In 1988 Turkey was also constructing a dam on the Euphrates that would further restrict the water flow.

text: The waters of the Tigris and Euphrates are essential to the life of the country, but they sometimes threaten it. The rivers are at their lowest level in September and October and at flood in March, April, and May when they may carry forty times as much water as at low mark. Moreover, one season's flood may be ten or more times as great as that in another year. In 1954, for example, Baghdad was seriously threatened, and

text: dikes

text: protecting it were nearly topped by the flooding Tigris. Since Syria built a dam on the Euphrates, the flow of water has been considerably diminished and flooding was no longer a problem in the mid-1980s. In 1988 Turkey was also constructing a dam on the Euphrates that would further restrict the water flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Tigris and Euphrates?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many times as much water as at low mark

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, Syria built a dam on the Euphrates or Baghdad was seriously threatened?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Tigris and Euphrates?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: Tigris, Euphrates, or Turkey?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Tigris

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: low mark

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: at its lowest level

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are essential to the life of the country

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flooding was no longer a problem in the mid-1980s.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: forty times as much water as at low mark.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: forty times as much water as at low mark.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: forty times as much water as at low mark.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: forty times as much water as at low mark.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The rivers are at their lowest level in September and October

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Syria built a dam

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Baghdad

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: forty times as much water as at low mark.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ten or more times as great as that in another year.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dikes

text: The Tibesti Mountains are a mountain range in the central Sahara, primarily located in the extreme north of Chad, with a small extension into southern Libya. The highest peak in the range, Emi Koussi, lies to the south at a height of  and is the highest point in both Chad and the Sahara. Bikku Bitti, the highest peak in Libya, is located in the north of the range. The central third of the Tibesti is of volcanic origin and consists of five shield volcanoes topped by large craters: Emi Koussi, Tarso Toon, Tarso Voon, Tarso Yega, and Toussidé. Major lava flows have formed vast plateaus that overlie Paleozoic sandstone. The volcanic activity was the result of a continental hotspot that arose during the Oligocene and continued in some places until the Holocene, creating fumaroles, hot springs, mud pools, and deposits of natron and sulfur. Erosion has shaped volcanic spires and carved an extensive network of canyons through which run rivers subject to highly irregular flows that are rapidly lost to the desert sands.

text: The Tibesti Mountains are a

text: mountain range

text: in the central

text: Sahara

text: , primarily located in the extreme north of

text: Chad

text: , with a small extension into southern

text: Libya

text: . The highest peak in the range,

text: Emi Koussi

text: , lies to the south at a height of  and is the highest point in both Chad and the Sahara.

text: Bikku Bitti

text: , the highest peak in Libya, is located in the north of the range. The central third of the Tibesti is of volcanic origin and consists of five

text: shield volcano

text: es topped by large

text: crater

text: s: Emi Koussi, Tarso Toon,

text: Tarso Voon

text: , Tarso Yega, and

text: Toussidé

text: . Major

text: lava flow

text: s have formed vast plateaus that overlie

text: Paleozoic

text: sandstone. The volcanic activity was the result of a continental

text: hotspot

text: that arose during the

text: Oligocene

text: and continued in some places until the

text: Holocene

text: , creating

text: fumaroles

text: hot spring

text: s,

text: mud pool

text: s, and deposits of

text: natron

text: and

text: sulfur

text: Erosion

text: has shaped volcanic spires and carved an extensive network of canyons through which run rivers subject to highly irregular flows that are rapidly lost to the desert sands.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of the Tibesti Mountains?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion has shaped volcanic spires

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a crater: Emi Koussi, Tarso Toon, Tarso Voon, or Toussidé?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why are rivers subject to highly irregular flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What has shaped volcanic spires and carved an extensive network of canyons?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: vast plateaus

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Paleozoic sandstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud pools

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: desert sands

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rivers subject to highly irregular flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers subject to highly irregular flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: highly irregular flows

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: highly irregular flows that are rapidly lost to the desert sands.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: highly irregular flows that are rapidly lost to the desert sands.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: desert sands.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: volcanic spires

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: natron and sulfur.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud pools,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mud pools,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: carved an extensive network of canyons

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: highly irregular flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: desert sands.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Tibesti Mountains are a mountain range in the central Sahara,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: The rock formations are often described as "cascadas de sal" (salt waterfalls), "cascadas petrificadas" (petrified waterfalls)  and "cascadas pétreas" (rock waterfalls) . The falls are formed by relatively small amounts of water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate and comes to the surface through cracks or figures on the mountainside. The water has a temperature of 22 to 27C. As the water runs down the rock face, it forms large stalactites similar to those found in caves. The flow of water from the spring varies significantly between the dry and rainy seasons. 95% of the surface rock formations are of calcium carbonate; however, lower layers of both rock and water currents are little known as they are sealed by the above layers. The calcium carbonate gives the formations a white or near white appearance, but other minerals that can be present in the water, such as silver, barium and iron can also be found and determines the color of a particular stalactite. The calcium carbonate in the water is due to rainwater which passes underground. First it absorbs carbon dioxide, and forms molecules of carbonic acid. This acid comes into contact with underground marble and partially dissolves creating calcium bicarbonate. When the water runs above ground, the excess minerals fall out.

text: The rock formations are often described as "cascadas de sal" (salt waterfalls), "cascadas petrificadas" (petrified waterfalls)  and "cascadas pétreas" (rock waterfalls) . The falls are formed by relatively small amounts of water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate and comes to the surface through cracks or figures on the mountainside. The water has a temperature of 22 to 27C. As the water runs down the rock face, it forms large stalactites similar to those found in caves. The flow of water from the spring varies significantly between the dry and rainy seasons. 95% of the surface rock formations are of calcium carbonate; however, lower layers of both rock and water currents are little known as they are sealed by the above layers. The calcium carbonate gives the formations a white or near white appearance, but other minerals that can be present in the water, such as silver,

text: barium

text: and iron can also be found and determines the color of a particular stalactite. The calcium carbonate in the water is due to rainwater which passes underground. First it absorbs carbon dioxide, and forms molecules of carbonic acid. This acid comes into contact with underground marble and partially dissolves creating calcium bicarbonate. When the water runs above ground, the excess minerals fall out.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: silver, barium, or iron?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall: salt waterfalls, petrified waterfalls or rock waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large stalactites

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: silver, barium or iron?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: salt waterfalls, petrified waterfalls or rock waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: rainwater which passes underground

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbanks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cracks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salt waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dry and rainy seasons

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The calcium carbonate in the water is due to rainwater which passes underground

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the excess minerals fall out.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large stalactites

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: relatively small amounts of water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: varies significantly between the dry and rainy seasons.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: small amounts of water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cracks or figures on the mountainside.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cracks or figures on the mountainside.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "cascadas de sal" (salt waterfalls),

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: between the dry and rainy seasons.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: relatively small amounts of water which is oversaturated with calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium bicarbonate.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: large stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stalactites

text: The formation of slopes of different gradients depends on the one hand on the type of underlying rock of the mountain or hill - and this may result in slopes varying from those on the other side of a mountain, hill or valley – and on the other hand on its local hardness, and circumstances of its deposition (sedimentation, stratigraphy, bedding or jointing), on its resistance to erosion and not least on the water flow and local climatic conditions.

text: The formation of slopes of different gradients depends on the one hand on the type of underlying

text: rock

text: of the mountain or hill - and this may result in slopes varying from those on the other side of a mountain, hill or valley – and on the other hand on its local hardness, and circumstances of its deposition (

text: sedimentation

text: , stratigraphy,

text: bedding

text: or

text: jointing

text: ), on its resistance to

text: erosion

text: and not least on the water flow and local

text: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What may result in slopes of different gradients?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentation, stratigraphy, bedding or jointing

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: not least on the water flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: not least on the water flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not least

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedding

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (sedimentation, stratigraphy, bedding or jointing),

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: (sedimentation, stratigraphy, bedding or jointing),

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (sedimentation, stratigraphy, bedding or jointing),

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow and local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedding

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The formation of slopes of different gradients

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slopes of different gradients

text: Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level, the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in  mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming V-shaped valleys, while streams in lowland areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term gradient refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological uplift will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "rejuvenation." This happened in the case of the Colorado River in the western United States, resulting in the process that created the Grand Canyon.

text: Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a

text: geological

text: process by

text: hydraulic action

text: that deepens the

text: channel

text: of a

text: stream

text: or

text: valley

text: by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's

text: base level

text: , the lowest point to which the stream can

text: erode

text: Sea level

text: is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter

text: bedrock

text: that resists erosion. A concurrent process called

text: lateral erosion

text: refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in

text: mountain

text: ous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming

text: V-shaped valley

text: s, while streams in

text: lowland

text: areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term

text: gradient

text: refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological

text: uplift

text: will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "

text: rejuvenation

text: ." This happened in the case of the

text: Colorado River

text: in the western

text: United States

text: , resulting in the process that created the

text: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why streams in mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the lowest point to which the stream can erode?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why are streams in lowland areas wide and slow-moving?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is the Colorado River in the western United States, resulting in the process that created the Grand Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do streams in mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the lowest point to which the stream can erode?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lateral erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: V-shaped valleys

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: downcutting

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: V-shaped valley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lateral erosion and downcutting

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Downcutting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the stream's base level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downcutting

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stream's bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wide

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lateral erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stream's base level,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The steeper the gradient,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stream's bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Downcutting,

text: The animals apparently fell to their deaths tens of metres below, through narrow openings in the roof of the caves known as sinkholes. The caves and sinkholes were formed by groundwater slowly dissolving and eroding the limestone forming the bed of the plain (once a shallow sea).

text: The animals apparently fell to their deaths tens of metres below, through narrow openings in the roof of the caves known as

text: sinkhole

text: s. The caves and sinkholes were formed by groundwater slowly dissolving and eroding the limestone forming the bed of the plain (once a shallow sea).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is true of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the caves and sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes were formed by groundwater slowly dissolving

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: narrow openings in the roof of the caves known as sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater slowly dissolving and eroding the limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: tens of metres below,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes. The caves and sinkholes

text: Directly to the left of this waterfall, another stream drops over the cliff, which is undercut to an extent that its lip has over  of empty space between it and the canyon floor, of approximately the same height in two channels, and slams onto a ledge before emptying into the same pool as the Bras de Caverne waterfall. This waterfall is not as high, and has a smaller water flow. It is fed by several other falls streaming off the cliffs above it. Further to the left, at about twice the distance from the first falls to the second, another large stream plunges into the canyon. In total, there are at least six waterfalls feeding the canyon. At the base of the canyon, a separate slot canyon, or "The Narrows", begins. The water from the Bras de Caverne waterfall and the waterfall to its left drain into the slot canyon at a 90-degree angle, through a waterfall known informally as the "Washing Machine". The name stems from the mist it generates, which drenches people who stand near the base of the falls.

text: Directly to the left of this waterfall, another stream drops over the cliff, which is undercut to an extent that its lip has over  of empty space between it and the canyon floor, of approximately the same height in two channels, and slams onto a ledge before emptying into the same pool as the Bras de Caverne waterfall. This waterfall is not as high, and has a smaller water flow. It is fed by several other falls streaming off the cliffs above it. Further to the left, at about twice the distance from the first falls to the second, another large stream plunges into the canyon. In total, there are at least six waterfalls feeding the canyon. At the base of the canyon, a separate

text: slot canyon

text: , or "The Narrows", begins. The water from the Bras de Caverne waterfall and the waterfall to its left drain into the slot canyon at a 90-degree angle, through a waterfall known informally as the "Washing Machine". The name stems from the mist it generates, which drenches people who stand near the base of the falls.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is this waterfall not as high?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What does the name "Washing Machine" refer to?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What does the name "Washing Machine" derive from?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What does the name "Washing Machine" refer to?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many waterfalls feed the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many waterfalls feed the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the name of the waterfall to its left?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does the name "Washing Machine" derive from?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: slot canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slot canyon

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: slot canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: slot canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: How many waterfalls feed the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: How many waterfalls feed the canyon?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cliff

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The name stems from the mist it generates

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slot canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "Washing Machine".

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: smaller water flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: two channels,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Bras de Caverne waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: six waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: empty space between it and the canyon floor,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: empty space between it and the canyon floor,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "Washing Machine".

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: empty space between it and the canyon floor,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slot canyon,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: slot canyon,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: slams onto a ledge

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: slot canyon,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: slot canyon,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: six waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: undercut

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: drops over the cliff,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: empty space between it and the canyon floor,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "Washing Machine".

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: slot canyon,

text: Alluvium on gravel (with London Clay outcrops, such as Harrow on the Hill, Hampstead Heath and the Hertfordshire border hills) is the soil profile of the north bank, west of the City of London as far as the Chiltern Hills.  As to topsoil the river marks a divide between permeable shallow gravelly topsoil for many miles to the north and almost impermeable alluvium to the south.  A very thin, agriculturally prosperous alluvial belt by the River Thames  to  away was caused by deposition from seasonal floods. This prevents for 6 miles the rivers joining despite their proximity.  As the gravel former terraces of the Thames slope from north to south lowering the water table as far as the more clay-rich parts of the north, the Ash collects almost all its water from the Colne having no springs of its own, and having a bed largely divorcing it from the rise and fall of the Thames Basin's water table.  Water quality is good despite the effluent treatment works along the Colne and for a slow-flowing river eutrophication and depostion is moderate to low.

text: Alluvium on gravel (with

text: London Clay

text: outcrops, such as

text: Harrow on the Hill

text: Hampstead Heath

text: and the Hertfordshire border hills) is the soil profile of the north bank, west of the

text: City of London

text: as far as the

text: Chiltern Hills

text: .  As to topsoil the river marks a divide between permeable shallow gravelly topsoil for many miles to the north and almost impermeable

text: alluvium

text: to the south.  A very thin, agriculturally prosperous alluvial belt by the

text: River Thames

text: to  away was caused by deposition from seasonal floods. This prevents for 6 miles the rivers joining despite their proximity.  As the gravel former terraces of the Thames slope from north to south lowering the water table as far as the more clay-rich parts of the north, the Ash collects almost all its water from the Colne having no

text: springs

text: of its own, and having a bed largely divorcing it from the rise and fall of the

text: Thames Basin

text: 's

text: water table

text: .  Water quality is good despite the effluent treatment works along the Colne and for a slow-flowing river

text: eutrophication

text: and

text: depostion

text: is moderate to low.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of a slow-flowing river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many miles to the north and almost impermeable alluvium to the south

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or gravel?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: seasonal floods, runoff or clay-rich parts of the north?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a slow-flowing river: the Colne, the Ash or the Colne?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many miles does the River Thames prevent the rivers from joining despite their proximity?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: gravel former terraces of the Thames slope

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Thames Basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: seasonal floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from north to south

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: London Clay outcrops

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: slow-flowing river eutrophication

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: eutrophication and depostion is moderate to low.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clay-rich

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: seasonal floods.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: eutrophication and depostion is moderate to low.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Thames slope from north to south lowering the water table

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: seasonal floods.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Alluvium

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial belt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Thames Basin's

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: seasonal floods.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition from seasonal floods.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rise and fall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Alluvium

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eutrophication

text: When the Cleurie river valley was blocked by Würmian moraine in a double vallum  thick, the waters of the Hohneck massif stopped flowing towards le Tholy and accumulated upstream of the deposit, forming the lac de Gérardmer. With no outlet to the west, the waters left the lake in the opposite direction to their historic one, via the Jamagne, which flows into the Vologne downstream of the hamlet of Kichompré.

text: When the

text: Cleurie

text: river valley was blocked by

text: Würmian

text: moraine

text: in a double

text: vallum

text: thick, the waters of the Hohneck massif stopped flowing towards

text: le Tholy

text: and accumulated upstream of the deposit, forming the

text: lac de Gérardmer

text: . With no outlet to the west, the waters left the lake in the opposite direction to their historic one, via the Jamagne, which flows into the Vologne downstream of the

text: hamlet

text: of Kichompré.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: double vallum thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why did the waters of the Hohneck massif stop flowing towards le Tholy?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the Jamagne?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: double vallum

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: vallum

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lac de Gérardmer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: towards le Tholy

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the waters left the lake in the opposite direction

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: double vallum

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: double vallum thick,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: accumulated upstream of the deposit,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: double vallum thick,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Würmian moraine

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lac de Gérardmer.

text: A company known as Tomlin Infrastructure Group is partnered with the Angelina & Neches River Authority for a water supply operation based on surface water. This is highly unusual, as surface water supply operations are typically done by the private sector.

text: A company known as

text: Tomlin Infrastructure Group

text: is partnered with the Angelina & Neches River Authority for a

text: water supply

text: operation based on

text: surface water

text: . This is highly unusual, as surface water supply operations are typically done by the private sector.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Tomlin?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Neches River

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are found in caves.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Angelina & Neches River Authority

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water.

text: Initially, the extraction of ore or coal took place near the surface at outcrops of the main deposits. Excavations of seam-like deposits were carried out by digging out bowl-shaped depressions, the so-called Pütts, that miners hewed out along the course of the seam with picks and shovels. Once digging reached the water table, groundwater ran into the hole. If the quantity of water was so great that it entered the pit faster than it could be drained, the holes filled up with groundwater. To make matters worse, the ingress of water and the consequent softening of the soil reduced the stability of the side walls. For this reason, the pit was simply abandoned in such cases and a new one dug some distance away. Over the years, these hollows became Pingen. In the southern Ruhr, there are numerous such Pingen caused by surface mining. Subsequent erosion and collapse has produced funnel-shaped hollows, the Pingen. Where Pingen have resulted from surface mining, small ring-shaped tips were often made by dumping the waste rock.

text: Initially, the

text: extraction

text: of

text: ore

text: or

text: coal

text: took place near the surface at

text: outcrop

text: s of the main deposits. Excavations of seam-like deposits were carried out by digging out bowl-shaped depressions, the so-called

text: Pütt

text: s, that

text: miner

text: s hewed out along the course of the seam with picks and shovels. Once digging reached the

text: water table

text: groundwater

text: ran into the hole. If the quantity of water was so great that it entered the pit faster than it could be drained, the holes filled up with groundwater. To make matters worse, the ingress of water and the consequent softening of the soil reduced the stability of the side walls. For this reason, the pit was simply abandoned in such cases and a new one dug some distance away. Over the years, these hollows became Pingen. In the southern

text: Ruhr

text: , there are numerous such Pingen caused by surface mining. Subsequent erosion and collapse has produced funnel-shaped hollows, the Pingen. Where Pingen have resulted from surface mining, small ring-shaped tips were often made by dumping the waste rock.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Where Pingen have resulted from surface mining

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to abandon a pit?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: hollows

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pingen

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapse

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater entering the pit faster than it could be drained

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pit

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: waste rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: funnel-shaped hollows

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: softening of the soil reduced the stability of the side walls.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: funnel-shaped hollows,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the holes filled up with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: funnel-shaped hollows,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: funnel-shaped hollows, the Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pingen.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapse

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: it entered the pit faster than it could be drained,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ring-shaped tips were often made by dumping the waste rock.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: funnel-shaped hollows, the Pingen.

text: Although the cave has been open to the environment for many tens of thousands of years, as evidenced by numerous prehistoric animal finds discovered there, known human contact with the cave began only in the early 20th century, when a small farm animal became trapped in the small external opening of the cave, known as a sinkhole.  The cave went largely unnoticed again until the 1920s during the era of Prohibition when a small moonshine distillery was installed in the uppermost cavern.  It again fell into obscurity until three local farm children rediscovered the sinkhole in 1935. These children are believed to be the first who actually entered the main chambers of the cave.

text: Although the cave has been open to the environment for many tens of thousands of years, as evidenced by numerous

text: prehistoric

text: animal finds discovered there, known human contact with the cave began only in the early 20th century, when a small farm animal became trapped in the small external opening of the cave, known as a

text: sinkhole

text: .  The cave went largely unnoticed again until the 1920s during the era of

text: Prohibition

text: when a small moonshine distillery was installed in the uppermost cavern.  It again fell into obscurity until three local farm children rediscovered the sinkhole in 1935. These children are believed to be the first who actually entered the main chambers of the cave.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the cave?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What may be the reason for the cave going largely unnoticed again?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did three local farm children rediscovered the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: farm animals

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: animal remains

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: moonshine distillery was installed in the uppermost cavern

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Prohibition when a small moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a small moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: a sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: animal finds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a small moonshine distillery

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a sinkhole.

text: Peat "hags" are a form of erosion that occurs at the sides of gullies that cut into the peat or, sometimes, in isolation. Hags may result when flowing water cuts downwards into the peat or when fire or overgrazing exposes the peat surface. Once the peat is exposed in these ways, it is prone to further erosion by wind, water and livestock. The result is overhanging vegetation and peat. Hags are too steep and unstable for vegetation to establish and so they continue to erode unless restoration action is taken.

text: Peat "hags" are a form of erosion that occurs at the sides of gullies that cut into the peat or, sometimes, in isolation. Hags may result when flowing water cuts downwards into the peat or when fire or overgrazing exposes the peat surface. Once the peat is exposed in these ways, it is prone to further erosion by wind, water and livestock. The result is overhanging vegetation and peat. Hags are too steep and unstable for vegetation to establish and so they continue to erode unless restoration action is taken.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: Hags or fire?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the result of overhanging vegetation and peat?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: Peat "hags"?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hags

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hags

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Hags

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: hags

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind, water and livestock

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: overhanging vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind, water and livestock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downwards

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: peat "hags" are a form of erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Hags

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Hags may result when flowing water cuts downwards into the peat

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water cuts downwards into the peat

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cuts downwards into the peat

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Peat "hags" are a form of erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind, water and livestock.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: vegetation to establish

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hags are too steep and unstable for vegetation to establish

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flowing water cuts downwards into the peat

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Peat

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "hags"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind, water and livestock.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: overhanging vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind, water and livestock.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Peat

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Peat "hags"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "hags"

text: It is located on the southern edge of an area of basalt which runs across Syria and eastern Jordan and is an attempt to harness the major water resources of Wadi Rajil: a dry river bed which floods irregularly during the winter months. Wadi Rajil has a catchment area of 300 km reaching 35 km north into Jebel Druze. The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground. Any rainfall in the mountains results in violent short lived flash floods. The total annual flow down the wadi at Jawa is estimated to be 2,000,000 m per year arriving in a few dramatic winter floods with flows of 80–110 m/s. Research suggests that the community at Jawa could survive on 3% of that total flow: if they could store it in sufficient quantities to last through the four dry summer months. It would have to support their population of 2,000 to 5,000 as well as their large herds of sheep, goats and some cattle. Estimates based on bone counts indicate there may have been as many as 10,000 sheep and goats as well as 800 cattle. There were also 200 equids and 160 dogs. From seed remains it is apparent that some of the water was also used for irrigation agriculture. The inhabitants ate barley, wheat, chickpeas, lentils and grapes.

text: It is located on the southern edge of an area of

text: basalt

text: which runs across

text: Syria

text: and

text: eastern Jordan

text: and is an attempt to harness the major water resources of Wadi Rajil: a dry river bed which floods irregularly during the winter months. Wadi Rajil has a catchment area of 300 km reaching 35 km north into

text: Jebel Druze

text: . The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground. Any rainfall in the mountains results in violent short lived flash floods. The total annual flow down the wadi at Jawa is estimated to be 2,000,000 m per year arriving in a few dramatic winter floods with flows of 80–110 m/s. Research suggests that the community at Jawa could survive on 3% of that total flow: if they could store it in sufficient quantities to last through the four dry summer months. It would have to support their population of 2,000 to 5,000 as well as their large herds of sheep, goats and some cattle. Estimates based on bone counts indicate there may have been as many as 10,000 sheep and goats as well as 800 cattle. There were also 200

text: equids

text: and 160 dogs. From seed remains it is apparent that some of the water was also used for irrigation agriculture. The inhabitants ate barley, wheat, chickpeas, lentils and grapes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would the community at Jawa survive on 3% of that total flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many sheep and goats were there?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or grapes?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the basalt to allow little water to soak into the ground?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers, basalt or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop: barley, wheat or chickpeas?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the purpose of the levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does the Basalt allow very little water to soak into the ground?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Wadi Rajil

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Wadi Rajil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Basalt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: equids

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Basalt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Basalt

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Any rainfall in the mountains results in violent short lived flash floods.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 80–110 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 80–110 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 80–110 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Any rainfall in the mountains results in violent short lived flash floods.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: some of the water was also used for irrigation agriculture.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Wadi Rajil:

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Wadi Rajil:

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Wadi Rajil:

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash floods.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dry river bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Wadi Rajil:

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flash floods.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The basalt allows very little water to soak into the ground.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 2,000 to 5,000

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flash floods.

text: Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the Earth's surface. This might occur because soil is saturated to full capacity, because rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb it, or because impervious areas (roofs and pavement) send their runoff to surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it. Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent in soil erosion by water.

text: Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of

text: water

text: that occurs when excess

text: stormwater

text: meltwater

text: , or other sources flows over the

text: Earth's surface

text: . This might occur because

text: soil

text: is

text: saturated

text: to full capacity, because rain arrives

text: more quickly than soil can absorb

text: it, or because

text: impervious

text: areas (

text: roof

text: s and

text: pavement

text: ) send their runoff to surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it. Surface runoff is a major component of the

text: water cycle

text: . It is the primary agent in

text: soil erosion by water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What might occur because soil is saturated to full capacity?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the primary agent in soil erosion by water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: because soil is saturated to full capacity

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why might soil be saturated to full capacity?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil is saturated to full capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil is saturated to full capacity,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

text: Liquid water is known to be present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface. Scientists believe liquid water is present in the Saturnian moons of Enceladus, as a 10-kilometre thick ocean approximately 30–40 kilometres below Enceladus' south polar surface, and Titan, as a subsurface layer, possibly mixed with ammonia. Jupiter's moon Europa has surface characteristics which suggest a subsurface liquid water ocean. Liquid water may also exist on Jupiter's moon Ganymede as a layer sandwiched between high pressure ice and rock.

text: Liquid water is known to be present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface. Scientists believe liquid water is present in the Saturnian moons of

text: Enceladus

text: , as a 10-kilometre thick ocean approximately 30–40 kilometres below Enceladus' south polar surface, and

text: Titan

text: , as a subsurface layer, possibly mixed with

text: ammonia

text: . Jupiter's moon

text: Europa

text: has surface characteristics which suggest a subsurface liquid water ocean. Liquid water may also exist on Jupiter's moon

text: Ganymede

text: as a layer sandwiched between high pressure ice and rock.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: liquid water, ice, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 10 kilometre thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a subsurface layer: liquid water, ice, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many kilometres below Enceladus' south polar surface is Titan?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: polar surface

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: subsurface layer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice and rock

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: liquid water may also exist on Jupiter's moon Ganymede

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ice and rock.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice and rock.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Liquid water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Liquid water

text: Whereas a sinkhole is a depression (doline) of surface topography with a pit or cavity directly underneath, a ponor is kind of a portal where a surface stream or lake flows either partially or completely underground into a karst groundwater system. Steady water erosion may have formed or enlarged the portal in (mainly limestone) rock, in a conglomerate, or in looser materials.

text: Whereas a

text: sinkhole

text: is a depression (

text: doline

text: ) of surface topography with a pit or cavity directly underneath, a ponor is kind of a portal where a surface stream or lake flows either partially or completely underground into a karst

text: groundwater

text: system. Steady water erosion may have formed or enlarged the portal in (mainly

text: limestone

text: ) rock, in a

text: conglomerate

text: , or in looser materials.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: looser materials

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or looser materials?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the difference between sinkholes and ponors?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: looser materials

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: steady water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a ponor

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkhole is a depression (doline) of surface topography

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: looser materials.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: looser materials.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Steady water erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a ponor

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ponor

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a ponor

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Steady water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: looser materials.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground into a karst groundwater system.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: conglomerate,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: Riffles are instrumental in the formation of meanders, with deeper pools forming alternately.  Although simple fluid flow suggests slower flow in deeper water and faster flow over riffles, the true flow pattern pool and riffle waters is often helicoidal flow or turbulent, which permits more rapid erosion of the wetted perimeter.  Nevertheless, the coarse-grained bedding of riffles suggests erosion of smaller particles, according to the Hjulström curve.Riffles are typically found in the middle course of rivers, and are theoretically found at intervals around 6 times the width of the river, although local conditions cause this to vary.

text: Riffles are instrumental in the formation of

text: meander

text: s, with deeper pools forming alternately.  Although simple fluid flow suggests slower flow in deeper water and faster flow over riffles, the true flow pattern pool and riffle waters is often

text: helicoidal flow

text: or

text: turbulent

text: , which permits more rapid

text: erosion

text: of the

text: wetted perimeter

text: .  Nevertheless, the coarse-grained bedding of riffles suggests erosion of smaller particles, according to the

text: Hjulström curve

text: .Riffles are typically found in the middle course of rivers, and are theoretically found at intervals around 6 times the width of the river, although local conditions cause this to vary.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the advantage of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained bedding

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What does the Hjulström curve indicate?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of riffle?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: riffles

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the Hjulström curve

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse-grained bedding

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are typically found in the middle course of rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meanders

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: deeper water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained bedding of riffles suggests erosion of smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion of smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: coarse-grained bedding of riffles suggests erosion of smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slower flow in deeper water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: riffles

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deeper pools

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riffles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Riffles

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riffles

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pools

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion of smaller particles, according to the Hjulström curve.Riffles

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: meanders, with deeper pools

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: smaller particles,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: slower flow in deeper water and faster flow over riffles,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meanders,

text: Biofilm and previously deposited solids may be scoured and re-entrained during peak flow turbulence. The high pollution load in wastewater at the beginning of a runoff event occurs when increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment. Erosion of sediments in sewers can release pollutants in concentrations exceeding levels found in contributing sources. The initial highly polluting foul flush is released at the start of wet weather flow during speedy erosion of a weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load. When conditions favor dry-weather solids deposition, the first foul flush may contain as much as 30 percent of the annual total suspended solids discharged to a combined sewer system.  Combined sewer suspended solids concentrations of several thousand milligrams per liter (mg/L) may be observed during the first foul flush.

text: Biofilm and previously deposited solids may be scoured and re-entrained during peak flow turbulence. The high pollution load in wastewater at the beginning of a runoff event occurs when increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment. Erosion of sediments in sewers can release pollutants in concentrations exceeding levels found in contributing sources. The initial highly polluting foul flush is released at the start of wet weather flow during speedy erosion of a weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load. When conditions favor dry-weather solids deposition, the first foul flush may contain as much as 30 percent of the annual total suspended solids discharged to a combined sewer system.  Combined sewer suspended solids concentrations of several thousand milligrams per liter (mg/L) may be observed during the first foul flush.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the high pollution load in wastewater at the beginning of a runoff event?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: When conditions favor dry-weather solids deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the high pollution load in wastewater at the beginning of a runoff event

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sewer sediment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment bed-load

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bed-load

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Foul flush

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increased flow rate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: accumulated sewer sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in sewers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: high pollution load

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erodes accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increased flow rate

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff event occurs when increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry-weather

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: peak flow turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: peak flow turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surficial sediment bed-load.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: peak flow turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Biofilm

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: combined sewer system.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: increased flow rate

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion of a weak layer of highly concentrated surficial sediment bed-load.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increased flow rate erodes accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: peak flow turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: accumulated sewer sediment.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Biofilm

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The high pollution load

text: The phlogiston is essentially a big ocean of a unique element that is neither air, fire, water, or earth. The phlogiston (also known as "the Flow") is a bright, extremely combustible gas-like medium that exists between the Crystal Spheres.  A signature property of the substance is that it does not exist within the boundaries of a crystal sphere, to the degree that it cannot be brought into a crystal sphere by any known means up to and including the direct will of deities. Every crystal sphere floats in the phlogiston, very slowly bobbing up and down over time.  Travel between Crystal Spheres is facilitated by the formation of "Flow rivers" — sections of the phlogiston which have a current and greatly reduce travel time.  Travel through the "slow flow" (i.e. off the Flow rivers) is possible, but very dangerous.

text: The

text: phlogiston

text: is essentially a big ocean of a unique element that is neither air, fire, water, or earth. The phlogiston (also known as "the Flow") is a bright, extremely combustible gas-like medium that exists between the Crystal Spheres.  A signature property of the substance is that it does not exist within the boundaries of a crystal sphere, to the degree that it cannot be brought into a crystal sphere by any known means up to and including the direct will of deities. Every crystal sphere floats in the phlogiston, very slowly bobbing up and down over time.  Travel between Crystal Spheres is facilitated by the formation of "Flow rivers" — sections of the phlogiston which have a

text: current

text: and greatly reduce travel time.  Travel through the "slow flow" (i.e. off the Flow rivers) is possible, but very dangerous.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can Flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of the phlogiston?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a sphere: air, fire, water, or earth?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a property of the phlogiston?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a property of the phlogiston?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to travel through the "slow flow"?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a big ocean

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Flow rivers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: slow flow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Flow rivers

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cannot be brought into a crystal sphere by any known means

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flow rivers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: very dangerous.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The phlogiston

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: "slow flow"

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flow rivers) is possible, but very dangerous.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The phlogiston

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The phlogiston

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The phlogiston

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "slow flow"

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "slow flow"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "slow flow"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, or earth.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Travel through the "slow flow"

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: "Flow rivers"

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Flow rivers)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The phlogiston

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "slow flow"

text: The Guatemala City holes are instead an example of "piping pseudokarst", created by the collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly Quaternary volcanic deposits underlying the city. Although weak and crumbly, these volcanic deposits have enough cohesion to allow them to stand in vertical faces and to develop large subterranean voids within them. A process called "soil piping" first created large underground voids, as water from leaking water mains flowed through these volcanic deposits and mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them, then progressively eroded and removed coarser materials. Eventually, these underground voids became large enough that their roofs collapsed to create large holes.

text: The Guatemala City holes are instead an example of "piping pseudokarst", created by the collapse of large cavities that had developed in the weak, crumbly

text: Quaternary

text: volcanic deposits underlying the city. Although weak and crumbly, these volcanic deposits have enough cohesion to allow them to stand in vertical faces and to develop large subterranean voids within them. A process called "

text: soil piping

text: " first created large underground voids, as water from leaking

text: water main

text: s flowed through these volcanic deposits and mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them, then progressively eroded and removed coarser materials. Eventually, these underground voids became large enough that their roofs collapsed to create large holes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: water from leaking water mains, water mains, or water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine volcanic materials

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of "piping pseudokarst"?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground voids

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water mains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: removal of coarser materials

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water from leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through volcanic deposits

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarser materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pseudokarst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mechanically washed fine volcanic materials out of them,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: coarser materials.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine volcanic materials

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: "soil piping"

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Guatemala City holes are instead an example of "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "soil piping"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: "soil piping"

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: holes.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "soil piping"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water from leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: holes.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water from leaking water mains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine volcanic materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Guatemala City holes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "piping pseudokarst",

text: Yazoo NWR's primary feature is a 4,000+ acre (16 km) oxbow lake named Swan Lake which formed thousands of years ago when the Mississippi River abandoned a segment of riverbed. In years past, Silver Lake Bayou flowed into the oxbow lake, accelerating the deposit of silt and sediment on the lake bottom, making the lake more shallow. Recently, the Corps of Engineers constructed a new channel to divert silt-laden waters around Swan Lake. Weirs and water control structures maintain water levels in the oxbow lake while the new channel diverts silt-laden flows around the north side of Swan Lake and into Steele Bayou. The Corps project successfully prevents the accelerated build-up of sediment that has reduced water depths in Swan Lake.

text: Yazoo NWR's primary feature is a 4,000+ acre (16 km)

text: oxbow lake

text: named Swan Lake which formed thousands of years ago when the Mississippi River abandoned a segment of riverbed. In years past, Silver Lake Bayou flowed into the oxbow lake, accelerating the deposit of

text: silt

text: and sediment on the lake bottom, making the lake more shallow. Recently, the

text: Corps of Engineers

text: constructed a new

text: channel

text: to divert silt-laden waters around Swan Lake. Weirs and water control structures maintain water levels in the oxbow lake while the new channel diverts silt-laden flows around the north side of Swan Lake and into Steele Bayou. The Corps project successfully prevents the accelerated build-up of sediment that has reduced water depths in Swan Lake.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Silver Lake Bayou, Swan Lake or Steele Bayou?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the Corps project prevent the accelerated build-up of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the accelerated build-up of sediment on the lake bottom?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee: Weirs and water control structures?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes or riverbed abandonment?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Silver Lake Bayou

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Silver Lake Bayou

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Silver Lake Bayou

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: accelerating the deposit of silt and sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: accelerating

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Silver Lake Bayou

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Silver Lake Bayou

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: accelerating the deposit of silt and sediment on the lake bottom,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 4,000+ acre (16 km) oxbow lake named Swan Lake

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Weirs

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: accelerating the deposit of silt and sediment

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mississippi River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposit of silt and sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: accelerating the deposit of silt and sediment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Mississippi River abandoned a segment of riverbed.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: accelerated build-up of sediment that has reduced water depths in Swan Lake.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: oxbow lake

text: A blue hole is a water-filled sinkhole with the entrance below the water level. They can be formed in different karst processes, for example, by rainwater soaking through fractures of limestone bedrock onto the watertable. Sea level here has changed: for example, during the glacial age during the Pleistocene epoch (ice age), some 15,000 years ago, sea level was considerably lower.

text: A

text: blue hole

text: is a water-filled

text: sinkhole

text: with the entrance below the water level. They can be formed in different

text: karst

text: processes, for example, by rainwater soaking through fractures of limestone bedrock onto the watertable. Sea level here has changed: for example, during the glacial age during the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch (

text: ice age

text: ), some 15,000 years ago, sea level was considerably lower.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a karst process?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What can be formed in different karst processes?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for blue holes to be formed?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can be formed in different karst processes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: blue holes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through cracks in limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They can be formed in different karst processes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rainwater soaking through fractures of limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A blue hole

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A blue hole

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A blue hole

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rainwater soaking through fractures of limestone bedrock onto the watertable.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: blue hole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainwater soaking through fractures of limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: below the water level.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: blue hole

text: Concrete exposed to seawater is susceptible to its corrosive effects. The effects are more pronounced above the tidal zone than where the concrete is permanently submerged. In the submerged zone, magnesium and hydrogen carbonate ions precipitate a layer of brucite, about 30 micrometers thick, on which a slower deposition of calcium carbonate as aragonite occurs. These layers somewhat protect the concrete from other processes, which include attack by magnesium, chloride and sulfate ions and carbonatation. Above the water surface, mechanical damage may occur by erosion by waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry, and by crystallization of salts from water soaking into the concrete pores and then drying up. Pozzolanic cements and cements using more than 60% of slag as aggregate are more resistant to sea water than pure Portland cement. Sea water corrosion contains elements of both chloride and sulfate corrosion.

text: Concrete exposed to

text: seawater

text: is susceptible to its corrosive effects. The effects are more pronounced above the tidal zone than where the concrete is permanently submerged. In the submerged zone, magnesium and

text: hydrogen carbonate

text: ions precipitate a layer of

text: brucite

text: , about 30 micrometers thick, on which a slower deposition of calcium carbonate as

text: aragonite

text: occurs. These layers somewhat protect the concrete from other processes, which include attack by magnesium, chloride and sulfate ions and carbonatation. Above the water surface, mechanical damage may occur by

text: erosion

text: by waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry, and by crystallization of salts from water soaking into the concrete pores and then drying up.

text: Pozzolan

text: ic cements and cements using more than 60% of slag as aggregate are more resistant to sea water than pure Portland cement. Sea water corrosion contains elements of both chloride and sulfate corrosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: erosion by waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 30 micrometers thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an element of aragonite: magnesium, chloride, or sulfate?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tidal zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: brucite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: brucite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: brucite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tidal zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves and sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: crystallization of salts

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: above the water surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are more resistant to sea water than pure Portland cement

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mechanical damage

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slower deposition of calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Concrete exposed to seawater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: brucite,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Concrete exposed to seawater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: brucite,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: crystallization of salts

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: permanently submerged.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mechanical damage

text: Particle size is a notion introduced for comparing dimensions of solid particles (flecks), liquid particles (droplets), or gaseous particles (bubbles). The notion of particle size applies tocolloidal particles, particles in ecology, particles present in granular material (whether airborne or not), and particles that form a granular material (see also grain size).

text: Particle size is a

text: notion

text: introduced for comparing

text: dimension

text: s of

text: solid

text: particles (flecks),

text: liquid

text: particles (droplets), or

text: gas

text: eous particles (bubbles). The notion of particle size applies to

text: colloidal particle

text: s,

text: particles

text: in ecology, particles present in

text: granular material

text: (whether

text: airborne

text: or not), and particles that form a

text: granular material

text: (see also

text: grain size

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: particles present in granular material

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the best way to determine particle size?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: particles present in granular material

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: particles present in granular material

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: granular

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: droplets

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cutoff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: droplets

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: granular material

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: solid particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: particle size applies tocolloidal particles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: granular material

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: granular material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (droplets),

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Particle size

text: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs on the surface of the water, which is deposited as a mosaic structure. The egg mass is round or squarish, with 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass. The female deposits over 800 tiny eggs that hatch within 1.5 to 3.0 days.

text: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs on the surface of the water, which is deposited as a mosaic structure. The egg mass is round or squarish, with 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass. The female deposits over 800 tiny eggs that hatch within 1.5 to 3.0 days.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fast flowing water or slow flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the second to last group of organisms mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mosaic structure

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mosaic structure

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mosaic structure

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Mosaic

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mosaic structure

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the female spawns clear marble-like eggs on the surface

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mosaic structure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 10 to 150

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: round or squarish,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 800

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The female spawns clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water, which is deposited as a mosaic structure.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: clear marble-like eggs

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mosaic structure.

text: The required space for hotels, flats and secondary residences has increased the amount of space occupied by roads and buildings. While a large amount of people requires special water, sewage and electricity systems, a great deal of construction work is needed. Access roads and the treatment of salt are responsible for high amounts of erosion at ski resorts. In some cases natural lakes must be tapped or reservoirs built to cater for the population demand.  The urbanization of mountainous areas have increased the space of impervious surface, and prevents the natural flow of water into the ground. Resulting in a disturbed water table and potential cause of erosion in undesired places. Lastly, when building ski lifts, its line of operation must be shaped and drained, and large concrete blocks must be set down for pylons. If the pylons are not carefully placed, it could cause damage to surface vegetation.

text: The required space for hotels, flats and secondary residences has increased the amount of space occupied by roads and buildings. While a large amount of people requires special water, sewage and electricity systems, a great deal of construction work is needed. Access roads and the treatment of salt are responsible for high amounts of

text: erosion

text: at ski resorts. In some cases natural lakes must be tapped or reservoirs built to cater for the population demand.  The

text: urbanization

text: of mountainous areas have increased the space of

text: impervious surface

text: , and prevents the natural flow of water into the ground. Resulting in a disturbed

text: water table

text: and potential cause of erosion in undesired places. Lastly, when building

text: ski lifts

text: , its line of operation must be shaped and drained, and large concrete blocks must be set down for pylons. If the

text: pylons

text: are not carefully placed, it could cause damage to surface vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a result of the urbanization of mountainous areas?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion at ski resorts?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a result of urbanization?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion at ski resorts?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of mountainous areas?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion in undesired places?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: impervious surface

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a disturbed water table

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a disturbed water table

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pylons

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: damage to surface vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: urbanization of mountainous areas

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are responsible for high amounts of erosion at ski resorts

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a disturbed water table and potential cause of erosion in undesired places.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large concrete blocks must be set down for pylons.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Access roads and the treatment of salt

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The urbanization

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ski resorts.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The urbanization

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a disturbed water table

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: impervious surface,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ski resorts.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Access roads and the treatment of salt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Access roads and the treatment of salt

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The required space for hotels, flats and secondary residences

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: St Dunstan's Well Catchment is an important and well-known cave system which includes a series of spectacularly-decorated caves which in total extend to about  of mapped passage. The caves at Fairy Cave Quarry were formed mainly by the erosive action ofwater flowing beneath the water-table at considerable pressure (so called 'phreatic' development), but as the water table has fallen many of the caves now lie well above it and the system now contains a variety of cave formations (stalagmites, stalactites and calcite curtains) which in their extent and preservation are amongst the best in Britain. Shatter Cave and Withyhill Cave are generally considered to be amongst the finest decorated caves in Britain in terms of their sheer abundance of pure white and translucent calcite deposits.

text: St Dunstan's Well Catchment is an important and well-known cave system which includes a series of spectacularly-decorated caves which in total extend to about  of mapped passage. The caves at

text: Fairy Cave Quarry

text: were formed mainly by the erosive action ofwater flowing beneath the water-table at considerable pressure (so called '

text: phreatic

text: ' development), but as the water table has fallen many of the caves now lie well above it and the system now contains a variety of cave formations (

text: stalagmite

text: s,

text: stalactites

text: and

text: calcite

text: curtains) which in their extent and preservation are amongst the best in Britain.

text: Shatter Cave

text: and

text: Withyhill Cave

text: are generally considered to be amongst the finest decorated caves in Britain in terms of their sheer abundance of pure white and translucent calcite deposits.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: stalagmites, stalactites or calcite curtains?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: stalagmites, stalactites or curtains?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: what is the first type of sediment mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the caves at Fairy Cave Quarry being formed mainly by the erosive action ofwater flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers or slow-flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: phreatic

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: phreatic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Phreatic

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Catchment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Phreatic development

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites and calcite curtains are amongst the best in Britain

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: phreatic

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ofwater flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: ofwater flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the water table has fallen

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: St Dunstan's Well Catchment

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The caves at Fairy Cave Quarry

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ofwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water table has fallen

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: 'phreatic'

text: Deposition consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment. Deposit removal is either through deposit dissolution, particle re-entrainment, or deposit spalling, erosive wear, or exfoliation. Fouling results from foulant generation, foulant deposition, deposit removal, and deposit consolidation.

text: Deposition

text: consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment. Deposit removal is either through deposit dissolution, particle re-entrainment, or deposit spalling, erosive wear, or exfoliation. Fouling results from foulant generation, foulant deposition, deposit removal, and deposit consolidation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposit dissolution

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Deposition consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Deposition consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosive wear

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deposits

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosive wear

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive wear

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive wear

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: spalling

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spalling

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Fouling

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosively

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposit spalling

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Fouling results from foulant generation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Fouling

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deposit dissolution, particle re-entrainment,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosive wear,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Deposition consists of transport to the surface and subsequent attachment.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Fouling

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive wear,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposit spalling,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Fouling

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: erosive wear,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosive wear, or exfoliation.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposit spalling,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Fouling

text: Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of limestone above groundwater level. During cavern development, it was within the groundwater zone.   Deep below the limestones are petroleum reserves (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field). At a time near the end of the Cenozoic, hydrogen sulfide (HS) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater. The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed sulfuric acid: HS + 2O → HSO. The sulfuric acid then continued upward, aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns. The presence of gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process, as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone.

text: Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of

text: limestone

text: above groundwater level. During cavern development, it was within the groundwater zone.   Deep below the limestones are

text: petroleum

text: reserves (part of the

text: Mid-Continent Oil Field

text: ). At a time near the end of the Cenozoic,

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: (HS) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater. The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed

text: sulfuric acid

text: : HS + 2O → HSO. The sulfuric acid then continued upward, aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns. The presence of

text: gypsum

text: within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process, as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: limestone, petroleum, or sulfuric acid?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: limestone, petroleum, or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or petroleum?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers, petroleum reserves, or caverns?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: floodplains or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: groundwater zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caverns

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater zone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groundwater zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater zone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: caverns

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caverns

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sulfuric acid:

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: hydrogen sulfide

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sulfuric acid:

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Carlsbad Caverns National Park

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caverns.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sulfuric acid:

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: form caverns.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sulfuric acid:

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: limestone above groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: within the groundwater zone.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caverns.

text: The Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around the world, conducted an independent environmental impact statement of their own for the Gibe III dam. The alternative impact statement was performed because of the alleged corruption and inaccuracy of the official impact assessment. The ARWG criticizes many of the statements made in the official Gibe III ESIA. Regarding the flow of water into Lake Turkana, they state that the Gibe III dam will result in a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume. The ARWG also notes that it is not necessarily the volume of water that is important to the Omo River and Turkana ecosystems, but that the seasonality and timing of the water flow is crucial, because certain biota are adapted to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. in response to seasonal changes in water flow. Artificially releasing water from the Gibe III dam into the Omo River will not be sufficient to meet the needs of these biota. Additionally, the ARWG states that there is "no precedent of successful and sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program in sub-Saharan Africa, so it is not guaranteed that such a program will be maintained at the Gibe III dam.

text: The Africa Resources Working Group (ARWG), a collaborative of eight consultants from around the world, conducted an independent environmental impact statement of their own for the Gibe III dam. The alternative impact statement was performed because of the alleged corruption and inaccuracy of the official impact assessment. The ARWG criticizes many of the statements made in the official Gibe III ESIA. Regarding the flow of water into Lake Turkana, they state that the Gibe III dam will result in a 57-60% decrease of river flow volume. The ARWG also notes that it is not necessarily the volume of water that is important to the Omo River and Turkana ecosystems, but that the seasonality and timing of the water flow is crucial, because certain biota are adapted to feeding, reproducing, growing, etc. in response to seasonal changes in water flow. Artificially releasing water from the Gibe III dam into the Omo River will not be sufficient to meet the needs of these biota. Additionally, the ARWG states that there is "no precedent of successful and sustained implementation" of an artificial flood simulation program in sub-Saharan Africa, so it is not guaranteed that such a program will be maintained at the Gibe III dam.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason for the seasonality and timing of the water flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What does the ARWG criticize?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of seasonality and timing of water flow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many consultants from around the world were involved in the alternative impact statement

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is it not guaranteed that such a program will be maintained?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the purpose of the Gibe III dam?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Turkana

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gibe III dam

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonality and timing

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into Lake Turkana

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Omo River

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: artificial flood simulation program

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: certain biota

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: seasonality and timing

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: adapted to feeding, reproducing, growing,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Africa Resources Working Group

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Turkana,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Gibe III dam.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: independent environmental impact statement

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lake Turkana,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Turkana,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: biota

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonality and timing of the water flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Omo River

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 57-60% decrease of river flow volume. The ARWG

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

text: There also appears to be discrete time periods in which porphyry deposit formation appears to be concentrated or preferred. For copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits, formation is broadly concentrated in three time periods: Palaeocene-Eocene, Eocene-Oligocene, and middle Miocene-Pliocene. For both porphyry and epithermal gold deposits, they are generally from the time period ranging from the middle Miocene to the Recent period., however notable exceptions are known. Most large-scale porphyry deposits have an age of less than 20 million years., however there are notable exceptions, such as the 438 million year old Cadia-Ridgeway deposit in New South Wales. This relatively young age reflects the preservation potential of this type of deposit; as they are typically located in zones of highly active tectonic and geological processes, such as: deformation, uplift, and erosion. It may be however, that the skewed distribution towards most deposits being less than 20 million years is at least partially an artifact of exploration methodology and model assumptions, as large examples are known in areas which were previously left only partially or under-explored partly due to their perceived older host rock ages, but which were then later found to contain large, world class examples of much older porphyry copper deposits.

text: There also appears to be discrete time periods in which porphyry deposit formation appears to be concentrated or preferred. For copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits, formation is broadly concentrated in three time periods:

text: Palaeocene

text: Eocene

text: , Eocene-

text: Oligocene

text: , and middle

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: . For both porphyry and

text: epithermal

text: gold deposits, they are generally from the time period ranging from the middle Miocene to the

text: Recent

text: period., however notable exceptions are known. Most large-scale porphyry deposits have an age of less than 20 million years., however there are notable exceptions, such as the 438 million year old Cadia-Ridgeway deposit in New South Wales. This relatively young age reflects the preservation potential of this type of deposit; as they are typically located in zones of highly active tectonic and geological processes, such as: deformation, uplift, and erosion. It may be however, that the skewed distribution towards most deposits being less than 20 million years is at least partially an artifact of exploration methodology and model assumptions, as large examples are known in areas which were previously left only partially or under-explored partly due to their perceived older host rock ages, but which were then later found to contain large, world class examples of much older porphyry copper deposits.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason for the preservation potential of this type of deposit?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large-scale porphyry deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the main reason for the preservation potential of this type of deposit?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: This relatively young age reflects the preservation potential of this type of deposit

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: porphyry deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: porphyry deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: preservation potential of this type of deposit

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: porphyry

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Most large-scale porphyry deposits have an age of less than 20 million years

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: porphyry deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: highly active tectonic and geological processes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: highly active tectonic and geological processes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: middle Miocene-Pliocene.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: highly active tectonic and geological processes,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Miocene-Pliocene.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deformation, uplift, and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: copper-molybdenum porphyry

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Cadia-Ridgeway

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deformation, uplift,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deformation, uplift,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deformation, uplift,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 20 million years.,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: porphyry deposit

text: Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as  in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean. It can be contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water.

text: Surface water is

text: water

text: on the surface of the planet such as  in a

text: river

text: lake

text: wetland

text: , or

text: ocean

text: . It can be contrasted with

text: groundwater

text: and

text: atmospheric water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of surface water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of surface water?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface water is water on the surface of the planet

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: surface water is not a type of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Surface water

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17 – 12 Mya and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea and Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediment were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge.

text: The

text: Pannonian Basin

text: took shape through

text: Miocenian

text: thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 17 – 12

text: Mya

text: and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: severed water flow to the

text: Black Sea

text: and

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin. Sediment were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: during uplift of the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: . Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the water flow to the Black Sea?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particularly deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is not a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many years after the formation of the Pannonian Basin took shape did the Pannonian Basin take shape?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Carpathian, Dinaric, or Pannonian?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Iron Gate gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Iron Gate gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Black Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Fluvial

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subdivision

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: uplifted mountains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: particularly deep fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deep fluvial

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: intensified subsidence

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Iron Gate gorge.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Iron Gate gorge.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Iron Gate gorge.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Pannonian Sea

text: During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as surface runoff. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream channels or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and man-made reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow.  River flooding is often caused by heavy rain, sometimes increased by melting snow. A flood that rises rapidly, with little or no warning, is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.

text: During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as

text: surface runoff

text: . Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within

text: stream channel

text: s or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and man-made reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow.  River flooding is often caused by heavy rain, sometimes increased by melting snow. A flood that rises rapidly, with little or no warning, is called a flash flood.

text: Flash flood

text: s usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: ponds, lakes, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow flowing rivers to erode their channels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: grass and vegetation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water from melting snow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a pond

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream channels

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stream channels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream channels

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: flash flood.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flash flood.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: stream channels

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbeds,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flash flood.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbeds,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: grass and vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: melting snow.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream channels

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Floods

text: Rapids are hydrological features between a run (a smoothly flowing part of a stream) and a cascade. Rapids are characterised by the river becoming shallower with some rocks exposed above the flow surface. As flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, air bubbles become mixed in with it and portions of the surface acquire a white colour, forming what is called "whitewater". Rapids occur where the bed material is highly resistant to the erosive power of the stream in comparison with the bed downstream of the rapids. Very young streams flowing across solid rock may be rapids for much of their length. Rapids cause water aeration of the stream or river resulting in better water quality.

text: Rapids are

text: hydrological

text: features between a run (a smoothly flowing part of a

text: stream

text: ) and a

text: cascade

text: . Rapids are characterised by the river becoming shallower with some

text: rock

text: s exposed above the flow surface. As flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, air bubbles become mixed in with it and portions of the surface acquire a white colour, forming what is called "

text: whitewater

text: ". Rapids occur where the

text: bed material

text: is highly resistant to the erosive power of the stream in comparison with the bed downstream of the rapids. Very young streams flowing across solid rock may be rapids for much of their length. Rapids cause

text: water aeration

text: of the stream or river resulting in better water quality.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between a run and a cascade?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of rapids?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rapid?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: rapids or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cascade

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cascade

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: bed material is highly resistant to the erosive power of the stream

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: across solid rock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bed material

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "whitewater".

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: highly resistant to the erosive power of the stream

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rocks exposed above the flow surface.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rapids.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rocks exposed above the flow surface.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "whitewater".

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cascade.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "whitewater".

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "whitewater".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Rapids cause water aeration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the bed material is highly resistant

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: cascade.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rapids

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Rapids

text: La Siberia is a land of varying terrain. The foothills of the Montes de Toledo dominate the north, and the flatter Sierra Morena runs through the south. Two major rivers flow through the region, creating vast peneplains in the less mountainous areas. Poor soil as a result of erosion in the peneplains makes the region poorly suited for agriculture, so most of the population relies on livestock as their principal economic activity. The Guadiana River flows the entire length of the comarca from northeast to southwest, going on to form most of the southern portion of the border between Spain and Portugal. The region's inhabitants have created several reservoirs along the Guadiana, providing locals with ample water resources. The largest of the reservoirs are the Cijara, the García de Sola, and the Orellana. Also, in the southern portion of La Siberia flows the Zujar River, which contains two large reservoirs -  the Zujar and the La Serena, the latter being the largest in Spain and the second largest in Europe. The combined maximum capacity of these five reservoirs is approximately 6.395×10 m (2.258×10 cu ft), or about 12% of Spain's water resources; La Serena alone holds 6% of the country's water. The region is well known for its abundant water resources; because of all the reservoirs, La Siberia contains the longest inland coastline of any region of Spain and also the largest amount of freshwater in the whole of the Iberian Peninsula.

text: La Siberia is a land of varying terrain. The foothills of the

text: Montes de Toledo

text: dominate the north, and the flatter

text: Sierra Morena

text: runs through the south. Two major rivers flow through the region, creating vast

text: peneplain

text: s in the less mountainous areas. Poor soil as a result of erosion in the peneplains makes the region poorly suited for agriculture, so most of the population relies on livestock as their principal economic activity. The

text: Guadiana River

text: flows the entire length of the comarca from northeast to southwest, going on to form most of the southern portion of the border between Spain and

text: Portugal

text: . The region's inhabitants have created several reservoirs along the Guadiana, providing locals with ample water resources. The largest of the reservoirs are the

text: Cijara

text: , the

text: García de Sola

text: , and the

text: Orellana

text: . Also, in the southern portion of La Siberia flows the

text: Zujar River

text: , which contains two large reservoirs -  the

text: Zujar

text: and the

text: La Serena

text: , the latter being the largest in Spain and the second largest in Europe. The combined maximum capacity of these five reservoirs is approximately 6.395×10 m (2.258×10 cu ft), or about 12% of Spain's water resources; La Serena alone holds 6% of the country's water. The region is well known for its abundant water resources; because of all the reservoirs, La Siberia contains the longest inland coastline of any region of Spain and also the largest amount of freshwater in the whole of the

text: Iberian Peninsula

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Guadiana, Garc a de Sola, or La Serena?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2.258 10 cu ft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt, or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many major rivers flow through the region?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many major rivers flow through the region, creating vast peneplains in the less mountainous areas

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main reason for the poor soil?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the population to rely on livestock as their principal economic activity?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many major rivers flow through the region, creating vast peneplains in the less mountainous areas?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: poor soil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from northeast to southwest

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: vast peneplains

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: vast peneplains

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Poor soil as a result of erosion in the peneplains

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: agriculture,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Poor soil

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: peneplains

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: La Siberia

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peneplains

text: The dominant bedrock of the Young Creek valley is black shale, which is cut by many dikes and sills of light-colored granitic rock and is capped in the high mountains on both sides of the valley by conglomerate and sandstone. There are also a few beds of limestone and many limestone concretions. Except for a small area of sandstone near the big bend the numerous bedrock exposures along the creek are shale or the intruded dikes. The gravel deposits of Young Creek are of three classes—highbench gravels, which lie well above the stream levels and form in part the canyon wall; low-bench gravels, which adjoin the creek channel within the canyon; and flood-plain gravels, over which the stream flows in times of high water. In addition to these deposits, which were transported and deposited chiefly by running water, or by water and ice, there is a thin veneer of morainal debris that is found throughout the valley, and even on the mountain tops. This deposit is made up of material that is in large part foreign to Young Creek and that has been transported a long distance, much of it from the upper Chitina Valley.

text: The dominant bedrock of the Young Creek valley is black shale, which is cut by many dikes and sills of light-colored granitic rock and is capped in the high mountains on both sides of the valley by conglomerate and sandstone. There are also a few beds of limestone and many limestone concretions. Except for a small area of sandstone near the big bend the numerous bedrock exposures along the creek are shale or the intruded dikes. The gravel deposits of Young Creek are of three classes—highbench gravels, which lie well above the stream levels and form in part the canyon wall; low-bench gravels, which adjoin the creek channel within the canyon; and flood-plain gravels, over which the stream flows in times of high water. In addition to these deposits, which were transported and deposited chiefly by running water, or by water and ice, there is a thin veneer of morainal debris that is found throughout the valley, and even on the mountain tops. This deposit is made up of material that is in large part foreign to Young Creek and that has been transported a long distance, much of it from the upper Chitina Valley.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a class of gravel: highbench gravels, low-bench gravels, or flood-plain gravels?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a class of gravel: highbench gravels, low-bench gravels, or flood-plain gravels?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: highbench gravels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a class of gravel: highbench gravels, low-bench gravels, or flood-plain gravels?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a class of gravel: highbench gravels, low-bench gravels, or flood-plain gravels?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a class of gravels: flood-plain gravels, over which the stream flows in times of high water, or highbench gravels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: running water, water and ice, or morainal debris?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood-plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood-plain gravels

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: highbench gravels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood-plain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: running water, water and ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high water levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in times of high water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: flood-plain gravels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: There are also a few beds of limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon wall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: running water,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: classes—highbench

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: running water, or by water and ice,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: running water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: running water, or by water and ice,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: low-bench gravels,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood-plain

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: classes—highbench gravels,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: running water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a thin veneer of morainal debris

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: running water, or by water and ice,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: running water,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water and ice,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: flood-plain gravels,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The dominant bedrock of the Young Creek valley is black shale,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon wall;

text: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water or liquids containing suspensions in preventing excessive fouling. Higher cross-flow velocities can be used to enhance the sweeping effect across the membrane surface therefore preventing deposition of macromolecules and colloidal material and reducing the effects of concentration polarization. Expensive pumps are however required to achieve these conditions.

text: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water or liquids containing suspensions in preventing excessive fouling. Higher cross-flow velocities can be used to enhance the sweeping effect across the membrane surface therefore preventing deposition of macromolecules and colloidal material and reducing the effects of concentration polarization. Expensive pumps are however required to achieve these conditions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for pumps to be expensive?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a liquid containing suspensions?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do pumps need to be expensive?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Expensive pumps

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: expensive pumps are however required to achieve these conditions.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: concentration polarization

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Expensive pumps

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Higher cross-flow velocities

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspensions in preventing excessive fouling.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: preventing deposition of macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Expensive pumps

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water or liquids containing suspensions

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: preventing deposition of macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: macromolecules and colloidal material

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fouling.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flow velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sweeping effect

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: macromolecules

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flow velocity is especially critical for hard water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sweeping effect

text: A spillway at the top of the dam is used to regulate the top portion of the dam, the spillway contains walls to maneuver the flow of the water, and a stilling basin is placed at the foot of the spillway to dissipate erosion from the spillway water hitting the base of the dam. The spillway is not used frequently because flooding can be regulated by other means, such as the flood control conduits.  Because of heavy rains during the first two weeks of May 2009, water poured over the spillway for the first time since 1968.

text: A

text: spillway

text: at the top of the dam is used to regulate the top portion of the dam, the spillway contains walls to maneuver the flow of the water, and a

text: stilling basin

text: is placed at the foot of the spillway to dissipate

text: erosion

text: from the spillway water hitting the base of the dam. The spillway is not used frequently because flooding can be regulated by other means, such as the flood control conduits.  Because of heavy rains during the first two weeks of May 2009, water poured over the spillway for the first time since 1968.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the spillway is not used frequently?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a stilling basin to be placed at the foot of the spillway?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the spillway not used frequently?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood control conduits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: A stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood control conduits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not used frequently

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: flooding can be regulated by other means,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A spillway

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood control conduits.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: spillway water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stilling basin

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood control conduits.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A spillway

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: A narrow waterway known as the Split divides the island in two. Some people state that the Split was created by Hurricane Hattie in 1961 which devastated Belize City, however that is a myth.  Villagers who actually hand dredged it maintain that it is largely a man-made feature.  The Village Council Chairman at the time, Ramon Reyes, recounts that he and others dredged the waterway by hand after Hurricane Hattie opened a passage a few inches deep. This made a practical water way between the west and east sides of the island, intended at first for dugout canoes. The increased flow of tidal water has naturally dredged the opening to  deep until larger boats can now easily pass. The natural erosion continues to this day and threatens the soft sand banks of the waterway.

text: A narrow waterway known as the Split divides the island in two. Some people state that the Split was created by

text: Hurricane Hattie

text: in 1961 which devastated

text: Belize City

text: , however that is a myth.  Villagers who actually hand dredged it maintain that it is largely a man-made feature.  The Village Council Chairman at the time, Ramon Reyes, recounts that he and others dredged the waterway by hand after Hurricane Hattie opened a passage a few inches deep. This made a practical water way between the west and east sides of the island, intended at first for dugout canoes. The increased flow of tidal water has naturally dredged the opening to  deep until larger boats can now easily pass. The natural erosion continues to this day and threatens the soft sand banks of the waterway.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the passage?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: natural

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a passage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand banks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Split

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tidal flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Split was created by Hurricane Hattie

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The natural erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soft sand banks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soft sand banks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hurricane Hattie

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The natural erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Split

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Split

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: threatens the soft sand banks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: tidal water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hurricane Hattie

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand banks

text: Washington County belongs to the following valleys and watersheds: Champlain Valley / Lake George Watershed—02010001  Hudson River Valley / Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003   Waters in the northern part drain into Lake Champlain via Lake George (Horican) or the Mettawee River, and then flow into the Saint Lawrence River (Kaniatarowanenneh). These waters mingle in the Saint Lawrence with waters of all the Great Lakes as they flow northeast into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and ultimately join the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, the remainder of waters drain south via the Hudson River (Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk or Muhheakantuck), and ultimately flow south into the Atlantic Ocean below New York City.  See the approximation of the watershed divide mapped in context of mountains  and valleys .

text: Washington County belongs to the following valleys and watersheds:

text: Champlain Valley

text: / Lake George Watershed—02010001

text: Hudson River

text: Valley / Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003   Waters in the northern part drain into

text: Lake Champlain

text: via

text: Lake George

text: (Horican) or the

text: Mettawee River

text: , and then flow into the

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: (Kaniatarowanenneh). These waters mingle in the Saint Lawrence with waters of all the

text: Great Lakes

text: as they flow northeast into the

text: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: , and ultimately join the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, the remainder of waters drain south via the

text: Hudson River

text: (Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk or Muhheakantuck), and ultimately flow south into the Atlantic Ocean below New York City.  See the approximation of the watershed divide mapped in context of mountains  and valleys .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Hudson River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a watershed: Champlain Valley / Lake George Watershed—02010001 Hudson River Valley / Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a watershed: Champlain Valley / Lake George Watershed or Hudson River Valley / Hudson-Hoosic Watershed?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the Saint Lawrence River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the name of the river that forms the levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Champlain Valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mettawee River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: watershed divide

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: watershed divide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Lake Champlain

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they flow northeast into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flow into the Saint Lawrence River (Kaniatarowanenneh).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: following

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Saint Lawrence River (Kaniatarowanenneh).

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: watersheds: Champlain Valley / Lake George Watershed—02010001

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Saint Lawrence River (Kaniatarowanenneh).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Saint Lawrence River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mettawee River,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Waters in the northern part drain into Lake Champlain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: drain into Lake Champlain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Hudson-Hoosic Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Watershed—02020003

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: watershed divide

text: In geology and geomorphology an erosion surface is a surface of rock or regolith that was formed by erosion and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition) nor fault displacement. Erosional surfaces within the stratigraphic record are known as unconformities, but not all unconformities are buried erosion surfaces. Erosion surfaces can be either small or large. Particularly large and flat erosion surfaces receive the names of peneplain, paleoplain, planation surface or pediplain.

text: In

text: geology

text: and

text: geomorphology

text: an erosion surface is a surface of

text: rock

text: or

text: regolith

text: that was formed by

text: erosion

text: and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition) nor

text: fault displacement

text: . Erosional surfaces within the

text: stratigraphic record

text: are known as

text: unconformities

text: , but not all unconformities are buried erosion surfaces. Erosion surfaces can be either small or large. Particularly large and flat erosion surfaces receive the names of

text: peneplain

text: paleoplain

text: planation surface

text: or

text: pediplain

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion surface?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion surfaces

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is a surface of rock or regolith that was formed by erosion and not by construction

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Erosion surfaces

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peneplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: peneplain

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: planation surface

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pediplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Peneplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fault displacement

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion surfaces can be either small or large

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Erosion surfaces can be either small or large.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Erosion surfaces can be either small or large.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion surfaces

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pediplain.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows, sediment deposition) nor fault displacement.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fault displacement.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion surface

text: The comparatively large quantities of water that flow quite quickly through a gat cause heavy erosion that results in a channel deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed and also endangers neighbouring islands. When the water masses from mud flats behind the islands surge out again into the sea as ebb currents, they flow rapidly again through the narrow gat. But as these water masses break out into the open sea, they spread out and slow down. As a result, on this seaward side of the gat, the particles of sand and mud carried with the water settle and form an ebb delta with its shallower waters between the islands. The sandbanks so formed are often known in Germany as plate (pronounced "plah-ter", see Kachelotplate). The point where the water pouring out of the gat runs over these banks, which often lie in an arc between the islands, is the sand bar (). This is the shallowest part of the gat for shipping, but also the deepest point on the shallowest line between the islands. A flood delta is formed in a similar way on the landward side of the gat.

text: The comparatively large quantities of water that flow quite quickly through a gat cause heavy erosion that results in a channel deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed and also endangers neighbouring islands. When the water masses from mud flats behind the islands surge out again into the sea as ebb currents, they flow rapidly again through the narrow gat. But as these water masses break out into the open sea, they spread out and slow down. As a result, on this seaward side of the gat, the particles of sand and mud carried with the water settle and form an ebb delta with its shallower waters between the islands. The

text: sandbank

text: s so formed are often known in Germany as plate (pronounced "plah-ter", see

text: Kachelotplate

text: ). The point where the water pouring out of the gat runs over these banks, which often lie in an arc between the islands, is the sand bar (). This is the shallowest part of the gat for shipping, but also the deepest point on the shallowest line between the islands. A flood delta is formed in a similar way on the landward side of the gat.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the particles of sand and mud?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the channel?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What are particles of sand and mud carried with the water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a result of water masses breaking out into the open sea?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: A flood delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a flood delta

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud flats

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a flood delta

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gat

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ebb currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ebb currents

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: large quantities of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a gat

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are formed in a similar way on the landward side

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the particles of sand and mud

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: they spread out and slow down.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand and mud

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sand and mud

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The comparatively large quantities of water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ebb delta

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: large quantities of water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: channel deeper

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sandbanks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbanks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sand bar

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ebb delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: large quantities of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ebb delta

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: comparatively large quantities of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sand bar

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deeper than the rest of the surrounding seabed

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ebb delta

text: Since the 1950s the number of dams in the world has increased more than sevenfold.  The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers as sediment that was entrained in the flow is stopped by a manmade barrier and the energy required to transport the material is lost, the sediment is no longer entrained as there is no flow or the flow is too slow.

text: Since the 1950s the number of dams in the world has increased more than sevenfold.  The creation of

text: reservoir

text: s has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers as sediment that was entrained in the flow is stopped by a manmade barrier and the energy required to transport the material is lost, the sediment is no longer entrained as there is no flow or the flow is too slow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for dams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or dams?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for dams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the sediment yield of many rivers reduced?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment yield

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unimpeded

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by dams

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sediment yield

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the energy

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: entrained

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Since the 1950s the number of dams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Since the 1950s the number of dams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The creation of reservoirs has significantly reduced the sediment yield of many rivers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: entrained

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no flow or the flow is too slow.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sediment yield

text: It was  thick which advanced and receded several times across the prairies. There were multiple glaciations affecting the Saskatchewan area during the Pre-Illinoian, Illinioan, and Wisconsin stages of the last Ice Age. These glaciations occurred during the Quaternary period which comprises the last two million years.  Northern Saskatchewan and the shield area shows the effects of glacial erosion and scour; the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is a location of glacial deposition and collection. In southern Saskatchewan there are late Pliocene, pre-Illinoian continental glaciation sand and gravel deposits left behind from water deposition (alluvial) and glacial edge deposits (colluvial).  By the study of till, terrain, the limits of the Illinoian glaciation are evidenced around Willow Bunch Lake, Wood Mountain, Cypress Hills area.

text: It was  thick which advanced and receded several times across the prairies. There were multiple glaciations affecting the Saskatchewan area during the

text: Pre-Illinoian

text: Illinioan

text: , and

text: Wisconsin

text: stages of the last

text: Ice Age

text: . These glaciations occurred during the

text: Quaternary period

text: which comprises the last two million years.  Northern Saskatchewan and the shield area shows the effects of glacial erosion and scour; the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is a location of glacial deposition and collection. In southern Saskatchewan there are late Pliocene, pre-Illinoian continental glaciation sand and gravel deposits left behind from water deposition (

text: alluvial

text: ) and glacial edge deposits (

text: colluvial

text: ).  By the study of till, terrain, the limits of the Illinoian glaciation are evidenced around Willow Bunch Lake, Wood Mountain, Cypress Hills area.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: alluvial, glacial, or glacial edge?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the difference between alluvial and colluvial sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: alluvial, glacial, or colluvial?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a location of glacial deposition and collection?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: alluvial, glacial, or colluvial?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a location of glacial deposition and collection: Western Canada Sedimentary Basin or Willow Bunch Lake?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: glacial erosion and scour

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: prairies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shield

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial edge deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: glacial deposition and collection

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: colluvial

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: glacial erosion and scour;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: glaciations

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shield area shows the effects of glacial erosion and scour;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glacial erosion and scour;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: scour;

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial erosion and scour;

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: scour;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial erosion and scour;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: glaciations

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (alluvial)

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: thick which advanced and receded several times across the prairies.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: (alluvial)

text: The particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size. Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil, etc. particles into the PSD that is then called a grain size distribution.

text: The particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in

text: fluid

text: , is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size. Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil, etc. particles into the PSD that is then called a grain size distribution.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: particles dispersed in fluid

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a particle-size distribution?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: significant energy

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices are right

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a grain size distribution

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: significant energy

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: significant energy

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particles present according to size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: grain size distribution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particles dispersed in fluid,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fluid,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The particle-size distribution (PSD)

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: grain size distribution.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Significant energy

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Significant energy

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The particle-size distribution

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The particle-size distribution

text: The San Luis Valley, contains an alluvial basin, the Alamosa Basin, which lies at the north end of the Rio Grande rift. Deeper alluvial strata, overlying Precambrian basement rock, Eocene alluvial deposits from a shallow Laramide depression, the Blanco Basin Formation; and Oligocene ash and lava flows associated with the Conejos Formation, is the Santa Fe formation, mixed alluvium and lava outflows from the San Juan volcanic field to the west; later strata comprise the Alamosa formation, alternating layers of sand, gravel, and clay. The relatively impermeable clay layers trap ground water in the "confined aquifer" which, if tapped, supplies artesian wells. Surface waters, including the Rio Grande and other streams, are hydrologically connected to the "unconfined aquifer" a shallow ground water formation which underlies much of the valley. The deeper confined aquifer also has sufficient hydrological connection with the surface waters of the valley that they are not considered for the purposes of Colorado water law "nontributary" waters which could legally be mined. Streams which flow into the valley, particularly the Rio Grande, have deposited alluvial fans where they emerge from higher terrain onto the valley floor.

text: The San Luis Valley, contains an

text: alluvial basin

text: , the Alamosa Basin, which lies at the north end of the

text: Rio Grande rift

text: . Deeper alluvial strata, overlying

text: Precambrian

text: basement rock,

text: Eocene

text: alluvial deposits from a shallow

text: Laramide

text: depression, the Blanco Basin Formation; and

text: Oligocene

text: ash and lava flows associated with the Conejos Formation, is the Santa Fe formation, mixed alluvium and lava outflows from the

text: San Juan volcanic field

text: to the west; later strata comprise the Alamosa formation, alternating layers of sand, gravel, and clay. The relatively impermeable clay layers trap ground water in the "confined

text: aquifer

text: " which, if tapped, supplies

text: artesian well

text: s. Surface waters, including the Rio Grande and other streams, are hydrologically connected to the "unconfined aquifer" a shallow ground water formation which underlies much of the valley. The deeper confined aquifer also has sufficient hydrological connection with the surface waters of the valley that they are not considered for the purposes of

text: Colorado water law

text: "nontributary" waters which could legally be mined. Streams which flow into the valley, particularly the Rio Grande, have deposited

text: alluvial fan

text: s where they emerge from higher terrain onto the valley floor.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sand, gravel, or clay?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: layer of sand

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an alluvial formation: sand, gravel, and clay?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many layers of sand, gravel, and clay are in the Alamosa formation?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: higher terrain onto the valley floor

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are not considered for the purposes of Colorado water law "nontributary" waters which could legally be mined

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposited alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deposited alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The relatively impermeable clay layers trap ground water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rio Grande rift.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "confined aquifer"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "confined aquifer"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "confined aquifer"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deposited alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "nontributary" waters which could legally be mined.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial fans

text: Longdendale is a steep-sided V-shaped valley that is glacial in origin. Longdendale is in the Dark Peak, where a thick blanket of peat overlies the Millstone Grit sandstone, formed on a bed of shale through which flows the Etherow. Directly beneath the upper valley lie areas of Carboniferous Millstone Grit, shales and sandstone. It is on the edge of the Peak District Dome, at the southern edge of the Pennine anticline. The Variscan uplift has caused much faulting and Glossopdale was the product of glacial action in the last glaciation period that exploited the weakened rocks. The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs cause significant erosion and deposition. The layers of sandstone, mudstones and shale in the bedrock act as an aquifer to feed the springs. The valley bottoms have a thin deposit of boulder clay. The brooks are fed by the peaty soils of the moors and are, therefore, acidic (pH5.5–7.0).

text: Longdendale is a steep-sided V-shaped valley that is

text: glacial

text: in origin. Longdendale is in the

text: Dark Peak

text: , where a thick blanket of peat overlies the

text: Millstone Grit

text: sandstone, formed on a bed of

text: shale

text: through which flows the Etherow. Directly beneath the upper valley lie areas of

text: Carboniferous

text: Millstone Grit, shales and

text: sandstone

text: . It is on the edge of the

text: Peak District

text: Dome, at the southern edge of the Pennine

text: anticline

text: . The

text: Variscan uplift

text: has caused much

text: faulting

text: and Glossopdale was the product of

text: glacial

text: action in the last glaciation period that exploited the weakened rocks. The steep-sided valleys of the

text: clough

text: s cause significant

text: erosion

text: and

text: deposition

text: . The layers of sandstone, mudstones and shale in the bedrock act as an

text: aquifer

text: to feed the springs. The valley bottoms have a thin deposit of

text: boulder clay

text: . The brooks are fed by the peaty soils of the moors and are, therefore,

text: acid

text: ic (pH5.5–7.0).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: shale, mudstones or shale?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many layers of sandstone, mudstones and shale are in the bedrock?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff or glacial action?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the valley bottoms to have a thin deposit of boulder clay?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many layers of sandstone, mudstones and shale are in the bedrock?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peaty or acidic?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: shale, mudstones or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: Variscan uplift, glacial action or groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cloughs

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cloughs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Millstone Grit

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: V-shaped valley

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: brooks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial action

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steep-sided valleys

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through shale

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: boulder clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are, therefore, acidic (pH5.5–7.0).

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: V-shaped valley

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the Etherow.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs cause significant erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thin deposit of boulder clay.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: boulder clay.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs cause significant erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The steep-sided valleys

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs cause significant erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: acidic

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cloughs

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: boulder clay.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: boulder clay.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: boulder clay.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: brooks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The steep-sided valleys of the cloughs cause significant erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Etherow.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandstone, mudstones and shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: acidic

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

text: Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water filtering slowly through the ground, and therefore contains very little suspended particulate matter. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow. In many cases, cenotes are areas where sections of cave roof have collapsed revealing an underlying cave system, and the water flow rates may be much faster: up to  per day. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers who have documented extensive flooded cave systems through them, some of which have been explored for lengths of  or more.

text: Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water filtering slowly through the ground, and therefore contains very little suspended particulate matter. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow. In many cases, cenotes are areas where sections of cave roof have collapsed revealing an underlying cave system, and the water flow rates may be much faster: up to  per day. Cenotes around the world attract

text: cave divers

text: who have documented extensive flooded cave systems through them, some of which have been explored for lengths of  or more.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the water in a cenote?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particulate matter: clay, silt or rain?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is Cenote water often very clear?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or cenotes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true of cenotes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Cenotes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Cenote

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater flow rate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended particulate matter

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in cenotes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the water flow rates may be much faster: up to per day.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Cenote water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sections of cave roof have collapsed revealing an underlying cave system,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Cenotes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Cenote

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cenotes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Cenote

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sections of cave roof have collapsed revealing an underlying cave system,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rain water filtering slowly through the ground,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: suspended particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Cenote water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Cenote water

text: There are many sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole (), Gips Cave (''Gipsova jama''), Mary's Shaft (''Marijino brezno''), and Migut Shaft (''Migutovo brezno'') near the Grebenar farm. There is also a spring south of the settlement known as Blessed Spring ().

text: There are many sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole (), Gips Cave (''Gipsova jama''), Mary's Shaft (''Marijino brezno''), and Migut Shaft (''Migutovo brezno'') near the Grebenar farm. There is also a spring south of the settlement known as Blessed Spring ().

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water can cause erosion by dissolving minerals

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the most common method of transport for clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Migut Shaft

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Stalactites are not found in sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Blessed Spring

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Blessed Spring

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Blessed Spring

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Blessed Spring

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes in the area, including the Bear Valley Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.

text: Tide

text: s often determine the range over which

text: sediment

text: is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deprossosition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however,

text: tidal bore

text: s can erode as the waves surge up river

text: estuaries

text: from the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a tidal bore?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: tidal bores or groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eroded

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bores

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the size and shape of the coastline

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: up river estuaries

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lower tidal ranges

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The tidal range

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river estuaries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eroded.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment is deposited or eroded.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tidal bores

text: Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one component of the runoff of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

text: Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of

text: water

text: in

text: stream

text: s,

text: river

text: s, and other

text: channel

text: s, and is a major element of the

text: water cycle

text: . It is one component of the

text: runoff

text: of water from the land to

text: waterbodies

text: , the other component being

text: surface runoff

text: . Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from

text: groundwater

text: flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The

text: discharge

text: of water flowing in a channel is measured using

text: stream gauge

text: s or can be estimated by the

text: Manning equation

text: . The record of flow over time is called a

text: hydrograph

text: Flood

text: ing occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a component of the runoff of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or surface runoff?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface runoff?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the Manning equation?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is one component of the runoff of water from the land to waterbodies?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hillslopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: hillslope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Streamflow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterbodies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water discharged from pipes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: adjacent hillslopes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Streamflow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater flow out of the ground,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Flooding

text: The slow-flowing river system is known to flood and is considered to be heavily polluted, suffering from poor water quality. The Bremer does not receive enough water in its catchment to meet both human requirements and the need to flush out impurities. This results in poor water quality with high levels of turbidity, high nutrient levels and high levels of bacteria, especially where sewerage and drain runoff from the city of Ipswich is discharged into the river.

text: The slow-flowing river system is known to

text: flood

text: and is considered to be heavily

text: polluted

text: , suffering from poor

text: water quality

text: . The Bremer does not receive enough water in its catchment to meet both human requirements and the need to flush out impurities. This results in poor water quality with high levels of

text: turbidity

text: , high nutrient levels and high levels of

text: bacteria

text: , especially where

text: sewerage

text: and drain runoff from the city of Ipswich is discharged into the river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the Bremer known to flood?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or bacteria?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Bremer?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Bremer considered to be heavily polluted?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: catchment

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Bremer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: catchment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sewerage and drain

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high levels of turbidity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not enough water is received in its catchment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The slow-flowing

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The slow-flowing river system is known to flood

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: turbidity, high nutrient levels and high levels of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sewerage and drain runoff

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The slow-flowing river system

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The slow-flowing

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: heavily polluted,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sewerage and drain runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sewerage and drain runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slow-flowing river system

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The Bremer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidity,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: turbidity,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: turbidity,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bremer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sewerage and drain runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbidity, high nutrient levels and high levels of bacteria,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidity,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The slow-flowing river system

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood and is considered to be heavily polluted,

text: Surface Water Rescue is defined as the rescue of a patient who is afloat on the surface of a body of water.

text: Surface Water Rescue is defined as the

text: rescue

text: of a patient who is afloat on the surface of a body of water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a surface water rescue?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of surface water rescue?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow flowing rivers to erode their channels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can not be surface water rescue

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be referred to as a bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canoe

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water rescue

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are found in caves.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface Water Rescue

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Surface Water Rescue

text: The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels at the end of the Wisconsin ice age rose, the water table appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast peat deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the Caribbean. Although the limestone shelf appears to be flat, there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and marl, the result of dried periphyton, or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and amount of water present.

text: The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels at the end of the Wisconsin ice age rose, the water table appeared closer to land.

text: Lake Okeechobee

text: began to flood and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast

text: peat

text: deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the

text: Caribbean

text: . Although the limestone shelf appears to be flat, there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and

text: marl

text: , the result of dried

text: periphyton

text: , or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and amount of water present.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, marl, or dry periphyton?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which sediments are covered by marl?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, or marl?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, marl, or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, or marl?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, marl, or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, or marl?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: the Everglades

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pinnacles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: acidic properties of the water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pinnacles and depressions

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: acidic properties of the water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marl

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pinnacles

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: tropicals carried as seeds by birds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: seeds by birds

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: slight rises—called pinnacles—and

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Plant communities

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: limestone shelf

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pinnacles—and

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Okeechobee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: limestone by the acidic properties of the water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion of limestone

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: acidic properties of the water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pinnacles—and

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flat, there are slight rises—called

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pinnacles—and

text: It is very common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the water table is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is maintained closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally flows out of the qanat above ground,i.e., the qanat is an underground tunnel, beginning from an underground water source, with a gentle slope made in such a way that water is pulled by gravity to the surface (which is at a lower level than that of the underground water source). To reach an aquifer, qanats must often extend for long distances.

text: It is very common in the construction of a qanat for the water source to be found below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains, where the

text: water table

text: is closest to the surface. From this point, the slope of the qanat is maintained closer to level than the surface above, until the water finally flows out of the qanat above ground,i.e., the qanat is an underground tunnel, beginning from an underground water source, with a gentle slope made in such a way that water is pulled by gravity to the surface (which is at a lower level than that of the underground water source). To reach an aquifer, qanats must often extend for long distances.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: underground water source, gentle slope, or surface water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the slope of the qanat maintained closer to level?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: below ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: qanats must often extend for long distances.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: gentle slope

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water is pulled by gravity

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: gentle slope

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: closer to level than the surface above,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: foothills of mountains,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It is very common in the construction of a qanat

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground tunnel,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: closer to level than the surface above,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: foothills of mountains,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water finally flows out of the qanat above ground,i.e.,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: below ground at the foot of a range of foothills of mountains,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer,

text: Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns, speleothems began to be deposited within the cavern. Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years. Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of air into the cavern. Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling, it precipitates and evaporates, leaving behind a small calcium carbonate deposit. Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as stalactites. Additionally, water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation. Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as stalagmites. Different formations of speleothems include columns, soda straws, draperies, helictites, and popcorn. Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems, as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil. The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation.

text: Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns,

text: speleothems

text: began to be deposited within the cavern. Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years. Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of

text: air

text: into the cavern. Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling, it precipitates and evaporates, leaving behind a small

text: calcium carbonate

text: deposit. Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as

text: stalactites

text: . Additionally, water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation. Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as

text: stalagmites

text: . Different formations of speleothems include columns,

text: soda straws

text: , draperies,

text: helictites

text: , and

text: popcorn

text: . Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems, as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil. The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water on the floor of the caverns contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not a formation of speleothems: soda straws, draperies, helictites, or popcorn?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a formation of speleothems: columns, soda straws, draperies, helictites, or popcorn?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: soda straws, draperies, helictites, or popcorn?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a formation of speleothems?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, stalagmites, or soda straws?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caverns

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: helictites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural entrance

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Changes in the ambient air temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: helictites

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: generate mineral deposits by evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small calcium carbonate deposit.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Once the acidic groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Carlsbad Caverns

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stalactites.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: entrance

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stalactites.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stalactites.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: stalactites.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ambient air temperature and rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Rainwater and snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalagmites.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stalactites.

text: Rill erosion refers to the development of small, ephemeral concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and sediment delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimeters (about an inch) or less and along-channel slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit hydraulic physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.

text: Rill

text: erosion refers to the development of small,

text: ephemeral

text: concentrated flow paths which function as both sediment source and

text: sediment

text: delivery systems for erosion on hillslopes. Generally, where water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas are greatest, rills are active. Flow depths in rills are typically of the order of a few centimeters (about an inch) or less and along-channel slopes may be quite steep. This means that rills exhibit

text: hydraulic

text: physics very different from water flowing through the deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can rills cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of rills?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a few centimeters

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of rills?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hillslopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Rills

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water erosion rates on disturbed upland areas

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through deeper, wider channels

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment source

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by water flowing through the deeper channels of streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: deeper, wider channels of streams and rivers.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a few centimeters (about an inch) or less

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deeper, wider channels

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deeper, wider channels

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deeper, wider channels

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: disturbed upland areas

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deeper, wider channels

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment source

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rill erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Rill erosion

text: The natural build up of sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows due to the installation of irrigation systems. Sedimentation is an essential part of the ecosystem that requires the natural flux of the river flow. This natural cycle of sediment dispersion replenishes the nutrients in the soil, that will in turn, determine the livelihood of the plants and animals that rely on the sediments carried downstream. The benefits of heavy deposits of sedimentation can be seen in large rivers like the Nile River. The sediment from the delta has built up to form a giant aquifer during flood season, and retains water in the wetlands. The wetlands that are created and sustained due to built up sediment at the basin of the river is a habitat for numerous species of birds  However, heavy sedimentation can reduce downstream river water quality and can exacerbate floods up stream. This has been known to happen in the Sanmenxia reservoir in China. The Sanmenxia reservoir is part of a larger man-made project of hydro-electric dams called the Three Gorge Project  In 1998, uncertain calculations and heavy sediment greatly affected the reservoir’s ability to properly fulfill its flood-control function  This also reduces the down stream river water quality. Shifting more towards mass irrigation installments in order to meet more socioeconomic demands is going against the natural balance of nature, and use water pragmatically- use it where it is found

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the benefit of heavy deposits of sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of heavy deposits of sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of heavy deposits of sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sedimentation is an essential part of the ecosystem

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: giant aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: downstream river flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment dispersion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment dispersion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrigation systems.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The natural build up of sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: giant aquifer

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows due to the installation of irrigation systems.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: up stream.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows due to the installation of irrigation systems.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: irrigation systems.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The natural build up of sedimentation can reduce downstream river flows

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

text: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground when they reach permeable limestone. During dry spells all water sinks very quickly on reaching the limestone, through sinkholes. In wetter conditions water flows a greater distance across the limestone as underground channels and chambers fill up. Large sinkholes are called 'swallowholes' or 'potholes'. Gaping Gill, Alum Pot and the Buttertubs are well-known examples.

text: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground when they reach permeable limestone. During dry spells all water sinks very quickly on reaching the limestone, through

text: sinkholes

text: . In wetter conditions water flows a greater distance across the limestone as underground channels and chambers fill up. Large sinkholes are called 'swallowholes' or 'potholes'.

text: Gaping Gill

text: , Alum Pot and the Buttertubs are well-known examples.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Gaping Gill

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wetter conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in wetter conditions

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are well-known examples of sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sink into the ground when they reach permeable limestone.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: In wetter conditions water flows a greater distance

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a greater distance across the limestone as underground channels and chambers fill up.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: During dry spells

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Gaping Gill,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wetter conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Large sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes.

text: The cave in the tenth lake stretches under the waterfall with a width 9 m, 16 m length and 3 m water depth,it depends on the level of the lake. The entrance of the cave is 5 m wide and 3 m high. The karst cave is formed by the erosive forces of the water of Mirusha river.

text: The cave in the tenth lake stretches under the waterfall with a width 9 m, 16 m length and 3 m water depth,it depends on the level of the lake. The entrance of the cave is 5 m wide and 3 m high. The

text: karst

text: cave is formed by the

text: erosive

text: forces of the water of Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Mirusha river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is true of Mirusha river?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Mirusha river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mirusha river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the level of the lake

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the cave is formed by the erosive forces of the water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst cave

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive forces of the water of Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: width 9 m, 16 m length and 3 m water depth,it

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: karst cave is formed by the erosive forces

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosive forces of the water of Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The cave in the tenth lake

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosive forces of the water of Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive forces

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The cave in the tenth lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tenth lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water of Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive forces

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: level of the lake.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Mirusha river.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 5 m wide and 3 m high.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst cave

text: The Blue Nile (Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; ; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) springsfrom Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile. Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, Tekezé, and Atbarah) have a weaker flow.

text: The

text: Blue Nile

text: Ge'ez

text: ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy (Black

text: Abay

text: ) to

text: Ethiopia

text: ns; ;

text: transliterated

text: : an-Nīl al-Azraq) springsfrom

text: Lake Tana

text: in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile. Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the

text: Tekezé

text: , Atbarah,

text: Sobat

text: , and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially high on the

text: Ethiopian Plateau

text: ; the rest of the year, the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile (Sobat, Blue Nile, Tekezé, and Atbarah) have a weaker flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many percent of the water from the Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transportation: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many percent of the water from the Blue Nile originates in Ethiopia?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment from the Nile originates in Ethiopia?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Blue Nile, Tekezé, or Atbarah?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Blue Nile, Tekezé, Atbarah, or Sobat?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ethiopian Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lake Tana

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Plateau

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall on the Ethiopian Plateau

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the Nile

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The erosion and transportation of silt

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: weaker flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The erosion and transportation

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainy season

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: weaker flow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: weaker flow.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Ethiopian Plateau;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ninety-six percent

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Ethiopian rainy season

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ethiopian Plateau;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ethiopian Plateau;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: y

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Ethiopian rainy season

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transportation of silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Blue Nile

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: silt

text: The river lazily winds back and forth with a slow flowage.  In its upper reaches it flows through the Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.  It passes south of Deer Park by about one mile.  It then passes through New Richmond, Boardman, and Burkhardt. Near Burkhardt it enters Willow River State Park.

text: The river lazily winds back and forth with a slow flowage.  In its upper reaches it flows through the

text: Cylon

text: Marsh State Wildlife Area.  It passes south of

text: Deer Park

text: by about one mile.  It then passes through

text: New Richmond

text: Boardman

text: , and

text: Burkhardt

text: . Near Burkhardt it enters

text: Willow River State Park

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Willow River State Park?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many miles does the river pass south of Deer Park?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Willow River State Park?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe Willow River State Park?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Willow River State Park

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Deer Park

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: back and forth

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in the river

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Willow River State Park.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Willow River State Park.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Willow River State Park.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Marsh

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Cylon Marsh State Wildlife Area.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowage.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: back and forth with a slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cylon Marsh

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The river lazily winds back and forth with a slow flowage.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Marsh

text: As all dams result in reduced sediment load downstream, a dammed river is said to be "hungry" for sediment. Because the rate of deposition of sediment is greatly reduced since there is less to deposit but the rate of erosion remains nearly constant, the water flow erodes the river shores and riverbed, threatening shoreline ecosystems, deepening the riverbed, and narrowing the river over time. This leads to a compromised water table, reduced water levels, homogenization of the river flow and thus reduced ecosystem variability, reduced support for wildlife, and reduced amount of sediment reaching coastal plains and deltas. This prompts coastal erosion, as beaches are unable to replenish what waves erode without the sediment deposition of supporting river systems. Downsteam channel erosion of dammed rivers is related to the morphology of the riverbed, which is different from directly studying the amounts of sedimentation because it is subject to specific long term conditions for each river system. For example, the eroded channel could create a lower water table level in the affected area, impacting bottomland crops such as alfalfa or corn, and resulting in a smaller supply.In the case of the Three Gorges Dam in China the changes described above now appears to have arrived at a new balance of erosion and sedimentation over a 10-year period in the lower reaches of the river. The impacts on the tidal region have also been linked to the upstream effects of the dam.

text: As all dams result in reduced sediment load downstream, a dammed river is said to be "hungry" for sediment. Because the rate of deposition of sediment is greatly reduced since there is less to deposit but the rate of erosion remains nearly constant, the water flow erodes the river shores and riverbed, threatening shoreline ecosystems, deepening the riverbed, and narrowing the river over time. This leads to a compromised water table, reduced water levels, homogenization of the river flow and thus reduced ecosystem variability, reduced support for wildlife, and reduced amount of sediment reaching coastal plains and deltas. This prompts coastal erosion, as beaches are unable to replenish what waves erode without the sediment deposition of supporting river systems. Downsteam channel erosion of dammed rivers is related to the morphology of the riverbed, which is different from directly studying the amounts of sedimentation because it is subject to specific long term conditions for each river system. For example, the eroded channel could create a lower water table level in the affected area, impacting bottomland crops such as

text: alfalfa

text: or

text: corn

text: , and resulting in a smaller supply.In the case of the Three Gorges Dam in China the changes described above now appears to have arrived at a new balance of erosion and sedimentation over a 10-year period in the lower reaches of the river. The impacts on the tidal region have also been linked to the upstream effects of the dam.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why a dammed river is "hungry" for sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: morphology of the riverbed

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the rate of deposition of sediment greatly reduced since there is less to deposit?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a dammed river being "hungry" for sediment?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: morphology of the riverbed

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erodes the river shores and riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: reduced amount of sediment reaching coastal plains and deltas.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: morphology of the riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: bottomland crops

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dams result in reduced sediment load downstream, a dammed river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Downsteam channel erosion of dammed rivers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: bottomland crops

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dams result in reduced sediment load

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river shores

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deepening the riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river shores and riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water table,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Downsteam channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: coastal erosion,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: morphology of the riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erodes the river shores and riverbed,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "hungry" for sediment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: coastal erosion,

text: Volcanoes were active during the retreating phase of the ice age. Some geologists postulate that Lake Todos los Santos and Llanquihue were just one lake in which the Osorno volcano built up until the two water bodies were separated. From then on, lake Todos los Santos had its surface level lifted as successive lava flows from the Osorno blocked the outlet of the lake. At the Petrohue waterfalls, one sees the river flow over such a constraining andesite lava flow. The steep left bank of the river is granodiorite. These volcanoes expel large quantities of loose cinder that in depositing give the rounded conic shape. These cinders are easily washed away by rain and surface water flow, so that the Puntiagudo, an elder brother of the Osorno, is denuded to the hard core of lava frozen inside the volcanic chimney.

text: Volcanoes were active during the retreating phase of the ice age. Some geologists postulate that Lake Todos los Santos and Llanquihue were just one lake in which the Osorno volcano built up until the two water bodies were separated. From then on, lake Todos los Santos had its surface level lifted as successive lava flows from the Osorno blocked the outlet of the lake. At the Petrohue waterfalls, one sees the river flow over such a constraining andesite lava flow. The steep left bank of the river is granodiorite. These volcanoes expel large quantities of loose cinder that in depositing give the rounded conic shape. These cinders are easily washed away by rain and surface water flow, so that the Puntiagudo, an elder brother of the Osorno, is denuded to the hard core of lava frozen inside the volcanic chimney.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: loose cinder or surface water flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are loose cinder particles washed away?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a constraining andesite lava flow?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of the Petrohue waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the volcanoes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, sinkholes or volcanoes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The steep left bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic chimney

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: andesite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: granodiorite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: volcanic chimney

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: granodiorite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain and surface water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface water flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: loose cinder

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are easily washed away by rain

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rounded conic shape

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: easily washed away by rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: cinder

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: volcanic chimney.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: chimney.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: granodiorite.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Petrohue waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rain and surface water flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flow.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: cinder

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: rounded conic shape.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rounded conic shape.

text: PBRs are not known on Earth. Montgomery has said that there could be landforms on Earth that are somewhat similar to PBRs, but to date there's nothing exactly like it, largely because there are not many bedrock landscapes on Earth in which wind is the main erosion agent. "There are very few places ... where you have bedrock exposed at the surface where there isn't also water that is carving valleys, that's shaping the topography. Mars is a different planet, obviously, and the biggest difference is the lack of fluvial action, the lack of water working on the surface."

text: PBRs are not known on Earth. Montgomery has said that there could be landforms on Earth that are somewhat similar to PBRs, but to date there's nothing exactly like it, largely because there are not many bedrock landscapes on Earth in which wind is the main erosion agent. "There are very few places ... where you have bedrock exposed at the surface where there isn't also water that is carving valleys, that's shaping the topography. Mars is a different planet, obviously, and the biggest difference is the lack of fluvial action, the lack of water working on the surface."

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water that is carving valleys

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason for the lack of fluvial action?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the main difference between Mars and Earth?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lack of fluvial action

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: PBR

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lack of fluvial action

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mars is a different planet

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water that is carving valleys,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wind is the main erosion agent.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: PBRs are not known on Earth.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valleys,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valleys,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valleys,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: PBRs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water that is carving valleys,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: PBRs are not known on Earth.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys,

text: With lower river levels in mid-summer, algal blooms have contributed to making slow-flowing areas anoxic. The algal blooms have been attributed as the cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river, as well as of skin reactions in the case of swimmers.

text: With lower river levels in mid-summer,

text: algal bloom

text: s have contributed to making slow-flowing areas anoxic. The algal blooms have been attributed as the cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river, as well as of skin reactions in the case of swimmers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of slowly flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for algal blooms in slow-flowing areas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for algal blooms?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of death of a small number of dogs swimming in the river?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: isosceles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: anoxic

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: algal

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not alive.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slow-flowing areas anoxic.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: With lower river levels in mid-summer,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: anoxic.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: slow-flowing areas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lower river levels in mid-summer, algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lower river levels in mid-summer,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: algal blooms

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: With lower river levels in mid-summer,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: anoxic.

text: The Goyden system floods as a result of excess water overflowing the Scar House dam. This can happen not only following significant rainfall but also by wind action from a westerly or near westerly direction. The wind on a full or nearly full reservoir whips up waves on Scar House Reservoir sending water over the dam that on occasions has pushed down the valley more than one metre depth of water from the reservoir. The caves can therefore flood in a period of no rain but by wind action alone. The water flowing down the valley is typically greater than the capacity of the fissures taking water into Manchester Hole. So most of the water flows past the Manchester Hole and onwards to Goyden Pot Main entrance. At various times old abandoned inlets are re-opened and re-closed by the flood waters allowing water to enter the far reaches of Manchester Hole and Lesser Stream passage of Goyden Pot. The increased flow into Manchester Hole and a pooling effect by the constricted sump 2, with possibly reopened inlets, causes the far end (between the ‘grovel’ and the ‘duck’) of Manchester cave to flood, at times very quickly. Water flowing into Goyden Pot Main entrance falls into the Main Chamber from high level passages from the first and then second and eventually the third window. This water joins the river flowing from Manchester Hole over the cascades and along the Main Stream passage. The swollen river flows through to sump 7 which due to its constricted nature causes the water to back up and flood the system from there all the way back. The rising water enters the roof passage between sump 6 and sump 7 taking with it much debris. The water flows along this passage into Toad Hall and through the 30m sump into Frog Pot, where it joins the New Stream water from Goyden Pot, New Stream sump. The combined flood waters flow into New Goyden Pot via Main Stream inlet to join the increased water from upstream sumps 1 and 2 in New Goyden. This water backing up through the system is first seen to rise in Frog Pot then Guscott Pot, Limley Pot, Church Pot and then Goyden Pot. By this time the far end of Manchester Hole has already flooded by the mechanism mentioned before. The whole system floods completely with the exception of Manchester Hole from the entrance to the ‘grovel’. The latter has been confirmed by leaving markers in the roof of Manchester Hole amongst the flood debris. The markers remained even in very high flood conditions in the rest of the system, which suggests that the flood debris present in the roof dates from before the construction of Scarhouse reservoir. Once Goyden is full water is forced past Goyden Pot Main entrance down the valley on the surface past the village of Lofthouse through to Gouthwaite Reservoir. In severe floods water mushrooms out of Church Pot, Limley Pot and New Goyden Pot, while Guscott Pot and Frog Pot still take water. In the most severe floods the River Nidd rises enough to lap into or small flow into Manchester Hole main entrance.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why the caves can flood in a period of no rain?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment does the rising water take with it

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What does the rising water take with it?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for rapid flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What can happen not only following significant rainfall?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: significant rainfall

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the cascades

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in the caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Manchester Hole.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: New Goyden Pot

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the capacity of the fissures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Main Stream inlet

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Main Chamber

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: New Goyden Pot

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Manchester Hole over the cascades and along the Main Stream passage.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: New Goyden Pot

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The swollen river flows through to sump 7

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: New Goyden Pot

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Manchester Hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Manchester Hole.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Main Stream inlet

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Manchester Hole.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sump 7

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sump 7

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind action from a westerly or near westerly direction.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the cascades

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the far end (between the ‘grovel’ and the ‘duck’)

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cascades

text: Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of the river. At these times the channel is often narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. Whirlpools created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the watercourse increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one and half meters per year.

text: Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of the river. At these times the channel is often narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant

text: bedrock

text: , erosion happens slowly, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed.

text: Whirlpool

text: s created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the watercourse increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one and half meters per year.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sand and stones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Whirlpools

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a canyon or gorge

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over resistant bedrock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: resistant bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: it plucks material from the riverbed.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sand and stones

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: When the river courses over resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand and stones

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Whirlpools

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon or gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Whirlpools

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over resistant bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and stones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Waterfalls

text: Dhoni Waterfalls is located around 15 km from Palakkad and around 34 km from Kollengode Town in Palakkad. An entry pass is required before entering the area. A fee of Rs.100/-(from Aug 15th 2016) will be charged per person. You have to walk 4 km from the bottom of the hill to reach the waterfalls. The roads are not tarred, and one can see water flowing down between the rocks on the way up. No restrictions for carrying food to the top.

text: Dhoni Waterfalls is located around 15 km from Palakkad and around 34 km from Kollengode Town in Palakkad. An entry pass is required before entering the area. A fee of Rs.100/-(from Aug 15th 2016) will be charged per person. You have to walk 4 km from the bottom of the hill to reach the waterfalls. The roads are not tarred, and one can see water flowing down between the rocks on the way up. No restrictions for carrying food to the top.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you feel after walking 4 km to reach the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How would you describe Dhoni Waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Dhoni Waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to visit the waterfalls?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Palakkad

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing down between rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water flowing down between rocks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flowing between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down between rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water flowing down between the rocks on the way up

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: one can see water flowing down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flowing down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water flowing down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flowing down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: No restrictions for carrying food to the top.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: No restrictions for carrying food

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water flowing down between the rocks on the way up.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Dhoni Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dhoni Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The roads are not tarred,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowing down between the rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: No restrictions for carrying food

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Dhoni Waterfalls

text: The Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) is a cave diving organisation which was formed in September 1973 to represent the interests of recreational scuba divers who dive in water‐filled caves and sinkholes principally in the Lower South East (now called the Limestone Coast) of South Australia (SA) and secondly in other parts of Australia.  Its formation occurred after a series of diving fatalities in waterfilled caves and sinkholes in the Mount Gambier region between 1969 and 1973 and in parallel to a South Australian Government inquiry into these deaths.  The CDAA’s major achievement has been the dramatic reduction of fatalities via the introduction of a site rating scheme and an associated testing system which was brought in during the mid-1970s.  While its major area of operation is in the Limestone Coast region of SA, it administers and supports cave diving activity in other parts of Australia including the Nullarbor Plain and Wellington, New South Wales.

text: The Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) is a

text: cave diving

text: organisation which was formed in September 1973 to represent the interests of

text: recreational scuba divers

text: who dive in water‐filled caves and

text: sinkholes

text: principally in the Lower South East (now called the

text: Limestone Coast

text: ) of

text: South Australia

text: (SA) and secondly in other parts of

text: Australia

text: .  Its formation occurred after a series of diving fatalities in waterfilled caves and sinkholes in the Mount Gambier region between 1969 and 1973 and in parallel to a

text: South Australian Government

text: inquiry into these deaths.  The CDAA’s major achievement has been the dramatic reduction of fatalities via the introduction of a site rating scheme and an associated testing system which was brought in during the mid-1970s.  While its major area of operation is in the Limestone Coast region of SA, it administers and supports cave diving activity in other parts of Australia including the

text: Nullarbor Plain

text: and

text: Wellington, New South Wales

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: water filled caves or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of cave diving?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Nullarbor Plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Nullarbor Plain and Wellington, New South Wales

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sinkholes principally in the Lower South East

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Cave Divers Association of Australia

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Cave Divers Association of Australia

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Cave Divers Association of Australia

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Nullarbor Plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: diving fatalities

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: site rating scheme

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water<unk>filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Cave Divers Association of Australia

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Pollutants entering surface waters during precipitation events is termed polluted runoff.  Daily human activities result in deposition of pollutants on roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields, etc.  When it rains or there is irrigation, water runs off and ultimately makes its way to a river, lake, or the ocean.  While there is some attenuation of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity of human activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

text: Pollutants entering surface waters during precipitation events is termed polluted runoff.  Daily human activities result in deposition of pollutants on

text: road

text: s,

text: lawn

text: s,

text: roof

text: s,

text: farm

text: fields, etc.  When it

text: rains

text: or there is

text: irrigation

text: water

text: runs off and ultimately makes its way to a

text: river

text: lake

text: , or the

text: ocean

text: .  While there is some

text: attenuation

text: of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity of

text: human

text: activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: river, lake, or ocean?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: farm fields

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quantity of pollutants

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are not polluted.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river, lake, or the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farm fields,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the quantity of human activity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water runs off

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollutants on roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: polluted runoff.

text: Over 50 million years, driven by movements of compression, low relief which constitutes the Pre-Pyrenees has risen. Glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion which flows off from the foot of it. While continuing to rise, the mountain has erected the cluster of its deposits and thus forms the Plateau de Lannemezan, head of a gigantic  which puts its mark upon much of the southwest, up the Garonne at more than  to the north. High up and submitted to the four winds, the site already assigns itself an identity that would assist in its history and reputation.

text: Over 50 million years, driven by movements of compression, low relief which constitutes the Pre-

text: Pyrenees

text: has risen.

text: Glacier

text: s and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion which flows off from the foot of it. While continuing to rise, the mountain has erected the cluster of its deposits and thus forms the

text: Plateau de Lannemezan

text: , head of a gigantic  which puts its mark upon much of the southwest, up the

text: Garonne

text: at more than  to the north. High up and submitted to the four winds, the site already assigns itself an identity that would assist in its history and reputation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are glaciers and streams that cascade down its slopes subject to mountain erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: low relief

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers and streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glaciers and streams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glaciers and streams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down its slopes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the mountain has erected the cluster

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a cluster of its deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: low relief

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Glaciers and streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flows off from the foot of it.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: cascade down its slopes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mountain erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Over 50 million years,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Plateau de Lannemezan,

text: Bank erosion at cutbanks on the outside of meanders combined with deposition of point bars on the inside of meanders cause channel migration. The greatest bank erosion often occurs just downstream of the meander apex, causing downstream migration as the high velocity flow eats away at the bank as it is forced around the meander curve. Avulsion is another process of channel migration that occurs much more rapidly than the gradual migration process of cutbank erosion and point bar deposition. Avulsion occurs when lateral migration causes two meanders to become so close that the river bank between them is breached, causing the joining of the meanders and the creation of two channels. When the original channel is cut off from the new channel by the deposition of sediments, oxbow lakes are formed. Channel migration is important to sustaining diverse aquatic and riparian habitats The migration causes sediments and woody debris to enter the river, and creates areas of new floodplain on the inside of the meander.

text: Bank erosion at cutbanks on the outside of meanders combined with deposition of point bars on the inside of meanders cause

text: channel migration

text: . The greatest bank erosion often occurs just downstream of the meander apex, causing downstream migration as the high velocity flow eats away at the bank as it is forced around the meander curve.

text: Avulsion

text: is another process of channel migration that occurs much more rapidly than the gradual migration process of cutbank erosion and point bar deposition. Avulsion occurs when lateral migration causes two meanders to become so close that the river bank between them is breached, causing the joining of the meanders and the creation of two channels. When the original channel is cut off from the new channel by the deposition of sediments, oxbow lakes are formed. Channel migration is important to sustaining diverse aquatic and riparian habitats The migration causes sediments and woody debris to enter the river, and creates areas of new floodplain on the inside of the meander.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which process of channel migration occurs much more rapidly than the gradual migration process?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or woody debris?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of oxbow lakes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of habitat?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: oxbow lakes or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Avulsion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breached

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cutbanks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high velocity flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Avulsion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: bank erosion at cutbanks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: woody debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cutbanks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Avulsion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: downstream migration

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments and woody debris

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: gradual migration process of cutbank erosion and point bar deposition.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Avulsion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Channel migration is important to sustaining diverse aquatic and riparian habitats

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Avulsion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Bank erosion at cutbanks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: downstream migration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: just downstream of the meander apex,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream of the meander apex,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: woody debris

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: channel migration.

text: The Pa'ar Cave () is a karstic sinkhole in the Upper Galilee, Israel. The cave is located between the Adir peak (part of the Meron range), and kibbutz Sasa. The sinkhole channels the water flowing from the Pa'ar stream to groundwater level.

text: The Pa'ar Cave () is a

text: karstic

text: sinkhole

text: in the

text: Upper Galilee

text: Israel

text: . The cave is located between the Adir peak (part of the

text: Meron

text: range), and

text: kibbutz

text: Sasa

text: . The sinkhole channels the water flowing from the Pa'ar stream to

text: groundwater

text: level.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water in the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Pa'ar Cave?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The sinkhole channels the water flowing from the Pa'ar stream to groundwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Pa'ar stream to groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Pa'ar stream to groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flowing from the Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Pa'ar stream to groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Pa'ar Cave

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karstic

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karstic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karstic sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karstic sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing from the Pa'ar stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karstic sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flowing from the Pa'ar stream to groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Pa'ar Cave () is a karstic

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karstic sinkhole

text: A tuff cone, sometimes called an ash cone, is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a  deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of  above the crater floor and steep slopes that are greater than 25 degrees. They typically have a rim to rim diameter of . A tuff cone consists typically of thick-bedded pyroclastic flow and surge deposits created by eruption-fed density currents and bomb-scoria beds derived from fallout from its eruption column. The tuffs composing a tuff cone have commonly been altered, palagonitized, by either its interaction with groundwater or when it was deposited warm and wet. The pyroclastic deposits of tuff cones differ from the pyroclastic deposits of spatter cones by their lack or paucity of lava spatter, smaller grain-size, and excellent bedding. Typically, but not always, tuff cones lack associated lava flows.

text: A tuff cone, sometimes called an ash cone, is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by

text: phreatic

text: (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a  deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of  above the crater floor and steep slopes that are greater than 25 degrees. They typically have a rim to rim diameter of . A tuff cone consists typically of thick-bedded pyroclastic flow and surge deposits created by eruption-fed density currents and bomb-scoria beds derived from fallout from its eruption column. The tuffs composing a tuff cone have commonly been altered,

text: palagonitized

text: , by either its interaction with groundwater or when it was deposited warm and wet. The pyroclastic deposits of tuff cones differ from the pyroclastic deposits of spatter cones by their lack or paucity of lava spatter, smaller grain-size, and excellent bedding. Typically, but not always, tuff cones lack associated lava flows.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: tuffs composing a tuff cone or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: grain-size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are tuffs composing a tuff cone altered, palagonitized?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for tuff cones to lack associated lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not a tuff cone?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tuff cone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tuff cone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tuff cone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: spatter cone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater and what else?

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: tuff cones lack associated lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: tuff cones

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bomb-scoria beds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: tuff cones lack associated lava flows.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: spatter cones

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: palagonitized,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: smaller grain-size,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: warm and wet.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lava flows.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: tuff cone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: palagonitized, by either its interaction with groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tuff cone have commonly been altered, palagonitized,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bomb-scoria beds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bomb-scoria beds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bomb-scoria beds

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eruption-fed density currents and bomb-scoria beds

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: warm and wet.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: tuff cone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tuffs

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A tuff cone,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tuff cone,

text: These diversions added about  to the Kitchen Creek drainage basin, increasing it by just over 50 percent. The result was increased water flow in Kitchen Creek, which has been cutting the falls in the glens since. The gradient or slope of Kitchen Creek was fairly stable for its flow when it had a much smaller drainage basin, as Phillips Creek to the east still does. Kitchen Creek is now too steep for its present amount of water flow, and over time erosion will decrease the creek's slope and make it less steep. There are rocks with glacial striations visible within the park.

text: These diversions added about  to the Kitchen Creek drainage basin, increasing it by just over 50 percent. The result was increased water flow in Kitchen Creek, which has been cutting the falls in the glens since. The gradient or slope of Kitchen Creek was fairly stable for its flow when it had a much smaller drainage basin, as Phillips Creek to the east still does. Kitchen Creek is now too steep for its present amount of water flow, and over time erosion will decrease the creek's slope and make it less steep. There are rocks with

text: glacial striation

text: s visible within the park.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of Kitchen Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large is the drainage basin?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Kitchen Creek?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Kitchen Creek, Phillips Creek, or Phillips Creek?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Kitchen Creek?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Kitchen Creek, Phillips Creek, or Phillips Creek?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: striations

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Increased water flow in Kitchen Creek?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the slope of the creek

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: There are rocks with glacial striations visible within the park

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: cutting the falls in the glens

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Kitchen Creek is now too steep

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a much smaller drainage basin,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: increased water flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Kitchen Creek is now too steep

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: increased water flow in Kitchen Creek,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rocks with glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: drainage basin,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: decrease the creek's slope and make it less steep.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Kitchen Creek is now too steep for its present amount of water flow,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the falls in the glens

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: glacial striations

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glacial striations

text: In north Germany there are numerous salt domes under the ground – relicts of the Zechstein Sea from the Permian period, which were later relocated and deformed tectonically. When rock salt comes into contact with ground water it leaches away; i.e. the salt is absorbed by the water and transported off. This can lead to the development of large underground caverns that finally cave in. Sometimes such an event at a depth of several hundred metres can result in the ground collapsing right up to the surface. This results in prominent, often steep-sided and deep hollows called sinkholes or dolines (although dolines can have other morphogenetic causes, particularly in karst regions). Many of these funnel-shaped hollows remain dry, in others water collects that can later become marshy. Sinkholes are geologically often very recent; it is not uncommon for them to be only a few thousand years old and many hollows only date back a few hundred years.

text: In north Germany there are numerous

text: salt domes

text: under the ground – relicts of the Zechstein Sea from the

text: Permian

text: period, which were later relocated and deformed

text: tectonically

text: . When

text: rock salt

text: comes into contact with ground water it leaches away; i.e. the salt is absorbed by the water and transported off. This can lead to the development of large underground caverns that finally cave in. Sometimes such an event at a depth of several hundred metres can result in the ground collapsing right up to the surface. This results in prominent, often steep-sided and deep hollows called

text: sinkholes

text: or dolines (although dolines can have other

text: morphogenetic

text: causes, particularly in

text: karst

text: regions). Many of these funnel-shaped hollows remain dry, in others water collects that can later become marshy. Sinkholes are geologically often very recent; it is not uncommon for them to be only a few thousand years old and many hollows only date back a few hundred years.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can lead to the development of large underground caverns that finally cave in

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep can sinkholes be?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a result of rock salt coming into contact with ground water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What can lead to the development of large underground caverns that finally cave in?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What can lead to the development of large underground caverns that finally cave in?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true of funnel-shaped hollows?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: marsh

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dolines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: funnel-shaped

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: marshy

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: karst regions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marsh

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are geologically often very recent

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: When rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: When rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steep-sided

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: When rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: When rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry, in others water collects that can later become marshy.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: steep-sided and deep hollows called sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: When rock salt

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: marshy.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes or dolines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dolines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: When rock salt comes into contact with ground water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a few thousand years old

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: About 200 million years ago, as the continent of North America began rifting apart from Africa and Eurasia, a series of erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows created this layer cake. Faulting and earthquakes tilted the layers; subsequent erosion and glacial activity exposed the tilted "layers" of sandstone, basalt, and erosion-resistant conglomerate visible today. Although not composed of basalt trap rock, Sugarloaf Mountain is a closely associated with the Metacomet Ridge by virtue of its origin via the same rifting and uplift that created those mountains.

text: About 200 million years ago, as the continent of

text: North America

text: began rifting apart from

text: Africa

text: and

text: Eurasia

text: , a series of

text: erosion

text: and

text: deposition

text: episodes interspersed with basalt

text: lava

text: flows created this layer cake. Faulting and earthquakes tilted the layers; subsequent erosion and

text: glacial

text: activity exposed the tilted "layers" of sandstone, basalt, and erosion-resistant conglomerate visible today. Although not composed of basalt

text: trap rock

text: , Sugarloaf Mountain is a closely associated with the Metacomet Ridge by virtue of its origin via the same rifting and uplift that created those mountains.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: basalt lava flows or glacial activity?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or glacial activity?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Metacomet Ridge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: layer cake

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: layer cake

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: layer cake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial activity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: basalt lava flows created this layer cake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layer cake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion-resistant conglomerate

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: layer cake.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: layer cake.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: layer cake.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: layer cake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial activity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion and deposition episodes interspersed with basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not composed of basalt trap rock,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layer cake.

text: There are three iron ranges in northern Minnesota, the Cuyuna, the Vermilion, and the Mesabi.  Most of the world's iron ore, including that contained in northern Minnesota, was formed during the middle Precambrian period. During this period, erosion leveled mountains. This erosion released iron and silica into the waters of a new sea. Marine algae living in this new sea raised the level of atmospheric oxygen. This oxygen catastrophe caused the eroded iron to precipitate into the banded iron formations found in northern Minnesota and other members of the Animikie Group.  Over billions of years, geological forces left behind ore deposits of varied quality and concentrations – differences that would determine how the ore was mined from place to place. On the Vermilion Range, between Soudan and Ely, lay the deepest veins of ore. There, miners worked in deep underground mines, blasting the ore from volcanic bedrock.  On the Mesabi Range, stretching  from Grand Rapids to Babbitt, soft ore lay close to the surface, where it could be scooped from open pit mines.

text: There are three iron ranges in northern Minnesota, the Cuyuna, the Vermilion, and the Mesabi.  Most of the world's iron ore, including that contained in northern Minnesota, was formed during the middle

text: Precambrian

text: period. During this period, erosion leveled mountains. This erosion released iron and

text: silica

text: into the waters of a new sea.

text: Marine algae

text: living in this new sea raised the level of atmospheric oxygen. This

text: oxygen catastrophe

text: caused the eroded iron to

text: precipitate

text: into the

text: banded iron formation

text: s found in northern Minnesota and other members of the

text: Animikie Group

text: .  Over billions of years, geological forces left behind ore deposits of varied quality and concentrations – differences that would determine how the ore was mined from place to place. On the Vermilion Range, between Soudan and Ely, lay the deepest veins of ore. There, miners worked in deep underground mines, blasting the ore from volcanic bedrock.  On the Mesabi Range, stretching  from Grand Rapids to Babbitt, soft ore lay close to the surface, where it could be scooped from open pit mines.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: iron, silica, or water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: iron ore?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: Vermilion, Soudan, or Babbitt?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Vermilion, Soudan, or the Mesabi?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: Vermilion Range, Soudan or Ely?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground mines

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Vermilion Range

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: new sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: geological forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Iron formations

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quality and concentrations

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a new sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep underground mines, blasting the ore

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Animikie Group

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Marine algae living in this new sea raised the level of atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ore deposits of varied quality and concentrations

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: iron and silica

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soft ore lay close to the surface,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: three iron ranges in northern Minnesota,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deep underground mines, blasting the ore from volcanic bedrock.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion leveled mountains.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground mines,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion leveled mountains.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Animikie Group.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Marine algae

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion leveled mountains.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: iron and silica

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: banded iron formations

text: Environmental issues in Kenya include deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, water shortage and degraded water quality, flooding, poaching, and domestic and industrial pollution.

text: Environmental issues

text: in

text: Kenya

text: include

text: deforestation

text: soil erosion

text: desertification

text: water shortage

text: and degraded

text: water quality

text: flooding

text: poaching

text: , and domestic and industrial

text: pollution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an environmental issue in Kenya: deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, or water shortage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not an environmental issue in Kenya?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an environmental issue in Kenya?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an environmental issue in Kenya?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: desertification

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites do not contain water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: domestic and industrial pollution.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion, desertification, water shortage and degraded water quality,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: desertification,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water shortage and degraded water quality,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water shortage and degraded water quality,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water shortage and degraded water quality,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding,

text: The sinkhole's name is attributed to the property of its water to turn blue in colour on an annual basis in a similar manner to the Blue Lake.  However in more recent times the sinkhole generally remains  green in colour throughout most of the year. This is believed by some to be due to groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers increasing the nutrient levels.   The lake is also known as Baby Blue and is referenced in caving literature by its Cave Exploration Group of South Australia (CEGSA) Inc. identification number, 5L9.

text: The sinkhole's name is attributed to the property of its water to turn

text: blue

text: in colour on an annual basis in a similar manner to the

text: Blue Lake

text: .  However in more recent times the sinkhole generally remains

text: green

text: in colour throughout most of the year. This is believed by some to be due to groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers increasing the nutrient levels.   The lake is also known as Baby Blue and is referenced in caving literature by its Cave Exploration Group of South Australia (CEGSA) Inc. identification number, 5L9.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the sinkhole attributed to?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the sinkhole's water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: nutrient levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the sinkhole generally remains green in colour throughout most of the year

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Blue Lake.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Blue Lake.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Blue Lake.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: The sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole's

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater pollution from agricultural fertilizers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: nutrient levels.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: green in colour throughout most of the year.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole's

text: The landslide caused by the quake blocked the flow of the Madison River. The blockage caused the water to rise and formed a new lake, which was later to be named Quake Lake. Fearing that the pressure caused by the rising water would result in a catastrophic flood, the Army Corps of Engineers began to cut a 250 ft (76.2 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) deep channel into the slide. By September 10, water began to flow through the channel. To prevent more erosion by the flowing water, the Army Corps cut another  (15.2 m) channel which was completed on October 29. The construction of the two channels cost $1.7 million (1959 US$).

text: The landslide caused by the quake blocked the flow of the

text: Madison River

text: . The blockage caused the water to rise and formed a new lake, which was later to be named

text: Quake Lake

text: . Fearing that the pressure caused by the rising water would result in a catastrophic flood, the

text: Army Corps of Engineers

text: began to cut a 250 ft (76.2 m) wide and 14 ft (4.3 m) deep channel into the slide. By September 10, water began to flow through the channel. To prevent more erosion by the flowing water, the Army Corps cut another  (15.2 m) channel which was completed on October 29. The construction of the two channels cost $1.7 million (1959 US$).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the Army Corps of Engineers?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Madison River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 14 ft

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why did the Army Corps cut another channel?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why did the Army Corps of Engineers cut another channel?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did the Army Corps cut a channel into the slide?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Army Corps cut another (15.2 m) channel which was completed on October 29

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Why did the Army Corps of Engineers begin to cut a 250 ft wide and 14 ft deep channel into the slide?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: catastrophic flood

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Quake Lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Quake Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a catastrophic flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Quake Lake was named after a quake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a new lake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 14 ft (4.3 m) deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 250 ft

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Quake Lake.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Quake Lake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressure caused by the rising water would result in a catastrophic flood,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion by the flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The landslide

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Quake Lake.

text: Rising sea levels have submerged a number of different sites, such as Stingray Lagoon and Wild Cane Cay, in Belize. At Stingray Lagoon, artifacts related to the production of salt, including pottery used to boil down brine, a process known as sal cocida, were found underwater .   Evidence suggests Wild Cane Cay,  was used as a trading post with deposits submerged about a meter underwater dating from both the Classic and Post Classic periods. Similarly submerged remains extend about a meter to a meter and a half in depth at other sites in the Port Honduras, suggesting a dramatically different environment at the time of occupation.  The speed at which a site becomes inundated can have major effects on the condition of the remains.  A gradual rise in water levels partially exposes the remains to erosion through the wave force, and a fast rise in water levels could leave a completely submerged site relatively undamaged.  As a result the condition of underwater remains and the amount of decay can infer insights into the location and the cause of its abandonment, however every site is different what can be true of one archeological site may not be true for another.

text: Rising sea levels

text: have submerged a number of different sites, such as Stingray Lagoon and Wild Cane Cay, in

text: Belize

text: . At Stingray Lagoon, artifacts related to the production of salt, including pottery used to boil down brine, a process known as sal cocida, were found underwater .   Evidence suggests Wild Cane Cay,  was used as a trading post with deposits submerged about a meter underwater dating from both the

text: Classic

text: and

text: Post Classic

text: periods. Similarly submerged remains extend about a meter to a meter and a half in depth at other sites in the

text: Port Honduras

text: , suggesting a dramatically different environment at the time of occupation.  The speed at which a site becomes inundated can have major effects on the condition of the remains.  A gradual rise in water levels partially exposes the remains to erosion through the

text: wave force

text: , and a fast rise in water levels could leave a completely submerged site relatively undamaged.  As a result the condition of underwater remains and the amount of decay can infer insights into the location and the cause of its abandonment, however every site is different what can be true of one archeological site may not be true for another.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: A gradual rise in water levels partially exposes the remains to erosion through the wave force

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of the condition of underwater remains and the amount of decay?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep are the submerged remains?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A gradual rise in water levels partially exposes the remains to erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What can infer insights into the location and the cause of its abandonment?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stingray lagoon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wave force

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed at which a site becomes inundated

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unamended

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wave force

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion through the wave force,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion through the wave force,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: undamaged.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gradual rise in water levels

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Stingray Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion through the wave force,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Stingray Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underwater remains

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sal cocida,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Stingray Lagoon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a fast rise in water levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wave force,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: remains to erosion through the wave force,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: undamaged.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wave force,

text: It is not known for certain when, but at some point in the distant past the St. Joseph and St. Marys Rivers jumped their banks and flooded the marshy ground of the Fort Wayne Outlet. Thedischarge of this unusual flood was enough to cut across the outlet and come into contactwith the headwaters of the Maumee River. Once this happened, the flood waters rushed tothe east into the Maumee River, and their erosive force was enough that the new channel cut across the Fort Wayne Outlet into the Maumee River was at a lower elevation thanthat of the sluiceway. This meant that when the flood waters receded, the sluiceway waspermanently abandoned by the two rivers. As a result of capturing them both, the Maumee was converted from a minor creek to a large river. Once again, riverwaters flowed through the Fort Wayne Outlet, but now they flowed eastward, towardLake Erie, instead of westward.  Following this event, the branch of the Wabash River that originates along the WabashMoraine near Bluffton became the system's main course and source.

text: It is not known for certain when, but at some point in the distant past the St. Joseph and St. Marys Rivers jumped their banks and flooded the marshy ground of the Fort Wayne Outlet. Thedischarge of this unusual flood was enough to cut across the outlet and come into contactwith the headwaters of the Maumee River. Once this happened, the flood waters rushed tothe east into the Maumee River, and their erosive force was enough that the new channel cut across the Fort Wayne Outlet into the Maumee River was at a lower elevation thanthat of the sluiceway. This meant that when the flood waters receded, the sluiceway waspermanently abandoned by the two rivers. As a result of

text: capturing

text: them both, the Maumee was converted from a minor creek to a large river. Once again, riverwaters flowed through the Fort Wayne Outlet, but now they flowed eastward, towardLake Erie, instead of westward.  Following this event, the branch of the Wabash River that originates along the WabashMoraine near Bluffton became the system's main course and source.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How did the flood waters cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Maumee River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the erosive force of the flood waters?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the St. Joseph and St. Marys Rivers?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing or fast flowing?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outlet

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: their erosive force

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eastward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: WabashMoraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sluiceway

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: lower elevation

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the flood waters

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the flood waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded the marshy ground

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: marshy ground of the Fort Wayne Outlet.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Fort Wayne Outlet.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood waters receded,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eastward,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sluiceway

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sluiceway.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sluiceway.

text: With the regular flooding of settlements in the UK, a rethink on flood risk management was initiated. One of the proposals put forward was containing flood waters at source to prevent large volumes of water flowing downstream causing soil erosion and flooding of properties.

text: With the regular flooding of settlements in the UK, a rethink on flood risk management was initiated. One of the proposals put forward was containing flood waters at source to prevent large volumes of water flowing downstream causing soil erosion and flooding of properties.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to contain flood waters at source?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: source

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil type

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites do not contain water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: large volumes of water flowing downstream causing soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: containing flood waters at source to prevent large volumes of water flowing downstream

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: source

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: large volumes of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding of properties.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil erosion and flooding of properties.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

text: On the southwestern side of the lake, a stone bridge crosses an inlet leading to the portion of the lake that is referred to as the "Lily Pond" and near the farthest end of it to the west of the base of "Shady Point" is a small dam used to draw down lake levels from October to May in order to prevent shore erosion and damage to docks during the winter. The water traveling over that dam flows south to the Lake of the Pines.

text: On the southwestern side of the lake, a stone bridge crosses an inlet leading to the portion of the lake that is referred to as the "Lily Pond" and near the farthest end of it to the west of the base of "Shady Point" is a small dam used to draw down lake levels from October to May in order to prevent shore erosion and damage to docks during the winter. The water traveling over that dam flows south to the Lake of the Pines.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the purpose of the small dam?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the small dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the purpose of the small dam?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lily Pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: damage to docks

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lake levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lake levels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in the lake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shady point

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Lake of the Pines.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The water traveling over that dam flows south to the Lake of the Pines.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shore erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "Lily Pond"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "Lily Pond"

text: The hydrology of the area consists mainly of three rivers. The Dobravka River is a continuation of two non-karst streams: Grosupeljščica Creek and Podlomščica Creek. It meanders for nearly  through the karst field and then disappears into the ground. Both of the true karst streams, Zelenka Creek and Šica Creek, originate at karst springs on the edge of the karst field and then flow across it from the west toward the east. Zelenka Creek meanders through the karst field for  and is dry during periods of drought. Šica Creek is fed by two springs at its source and meanders for . During flooding all three watercourses flow together and flow into Inlet Cave () at the southeast end of the karst field. Sometimes, when the water does not drain quickly enough, a karst lake forms, reaching as far as the first houses in Velika Račna. The road connecting the region to Grosuplje also often floods, and on 24 October 1993 a flood lasting three weeks flooded the fire station in Velika Račna. All of the water that drains on the east edge of the karst field flows underground to the source of the Krka River, which is about  away as the crow flies. Because water covers potential farmland for part of the year, barriers have been built at both sinkholes into Inlet Cave to catch branches and other debris and allow the water to drain faster. Karst hydrology studies have shown that narrow areas in the depths of the cave that are inaccessible to human exploration are a significant factor in the speed of drainage through the sinkholes.

text: The hydrology of the area consists mainly of three rivers. The Dobravka River is a continuation of two non-karst streams: Grosupeljščica Creek and Podlomščica Creek. It meanders for nearly  through the karst field and then disappears into the ground. Both of the true karst streams, Zelenka Creek and Šica Creek, originate at karst springs on the edge of the karst field and then flow across it from the west toward the east. Zelenka Creek meanders through the karst field for  and is dry during periods of drought. Šica Creek is fed by two springs at its source and meanders for . During flooding all three watercourses flow together and flow into Inlet Cave () at the southeast end of the karst field. Sometimes, when the water does not drain quickly enough, a karst lake forms, reaching as far as the first houses in Velika Račna. The road connecting the region to Grosuplje also often floods, and on 24 October 1993 a flood lasting three weeks flooded the fire station in Velika Račna. All of the water that drains on the east edge of the karst field flows underground to the source of the

text: Krka River

text: , which is about  away as the crow flies. Because water covers potential farmland for part of the year, barriers have been built at both sinkholes into Inlet Cave to catch branches and other debris and allow the water to drain faster. Karst hydrology studies have shown that narrow areas in the depths of the cave that are inaccessible to human exploration are a significant factor in the speed of drainage through the sinkholes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How long does Zelenka Creek meander?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: narrow areas in the depths of the cave

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How long does Zelenka Creek meander?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Because water covers potential farmland for part of the year

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Why have barriers been built at both sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karst field

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst field

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: karst lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Dobravka River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the karst field

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are inaccessible to human exploration

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: barriers have been built at both sinkholes into Inlet Cave

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: quickly enough,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: narrow areas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Krka River,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: barriers have been built at both sinkholes into Inlet Cave

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Krka River,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Velika Ra<unk>na.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Because water covers potential farmland

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: barriers have been built at both sinkholes into Inlet Cave

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Inlet Cave

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: karst field

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: karst lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: branches and other debris

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground to the source of the Krka River,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: human exploration

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: karst lake

text: In other regions of the world (e.g. western Europe), runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of stratiform rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil. In such situations, rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water.

text: In other regions of the world (e.g.

text: western Europe

text: ), runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of

text: stratiform rainfall

text: falling onto previously saturated soil. In such situations, rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the main factor determining the severity of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall amount

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: previously saturated soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by water erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rainfall amount rather than intensity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rainfall amount

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall amount rather than intensity

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low intensities

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rainfall amount rather than intensity

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: saturated soil.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: relatively low intensities of stratiform rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall amount

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: saturated soil.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: low intensities

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: In-depth analysis of surface-water components of the hydrologic cycle: hydrometeorology, evaporation/transpiration, rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology, fluid mechanics, and statistical and probabilistic methods in hydrology.Surface-water hydrology includes the relation between rainfall and surface runoff; this relationship is an important aspect of water resources for sewerage (wastewater) or (sewage), drinking water, agriculture (irrigation) environmental protection, and for flood control.

text: In-depth analysis of surface-water components of the hydrologic cycle: hydrometeorology, evaporation/transpiration,

text: rainfall-runoff relationships

text: , open-channel flow, flood hydrology, fluid mechanics, and statistical and probabilistic methods in hydrology.Surface-water hydrology includes the relation between rainfall and

text: surface runoff

text: ; this relationship is an important aspect of

text: water resources

text: for

text: sewerage

text: wastewater

text: ) or (

text: sewage

text: drinking water

text: , agriculture (

text: irrigation

text: ) environmental protection, and for

text: flood control

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the relationship between rainfall and runoff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fluid mechanics

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension, clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: surface-water components of the hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the relationship between rainfall and surface runoff?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood hydrology

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood hydrology

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood hydrology

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: open-channel flow

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall and runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: open-channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: open-channel flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: open-channel flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: open-channel flow, flood hydrology, fluid mechanics,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: agriculture (irrigation)

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sewerage

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow, flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flood hydrology,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evaporation/transpiration,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainfall-runoff relationships, open-channel flow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface runoff;

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In-depth analysis of surface-water components of the hydrologic cycle:

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood hydrology,

text: Changing (increasing or decreasing) the flow of water through the core is the normal and convenient method for controlling power from approximately 30% to 100% reactor power. When operating on the so-called "100% rod line," power may be varied from approximately 30% to 100% of rated power by changing the reactor recirculation system flow by varying the speed of the recirculation pumps or modulating flow control valves. As flow of water through the core is increased, steam bubbles ("voids") are more quickly removed from the core, the amount of liquid water in the core increases, neutron moderation increases, more neutrons are slowed down to be absorbed by the fuel, and reactor power increases. As flow of water through the core is decreased, steam voids remain longer in the core, the amount of liquid water in the core decreases, neutron moderation decreases, fewer neutrons are slowed down to be absorbed by the fuel, and reactor power decreases.

text: Changing (increasing or decreasing) the flow of water through the core is the normal and convenient method for controlling power from approximately 30% to 100% reactor power. When operating on the so-called "100% rod line," power may be varied from approximately 30% to 100% of rated power by changing the reactor recirculation system flow by varying the speed of the recirculation pumps or modulating flow control valves. As flow of water through the core is increased, steam bubbles ("voids") are more quickly removed from the core, the amount of liquid water in the core increases, neutron moderation increases, more neutrons are slowed down to be absorbed by the fuel, and reactor power increases. As flow of water through the core is decreased, steam voids remain longer in the core, the amount of liquid water in the core decreases, neutron moderation decreases, fewer neutrons are slowed down to be absorbed by the fuel, and reactor power decreases.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the normal and convenient method for controlling power

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water through the core?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the normal and convenient method for controlling power from approximately 30% to 100%?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: voids

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Neutron moderation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: neutron moderation increases

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the core

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: steam voids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: fewer neutrons are slowed down to be absorbed by the fuel

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: steam voids

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: As flow of water through the core is increased,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: decreased, steam voids remain longer in the core,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steam voids remain longer in the core,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: steam bubbles

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 30% to 100% reactor power.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: decreased, steam voids remain longer in the core,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: decreased, steam voids remain longer in the core,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 30% to 100% reactor power.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 30% to 100% reactor power.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: As flow of water through the core is increased,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: steam bubbles

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "100% rod line,"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: steam bubbles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: reactor power decreases.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: steam voids remain longer in the core,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: steam voids

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: longer

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: steam voids

text: Flood control channels are a series of large and empty (except when a flood is actually present) open-air channels that extend below the street levels of some larger cities, so that if and when a flood occurs, the flood will run into the channels, and proceed to be drained to the proper body of water. Flood control channels are sometimes built on the former courses of waterways as a way to reduce flooding. They are not to be confused with watercourses which are simply confined between levees. These structures may be made entirely of concrete, with concrete sides and an exposed bottom, with riprap sides and an exposed bottom, or completely unlined. They often contain grade control sills or weirs to prevent erosion and maintain a level streambed. By definition, flood control channels range from the size of a street gutter to a few hundred or even a few thousand feet wide in some rare cases. Flood control channels are found in most heavily developed areas in the world. One city which contains many of these channels is Los Angeles, as they became mandatory with the passage of the Flood Control Act of 1941, passed in the wake of the Los Angeles Flood of 1938.

text: Flood control channels are a series of large and empty (except when a

text: flood

text: is actually present) open-air channels that extend below the street levels of some larger

text: cities

text: , so that if and when a flood occurs, the flood will run into the channels, and proceed to be drained to the proper body of

text: water

text: . Flood control channels are sometimes built on the former courses of waterways as a way to reduce flooding. They are not to be confused with watercourses which are simply confined between

text: levee

text: s. These structures may be made entirely of

text: concrete

text: , with concrete sides and an exposed bottom, with

text: riprap

text: sides and an exposed bottom, or completely unlined. They often contain grade control sills or

text: weir

text: s to prevent

text: erosion

text: and maintain a level streambed. By definition, flood control channels range from the size of a

text: street gutter

text: to a few hundred or even a few thousand feet wide in some rare cases. Flood control channels are found in most heavily developed areas in the world. One city which contains many of these channels is

text: Los Angeles

text: , as they became mandatory with the passage of the

text: Flood Control Act of 1941

text: , passed in the wake of the

text: Los Angeles Flood of 1938

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe a flood control channel?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of structure: grade control sills or weirs?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: streambed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: grade control sills

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: level streambed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a flood control channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: level streambed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not to be confused with watercourses which are simply confined between levees

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: level streambed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion and maintain a level streambed.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and maintain a level streambed.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: streambed.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion and maintain a level streambed.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riprap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: streambed.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levees.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: grade control sills or weirs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: grade control sills or weirs

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: grade control sills or weirs

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion and maintain a level streambed.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Flood control channels

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: streambed.

text: Ma'adim Vallis is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars' history. Some of the short narrow channels along the walls of Ma'adim are probably sapping channels. Sapping occurs when groundwater partially dissolves and undermines the rock, which collapses into debris deposits and is carried away by other erosion processes.

text: Ma'adim Vallis is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars' history. Some of the short narrow channels along the walls of Ma'adim are probably

text: sapping channel

text: s.

text: Sapping

text: occurs when

text: groundwater

text: partially dissolves and undermines the rock, which collapses into debris deposits and is carried away by other erosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Vallis

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ma'adim

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sapping channels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sapping

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sapping channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater partially dissolves

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sapping channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sapping channels.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: short narrow channels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion processes.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sapping channels.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ma'adim Vallis

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sapping channels.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sapping channels. Sapping

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sapping channels.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sapping

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sapping channels. Sapping

text: The retention of the fresh water may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion.  If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach.

text: The retention of the fresh water may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion.  If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of longshore flows?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breach

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: salt water incursion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: diverted and concentrated by drains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: above the beach

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: salt water incursion will resist salt water incursion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: longshore flows deposit sediments

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: longshore flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: longshore flows deposit sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: If the surface flow of the runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: longshore flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: constant flows

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The retention of the fresh water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: longshore flows deposit sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: salt water incursion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground water reserves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: longshore flows

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: inlet

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flows over the beach above the sea or river level,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: salt water incursion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: inlet

text: Since surface erosion is easier to control than bulk erosion, surface erosion is preferred in drug delivery where the release of the drug must be constant or be controlled by changing the dimensions of the material.  A zero order release of a drug can be possible with surface erosion if a very thin material is used or if surface area is kept constant.  Surface erosion is also useful for protecting water-soluble drugs until the time of desired drug release, because water will not penetrate through the polymer matrix and reach the drug until all the surrounding polymer has degraded.  However, bulk erosion can be useful in situations that do not require controlled release, such as plastic degradation.

text: Since surface erosion is easier to control than bulk erosion, surface erosion is preferred in

text: drug delivery

text: where the release of the drug must be constant or be controlled by changing the dimensions of the material.  A zero order release of a drug can be possible with surface erosion if a very thin material is used or if surface area is kept constant.  Surface erosion is also useful for protecting water-soluble drugs until the time of desired drug release, because water will not penetrate through the polymer matrix and reach the drug until all the surrounding polymer has degraded.  However, bulk erosion can be useful in situations that do not require controlled release, such as plastic degradation.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is easier to control than bulk erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: surface erosion or bulk erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Degradation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bulk

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: bulk erosion is easier to control than bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bulk erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a very thin material is used or if surface area is kept constant.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Since surface erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface erosion

text: By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water, Viking orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars. Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.  Large areas in the southern hemisphere contained branched valley networks, suggesting that rain once fell. The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those occurring on Hawaiian volcanoes. Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then the mud flowed across the surface.  Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down. It does not flow across the surface, going around obstacles, as it does on some Martian craters.  Regions, called "chaotic terrain", seemed to have quickly lost great volumes of water which caused large channels to form downstream. The amount of water involved was almost unthinkable—estimates for some channel flows run to ten thousand times the flow of the Mississippi River. Underground volcanism may have melted frozen ice; the water then flowed away and the ground just collapsed to leave chaotic terrain.

text: By discovering many geological forms that are typically formed from large amounts of water,

text: Viking

text: orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars. Huge river valleys were found in many areas. They showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.  Large areas in the southern hemisphere contained branched

text: valley networks

text: , suggesting that rain once fell. The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those occurring on Hawaiian volcanoes. Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then the mud flowed across the surface.  Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down. It does not flow across the surface, going around obstacles, as it does on some Martian craters.  Regions, called "chaotic terrain", seemed to have quickly lost great volumes of water which caused large channels to form downstream. The amount of water involved was almost unthinkable—estimates for some channel flows run to ten thousand times the flow of the

text: Mississippi River

text: . Underground volcanism may have melted frozen ice; the water then flowed away and the ground just collapsed to leave chaotic

text: terrain

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the flow of the Mississippi River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does material from an impact go up, then down?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of geological formation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which river valleys were found in many areas?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a geological form that are typically formed from large amounts of water?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep valleys

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river valleys

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through dams

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: grooves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eroded grooves into bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: going around obstacles,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: floods of water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: It does not flow across the surface,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ten thousand times the flow of the Mississippi River.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods of water broke through dams,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Huge river valleys

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: eroded grooves into bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river valleys

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: grooves into bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eroded grooves into bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Normally, material from an impact goes up, then down.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods of water broke through dams,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: floods of water broke through dams,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: up,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: formed from large amounts of water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: grooves into bedrock,

text: The cement industry is one of the primary producers of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Concrete causes damage to the most fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil.Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like.Light-colored concrete can reduce the urban heat island effect, due to its higher albedo.Concrete dust released by building demolition and natural disasters can be a major source of dangerous air pollution.The presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns due to toxicity and radioactivity. Wet concrete is highly alkaline and should always be handled with proper protective equipment. Concrete recycling is increasing in response to improved environmental awareness, legislation, and economic considerations.

text: The

text: cement industry

text: is one of the primary producers of

text: carbon dioxide

text: , a major

text: greenhouse gas

text: . Concrete causes damage to the most fertile layer of the earth, the

text: topsoil

text: .Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to

text: surface runoff

text: that may cause

text: soil erosion

text: water pollution

text: and

text: flooding

text: . Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of

text: dam

text: ming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like.Light-colored concrete can reduce the

text: urban heat island

text: effect, due to its higher

text: albedo

text: .Concrete dust released by

text: building demolition

text: and natural disasters can be a major source of dangerous

text: air pollution

text: .The presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns due to toxicity and

text: radioactivity

text: . Wet concrete is highly

text: alkaline

text: and should always be handled with proper protective equipment. Concrete

text: recycling

text: is increasing in response to improved

text: environmental awareness

text: , legislation, and economic considerations.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: surface runoff, water pollution and flooding?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of surface runoff that may cause soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by surface runoff: soil erosion, water pollution and flooding?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mud flows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud flows

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: damming

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hard surfaces contributing to surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not used for flood control

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: mud flows,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mud flows,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: topsoil.Concrete

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: topsoil.Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: topsoil.Concrete

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mud flows,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: topsoil.Concrete

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mud flows,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: damming,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: topsoil.Concrete is used to create hard surfaces

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The cement industry is one of the primary producers of carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding.

text: In Viking images, the resemblance of Alba's valley networks to terrestrial pluvial (rainfall) valleys is quite striking. The valley networks show a fine-textured, parallel to dendritic pattern with well-integrated tributary valleys and drainage densities comparable to those on Earth's Hawaiian volcanoes. However, stereoscopic images from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the European Mars Express orbiter show that the valleys are relatively shallow ( or less) and more closely resemble rills or gullies from intermittent runoff erosion than valleys formed from sustained erosion. It seems likely that the valleys on Alba Mons formed as a result of transient erosional processes, possibly related to snow or ice deposits melting during volcanic activity, or to short-lived periods of global climate change. (See Surface characteristics, above.) Whether the eroded material is an ice-rich dust or friable volcanic ash is still uncertain.

text: In

text: Viking

text: images, the resemblance of Alba's valley networks to terrestrial

text: pluvial

text: (rainfall) valleys is quite striking. The valley networks show a fine-textured,

text: parallel to dendritic pattern

text: with well-integrated tributary valleys and

text: drainage densities

text: comparable to those on Earth's

text: Hawaii

text: an volcanoes. However, stereoscopic images from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the European

text: Mars Express

text: orbiter show that the valleys are relatively shallow ( or less) and more closely resemble

text: rill

text: s or

text: gullies

text: from intermittent runoff erosion than valleys formed from sustained erosion. It seems likely that the valleys on Alba Mons formed as a result of transient erosional processes, possibly related to snow or ice deposits melting during volcanic activity, or to short-lived periods of global climate change. (See Surface characteristics, above.) Whether the eroded material is an ice-rich dust or

text: friable

text: volcanic ash is still uncertain.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason that the valleys are relatively shallow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The valleys are relatively shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: intermittent runoff erosion or sustained erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the reason for the shallow valleys?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: more closely resemble rills or gullies from intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the valleys on Alba Mons relatively shallow?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pluvial

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pluvial

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: snow or ice deposits melting during volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: intermittent runoff erosion than valleys formed from sustained erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: intermittent runoff erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: intermittent runoff erosion than valleys formed from sustained erosion.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rills or gullies from intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: intermittent runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rills or gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rills or gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rills or gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rills or gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rills or gullies

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow or ice deposits melting during volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sustained erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: short-lived periods of global climate change.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pluvial

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow or ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sustained erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rills or gullies

text: The brown tubular sponge is a filter feeder. The current flowing over the top of the sponge draws in water through small pores near the base called ostia. These are lined by flagellated cells called choanocytes. The food particles are engulfed by these and the water exits through the osculi. Only very small particles can enter the sponge and 80% of its nourishment comes from bacteria sized particles.

text: The brown tubular sponge is a

text: filter feeder

text: . The current flowing over the top of the sponge draws in water through small pores near the base called ostia. These are lined by

text: flagellated

text: cells called

text: choanocyte

text: s. The food particles are engulfed by these and the water exits through the osculi. Only very small particles can enter the sponge and 80% of its nourishment comes from bacteria sized particles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of filter feeder?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the brown tubular sponge draw in water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the brown tubular sponge?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sponge?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the brown tubular sponge?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: bacteria sized particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: osculi

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: osculi

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: food particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sponges are filter feeders

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 80% of its nourishment comes from bacteria sized particles.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: very small particles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ostia.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ostia.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: The brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ostia.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ostia.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: brown tubular sponge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sponge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: choanocytes.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: food particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The brown tubular sponge is a filter feeder.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The brown tubular sponge

text: The Amplatzer septal occluder was shown to have full closure of the ventricular defect within the 24 hours of placement.  It has a low risk of embolism after implantation.  Some tricuspid valve regurgitation was shown after the procedure that could possibly be due from the right ventricular disc.  There have been some reports that the Amplatzer septal occluder may cause life-threatening erosion of the tissue inside the heart. This occurs in one percent of people implanted with the device and requires immediate open-heart surgery.  This erosion occurs due to improper sizing of the device resulting with it being too large for the defect, causing rubbing of the septal tissue and erosion.

text: The Amplatzer septal occluder was shown to have full closure of the ventricular defect within the 24 hours of placement.  It has a low risk of embolism after implantation.  Some tricuspid valve regurgitation was shown after the procedure that could possibly be due from the right ventricular disc.  There have been some reports that the Amplatzer septal occluder may cause life-threatening erosion of the tissue inside the heart. This occurs in one percent of people implanted with the device and requires immediate open-heart surgery.  This erosion occurs due to improper sizing of the device resulting with it being too large for the defect, causing rubbing of the septal tissue and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is true of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Amplatzer septal occluder?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to plant crops in floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: rubbing of the septal tissue or erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rubbing of the septal tissue

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Open-heart surgery

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: improper sizing of the device

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rubbing of the septal tissue

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: too large for the defect,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rubbing of the septal tissue

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rubbing of the septal tissue

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: right ventricular disc.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rubbing of the septal tissue

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: open-heart surgery.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: improper sizing

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: right ventricular disc.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Amplatzer septal occluder

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: septal tissue

text: For many years it was thought that the observed remains of floods were caused by the release of water from a global water table, but research published in 2015 reveals regional deposits of sediment and ice emplaced 450 million years earlier to be the source. "Deposition of sediment from rivers and glacial melt filled giant canyons beneath primordial ocean contained within the planet's northern lowlands. It was the water preserved in these canyon sediments that was later released as great floods, the effects of which can be seen today."

text: For many years it was thought that the observed remains of floods were caused by the release of water from a global water table, but research published in 2015 reveals regional deposits of sediment and ice emplaced 450 million years earlier to be the source. "Deposition of sediment from rivers and glacial melt filled giant canyons beneath primordial ocean contained within the planet's northern lowlands. It was the water preserved in these canyon sediments that was later released as great floods, the effects of which can be seen today."

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rivers, glaciers, or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial melt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deposition of sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: global water table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial melt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are fossils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: floods were caused by the release of water from a global water table,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rivers and glacial melt filled giant canyons

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: lowlands.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: regional deposits of sediment and ice

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowlands.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment from rivers and glacial melt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canyons

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers and glacial melt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: regional deposits of sediment and ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial melt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: global water table,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyons

text: Shafts can be sunk either dry or for methods such as the caisson method they can be sunk wet. Sinking a dry shaft means that any water that flows into the excavation is pumped out to leave no significant standing or flowing water in the base of the shaft. When wet sinking a shaft the shaft is allowed to flood and the muck is excavated out of the base of the shaft underwater using a grab on the end of a crane or similar excavation method. Because the shaft is flooded, the lining can not be constructed at the excavation level of the shaft so this method only suits methods where the lining is installed before shaft sinking (such as the use of sheet piles) or where the lining is sunk down with the shaft such as the caisson method.

text: Shafts can be sunk either dry or for methods such as the caisson method they can be sunk wet. Sinking a dry shaft means that any water that flows into the excavation is pumped out to leave no significant standing or flowing water in the base of the shaft. When wet sinking a shaft the shaft is allowed to flood and the muck is excavated out of the base of the shaft underwater using a grab on the end of a crane or similar excavation method. Because the shaft is flooded, the lining can not be constructed at the excavation level of the shaft so this method only suits methods where the lining is installed before shaft sinking (such as the use of sheet piles) or where the lining is sunk down with the shaft such as the caisson method.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between dry and wet sinking?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or muck?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Dry sinking a shaft

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: shaft

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: shaft

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and muck

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lining

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dry sinking a shaft

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dry sinking a shaft means that any water that flows into the excavation is pumped out

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: no significant standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Shafts can be sunk either dry

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Shafts can be sunk either dry

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Shafts can be sunk either dry

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Shafts

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: excavation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lining

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: no significant standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: muck

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no significant standing or flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: muck

text: The landscape of the reservation is very mosaic. Sandy deposits which are the core of the reservation along with tertiary clayey deposits historically arose in Pleistocene over the bed-rock - a Paleozoic limestone (Ararat Travertine). Later tectonic movements along with constant water and wind erosion of the bed rock adding even more complexity in the structure of the landscape (Baghdasarian et al., 1971, Tadevosyan, 2001). Sandy habitats of the reservation remained a pretty large and wide ash-grey shore-line, thought there are no seas or lakes around. Presence of diatomite shelves in the sand is an evidence of its lacustrine or marine origin. Today, the closest water body is the river Vedi, which is intermittent in its lower flow, and usually dries out every summer. It is situated within almost 900 meters from the reservation and separated from it by the road and a wide line of agriculture lands. Within the reservation there are no other water bodies except few small ephemeral springs on bo bottom of the deepest limestone canions.

text: The landscape of the reservation is very mosaic. Sandy deposits which are the core of the reservation along with tertiary clayey deposits historically arose in Pleistocene over the bed-rock - a Paleozoic limestone (Ararat Travertine). Later tectonic movements along with constant water and wind erosion of the bed rock adding even more complexity in the structure of the landscape (Baghdasarian et al., 1971, Tadevosyan, 2001). Sandy habitats of the reservation remained a pretty large and wide ash-grey shore-line, thought there are no seas or lakes around. Presence of diatomite shelves in the sand is an evidence of its lacustrine or marine origin. Today, the closest water body is the river Vedi, which is intermittent in its lower flow, and usually dries out every summer. It is situated within almost 900 meters from the reservation and separated from it by the road and a wide line of agriculture lands. Within the reservation there are no other water bodies except few small ephemeral springs on bo bottom of the deepest limestone canions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the river Vedi?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep are the limestone canions

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clayey deposits or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water body: Vedi, river, or springs?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of slowly flowing river: Vedi, river, or river Vedi?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are there no other water bodies except few small ephemeral springs?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Why are there no seas or lakes around?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shore-line

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deepest limestone canions

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shore-line

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ephemeral spring

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ephemeral

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic movements

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clayey

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there are no seas or lakes around

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mosaic

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: constant water and wind erosion of the bed rock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river Vedi,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deepest limestone canions.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: tertiary clayey deposits

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river Vedi,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: river Vedi,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: river Vedi,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: agriculture lands.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Vedi,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water and wind erosion of the bed rock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ash-grey shore-line,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deepest limestone canions.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sandy deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shelves

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ash-grey shore-line,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Travertine).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ephemeral springs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic movements along with constant water and wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ephemeral springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sandy deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no seas or lakes around.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mosaic.

text: Shahbuz district is located in the north of NAR. It is a mountainous area. Salvarti (3162 m), Uchgardash (3156 m), and Kechaldagh (3115 m) are the highest points. Like the rest of the republic, many underground waters flow here, such as badamli, batabat, caravansarai, bichanak and other mineral waters. There are sulfur, construction materials, peat deposits. The district has the river Nakhchivanchay River and its tributaries - Kuku, Shahbuz, Salvarti - and Ganligol and Batabat Lakes. The mountains are heavily forested. "Badamli" resort was built near the Badamli mineral water plant.

text: Shahbuz district is located in the north of NAR. It is a mountainous area. Salvarti (3162 m), Uchgardash (3156 m), and Kechaldagh (3115 m) are the highest points. Like the rest of the republic, many underground waters flow here, such as badamli, batabat, caravansarai, bichanak and other mineral waters. There are sulfur, construction materials, peat deposits. The district has the river Nakhchivanchay River and its tributaries - Kuku, Shahbuz, Salvarti - and Ganligol and Batabat Lakes. The mountains are heavily forested. "Badamli" resort was built near the Badamli mineral water plant.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral water: badamli, batabat, caravansarai, bichanak or Salvarti?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many meters is Salvarti?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many meters is Salvarti?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a tributary of the Nakhchivanchay River: Kuku, Shahbuz, or Salvarti?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many tributaries does the Nakhchivanchay River have?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Shahbuz district?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the mountains heavily forested?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Salvarti, Uchgardash, or Kechaldagh?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Badamli

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peat deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peat deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peat deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Nakhchivanchay River and its tributaries

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: peat deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peat deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: peat deposits.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: peat deposits.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sulfur, construction materials, peat deposits.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sulfur, construction materials, peat deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Nakhchivanchay River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The mountains are heavily forested.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Nakhchivanchay River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Nakhchivanchay River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground waters flow here, such as badamli,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ganligol and Batabat Lakes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sulfur, construction materials, peat deposits.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavily forested.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavily forested.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Nakhchivanchay River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Shahbuz district is located in the north of NAR.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Batabat Lakes.

text: The caldera forming eruption commenced with a phreatoplinian eruption that generated deposits of fine ash. Several yellowish rhyolitic ignimbrites were erupted, reaching a thickness of over . These ignimbrites filled gullies around the lake and also reach thicknesses of several tens of centimetres in the Vychenkiya River and Unkanovich River valleys. This eruption phase occurred through the lake. All these deposits were formed by the same event. Subsequently, a short eruption of lapilli and pumice consisting of dacite and rhyolite occurred, most of it falling towards the northwest; their thickness reaches  north of the lake. Some basaltic scoria was also deposited during this phase. At this point, the vent had emerged abot the water level and was generating an eruption column that deposited ash over southern Kamchatka. Eventually, the vent widened and caused the eruption column to collapse. At this point, pyroclastic flows formed and deposited the Kurile Lake ignimbrite. Reaching a thickness of  close to the lake, it filled valleys, overran plateaus and ridges and reached both the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The ignimbrite was highly mobile, overrunning high topographic obstacles and flowing along valleys in a complex flow pattern. The ignimbrite covered a total surface area of . This ignimbrite consists of rocks ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite with colours ranging from white to dark. Unusually for such mixed-composition ignimbrites, the rhyolites overlie the more mafic deposits. These mafic ignimbrites are not found around the entire lake, indicating that the magma chamber was asymmetric or its contents were erupted in an asymmetric fashion. The ignimbrite contains remnants of vegetation, accretionary structures formed when the ignimbrite interacted with water, breccia probably formed when conditions at the vent changed, involving the formation of a ring vent. Fumaroles formed as the ignimbrite overran rivers. Some post-eruption alteration of the ignimbrite deposits also took place. In the lake itself, the ignimbrite is about  thick. The pumice deposits have been affected by erosion and possibly by fumarolic activity, forming structures resembling overturned boats that were named "Khutk's boats" by native settlers.

text: The caldera forming eruption commenced with a

text: phreatoplinian

text: eruption that generated deposits of fine ash. Several yellowish

text: rhyolitic

text: ignimbrites were erupted, reaching a thickness of over . These ignimbrites filled gullies around the lake and also reach thicknesses of several tens of centimetres in the

text: Vychenkiya River

text: and

text: Unkanovich River

text: valleys. This eruption phase occurred through the lake. All these deposits were formed by the same event. Subsequently, a short eruption of

text: lapilli

text: and pumice consisting of

text: dacite

text: and rhyolite occurred, most of it falling towards the northwest; their thickness reaches  north of the lake. Some

text: basaltic

text: scoria

text: was also deposited during this phase. At this point, the

text: vent

text: had emerged abot the water level and was generating an

text: eruption column

text: that deposited ash over southern Kamchatka. Eventually, the vent widened and caused the eruption column to collapse. At this point,

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s formed and deposited the Kurile Lake ignimbrite. Reaching a thickness of  close to the lake, it filled valleys, overran plateaus and ridges and reached both the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and the Sea of Okhotsk. The ignimbrite was highly mobile, overrunning high topographic obstacles and flowing along valleys in a complex flow pattern. The ignimbrite covered a total surface area of . This ignimbrite consists of rocks ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite with colours ranging from white to dark. Unusually for such mixed-composition ignimbrites, the rhyolites overlie the more

text: mafic

text: deposits. These mafic ignimbrites are not found around the entire lake, indicating that the magma chamber was asymmetric or its contents were erupted in an asymmetric fashion. The ignimbrite contains remnants of vegetation, accretionary structures formed when the ignimbrite interacted with water,

text: breccia

text: probably formed when conditions at the vent changed, involving the formation of a ring vent.

text: Fumarole

text: s formed as the ignimbrite overran rivers. Some post-eruption alteration of the ignimbrite deposits also took place. In the lake itself, the ignimbrite is about  thick. The pumice deposits have been affected by

text: erosion

text: and possibly by

text: fumarolic

text: activity, forming structures resembling overturned boats that were named "Khutk's boats" by native settlers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: basaltic andesite?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the ignimbrite?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay and silt

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition:

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Unkanovich River

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Unkanovich River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Rivers and streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high topographic obstacles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: along a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ignimbrite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found around the entire lake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: brecci

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Kurile Lake

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: accretionary structures

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: complex flow pattern.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: basaltic andesite to rhyolite

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: accretionary structures

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Kurile Lake ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: accretionary structures

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Kurile Lake ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Kurile Lake ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Kurile Lake ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Kurile Lake ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: topographic obstacles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ignimbrite.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: rhyolites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: accretionary structures

text: A washout is the sudden erosion of soft soil or other support surfaces by a gush of water, usually occurring during a heavy downpour of rain (a flash flood) or other stream flooding. These downpours may occur locally in a thunderstorm or over a large area, such as following the landfall of a tropical cyclone. If a washout occurs in a crater-like formation, it is called a sinkhole, and it usually involves a leaking or broken water main or sewerage pipes. Other types of sinkholes, such as collapsed caves, are not washouts.

text: A washout is the sudden

text: erosion

text: of soft

text: soil

text: or other support surfaces by a gush of

text: water

text: , usually occurring during a heavy downpour of

text: rain

text: (a

text: flash flood

text: ) or other

text: stream

text: flood

text: ing. These downpours may occur locally in a

text: thunderstorm

text: or over a large area, such as following the

text: landfall

text: of a

text: tropical cyclone

text: . If a washout occurs in a

text: crater

text: -like formation, it is called a

text: sinkhole

text: , and it usually involves a leaking or broken

text: water main

text: or

text: sewerage

text: pipe

text: s. Other types of sinkholes, such as collapsed

text: cave

text: s, are not washouts.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: collapsed caves, sinkholes or flash floods?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole, such as collapsed caves?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gush of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy downpour

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a thunderstorm

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are not washouts

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream flooding.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soft soil

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soft soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soft soil

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a leaking or broken water main or sewerage pipes.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a gush of water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a heavy downpour of rain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soft soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A washout

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: washout

text: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents, and of the distribution of turbidite deposits, such as their extent, thickness and grain size distribution, requires an understanding of the mechanisms of sediment transport and deposition, which in turn depends on the fluid dynamics of the currents.

text: Prediction

text: of

text: erosion

text: by turbidity currents, and of the distribution of

text: turbidite

text: deposits, such as their extent, thickness and grain size distribution, requires an understanding of the mechanisms of

text: sediment transport

text: and

text: deposition

text: , which in turn depends on the

text: fluid dynamics

text: of the currents.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How can sediment transport and deposition be predicted?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: grain size

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a mechanism of sediment transport?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sediment transport and deposition

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Turbidite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment transport and deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fluid dynamics of the currents

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment transport and deposition depend on the fluid dynamics of the currents

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Turbidity currents

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fluid dynamics of the currents.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fluid dynamics of the currents.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: turbidite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Prediction of erosion by turbidity currents,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: turbidity currents,

text: The most famous volcanic landslide was probably the failure of a bulge that built up from intruding magma before the Mt. St. Helens eruption in 1980, this landslide "uncorked" the shallow magmatic intrusion causing catastrophic failure and an unexpected lateral eruption blast. Rock falls often occur during periods of increased deformation and can be a sign of increased activity in absence of instrumental monitoring. Mud flows (lahars) are remobilized hydrated ash deposits from pyroclastic flows and ash fall deposits, moving downslope even at very shallow angles at high speed. Because of their high density they are capable of moving large objects such as loaded logging trucks, houses, bridges, and boulders. Their deposits usually form a second ring of debris fans around volcanic edifices, the inner fan being primary ash deposits. Downstream of the deposition of their finest load, lahars can still pose a sheet flood hazard from the residual water. Lahar deposits can take many months to dry out, until they can be walked on. The hazards derived from lahar activity can exist several years after a large explosive eruption.

text: The most famous volcanic landslide was probably the failure of a bulge that built up from intruding magma before the Mt. St. Helens eruption in 1980, this landslide "uncorked" the shallow magmatic intrusion causing catastrophic failure and an unexpected lateral eruption blast. Rock falls often occur during periods of increased deformation and can be a sign of increased activity in absence of instrumental monitoring. Mud flows (

text: lahar

text: s) are remobilized hydrated ash deposits from pyroclastic flows and ash fall deposits, moving downslope even at very shallow angles at high speed. Because of their high density they are capable of moving large objects such as loaded logging trucks, houses, bridges, and boulders. Their deposits usually form a second ring of debris fans around volcanic edifices, the inner fan being primary ash deposits. Downstream of the deposition of their finest load, lahars can still pose a sheet flood hazard from the residual water. Lahar deposits can take many months to dry out, until they can be walked on. The hazards derived from lahar activity can exist several years after a large explosive eruption.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a lahar: mud flows, pyroclastic flows, or rock falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Because of their high density they are capable of moving large objects

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not capable of moving large objects such as loaded logging trucks, houses, bridges, and boulders, the inner fan being primary ash deposits?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a hazard derived from lahar activity: Lahar deposits can take many months to dry out

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most famous volcanic landslide?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sheet flood hazard

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Lahar deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: uncorked

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lahars

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downslope even at very shallow angles at high speed

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downslope

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Lahar deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they can be walked on

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: high density

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sheet flood hazard

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: (lahars)

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lahars can still pose a sheet flood hazard

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Mud flows

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: walked on.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mud flows

text: To the north of the town are several caves of the Mendip Hills, including Thrupe Lane Swallet which is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and the St. Dunstan's Well Catchment which is an important cave system including a series of spectacularly-decorated caves which in total extend to about  of mapped passage. The caves at Fairy Cave Quarry were formed mainly by the erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table at considerable pressure (so called 'phreatic' development), but as the water table has fallen many of the caves now lie well above it and the system now contains a variety of cave formations (stalagmites, stalactites and calcite curtains) which in their extent and preservation are amongst the best in Britain. Shatter Cave and Withyhill Cave are generally considered to be amongst the finest decorated caves in Britain in terms of their sheer abundance of pure white and translucent calcite deposits. Small numbers of greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), lesser horseshoe bat (R. hipposideros) and Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) hibernate in the cave system. An area of nationally rare species-rich unimproved calcareous grassland of the Sheep's-fescue-Meadow Oat-grass type occurs in the field to the east of Stoke Lane Quarry.

text: To the north of the town are several

text: caves of the Mendip Hills

text: , including

text: Thrupe Lane Swallet

text: which is a

text: geological Site of Special Scientific Interest

text: (SSSI), and the

text: St. Dunstan's Well Catchment

text: which is an important cave system including a series of spectacularly-decorated caves which in total extend to about  of mapped passage. The caves at

text: Fairy Cave Quarry

text: were formed mainly by the erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table at considerable pressure (so called '

text: phreatic

text: ' development), but as the water table has fallen many of the caves now lie well above it and the system now contains a variety of cave formations (

text: stalagmite

text: s,

text: stalactites

text: and

text: calcite

text: curtains) which in their extent and preservation are amongst the best in Britain.

text: Shatter Cave

text: and

text: Withyhill Cave

text: are generally considered to be amongst the finest decorated caves in Britain in terms of their sheer abundance of pure white and translucent calcite deposits. Small numbers of

text: greater horseshoe bat

text: (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum),

text: lesser horseshoe bat

text: (R. hipposideros) and

text: Natterer's bat

text: (Myotis nattereri) hibernate in the cave system. An area of nationally rare species-rich unimproved calcareous grassland of the

text: Sheep's-fescue-Meadow Oat-grass type

text: occurs in the field to the east of Stoke Lane Quarry.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the caves at Fairy Cave Quarry?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the cave formations?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cave formation: stalagmites, stalactites or calcite curtains?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the St. Dunstan's Well Catchment?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why do bats hibernate in caves?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Mendip Hills

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Fairy Cave Quarry

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Phreatic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: quarry

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Swallet

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing beneath the water table

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Phreatic development

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: an area of nationally rare species-rich unimproved calcareous grassland

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: phreatic

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: calcareous grassland

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The caves at Fairy Cave Quarry

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: 'phreatic' development),

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: 'phreatic'

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water table has fallen

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water-table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: 'phreatic' development),

text: Above the Pre-Neogene sequence lies a major unconformity, overlain by early Miocene rocks. This unconformity is the result of the area being subjected to subaerial erosion, but then was followed by a marine transgression, which deposited the overlaying Miocene rocks. This transgression originally deposited near-shore sands, followed by shallow water siltstones. Towards the middle Miocene, the region developed into a carbonate shelf, and these carbonates make up the rest of this sequence. During the late Miocene, these carbonates were buried by large quantities of clastic sediments originating from the uplift of Sumatra during this time. These sediments deposited faster than the rate of subsidence in the region, creating a continental shelf and slope in the west of the basin. The newly formed continental slope deposited turbidites over the early-middle Miocene sediment that the shelf did not cover. This Sequence is about 1000 meters thick. After the middle Miocene, there lies an unconformity which represents a ~10 million year depositional hiatus.

text: Above the Pre-

text: Neogene

text: sequence lies a major

text: unconformity

text: , overlain by early

text: Miocene

text: rocks. This unconformity is the result of the area being subjected to subaerial erosion, but then was followed by a marine

text: transgression

text: , which deposited the overlaying

text: Miocene

text: rocks. This transgression originally deposited near-shore sands, followed by shallow water

text: siltstones

text: . Towards the middle

text: Miocene

text: , the region developed into a carbonate shelf, and these carbonates make up the rest of this sequence. During the late

text: Miocene

text: , these carbonates were buried by large quantities of clastic sediments originating from the uplift of

text: Sumatra

text: during this time. These sediments deposited faster than the rate of

text: subsidence

text: in the region, creating a

text: continental shelf

text: and slope in the west of the basin. The newly formed continental slope deposited

text: turbidites

text: over the early-middle

text: Miocene

text: sediment that the shelf did not cover. This Sequence is about 1000 meters thick. After the middle Miocene, there lies an unconformity which represents a ~10 million year depositional hiatus.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which sediments deposited faster than the rate of subsidence in the region?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the sequence?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which sediments deposited faster than the rate of subsidence in the region?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, sediments, or sediments?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which sediments deposited faster than the rate of subsidence in the region?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: subaerial erosion, subaerial erosion, or subaerial erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: continental slope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsidence

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltstones

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: subaerial erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siltstones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The newly formed continental slope deposited turbidites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shallow water siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow water siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: shallow water siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: turbidites

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: shallow water siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: clastic sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: turbidites

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: continental shelf and slope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unconformity,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: turbidites

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: subaerial

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a marine transgression,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: subaerial erosion,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shallow water siltstones.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: turbidites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: continental slope

text: The area is underlain by bedrock of Silurian age. This rock is dolomite. Preglacial erosion the surface of the bedrock created an irregular surface, allows the glacial drift to vary in depth over short distances. Some areas are underlain by bedrock near the surface, in other areas it can be  deep. Some hills are solely glacial drift; others may be entirely of limestone.The water comes from the melting ‘Valparaiso glacier’, the glacier that deposited first the Manhattan moraine, part of the Valparaiso morainic system and the Valparaiso moraines to the northeast. The melt-water came from three glacial lobes of the Laurentide ice sheet. In addition to the melt-water from the Michigan lobe in the Michigan basin, melt-water came from the Huron-Erie lobe to the east in the Maumee valley in Ohio and from the Sturgis Lobe coming out of Michigan across northeast Indiana. The water backed up behind the Marseilles moraine  forming a series of lakes.  In the Morris basin was Lake Wauponsee, which reached east up the Kankakee valley into Indiana, It flowed south into the Iroquois River  into Lake Watseka over the divide (Chatsworth ridge of the Marseilles morainic system, to the Vermillion River valley past Pontiac. The volume of water was blocked at the gap in the Farm Ridge moraine, a unit of the Bloomington morainic system near  LaSalle.  This blockage created Lake Ottawa between Farm Ridge and the Marseilles moraine in the Illinois Valley, and between the Lake Pontiac between the Cropsey (unit of the Bloomington morainic system, and Marseilles moraines in the Vermilion Valley.

text: The area is underlain by bedrock of

text: Silurian

text: age. This rock is

text: dolomite

text: . Preglacial erosion the surface of the bedrock created an irregular surface, allows the glacial drift to vary in depth over short distances. Some areas are underlain by bedrock near the surface, in other areas it can be  deep. Some hills are solely glacial drift; others may be entirely of limestone.The water comes from the melting ‘Valparaiso glacier’, the glacier that deposited first the Manhattan moraine, part of the

text: Valparaiso morainic system

text: and the Valparaiso moraines to the northeast. The melt-water came from three glacial lobes of the

text: Laurentide ice sheet

text: . In addition to the melt-water from the Michigan lobe in the

text: Michigan basin

text: , melt-water came from the Huron-Erie lobe to the east in the

text: Maumee valley

text: in

text: Ohio

text: and from the Sturgis Lobe coming out of

text: Michigan

text: across northeast Indiana. The water backed up behind the

text: Marseilles moraine

text: forming a series of

text: lakes

text: .  In the Morris basin was

text: Lake Wauponsee

text: , which reached east up the Kankakee valley into Indiana, It flowed south into the

text: Iroquois River

text: into

text: Lake Watseka

text: over the divide (Chatsworth ridge of the Marseilles morainic system, to the

text: Vermillion River valley

text: past

text: Pontiac

text: . The volume of water was blocked at the gap in the Farm Ridge moraine, a unit of the

text: Bloomington morainic system

text: near

text: LaSalle

text: .  This blockage created

text: Lake Ottawa

text: between Farm Ridge and the Marseilles moraine in the

text: Illinois Valley

text: , and between the

text: Lake Pontiac

text: between the Cropsey (unit of the

text: Bloomington morainic system

text: , and Marseilles moraines in the Vermilion Valley.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: limestone, dolomite, or glacial drift?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the glacial drift?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many glacial lobes of the Laurentide ice sheet are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the last type of sediment that a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Manhattan moraine

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Moraines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Manhattan moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Ottawa

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial drift

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial drift

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the volume of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Manhattan moraine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are entirely of limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: moraines

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Lake Watseka

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Lake Wauponsee,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth over short distances.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Morris basin

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: blocked at the gap in the Farm Ridge moraine,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lake Wauponsee,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Lake Ottawa

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lakes. In the Morris basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: moraine,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: moraine,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraine,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: moraine,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Ottawa

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: melting ‘Valparaiso glacier’,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lake Ottawa

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: melting ‘Valparaiso glacier’,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Manhattan moraine,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In the Morris basin was Lake Wauponsee,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lakes.

text: The amount and intensity of precipitation is the main climatic factor governing soil erosion by water. The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when, or in locations where, the soil's surface is not well protected by vegetation. This might be during periods when agricultural activities leave the soil bare, or in semi-arid regions where vegetation is naturally sparse. Wind erosion requires strong winds, particularly during times of drought when vegetation is sparse and soil is dry (and so is more erodible). Other climatic factors such as average temperature and temperature range may also affect erosion, via their effects on vegetation and soil properties. In general, given similar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with more precipitation (especially high-intensity rainfall), more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.

text: The amount and intensity of

text: precipitation

text: is the main

text: climatic factor

text: governing soil erosion by water. The relationship is particularly strong if heavy rainfall occurs at times when, or in locations where, the soil's surface is not well protected by

text: vegetation

text: . This might be during periods when

text: agricultural activities

text: leave the soil bare, or in

text: semi-arid

text: regions where vegetation is naturally sparse. Wind erosion requires strong winds, particularly during times of drought when vegetation is sparse and soil is dry (and so is more erodible). Other climatic factors such as average temperature and temperature range may also affect erosion, via their effects on vegetation and soil properties. In general, given similar vegetation and ecosystems, areas with more precipitation (especially high-intensity rainfall), more wind, or more storms are expected to have more erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main climatic factor governing soil erosion by water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the main climatic factor governing soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: less storms

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What might be periods when agricultural activities leave the soil bare

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the relationship between soil erosion and sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount and intensity of precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in areas with more rainfall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not well protected by vegetation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Wind erosion requires strong winds,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Wind erosion requires strong winds,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: winds,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: strong winds,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: agricultural activities leave the soil bare,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The amount and intensity of precipitation

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: areas with more precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: winds,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Wind erosion

text: Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity.  Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, lava flows and sills. Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or caprock, of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of shale, a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

text: Mesas form by

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by

text: tectonic

text: activity.  Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and

text: erosion

text: cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include

text: sandstone

text: conglomerate

text: quartzite

text: basalt

text: chert

text: limestone

text: lava flows

text: and

text: sills

text: . Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or

text: caprock

text: , of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of

text: shale

text: , a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: shale, lava flows, or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: basalt, chert, limestone, or lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: basalt, limestone, lava flows or sills?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type: shale, quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, lava flows and sills?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a rock type?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mesa

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mesa

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: caprock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mesa

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: caprock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: variation in the ability of different types of rock to resist

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: differential erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shale,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: differential erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: tectonic activity.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: shale,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shale,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Mesas

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tectonic activity.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: differential erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows and sills. Lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shale,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mesas

text: Particle size also plays an important role in chemical concentrations, and this factor is ignored in calculating the ERL and ERM. When using these values for screening contaminated sediment, it is likely that the ERL will be exceeded more often when the sediment contains a larger proportion of fine-grained material. This is due to the inverse relationship between chemical concentration and particle size. Due to sediment concentrations being measured on a dry weight basis, other geochemical factors of sediment that may also influence contaminant bioavailibility are not considered.

text: Particle size also plays an important role in chemical concentrations, and this factor is ignored in calculating the ERL and ERM. When using these values for screening contaminated sediment, it is likely that the ERL will be exceeded more often when the sediment contains a larger proportion of fine-grained material. This is due to the inverse relationship between chemical concentration and particle size. Due to sediment concentrations being measured on a

text: dry weight

text: basis, other

text: geochemical

text: factors of sediment that may also influence contaminant bioavailibility are not considered.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in calculating the ERL and ERM?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: This factor is ignored in calculating the ERL

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in calculating the ERL and ERM?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dry weight

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the inverse relationship between chemical concentration and particle size?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fine-grained material

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: chemical concentration and particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not considered

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ERM

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Particle size also plays an important role in chemical concentrations,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained material.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fine-grained material.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fine-grained material.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: contaminated sediment,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ERM.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ERM.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fine-grained material.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ERM.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Particle size

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ERM.

text: Water no longer flows through the mill today: the flume is blocked with pre-formed concrete slabs. The spillway is similarly reinforced and conducts the flow round the boundary of the watermill to join the tailrace below. The beck then flows through a culvert under the road to meet the water coming down the road from the upper overflow channel, then out into the marshes behind the shingle bank, often flooding the car park at the end of Beach Road.

text: Water no longer flows through the mill today: the flume is blocked with pre-formed concrete slabs. The spillway is similarly reinforced and conducts the flow round the boundary of the watermill to join the tailrace below. The beck then flows through a culvert under the road to meet the water coming down the road from the upper overflow channel, then out into the marshes behind the shingle bank, often flooding the car park at the end of Beach Road.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the purpose of the spillway?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or shingle?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the beck?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shingle bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tailrace

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shingle bank

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shingle bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tailrace

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tailrace

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tailrace

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Marshes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The spillway is similarly reinforced

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: often flooding the car park at the end of Beach Road.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: marshes behind the shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: marshes behind the shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: upper overflow channel,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tailrace

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: concrete slabs.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shingle bank,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: beck

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water no longer flows through the mill today:

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: marshes

text: In the summer of 1922, and for the next seven years, Bretz conducted field research of the Columbia River Plateau. Since 1910 he had been interested in unusual erosion features in the area after seeing a newly published topographic map of the Potholes Cataract. Bretz coined the term Channeled Scablands in 1923 to describe the area near the Grand Coulee, where massive erosion had cut through basalt deposits. The area was a desert, but Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape, for which Bretz coined the term Spokane Floods in a 1925 publication.

text: In the summer of 1922, and for the next seven years, Bretz conducted field research of the

text: Columbia River Plateau

text: . Since 1910 he had been interested in unusual

text: erosion

text: features in the area after seeing a newly published

text: topographic

text: map of the

text: Potholes Cataract

text: . Bretz coined the term Channeled Scablands in 1923 to describe the area near the

text: Grand Coulee

text: , where massive erosion had cut through

text: basalt

text: deposits. The area was a

text: desert

text: , but Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape, for which Bretz coined the term

text: Spokane Floods

text: in a 1925 publication.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the area near the Grand Coulee?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why was the area near the Grand Coulee a desert?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What did Bretz's theories require?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Columbia River Plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Potholes Cataract

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Basalt deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Plateau

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Potholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Potholes Cataract

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Basalt deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basalt deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Potholes Cataract

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Spokane Floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: cataclysmic

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: massive erosion had cut through basalt deposits.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Channeled Scablands in 1923

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Columbia River Plateau.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: basalt deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Channeled Scablands in 1923

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: basalt deposits.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Potholes Cataract.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Spokane Floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Potholes Cataract.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Potholes Cataract.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Channeled Scablands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Spokane Floods

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Spokane Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: cataclysmic water flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: cataclysmic water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basalt deposits.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Potholes Cataract.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Channeled Scablands

text: It is unusual for the general water velocity in a system to be so high that impingement attack occurs throughout the whole of the copper pipework. More commonly, the velocity is just sufficiently low for satisfactory protective films to be formed and to remain in position on most of the system, with impingement damage more likely to occur where there is an abrupt change in the direction of water flow giving rise to a high degree of turbulence, such as at tee pieces and elbow fittings. It is not generally realised how great an effect small obstructions can have on the flow pattern of water in a pipe-work system and the extent to which they can induce turbulence and cause corrosion-erosion. For example, it is most important, as far as possible, to ensure that copper tubes cut with a tube cutter are deburred before making the joint. Also a gap between the tube end and the stop in the fitting, due to the tube not having been cut to the correct length and fully inserted into the socket of the fitting, can also induce turbulence in the water stream.

text: It is unusual for the general water velocity in a system to be so high that impingement attack occurs throughout the whole of the copper pipework. More commonly, the velocity is just sufficiently low for satisfactory protective films to be formed and to remain in position on most of the system, with impingement damage more likely to occur where there is an abrupt change in the direction of water flow giving rise to a high degree of turbulence, such as at tee pieces and elbow fittings. It is not generally realised how great an effect small obstructions can have on the flow pattern of water in a pipe-work system and the extent to which they can induce turbulence and cause corrosion-erosion. For example, it is most important, as far as possible, to ensure that copper tubes cut with a tube cutter are deburred before making the joint. Also a gap between the tube end and the stop in the fitting, due to the tube not having been cut to the correct length and fully inserted into the socket of the fitting, can also induce turbulence in the water stream.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is impingement damage more likely to occur at tee pieces and elbow fittings?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: impingement

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of impingement damage?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is it unusual for the general water velocity in a system to be so high

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: corrosion-erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deburred

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: impingement

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: obstructions

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: corrosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: small obstructions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: abruptly

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: protective films

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: corrosion-erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: impingement damage

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small obstructions

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: turbulence,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: protective films

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: impingement damage

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: impingement attack occurs throughout the whole of the copper pipework.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: tee pieces

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tee pieces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: impingement damage

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deburred

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tee pieces

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tee pieces

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: corrosion-erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: small obstructions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbulence,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: protective films

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: impingement attack occurs throughout the whole of the copper pipework.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: corrosion-erosion.

text: The flood waters were expected to exceed the levels seen during the disastrous "once in a century" Central European floods of 2002 in some areas. In Bavaria and eastern Germany water levels significantly exceeded those of 2002 in many places on the Danube and Elbe. In Passau, at the confluence of the rivers Danube, Inn and Ilz, the highest water level since 1501 was recorded. In Dresden, by contrast, the old city centre was largely spared, unlike in 2002. Thanks to better flood control, fewer dykes on the upper reaches of the Elbe broke than in 2002, but this meant that the flood wave further downstream was all the higher. In Magdeburg, the floods reached a record level.

text: The flood waters were expected to exceed the levels seen during the disastrous "once in a century"

text: Central European floods of 2002

text: in some areas. In Bavaria and eastern Germany water levels significantly exceeded those of 2002 in many places on the Danube and Elbe. In Passau, at the confluence of the rivers Danube, Inn and Ilz, the highest water level since 1501 was recorded. In Dresden, by contrast, the old city centre was largely spared, unlike in 2002. Thanks to better flood control, fewer dykes on the upper reaches of the Elbe broke than in 2002, but this meant that the flood wave further downstream was all the higher. In Magdeburg, the floods reached a record level.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flooding water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flood wave further downstream?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What was the flood wave further downstream all the higher?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why was the old city centre largely spared?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Danube, Inn, or Ilz?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What kind of river is the Danube?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why were floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What was the cause of the sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: confluence

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood wave

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Dykes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood control

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the floods reached a record level.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the highest water level since 1501

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fewer dykes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fewer dykes on the upper reaches of the Elbe

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: "once in a century" Central European floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the old city centre was largely spared, unlike in 2002.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fewer dykes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "once in a century" Central European floods of 2002

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fewer dykes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood wave

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fewer dykes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood wave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "once in a century"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dykes

text: A fair number are present, often on the higher reaches of the rivers. Some are named, such as Lizzie's Linn at Caven Mill, Montgreenan, on the Lugton Water. The Cessnock Water has a number on its course through the woods at the Carnell estate near Fiveways outside Kilmarnock. A series of low waterfalls occur at Cunnighamhead on the Annick Water, these being, like many others, dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks. Other notable waterfalls are on the Polbaith burn, Fenwick Water (near Rigghill), Glen water (Darvel) and Burn Anne.

text: A fair number are present, often on the higher reaches of the rivers. Some are named, such as Lizzie's Linn at Caven Mill,

text: Montgreenan

text: , on the Lugton Water. The Cessnock Water has a number on its course through the woods at the Carnell estate near Fiveways outside Kilmarnock. A series of low waterfalls occur at Cunnighamhead on the Annick Water, these being, like many others,

text: dyke

text: s that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks. Other notable waterfalls are on the Polbaith burn, Fenwick Water (near Rigghill), Glen water (Darvel) and Burn Anne.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is Lizzie's Linn?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of dyke?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is Lizzie's Linn?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why are low waterfalls more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is Lizzie's Linn?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: reaches

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: low waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the surrounding rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the woods

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lizzie's Linn at Caven Mill

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: low waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: low waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A fair number are present, often on the higher reaches of the rivers.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dykes that are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surrounding rocks.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dykes that are more resistant to erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: Urbanization has major effects on erosion processes—first by denuding the land of vegetative cover, altering drainage patterns, and compacting the soil during construction; and next by covering the land in an impermeable layer of asphalt or concrete that increases the amount of surface runoff and increases surface wind speeds. Much of the sediment carried in runoff from urban areas (especially roads) is highly contaminated with fuel, oil, and other chemicals. This increased runoff, in addition to eroding and degrading the land that it flows over, also causes major disruption to surrounding watersheds by altering the volume and rate of water that flows through them, and filling them with chemically polluted sedimentation. The increased flow of water through local waterways also causes a large increase in the rate of bank erosion.

text: Urbanization

text: has major effects on erosion processes—first by denuding the land of vegetative cover, altering drainage patterns, and compacting the soil during construction; and next by covering the land in an impermeable layer of asphalt or concrete that increases the amount of surface runoff and increases surface wind speeds. Much of the sediment carried in runoff from urban areas (especially roads) is highly contaminated with fuel, oil, and other chemicals. This increased runoff, in addition to eroding and degrading the land that it flows over, also causes major disruption to surrounding watersheds by altering the volume and rate of water that flows through them, and filling them with chemically polluted sedimentation. The increased flow of water through local waterways also causes a large increase in the rate of bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: fuel, oil, or chemicals?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of bank erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an effect of urbanization?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watersheds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through urban areas

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: chemically polluted

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: urbanization has major effects on erosion processes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bank erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: volume and rate

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bank erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watersheds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fuel, oil,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Urbanization

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bank erosion.

text: Lost World Caverns is a publicly accessible cave for those who want to experience and understand the karst topography within the Greenbrier River watershed.  Environmental interests such as local schools and the Greenbrier River Watershed Association encourage the public to take educational tours in order to understand the unique relationship between surface water and groundwater.  Surrounded by farmland on all sides, the cave interacts with a constant influx of air, water, clastic and other additives and pollutants.  As part of Greenbrier County's karst plateau or "Great Savannah" where the average number of sinkholes are 18 per square kilometer, the cave system has much to offer the curious and the ongoing scientist.

text: Lost World Caverns is a publicly accessible cave for those who want to experience and understand the

text: karst topography

text: within the

text: Greenbrier River

text: watershed

text: .  Environmental interests such as local schools and the

text: Greenbrier River Watershed Association

text: encourage the public to take educational tours in order to understand the unique relationship between

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: .  Surrounded by farmland on all sides, the cave interacts with a constant

text: influx

text: of air, water,

text: clastic

text: and other additives and pollutants.  As part of

text: Greenbrier County

text: 's

text: karst

text: plateau

text: or "Great Savannah" where the average number of

text: sinkholes

text: are 18 per square kilometer, the cave system has much to offer the curious and the ongoing scientist.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: surface water or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sinkholes are 18 per square kilometer

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an additive or pollutants: air, water, clastic and other additives and pollutants?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The average number of sinkholes are 18 per square kilometer

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the cave surrounded by farmland on all sides?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Great Savannah

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: clastic and other additives and pollutants

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clastic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are 18 per square kilometer

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: influx of air, water, clastic

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 18 per square kilometer,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clastic

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface water and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 18 per square kilometer,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Greenbrier River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farmland

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: clastic

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 18 per square kilometer,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "Great Savannah"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst plateau

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: air, water, clastic

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: air, water, clastic

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface water and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clastic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 18 per square kilometer,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: A rain garden is a planted depression or a hole that allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas, like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking lots, and compacted lawn areas, the opportunity to be absorbed. This reduces rain runoff by allowing stormwater to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm drains and surface waters which causes erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater). They should be designed for specific soils and climates. The purpose of a rain garden is to improve water quality in nearby bodies of water and to ensure that rainwater becomes available for plants as groundwater rather than being sent through stormwater drains straight out to sea. Rain gardens can cut down on the amount of pollution reaching creeks and streams by up to 30%.

text: A rain garden is a planted depression or a hole that allows rainwater

text: runoff

text: from

text: impervious

text: urban areas, like roofs, driveways, walkways, parking lots, and compacted lawn areas, the opportunity to be absorbed. This reduces rain runoff by allowing

text: stormwater

text: to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into

text: storm drain

text: s and

text: surface water

text: s which causes

text: erosion

text: water pollution

text: flooding

text: , and diminished

text: groundwater

text: ). They should be designed for specific soils and climates. The purpose of a rain garden is to improve water quality in nearby bodies of water and to ensure that rainwater becomes available for plants as groundwater rather than being sent through stormwater drains straight out to sea. Rain gardens can cut down on the amount of pollution reaching creeks and streams by up to 30%.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a rain garden?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the purpose of a rain garden?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of a rain garden?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the purpose of a rain garden?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: A rain garden

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a depression

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: creeks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: storm drains and surface waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soils and climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a rain garden

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Rain gardens

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rain gardens can cut down on the amount of pollution reaching creeks and streams

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A rain garden

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rain garden

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: storm drains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: creeks and streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: storm drains and surface waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater).

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: specific soils and climates.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rain garden

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A rain garden

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding,

text: While usually the flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain, it can be higher (if there are no structures, roads, or farming areas immediately on the floodplain) or lower (if there are structures such as marinas, lake houses, or docks low on the banks or shores of the body of water) depending on the location. Because flood stage is defined by impacts to people, as opposed to the natural topography of the area, flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities.

text: While usually the flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain, it can be higher (if there are no structures,

text: road

text: s, or

text: farm

text: ing areas immediately on the floodplain) or lower (if there are structures such as

text: marina

text: s, lake houses, or

text: docks

text: low on the banks or shores of the body of water) depending on the location. Because flood stage is defined by impacts to people, as opposed to the natural topography of the area, flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: higher (if there are no structures

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of structure: marinas, lake houses, or docks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: how are clay and silt carried in flowing water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: natural topography

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: natural topography

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood stages

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood stage is defined by impacts to people

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flood stage is defined by impacts to people

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flood stages

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flood stages

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: higher (if there are no structures, roads, or farming areas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: flood stages

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: While usually the flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farming areas

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flood stages are usually only calculated for bodies of water near communities.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: natural topography

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: While usually the flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake houses,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: structures, roads, or farming areas

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: structures, roads, or farming areas

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flood stage is set at the elevation of the floodplain,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood stage

text: Lava dams are formed by lava flowing or spilling into a river valley in sufficient quantity and height to temporarily overcome the explosive nature (steam) of its contact with water, and the erosive force of flowing water to remove it. The latter depends on the quantity of water flow and stream gradient. The lava may flow during numerous successive or repetitive eruptions and may emanate from single or numerous vents or fissures.  Lava of this nature, like basalt, is usually associated with less explosive eruptions; more viscous lavas with lower mafic content, like dacites and rhyolites, can also flow, but tend to be more closely associated with eruptions of greater explosiveness and the formation of pyroclastics.

text: Lava dams are formed by

text: lava

text: flowing or spilling into a river valley in sufficient quantity and height to temporarily overcome the explosive nature (steam) of its contact with water, and the erosive force of flowing water to remove it. The latter depends on the quantity of water flow and stream gradient. The lava may flow during numerous successive or repetitive eruptions and may emanate from single or numerous vents or fissures.  Lava of this nature, like

text: basalt

text: , is usually associated with less explosive eruptions; more viscous lavas with lower

text: mafic

text: content, like

text: dacite

text: s and

text: rhyolite

text: s, can also flow, but tend to be more closely associated with eruptions of greater explosiveness and the formation of pyroclastics.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for lava dams to form?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of lavas: dacites, rhyolites, or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for lava dams to form?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fissures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water flow and stream gradient

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unimpeded

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Lava dams are formed by lava flowing or spilling into a river valley in sufficient quantity and height

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosive force

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lava dams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water flow and stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quantity of water flow and stream gradient.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: pyroclastics.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Lava dams

text: A cut bank, also known as a river cliff or river-cut cliff, is the outside bank of a water channel (stream), which is continually undergoing erosion. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a meander, opposite the slip-off slope on the inside of the bend. They are shaped much like a small cliff, and are formed by the erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank. As opposed to a point bar which is an area of deposition, a cut bank is an area of erosion.

text: A cut bank, also known as a river cliff or river-cut cliff, is the outside bank of a water channel (

text: stream

text: ), which is continually undergoing erosion. Cut banks are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams, they are located on the outside of a stream bend, known as a

text: meander

text: , opposite the

text: slip-off slope

text: on the inside of the bend. They are shaped much like a small

text: cliff

text: , and are formed by the erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank. As opposed to a

text: point bar

text: which is an area of

text: deposition

text: , a cut bank is an area of

text: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: mature or meandering?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cut bank?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Why are sinkholes caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a cut bank

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cut bank

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are found in abundance along mature or meandering streams

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream collides with the river bank.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: meandering streams,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A cut bank,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cut bank,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cut bank,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion of soil as the stream collides with the river bank.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: point bar which is an area of deposition,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cut bank,

text: A total of 18 bridges cross Black Hole Creek. There are also 20 pipes that flow into or run under the creek. The creek has two small dams that are made of rock. There is also an earthen dam on Black Hole Creek near the Allenwood Federal Prison. The presence of this dam raises the water temperature of the creek. A culvert on the prison grounds that is obstructed also contributes to an increase in the water temperature. As of 2003, there are also 15 instances of rip rap and 36 deposition bars. A 2003 study found that there were 98 potential sites for erosion on the creek.

text: A total of 18 bridges cross Black Hole Creek. There are also 20

text: pipes

text: that flow into or run under the creek. The creek has two small

text: dam

text: s that are made of rock. There is also an

text: earthen

text: dam on Black Hole Creek near the

text: Allenwood Federal Prison

text: . The presence of this dam raises the water temperature of the creek. A

text: culvert

text: on the prison grounds that is obstructed also contributes to an increase in the water temperature. As of 2003, there are also 15 instances of

text: rip rap

text: and 36

text: deposition bar

text: s. A 2003 study found that there were 98 potential sites for

text: erosion

text: on the creek.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a potential site for erosion on the creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many instances of rip rap and 36 deposition bars are there?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or pipes?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a potential site for erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is Black Hole Creek?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion, dams, or pipes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Black Hole Creek

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Black Hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: culvert

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rip rap and deposition bars

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 98 potential sites for erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there are 98 potential sites for erosion on the creek.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition bars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 98

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 98 potential sites for erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rip rap and 36 deposition bars.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 98 potential sites for erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 98

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 36 deposition bars.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 98

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 18 bridges cross Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rip rap and 36 deposition bars.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The presence of this dam raises the water temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rip rap

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 18 bridges cross Black Hole Creek.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rip rap

text: When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates. The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil aggregates also reduce wind erosion, because they are larger particles, and are more resistant to abrasion through tillage practices.

text: When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates. The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil aggregates also reduce wind erosion, because they are larger particles, and are more resistant to abrasion through tillage practices.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason soil aggregates are important for erosion control?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are soil aggregates better able to resist water erosion?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a form of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason soil aggregates are important for erosion control?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: raindrop impact, or wind erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment aggregates

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: raindrop impact, and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Abrasion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: soil aggregates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed when soil breaks down.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil aggregates

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wind erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Soil aggregates also reduce wind erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: raindrop

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil aggregates

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: When a forage crop

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Soil aggregates

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aggregates.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: When a forage crop

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aggregates.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aggregates.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: raindrop impact, and water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil aggregates

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tillage practices.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: aggregates.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: raindrop

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aggregates. The formation of soil aggregates

text: The Delaware River is deflected by ridges and travels generally southwest, along the strike of the upturned beds of shale sedimentary rock. The Delaware flows in a riverbed of glacial till in the Minisink and Walpack buried valleys, formed from erosion of softer bedrock, then passes through the Delaware Water Gap in Kittatinny Mountain,a continuation of Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania. The buried valleys extend beyond the riverbed and stretch across the state from Pennsylvania to New York.The limestones in this area also exhibit karst topography, including sinkholes and small caves.

text: The

text: Delaware River

text: is deflected by ridges and travels generally southwest, along the

text: strike

text: of the upturned beds of shale

text: sedimentary rock

text: . The Delaware flows in a

text: riverbed

text: of

text: glacial

text: till

text: in the Minisink and Walpack

text: buried valley

text: s, formed from erosion of softer

text: bedrock

text: , then passes through the

text: Delaware Water Gap

text: in

text: Kittatinny Mountain

text: ,a continuation of

text: Blue Mountain

text: in Pennsylvania. The buried valleys extend beyond the riverbed and stretch across the state from Pennsylvania to New York.The limestones in this area also exhibit

text: karst topography

text: , including sinkholes and small caves.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the Delaware River travels generally southwest?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the Delaware River deflected by ridges?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the Delaware River deflected by ridges and travels generally southwest?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Delaware River deflected by ridges?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Delaware Water Gap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Delaware Water Gap

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a riverbed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes and small caves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ridges

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Delaware River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Delaware River is deflected by ridges

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Delaware Water Gap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riverbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Delaware Water Gap

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion of softer bedrock,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: karst topography,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: buried valleys,

text: Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles. These relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported by turbulent flow in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the particles settle out of suspension.

text: Mudrock

text: s are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50%

text: silt

text: - and

text: clay

text: -sized particles. These relatively fine-grained particles are commonly transported by

text: turbulent flow

text: in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms and the particles settle out of

text: suspension

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: silt- and clay-sized particles?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained particles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is true of mudrocks?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock: mudrocks?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mudrock?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and air

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Mudrock

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbulently

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from sedimentary rocks.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: turbulent flow in water or air, and deposited as the flow calms

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: calms

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt- and clay-sized particles.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbulent flow in water or air,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbulent flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mudrocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Mudrocks

text: Tourism is a diverse, growing aspect of the economy, with seaside towns such as Beachport attracting tourists for the seaside atmosphere, and others such as Coonawarra, for the wine growing industry. A niche tourism activity is cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes present in the southern part of the council's area as well as in the adjoining local government area of the District Council of Grant.  This activity attracts cave divers from around the globe.  Popular sites include Fossil Cave, Pines and Tank Cave.

text: Tourism is a diverse, growing aspect of the economy, with seaside towns such as Beachport attracting tourists for the seaside atmosphere, and others such as Coonawarra, for the wine growing industry. A niche tourism activity is

text: cave diving

text: in the water-filled

text: caves

text: and

text: sinkhole

text: s present in the southern part of the council's area as well as in the adjoining local government area of the

text: District Council of Grant

text: .  This activity attracts cave divers from around the globe.  Popular sites include

text: Fossil Cave

text: , Pines and Tank Cave.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Fossil Cave, Pines or Tank Cave?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to visit Coonawarra?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Pines

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cave divers from around the globe.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Tourism

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tourism

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cave diving in the water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tourism

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water-filled caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Fossil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Tourism

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: River flows in the Tucannon basin depend solely on precipitation and groundwater. Studies in the early 1990s suggested that these flows would not be able to meet all of the claims, public and private, on the water resources of the lower river. In particular, farm irrigation projects were competing with fisheries for limited water. The Washington Department of Ecology named the Tucannon basin a Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) and in 1995 began hearings about how to allocate the water.

text: River flows in the Tucannon basin depend solely on precipitation and groundwater. Studies in the early 1990s suggested that these flows would not be able to meet all of the claims, public and private, on the water resources of the lower river. In particular, farm irrigation projects were competing with fisheries for limited water. The

text: Washington Department of Ecology

text: named the Tucannon basin a Watershed Resource Inventory Area (WRIA) and in 1995 began hearings about how to allocate the water.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: precipitation or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is Tucannon?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are farm irrigation projects competing with fisheries for limited water?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Tucannon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: precipitation and groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: farm irrigation projects

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farm irrigation projects were competing with fisheries

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Watershed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: River flows in the Tucannon basin depend solely on precipitation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Watershed

text: Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock may trigger a movement of soil or sediments. Floods and debris flows  may also occur when strong rains on hill or mountain slopes cause extensive erosion and/or what is known as "channel scour". The 2006 Sidoarjo mud flow may have been caused by rogue drilling.

text: Heavy rainfall,

text: snow

text: melt, or high levels of

text: ground water

text: flowing through cracked bedrock may trigger a movement of soil or sediments.

text: Flood

text: s and

text: debris flow

text: s  may also occur when strong rains on hill or mountain slopes cause extensive

text: erosion

text: and/or what is known as "channel scour". The 2006

text: Sidoarjo mud flow

text: may have been caused by rogue drilling.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: ground water flowing through cracked bedrock?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or snow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: what is known as channel scour

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: channel scour

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: channel scour

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: channel scour

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: what is known as channel scour

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: channel scour

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Channel scour

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The 2006 Sidoarjo mud flow may have been caused by rogue drilling.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: channel scour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of ground water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Heavy rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Heavy rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Heavy rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of ground water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: "channel scour".

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of ground water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: high levels of ground water flowing through cracked bedrock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "channel scour".

text: Colin Reader, a British geologist, agrees that the suggested evidence of weathering indicates prolonged water erosion. Reader found, inter alia, that the flow of rainwater causing the weathering had been stemmed by the construction of 'Khufu's quarries', which lie directly "upstream" of the Sphinx enclosure, and therefore concludes that the Sphinx must predate the reign of Khufu (2589 – 2566 BC), and certainly Khafra, by several hundred years. Reader disagrees with Schoch's palaeometeorological estimates, and instead concludes that the Sphinx dates to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 – 2686 BC). To explain the disproportionate size of the head compared to the body, Reader, as does Schoch, also suggests the head of the Sphinx was originally that of a lion and recarved sometime later in the likeness of a pharaoh.

text: Colin Reader

text: , a British geologist, agrees that the suggested evidence of weathering indicates prolonged water erosion. Reader found,

text: inter alia

text: , that the flow of rainwater causing the weathering had been stemmed by the construction of 'Khufu's quarries', which lie directly "

text: upstream

text: " of the Sphinx enclosure, and therefore concludes that the Sphinx must predate the reign of Khufu (2589 – 2566 BC), and certainly Khafra, by several hundred years. Reader disagrees with Schoch's palaeometeorological estimates, and instead concludes that the Sphinx dates to the

text: Early Dynastic Period

text: (c. 3150 – 2686 BC). To explain the disproportionate size of the head compared to the body, Reader, as does Schoch, also suggests the head of the Sphinx was originally that of a lion and recarved sometime later in the likeness of a pharaoh.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the flow of rainwater causing?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the most likely reason for prolonged water erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why did the construction of Khufu's quarries occur?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does Colin Reader believe causes sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: quarries

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: quarries

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Khufu's quarries

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: quarries

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Sphinx must predate the reign of Khufu

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sphinx

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: prolonged water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: prolonged water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: prolonged water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "upstream"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: weathering indicates prolonged water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering indicates prolonged water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: construction of 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 'Khufu's quarries',

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: weathering

text: Controlling river flow by use of dams has diminished the river's ability to scour rocks by substantially reducing the amount of sediment it carries. Dams on the Colorado River have also changed the character of the river water. Once both muddy and warm, the river is now clear and averages a  temperature year-round. Experimental floods approaching the  per second level mentioned above have been carried out in 1996 and 2004 to study the effects on sediment erosion and deposition.

text: Controlling river flow by use of dams has diminished the river's ability to scour rocks by substantially reducing the amount of sediment it carries. Dams on the Colorado River have also changed the character of the river water. Once both muddy and warm, the river is now clear and averages a  temperature year-round. Experimental floods approaching the  per second level mentioned above have been carried out in 1996 and 2004 to study the effects on sediment erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: scour, dam, or deposition?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment does the river carry?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the Colorado River?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: muddy

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a crack

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Dams on the Colorado River

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a dam

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: muddy

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dams on the Colorado River have also changed the character of the river water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: scour rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Controlling river flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: amount

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Controlling river flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Controlling river flow by use of dams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Controlling river flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Controlling river flow by use of dams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Controlling river flow by use of dams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: scour rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Controlling river flow by use of dams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: clear and averages a temperature year-round.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sediment

text: In some cases, the term current source refers to a boundary where charge flows from locations where it is not measured to  locations where it is measured. In a similar fashion, a current sink may refer to the boundary where charge flows from locations where it is measured to locations where it is not measured.  By analogy to the flow of water, a current source would be like a mountain spring - water flows from its source (a hidden location underground) to the surface where it is easily observed. Using the same analogy, a current sink would be like water flowing down a drain - water travels from where it is observed to where it is not observed.

text: In some cases, the term current source refers to a boundary where charge flows from locations where it is not measured to  locations where it is measured. In a similar fashion, a current sink may refer to the boundary where charge flows from locations where it is measured to locations where it is not measured.  By analogy to the flow of water, a current source would be like a mountain

text: spring

text: - water flows from its source (a hidden location underground) to the surface where it is easily observed. Using the same analogy, a current sink would be like water flowing down a drain - water travels from where it is observed to where it is not observed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can erosion cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a sink?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water flowing down a drain

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: current sinks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from its source

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water flows from where it is observed to where it is not observed.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: a current source would be like a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: current source

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: current sink

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mountain spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: current source

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: current source

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: current source

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: observed.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: current source

text: Subglacial streams are streams which flow in a channel at the bottom of an ice-sheet or a glacier, and are usually close to the glacier terminus or snout. These are fed by streams on top of the glacier which descend through ducts in the ice. The pressures are very high in these streams due to the huge mass of ice above them, consequently, they have very high erosive power meaning they will increase the volume of water flowing through, maintaining the high pressure. Some subglacial streams have the strange property of 'flowing' uphill due to the colossal pressures that are present.

text: Subglacial streams are streams which flow in a channel at the bottom of an

text: ice-sheet

text: or a

text: glacier

text: , and are usually close to the

text: glacier terminus

text: or snout. These are fed by streams on top of the glacier which descend through ducts in the ice. The pressures are very high in these streams due to the huge mass of ice above them, consequently, they have very high erosive power meaning they will increase the volume of water flowing through, maintaining the high pressure. Some subglacial streams have the strange property of 'flowing' uphill due to the colossal pressures that are present.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of subglacial streams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of subglacial streams?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for subglacial streams to flow uphill?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a subglacial stream?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a source of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: snout

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacier terminus

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: snout

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: uphill

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they have very high erosive power

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increase the volume of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increase the volume of water flowing through, maintaining the high pressure.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: uphill

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Subglacial streams

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Subglacial streams

text: At lower water levels, a high-water mark or "bathtub ring" is visible in photos that show the shoreline of Lake Mead. The bathtub ring is white because of the deposition of minerals on previously submerged surfaces.

text: At lower water levels, a high-water mark or "bathtub ring" is visible in photos that show the shoreline of Lake Mead. The bathtub ring is white because of the deposition of minerals on previously submerged surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the bathtub ring white?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is the bathtub ring white?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the bathtub ring to be white?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: bathtub ring

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bathtub ring

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Mead

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: minerals on previously submerged surfaces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The bathtub ring is white because of minerals on previously submerged surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bathtub ring

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deposition of minerals on previously submerged surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The bathtub ring is white because of the deposition of minerals

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The bathtub ring is white because of the deposition of minerals

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: At lower water levels, a high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: high-water mark or "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: minerals on previously submerged surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: high-water mark

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: "bathtub ring"

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: minerals

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: At lower water levels,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "bathtub ring"

text: Cheese Cave's natural entrance is located  from the north end of the tube. The north cave entrance is in private property and has a building over the sinkhole. There is a steel staircase from the inside of the private building down to a small rock pile on the cave floor.

text: Cheese Cave's natural entrance is located  from the north end of the tube. The north cave entrance is in private property and has a building over the

text: sinkhole

text: . There is a steel staircase from the inside of the private building down to a small rock pile on the cave floor.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The size of sediments determines how they are carried by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Slowly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the most likely reason for the eroded channels?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water levels in the area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: There are no stalactites in Cheese Cave.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Cheese Cave's

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Cheese Cave's

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small rock pile

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Cheese Cave's natural entrance is located from the north end of the tube.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Cheese Cave's

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rock pile

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: a small rock pile on the cave floor.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Cheese Cave's

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Cheese Cave's natural entrance is located from the north end of the tube.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: building over the sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Cheese Cave's

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: building over the sinkhole.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: private property

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Cheese Cave's natural entrance

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock pile

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The north cave entrance is in private property

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole.

text: The vertical hard basin drop structure, also called a dissipation wall, is the basic type of drop structure. The vertical hard basin drop consists of a vertical "cutoff wall", usually built of concrete, that is usually laid perpendicular to the stream flow; and an impact basin, not unlike a stream pool, to catch the discharged water. The purpose of the vertical hard basin drop is to force the water into a hydraulic jump (a small standing wave). Though the simplest type of drop structure, it is highest in maintenance needs and less safe, with most problems related to the impact basin. Sediment is often deposited in the basin, requiring frequent removal, and erosion downstream of the base of the structure.

text: The vertical hard basin drop structure, also called a dissipation wall, is the basic type of drop structure. The vertical hard basin drop consists of a vertical "cutoff wall", usually built of concrete, that is usually laid perpendicular to the stream flow; and an impact basin, not unlike a

text: stream pool

text: , to catch the discharged water. The purpose of the vertical hard basin drop is to force the water into a

text: hydraulic jump

text: (a small standing wave). Though the simplest type of drop structure, it is highest in maintenance needs and less safe, with most problems related to the impact basin.

text: Sediment

text: is often deposited in the basin, requiring frequent removal, and erosion downstream of the base of the structure.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the purpose of the vertical hard basin drop?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of drop structure?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of drop structure: vertical hard basin drop structure, or impact basin?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of drop structure?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not the type of drop structure?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the vertical hard basin drop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the purpose of the vertical hard basin drop?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: impact basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vertical hard basin drop

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: impact basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: impact basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: impact basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: requiring frequent removal

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: vertically

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: impact basin

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unrelated to stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydraulic jump

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream flow;

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deposited in the basin, requiring frequent removal,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sediment is often deposited

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: downstream of the base of the structure.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The vertical hard basin drop structure,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dissipation wall,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: stream pool,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion downstream of the base of the structure.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: impact basin,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream pool,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: downstream of the base of the structure.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: frequent removal,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: hydraulic jump (a small standing wave).

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: impact basin,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The vertical hard basin drop structure,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: standing wave).

text: In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of streamflow that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic zone, and has been discharged into a stream channel, via springs or seepage water".  It is governed by the groundwater flow equation.Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the permeability (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the hydraulic head (water pressure).

text: In

text: hydrogeology

text: , groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of

text: streamflow

text: that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the

text: phreatic zone

text: , and has been discharged into a

text: stream channel

text: , via

text: spring

text: s or

text: seepage water

text: ".  It is governed by the

text: groundwater flow equation

text: .Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called

text: aquifer

text: s. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the

text: permeability

text: (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the

text: hydraulic head

text: (water pressure).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the main cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to grow crops in floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: seepage water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: groundwater is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: permeability

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cracks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: aquifers.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a phreatic zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage water".

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: seepage water".

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the hydraulic head (water pressure).

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: groundwater flow

text: Melissani cave is a typical feature of karst environment in coastal carbonate aquifer. It forms a kind of "cenote" as described in the Yucatán peninsula (Mexico). The vertical shaft gives access to the water table (where you can do a round trip on a small boat!). This groundwater is brackish, mixing between fresh water recharge inland and sea water intruded in depth in the island. Huge karst conduits have been explored by speleo-divers. The bay of Sami has many cenotes, with impressive shafts, that have been inventoried in a GIS Database [see external links]. The brackish water flowing through the cenotes outflows along the sea shore, forming brackish coastal and submarine springs. The groundwater of Melissani cave outflows at the "Fridi" beach. This brackish water is part of a famous hydrogeological phenomena : seawater is sucked in the west part of the island of Kefalonia, near Argostoli, and expelled in the bay of Sami. In Argostoli, the seawater flows into sinkholes, named katavothres, where water mill turns.

text: Melissani cave is a typical feature of karst environment in coastal carbonate aquifer. It forms a kind of "cenote" as described in the Yucatán peninsula (Mexico). The vertical shaft gives access to the water table (where you can do a round trip on a small boat!). This groundwater is brackish, mixing between fresh water recharge inland and sea water intruded in depth in the island. Huge karst conduits have been explored by speleo-divers. The bay of Sami has many cenotes, with impressive shafts, that have been inventoried in a GIS Database [see external links]. The brackish water flowing through the cenotes outflows along the sea shore, forming brackish coastal and submarine springs. The groundwater of Melissani cave outflows at the "Fridi" beach. This brackish water is part of a famous hydrogeological phenomena : seawater is sucked in the west part of the island of Kefalonia, near Argostoli, and expelled in the bay of Sami. In Argostoli, the seawater flows into sinkholes, named katavothres, where water mill turns.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of groundwater: brackish, coastal or submarine?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the karst conduits?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: brackish, coastal, or submarine?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of brackish water: brackish coastal and submarine springs?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of karst environment in coastal carbonate aquifer?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Melissani cave?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sea shore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: cenote

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Seawater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the cenotes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The brackish water flowing through the cenotes outflows along the sea shore

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: brackish coastal and submarine springs.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Huge karst conduits

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Huge karst conduits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: karst environment in coastal carbonate aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: karst environment in coastal carbonate aquifer.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: katavothres,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Melissani cave is a typical feature of karst

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: katavothres,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: katavothres,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: "cenote"

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: "cenote"

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: katavothres,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: submarine springs.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sea water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: inland and sea water intruded in depth in the island.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: brackish coastal and submarine springs.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: brackish coastal and submarine springs. The groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Melissani cave is a typical feature of karst

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large catchment areas. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, monsoons, or tropical cyclones. However, large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climate, since they may have large basins but small river channels and rainfall can be very intense in smaller areas of those basins.

text: Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large

text: catchment area

text: s. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt,

text: monsoon

text: s, or

text: tropical cyclones

text: . However, large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climate, since they may have large basins but small river channels and rainfall can be very intense in smaller areas of those basins.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for slow-rising floods?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large rivers with large catchment areas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of slow-rising floods?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: catchment areas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rapid snow melt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: catchment areas

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rapid snow melt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dry climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapid snow melt

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: large rivers may have rapid flooding events in areas with dry climate

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tropical cyclones.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: large catchment areas.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: large catchment areas.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: large rivers with large catchment areas.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: catchment areas.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: small river channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rapid snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: monsoons, or tropical cyclones.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow melt,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Slow-rising floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Slow-rising floods

text: The power behind a large release of water is very great, especially if it forms a single water wave, and is well known as a strong force in coastal erosion and river erosion. Such a wave could be created by a sluice gate covering one end of the reservoir, possibly a permanent fixture such as a swinging flap or a rising gate. The size of the tank controlled the height of the wave and its volume. Hushing was most effective when used on steep ground such as the brow of a hill or mountain, the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller. The rate of attack would be controlled by the water supply, and perhaps more difficult the higher the deposit to be cleared.

text: The power behind a large release of water is very great, especially if it forms a single

text: water wave

text: , and is well known as a strong force in

text: coastal erosion

text: and

text: river erosion

text: . Such a wave could be created by a

text: sluice gate

text: covering one end of the reservoir, possibly a permanent fixture such as a swinging flap or a rising gate. The size of the tank controlled the height of the wave and its volume. Hushing was most effective when used on steep ground such as the brow of a hill or mountain, the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller. The rate of attack would be controlled by the water supply, and perhaps more difficult the higher the deposit to be cleared.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the rate of attack?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the highest deposit to be cleared?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is hushing most effective on steep ground?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: coastal erosion and river erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: brow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a single water wave

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hushing

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water wave

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Hushing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the water supply

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on steep ground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: higher deposit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: water wave

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: coastal erosion and river erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: river erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the force of falling water lessening as the slope becomes smaller.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hushing was most effective when used on steep ground

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sluice gate

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: coastal erosion and river erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal erosion and river erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Hushing was most effective when used on steep ground

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Hushing

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water wave,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a single water wave,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: single water wave,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: a large release of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Hushing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the water supply,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: a single water wave,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The power behind a large release of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: water wave,

text: The Witwatersrand aka The Reef, is a 56-kilometre-long north-facing scarp in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It consists of a hard, erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock, over which several north-flowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name “Witwatersrand”, meaning the “ridge of white waters” in Afrikaans.  This east–west-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap from Bedfordview (about 10 km west of O.R. Tambo International Airport) in the east, through Johannesburg and Roodepoort, to Krugersdorp in the west (see the diagram bottom-left below).

text: The Witwatersrand aka The Reef, is a 56-kilometre-long north-facing

text: scarp

text: in the

text: Gauteng Province

text: of

text: South Africa

text: . It consists of a hard, erosion-resistant

text: quartzite

text: sedimentary rock, over which several north-flowing rivers form waterfalls, which account for the name “Witwatersrand”, meaning the “ridge of white waters” in

text: Afrikaans

text: .  This east–west-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap from

text: Bedfordview

text: (about 10 km west of

text: O.R. Tambo International Airport

text: ) in the east, through

text: Johannesburg

text: and

text: Roodepoort

text: , to

text: Krugersdorp

text: in the west (see the diagram bottom-left below).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the Witwatersrand?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hard

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the Witwatersrand named The Reef?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the reason for the name "Witwatersrand"?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the Witwatersrand?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Witwatersrand a poor place for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ridge of white waters

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: north-flowing rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: quartzite sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: north-flowing

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: quartzite sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: north-flowing rivers form waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: north-flowing

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion-resistant

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: north-flowing rivers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: north-flowing

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Witwatersrand

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: quartzite sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion-resistant quartzite sedimentary rock,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: “ridge of white waters”

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion-resistant

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: quartzite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosion-resistant

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls,

text: The climate is arid with an average rainfall of only 315 mm per year between June and September. The number of days during which rain falls in a year usually does not exceed 4 or 5. Banni has almost no rivers or natural streams however, about 100 rivers and rivulets flowing northwards from the Kutch mainland drain into the grasslands of Banni along its southern boundary. This area near the boundary gets flooded during the rainy season mainly by the water brought by these rivers and local rainfall. It is this annual flooding and the old silt deposits that formed Banni, which were deposited here when the Indus River used to flow through the region until it changed its course due to the 1819 earthquake. This gave rise to what is often called Asia's finest natural grasslands.

text: The climate is

text: arid

text: with an average rainfall of only 315 mm per year between June and September. The number of days during which rain falls in a year usually does not exceed 4 or 5. Banni has almost no rivers or natural streams however, about 100 rivers and rivulets flowing northwards from the Kutch mainland drain into the grasslands of Banni along its southern boundary. This area near the boundary gets flooded during the rainy season mainly by the water brought by these rivers and local rainfall. It is this annual

text: flooding

text: and the old

text: silt

text: deposits that formed Banni, which were

text: deposited

text: here when the

text: Indus River

text: used to flow through the region until it changed its course due to the 1819 earthquake. This gave rise to what is often called Asia's finest natural grasslands.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rivers or natural streams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the average rainfall in a year?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why does the area get flooded during the rainy season?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many days during which rain falls in a year usually does not exceed 4 or 5

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or natural streams?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the climate arid?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion, sinkholes or floods?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: grasslands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Banni

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a crack

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 315 mm per year

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: northwards

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Banni

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: about 100 rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: old silt deposits that formed Banni,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: old silt deposits that formed Banni,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers and local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Banni has almost no rivers or natural streams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 100 rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded during the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt deposits that formed Banni,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: about 100 rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: grasslands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Banni,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers and local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers and rivulets

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 4 or 5.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Banni,

text: Cabeço Gordo is the main geomorphological unit, corresponding to a polygenetic volcano two kilometers at the top and one kilometer at the base. The walls of the crater rim are abrupt, although their slopes increase with altitudes. The superficial cover of the volcano is covered in pyroclastic material, such as pumice rock, phreatic and phreatomagmatic deposits, evidence of pyroclastic flows and lahars. The flanks of the stratovolcano also include the Morro de Castelo Branco and peninsula of denser material that have resisted erosion.

text: Cabeço Gordo is the main geomorphological unit, corresponding to a polygenetic volcano two kilometers at the top and one kilometer at the base. The walls of the crater rim are abrupt, although their slopes increase with altitudes. The superficial cover of the volcano is covered in pyroclastic material, such as pumice rock, phreatic and phreatomagmatic deposits, evidence of pyroclastic flows and lahars. The flanks of the stratovolcano also include the Morro de Castelo Branco and peninsula of denser material that have resisted erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: pumice rock, phreatic and phreatomagmatic deposits or lahars?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: denser material that have resisted erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: pumice rock, phreatic or lahars?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: lahars, phreatic or phreatomagmatic?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many kilometers at the top and one kilometer at the base?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the walls of the crater rim abrupt?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: sinkholes or erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lahars

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pumice rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lahars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: denser material that have resisted erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Morro de Castelo Branco

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lahars.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pyroclastic flows and lahars.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phreatic and phreatomagmatic deposits,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lahars.

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12–17 Mya; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene epoch during the Transdanubian Mountains' formation. Ultimately, up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge.

text: The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and

text: subsidence

text: of crust structures formed during the Late

text: Paleozoic

text: Variscan orogeny

text: . The Paleozoic and

text: Mesozoic

text: structures are visible in

text: Papuk

text: and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a

text: stratovolcanic

text: chain in the basin 12–17

text: Mya

text: ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as

text: flood basalt

text: s at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary

text: tectonic uplift

text: of the

text: Carpathian Mountains

text: severed water flow to the

text: Black Sea

text: and the

text: Pannonian Sea

text: formed in the basin.

text: Sediments

text: were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep

text: fluvial

text: sediments being deposited in the

text: Pleistocene

text: epoch during the

text: Transdanubian Mountains

text: ' formation. Ultimately, up to  of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the

text: Iron Gate

text: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the water flow to the Black Sea?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particularly deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the Carpathian Mountains severed water flow to the Black Sea or the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many years after the formation of the Pannonian Basin did the Pannonian Sea form?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused sinkholes in the Pannonian Basin?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Subdivision

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Iron Gate gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Iron Gate gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Carpathian and Dinaric mountains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subdivision

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplift of the Carpathian Mountains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: up to of sediment was deposited in the basin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: particularly deep fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deep fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deep fluvial

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: intensified subsidence

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Iron Gate gorge.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Iron Gate gorge.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pannonian Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Carpathian and Dinaric mountains,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood basalts

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic uplift

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Pannonian Basin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Pannonian Sea

text: Geologists classify the falls at Ricketts Glen State Park into two types. Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps, forming waterfalls that are said to resemble a wedding cake. Within the park, this type of falls usually flows over thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone. In bridal-veil falls, the second type, water falls over a ledge and drops vertically into a plunge pool in the stream bed below. Within the park, this type of falls flows over Catskill Formation rocks or the red shale and sandstone of the Huntley Formation. In the park, the harder caprock which forms the ledge from which the bridal-veil falls drops is grey sandstone. The softer red shale below is eroded away by water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

text: Geologists classify the falls at Ricketts Glen State Park into two types. Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps, forming waterfalls that are said to resemble a

text: wedding cake

text: . Within the park, this type of falls usually flows over thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone. In

text: bridal-veil

text: falls, the second type, water falls over a ledge and drops vertically into a

text: plunge pool

text: in the stream bed below. Within the park, this type of falls flows over Catskill Formation rocks or the red shale and sandstone of the Huntley Formation. In the park, the harder

text: caprock

text: which forms the ledge from which the bridal-veil falls drops is grey sandstone. The softer red shale below is eroded away by water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the second type of falls?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe bridal-veil falls?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the second type of falls?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: shale or sandstone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the second type of falls?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not the type of falls at Ricketts Glen State Park?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the second type of falls?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fall: Wedding-cake falls or bridal-veil falls?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a ledge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: wedding cake falls descend in a series of small steps

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Wedding-cake falls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thin layers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Wedding-cake falls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Wedding-cake falls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bridal-veil falls,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bridal-veil falls,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: wedding cake.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bridal-veil falls,

text: Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both downward, deepening the valley, and headward, extending the valley into the hillside, creating head cuts and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some base level is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream meanders across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood, when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles, pebbles and boulders can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as traction.

text: Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both

text: downward

text: , deepening the valley, and

text: headward

text: , extending the valley into the hillside, creating

text: head cuts

text: and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some

text: base level

text: is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream

text: meander

text: s across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood, when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles,

text: pebble

text: s and

text: boulder

text: s can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as traction.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger sediment load

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an example of lateral deposition of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: steep banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: head cuts

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: suspended abrasive particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lateral deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: times of flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steeply

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pebbles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not the water alone that erodes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lateral deposition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: faster-moving water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger sediment load.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lateral erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: head cuts

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lateral deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: head cuts and steep banks.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: head cuts

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: head cuts

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplain.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: suspended abrasive particles, pebbles and boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lateral erosion,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: times of flood,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steep banks.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lateral

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Valley or stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: head cuts

text: Bracken Cave is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world. An estimated 20 million Mexican Free-tailed Bats roost in the cave from March to October making it the largest known concentration of mammals. The cave is located in southern Comal County, Texas, outside the city of San Antonio. The 100-foot-wide crescent shaped opening to the cave lies at the bottom of a sinkhole, formed when the roof of the cave collapsed.

text: Bracken Cave is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world. An estimated 20 million

text: Mexican Free-tailed Bat

text: s roost in the cave from March to October making it the largest known concentration of mammals. The cave is located in southern

text: Comal County, Texas

text: , outside the city of

text: San Antonio

text: . The 100-foot-wide crescent shaped opening to the cave lies at the bottom of a sinkhole, formed when the roof of the cave collapsed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Bracken Cave?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Bracken Cave?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The cave lies at the bottom of a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for bats to roost in Bracken Cave?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Bracken Cave?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The cave is the summer home to the largest colony of bats in the world

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 100-foot-wide

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Bracken Cave is the summer home to the largest colony of bats

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Bracken Cave

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom of a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Bracken Cave is the summer home to the largest colony of bats

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the roof of the cave collapsed.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: largest colony of bats

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole,

text: The Hugoton Field is a stratigraphic trap overlying a monocline, with the primary pay found in the Krider dolomite of Permian age.  This dolomite and the overlying Herington dolomite make up the Wolfcampian carbonates.  Above these carbonates is the Wichita, an anhydrite and dense dolomite forming the reservoir seal, which thins to the west.  Marine carbonates were being deposited from the Late Pennsylvanian until Early Permian when the western portion of the area was uplifted which resulted in erosion and the deposition of red clays and sands, the future red beds consisting of shales and sandstones. Marine carbonate deposition followed, resulting in the interfingering of the red beds and carbonates, the basis of the stratigraphic trap and a tilted gas-water contact.

text: The Hugoton Field is a

text: stratigraphic trap

text: overlying a

text: monocline

text: , with the primary pay found in the Krider

text: dolomite

text: of

text: Permian

text: age.  This dolomite and the overlying Herington dolomite make up the Wolfcampian carbonates.  Above these carbonates is the Wichita, an

text: anhydrite

text: and dense dolomite forming the reservoir seal, which thins to the west.  Marine carbonates were being deposited from the

text: Late Pennsylvanian

text: until

text: Early Permian

text: when the western portion of the area was uplifted which resulted in erosion and the deposition of red clays and sands, the future red beds consisting of shales and sandstones. Marine carbonate deposition followed, resulting in the interfingering of the red beds and carbonates, the basis of the stratigraphic trap and a tilted gas-water contact.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not a type of sediment: shales or sandstones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a sediment type: shales or sandstones?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clays or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or slow flowing mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to grow crops in floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: what is the first type of sediment mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stratigraphic trap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: marine carbonates

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Marine carbonate deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed from marine carbonates

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: monocline

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Marine carbonates

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: tilted gas-water contact.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: gas-water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposited from the Late Pennsylvanian until Early Permian

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Hugoton Field is a stratigraphic trap

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Hugoton Field is a stratigraphic trap

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The Hugoton Field is a stratigraphic trap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion and the deposition of red clays and sands,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: monocline,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Marine carbonates

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Marine carbonate deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red clays and sands,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Hugoton Field is a stratigraphic trap

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stratigraphic trap

text: Middle Island Creek's most extreme meander forms a peninsula known as "the Jug," located upstream of Middlebourne. The creek rounds a 3.3 mile (5.3 km) bend only to return to within 100 feet (30 m) of itself.  Sometime prior to 1800, an early European settler named George Gregg had a raceway (mill race) carved across the narrow point of the peninsula and harnessed the resulting hydropower of the stream's 13-foot (4 m) fall for a gristmill and sawmill at the site.  These mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852; four more mills were subsequently built and respectively washed away by flooding in the later 19th century.  Flooding had the effect of widening the raceway across the peninsula such that it became the main channel of the stream, inhibiting the flow of water through the longer loop and transforming the peninsula to an island.  In 1947 the West Virginia Conservation Commission constructed a low water bridge which substantially dammed the cut-through and restored a steady flow to the bend of the creek. The low water bridge is known to be frequently impassable due to flooding.  The land encircled by the creek's loop is operated as a Wildlife Management Area by the state of West Virginia.

text: Middle Island Creek's most extreme meander forms a

text: peninsula

text: known as "the Jug," located upstream of Middlebourne. The creek rounds a 3.3 mile (5.3 km) bend only to return to within 100 feet (30 m) of itself.  Sometime prior to 1800, an early European settler named George Gregg had a

text: raceway (mill race)

text: carved across the narrow point of the peninsula and harnessed the resulting

text: hydropower

text: of the stream's 13-foot (4 m) fall for a

text: gristmill

text: and

text: sawmill

text: at the site.  These mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852; four more mills were subsequently built and respectively washed away by flooding in the later 19th century.  Flooding had the effect of widening the raceway across the peninsula such that it became the main channel of the stream, inhibiting the flow of water through the longer loop and transforming the peninsula to an island.  In 1947 the West Virginia Conservation Commission constructed a

text: low water bridge

text: which substantially dammed the cut-through and restored a steady flow to the bend of the creek. The low water bridge is known to be frequently impassable due to flooding.  The land encircled by the creek's loop is operated as a

entity_name: List of West Virginia wildlife management areas

text: Wildlife Management Area

text: by the state of West Virginia.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 100 feet (30 m)

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How would you describe the land encirced by the creek's loop?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why were the mills destroyed by a flood?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many mills were destroyed by a flood?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: the Jug

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: jug

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 13-foot

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gristmill

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: low water bridge

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 13-foot (4 m) fall

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: These mills were destroyed by a flood in 1852;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 13-foot (4 m) fall

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: widening the raceway

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: raceway

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: 13-foot (4 m) fall

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: raceway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "the Jug,"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "the Jug,"

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flooding in the later 19th century. Flooding

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gristmill

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Middle Island Creek's

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peninsula

text: Salmon friendly gardens, also called rain gardens, would prevent overflow and surges and would absorb pollutants which would otherwise be washed directly into freshwater systems. When a storm causes rainwater to surge into rivers and streams via storm drains, the heavy flow of fast moving water commonly erodes the soil thus destroying precious salmon and steelhead habitat.  Said storm drain surges are typically warmer in temperature than the water of the streams into which they are being deposited. This causes river and stream temperatures to rise and places further stress on growing and migrating salmon and steelhead. The salmon friendly gardens are planted as depressions in the ground, and work by absorbing much of the rainwater runoff which is redirected to first flow through the gardens before ultimately ending up in the rivers and streams. The gardens therefore slow and lessen the storm surges and filter out pollutants being washed out of the city. Planting rain gardens would result in less erosion, lower and stable water temperatures, and less pollutants entering freshwater systems.

text: Salmon friendly gardens, also called

text: rain garden

text: s, would prevent overflow and surges and would absorb pollutants which would otherwise be washed directly into freshwater systems. When a storm causes rainwater to surge into rivers and streams via storm drains, the heavy flow of fast moving water commonly erodes the soil thus destroying precious salmon and steelhead habitat.  Said storm drain surges are typically warmer in temperature than the water of the streams into which they are being deposited. This causes river and stream temperatures to rise and places further stress on growing and migrating salmon and steelhead. The salmon friendly gardens are planted as depressions in the ground, and work by absorbing much of the rainwater runoff which is redirected to first flow through the gardens before ultimately ending up in the rivers and streams. The gardens therefore slow and lessen the storm surges and filter out pollutants being washed out of the city. Planting rain gardens would result in less erosion, lower and stable water temperatures, and less pollutants entering freshwater systems.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of planting rain gardens?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to plant rain gardens?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are salmon and steelhead habitats destroyed?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does the heavy flow of fast moving water commonly erode the soil?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: overflow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: salmon friendly gardens

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: salmon friendly gardens

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salmon friendly gardens

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Storm drains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: destroying precious salmon and steelhead

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: higher and stable water temperatures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erodes the soil

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fast moving water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depressions in the ground,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Salmon friendly gardens,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rainwater runoff

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erodes the soil

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: storm drains,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depressions in the ground,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater to surge into rivers and streams via storm drains,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: river and stream temperatures to rise

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: warmer in temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Salmon friendly gardens,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: salmon and steelhead habitat.

text: Prior to the ice ages the River Thames followed a path through the southern part of Hertfordshire, running from the area of modern Staines up the valley of the Colne to Hatfield and then eastward across Essex originally towards the primeval Rhine but later down the valley of the modern River Lea. This path was blocked by a mass of ice near Hatfield and a lake ponded up to the west of this around St Albans. Waters eventually overflowed near Staines to cut the path of the modern Thames through central London.  When the ice retreated about 400,000 years ago the river bed along the new route followed the lower path and so the river remained on its present-day course. The flow in the Colne valley reversed, now flowing south as a tributary into the modern Thames. Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames, are found throughout the Vale of St. Albans.

text: Prior to the ice ages the

text: River Thames

text: followed a path through the southern part of Hertfordshire, running from the area of modern

text: Staines

text: up the valley of the Colne to

text: Hatfield

text: and then eastward across Essex originally towards the primeval

text: Rhine

text: but later down the valley of the modern

text: River Lea

text: . This path was blocked by a mass of ice near Hatfield and a lake ponded up to the west of this around St Albans. Waters eventually overflowed near Staines to cut the path of the modern Thames through central

text: London

text: .  When the ice retreated about 400,000 years ago the river bed along the new route followed the lower path and so the river remained on its present-day course. The flow in the Colne valley reversed, now flowing south as a tributary into the modern Thames. Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames, are found throughout the Vale of St. Albans.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Colne?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or gravel?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the flow of the River Thames?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many sinkholes are in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: near Staines

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Superficial gravel deposits from the primordial Thames,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lower path

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Prior to the ice ages the River Thames

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: River Lea.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: overflowed

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: overflowed

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley of the Colne

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: River Lea.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: river bed

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: overflowed

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Prior to the ice ages

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Superficial gravel deposits

text: Australian water resources have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in groundwater use and the constant threat of drought. These increased pressures not only affect the quantity and quality of the waterways but they also negatively affect biodiversity. The government needs to create policies that preserve, protect and monitor Australia’s inland water. The most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government is environmental flow allocations that allocate water to the natural environment. The proper implementation of water trading systems could help to conserve water resources in Australia. Over the years there has been an increase in demand for water, making Australia the third largest per capita user of water in the world (Beeton et al. 2006). If this trend continues, the gap between supply and demand will need to be addressed. The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates (UNEP, 2014). By changing public perception to promote the action of reusing and recycling water some of the stress of water shortages can be alleviated.  More extensive solutions like desalination plants, building more dams and using aquifer storage are all options that could be taken to conserve water levels but all these methods are controversial. With caps on surface water use, both urban and rural consumers are turning to groundwater use; this has caused groundwater levels to decline significantly. Groundwater use is very hard to monitor and regulate. There is not enough research currently being conducted to accurately determine sustainable yields. Some regions are seeing improvement in groundwater levels by applying caps on bores and the amount of water that consumers are allowed to extract. There have been projects in environmental governance aimed at restoring vegetation in the riparian zone. Restoring riparian vegetation helps increase biodiversity, reduce salinity, prevent soil erosion and prevent riverbank collapse. Many rivers and waterways are controlled by weirs and locks that control the flow of rivers and also prevent the movement of fish. The government has funded fish-ways on some weirs and locks to allow for native fish to move upstream. Wetlands have significantly suffered under restricted water resources with water bird numbers dropping and a decrease in species diversity. The allocation of water for bird breeding through environmental flows in Macquarie Marshes has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing daughterless carp to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: Australia

text: n

text: water resources

text: have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in

text: groundwater

text: Macquarie Marshes

text: has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing

text: daughterless carp

text: to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a project in environmental governance aimed at restoring vegetation?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of riparian vegetation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, drought, or conservation?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterway?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater use

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: riverbank collapse

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Restoring riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: uncontrolled growth in groundwater use

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riparian zone

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: water shortages

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: restoring vegetation in the riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water shortages

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: weirs and locks

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: weirs

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: restoring vegetation in the riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: restoring vegetation in the riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: weirs

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: weirs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: soil erosion and prevent riverbank collapse.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: restoring vegetation in the riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water shortages

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: riverbank collapse.

text: One generally accepted view for the formation of large outflow channels is that they were formed by catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs. Perhaps, the water started to come out of the ground due to faulting or volcanic activity.  Sometimes hot magma just travels under the surface.  If that is the case, the ground will be heated, but there may be no evidence of lava at the surface. After the water escaped, the surface would collapse.  Moving across the surface, the water would have simultaneously froze and evaporated. Chunks of ice that would have rapidly formed may have enhanced the erosive power of the flood. Furthermore, the water may have frozen over at the surface, but continuing to flow underneath.  Rivers in cold climates on the Earth often become ice-covered, yet continue to flow.

text: One generally accepted view for the formation of large outflow channels is that they were formed by catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs. Perhaps, the water started to come out of the ground due to faulting or volcanic activity.  Sometimes hot magma just travels under the surface.  If that is the case, the ground will be heated, but there may be no evidence of lava at the surface. After the water escaped, the surface would collapse.  Moving across the surface, the water would have simultaneously froze and evaporated. Chunks of ice that would have rapidly formed may have enhanced the erosive power of the flood. Furthermore, the water may have frozen over at the surface, but continuing to flow underneath.  Rivers in cold climates on the Earth often become ice-covered, yet continue to flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would have enhanced the erosive power of the flood

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What would have enhanced the erosive power of the flood?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is there no evidence of lava at the surface?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: catastrophic floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under the surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water may have frozen over at the surface

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: catastrophic floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ice-covered,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: outflow channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Chunks of ice

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: outflow channels

text: When a river reaches a low-lying plain, often in its final course to the sea or a lake, it meanders widely. In the vicinity of a river bend, deposition occurs on the convex bank (the bank with the smaller radius). In contrast, both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the cut bank or concave bank (the bank with the greater radius.) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced meander with two concave banks getting closer. The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through, either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a flood. When this happens, a new straighter river channel is created and an abandoned meander loop, called a cutoff, is formed. When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel, an oxbow lake is formed. This process can occur over a time scale from a few years to several decades and may sometimes become essentially static.

text: When a river reaches a low-lying plain, often in its final course to the

text: sea

text: or a

text: lake

text: , it

text: meander

text: s widely. In the vicinity of a

text: river

text: bend,

text: deposition

text: occurs on the

text: convex

text: bank (the bank with the smaller radius). In contrast, both lateral

text: erosion

text: and undercutting occur on the

text: cut bank

text: or concave bank (the bank with the greater radius.) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced

text: meander

text: with two

text: concave

text: banks getting closer. The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through, either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a

text: flood

text: . When this happens, a new straighter river

text: channel

text: is created and an abandoned meander loop, called a

text: cutoff

text: , is formed. When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel, an oxbow lake is formed. This process can occur over a time scale from a few years to several decades and may sometimes become essentially static.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which bank has a greater radius?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: radius

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: low-lying plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oxbow

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cut bank

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: strong currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Undercutting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong currents of a flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a narrow neck of land

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by lateral erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lateral erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: cut bank or concave bank

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cut bank or concave bank

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: When a river reaches a low-lying plain,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: lateral erosion of the two concave banks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cutoff,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lateral erosion of the two concave banks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: strong currents of a flood.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: undercutting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong currents of a flood.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: meanders widely.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When a river reaches a low-lying

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meander

text: While there is no further surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake, some water from this lake is believed to seasonally seep through ground fractures of the Kewu Fault into the nearby Small Ailik Lake (小艾里克湖, ), whose water surface is (as of 1999) at about  above sea level. Potentially, water can seep through the same fault even farther to the southwest, to the dry Alan Nur lake (the former terminus of the Manas River).

text: While there is no further surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake, some water from this lake is believed to seasonally seep through

text: ground fractures

text: of the Kewu

text: Fault

text: into the nearby Small Ailik Lake (小艾里克湖, ), whose water surface is (as of 1999) at about  above sea level. Potentially, water can seep through the same fault even farther to the southwest, to the dry Alan Nur lake (the former terminus of the

text: Manas River

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water can seep through the same fault even farther

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Small Ailik Lake?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the reason for the lack of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Manas River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can sinkholes be caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there is no further surface water flow out

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Kewu Fault

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ground fractures of the Kewu Fault

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Manas River).

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: dry Alan Nur lake

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Manas River).

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dry Alan Nur lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Alan Nur lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Small Ailik Lake

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Kewu Fault

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: seep through ground fractures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no further surface water flow out of the Ailik Lake,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Fault

text: The cause of the erosion and flooding which eventually drowned this development was the original Hampton Pier. The ebb and flow of tidal streams is powerful in the shallow Thames Estuary, where its tidal waters are caught in the vortex of the tidal push from Atlantic waters via both the north and south of the British Isles. Off Herne Bay, the running ebb current moves at 10.15 knots, and the flow at . Where strong currents meet and divide, or are disrupted by uneven coastal features, there are eddies. After Hampton Pier was first built, the flow running west along Herne Bay beach dropped its sand and pebbles on the east side of the pier instead of replenishing beach material in front of the new development. Subsequently, after being forced into a loop around the pier-end it was possibly forced into a shoreward eddy by deep-water currents. That means that at a certain point in the flow-tide it could have continued briefly westward past Hampton-on-Sea, then turned inshore and looped back strongly eastwards along the beach towards Hampton Pier Avenue, eroding land at Hampton-on-Sea and then turning north along Hampton Pier Avenue and the pier, carrying soil with it. It is said that the later shortening of the pier was not enough and that erosion will continue, so such an eddy may explain the need for today's shore defences along the north end of Hampton Pier Avenue. An additional possibility is related to the strong ebb flow's history of removing the headlands of Herne Bay's original bay before the 19th century. This current moving east, being baulked and turned north suddenly by the new sea defences of Hampton Pier Avenue and Hampton Pier, might easily erode the little Hampton-on-Sea bay in default of the Hampton Pier headland. Both the above theories allow for scoured coastal material to be removed to deeper waters to the north of Hampton-on-Sea by the ebb tide and by the occasional eddy, besides being dropped at Long Rock by an alternate normal east-west flow tide. When there are exceptional conditions on top of these tidal streams, for example a low pressure system causing higher water level coinciding with strong north-westerly winds, coastal flooding can occur.

text: The cause of the

text: erosion

text: and flooding which eventually drowned this development was the original Hampton Pier. The

text: ebb and flow

text: of

text: tidal streams

text: is powerful in the shallow

text: Thames Estuary

text: , where its tidal waters are caught in the vortex of the tidal push from

text: Atlantic

text: waters via both the north and south of the British Isles. Off Herne Bay, the running ebb current moves at 10.15

text: knots

text: , and the flow at . Where strong currents meet and divide, or are disrupted by uneven coastal features, there are

text: eddies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: running ebb current

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of the erosion and flooding which eventually drowned this development?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: eroding land at Hampton-on-Sea

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pier

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eddy

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bay

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deep-water currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Hampton Pier Avenue and the pier carrying soil with it

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: west along Herne Bay beach

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eddy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eddy,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ebb tide

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ebb tide

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: ebb tide

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ebb tide

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Hampton Pier Avenue,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hampton-on-Sea

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Hampton-on-Sea

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: land

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ebb tide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eddy,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uneven coastal features,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eddies.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and pebbles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Long Rock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eddies.

text: Floods take place when water overflows or submerges land that is usually parched. The most common way is when rivers or streams overflow their banks. A floodplain is produced when water from a rivers spreads through the land from excessive rain, rapid ice melting, unfortunately placed beaver dam, and ruptured dam. There are two types of floods: general and flash floods. General floods are predicted well in advance and usually cause the destruction of housing, people and crops. Flash floods come without warning and are sudden and extreme: A large volume of water flows rapidly and people have to make quick movements if they do not want to be caught in the flood. They have to find high safe ground where the water will not reach them.

text: Floods take place when water overflows or submerges land that is usually parched. The most common way is when rivers or streams overflow their banks. A floodplain is produced when water from a rivers spreads through the land from excessive rain, rapid ice melting, unfortunately placed beaver dam, and ruptured dam. There are two types of floods: general and flash floods. General floods are predicted well in advance and usually cause the destruction of housing, people and crops. Flash floods come without warning and are sudden and extreme: A large volume of water flows rapidly and people have to make quick movements if they do not want to be caught in the flood. They have to find high safe ground where the water will not reach them.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood: general or flash?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of flood?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: A floodplain

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: beaver dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: excessive rain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over its banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: general floods are predicted well in advance

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Flash floods

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: General floods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: beaver dam, and ruptured dam.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: excessive rain, rapid ice melting,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: overflow their banks.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: crops.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Floods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: floodplain

text: Hesperornis was primarily marine, and lived in the waters of such contemporary shallow shelf seas as the Western Interior Seaway, the Turgai Strait, and the North Sea, which then were subtropical to tropical waters, much warmer than today. However, some of the youngest known specimens of Hesperornis have been found in inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation, suggesting that some species of Hesperornis may have eventually moved, at least partially, away from a primarily marine habitat. Additionally, the species H. altus comes from the freshwater deposits at the base of the Judith River Formation.

text: Hesperornis was primarily marine, and lived in the waters of such contemporary shallow

text: shelf sea

text: s as the

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: , the

text: Turgai Strait

text: , and the

text: North Sea

text: , which then were

text: subtropical

text: to

text: tropical

text: waters, much warmer than today. However, some of the youngest known specimens of Hesperornis have been found in inland freshwater deposits of the

text: Foremost Formation

text: , suggesting that some species of Hesperornis may have eventually moved, at least partially, away from a primarily marine habitat. Additionally, the species H. altus comes from the freshwater deposits at the base of the

text: Judith River Formation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Hesperornis?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow shelf seas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: strait

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Foremost Formation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Foremost Formation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Foremost Formation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: strait

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Judith River Formation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Strait

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Judith River Formation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Judith River Formation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Foremost Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: some of the youngest known specimens have been found in inland freshwater deposits

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Judith River Formation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow shelf seas

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Judith River Formation.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Judith River Formation.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Judith River Formation.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Hesperornis

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Judith River Formation.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Turgai Strait,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: warmer than today.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: inland freshwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Foremost Formation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: primarily marine,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Judith River Formation.

text: It is generally believed to be a basaltic shield with the lower part buried beneath plain forming lavas. Earlier interpretations suggested that it is a stratovolcano.  The slopes on Ceraunius Tholus are quite steep with an average slope of 8° with many radial erosion channels and pitted valleys extending from just below the rim of the caldera toward the base of the volcano. The current view is that the valleys were eroded by water.  Interesting features on Ceraunius Tholus are three large canyons at the northwest ﬂank of Ceraunius Tholus which are up to 2.5 km wide and 300 m deep. The biggest of these three also appears to be the youngest and protrude from the lowest point of the volcanic caldera and ends at the interesting crater Rahe (an oblique impact crater with measures of 35 × 18 km), just north from the volcano where it formed a depositional fan. Its origin is still debatable and there are four main models proposed: ﬂuvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel or some combination of previously mentioned models.

text: It is generally believed to be a basaltic shield with the lower part buried beneath plain forming lavas. Earlier interpretations suggested that it is a

text: stratovolcano

text: .  The slopes on Ceraunius Tholus are quite steep with an average slope of 8° with many radial erosion channels and pitted valleys extending from just below the rim of the

text: caldera

text: toward the base of the volcano. The current view is that the valleys were eroded by water.  Interesting features on Ceraunius Tholus are three large canyons at the northwest ﬂank of Ceraunius Tholus which are up to 2.5 km wide and 300 m deep. The biggest of these three also appears to be the youngest and protrude from the lowest point of the volcanic caldera and ends at the interesting crater

text: Rahe

text: (an oblique impact crater with measures of 35 × 18 km), just north from the volcano where it formed a depositional fan. Its origin is still debatable and there are four main models proposed: ﬂuvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel or some combination of previously mentioned models.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: fluvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel or some combination of previously mentioned models?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 300 m

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: fluvial action, volcanic flows, volcanic flows or some combination of previously mentioned models?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the slopes on Ceraunius Tholus generally believed to be a basaltic shield

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pitted valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lavas

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: depositional fan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slope of 8°

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lavas

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: drainage fan

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The current view is that the valleys were eroded by water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2.5 km wide and 300 m deep.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: eroded by water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fluvial action, volcanic flows, valley being a lava channel

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: radial erosion channels

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Ceraunius Tholus

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fluvial action,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial action,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: depositional fan.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pitted valleys

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: depositional fan.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: depositional fan.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lava channel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stratovolcano.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: depositional fan.

text: The volcanic cone of Mount Thielsen sits atop prior shield volcanoes, and has a volume of . The cone was built from basaltic andesite, a common component of other shield volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades, breccia, and tuff, and it is intruded by dikes. A coalesced volcanic cone, it formed as pyroclastics erupted and fountains spewed lava. Glaciers cut and deformed the cone, eroding its upper sector. This erosion opened the interior of Thielsen for observation. Within the cone, lava flows, pyroclastic flow deposits, and strata of tephra, and volcanic ash, are easily visible. Potassium-argon dating of deposits in the cone suggests that Thielsen is at least 290,000 years old. Since its eruption stopped about 250,000 to 100,000 years ago, the period of eruptive activity was short in time. The eruptions of the cone came in three phases: a period where lava flows built up its cone, one where more explosive pyroclastic eruptions took place, and the final period, in which pyroclastic and material of lava-based origin were erupted together forming a weak cone encircled by long deposits.

text: The volcanic cone of Mount Thielsen sits atop prior shield volcanoes, and has a volume of . The cone was built from

text: basaltic andesite

text: , a common component of other shield volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades, breccia, and

text: tuff

text: , and it is intruded by

text: dikes

text: . A coalesced volcanic cone, it formed as pyroclastics erupted and fountains spewed lava. Glaciers cut and deformed the cone, eroding its upper sector. This erosion opened the interior of Thielsen for observation. Within the cone,

text: lava flows

text: pyroclastic flow

text: deposits, and strata of

text: tephra

text: , and volcanic ash, are easily visible.

text: Potassium-argon dating

text: of deposits in the cone suggests that Thielsen is at least 290,000 years old. Since its eruption stopped about 250,000 to 100,000 years ago, the period of eruptive activity was short in time. The eruptions of the cone came in three phases: a period where lava flows built up its cone, one where more explosive pyroclastic eruptions took place, and the final period, in which pyroclastic and material of lava-based origin were erupted together forming a weak cone encircled by long deposits.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is a common component of other shield volcanoes in the Oregon Cascades?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How does glaciers cut and deform the cone?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How old is Mount Thielsen?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, glaciers or volcanoes?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or long deposits?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glaciers cut and deformed the cone?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, glaciers cut and deformed the cone, eroding its upper sector, or glaciers cut and deformed the cone, eroding its upper sector?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glaciers cut and deformed the cone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tuff

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tuff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dikes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Glaciers cut and deformed the cone

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glaciers cut and deformed the cone

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tephra

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: long deposits.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: long deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flow deposits,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dikes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pyroclastic flow deposits,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dikes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Glaciers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pyroclastic flow deposits,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: long deposits.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pyroclastic flow deposits,

text: Pitted terrain has been observed in four craters on Vesta: Marcia, Cornelia, Numisia and Licinia. The formation of the pitted terrain is proposed to be degassing of impact-heated volatile-bearing material. Along with the pitted terrain, curvilinear gullies are found in Marcia and Cornelia craters. The curvilinear gullies end in lobate deposits, which are sometimes covered by pitted terrain, and are proposed to form by the transient flow of liquid water after buried deposits of ice were melted by the heat of the impacts. Hydrated materials have also been detected, many of which are associated with areas of dark material. Consequently, dark material is thought to be largely composed of carbonaceous chondrite, which was deposited on the surface by impacts. Carbonaceous chondrites are comparatively rich in mineralogically bound OH.

text: Pitted terrain has been observed in four craters on Vesta: Marcia, Cornelia, Numisia and Licinia. The formation of the pitted terrain is proposed to be degassing of impact-heated volatile-bearing material. Along with the pitted terrain, curvilinear gullies are found in Marcia and Cornelia craters. The curvilinear gullies end in lobate deposits, which are sometimes covered by pitted terrain, and are proposed to form by the transient flow of liquid water after buried deposits of ice were melted by the heat of the impacts. Hydrated materials have also been detected, many of which are associated with areas of dark material. Consequently, dark material is thought to be largely composed of carbonaceous chondrite, which was deposited on the surface by impacts. Carbonaceous chondrites are comparatively rich in mineralogically bound OH.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not a reason for the formation of the pitted terrain?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many craters have been observed on Vesta?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lobate deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lobate deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: buried deposits of ice

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: liquid water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lobate deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are comparatively rich in mineralogically bound OH.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: curvilinear gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: buried deposits of ice

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: liquid water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: curvilinear gullies

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: buried deposits of ice

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lobate

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: impact-heated volatile-bearing material.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Pitted terrain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: impact-heated volatile-bearing material.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: liquid water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lobate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: lobate deposits,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: curvilinear gullies

text: In some river and stream systems, small streams join together and redivide in many places. Such stream systems are said to be braided. These are often found in alluvial fans at the outlet of canyons. This is a result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows. See also river delta.

text: In some river and stream systems, small streams join together and redivide in many places. Such stream systems are said to be

text: braided

text: . These are often found in

text: alluvial fan

text: s at the outlet of

text: canyon

text: s. This is a result of heavy

text: sediment

text: deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows. See also

text: river delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for braided streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is a result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a result of heavy sediment deposition at high flows?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial fan

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: at high speeds

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavy sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by re-erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: heavy sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: re-erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: re-erosion at low flows.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment deposition at high flows followed by re-erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: In some river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low flows.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: re-erosion at low flows.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river delta.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: re-erosion at low flows.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river delta.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river delta.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river delta.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river delta.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: re-erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy sediment deposition at high flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: re-erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: braided.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: delta.

text: Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones. These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place. Other desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers. Where these are found, oases can occur.

text: Deserts are formed by

text: weathering

text: processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or

text: dust storm

text: s. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony

text: plain

text: s where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a

text: mosaic

text: of smooth stones. These areas are known as

text: desert pavement

text: s and little further

text: erosion

text: takes place. Other desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from

text: aquifer

text: s. Where these are found,

text: oases

text: can occur.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of desert pavements?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The grains end up as level sheets of sand

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not deposited by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of desert pavements?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of desert pavements?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: flash floods, sand or dust storms?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salt pans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sand or dust storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sand or dust storms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: desert pavements

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a desert

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by weathering processes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: clays once deposited by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: level sheets of sand or are piled high

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: clays once deposited by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: clays once deposited by flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flash floods.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: desert pavements

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: desert pavements

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oases

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: salt pans

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salt pans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Rain falling on hot rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: rain seldom occurs in deserts,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Temporary lakes

text: The official RusHydro assessment, however, was deemed overly optimistic by the opposition. The dam, which has no major flood control structures upstream, must bear the brunt of spring freshets, and due to a snowy winter and late thaw, in the first week of June 2010 the amount of spring flood water influx was about twice the normal (peaking at 9,700 m/s on 5 June and expected to stay around 7,000 m/s throughout the second and third weeks of June). Due to the August 2009 accident, only 2 out of 10 turbines were operable and capable of routing only 690 m/s of water. Consequently, most of the water influx into the reservoir must be drained through a poorly designed spillway, which previously had already suffered extensive damage as a result of spring floods in 1985 and 1988. As of 8 June, drainage through the spillway was roughly 5,000 m/s. While it would be possible to increase the spillway drain to 7,000—7,500 m/s, such operation was previously deemed unsafe to the structure, and could result in further erosion of the dam's already weakened foundation even as the reservoir continues to fill. The damage would occur by direct impact of the falling water to the spill well (which, once its concrete slab lining were destroyed, would expose and erode the dam's bedrock support) as well as by intense vibrations created by the waterfall, which the concrete dam, lacking steel reinforcement, is not designed to withstand for prolonged periods. To that date, only one section of the bypass spillway had been completed, and was capable of routing only 2,000 m/s of water, meaning that the main spillway, probably already worn and torn from the 2009 winter's heavy ice deposition on the dam, must continue to be operated for some time before repairs would be possible.

text: The official RusHydro assessment, however, was deemed overly optimistic by the opposition. The dam, which has no major flood control structures upstream, must bear the brunt of spring

text: freshet

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would the dam's bedrock support be eroded?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why was the official RusHydro assessment deemed overly optimistic?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: spill well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: freshets

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spillway

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: falling water to the spill well

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the dam, lacking steel reinforcement, is not designed to withstand for prolonged periods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: spill well

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 690 m/s of water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 2,000 m/s

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 2,000 m/s

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 2,000 m/s of water,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bypass spillway

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: spring freshets,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 690 m/s of water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The damage would occur by direct impact of the falling water to the spill well

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: spill well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: spill well

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: 2,000 m/s

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: intense vibrations created by the waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: intense vibrations created by the waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intense vibrations created by the waterfall,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: intense vibrations

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: spill well

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deemed unsafe to the structure,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion of the dam's already weakened foundation

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the unsaturated zone or vadose zone.  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.  Flows through the unsaturated zone that couple surface water to soil moisture and groundwater can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of hydraulic head in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of Richards' equation  partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling groundwater and vadose zone interactions.

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the

text: unsaturated zone

text: or

text: vadose zone

text: .  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into

text: surface runoff

text: soil moisture

text: evapotranspiration

text: and

text: groundwater recharge

text: .  Flows through the

text: unsaturated zone

text: that couple surface water to

text: soil moisture

text: and

text: groundwater

text: can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of

text: hydraulic head

text: in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of

text: Richards' equation

text: partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling

text: groundwater

text: and

text: vadose zone

text: interactions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gradient of hydraulic head in the soil

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Vadose zone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Vadose zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall or snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradient of hydraulic head

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the unsaturated zone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil moisture

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Flows through the unsaturated zone

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: gradient of hydraulic head in the soil,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: upward or downward,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainfall or snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradient of hydraulic head in the soil,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upward or downward,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil moisture,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

text: A dam was built upstream of the waterfalls on the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek in 1842. Ricketts strengthened the dam circa 1905 as part of a hydroelectric power generation scheme, and renamed the body of water Lake Rose (Rose is a Ricketts family name). However, both the Lake Rose and Lake Leigh dams were "poorly constructed" and could not be used to generate power; both dams were condemned by the state and Lake Rose was drained in 1969. Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh; both glens are almost entirely in the Huntley Mountain Formation, with a small region at the southern end, including Waters Meet, in the Catskill Formation. Ganoga Glen has ten named waterfalls in 1.1 miles (1.8 km). It is 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from PA 118 in the south to Waters Meet and the southern end of Ganoga Glen. From the north, it is 0.3 miles (0.48 km) from the Lake Rose trailhead parking lot by Lake Jean to Mohawk, the northernmost waterfall. There is also the 2.8-mile (4.5 km) Ganoga View Trail, which leads from Pennsylvania Route 487 in the west to Ganoga Falls. The Highland Trail, which meets the Falls Trail a short distance north of Mohawk Falls, is the 1.2-mile (1.9 km) connector between the northern ends of Ganoga Glen and Glen Leigh.

text: A dam was built upstream of the waterfalls on the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek in 1842. Ricketts strengthened the dam circa 1905 as part of a hydroelectric power generation scheme, and renamed the body of water Lake Rose (Rose is a Ricketts family name). However, both the Lake Rose and Lake Leigh dams were "poorly constructed" and could not be used to generate power; both dams were condemned by the state and Lake Rose was drained in 1969. Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh; both glens are almost entirely in the Huntley Mountain Formation, with a small region at the southern end, including Waters Meet, in the Catskill Formation. Ganoga Glen has ten named waterfalls in 1.1 miles (1.8 km). It is 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from PA 118 in the south to Waters Meet and the southern end of Ganoga Glen. From the north, it is 0.3 miles (0.48 km) from the Lake Rose trailhead parking lot by Lake Jean to Mohawk, the northernmost waterfall. There is also the 2.8-mile (4.5 km) Ganoga View Trail, which leads from Pennsylvania Route 487 in the west to Ganoga Falls. The Highland Trail, which meets the Falls Trail a short distance north of Mohawk Falls, is the 1.2-mile (1.9 km) connector between the northern ends of Ganoga Glen and Glen Leigh.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many more miles is Ganoga Glen than Glen Leigh?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the Highland Trail?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many named waterfalls in 1.1 miles (1.8 km)?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many named waterfalls are in 1.1 miles?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why were the Lake Rose and Lake Leigh dams condemned?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many named waterfalls are in 1.1 miles?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glens

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Ganoga Glen

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glen

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Ganoga Glen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Rose

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waters Meet

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waters Meet

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Rose was drained in 1969

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Ganoga Glen has ten named waterfalls in 1.1 miles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Catskill Formation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek in 1842.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh;

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek in 1842.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek in 1842.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Lake Rose and Lake Leigh dams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Ganoga Glen is not as steep as Glen Leigh;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Falls,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Rose

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfalls on the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Huntley Mountain Formation,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: glens are almost entirely in the Huntley Mountain Formation,

text: In one experiment, water runoff and soil loss on a 14% slope was compared for rototilled (RT), no-till with corn stover mulch (NTCMS), no-till in CSM+ birdsfoot trefoil living mulch (NT-BFT) and no till in CSM and crownvetch living mulch (NT-CV). The results indicated that the water runoff was 6,350 L ha-1 for NT-BFT, 6,350 L ha-1 NO-CSM, 5,925 L ha-1 for NT-CV, and 145,000 L ha-1 for RT. The soil loss for the RT was 14.22 t ha-1 while with the other treatments it was less than 0.5 tons ha-1. The least soil loss was obtained with NT-CV 0.02 tons ha-1. The reduction of water runoff and erosion is one of the greatest advantages of having a cover crop. Soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover or plant residue. Ideally soil erosion should be less than 4 to 5 tons/ha/year.

text: In one experiment, water runoff and soil loss on a 14% slope was compared for rototilled (RT), no-till with corn stover mulch (NTCMS), no-till in CSM+ birdsfoot trefoil living mulch (NT-BFT) and no till in CSM and crownvetch living mulch (NT-CV). The results indicated that the water runoff was 6,350 L ha-1 for NT-BFT, 6,350 L ha-1 NO-CSM, 5,925 L ha-1 for NT-CV, and 145,000 L ha-1 for RT. The soil loss for the RT was 14.22 t ha-1 while with the other treatments it was less than 0.5 tons ha-1. The least soil loss was obtained with NT-CV 0.02 tons ha-1. The reduction of water runoff and erosion is one of the greatest advantages of having a cover crop. Soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover or plant residue. Ideally soil erosion should be less than 4 to 5 tons/ha/year.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How do clay and silt move in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the least soil loss?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Streams that flow at a slower rate cause less deposition.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Context: A levee forms from the largest sediments a river carries.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water runoff and soil loss

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water runoff

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Ideally soil erosion should be less than 4 to 5 tons/ha/year

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover or plant residue

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion is one of the greatest advantages of having a cover crop.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 0.5 tons ha-1.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 0.5 tons ha-1.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 4 to 5 tons/ha/year.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: no vegetative ground cover or plant residue.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 4 to 5 tons/ha/year.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Soil can be easily eroded with no vegetative ground cover

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion is one of the greatest advantages of having a cover crop.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: NT-BFT,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: vegetative ground cover or plant residue.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: no vegetative ground cover or plant residue.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vegetative ground cover or plant residue.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: no vegetative ground cover or plant residue.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

text: As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smoothes the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain conditions the ice that is mixed in the mantle could melt and flow down the slopes and make gullies.  Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by HiRISE.The ice-rich mantle may be the result of climate changes. Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When Mars is at its greatest tilt or obliquity, up to 2 cm of ice could be removed from the summer ice cap and deposited at midlatitudes. This movement of water could last for several thousand years and create a snow layer of up to around 10 meters thick. When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulating the remaining ice.  Measurements of altitudes and slopes of gullies support the idea that snowpacks or glaciers are associated with gullies.  Steeper slopes have more shade which would preserve snow.Higher elevations have far fewer gullies because ice would tend to sublimate more in the thin air of the higher altitude.  Very few gullies are found in the Thaumasia region; however, a few are present in the lower elevations like the one pictured below in Ross Crater.

text: As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smoothes the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain conditions the ice that is mixed in the mantle could melt and flow down the slopes and make gullies.  Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by

text: HiRISE

text: Ross Crater

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully: snowpacks or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or dust?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why are there few craters on this mantle?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gully?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are there few craters on this mantle?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snowpacks or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ice-rich mantle

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a steep slope

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: frost

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Thaum

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: snow.Higher elevations

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snowpacks or glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Very few gullies are found in the Thaumasia

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Steeper slopes have more shade

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Very few gullies are found in the Thaumasia

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: frost or snow mixed generously with dust.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: enters the atmosphere. The water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies

text: The original Khoikhoi people named the waterfall Ankoerebis, meaning the "place of big noises". The Trekboers who later settled in the area derived the name Augrabies. The name is sometimes spelt Aughrabies. There are many deposits of alluvial diamonds along the Orange River and legend has it that the biggest cache of diamonds in the world lies in the swirl-hole eroded into the granite at the foot of the waterfall by the thundering waters.

text: The original

text: Khoikhoi

text: people named the waterfall Ankoerebis, meaning the "place of big noises". The

text: Trekboers

text: who later settled in the area derived the name Augrabies. The name is sometimes spelt Aughrabies. There are many deposits of alluvial diamonds along the Orange River and legend has it that the biggest cache of diamonds in the world lies in the swirl-hole eroded into the granite at the foot of the waterfall by the thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the name of the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: Orange River, Ankoerebis, or Aughrabies?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How big is the cache of diamonds?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the Orange River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverbank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: thundering waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Diamonds

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: diamonds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the biggest cache of diamonds in the world lies in the swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: swirl-hole eroded into the granite

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: many deposits of alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfall Ankoerebis,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: swirl-hole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall Ankoerebis,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: granite

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: thundering waters.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial diamonds

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: diamonds

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: swirl-hole

text: As the highlands erode due to weathering and water flow, the sediment from the hills is transported to the lower plain. Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean. As the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the floodplain of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel floodwater capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths, forming a meander (a curving sinuous path). The leftover higher locations, typically natural levees at the margins of the flood channel, will themselves be eroded by lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport if the climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses. These processes, over geologic time, will form the plain, a region with little relief (local changes in elevation), yet with a constant but small slope.

text: As the highlands

text: erode

text: due to

text: weathering

text: and water flow, the

text: sediment

text: from the hills is

text: transported

text: to the lower

text: plain

text: . Various

text: creek

text: s will carry the water further to a river,

text: lake

text: bay

text: , or

text: ocean

text: . As the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the

text: floodplain

text: of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel floodwater capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths, forming a

text: meander

text: (a curving sinuous path). The leftover higher locations, typically natural

text: levee

text: s at the margins of the flood channel, will themselves be eroded by lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport if the climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses. These processes, over geologic time, will form the plain, a region with little

text: relief

text: (local changes in elevation), yet with a constant but small slope.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment does a creek carry?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of creek?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering and water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the formation of a plain

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grass

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a lower path

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: creeks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: floodwater capacity,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: soil-holding grasses.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: a meander

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: the elevation of the floodplain will be raised.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lateral stream erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: hills

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: As the highlands erode due to weathering

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meander

text: Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the secondary flow across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend. The process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in point bars.

text: Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the

text: secondary flow

text: across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend. The process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in

text: point bar

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: silt, sand or gravel?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: convex bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: convex

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a river bend

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: across the floor of the river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: point bars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: river bend.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: point bars.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: river bend.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: silt, sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: point bars.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: concave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: point bars.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: concave bank

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: secondary flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a river bend.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: a river bend.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: point bars.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: point bars.

text: The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model is a physically based erosion simulation model built on the fundamentals of hydrology, plant science, hydraulics, and erosion mechanics. The model was developed by an interagency team of scientists to replace the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and has been widely used in the United States and the world. WEPP requires four inputs, i.e., climate, topography, soil, and management (vegetation); and provides various types of outputs, including water balance (surface runoff, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration), soil detachment and deposition at points along the slope, sediment delivery, and vegetation growth. The WEPP model has been improved continuously since its public delivery in 1995, and is applicable for a variety of areas (e.g., cropland, rangeland, forestry, fisheries, and surface coal mining).

text: The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model is a

text: physically based

text: erosion

text: simulation model built on the fundamentals of

text: hydrology

text: plant science

text: hydraulics

text: , and

text: erosion

text: mechanics. The model was developed by an interagency team of scientists to replace the

text: Universal Soil Loss Equation

text: (USLE) and has been widely used in the United States and the world. WEPP requires four inputs, i.e.,

text: climate

text: topography

text: soil

text: , and management (

text: vegetation

text: ); and provides various types of outputs, including

text: water balance

text: surface runoff

text: subsurface flow

text: , and

text: evapotranspiration

text: soil detachment

text: and

text: deposition

text: at points along the slope,

text: sediment delivery

text: , and vegetation growth. The WEPP model has been improved continuously since its public delivery in 1995, and is applicable for a variety of areas (e.g.,

text: cropland

text: rangeland

text: forestry

text: fisheries

text: , and surface

text: coal mining

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of output: surface runoff, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment delivery

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a result of soil detachment and deposition at points along the slope?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: soil detachment

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil detachment and deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: subsurface flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment delivery

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What causes sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment delivery

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: climate, topography

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unrelated to stalactites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (surface runoff, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration),

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment delivery,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment delivery,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: (surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: soil detachment and deposition at points along the slope,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water balance (surface runoff, subsurface flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: cropland,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water balance (surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Water Erosion Prediction Project

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: slope,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil detachment and deposition at points along the slope,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hydrology, plant science, hydraulics, and erosion mechanics.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water balance

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: climate, topography, soil,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water balance (surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Water Erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil detachment and deposition at points along the slope,

text: Extending north of Mount Meager almost to the Interior Plateau are the Bridge River Cones. This group of small volcanoes on the upper Bridge River includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows. These volcanoes are unlike others throughout the Garibaldi Belt in that they are mainly composed of volcanic rocks with mafic compositions, including alkaline basalt and hawaiite. The different magma compositions might be related to a smaller degree of partial melting in the Earth's mantle or a descending plate edge effect. The oldest volcano in the group, known as Sham Hill, is a  high volcanic plug with a potassium-argon date of one million years. It is about  wide and its uncovered glaciated surface is strewn with glacial erratics. Its massive level rock columns were constructed inside the main volcanic vent of a stratovolcano that has since been reduced by erosion. To the southeast, the Salal Glacier volcanic complex was constructed between 970,000 and 590,000 years ago. It consists of subaerial tephra and thin lava flow deposits that are surrounded by  thick ice-ponded lava flows. These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby valleys before the Wisconsin Glaciation. North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named Tuber Hill. It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice. When lava flows were erupted from Tuber Hill, they interacted with the valley-filling glaciers on its southern flank and produced a glacial meltwater lake. Here, more than  of stacked hyaloclastite, lahars and lacustrine tuff were deposited. A series of pillow lavas were also deposited during this eruptive period. The most recent volcanic activity in the Bridge River volcanic field produced a series of basaltic lava flows in the regional valleys that overlie till of the last glacial period. The age of these valley-filling lava flows is unknown but the presence of unconsolidated glacial till under the flows suggests that they are less than 1,500 years old.

text: Extending north of Mount Meager almost to the

text: Interior Plateau

text: are the

text: Bridge River Cones

text: . This group of small volcanoes on the upper

text: Bridge River

text: includes stratovolcanoes, volcanic plugs and lava flows. These volcanoes are unlike others throughout the Garibaldi Belt in that they are mainly composed of volcanic rocks with mafic compositions, including

text: alkaline

text: basalt and

text: hawaiite

text: . The different magma compositions might be related to a smaller degree of

text: partial melting

text: in the Earth's

text: mantle

text: or a descending plate edge effect. The oldest volcano in the group, known as

text: Sham Hill

text: , is a  high volcanic plug with a

text: potassium-argon date

text: of one million years. It is about  wide and its uncovered glaciated surface is strewn with glacial erratics. Its massive level

text: rock column

text: s were constructed inside the main volcanic vent of a stratovolcano that has since been reduced by erosion. To the southeast, the

text: Salal Glacier volcanic complex

text: was constructed between 970,000 and 590,000 years ago. It consists of subaerial

text: tephra

text: and thin lava flow deposits that are surrounded by  thick ice-ponded lava flows. These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby valleys before the

text: Wisconsin Glaciation

text: . North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named

text: Tuber Hill

text: . It began to form about 600,000 years ago when adjacent valleys were filled by glacial ice. When lava flows were erupted from Tuber Hill, they interacted with the valley-filling glaciers on its southern flank and produced a glacial

text: meltwater

text: lake. Here, more than  of stacked hyaloclastite,

text: lahar

text: s and lacustrine tuff were deposited. A series of pillow lavas were also deposited during this eruptive period. The most recent volcanic activity in the Bridge River volcanic field produced a series of basaltic lava flows in the regional valleys that overlie till of the

text: last glacial period

text: . The age of these valley-filling lava flows is unknown but the presence of unconsolidated glacial till under the flows suggests that they are less than 1,500 years old.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: lahars or tuff?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The oldest volcano in the group, known as Sham Hill

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: lahars or tuff?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the most recent volcanic activity in the Bridge River volcanic field?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stratovolcano

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial erratics

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Bridge River Cones

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: glaciers is unknown.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial meltwater lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial erratics

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial erratics

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial meltwater lake

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stacked hyaloclastite

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bridge River Cones

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava ponded against glacial ice

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: lava ponded against glacial ice

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Salal Glacier complex

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lava ponded against glacial ice

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tuber Hill. It began to form about 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: ice-marginal lava flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Wisconsin Glaciation.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: glacial meltwater lake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial erratics.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 600,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Wisconsin Glaciation.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Bridge River Cones.

text: There are two kinds of flow structures: bidirectional (multiple directions, back-and-forth) and unidirectional.  Flow regimes in single-direction (typically fluvial) flow, which at varying speeds and velocities produce different structures, are called bedforms.  In the lower flow regime, the natural progression is from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (saltation etc.), to ripples, to slightly larger dunes.  Dunes have a vortex in the lee side of the dune.  As the upper flow regime forms, the dunes become flattened out, and then produce antidunes.  At higher still velocity, the antidunes are flattened and most sedimentation stops, as erosion takes over as the dominant process.

text: There are two kinds of flow structures: bidirectional (multiple directions, back-and-forth) and unidirectional.  Flow regimes in single-direction (typically

text: fluvial

text: ) flow, which at varying speeds and velocities produce different structures, are called

text: bedform

text: s.  In the lower flow regime, the natural progression is from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (

text: saltation

text: etc.), to ripples, to slightly larger dunes.  Dunes have a vortex in the lee side of the dune.  As the upper flow regime forms, the dunes become flattened out, and then produce

text: antidune

text: s.  At higher still velocity, the antidunes are flattened and most sedimentation stops, as erosion takes over as the dominant process.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Saltation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: At higher still velocity, the antidunes are flattened

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger dunes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the natural progression from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (saltation etc.)?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Most sedimentation stops, as erosion takes over as the dominant process

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What kind of erosion causes sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lee side

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: antidunes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bedforms

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bedforms

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: antidunes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: saltation etc.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Antidunes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed and velocities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unidirectional

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: saltation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bedforms

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lower flow regime,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slightly larger dunes.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment movement

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: most sedimentation stops,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: In the lower flow regime, the natural progression is from a flat bed,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: bedforms.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dunes.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: dunes.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dunes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: (saltation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speeds and velocities

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ripples,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (saltation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: antidunes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: antidunes.

text: As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.

text: As an example study of soils

text: erosion

text: , calculations would be made of

text: surface runoff

text: by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining

text: sediment transport

text: in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not an example of soils erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of sediment transport?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Physicists would assess the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sediment transport in overland flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is an example of a soil scientist?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee consist of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: is a geologic formation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment transport in overland flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment transport in overland flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over land.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are made of limestone.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment transport in overland flow.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: overland flow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment transport in overland flow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Fluvial geomorphologists

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: increases in water turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Fluvial geomorphologists

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Fluvial geomorphologists

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soils erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Fluvial

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increases in water turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: increases in water turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Fluvial geomorphologists

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: changes in light transmission in the receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: overland flow.

text: Erosion of the seafloor contributes to the growth of a deepwater nepheloid layer. This layer plays a key role in supplying the sediment for the deposition of contourites under appropriate flow conditions.

text: Erosion of the seafloor contributes to the growth of a deepwater

text: nepheloid layer

text: . This layer plays a key role in supplying the sediment for the deposition of contourites under appropriate flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an appropriate flow condition?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not an appropriate flow condition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: nepheloid layer

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: appropriate flow conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a certain direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion of the seafloor

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: deepwater nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: contourites under appropriate flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Erosion of the seafloor

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: contourites under appropriate flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: deepwater nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deepwater nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Erosion of the seafloor

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion of the seafloor

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deepwater nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deepwater nepheloid layer.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flow conditions.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: contourites

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: contourites

text: On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science.

text: On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on

text: Mars

text: within the past five years. At a press conference,

text: NASA

text: showed images taken by the

text: Mars Global Surveyor

text: that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal

text: Science

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would happen if water flowed faster?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: craters and sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the images did not actually show flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: changes in craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The images did not actually show flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: changes in craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: On December 6, 2006,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water coursed through them

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: craters and sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment deposits,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: craters

text: The Menuha Formation records the earliest occurrence of tectonic activity within the Ramon anticline, forming the present erosive valley known as "Makhtesh Ramon" as an outcome of a sequence of erosive events evolving since the Late Cretaceous (Avni, 1993). It consists of white and yellow/brown chalk that is often glauconitic and sometimes conglomeratic or marly. The Menuha Formation likely represents a temperate to subtropical, open shelf environment deposited during the formation of the Ramon anticline. Reworked conglomeratic chalks in the western section represent marginal facies derived from this structural uplift.

text: The Menuha Formation records the earliest occurrence of tectonic activity within the Ramon anticline, forming the present erosive valley known as "

text: Makhtesh Ramon

text: " as an outcome of a sequence of erosive events evolving since the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: (Avni, 1993). It consists of white and yellow/brown chalk that is often glauconitic and sometimes conglomeratic or marly. The Menuha Formation likely represents a temperate to subtropical, open shelf environment deposited during the formation of the Ramon anticline. Reworked conglomeratic chalks in the western section represent marginal facies derived from this structural uplift.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: glauconitic or marly?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments that are often glauconitic

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: chalk, glauconitic or marly?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of chalk: glauconitic or marly?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: anticline

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Chalk

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: chalk

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: anticline

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive events evolving since the Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive events evolving since the Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: glauconitic

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glauconitic

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: structural uplift.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: temperate to subtropical,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosive events evolving since the Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Ramon anticline.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: open shelf environment

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosive valley known as "Makhtesh Ramon"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive events

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosive valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glauconitic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: earliest occurrence of tectonic activity

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive valley

text: Tides often determine the range over which sediment is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up river estuaries from the ocean.

text: Tide

text: s often determine the range over which

text: sediment

text: is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however,

text: tidal bore

text: s can erode as the waves surge up river

text: estuaries

text: from the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a tidal range?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eroded

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: bores

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the size and shape of the coastline

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: up river estuaries

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: lower tidal ranges

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The tidal range

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lower tidal ranges

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river estuaries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river estuaries

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: tidal bores

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tides

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: deposition at a smaller elevation interval.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a smaller elevation interval.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tidal bores

text: In the July–September period, flood water from the Yangtze flows into the lake, enlarging it greatly. The lake's area, which normally is  (data before 1998), may increase to  in flood season, when vast amounts of water and sediment from the Chang Jiang flow into the lake.  The lake is also fed by four major rivers: the Xiang (湘), Zi (资), Yuan (沅) and Li (澧) rivers. Small rivers also flow in, the most famous one being Miluo River where a famous poet Qu Yuan committed suicide. In addition, the Xiao River (瀟) flows into the Xiang near Yongzhou, before the Xiang flows into the lake. Ocean-going vessels can travel through the Xiang to reach Changsha.

text: In the July–September period, flood water from the

text: Yangtze

text: flows into the lake, enlarging it greatly. The lake's area, which normally is  (data before 1998), may increase to  in flood season, when vast amounts of water and sediment from the Chang Jiang flow into the lake.  The lake is also fed by four major rivers: the

text: Xiang

text: (湘),

text: Zi

text: (资),

text: Yuan

text: (沅) and

text: Li

text: (澧) rivers. Small rivers also flow in, the most famous one being

text: Miluo River

text: where a famous poet

text: Qu Yuan

text: committed suicide. In addition, the

text: Xiao River

text: (瀟) flows into the Xiang near

text: Yongzhou

text: , before the Xiang flows into the lake. Ocean-going vessels can travel through the Xiang to reach

text: Changsha

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a river: the Xiang, Zi, Yuan, or Li?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many major rivers does the lake feed by?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the most famous one being Miluo River?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: the Xiang, Zi, Yuan, or Li?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: the Xiang, Zi, Yuan or Li?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: How many major rivers does the lake feed by?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many major rivers are fed by the Xiang?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: in flood season

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Xiao River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Xiao River

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: the Chang Jiang

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Ocean-going vessels can travel through the Xiang to reach Changsha.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment from the Chang Jiang

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment from the Chang Jiang

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Miluo River

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: In the July–September period, flood water from the Yangtze

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood water from the Yangtze

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Chang Jiang

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Xiang

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Miluo River

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers:

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Chang Jiang

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In the July–September period, flood water from the Yangtze

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lake, enlarging

text: The parish of Andés is located on the coastal plateau and is wedged between the Veiga d'Arenas and Frejulfe beaches, locations where the Navia and Frejulfe rivers, respectively, empty into the sea. This plain is fragmented by several rivulets, which are born near the coast, resulting in small valleys with gentle slopes. At its mouth there are small and beautiful beaches with calm waters. Some of these rivulets flow into the sea forming jets of water several meters high due to the limited erosive capacity of the flow and steady decline of the waterfront. The Rubreves, La Bragada, La Rubias, Las Cortías, La Xertal and Cereizo rivulets run from south to north, are short-haul and flow into the sea. The Travesedo Brook runs from east to west, ending at the Poza de Veiga d'Arenas. The Paderne stream, which exceeds two kilometers, also runs east-west, empties into the river Navia and in its last section it is called the Olga Faquina River.

text: The parish of Andés is located on the coastal plateau and is wedged between the Veiga d'Arenas and Frejulfe beaches, locations where the Navia and Frejulfe rivers, respectively, empty into the sea. This plain is fragmented by several rivulets, which are born near the coast, resulting in small valleys with gentle slopes. At its mouth there are small and beautiful beaches with calm waters. Some of these rivulets flow into the sea forming jets of water several meters high due to the limited erosive capacity of the flow and steady decline of the waterfront. The Rubreves, La Bragada, La Rubias, Las Cortías, La Xertal and Cereizo rivulets run from south to north, are short-haul and flow into the sea. The Travesedo Brook runs from east to west, ending at the Poza de Veiga d'Arenas. The Paderne stream, which exceeds two kilometers, also runs east-west, empties into the river Navia and in its last section it is called the Olga Faquina River.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which rivulets run from south to north, are short-haul and flow into the sea?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: jets of water several meters high

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a rivulet: La Bragada, Las Cort as, La Xertal or Cereizo?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff only a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many rivulets flow into the sea forming jets of water several meters high due to the limited erosive capacity of the flow and steady decline of the waterfront?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Navia, Frejulfe, or Paderne?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are some of the rivulets short-haul?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Veiga d'Arenas, Frejulfe or Andés?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: small valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: coastal plateau

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivulets

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rivulets forming jets of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: limited erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: waterfront

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are short-haul and flow into the sea

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valleys with gentle slopes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: limited erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: limited erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: limited erosive capacity of the flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: limited erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: limited erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rivulets,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosive capacity

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: small valleys with gentle slopes.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: coastal plateau

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: small valleys

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: small valleys with gentle slopes.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valleys with gentle slopes.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valleys

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: jets of water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: jets of water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivulets,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: steady decline of the waterfront.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: limited erosive capacity of the flow and steady decline of the waterfront.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: jets of water several meters high

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: waterfront.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The parish of Andés

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: jets of water

text: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks of Serra Geral formation and has two cascades. Upper cascade is located approximately 100 m before the second cascade, which falls over an overhanging cliff ledge.

text: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks of Serra Geral formation and has two cascades. Upper cascade is located approximately 100 m before the second cascade, which falls over an overhanging cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the first cascade?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large is the second cascade?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: basalt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cliff ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overhanging cliff ledges

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Upper cascade

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 100 m

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: overhanging cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 100 m

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 100 m before the second cascade,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks of Serra Geral

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: overhanging cliff ledge.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Waterfall has formed on the basalt rocks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Upper cascade

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Waterfall

text: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water from increased flows as a result of clearing for urban development, is a cause of erosion and sedimentation. Tracks for walking and the use of off road vehicles are also impacting the soils and contributing to their degradation. These types of activities can lead to the compaction of the soils around and within the swamp communities.

text: Damage to

text: vegetation

text: and the concentration of surface water from increased flows as a result of clearing for urban development, is a cause of erosion and sedimentation. Tracks for walking and the use of off road vehicles are also impacting the soils and contributing to their degradation. These types of activities can lead to the compaction of the soils around and within the swamp communities.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion and sedimentation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: clearing for urban development

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: clearing for urban development

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: clearing for urban development,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: increased flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion and sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion and sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: increased flows as a result of clearing for urban development,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: increased flows as a result of clearing for urban development,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: swamp communities.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: urban development,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion and sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Damage to vegetation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Damage to vegetation and the concentration of surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation.

text: Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds, allowing for the formation of depositional features such as river deltas, alluvial fans, braided rivers, oxbow lakes, levees and coastal shores. The construction of a dam blocks the flow of sediment downstream, leading to downstream erosion of these Sedimentary depositional environments, and increased sediment build-up in the reservoir. While the rate of sedimentation varies for each dam and each river, eventually all reservoirs develop a reduced water-storage capacity due to the exchange of storage space for sediment. Diminished storage capacity results in decreased ability to produce hydroelectric power, reduced availability of water for irrigation, and if left unaddressed, may ultimately result in the expiration of the dam and river.

text: Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds, allowing for the formation of depositional features such as river deltas, alluvial fans, braided rivers, oxbow lakes, levees and coastal shores. The construction of a dam blocks the flow of sediment downstream, leading to downstream erosion of these Sedimentary depositional environments, and increased sediment build-up in the reservoir. While the rate of sedimentation varies for each dam and each river, eventually all reservoirs develop a reduced water-storage capacity due to the exchange of storage space for sediment. Diminished storage capacity results in decreased ability to produce hydroelectric power, reduced availability of water for irrigation, and if left unaddressed, may ultimately result in the expiration of the dam and river.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of a dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for decreased availability of water for irrigation: decreased ability to produce hydroelectric power, reduced availability of water for irrigation

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river deltas

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river deltas

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Oxbow lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increased sediment build-up in the reservoir

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dam and each river

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sediment build-up in the reservoir

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided rivers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: downstream erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Rivers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Rivers carry sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: reduced availability of water for irrigation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river deltas,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: oxbow lakes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: river deltas,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oxbow lakes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: river deltas,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oxbow lakes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The construction of a dam

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: increased sediment build-up

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rate of sedimentation varies for each dam and each river,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downstream,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial fans,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Rivers carry sediment down their riverbeds,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: river deltas,

text: A powder snow avalanche is a type of avalanche where the snow grains are largely or wholly suspended by fluid turbulence. They are particle-laden gravity currents and closely related to turbidity currents, pyroclastic flows from volcanoes and dust storms in the desert. The turbulence is typically generated by the forward motion of the current along the lower boundary of the domain, the motion being in turn driven by the action of gravity on the density difference between the particle-fluid mixture and the ambient fluid. The ambient fluid is generally of similar composition to (and miscible with) the interstitial fluid, and is water for turbidity currents and air for avalanches. These flows are non-conservative in that they may exchange particles at the lower boundary by deposition or  suspension, and may exchange fluid with the ambient by entrainment or detrainment. Such flows dissipate when the turbulence can no longer hold the particles in suspension and they are deposited on the lower boundary. When the turbulence is strong enough to suspend new material from the bed or the underlying dense flow then current is said to be auto-suspending. Particle concentrations in the suspension cloud are usually sufficiently low (0.1--7\,\% by volume) that particle-particle interactions play a small or negligible role in maintaining the suspension. In powder snow avalanches, even at these low concentrations, the extra density of the suspended particles is large relative to that of air, so the Boussinesq approximation, where density differences are considered negligible in inertia terms, is invalid, so that the snow grains carry most of the flows momentum. This is in contrast to turbidity currents and laboratory experiments in water where the extra inertia of the particles can usually be neglected. Nonetheless, due to the extreme difficulty in estimating particle concentrations in natural flows there remains considerable uncertainty --- and debate --- concerning the particle loading in large submarine turbidity currents and the validity of the Boussinesq approximation.

text: A powder snow avalanche is a type of

text: avalanche

text: where the snow grains are largely or wholly suspended by fluid turbulence. They are particle-laden gravity currents and closely related to

text: turbidity current

text: s,

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s from

text: volcanoes

text: and

text: dust storm

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which is not a type of avalanche where the snow grains are largely or wholly suspended by fluid turbulence

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of avalanche where the snow grains are largely or wholly suspended by fluid turbulence?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of avalanche?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbidity currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the extra inertia of the particles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: turbidity currents

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: turbidity currents

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: particle-particle interactions

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Particle concentrations in the suspension cloud are usually sufficiently low

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lower boundary.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: boundary. When the turbulence

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: current is said to be auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: boundary.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: powder snow avalanches,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: powder snow avalanches,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: turbidity currents

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: powder snow avalanches,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: on the lower boundary.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lower boundary.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: powder snow avalanches,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: current is said to be auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: current is said to be auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lower boundary.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: auto-suspending.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: suspension

text: Periodically, velocities may increase dramatically or even reverse due to atmospheric storms raising the local surface eddy kinetic energy, which gets partially transmitted down to abyssal depths in episodes called benthic storms. These velocities may reach magnitudes well above 40 cm/s and vary significantly depending on the specific location. At the lower continental rise, south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and at the lower slope around the Faeroe Islands these velocities may reach up to 73 cm/s and 75 cm/s, respectively. Bottom-current flow velocities have been measured as high as 300 cm/s in the Strait of Gibraltar. These benthic storms occur only 5 to 10 times per year and usually last between 3 and 5 days, but that is enough to heavily erode benthic sediment and keep the finer grains in suspension even after flow velocities return to normal and the bedload has been deposited. During benthic storms, the eroded sediment may be transported over thousands of kilometers and deposited rather quickly (i.e. ~1.5 cm/month) once the storm wanes. However, the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years may be much smaller (i.e. ~5.5 cm/year) due to the intense periods of erosion during benthic storms.

text: Periodically, velocities may increase dramatically or even reverse due to

text: atmospheric storms

text: raising the local

text: surface eddy kinetic energy

text: , which gets partially transmitted down to

text: abyssal

text: depths in episodes called

text: benthic storms

text: . These velocities may reach magnitudes well above 40 cm/s and vary significantly depending on the specific location. At the lower continental rise, south of

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: , and at the lower slope around the

text: Faeroe Islands

text: these velocities may reach up to 73 cm/s and 75 cm/s, respectively. Bottom-current flow velocities have been measured as high as 300 cm/s in the

text: Strait of Gibraltar

text: . These benthic storms occur only 5 to 10 times per year and usually last between 3 and 5 days, but that is enough to heavily erode benthic sediment and keep the finer grains in suspension even after flow velocities return to normal and the bedload has been deposited. During benthic storms, the eroded sediment may be transported over thousands of kilometers and deposited rather quickly (i.e. ~1.5 cm/month) once the storm wanes. However, the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years may be much smaller (i.e. ~5.5 cm/year) due to the intense periods of erosion during benthic storms.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Strait of Gibraltar?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: finer grains

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lower slope

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Benthic storms

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: bedload

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: benthic

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: benthic

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Strait of Gibraltar

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: benthic storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: benthic storms

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: velocities

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: benthic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the net sedimentation rate over thousands of years may be much smaller

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: benthic storms

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: benthic storms.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: thousands of kilometers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: finer grains

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: finer grains

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: <unk>5.5 cm/year)

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Bottom-current

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: velocities may increase dramatically or even reverse due to atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: benthic storms.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: benthic storms.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lower slope

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: abyssal depths

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: benthic sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bedload

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: abyssal

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: benthic sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: benthic storms.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: velocities may increase dramatically or even reverse due to atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedload

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: reverse due to atmospheric storms

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: benthic storms,

text: In aeolian processes, wind transports and deposits particles of sediment. Aeolian features form in areas where wind is the primary source of erosion. The particles deposited are of sand, silt and clay size. The particles are entrained in by one of four processes. Creep occurs when a particle rolls or slides across the surface. Lift occurs when a particle rises off the surface due to the Bernoulli effect. If the airflow is turbulent, larger particles are transported by a process known as saltation. Finally, impact transport occurs which one particle strikes another causing the second particle to move.

text: In

text: aeolian processes

text: , wind transports and deposits particles of

text: sediment

text: . Aeolian features form in areas where wind is the primary source of

text: erosion

text: . The particles deposited are of

text: sand

text: silt

text: and

text: clay

text: size. The particles are entrained in by one of four processes. Creep occurs when a particle rolls or slides across the surface. Lift occurs when a particle rises off the surface due to the

text: Bernoulli effect

text: . If the airflow is

text: turbulent

text: , larger particles are transported by a process known as

text: saltation

text: . Finally, impact transport occurs which one particle strikes another causing the second particle to move.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a process known as saltation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: larger particles are transported

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a process known as saltation?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a form of saltation?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a process known as saltation?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a source of erosion: sand, silt and clay

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Creep

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The particles are entrained in by one of four processes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: saltation.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: saltation.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: entrained in by one of four processes.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: turbulent,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: turbulent,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In aeolian processes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: saltation.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind transports and deposits particles of sediment.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: turbulent,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Aeolian features

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand, silt and clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: wind is the primary source of erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Aeolian features

text: The entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units. The upper layers consist of vesiculara and amygdaloidal zeolitic basalt while the bottom layer consists of massive basalt.The lava flows are individually different in their ability to receive as well as hold water in storage and to transmit it. The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties such as porosity and permeability. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles.

text: The entire area is covered by the

text: Deccan Traps

text: lava flows of

text: Upper Cretaceous

text: to

text: Lower Eocene

text: age. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units. The upper layers consist of

text: vesicular

text: a and

text: amygdaloidal

text: zeolitic

text: basalt

text: while the bottom layer consists of massive basalt.The lava flows are individually different in their ability to receive as well as hold water in storage and to transmit it. The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties such as porosity and permeability. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a property of groundwater: porosity, permeability, or lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or igneous rocks?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Kham or Sukhana?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Kham or Sukhana?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: black, medium black, shallow and calcareous

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: what is the first type of formation mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: trap

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sukhana river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: porosity and permeability

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into lava

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The difference in the productivity of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The difference in the productivity of groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: thin alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Kham and Sukhana river.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Deccan Traps lava flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: thin alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Kham and Sukhana

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: vesicular trap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: thin alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water in storage and to transmit it.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial

text: The view that radiolarites are mainly deposited under pelagic, deep water conditions cannot be asserted any longer. Layers enriched in radiolarians do even occur in shallow water limestones like the Solnhofen limestone and the Werkkalk Formation of Bavaria. What seems to be important for the preservation of radiolarian oozes is that they are deposited well below the storm wave base and below the jets of erosive surface currents. Radiolarites without any carbonates have most likely been sedimented below the calcite compensation depth (CCD). One has to bear in mind that the CCD has not been stationary in the geological past and that it is also a function of latitude. At present, the CCD reaches a maximum depth of about 5000 meters near the equator.

text: The view that radiolarites are mainly deposited under

text: pelagic

text: , deep water conditions cannot be asserted any longer. Layers enriched in radiolarians do even occur in shallow water

text: limestone

text: s like the

text: Solnhofen limestone

text: and the

text: Werkkalk Formation

text: of

text: Bavaria

text: . What seems to be important for the preservation of radiolarian oozes is that they are deposited well below the storm wave base and below the jets of erosive surface currents. Radiolarites without any carbonates have most likely been sedimented below the

text: calcite compensation depth

text: (CCD). One has to bear in mind that the CCD has not been stationary in the geological past and that it is also a function of

text: latitude

text: . At present, the CCD reaches a maximum depth of about 5000 meters near the

text: equator

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: radiolarian oozes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between shallow water and deep water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What seems to be important for the preservation of radiolarian oozes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: storm wave base

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: radiolarian oozes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: radiolarian oozes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: oozes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface currents

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: surface currents

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under pelagic, deep water conditions

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: radiolarites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are mainly deposited under pelagic, deep water conditions

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface currents

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The view that radiolarites

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deep water conditions cannot be asserted

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: storm wave base

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: radiolarian oozes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: radiolarites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: radiolarites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: oozes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive surface currents.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: latitude.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deep water conditions cannot be asserted

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: radiolarites

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: pelagic, deep water conditions

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive surface currents.

text: In some areas of the world (e.g. the mid-western USA), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

text: In some areas of the world (e.g. the

text: mid-western USA

text: ), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of

text: rain drop

text: s is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater

text: kinetic energy

text: , and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: smaller

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an important factor in soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lower-velocity

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosivity

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rainfall intensity

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The size and velocity of rain drops

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: higher-velocity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: displace soil particles by larger distances

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainfall intensity

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Larger and higher-velocity rain drops

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rainfall intensity

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosivity,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The size and velocity of rain drops

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil particles

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: smaller, slower-moving rain drops.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil

text: Lucifuga is a genus of viviparous brotulas. Most of the species are native to caves and sinkholes in Cuba and the Bahamas; L. inopinata from deep water off the Galápagos Islands is the only exception. The four species rated by the IUCN are all considered vulnerable. The largest species in the genus reaches about  in length.

text: Lucifuga is a genus of

text: viviparous brotula

text: s. Most of the species are native to caves and

text: sinkhole

text: s in

text: Cuba

text: and

text: the Bahamas

text: ; L. inopinata from deep water off the

text: Galápagos Islands

text: is the only exception. The four species rated by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: are all considered

text: vulnerable

text: . The largest species in the genus reaches about  in length.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Lucifuga?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: caves or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The largest species in the genus reaches about in length

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the most common cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many species are native to caves and sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the largest species in the genus?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe Lucifuga?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lucifuga

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The largest species in the genus reaches about in length.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Most of the species are native to caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The largest species in the genus reaches about in length.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: length.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: L. inopinata

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: L. inopinata

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: L. inopinata

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: caves and sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: length.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: caves and sinkholes in Cuba and the Bahamas;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vulnerable.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vulnerable.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Waterfalls are short-lived geological formations.  Their successful operation causes them to erode themselves out of existence, and they degenerate into rapids.  When Mackinac Falls was submerged, however, it ceased to erode.  The formation "froze" underwater in the form that it had been when it disappeared under the water of Lake Huron.

text: Waterfalls are short-lived geological formations.  Their successful operation causes them to erode themselves out of existence, and they degenerate into rapids.  When Mackinac Falls was submerged, however, it ceased to erode.  The formation "froze" underwater in the form that it had been when it disappeared under the water of Lake Huron.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers or fast flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a geological formation: Waterfalls, sinkholes, or rapids?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erode

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erode

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erode

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Huron

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Lake Huron

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They are long-lived geological formations.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Their successful operation causes them to erode themselves out of existence,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: rapids.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Waterfalls are short-lived geological formations.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rapids.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rapids.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rapids.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Waterfalls are short-lived geological formations.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rapids.

text: Unsustainable agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in erosion rates.The tillage of agricultural lands, which breaks up soil into finer particles, is one of the primary factors. The problem has been exacerbated in modern times, due to mechanized agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion. Others include mono-cropping, farming on steep slopes, pesticide and chemical fertilizer usage (which kill organisms that bind soil together), row-cropping, and the use of surface irrigation. A complex overall situation with respect to defining nutrient losses from soils, could arise as a result of the size selective nature of soil erosion events. Loss of total phosphorus, for instance, in the finer eroded fraction is greater relative to the whole soil. Extrapolating this evidence to predict subsequent behaviour within receiving aquatic systems, the reason is that this more easily transported material may support a lower solution P concentration compared to coarser sized fractions. Tillage also increases wind erosion rates, by dehydrating the soil and breaking it up into smaller particles that can be picked up by the wind. Exacerbating this is the fact that most of the trees are generally removed from agricultural fields, allowing winds to have long, open runs to travel over at higher speeds. Heavy grazing reduces vegetative cover and causes severe soil compaction, both of which increase erosion rates.

text: Unsustainable agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor to the global increase in erosion rates.The

text: tillage

text: of agricultural lands, which breaks up soil into finer particles, is one of the primary factors. The problem has been exacerbated in modern times, due to mechanized agricultural equipment that allows for

text: deep plowing

text: , which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion. Others include

text: mono-cropping

text: , farming on steep slopes,

text: pesticide

text: and

text: chemical fertilizer

text: usage (which kill organisms that bind soil together), row-cropping, and the use of

text: surface irrigation

text: . A complex overall situation with respect to defining nutrient losses from soils, could arise as a result of the size selective nature of soil erosion events. Loss of total

text: phosphorus

text: , for instance, in the finer eroded fraction is greater relative to the whole soil. Extrapolating this evidence to predict subsequent behaviour within receiving aquatic systems, the reason is that this more easily transported material may support a lower solution P concentration compared to coarser sized fractions. Tillage also increases wind erosion rates, by dehydrating the soil and breaking it up into smaller particles that can be picked up by the wind. Exacerbating this is the fact that most of the trees are generally removed from agricultural fields, allowing winds to have long, open runs to travel over at higher speeds. Heavy

text: grazing

text: reduces vegetative cover and causes severe soil compaction, both of which increase erosion rates.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: finer eroded fraction

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a factor in erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of unsustainable agricultural practices?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a result of the size selective nature of soil erosion events?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the single greatest contributor to the global increase in erosion rates?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep plowing

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: tillage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: unsustainable agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on steep slopes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unsustainable agricultural practices are the single greatest contributor

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: farming on steep slopes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Unsustainable agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquatic systems,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Unsustainable agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wind erosion rates,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phosphorus,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Unsustainable agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wind erosion rates,

text: The waterfall is the beginning of the Gave de Pau stream. It is fed by a melting snow and a small glacier, located in Spain. This water seeps underground until it appears at the upper rim of waterfall. The average annual flow in the waterfall is 3 m/s. In summer, when the snowmelt is most intense, it can reach up to 200 m/s. In winter it sometimes freezes and stops flowing.

text: The waterfall is the beginning of the Gave de Pau stream. It is fed by a melting snow and a small glacier, located in

text: Spain

text: . This water seeps underground until it appears at the upper rim of waterfall. The average annual flow in the waterfall is 3 m/s. In summer, when the snowmelt is most intense, it can reach up to 200 m/s. In winter it sometimes freezes and stops flowing.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How does the glacier affect the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or snow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Gave de Pau, glacier, or waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Gave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: snow and glaciers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water seeping underground

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: snowmelt intensity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed when water freezes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 3 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 3 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: seeps underground

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 3 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: melting snow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 3 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 3 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glacier,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The waterfall is the beginning of the Gave de Pau stream.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacier,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacier,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Gave de Pau stream.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: melting snow and a small glacier,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water seeps underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The waterfall is the beginning of the Gave de Pau stream.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfall

text: The Cenozoic is characterised by a further shallowing and erosion of earlier sediments. In places a reasonable thickness of Paleocene and Eocene sediments is reached, but most of the subsurface of the Netherlands lack deposits of this age.

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: is characterised by a further shallowing and erosion of earlier sediments. In places a reasonable thickness of

text: Paleocene

text: and

text: Eocene

text: sediments is reached, but most of the subsurface of the Netherlands lack deposits of this age.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason for the lack of deposits of this age?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: In places a reasonable thickness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a reasonable thickness

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: shallowing

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: shallowing and erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shallowing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shallowing and erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: shallowing and erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: earlier sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: most of the subsurface of the Netherlands lack deposits of this age

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Paleocene and Eocene sediments

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: most of the subsurface of the Netherlands

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsurface

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shallowing

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion of earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: earlier sediments.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: most of the subsurface of the Netherlands lack deposits of this age.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The Cenozoic

text: Detention vaults manage stormwater quantity flowing to nearby surface waters. They help prevent flooding and can reduce erosion in rivers and streams.  They do not provide treatment to improve water quality, though some are attached to a media filter bank to remove pollutants.

text: Detention vaults manage stormwater quantity flowing to nearby

text: surface water

text: s. They help prevent

text: flood

text: ing and can reduce

text: erosion

text: in rivers and streams.  They do not provide treatment to improve

text: water quality

text: , though some are attached to a

text: media filter

text: bank to remove pollutants.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of detention vaults?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of detention vaults?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of detention vaults?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of detention vaults?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can reduce erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: can reduce erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can reduce erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Detention vault

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a detention vault

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They do not provide treatment to improve water quality

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion in rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Detention vaults manage stormwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Detention vaults

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Detention vaults manage stormwater quantity flowing to nearby surface waters.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Detention vaults manage stormwater quantity flowing to nearby surface waters.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They do not provide treatment to improve water quality,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

text: The rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall consist mainly of limestones. In the Upper Devonian, about 370 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. It was divided into basins and ridges. Limes were deposited on the ridges, which were closer to the surface of the water (carbonatic threshold facies of the Upper Harz Upper Devonian). About 300 million years ago, the rocks were folded, sunk, metamophosed by intruding granites, later uplifted again, and then exposed by erosion. That is how this old limestone comes to form the rocks over which the waterfall drops as well as the Rabenklippe crags to the west. In the intervening Oker valley is argillaceous Kulm slate. There is a path up to the top of the waterfall on the hillside north of the rocks. At its foot, a few metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks of the Lower Carboniferous have been exposed. The waterfall rocks at the lookout platform consists of upper Devonian limestones, which are tectonically heavily deformed. About 290 million years ago, the molten Oker granite nearby hardened and overprinted all the nearby rocks in a process known as contact metamorphism.

text: The rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall consist mainly of limestones. In the

text: Upper Devonian

text: , about 370 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. It was divided into basins and ridges. Limes were deposited on the ridges, which were closer to the surface of the water (carbonatic threshold

text: facies

text: of the Upper Harz Upper Devonian). About 300 million years ago, the rocks were folded, sunk, metamophosed by intruding granites, later uplifted again, and then exposed by erosion. That is how this old limestone comes to form the rocks over which the waterfall drops as well as the Rabenklippe crags to the west. In the intervening Oker valley is argillaceous Kulm slate. There is a path up to the top of the waterfall on the hillside north of the rocks. At its foot, a few metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks of the

text: Lower Carboniferous

text: have been exposed. The waterfall rocks at the lookout platform consists of upper Devonian limestones, which are tectonically heavily deformed. About 290 million years ago, the molten Oker granite nearby hardened and overprinted all the nearby rocks in a process known as

text: contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How long ago was the area covered by a sea?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How long ago was the area covered by a sea?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many metres of dark slate-hornfels rocks have been exposed?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How long ago did the rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall consist mainly of limestones?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Oker valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Limes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ridges

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: basins

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Granites

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Uplifting

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rocks being folded, sunk, metamophosed by intruding granites

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by contact metamorphism

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Romerkhall Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Limes were deposited on the ridges,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: closer to the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Limes

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Limes were deposited on the ridges,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ridges,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The rocks of the Romerkhall Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ridges, which were closer to the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the rocks were folded, sunk, metamophosed

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: basins and ridges.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Oker valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Limes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Limes were deposited on the ridges,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: contact metamorphism.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Limes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Romerkhall Waterfall

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: intruding granites,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: exposed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: intruding granites,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 370 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Rabenklippe crags

text: d. The interbedding layers of fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands imply that there was repeated occurrence of basaltic eruption and erosion and sedimentation of fluvial deposits alternatively. These events were probably caused by breaking up and rifting of Gondwanaland during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.

text: d. The interbedding layers of fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands imply that there was repeated occurrence of basaltic eruption and

text: erosion

text: and

text: sedimentation

text: of fluvial deposits alternatively. These events were probably caused by breaking up and rifting of

text: Gondwana

text: land during the

text: Late Jurassic

text: to

text: Early Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the interbedding layers of fluvial sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Basaltic lava bands

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rifting

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: basaltic eruption

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: basaltic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: basaltic lava bands imply that there was repeated occurrence

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: interbedding layers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion and sedimentation of fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: interbedding layers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fluvial sediments and basaltic lava

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion and sedimentation of fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The interbedding layers of fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion and sedimentation of fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion and sedimentation of fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava bands

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: fluvial sediments and basaltic lava bands

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: basaltic lava bands

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The interbedding layers of fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fluvial sediments

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there was repeated occurrence of basaltic eruption

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: interbedding layers

text: The formation, nine to eleven metres thick in total, contains two subdivisions, the Svarvare Mudstone Member, two to three metres thick, which is overlain by the Gannarve Siltstone Member, seven to eight metres in thickness.(This is also known as the Silte Siltstone, but does not form part of the Slite Group.)  The water depth was decreasing as the Gannarve member was deposited, so the member shows evidence of shallowing up. The formation is overlain with an oolite, which rests unconformably on an erosion surface – a sequence boundary – created at a time of low sea level. This erosional surface formed a flat – a rocky shore which was inundated by the sea at times, but was also subject to subaerial rainfall.  Calcium carbonate penetrated the underlying sediment (the top of the Gannarve member), altering the existing dolomitic siltstone.

text: The formation, nine to eleven metres thick in total, contains two subdivisions, the Svarvare Mudstone Member, two to three metres thick, which is overlain by the Gannarve Siltstone Member, seven to eight metres in thickness.(This is also known as the

text: Silte Siltstone

text: , but does not form part of the

text: Slite Group

text: .)  The water depth was decreasing as the Gannarve member was deposited, so the member shows evidence of shallowing up. The formation is overlain with an

text: oolite

text: , which rests

text: unconformably

text: on an erosion surface – a

text: sequence boundary

text: – created at a time of low sea level. This

text: erosional surface

text: formed a flat – a rocky shore which was inundated by the sea at times, but was also subject to subaerial rainfall.  Calcium carbonate penetrated the underlying sediment (the top of the Gannarve member), altering the existing dolomitic siltstone.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: siltstone, mudstone, or oolite?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: siltstone, mudstone, or oolite?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick is the Silte Siltstone Member?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation to be overlain with an oolite?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the formation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the formation overlain with an oolite?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rocky shore which was inundated by the sea at times

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a rocky shore

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: oolite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Subaerial rainfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subaerial rainfall

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low sea level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on a flat

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Silte Siltstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Silte Siltstone does not form part of the Slite Group

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The water depth was decreasing

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: nine to eleven metres thick

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: subaerial rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: decreasing

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Gannarve Siltstone Member,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rocky shore

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rocky shore

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: subaerial rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rocky shore

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: flat

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion surface

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rocky shore

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Svarvare Mudstone

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flat

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: subaerial rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sequence boundary

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low sea level.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Gannarve Siltstone Member,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: does not form part of the Slite Group.)

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rocky shore

text: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through open fractures and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of karst topography.

text: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen

text: aquifer

text: s. Non-porous aquifers such as

text: clay

text: s partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to

text: soil contaminant

text: s. Groundwater that moves through open

text: fractures

text: and

text: caverns

text: is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural

text: sinkhole

text: s as dumps in areas of

text: karst topography

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of karst topography

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: caverns

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: human tendency to use natural sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through open fractures

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: can be transported as easily as surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Non-porous aquifers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface pollution

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: natural sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: human tendency to use natural sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Non-porous aquifers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Another characteristic of Mirusha Canyon is also the river erosion where during the process of the water flow, depending on the composition of the rocks, erodes, dissolves and carries erosive material.

text: Another characteristic of Mirusha Canyon is also the river erosion where during the process of the water flow, depending on the composition of the rocks, erodes, dissolves and carries erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Mirusha Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Mirusha Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of Mirusha Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of Mirusha Canyon?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: river erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a canyon

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a canyon

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: carries

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: composition of rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carries

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by river erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: river erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Mirusha Canyon

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mirusha Canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Canyon

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Mirusha Canyon

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: carries erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: composition of the rocks,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: river erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erodes, dissolves and carries erosive material.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive material.

text: Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water. It can occur both along rivers and at the coast. Rapid river channel migration observed in the Lena River of Siberia is due to thermal erosion, as these portions of the banks are composed of permafrost-cemented non-cohesive materials. Much of this erosion occurs as the weakened banks fail in large slumps. Thermal erosion also affects the Arctic coast, where wave action and near-shore temperatures combine to undercut permafrost bluffs along the shoreline and cause them to fail. Annual erosion rates along a  segment of the Beaufort Sea shoreline averaged  per year from 1955 to 2002.

text: Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening

text: permafrost

text: due to moving water. It can occur both along rivers and at the coast. Rapid

text: river channel migration

text: observed in the

text: Lena River

text: of

text: Siberia

text: is due to thermal erosion, as these portions of the banks are composed of permafrost-cemented non-cohesive materials. Much of this erosion occurs as the weakened banks fail in large slumps. Thermal erosion also affects the

text: Arctic

text: coast, where wave action and near-shore temperatures combine to undercut permafrost bluffs along the shoreline and cause them to fail. Annual erosion rates along a  segment of the Beaufort Sea shoreline averaged  per year from 1955 to 2002.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the reason for rapid river channel migration observed in the Lena River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a result of thermal erosion: melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not caused by thermal erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It can occur both along rivers and at the coast

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a result of thermal erosion: melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bluffs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: large slumps

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Beaufort Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the result of melting and weakening permafrost?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Annual erosion rates

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: thermally

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: non-cohesive

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: river channel

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: moving water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weakened banks fail in large slumps.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weakened banks fail in large slumps.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Thermal erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Thermal erosion

text: Megafloods are paleofloods (past floods) that involved rates of water flow larger than those in the historical record. They are studied through the sedimentary deposits and the erosional and constructional landforms that individual megafloods have created. Floods that are known to us through historical descriptions are mostly related to meteorological events, such as heavy rains, rapid melting of snowpacks, or combination of these. In the geological past of the Earth, however, geological research has shown that much larger events have occurred. In the case of outburst floods, such floods are typically linked to the collapse of the barrier forming a lake. They fall in the following classification according to the mechanism responsible:

text: Megafloods are paleofloods (past floods) that involved rates of water flow larger than those in the historical record. They are studied through the

text: sedimentary deposits

text: and the erosional and constructional

text: landform

text: s that individual megafloods have created. Floods that are known to us through historical descriptions are mostly related to meteorological events, such as heavy rains, rapid melting of snowpacks, or combination of these. In the geological past of the Earth, however, geological research has shown that much larger events have occurred. In the case of outburst floods, such floods are typically linked to the collapse of the barrier forming a lake. They fall in the following classification according to the mechanism responsible:

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of megafloods?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of megaflood?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a mechanism responsible for the movement of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of megafloods?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of megafloods?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Outburst

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: outburst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosional landforms

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Megafloods are paleofloods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landforms

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosional and constructional landforms

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: outburst floods,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: constructional landforms that individual megafloods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosional and constructional landforms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosional and constructional landforms

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lake.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Megafloods

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a lake.

text: Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland.  Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.

text: Surface water is water in a river,

text: lake

text: or fresh water

text: wetland

text: .  Surface water is naturally replenished by

text: precipitation

text: and naturally lost through discharge to the

text: oceans

text: evaporation

text: evapotranspiration

text: and

text: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: river, lake or fresh water wetland?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a way sediments are carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, evapotranspiration or groundwater recharge?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface water: oceans, evaporation or groundwater recharge?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface water: precipitation, evaporation or groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of wetland?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: is a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater recharge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: evaporation, evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Surface water

text: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole, ( aka Tilkiler Düdeni) is a cave located in Manavgat district of Antalya in southern Turkey. It is named after the nearby village Tilkiler.

text: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole, ( aka Tilkiler Düdeni) is a

text: cave

text: located in

text: Manavgat

text: district of

text: Antalya

text: in

text: southern Turkey

text: . It is named after the nearby village

text: Tilkiler

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Tilkiler Cave?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How would you describe Tilkiler Cave?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Tilkiler Cave?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe Tilkiler Cave?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the purpose of a levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Tilkiler Cave

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tilkiler

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tilkiler Cave

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: It is named after the nearby village Tilkiler

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Tilkiler Cave, aka Tilkiler Sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkhole,

text: The geological monument has been called a "natural wonder".Its walls rise to a height of 80-100m. Rock formations are naturally carved with very unusual shapes of columns, towers and pyramids formed over centuries of erosion by rainwater. Study of the feature has revealed geological formations of gravel, quartz sands, and sandstones. The deposits are distinct "succession of red clays, grey and reddish soap-stones, friable white soap-stone." They all exhibit a reddish colour. Deep ravines are formed and during the rainy season the water flowing in the deep ravines is in the colour of the formation that is red; as the water falls into the ravines it makes a roaring sound.Râpa Roșie River flows in the vicinity.

text: The geological monument has been called a "natural wonder".Its walls rise to a height of 80-100m. Rock formations are naturally carved with very unusual shapes of columns, towers and pyramids formed over centuries of erosion by rainwater. Study of the feature has revealed geological formations of gravel, quartz sands, and sandstones. The deposits are distinct "succession of red clays, grey and reddish soap-stones, friable white soap-stone." They all exhibit a reddish colour. Deep ravines are formed and during the rainy season the water flowing in the deep ravines is in the colour of the formation that is red; as the water falls into the ravines it makes a roaring sound.

text: Râpa Roșie River

text: flows in the vicinity.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock formation: columns, towers, or pyramids?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: gravel, quartz sands, or sandstones?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How tall are the walls of the monument?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a geological formation: gravel, quartz sands, or sandstones?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: columns, towers and pyramids?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: columns, towers or pyramids?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: columns, towers and pyramids?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, ravines, or columns?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainy season

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into ravines

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: They all exhibit a reddish colour

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ravines

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sound.Râpa Roșie River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 80-100m.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: red clays,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sound.Râpa Roșie River

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sound.Râpa Roșie River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Deep ravines

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rainwater.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water falls into the ravines it makes a roaring sound.Râpa

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel, quartz sands,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "natural wonder".Its

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Deep ravines

text: Between the individual lava flows may be beds of volcaniclastic sandstone, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks, and the map shows a small deposit of this near the summit of Sheffield Pike.

text: Between the individual lava flows may be beds of

text: volcaniclastic

text: sandstone, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks, and the map shows a small deposit of this near the summit of Sheffield Pike.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason sedimentary deposits can be found near the summit of Sheffield Pike?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or lava?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be used to describe

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcaniclastic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: small deposit of this near the summit of Sheffield Pike.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Between

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the erosion of the volcanic rocks,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: lava flows may be beds of volcaniclastic sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcaniclastic sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Between the individual lava flows

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary deposits

text: A hyperconcentrated flow is a two-phase flowing mixture of water and sediment in a channel which has properties intermediate between fluvial flow and debris flow. Large quantities of sand may be transported throughout the flow column, but the transport of suspended and bedload sediment along the channel depends on flow turbulence and high flow velocities, and coarser sediment remains as bedload. Hyperconcentrated flows do not show the characteristics of non-Newtonian flow typical of debris flows, e.g., levees, coarsening up or matrix supported deposits.

text: A hyperconcentrated flow is a two-phase flowing mixture of

text: water

text: and

text: sediment

text: in a channel which has properties intermediate between

text: fluvial

text: flow and

text: debris flow

text: . Large quantities of

text: sand

text: may be transported throughout the flow column, but the transport of

text: suspended

text: and

text: bedload

text: sediment along the channel depends on flow

text: turbulence

text: and high flow velocities, and coarser sediment remains as

text: bedload

text: . Hyperconcentrated flows do not show the characteristics of

text: non-Newtonian

text: flow typical of debris flows, e.g.,

text: levee

text: s,

text: coarsening up

text: or

text: matrix supported

text: deposits.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What type of flow is hyperconcentrated flow?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyperconcentrated flows?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarser sediment

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What are the characteristics of non-Newtonian flow typical of debris flows?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of hyperconcentrated flows?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris flow

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levees

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Levees

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: transport of suspended and bedload sediment along the channel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high velocities

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarser sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: levees, coarsening up or matrix supported deposits

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high flow velocities, and coarser sediment remains as bedload.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarser sediment remains as bedload.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: suspended and bedload sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: A hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Hyperconcentrated flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hyperconcentrated flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: matrix supported deposits.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: matrix supported deposits.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: matrix supported deposits.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flow turbulence and high flow velocities,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: levees,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedload

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A hyperconcentrated flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hyperconcentrated flow

text: Another aspect in which Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem deals with sediment erosion and sediment deposition. Specifically, the effects dams have on the natural flow of the river such as the natural pulses it has and as well its ability to transfer sediment else where. The fact that the river no longer flows like it used to shows that sediment is backing up. This makes sense because a dam is a large wall blocking the path of the water and sediment. Leaving the natural ecosystem without the benefits of a naturally working cycle of nutrients and water flow.

text: Another aspect in which Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem deals with sediment erosion and sediment deposition. Specifically, the effects dams have on the natural flow of the river such as the natural pulses it has and as well its ability to transfer sediment else where. The fact that the river no longer flows like it used to shows that sediment is backing up. This makes sense because a dam is a large wall blocking the path of the water and sediment. Leaving the natural ecosystem without the benefits of a naturally working cycle of nutrients and water flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of dams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not the type of sediment carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a negative effect of dams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: like it used to

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural pulses

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: natural pulses it has and as well its ability to transfer sediment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sediment is backing up.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: natural pulses

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment is backing up.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Dams negatively impact the natural ecosystem

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural pulses

text: The construction of Shasta Dam and its afterbay (regulating downstream dam), Keswick Dam, in 1943 and 1950, respectively, severely impaired the capability of the Sacramento River to flush away pollutants from the mine. Acid mine drainage flowed, unfettered, down Spring Creek directly into the Keswick Reservoir, depositing contaminated sediment and turning a portion of the water a rusty red shade. Previously, the water would have continued down the creek into the river, and flushed to the Pacific Ocean. The pooling of the water, however, made it extremely difficult for the pollutants to be removed. From 1955 to 1962, open pit mining began on the site. At its peak, the mine discharged 5 tons of iron,  of copper, and  of zinc into the stream per day. By then, the water flowing down the drainage was so contaminated that it necessitated the construction of a holding dam, the Spring Creek Dam.

text: The construction of

text: Shasta Dam

text: and its afterbay (regulating downstream dam), Keswick Dam, in 1943 and 1950, respectively, severely impaired the capability of the Sacramento River to flush away pollutants from the mine.

text: Acid mine drainage

text: flowed, unfettered, down Spring Creek directly into the Keswick Reservoir, depositing contaminated sediment and turning a portion of the water a rusty red shade. Previously, the water would have continued down the creek into the river, and flushed to the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: . The pooling of the water, however, made it extremely difficult for the pollutants to be removed. From 1955 to 1962,

text: open pit mining

text: began on the site. At its peak, the mine discharged 5 tons of

text: iron

text: ,  of

text: copper

text: , and  of

text: zinc

text: into the stream per day. By then, the water flowing down the drainage was so contaminated that it necessitated the construction of a holding dam, the Spring Creek Dam.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can acid mine drainage cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the reason for the construction of Shasta Dam?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many tons of iron, of copper, and of zinc

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or iron?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, the construction of Shasta Dam or Keswick Dam?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many years after the construction of Shasta Dam was Keswick Dam built?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is it difficult for pollutants to be removed?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which happened first, the construction of Shasta Dam or Keswick Dam?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: afterbay

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: open pit mining

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: open pit

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 5 tons of iron, of copper, and of zinc

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down a creek

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Previously, the water would have continued down the creek into the river

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Spring Creek directly into the Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The pooling

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: difficult for the pollutants to be removed.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sacramento River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The construction of Shasta Dam

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The pooling of the water,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Spring Creek directly into the Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Keswick Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Acid mine drainage

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down Spring Creek

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminated sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The construction of Shasta Dam

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Acid mine drainage

text: In the middle of the bridge are sitting areas (where the historical markers are now placed) built during the construction of the bridge.  The outline of the sitting areas when viewed from the top, follows the shape of the central pier of the bridge where the eastward pointed end points toward the source of the river thus deflecting the flow of the incoming water to prevent erosion.  The center pier is about  long from the western tip to the point end.  The width of the central pier and the sitting areas is about .

text: In the middle of the bridge are sitting areas (where the historical markers are now placed) built during the construction of the bridge.  The outline of the sitting areas when viewed from the top, follows the shape of the central pier of the bridge where the eastward pointed end points toward the source of the river thus deflecting the flow of the incoming water to prevent erosion.  The center pier is about  long from the western tip to the point end.  The width of the central pier and the sitting areas is about .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not an example of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the bridge to be built?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: point end

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sitting Areas

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deflecting the flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a body of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: historical markers

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the center pier is about long from the western tip

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: incoming water to prevent erosion.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: prevent erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: incoming water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion.

text: The remainder of the ridge consists of andesite rocks of the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are a succession of sheets of andesite lava flows which came from shallow-sided volcanoes. Here and there the map shows beds of volcaniclastic sandstone or breccia, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks. Around the summit of Common Fell it shows areas of hyaloclastite, a rock made up of shattered angular fragments and formed by the quenching of lava in water. However, smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view.

text: The remainder of the ridge consists of

text: andesite

text: rocks of the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are a succession of sheets of andesite lava flows which came from shallow-sided volcanoes. Here and there the map shows beds of

text: volcaniclastic

text: sandstone or breccia, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks. Around the summit of Common Fell it shows areas of

text: hyaloclastite

text: , a rock made up of shattered angular fragments and formed by the quenching of lava in water. However, smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: volcaniclastic sandstone or breccia?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the size of the sediments that are carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff, erosion of volcanic rocks, or erosion of the volcanic rocks?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary deposits: volcaniclastic sandstone or breccia?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for grass to cover the rocks?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Common Fell

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: hyaloclastite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcaniclastic sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shattered angular fragments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: shallow-sided volcanoes.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: smooth grassy turf

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the erosion of the volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: breccia,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: hyaloclastite,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Common Fell

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: shallow-sided volcanoes.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentary deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion of the volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcaniclastic sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia,

text: A landscape evolution model is a physically based numerical model that simulates changing terrain over the course of time. This can be due to glacial erosion and deposition; erosion, sediment transport, and deposition in fluvial systems such as rivers; regolith production; the movement of material on hillslopes; more intermittent events such as rockfalls, debris flows, landslides, and other surface processes. This can also be due to surface uplift and/or subsidence. A typical landscape evolution model takes many of these factors into account.

text: A landscape evolution model is a physically based

text: numerical model

text: that simulates changing terrain over the course of time. This can be due to

text: glacial

text: erosion and deposition;

text: erosion

text: sediment transport

text: , and

text: deposition

text: in

text: fluvial

text: systems such as

text: river

text: s;

text: regolith production

text: ; the movement of material on

text: hill

text: slopes; more intermittent events such as

text: rockfall

text: s,

text: debris flow

text: s,

text: landslide

text: s, and other surface processes. This can also be due to surface

text: uplift

text: and/or

text: subsidence

text: . A typical landscape evolution model takes many of these factors into account.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment transport, and deposition in fluvial systems

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can be due to glacial erosion and deposition?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transport?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: surface uplift and/or subsidence

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hillslopes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: regolith

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: regolith

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsidence

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface uplift and subsidence

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rockfalls

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: a typical landscape evolution model takes many of these factors into account.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landscape evolution model

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport, and deposition in fluvial systems such as rivers;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport, and deposition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion, sediment transport, and deposition in fluvial systems

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: rivers; regolith production; the movement of material on hillslopes;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: fluvial systems

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fluvial systems

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: regolith

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: fluvial systems

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsidence.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: regolith

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rockfalls, debris flows,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface uplift and/or subsidence.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: regolith

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A landscape evolution model

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landscape evolution model

text: The sinkhole formed due to volcanic pumice deposits, upon which Guatemala City is built. These deposits were unconsolidated and of low density, allowing easy erosion. According to Sam Bonis, a geologist at Dartmouth College, leaking pipes went unfixed long enough to create the conditions necessary for sinkhole formation because of lax city zoning regulations and building codes. Bonis also says that the Guatemala City sinkhole is a misnomer: sinkholes have natural causes, but this one was mainly artificial. In addition, according to Bonis, sinkholes are usually formed from limestone but there is no limestone hundreds of metres underneath Guatemala City. Bonis proposes that the sinkhole be renamed a piping feature.

text: The sinkhole formed due to volcanic

text: pumice

text: deposits, upon which Guatemala City is built. These deposits were unconsolidated and of low density, allowing easy

text: erosion

text: . According to Sam Bonis, a geologist at

text: Dartmouth College

text: , leaking pipes went unfixed long enough to create the conditions necessary for sinkhole formation because of lax city zoning regulations and building codes. Bonis also says that the Guatemala City sinkhole is a misnomer: sinkholes have natural causes, but this one was mainly artificial. In addition, according to Bonis, sinkholes are usually formed from

text: limestone

text: but there is no limestone hundreds of metres underneath Guatemala City. Bonis proposes that the sinkhole be renamed a piping feature.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a natural cause of sinkholes: natural causes, but this one was mainly artificial

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the sinkhole to be named a piping feature?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments were unconsolidated and of low density

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, pumice or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a natural cause for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slow-flowing rivers:

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a natural cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: volcanic pumice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low density

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there is no limestone hundreds of metres underneath Guatemala City

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: leaking pipes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: density,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: leaking pipes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: density,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unconsolidated and of low density,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: unconsolidated and of low density,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: volcanic pumice

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: volcanic pumice deposits,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unconsolidated and of low density,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low density,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pumice

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of geomorphic drivers, such as rainfall; bedrock wear in rivers; coastal erosion by the sea and waves; glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour; areal flooding; wind abrasion; groundwater processes; and mass movement processes in steep landscapes like landslides and debris flows. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically-controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave fetch, or atmospheric temperature (especially for some ice-related processes). Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition, which control the arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.

text: Natural rates of erosion are controlled by the action of

text: geomorphic

text: drivers, such as

text: rain

text: fall; bedrock wear in

text: river

text: s; coastal erosion by the sea and

text: waves

text: glacial

text: plucking,

text: abrasion

text: , and scour; areal flooding;

text: wind

text: abrasion;

text: groundwater

text: processes; and

text: mass movement

text: processes in steep landscapes like

text: landslide

text: s and

text: debris flow

text: s. The rates at which such processes act control how fast a surface is eroded. Typically, physical erosion proceeds fastest on steeply sloping surfaces, and rates may also be sensitive to some climatically-controlled properties including amounts of water supplied (e.g., by rain), storminess, wind speed, wave

text: fetch

text: , or atmospheric temperature (especially for some ice-related processes).

text: Feedback

text: s are also possible between rates of erosion and the amount of eroded material that is already carried by, for example, a river or glacier. Processes of erosion that produce sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of

text: deposition

text: , which control the arrival and emplacement of material at a new location.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a driver of erosion: rainfall, storminess, wind speed, wave fetch, or atmospheric temperature?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a process of erosion that produces sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition, which control the arrival and emplacement of material in a new location?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a process of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: bedrock wear in rivers, glacial plucking, abrasion, and scour, areal flooding, wind abrasion, or groundwater processes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal flooding

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater processes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: bedrock wear

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: scour

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: landslides and debris flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rates at which such processes act

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: bedrock wear in rivers

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: solutes

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: areal flooding; wind abrasion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind abrasion;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: fastest on steeply sloping surfaces,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: river or glacier.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain),

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fastest on steeply sloping surfaces,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooding;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Feedbacks are also possible between rates of erosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater processes;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: areal flooding;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater processes;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment or solutes from a place contrast with those of deposition,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: debris flows.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: geomorphic drivers,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: geomorphic drivers,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: bedrock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Natural rates of erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deposition,

text: Geologists and the official Ricketts Glen State Park web page classify the falls at Ricketts Glen State Park into two types. Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps. Within the park, this type of falls usually flows over thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone. In bridal-veil falls, the second type, water falls over a ledge and drops vertically into a plunge pool in the stream bed below. Within the park, this type of falls flows over Catskill Formation rocks or the red shale and sandstone of the Huntley Formation. In the park, the harder caprock which forms the ledge from which the bridal-veil falls drops is gray sandstone. The softer red shale below is eroded away by water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool. Brown's book Pennsylvania waterfalls: a guide for hikers and photographers uses four types to classify waterfalls: falls, cascade, slide, and chute.

text: Geologists and the official Ricketts Glen State Park web page classify the falls at Ricketts Glen State Park into two types.

text: Wedding-cake

text: falls descend in a series of small steps. Within the park, this type of falls usually flows over thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone. In

text: bridal-veil

text: falls, the second type, water falls over a ledge and drops vertically into a

text: plunge pool

text: in the stream bed below. Within the park, this type of falls flows over Catskill Formation rocks or the red shale and sandstone of the Huntley Formation. In the park, the harder

text: caprock

text: which forms the ledge from which the bridal-veil falls drops is gray sandstone. The softer red shale below is eroded away by water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool. Brown's book Pennsylvania waterfalls: a guide for hikers and photographers uses four types to classify waterfalls: falls, cascade, slide, and chute.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of falls: wedding-cake falls, bridal-veil falls, or slides?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which type of falls descend in a series of small steps?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What type of falls descend in a series of small steps?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall: cascade, slide, or slide?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the second type of falls?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: glen

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and sand

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a ledge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cascade

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thin layers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Wedding-cake falls descend in a series of small steps.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: falls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cascade,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ledge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: chute.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: chute.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: chute.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water, sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water, sand and gravel to form the plunge pool.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: thin layers of Huntley Mountain Formation sandstone.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: red shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: four types to classify waterfalls:

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: plunge pool.

text: A plunge pool (or plunge basin or waterfall lake) is a depression at the base of a waterfall created by the erosional force of falling water and rocks where it lands.

text: A plunge pool (or plunge basin or waterfall lake) is a depression at the base of a

text: waterfall

text: created by the

text: erosional

text: force of falling water and rocks where it lands.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a plunge pool?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for a plunge pool?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Plunge pools

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosional force

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a depression

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosional force

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: falling water and rocks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A plunge pool

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: plunge pool

text: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal. Empirically, it has been found useful to plot the frequency against the log( size ) of the particles. This usually gives a clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution. In geological applications the logarithm is normally taken to the base 2. The log transformed values are referred to as phi (Φ) units. This system is known as the Krumbein (or phi) scale.

text: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal. Empirically, it has been found useful to plot the frequency against the log( size ) of the particles. This usually gives a clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution. In geological applications the

text: logarithm

text: is normally taken to the base 2. The log transformed values are referred to as phi (Φ) units. This system is known as the

text: Krumbein

text: (or phi) scale.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the most likely reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: base 2

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the Krumbein scale?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the Krumbein scale?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a riverbank

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Krumbein

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Krumbein (or phi) scale.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bimodal distribution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: log( size ) of the particles.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: bimodal distribution.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: In the study of sediments,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Krumbein (or phi) scale.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: bimodal distribution.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bimodal distribution.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: In the study of sediments, particle size is frequently bimodal.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: clear separation of the particles into a bimodal distribution.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bimodal distribution.

text: Straight channels (sinuosity <1.3) are relatively rare in natural systems due to the fact that sediment and flow are rarely distributed evenly across a landscape. Irregularities in the deposition and erosion of sediments leads to the formation of alternate bars that are on opposite sides of the channel in succession. Alternating bar sequences result in flow to be directed in a sinuous pattern, leading to the formation of sinuous channels (sinuosity of 1.3-1.5).

text: Straight channels (sinuosity <1.3) are relatively rare in natural systems due to the fact that sediment and flow are rarely distributed evenly across a landscape. Irregularities in the deposition and erosion of sediments leads to the formation of alternate bars that are on opposite sides of the channel in succession. Alternating bar sequences result in flow to be directed in a sinuous pattern, leading to the formation of sinuous channels (sinuosity of 1.3-1.5).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of sinuous channels?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Irregularities in the deposition and erosion of sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sinuous channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinuous channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment and flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Alternating bar sequences

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: distribution of sediment and flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a straight channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: straight channels are rarely distributed evenly across a landscape

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Straight channels

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Straight channels (sinuosity <unk>1.3)

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Irregularities in the deposition and erosion of sediments

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinuous channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion of sediments leads to the formation of alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Straight channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinuous channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment and flow are rarely distributed evenly

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinuous pattern,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alternate bars

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Straight channels

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alternate bars

text: This shrub grows in cracks in rocks alongside flowing water. It has a fibrous mass of roots and lateral rhizomes that anchor it, and even if most of the plant is ripped away during flooding, it easily resprouts from remnants of the rhizomes. It is often found growing in sandstone bedrock, gravel bars, nooks between boulders, and in riverborne deposits of debris, rubble, and silt. It is adapted to periodic flooding, scouring, erosion, and deposition of litter. Other plants in the habitat may include hazel alder (Alnus serrulata), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), creepers (Parthenocissus), ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), sycamore species (Platanus), blackberries (Rubus), willow species (Salix), American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), soapworts (Saponaria), greenbrier species (Smilax), goldenrod species (Solidago), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans).

text: This shrub grows in cracks in rocks alongside flowing water. It has a fibrous mass of roots and lateral

text: rhizome

text: s that anchor it, and even if most of the plant is ripped away during

text: flood

text: ing, it easily resprouts from remnants of the rhizomes. It is often found growing in

text: sandstone

text: bedrock

text: gravel bar

text: s, nooks between boulders, and in riverborne deposits of debris, rubble, and silt. It is adapted to periodic flooding, scouring,

text: erosion

text: , and deposition of litter. Other plants in the habitat may include

text: hazel alder

text: (Alnus serrulata),

text: silky dogwood

text: (Cornus amomum),

text: jewelweed

text: (Impatiens capensis),

text: creepers

text: (Parthenocissus),

text: ninebark

text: (Physocarpus opulifolius),

text: sycamore

text: species (Platanus),

text: blackberries

text: (Rubus),

text: willow

text: species (Salix),

text: American elderberry

text: (Sambucus canadensis),

text: soapwort

text: s (Saponaria),

text: greenbrier

text: species (Smilax),

text: goldenrod

text: species (Solidago), and

text: poison ivy

text: (Toxicodendron radicans).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of plant: Hazel alder, silky dogwood, or jewelweed?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: debris, rubble, or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is adapted to periodic flooding, scouring, erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of plant?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of plant: Hazel alder (Alnus serrulata)

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of plant?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gravel bars

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gravel bars

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: scouring

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of litter

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rhizomes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: poison ivy is adapted to periodic flooding

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: curvature

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: hazel alder

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: riverborne deposits of debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: litter.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: hazel alder

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: hazel alder

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: This shrub grows in cracks in rocks alongside flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: riverborne deposits of debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cracks in rocks alongside flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cracks in rocks alongside flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: scouring,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition of litter.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: periodic flooding,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: debris, rubble, and silt.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: cracks in rocks alongside flowing water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: litter.

text: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.

text: Extended systems of underwater

text: cave

text: s,

text: sinkholes

text: and

text: springs

text: are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with

text: sand

text: y soils deposited as ancient

text: beach

text: es over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the

text: last glacial period

text: , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely

entity_name: Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

text: savanna

text: . While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-

text: Central Florida

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: sinkholes, caves, or springs?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments deposited as ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of spring: underground caves, sinkholes or springs?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: sandy soils, sinkholes, or springs?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peninsula

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: global sea levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The limestone is topped with sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: peninsula, largely savanna.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a drier climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: In road and rail transport, a washout is the result of a natural disaster where the roadbed is eroded away by flowing water, usually as the result of a flood. When a washout destroys a railroad's right-of-way, the track is sometimes left suspended in midair across the newly formed gap, or it dips down into a ditch. This phenomenon is discussed in more detail under the term erosion. Bridges may collapse due to bridge scour around one or more bridge abutments or piers.

text: In road and

text: rail transport

text: , a washout is the result of a

text: natural disaster

text: where the

text: roadbed

text: is eroded away by flowing water, usually as the result of a

text: flood

text: . When a washout destroys a railroad's

text: right-of-way

text: , the

text: track

text: is sometimes left suspended in midair across the newly formed gap, or it dips down into a ditch. This phenomenon is discussed in more detail under the term

text: erosion

text: . Bridges may collapse due to

text: bridge scour

text: around one or more bridge

text: abutment

text: s or piers.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the result of a natural disaster where the roadbed is eroded away by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not the result of a natural disaster where the roadbed is eroded away by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the result of a natural disaster where the roadbed is eroded away by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ditch

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a ditch

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: roadbed

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ditch

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ditch

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: roadbed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are not eroded away by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bridge scour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: a washout

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ditch.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: washout

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ditch.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ditch.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ditch.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: roadbed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: eroded away by flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: washout

text: In the process of burial, it is possible that siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted as a result of a mountain building event or erosion.  When uplift occurs, it exposes buried deposits to a radically new environment. Because the process brings material to or closer to the surface, sediments that undergo uplift are subjected to lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water. Under these conditions, framework grains and cement are again subjected to dissolution and in turn increasing porosity. On the other hand, telogenesis can also change framework grains to clays, thus reducing porosity. These changes are dependent on the specific conditions that the rock is exposed as well as the composition of the rock and pore waters. Specific pore waters, can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements. This process can also encourage the process of oxidation on a variety of iron bearing minerals.

text: In the process of burial, it is possible that siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted as a result of a mountain building event or erosion.  When uplift occurs, it exposes buried deposits to a radically new environment. Because the process brings material to or closer to the surface, sediments that undergo uplift are subjected to lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water. Under these conditions, framework grains and cement are again subjected to dissolution and in turn increasing porosity. On the other hand, telogenesis can also change framework grains to clays, thus reducing porosity. These changes are dependent on the specific conditions that the rock is exposed as well as the composition of the rock and pore waters. Specific pore waters, can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements. This process can also encourage the process of oxidation on a variety of iron bearing minerals.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for sediments to undergo uplift?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which process can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a mountain

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: telogenesis

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mountain building events

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Uplift

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: specific conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dissolution and in turn increasing porosity

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: telogenesis

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: slightly acidic rain water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slightly acidic rain water.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: lower temperatures and pressures

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: slightly acidic rain water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: slightly acidic rain water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mountain building event

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: burial,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: telogenesis

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mountain building event

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the composition of the rock and pore waters.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: framework grains

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: uplifted

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion.

text: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

text: Extended systems of underwater caves,

text: sinkholes

text: and

text: springs

text: are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with

text: sand

text: y soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the

text: last glacial period

text: , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely

text: savanna

text: . The

text: Everglades

text: , an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How wide is the Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion: sinkholes, springs or runoff?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow-flowing rivers, sinkholes or springs?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Everglades a savanna?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river or The Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: savanna

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial period

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: The Everglades

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: global sea levels rising and falling

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slow-flowing river

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a drier climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Depression focused groundwater recharge also profoundly effects contaminant transport into groundwater.  This is of great concern in regions with karst geological formations because water can eventually dissolve tunnels all the way to aquifers, or otherwise disconnected streams.  This extreme form of preferential flow, accelerates the transport of contaminants and the erosion of such tunnels.  In this way depressions intended to trap runoff water—before it flows to vulnerable water resources—can connect underground over time.  Cavitation of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in pot holes or caves.

text: Depression focused groundwater recharge also profoundly effects

text: contaminant

text: transport into groundwater.  This is of great concern in regions with

text: karst

text: geological formations because water can eventually dissolve tunnels all the way to

text: aquifer

text: s, or otherwise disconnected streams.  This extreme form of

text: preferential flow

text: , accelerates the transport of contaminants and the

text: erosion

text: of such

text: tunnel

text: s.  In this way depressions intended to trap

text: runoff

text: water—before it flows to vulnerable water resources—can connect underground over time.

text: Cavitation

text: of surfaces above into the tunnels, results in

text: pot holes

text: or caves.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Why is this of great concern in regions with karst geological formations?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the opposite of preferential flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a concern in regions with karst geological formations?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a form of preferential flow?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pot holes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pot holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Cavitation of surfaces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Cavitation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water can eventually dissolve tunnels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: contaminant

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Cavitation of surfaces above into the tunnels results in pot holes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: preferential flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: contaminant transport into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: contaminant transport into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Depression focused groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Depression

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: depressions intended to trap runoff water—before

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pot holes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifers,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pot holes or caves.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: vulnerable water resources—can

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: depressions intended to trap runoff

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: tunnels

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Depression

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pot holes or caves.

text: The channel of Shamokin Creek is sinuous and flows through rock formations consisting of sandstone, shale, and extensive anthracite deposits. There are some culm deposits along the creek. The creek flows between stone walls in Shamokin. The upper  of the watershed, upstream of Big Mountain, are in the Western Middle Anthracite Field, in the Coal Region. There are 34 coal veins in the watershed and nearly all have been either deep-mined or strip-mined. The creek passes through rock of the Hamilton Formation near Paxinos. The creek's valley is partly carved from Marcellus black slate. Red shale of the Mauch Chunk Formation also occurs in the watershed.

text: The

text: channel

text: of Shamokin Creek is

text: sinuous

text: and flows through

text: rock formation

text: s consisting of

text: sandstone

text: shale

text: , and extensive

text: anthracite

text: deposits. There are some

text: culm

text: deposits along the creek. The creek flows between stone walls in Shamokin. The upper  of the watershed, upstream of Big Mountain, are in the

text: Western Middle Anthracite Field

text: , in the

text: Coal Region

text: . There are 34 coal veins in the watershed and nearly all have been either

text: deep-mined

text: or

text: strip-mined

text: . The creek passes through rock of the

text: Hamilton Formation

text: near Paxinos. The creek's valley is partly carved from Marcellus black slate. Red

text: shale

text: of the

text: Mauch Chunk Formation

text: also occurs in the watershed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or anthracite?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sandstone, shale, or coal?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many coal veins in the watershed have been either deep-mined or strip-mined?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or anthracite deposits?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many coal veins are in the watershed?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or culm?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or anthracite?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or anthracite?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a rock formation: sandstone, shale, or anthracite deposits?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many coal veins are in the watershed?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: culm deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: culm

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: culm deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: culm deposits along the creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: coal veins in the watershed

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: between stone walls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there are 34 coal veins in the watershed

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock formations

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: anthracite deposits.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Shamokin Creek is sinuous

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: extensive anthracite deposits.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sandstone, shale,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Shamokin Creek

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: culm deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Shamokin Creek is sinuous

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Western Middle Anthracite Field,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: anthracite deposits.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Western Middle Anthracite Field,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Shamokin Creek

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The creek's valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: culm

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: culm

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: culm

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Shamokin Creek

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: culm deposits along the creek. The creek flows between stone walls

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rock of the Hamilton Formation near Paxinos.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: extensive anthracite deposits.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: between stone walls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandstone,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The channel of Shamokin Creek is sinuous

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rock formations

text: Antidunes migrate upstream because the stream flow is shallow and fast in the trough and slows and deepens over the crest. As a result, the shear stress on the bed decreases from trough to crest, allowing sedimentation, and increases from crest to tough, causing erosion. The inertia of the flow moves the shear stress maximum and minimum slightly downstream of the trough and crest. This allows the bedform to amplify with time as erosion occurs in the trough and deposition occurs at the crest.

text: Antidunes migrate upstream because the stream flow is shallow and fast in the trough and slows and deepens over the crest. As a result, the

text: shear stress

text: on the bed decreases from trough to crest, allowing sedimentation, and increases from crest to tough, causing erosion. The inertia of the flow moves the shear stress maximum and minimum slightly downstream of the trough and crest. This allows the bedform to amplify with time as erosion occurs in the trough and deposition occurs at the crest.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the bedform?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to migrate upstream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does the bedform amplify with time?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sedimentation and deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shear stress on the bed

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a crest

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The bedform to amplify with time

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bedform

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: the shear stress

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shear stress on the bed decreases from trough to crest,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shear stress on the bed decreases from trough to crest,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the stream flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion occurs in the trough and deposition occurs at the crest.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: crest.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Antidunes migrate upstream

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: crest.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the shear stress

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Antidunes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Antidunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Antidunes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Antidunes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: shear stress

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: shear stress

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: slows and deepens over the crest.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sedimentation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Antidunes migrate upstream

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: bedform

text: The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined aquifer in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are artesian wells. This is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a  cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening.

text: The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined

text: aquifer

text: in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are

text: artesian wells

text: . This is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a  cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a result of a confined aquifer?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What can be the result of a confined aquifer?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can be the result of a confined aquifer?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: opening

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Artesian wells

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: higher elevated recharge area

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the cave is used like a hose

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Spring water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Spring water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Spring water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The forcing of the spring

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The forcing of the spring to the surface

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The forcing

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: cave.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: a confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: outlet.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: opening.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: artesian wells.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: artesian wells.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: artesian wells.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a confined aquifer

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: spring water table

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: artesian wells.

text: There is an abundance of geological material from the Burdigalian portion of the early Miocene, some 20 million years ago. Materials of marine origin were deposited for some 7 million years, after which the basin became totally isolated from the sea. From that time, further deposits are exclusively continental, carried by flowing rivers. The current configuration of the Hoya began to take form some 500,000 years ago in a strong paleogeographic restructuring. Small rivers formed in the reliefs that surrounded the basin began a process of erosion that gave the landscape its now-characteristic gullies and badlands.

text: There is an abundance of geological material from the

text: Burdigalian

text: portion of the early

text: Miocene

text: , some 20 million years ago. Materials of marine origin were deposited for some 7 million years, after which the basin became totally isolated from the sea. From that time, further deposits are exclusively continental, carried by flowing rivers. The current configuration of the Hoya began to take form some 500,000 years ago in a strong

text: paleogeographic

text: restructuring. Small rivers formed in the reliefs that surrounded the basin began a process of

text: erosion

text: that gave the landscape its now-characteristic

text: gullies

text: and

text: badlands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: flowing rivers or small rivers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Small rivers or mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of gullies and badlands?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are gullies and badlands common?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How long ago did the Hoya begin to take form?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: badlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: continental

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: reliefs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gullies and badlands

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: continental

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are exclusively continental, carried by flowing rivers

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies and badlands

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: further deposits are exclusively continental, carried by flowing rivers.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing rivers.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: continental,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: flowing rivers.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Small rivers

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: flowing rivers.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: continental,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gullies

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Small rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gullies and badlands.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Small rivers formed in the reliefs

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: continental,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: totally isolated from the sea.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gullies and badlands.

text: The River Lossie () is a river in north east Scotland.  Ptolemy (c.90 – c.168), the Greco-Roman geographer, named it as ost. Loxa Fl.  The river originates in the hills above Dallas, in Moray, and has its source 400 metres above sea-level.  It enters the sea at Lossiemouth on the Moray Firth. By the time it moves through Elgin its rate of flow, in normal conditions, is best described as very slow.  The gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth is almost imperceptible with a total fall of less than 5 metres.

text: The River Lossie () is a river in north east

text: Scotland

text: Ptolemy

text: (c.90 – c.168), the

text: Greco-Roman

text: geographer, named it as ost. Loxa Fl.  The river originates in the hills above

text: Dallas

text: , in

text: Moray

text: , and has its source 400 metres above sea-level.  It enters the sea at

text: Lossiemouth

text: on the

text: Moray Firth

text: . By the time it moves through

text: Elgin

text: its rate of flow, in normal conditions, is best described as very slow.  The gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth is almost imperceptible with a total fall of less than 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the River Lossie?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth is almost imperceptible

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth almost imperceptible

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How would you describe the gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the flow of the River Lossie?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe the gradient between Elgin and Lossiemouth?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the River Lossie's source?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the source of the River Lossie?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Elgin

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Lossiemouth

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Firth

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Gradient

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: elevation above sea-level

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: less than 5 metres

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are not found in Scotland

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gradient

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: very slow.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: slow.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: very slow.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: very slow.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slow.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: slow.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 400 metres above sea-level.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 400 metres above sea-level.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: hills

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The River Lossie

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: The gradient

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Moray Firth.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: The River Lossie

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Moray Firth.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Moray Firth.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: hills

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less than 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: 5 metres.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The River Lossie

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The River Lossie

text: The bottom is at the groundwater level, so the amount of water depends on current hydrological conditions. Usually, the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn and again in spring. On average, the area is flooded for around three months every year. The lake's main inflow is the estavelle Matija's Cave (''Matijeva jama'') out of which the water flowing from the Javornik Hills erupts.

text: The bottom is at the

text: groundwater

text: level, so the amount of water depends on current

text: hydrological

text: conditions. Usually, the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn and again in spring. On average, the area is flooded for around three months every year. The lake's main

text: inflow

text: is the

text: estavelle

text: Matija's Cave (''Matijeva jama'') out of which the water flowing from the

text: Javornik Hills

text: erupts.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion: runoff from the Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the lake to fill?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers or Javornik Hills?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the area flooded for around three months every year?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Matija's Cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: estavelle

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: estavelle

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: estavelle

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estavelle

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: hydrological conditions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the lake fills after the heavy rains in late autumn and again in spring

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: estavelle

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Javornik Hills erupts.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The bottom is at the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooded for around three months every year.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Matija's Cave

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The bottom is at the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flooded for around three months every year.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Matija's Cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Javornik Hills

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the lake fills after the heavy rains

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: current hydrological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: the water flowing from the Javornik Hills erupts.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The bottom is at the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Matija's Cave

text: A stream bed is the channel bottom of a stream, river or creek, the physical confine of the normal water flow.  The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream banks or river banks, during all but flood stage. In fact, a flood occurs when a stream overflows its banks and flows onto its flood plain. As a general rule, the bed is that part of the channel up to the normal water line, and the banks are that part above the normal water line. However, because water flow varies, this differentiation is subject to local interpretation. Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation, whereas the banks are subjected to water flow only during unusual or perhaps infrequent high water stages and therefore might support vegetation some or much of the time.

text: A stream bed is the channel bottom of a

text: stream

text: river

text: or creek, the physical confine of the normal water flow.  The lateral confines or channel margins are known as the stream

text: bank

text: s or river banks, during all but

text: flood stage

text: . In fact, a

text: flood

text: occurs when a stream overflows its banks and flows onto its

text: flood plain

text: . As a general rule, the bed is that part of the

text: channel

text: up to the normal water line, and the banks are that part above the normal water line. However, because water flow varies, this differentiation is subject to local interpretation. Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial

text: vegetation

text: , whereas the banks are subjected to water flow only during unusual or perhaps infrequent high water stages and therefore might support vegetation some or much of the time.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the bed of a stream?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why might the banks be subjected to water flow more at the sides?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why might the banks be subjected to water flow?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood plain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: lateral confines

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: creek

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local interpretation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: onto its flood plain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: stream banks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water flow only during unusual or perhaps infrequent high water stages

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: A stream bed

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood plain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: stream banks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream bed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flow.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: local interpretation. Usually, the bed is kept clear of terrestrial vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: overflows its banks

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: terrestrial vegetation,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flood stage.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flood stage. In fact, a flood

text: Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact for a while until the underground spaces just get too big. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These collapses can be small or they can be huge and can occur where a house or road is on top.

text: Sinkhole

text: s are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. Sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact for a while until the underground spaces just get too big. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These collapses can be small or they can be huge and can occur where a house or road is on top.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestone, carbonate rock, or salt beds?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkholes are dramatic because the land usually stays intact

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: dissolved by groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: dissolved by groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: enough support

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt beds,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sinkholes

text: The site at which various sizes of particles are deposited is critical to an understanding of any aspect of their toxic action. The fractional regional deposition of particles shows that between 10 and 1 μm, the portion of particles that is deposited in the upper airways falls off from 80% to 20%, whereas the pulmonary deposition increases from near zero to about 20%. Pulmonary deposition, after falling off near 1 μm, peaks again near 40% for particles of 0.03 μm, whereas upper airway deposition remains low until a new peak deposition is found at less than 0.01 μm. The portion and pattern of deposition can be modified under conditions of reduced gravity; however, human data during flights of the gravity research aircraft show that particles in the 0.5 to 1 μm range are deposited less in the respiratory system at lunar gravity than at Earth gravity. This finding is consistent with the reduced sedimentation of the particles when the gravity is less. However, a larger portion of the particles is deposited peripherally in reduced gravity.

text: The site at which various sizes of particles are deposited is critical to an understanding of any aspect of their toxic action. The fractional regional deposition of particles shows that between 10 and 1 μm, the portion of particles that is deposited in the upper airways falls off from 80% to 20%, whereas the pulmonary deposition increases from near zero to about 20%. Pulmonary deposition, after falling off near 1 μm, peaks again near 40% for particles of 0.03 μm, whereas upper airway deposition remains low until a new peak deposition is found at less than 0.01 μm. The portion and pattern of deposition can be modified under conditions of reduced gravity; however, human data during flights of the gravity research aircraft show that particles in the 0.5 to 1 μm range are deposited less in the respiratory system at lunar gravity than at Earth gravity. This finding is consistent with the reduced sedimentation of the particles when the gravity is less. However, a larger portion of the particles is deposited peripherally in reduced gravity.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: lunar gravity or Earth gravity?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particles of 0.03  m

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: clay, silt, or water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of particles are deposited in the upper airways?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the second to last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: particles of 0.03  m

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: regional deposition of particles

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fractional regional deposition of particles

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: periphery

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Peripheral

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Peripheral

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Gravity research aircraft

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: particles of 0.03  m

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are deposited less in the respiratory system at lunar gravity

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: periphery

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The portion and pattern of deposition can be modified under conditions of reduced gravity;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: a larger portion of the particles is deposited peripherally in reduced gravity.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: reduced gravity;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: lunar gravity

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: a larger portion of the particles is deposited peripherally in reduced gravity.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: reduced gravity;

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The site at which various sizes of particles are deposited

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: peripherally in reduced gravity.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: peripherally

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: reduced gravity;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: gravity;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: upper airways

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: peripherally

text: Volcanism can cause flows such as lava on the surface of geologically active bodies (the largest being the Amirani (volcano) flow on Io).  Many of Earth's Igneous rocks are formed through processes rare elsewhere, such as the presence of volcanic magma and water.  Surface mineral deposits such as olivine and hematite discovered on Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable water on the surface of Mars.

text: Volcanism

text: can cause flows such as

text: lava

text: on the surface of geologically active bodies (the largest being the

text: Amirani (volcano)

text: flow on Io).  Many of Earth's

text: Igneous rock

text: s are formed through processes rare elsewhere, such as the presence of volcanic magma and water.  Surface mineral deposits such as

text: olivine

text: and

text: hematite

text: discovered on Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable

text: water on the surface of Mars

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What can cause flows such as lava on the surface of geologically active bodies?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: clay, silt, or olivine?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: olivine or hematite?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What can cause flows such as lava on the surface of geologically active bodies?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: surface mineral deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: volcanic magma and water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: olivine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: past stable water on the surface of Mars.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Igneous rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: lava

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: olivine and hematite

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: presence of volcanic magma and water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: olivine and hematite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Volcanism

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Igneous rocks

text: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County, New York at  above sea level, near Mount Jefferson, and flows tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough. The branch flows generally southwest, entering Delaware County and flowing through the towns of Stamford and Delhi. In southwestern Delaware County it flows in an increasingly winding course through the mountains, generally southwest. At Stilesville the West Branch was impounded in the 1960s to form the Cannonsville Reservoir, the westernmost of the reservoirs in the New York City water system. It is the most recently constructed New York City reservoir and began serving the city in 1964. Draining a large watershed of , the reservoir's capacity is . This water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the  West Delaware Tunnel in Tompkins, New York. Then it flows through the aqueduct into the Rondout Reservoir, where the water enters the  Delaware Aqueduct, that contributes to roughly 50% of the city's drinking water supply. At Deposit, on the border between Broome and Delaware counties, it turns sharply to the southeast and is paralleled by New York State Route 17. It joins the East Branch at  above sea level at Hancock to form the Delaware.

text: The West Branch rises in

text: Schoharie County, New York

text: at  above sea level, near

text: Mount Jefferson

text: , and flows tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough. The branch flows generally southwest, entering

text: Delaware County

text: and flowing through the towns of

text: Stamford

text: and

text: Delhi

text: . In southwestern Delaware County it flows in an increasingly winding course through the mountains, generally southwest. At

text: Stilesville

text: the West Branch was impounded in the 1960s to form the

text: Cannonsville Reservoir

text: , the westernmost of the reservoirs in the New York City water system. It is the most recently constructed New York City reservoir and began serving the city in 1964. Draining a large watershed of , the reservoir's capacity is . This water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the

text: West Delaware Tunnel

text: in

text: Tompkins, New York

text: . Then it flows through the aqueduct into the

text: Rondout Reservoir

text: , where the water enters the

text: Delaware Aqueduct

text: , that contributes to roughly 50% of the city's drinking water supply. At

text: Deposit

text: , on the border between

text: Broome

text: and Delaware counties, it turns sharply to the southeast and is paralleled by

text: New York State Route 17

text: . It joins the East Branch at  above sea level at

text: Hancock

text: to form the Delaware.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the West Branch?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: deep trough

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the West Branch?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the most recent constructed New York City reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most recent constructed New York City reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep trough

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deep trough

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trough

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep trough

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The West Branch rises

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Aqueduct

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: reservoir's capacity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a trough

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: the West Branch

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The West Branch was impounded in the 1960s

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: deep trough

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County, New York

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flows tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: a deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County, New York

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The West Branch

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County, New York

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County, New York

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: New York State Route 17.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: trough.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Mount Jefferson,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: above sea level,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: tortuously through the plateau in a deep trough.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The West Branch rises in Schoharie County,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Cannonsville Reservoir,

text: Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought, groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over  of water is stored in California's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed.

text: Groundwater

text: is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense

text: drought

text: , groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over  of water is stored in California's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason groundwater is unavailable?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an element of groundwater: clay, silt, or surface water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason groundwater is unavailable?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason groundwater is unavailable?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many percent of the state's water supply comes from groundwater?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sandbar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater consumption

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: not all the water is usable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Groundwater

text: The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.  Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below the water table. Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

text: The source of virtually all

text: freshwater

text: is

text: precipitation

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: , in the form of

text: mist

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: , as part of the

text: water cycle

text: over

text: eons

text: millennia

text: and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

text: groundwater

text: , with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.

text: Surface water

text: is stored in

text: wetland

text: s or

text: lake

text: s or flows in a stream or

text: river

text: , and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a

text: reservoir

text: behind a

text: dam

text: , and then used for municipal and industrial

text: water supply

text: , for

text: irrigation

text: and to generate power in the form of

text: hydroelectricity

text: . Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the

text: pore

text: space of

text: soil

text: and

text: rock

text: ; it is utilized most as water flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of freshwater: glaciers and polar ice caps?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a source of freshwater: mist, rain, or snow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many percent of freshwater is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a source of freshwater: glaciers and polar ice caps?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the source of virtually all freshwater?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: precipitation from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unrenewable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mist, rain and snow,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The source of virtually all freshwater

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Surface water

text: In the 1990s, cold spraying (often called gas dynamic cold spray) was introduced. The method was originally developed in Russia, with the accidental observation of the rapid formation of coatings. This occurred while experimenting with particle erosion of a target exposed to a high velocity flow loaded with fine powder in a wind tunnel. In cold spraying, particles are accelerated to very high speeds by the carrier gas forced through a converging–diverging de Laval type nozzle. Upon impact, solid particles with sufficient kinetic energy deform plastically and bond mechanically to the substrate to form a coating. The critical velocity needed to form bonding depends on the material's properties, powder size and temperature. Metals, polymers, ceramics, composite materials and nanocrystalline powders can be deposited using cold spraying.Soft metals such as Cu and Al are best suited for cold spraying, but coating of other materials (W, Ta, Ti, MCrAlY, WC–Co, etc.) by cold spraying has been reported.

text: In the 1990s, cold spraying (often called

text: gas dynamic cold spray

text: ) was introduced. The method was originally developed in Russia, with the accidental observation of the rapid formation of coatings. This occurred while experimenting with particle erosion of a target exposed to a high velocity flow loaded with fine powder in a wind tunnel. In cold spraying, particles are accelerated to very high speeds by the carrier gas forced through a converging–diverging

text: de Laval type nozzle

text: . Upon impact, solid particles with sufficient kinetic energy deform plastically and bond mechanically to the substrate to form a coating. The critical velocity needed to form bonding depends on the material's properties, powder size and temperature.

text: Metal

text: s,

text: polymer

text: s,

text: ceramic

text: s,

text: composite material

text: s and

text: nanocrystalline

text: powders can be deposited using cold spraying.Soft metals such as Cu and Al are best suited for cold spraying, but coating of other materials (W, Ta, Ti, MCrAlY, WC–Co, etc.) by cold spraying has been reported.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can be deposited using cold spraying?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the critical velocity needed to form bonding depends on the material's properties?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a material that can be deposited using cold spraying?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which is not a material that can be deposited using cold spraying?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: Metals, polymers, ceramics, composite materials and nanocrystalline powders?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: particle erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: particle erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a hole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: diversion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: diversion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: particles with sufficient kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bonding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: powder size and temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a high velocity

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine powder

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: high velocity flow loaded with fine powder

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: high velocity flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: powder size and temperature.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particle erosion of a target exposed to a high velocity flow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: high velocity flow loaded with fine powder in a wind tunnel.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In the 1990s, cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: nozzle.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: cold spraying (often called gas dynamic cold spray)

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: particle erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: particle erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gas dynamic cold spray)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: cold spraying (often called gas dynamic cold spray)

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: converging–diverging

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: high velocity flow loaded with fine powder

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: bond mechanically to the substrate to form a coating.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: material's properties, powder size and temperature.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high velocity flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fine powder

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In the 1990s, cold spraying

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: coatings.

text: The rocks  found in and around Wichita Falls result from southwesterly-flowing Permian streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains.  Calcium-carbonate rich soils concurrently developed adjacent to these streams.  These were likely buried by further Permian sedimentation and then lithified.  Pleistocene erosion removed the younger rocks, exposing the current strata.  Exposures of sediments indicate that northeast-flowing streams locally deposited silts, clays, sands, and some gravels on the Permian rocks.  These are subsequently modified by modern (Holocene) stream erosion and deposition.

text: The rocks  found in and around Wichita Falls result from southwesterly-flowing

text: Permian

text: streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains.  Calcium-carbonate rich soils concurrently developed adjacent to these streams.  These were likely buried by further Permian sedimentation and then

text: lithified

text: Pleistocene

text: erosion removed the younger rocks, exposing the current strata.  Exposures of sediments indicate that northeast-flowing streams locally deposited silts, clays, sands, and some gravels on the Permian rocks.  These are subsequently modified by modern (

text: Holocene

text: ) stream erosion and deposition.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: southwesterly-flowing streams that deposited sands in channels and silts and clays on the surrounding floodplains

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: southwesterly-flowing, northeast-flowing, or northeast-flowing?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clays and silts carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: northeast-flowing streams or southwesterly-flowing?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sands

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: southwesterly

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: southwesterly-flowing Permian streams

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: northeast-flowing

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: silts

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: northeast-flowing streams

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: northeast-flowing

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sands

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: southwesterly-flowing Permian streams

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Wichita Falls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silts and clays

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplains.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gravels

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: channels

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Calcium-carbonate rich soils

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: southwesterly-flowing

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silts

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: buried by further Permian sedimentation and then lithified.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: The rocks

text: Subsea trees are available in either vertical or horizontal configurations with further speciality available such as dual bore, monobore, concentric, drill-through, mudline, guidlineless or guideline.  Subsea trees may range in size and weight from a few tons to approximately 70 tons for high pressure, deepwater (>3000 feet) guidelineless applications.  Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to Surface trees.  Typically a subsea tree would have a choke (permits control of flow), a flowline connection interface (hub, flange or other connection), subsea control interface (direct hydraulic, electro hydraulic, or electric) and sensors for gathering data such as pressure, temperature, sand flow, erosion, multiPhase flow, single phase flow such as water or gas.

text: Subsea trees are available in either vertical or horizontal configurations with further speciality available such as dual bore, monobore, concentric, drill-through, mudline, guidlineless or guideline.  Subsea trees may range in size and weight from a few tons to approximately 70 tons for high pressure, deepwater (>3000 feet) guidelineless applications.  Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to Surface trees.  Typically a subsea tree would have a choke (permits control of flow), a flowline connection interface (hub, flange or other connection), subsea control interface (direct hydraulic, electro hydraulic, or electric) and sensors for gathering data such as pressure, temperature, sand flow, erosion, multiPhase flow, single phase flow such as water or gas.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a subsea tree: vertical, horizontal, or concentric?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: subsea tree

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: subsea tree would have a choke

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: subsea

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Mud

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mudline

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface tree

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: mudline

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mudline

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressure, temperature

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: subsea trees contain many additional valves and accessories compared to Surface trees

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mudline

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sand flow, erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Surface trees.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Subsea trees

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Surface trees.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Surface trees.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: mudline,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand flow,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sensors

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: pressure, temperature,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Subsea trees are available in either vertical or horizontal configurations

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion,

text: Altogether, this fauna is massively dominated by large herbivores and generally lacks terrestrial carnivores. It can thus be assumed that the habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest that was seasonally flooded, as well as floodplains and swampland. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving, as the fossil-rich rocks are alluvial deposits and do not show evidence of fast-flowing riverbeds that would have dug into the sediment deeply while depositing little of their own.

text: Altogether, this fauna is massively dominated by large herbivores and generally lacks terrestrial carnivores. It can thus be assumed that the habitat was mostly low-lying

text: rainforest

text: that was seasonally flooded, as well as

text: floodplain

text: s and

text: swamp

text: land. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving, as the fossil-rich rocks are

text: alluvial

text: deposits and do not show evidence of fast-flowing riverbeds that would have dug into the sediment deeply while depositing little of their own.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would have dug into the sediment deeply while depositing little of their own?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What would have dug into the sediment deeply while depositing little of their own?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why would fast-flowing riverbeds cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It can thus be assumed that the habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It can thus be assumed that the habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wide and slow-moving rivers

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fast-moving

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fossil-rich rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: fossil-rich rocks are alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deeply

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flooded,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fossil-rich rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: fast-flowing riverbeds

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: alluvial

text: When water is supplied to the hose, it flows through the nozzle body to the opening, where it would normally flow straight forward in a stream. Just after leaving the opening it encounters the plug, which deflects the water sideways through an angle. After travelling a short distance the water encounters the outside of the nozzle opening, which deflects it forward again. This two-step process causes the water to be ejected in a ring-shaped pattern, which causes less water to strike any one location, and thereby reduces erosion while also making it easier to water larger areas.

text: When water is supplied to the hose, it flows through the nozzle body to the opening, where it would normally flow straight forward in a stream. Just after leaving the opening it encounters the plug, which deflects the water sideways through an angle. After travelling a short distance the water encounters the outside of the nozzle opening, which deflects it forward again. This two-step process causes the water to be ejected in a ring-shaped pattern, which causes less water to strike any one location, and thereby reduces erosion while also making it easier to water larger areas.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is it easier to water larger areas?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is it easier to water larger areas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: opening

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water hitting any one location

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ejected water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less water to strike any one location

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a nozzle

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ring-shaped pattern

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: reduces erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: reduces erosion while also making it easier to water larger areas.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ring-shaped pattern,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: reduces erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: less water to strike any one location,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sideways

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: water larger areas.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ring-shaped pattern,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ring-shaped pattern, which causes less water to strike any one location,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: opening, where it would normally flow straight forward in a stream.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: reduces erosion while also making it easier to water larger areas.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less water to strike any one location,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: straight forward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ring-shaped pattern,

text: In 1979, this lawsuit resulted in a Consent Decree, amended in 1981, which imposed several conditions on development of the freeway, including additional public hearings, preparation of an environmental report, alterations to the design to reduce lanes and intersections, improve carpooling and provide for a transit way, which became the Los Angeles Metro Rail Green Line.  A portion of the right-of-way was also to be constructed below grade to buffer adjacent areas from the effects of traffic noise. After construction began in the 1980s, failure to perform a full survey of the area's groundwater deposits, combined with the 20–30 foot below-grade trench through the city of Downey, resulted in buckling and cracking along the eastern portions of the route. At one point a large sinkhole opened in the Bellflower Boulevard on-ramp. This resulted in construction of an elaborate pump system along the freeway between the interchanges with I-710 and I-605.

text: In 1979, this lawsuit resulted in a Consent Decree, amended in 1981, which imposed several conditions on development of the freeway, including additional public hearings, preparation of an environmental report, alterations to the design to reduce lanes and intersections, improve carpooling and provide for a transit way, which became the

text: Los Angeles Metro Rail

text: Green Line

text: .  A portion of the right-of-way was also to be constructed below grade to buffer adjacent areas from the effects of

text: traffic noise

text: . After construction began in the 1980s, failure to perform a full survey of the area's

text: groundwater

text: deposits, combined with the 20–30 foot below-grade trench through the city of

text: Downey

text: , resulted in buckling and cracking along the eastern portions of the route. At one point a large sinkhole opened in the Bellflower Boulevard on-ramp. This resulted in construction of an elaborate pump system along the freeway between the interchanges with

text: and

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between groundwater and surface water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 20–30 foot

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of groundwater deposits: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: grade

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: below-grade trench

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: cracking

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: buckling and cracking along the eastern portions of the route

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the Los Angeles Metro Rail Green Line.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: buckling and cracking

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 20–30 foot below-grade

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: failure to perform a full survey of the area's groundwater

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 20–30 foot below-grade trench through the city of Downey,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Los Angeles Metro Rail Green Line.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: 20–30 foot below-grade trench through the city of Downey,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Bellflower Boulevard on-ramp.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: 20–30 foot below-grade trench

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater deposits,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: buckling and cracking

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater deposits,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In 1979,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: All three mechanisms operate simultaneously, but one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient. For example, in the case of calcium, which is generally plentiful in the soil solution, mass flow alone can usually bring sufficient amounts to the root surface. However, in the case of phosphorus, diffusion is needed to supplement mass flow. For the most part, nutrient ions must travel some distance in the soil solution to reach the root surface. This movement can take place by mass flow, as when dissolved nutrients are carried along with the soil water flowing toward a root that is actively drawing water from the soil. In this type of movement, the nutrient ions are somewhat analogous to leaves floating down a stream. In addition, nutrient ions continually move by diffusion from areas of greater concentration toward the nutrient-depleted areas of lower concentration around the root surface. That process is due to random motion of molecules. By this means, plants can continue to take up nutrients even at night, when water is only slowly absorbed into the roots as transpiration has almost stopped. Finally, root interception comes into play as roots continually grow into new, undepleted soil.

text: All three mechanisms operate simultaneously, but one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient. For example, in the case of calcium, which is generally plentiful in the soil solution, mass flow alone can usually bring sufficient amounts to the root surface. However, in the case of phosphorus, diffusion is needed to supplement mass flow. For the most part, nutrient ions must travel some distance in the soil solution to reach the root surface. This movement can take place by mass flow, as when dissolved nutrients are carried along with the soil water flowing toward a root that is actively drawing water from the soil. In this type of movement, the nutrient ions are somewhat analogous to leaves floating down a stream. In addition, nutrient ions continually move by diffusion from areas of greater concentration toward the nutrient-depleted areas of lower concentration around the root surface. That process is due to random motion of molecules. By this means, plants can continue to take up nutrients even at night, when water is only slowly absorbed into the roots as transpiration has almost stopped. Finally, root interception comes into play as roots continually grow into new, undepleted soil.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: This movement can take place by mass flow

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an example of mass flow?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not an example of mass flow?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a river

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: root interception

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: mass flow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mass flow, diffusion and root interception

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: root interception

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mass flow

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: mass flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: mass flow alone can usually bring sufficient amounts

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: soil water flowing toward a root that is actively drawing water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly absorbed into the roots as transpiration has almost stopped.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mass flow,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: root interception

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: leaves floating down a stream.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: phosphorus,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mass flow,

text: Many check dams tend to form stream pools. Under low-flow circumstances, water either infiltrates into the ground, evaporates, or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow - flood - conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from runoff tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Extra nutrients, phosphorus, nitrogen, heavy metals, and floating garbage are also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.

text: Many check dams tend to form

text: stream pool

text: s. Under low-flow circumstances, water either

text: infiltrates

text: into the ground,

text: evaporates

text: , or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow -

text: flood

text: - conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from

text: runoff

text: tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Extra nutrients,

text: phosphorus

text: nitrogen

text: heavy metals

text: , and floating garbage are also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: coarse, medium, or fine?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: finer grains flow through

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or gravel?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of low-flow circumstances?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for check dams to form stream pools?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of check dams?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream pools

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: check dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: cavern

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stream pools

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream pools

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment from runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: low-flow circumstances

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: low-flow circumstances

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over or through the structure

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Coarse

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream pools

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: finer grains flow through.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment from runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low-flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Under low-flow

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Many check dams

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Coarse and medium-grained

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment from runoff

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Coarse and medium-grained sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: check dams,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: seeps through or under the dam.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high flow - flood - conditions,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: high flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Coarse and medium-grained

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Many check dams tend to form stream pools.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream pools.

text: Cat Ba island is the largest island within the Cat Ba archipelago, with 366 smaller islands and tidally exposed rocks surrounding it. As all members of the Trachypithecus francoisi species group, this social, diurnal lutung is found in limestone forests. Critically endangered, the white-headed Langur resides near Ha Long Bay, specifically in Cat Ba Island, hence its common name "Cat Ba Langur". This landscape is known as a karst formation that has been invaded by the ocean. The topography is of limestone that has been worn away through erosion, which later formed ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes and other types of landforms. The Cat Ba Langur are diurnal animals, adapted to living in limestone habitat.The sleeping caves, ledges, and overhangs used by the langurs are thought to be used as protection from predators and extreme weather. Accessible caves were used as a hunting ground for humans to capture or kill langurs as they slept.

text: Cat Ba island is the largest island within the Cat Ba archipelago, with 366 smaller islands and tidally exposed rocks surrounding it. As all members of the

text: Trachypithecus francoisi

text: species group, this social,

text: diurnal

text: lutung

text: is found in limestone forests. Critically endangered, the white-headed Langur resides near Ha Long Bay, specifically in Cat Ba Island, hence its common name "Cat Ba Langur". This landscape is known as a karst formation that has been invaded by the ocean. The topography is of limestone that has been worn away through erosion, which later formed ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes and other types of landforms. The Cat Ba Langur are diurnal animals, adapted to living in limestone habitat.The sleeping caves, ledges, and overhangs used by the langurs are thought to be used as protection from predators and extreme weather. Accessible caves were used as a hunting ground for humans to capture or kill langurs as they slept.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform: ridges, towers, fissures or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments that have been worn away through erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of landform: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes or limestone?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which is not a type of landform: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes or limestone forests?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many types of landforms have been formed by erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform: limestone forests or floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which is not a type of landform: ridges, towers, fissures, or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ha Long Bay

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the ocean

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Landforms

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Cat Ba Langur are diurnal

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: tidally exposed rocks

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Cat Ba archipelago,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: tidally exposed rocks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: limestone forests.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Ha Long Bay,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: Given that the turbine blades in a water turbine are constantly exposed to water and dynamic forces, they need to have high corrosion resistance and strength. The most common material used in overlays on carbon steel runners in water turbines are austenitic steel alloys that have 17% to 20% chromium to increase stability of the film which improves aqueous corrosion resistance. The chromium content in these steel alloys exceed the minimum of 12% chromium required to exhibit some atmospheric corrosion resistance. Having a higher chromium concentration in the steel alloys allows for a much longer lifespan of the turbine blades. Currently, the blades are made of martensitic stainless steels which have high strength compared to austenitic stainless steels by a factor of 2. Besides corrosion resistance and strength as the criteria for material selection, weld-ability and density of the turbine blade.  Greater weld-ability allows for easier repair of the turbine blades. This also allows for higher weld quality which results in a better repair. Selecting a material with low density is important to achieve higher efficiency because the lighter blades rotate more easily. The most common material used in Kaplan Turbine blades are stainless steel alloys (SS). The different alloys used are SS(16Cr-5Ni), SS(13Cr-4Ni), SS(13Cr-1Ni). The martensitic stainless steel alloys have high strength, thinner sections than standard carbon steel, and reduced mass that enhances the hydrodynamic flow conditions and efficiency of the water turbine. The SS(13Cr-4Ni) has been shown to have improved erosion resistance at all angles of attack through the process of laser hardening. It is important to minimize erosion in order to maintain high efficiencies because erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades which reduces the relative ease to rotate.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to use stainless steel alloys?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to use stainless steel alloys?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of stainless steel alloys?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a property of clay and silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to use stainless steel alloys?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to use stainless steel alloys?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the turbine blades?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the most common material used in overlays on carbon steel runners?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and dynamic forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: What is the most common material used in turbine blades?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: SS(13Cr-4Ni)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbon steel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: hydraulic profile

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: efficiency

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thinner sections than standard carbon steel, and reduced mass

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: high strength,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and dynamic forces,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the blades

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile

text: Rocks in the area are limestones and dolomites from the Ordovician Period, which implies deposition about 470 million years ago.  The carbonates of the Natural Bridge occur within the Chepultepec Formation, making the buttress of the bridge, and the Beekmantown Formation, deposited conformably over the Chepultepec and comprising the span and the upper part of the bridge. Strata at Natural Bridge are close to horizontal, in contrast with dipping and folded beds as close as 300 ft away along Highway 11, which points to the fact that structurally the rocks making the Natural Bridge are the bottom part of a syncline.<br>The process of formation of the bridge is less certain, but the ideas proposed by different individuals have in common the importance of three elements: the southeast dipping of the strata, the capability of water to slowly dissolve carbonates and the existence of numerous fractures.  Spencer  has provided a summary of the most respected interpretations and produced the presently most widely accepted hypothesis. According to him, the Natural Bridge would be the remnant of an underground river tunnel that diverted water to the south. Initially, the underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run about two miles to the north, contributing to enlarge the incipient Cedar Creek drainage basin.  Over time, through weathering and erosion, the underground river collapsed and disappeared almost completely, the Natural Bridge being the only surviving relic of the roof of the ancient underground river. The creek’s larger flow contributed to form the present day gorge, significantly increasing the distance from the bottom of the water flow to the roof of the underground channel.  Today, the “Lost River”, about half a mile upstream from the Natural Bridge, is a vivid example supporting the hypothesis of the underground river.  Water from the side of the gorge flows into the Cedar Creek, similarly as the ancestral Cedar Creek underground river allegedly flew into the Cascade Creek, presently entering the Cedar Creek approximately 500 ft below the Natural Bridge.

text: Rocks in the area are

text: limestones

text: and

text: dolomites

text: from the

text: Ordovician

text: Period, which implies deposition about 470 million years ago.  The

text: carbonates

text: of the Natural Bridge occur within the

text: Chepultepec Formation

text: , making the

text: buttress

text: of the bridge, and the Beekmantown Formation, deposited

text: conformably

text: over the Chepultepec and comprising the span and the upper part of the bridge.

text: Strata

text: at Natural Bridge are close to horizontal, in contrast with dipping and folded beds as close as 300 ft away along Highway 11, which points to the fact that

text: structurally

text: the rocks making the Natural Bridge are the bottom part of a

text: syncline

text: .<br>The process of formation of the bridge is less certain, but the ideas proposed by different individuals have in common the importance of three elements: the southeast dipping of the strata, the capability of water to slowly dissolve carbonates and the existence of numerous fractures.  Spencer  has provided a summary of the most respected interpretations and produced the presently most widely accepted

text: hypothesis

text: . According to him, the Natural Bridge would be the remnant of an underground river tunnel that diverted water to the south. Initially, the underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run about two miles to the north, contributing to enlarge the incipient Cedar Creek

text: drainage basin

text: .  Over time, through

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: , the underground river collapsed and disappeared almost completely, the Natural Bridge being the only surviving relic of the roof of the ancient underground river. The creek’s larger flow contributed to form the present day

text: gorge

text: , significantly increasing the distance from the bottom of the water flow to the roof of the underground channel.  Today, the “Lost River”, about half a mile upstream from the Natural Bridge, is a vivid example supporting the hypothesis of the underground river.  Water from the side of the gorge flows into the Cedar Creek, similarly as the ancestral Cedar Creek underground river allegedly flew into the Cascade Creek, presently entering the Cedar Creek approximately 500 ft below the Natural Bridge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How did the underground river collapse?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the creek's larger flow contributing to form the present day gorge?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: distance from the bottom of the water flow to the roof of the underground channel

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestones or dolomites?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How long ago was the natural bridge?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Why is the creek’s larger flow contributing to form the present day gorge?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the underground river tunnel?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The creek’s larger flow contributed to form the present day gorge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground river tunnel that diverted water to the south

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: syncline

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a gorge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonates

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the underground river collapsed and disappeared almost completely

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: syncline

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Natural Bridge

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slowly dissolve carbonates

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: the underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly dissolve carbonates

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Natural Bridge

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Natural Bridge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground river tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Natural Bridge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: capability of water to slowly dissolve carbonates and the existence of numerous fractures.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: gorge,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: carbonates

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: underground river started capturing water from the Poague Run

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge,

text: Bodies of fine to very fine grained sand that fill symmetrical, cone shaped, depressions centered on tree trunks by swirling flood water. The fill is generally organized into form-concordant, concentric laminae that dip towards the tree. Centroclinal cross strata form from the infilling of scours created around trees by swirling flood water.  Studies and piers show us just how the scouring process works.  In front of these piers, decelerating flow and friction with the bed material causes a downward pressure gradient that leads to erosive downflow. Downflow is accompanied by horseshoe shaped sediment deposits that generate a U-shaped scour around the front and sides of the obstruction.

text: Bodies of fine to very fine grained sand that fill

text: symmetrical

text: , cone shaped, depressions centered on tree trunks by swirling flood water. The fill is generally organized into form-concordant, concentric laminae that dip towards the tree. Centroclinal cross strata form from the infilling of scours created around trees by swirling flood water.  Studies and piers show us just how the scouring process works.  In front of these piers, decelerating flow and friction with the bed material causes a downward pressure gradient that leads to erosive downflow. Downflow is accompanied by horseshoe shaped sediment deposits that generate a U-shaped scour around the front and sides of the obstruction.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of scouring?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine to very fine

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of scouring?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is true of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: scours

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: downflow

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: scours

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: U-shaped scour

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: scours

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flood water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: downflow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downward pressure gradient

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: downward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: horseshoe shaped

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by swirling flood water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: U-shaped scour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive downflow.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: decelerating flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: horseshoe shaped

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Bodies of fine to very fine grained sand

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flood water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: decelerating flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: downflow.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flood water.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: scours created around trees by swirling flood water.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: swirling flood water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: flood water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: horseshoe shaped sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: horseshoe shaped

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Centroclinal cross strata

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Centroclinal cross strata

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: swirling flood water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: horseshoe shaped sediment deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: downward pressure gradient

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosive downflow.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: horseshoe shaped

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: symmetrical, cone shaped, depressions centered on tree trunks

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: U-shaped scour

text: The Portage River is an  tributary of the Moose Horn River in eastern Minnesota, United States. It flows west to the Moose Horn River, joining it at Moosehead Lake next to the city of Moose Lake. By the Moose Horn River, its waters flow to the Kettle River, St. Croix River, and ultimately the Mississippi River. Just to the east of the Portage River, Nemadji Creek flows east to the Nemadji River, a tributary of Lake Superior and part of the Saint Lawrence River basin.

text: The Portage River is an  tributary of the

text: Moose Horn River

text: in eastern

text: Minnesota

text: , United States. It flows west to the Moose Horn River, joining it at Moosehead Lake next to the city of

text: Moose Lake

text: . By the Moose Horn River, its waters flow to the

text: Kettle River

text: St. Croix River

text: , and ultimately the

text: Mississippi River

text: . Just to the east of the Portage River, Nemadji Creek flows east to the

text: Nemadji River

text: , a tributary of

text: Lake Superior

text: and part of the

text: Saint Lawrence River

text: basin.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the source of the Portage River?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Portage River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the size of the Portage River?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the most common cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Rapidly flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the Portage River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the Portage River?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the source of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Moose Lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Nemadji Creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Moose Lake

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Lake Superior

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Portage River flows west to the Moose Horn River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Moose Horn River

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Nemadji Creek

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The Portage River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Nemadji Creek flows east to the Nemadji River,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Moose Horn River

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Portage River is an tributary

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Minnesota,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Nemadji Creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Moose Horn River

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Moosehead Lake

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Moosehead Lake

text: In many cases, sedimentation occurs slowly. In a desert, for example, the wind deposits siliciclastic material (sand or silt) in some spots, or catastrophic flooding of a wadi may cause sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material, but in most places eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock that forms is not only dependent on the amount of supplied material, but also on how well the material consolidates. Erosion removes most deposited sediment shortly after deposition.

text: In many cases, sedimentation occurs slowly. In a

text: desert

text: , for example, the wind deposits siliciclastic material (sand or silt) in some spots, or catastrophic flooding of a

text: wadi

text: may cause sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material, but in most places eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock that forms is not only dependent on the amount of supplied material, but also on how well the material consolidates. Erosion removes most deposited sediment shortly after deposition.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sand or silt?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: how well the material consolidates

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of material: sand or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of mountain streams?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: eolian erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are bad?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most common cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eolian erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: catastrophic flooding

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and catastrophic flooding

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of supplied material

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sedimentation occurs slowly

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: catastrophic flooding

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: catastrophic flooding

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: how well the material consolidates.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: siliciclastic material

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: slowly.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: eolian erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The amount of sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: eolian erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eolian erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: catastrophic flooding of a wadi

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: siliciclastic material

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: wadi

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Erosion removes most deposited sediment shortly after deposition.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: how well the material consolidates.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: siliciclastic

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sudden deposits of large quantities of detrital material,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eolian erosion dominates. The amount of sedimentary rock

text: Deposition of the Cadomin Formation marked the renewal of subsidence and sedimentation following a long period of uplift, exposure and erosion of older strata. The Cadomin sediments were derived from sources in the mountains to the west, and were deposited across the pediment surface by systems of alluvial fans and braided streams. It is postulated that the streams flowed generally northeastward, turning northwestward at the Fox Creek Escarpment.

text: Deposition of the Cadomin Formation marked the renewal of subsidence and sedimentation following a long period of uplift, exposure and erosion of older strata. The Cadomin sediments were derived from sources in the mountains to the west, and were deposited across the

text: pediment

text: surface by systems of

text: alluvial fan

text: s and

text: braided streams

text: . It is postulated that the streams flowed generally northeastward, turning northwestward at the Fox Creek Escarpment.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the streams?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments in the Cadomin Formation?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which sediments were derived from sources in the mountains to the west?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is postulated that the streams flowed generally northeastward

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: braided streams or alluvial fans?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or braided streams?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Fox Creek Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pediment surface

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subsidence

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Escarpment

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial fans

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplift, exposure and erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: generally northeastward

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cadomin

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the streams flowed generally northeastward

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: braided streams

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: alluvial fans and braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: alluvial fans and braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: northeastward, turning northwestward at the Fox Creek Escarpment.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: alluvial fans and braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial fans and braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion of older strata.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Fox Creek Escarpment.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Cadomin Formation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Cadomin Formation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pediment surface

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: pediment

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Fox Creek Escarpment.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: alluvial fans and braided streams.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: uplift,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: northeastward,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Cadomin sediments

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Fox Creek Escarpment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Fox Creek Escarpment.

text: The topography of the area was greatly influenced by glacial processes, followed by fluvial erosion. The reserve is characterized by a till moraine and other glacial features, such as kames and kettles. A deeply cut tributary valley to the Nottawasaga River bisects the reserve through its centre. The Niagara Escarpment's dolostone caprock (the Amabel Formation) can be seen in the upper parts of the gorge; rapids and waterfalls expose stratigraphic succession down to the Queenston Shale.

text: The

text: topography

text: of the area was greatly influenced by

text: glacial

text: processes, followed by

text: fluvial

text: erosion. The reserve is characterized by a

text: till

text: moraine

text: and other glacial features, such as

text: kame

text: s and

text: kettles

text: . A deeply cut tributary valley to the

text: Nottawasaga River

text: bisects the reserve through its centre. The Niagara Escarpment's

text: dolostone

text: caprock

text: (the Amabel Formation) can be seen in the upper parts of the gorge; rapids and waterfalls expose stratigraphic succession down to the

text: Queenston Shale

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Fluvial erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial processes, followed by fluvial erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large is the Queenston Shale?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial processes, followed by fluvial erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: glacial processes, followed by fluvial erosion?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: glacial processes, fluvial erosion, or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: tributary valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: kettles

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: till moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: kettle

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Queenston Shale

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial processes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Fluvial erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial processes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Queenston Shale

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Niagara Escarpment's dolostone caprock

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: fluvial erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rapids

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Nottawasaga River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: rapids and waterfalls expose stratigraphic succession

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Nottawasaga River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: kettles.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: till moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: till moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: kettles.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: till moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial processes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fluvial erosion.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial processes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rapids and waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Queenston Shale.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: dolostone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: fluvial erosion.

text: The water surface profile displays how the flow depth changes over a distance between critical depth and normal depth. For a steep reach, the water surface profile downstream of the lake is called an S2 curve. When a lake discharges to a mild reach there is no profile. The flow in the reach is immediately at normal depth. When the lake discharges to a steep reach, there is an S2 profile from the lake outlet to normal depth. As the slope decreases, the S2 curve increases in length. Figure 5 shows the S2 curve for the channel profile given above when Fr=1.18. The Standard Step Method was used for calculating the water surface profiles.

text: The water surface profile displays how the flow depth changes over a distance between critical depth and normal depth. For a steep reach, the water surface profile downstream of the lake is called an S2 curve. When a lake discharges to a mild reach there is no profile. The flow in the reach is immediately at normal depth. When the lake discharges to a steep reach, there is an S2 profile from the lake outlet to normal depth. As the slope decreases, the S2 curve increases in length. Figure 5 shows the S2 curve for the channel profile given above when Fr=1.18. The

text: Standard Step Method

text: was used for calculating the water surface profiles.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the water surface profile?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension, clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: reaches

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: S2 curve

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: channel profile

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: S2 curve

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: S2 curves

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: When a lake discharges to a mild reach there is no profile

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: S2 curve

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: As the slope decreases, the S2 curve increases in length.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slope decreases, the S2 curve increases in length.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: mild reach there is no profile.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: mild

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: slope

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: S2 profile

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: slope decreases,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: When the lake discharges to a steep reach,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: critical depth

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The water surface profile

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: S2 curve.

text: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows needed to maintain healthy rivers.  However, very few of these are comprehensive and holistic, accounting for seasonal and inter-annual flow variation needed to support the whole range of ecosystem services that healthy rivers provide. Such comprehensive approaches include DRIFT (Downstream Response to Imposed Flow Transformation), BBM (Building Block Methodology), and the "Savannah Process" for site-specific environmental flow assessment, and ELOHA (Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration) for regional-scale water resource planning and management.  The "best" method, or more likely, methods, for a given situation depends on the amount of resources and data available, the most important issues, and the level of certainty required.  To facilitate environmental flow prescriptions, a number of computer models and tools have been developed by groups such as the USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center to capture flow requirements defined in a workshop setting (e.g., HEC-RPT) or to evaluate the implications of environmental flow implementation (e.g., HEC-ResSim, HEC-RAS, and HEC-EFM).Additionally, a 2D model is developed from a 3D turbulence model based on Smagorinsky large eddy closure to more appropriately model environmental large scale flows. This model is based on a slow manifold of the turbulent Smagorinsky large eddy closure instead of conventional depth-averaging flow equations.

text: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows needed to maintain healthy rivers.  However, very few of these are comprehensive and holistic, accounting for seasonal and inter-annual flow variation needed to support the whole range of ecosystem services that healthy rivers provide. Such comprehensive approaches include DRIFT (Downstream Response to Imposed Flow Transformation), BBM (Building Block Methodology), and the "Savannah Process" for site-specific environmental flow assessment, and ELOHA (Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration) for regional-scale water resource planning and management.  The "best" method, or more likely, methods, for a given situation depends on the amount of resources and data available, the most important issues, and the level of certainty required.  To facilitate environmental flow prescriptions, a number of computer models and tools have been developed by groups such as the USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center to capture flow requirements defined in a workshop setting (e.g., HEC-RPT) or to evaluate the implications of environmental flow implementation (e.g., HEC-ResSim, HEC-RAS, and HEC-EFM).Additionally, a

text: model is developed from a

text: turbulence model based on Smagorinsky large eddy closure to more appropriately model environmental large scale flows. This model is based on a

text: slow manifold

text: of the turbulent Smagorinsky large eddy closure instead of conventional depth-averaging flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can flowing water cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a benefit of slower flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a service that healthy rivers provide?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a slow flowing river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is a levee made of?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How are sinkholes caused?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Savannah

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: savannah

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: eddy closure

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Savannah

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: eddy closure

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: eddy closure

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ELOHA

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Imposed Flow Transformation

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: depth-averaging

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eddy closure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Smagorinsky large eddy closure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: depth-averaging flow equations.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hydrologic Alteration)

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depth-averaging

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: (Downstream Response to Imposed Flow Transformation),

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (Downstream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Hydrologic Alteration)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal and inter-annual flow variation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rivers.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: depth-averaging

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: More than 200 methods are used worldwide to prescribe river flows

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rivers.

text: In the town there are three Caves, a Venetian Castle and the Monastery of Orphan Mary.  The gorge where the 22 mills are found starts from a magnificent waterfall named "Fonisa",(Φόνισσα, female killer), the only one on the island.  The stream above the waterfall springs from the mountain in the middle of town, by the "platea" square,during the summer coming right out from the mountain.  Upstream from town to the distant mountains there is no water during the summer.  During the rainy season water flows from the distant mountains to town, filling up the up-stream portion of the stream.  The stream from town flows about 200 meters to the waterfall.  The mills start from the base of the water fall and go down stream to the sea.  On a cliff by the gorge, is the church, Saint Catherine, which was built into the mountain.  At the end of the gorge, before the water reaches the sea, is the Monastery of Orphan Mary with its cave, the second biggest cave on the island.  The gorge concludes with one of the many beautiful beaches on the island called "Kalami" (Καλάμι, reed).

text: In the town there are three Caves, a Venetian Castle and the Monastery of Orphan Mary.  The gorge where the 22 mills are found starts from a magnificent waterfall named "Fonisa",(Φόνισσα, female killer), the only one on the island.  The stream above the waterfall springs from the mountain in the middle of town, by the "platea" square,during the summer coming right out from the mountain.  Upstream from town to the distant mountains there is no water during the summer.  During the rainy season water flows from the distant mountains to town, filling up the up-stream portion of the stream.  The stream from town flows about 200 meters to the waterfall.  The mills start from the base of the water fall and go down stream to the sea.  On a cliff by the gorge, is the church, Saint Catherine, which was built into the mountain.  At the end of the gorge, before the water reaches the sea, is the Monastery of Orphan Mary with its cave, the second biggest cave on the island.  The gorge concludes with one of the many beautiful beaches on the island called "Kalami" (Καλάμι, reed).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How many mills start from the base of the water fall?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the second biggest cave on the island?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or reed?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the stream above the waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or gorges?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of crop?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the second biggest cave on the island?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: platea

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: cliffs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Kalami

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: During the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: from the distant mountains to town

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The stream from town flows about 200 meters to the waterfall

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: During the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: 200 meters

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 200 meters

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: waterfall named "Fonisa",(

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: During the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Upstream from town to the distant mountains there is no water

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: waterfall named "Fonisa",(

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: waterfall named "Fonisa",(

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "Kalami"

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: waterfall named "Fonisa",(

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Caves,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: waterfall

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: one of the many beautiful beaches on the island called "Kalami"

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: During the rainy season

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: During the rainy season water flows from the distant mountains to town,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: reed).

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: three Caves, a Venetian Castle

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

text: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale, called the "Phi" scale, which classifies particles by size from "colloid" to "boulder".

text: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale, called the "Phi" scale, which classifies particles by size from "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of a river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: colloidal

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: it is a major cause

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: colloidal

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: can be described as a

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: void

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sediment size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: colloidal

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not made of sediment.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: boulder

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "colloid" to "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Sediment size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: "boulder".

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Sediment

text: The floodplain is the natural place for a river to dissipate its energy. Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water and when the channel is at capacity the water spills over the floodplain where it is temporarily stored. In terms of flood management the upper part of the floodplain (piedmont zone) is crucial as this is where the flood water control starts. Artificial canalisation of the river here will have a major impact on wider flooding. This is the basis of sustainable flood management.

text: The floodplain is the natural place for a river to dissipate its energy. Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water and when the channel is at capacity the water spills over the floodplain where it is temporarily stored. In terms of flood management the upper part of the floodplain (piedmont zone) is crucial as this is where the flood water control starts. Artificial canalisation of the river here will have a major impact on wider flooding. This is the basis of sustainable flood management.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the floodplain?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not true of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the floodplain?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true of slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: piedmont zone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: piedmont zone

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Piedmont zone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a floodplain

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: artificial canalisation of the river

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The floodplain

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: The floodplain

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The floodplain

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Meanders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain to slow down the flow of water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Meanders form over the floodplain

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The floodplain

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Meanders

text: A buffer strip is an area of land maintained in permanent vegetation that helps to control air, soil, and water quality, along with other environmental problems, dealing primarily on land that is used in agriculture. Buffer strips trap sediment, and enhance filtration of nutrients and pesticides by slowing down runoff that could enter the local surface waters. The root systems of the planted vegetation in these buffers hold soil particles together which alleviate the soil of wind erosion and stabilize stream banks providing protection against substantial erosion and landslides. Farmers can also use buffer strips to square up existing crop fields to provide safety for equipment while also farming more efficiently.

text: A buffer strip is an area of land maintained in permanent

text: vegetation

text: that helps to control

text: air

text: soil

text: , and

text: water quality

text: , along with other environmental problems, dealing primarily on land that is used in

text: agriculture

text: . Buffer strips trap

text: sediment

text: , and enhance

text: filtration

text: of

text: nutrient

text: s and

text: pesticide

text: s by slowing down

text: runoff

text: that could enter the local

text: surface water

text: s. The

text: root systems

text: of the planted vegetation in these buffers hold soil particles together which alleviate the soil of

text: wind erosion

text: and stabilize

text: stream banks

text: providing protection against substantial

text: erosion

text: and

text: landslide

text: s. Farmers can also use buffer strips to square up existing

text: crop

text: fields to provide safety for equipment while also farming more efficiently.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of buffer strips?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of buffer strips?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of buffer strips?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to use buffer strips?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of buffer strips?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, wind erosion, or landslides?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: buffer strip

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslide

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a buffer strip

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Buffer strips trap sediment,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind erosion and stabilize stream banks

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: A buffer strip

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: buffer strip

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion and landslides.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Buffer strips

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: A buffer strip

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: landslides.

text: After rills begin forming, they are subjected to variety of other erosional forces which may increase their size and output volume. Up to 37% of erosion in a rill-ridden area may derive from mass movement, or collapse, of rill sidewalls. As water flows through a rill, it will undercut into the walls, triggering collapse. Also, as water seeps into the soil of the walls, they weaken, amplifying the chance of wall collapse. The erosion created by these forces increases the size of the rill while also swelling its output volume.

text: After rills begin forming, they are subjected to variety of other erosional forces which may increase their size and output volume. Up to 37% of erosion in a rill-ridden area may derive from mass movement, or collapse, of rill sidewalls. As water flows through a rill, it will undercut into the walls, triggering collapse. Also, as water seeps into the soil of the walls, they weaken, amplifying the chance of wall collapse. The erosion created by these forces increases the size of the rill while also swelling its output volume.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a force that increases the size of the rill?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes or rills?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rill-ridden

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rill

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flowing through a rill

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: rill sidewalls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through rills

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: water seeps into the soil of the walls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water seeps into the soil of the walls, they weaken,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flows

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: undercut into the walls,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: undercut into the walls,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 37%

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: After rills

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 37%

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: After rills

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rill sidewalls.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: mass movement, or collapse, of rill sidewalls.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rill-ridden

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: collapse, of rill sidewalls.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rill,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: rills

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mass movement, or collapse, of rill sidewalls.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: collapse.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: mass movement, or collapse, of rill sidewalls.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: After rills begin forming,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: rills

text: Actually the valley of Swat starts from the foothill of Malakand but we are concerned with portion from Landakay to Gabral (Gulabad), the area within the administrative boundaries of Swat.The length of the valley from Landakay to Gabral is 91 miles. Two narrow strips of plains run along the banks of Swat River from Landakay to Madyan. Beyond Madyan in Kohistan-e-Swat, the plan is too little to be mentioned. So for as the width concerns, it is not similar, it varies from place to place. We can say that the average width is 5 miles. The widest portion of the valley is between Barikot and khwaza khela. The widest view point and the charming sight where a major portion of the valley is seen is at Gulibagh on main road, which leads to Madyan.There are some subsidiary valleys, which help to increase the width of the main valley. These subsidiary valleys are called "Daras". A Dara a narrow passage between mountains, and sometimes, the upper course of a river is also called Dara. If we imagine the main valley as a stem of a tree the subsidiary valleys form its branches. Swat River and its tributaries drain Swat. Therefore, the whole valley is the outcome of running water. This flowing water cuts the upper courses deeply, and flows the load of washed away materials. As the gradient is greater in the upper course so the erosion is on large scale, particularly in the summer rains, when all the rivers are in flood. The big boulders and stones are rolled, which causes more destruction in the upper courses. When the loaded water reaches to the areas of low gradient, the heavier materials are deposited. The deposition takes place according to the slope, generally, we observe, that the upper course is made up of big boulders, the middle course is of relatively small stones, pebbles, and debris, while the lower course is made of fine clay. Anyhow, the whole plain of Swat valley is strewn by the running water, and is made up of fine alluvial soil.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the average width of the valley?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt or soil?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Swat River and its tributaries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, sinkholes or groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Two narrow strips of plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: The deposition takes place according to the slope

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: narrow strips of plains

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: A Dara

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lower course is made of fine clay

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dara

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: running water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: heavy materials being deposited

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradient is greater in the upper course

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavier materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: washed away materials.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: low gradient,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The big boulders and stones are rolled,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: flows the load of washed away materials.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: large scale,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: low gradient,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: gradient is greater in the upper course so the erosion is on large scale,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: washed away materials.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the erosion is on large scale,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Dara.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The big boulders and stones are rolled,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: heavier materials are deposited.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Dara.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Dara.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: the heavier materials are deposited.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "Daras".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The big boulders and stones

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: the heavier materials are deposited.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: gradient is greater

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upper courses deeply, and flows the load of washed away materials.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: heavier materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: upper course of a river is also called Dara.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "Daras".

text: Klingen are small, narrow, steep V-shaped valleys formed by the erosive forces of water and suspended abrasive particles, gravel and pebbles. They are usually side valleys without a discernible valley floor that lead into a main valley. Further incision through ablation and headward erosion is mainly caused by the waters of small, steep, fast flowing, streams or becks and their processes are still visible today. Erosion, sedimentation and transport are mutually dependent. The term klinge is German and is used to refer to European stream landforms, especially in southern Germany and eastern France.

text: Klingen are small, narrow, steep

text: V-shaped valley

text: s formed by the

text: erosive forces

text: of water and suspended abrasive particles,

text: gravel

text: and

text: pebble

text: s. They are usually

text: side valley

text: s without a discernible

text: valley floor

text: that lead into a main

text: valley

text: . Further incision through

text: ablation

text: and

text: headward erosion

text: is mainly caused by the waters of small, steep, fast flowing, streams or becks and their processes are still visible today. Erosion,

text: sedimentation

text: and transport are mutually dependent. The term klinge is German and is used to refer to European stream landforms, especially in southern Germany and eastern France.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of transport: Erosion, sedimentation and transport?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the particles?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mountain stream?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing, streams or becks?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of landform: floodplains or becks?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: becks

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: headward erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ablation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: becks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: beck

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water and suspended abrasive particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Erosion, sedimentation and transport

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: fast

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Erosion, sedimentation and transport are mutually dependent

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: klingen

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Further incision through ablation

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Erosion, sedimentation and transport

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: abrasive particles, gravel and pebbles.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sedimentation

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: fast flowing,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: suspended abrasive particles, gravel and pebbles.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: the waters of small, steep, fast flowing, streams or becks

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ablation

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: becks

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the waters of small, steep, fast flowing, streams or becks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sedimentation and transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: small, steep, fast flowing, streams or becks

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steep, fast flowing,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: gravel and pebbles.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Klingen

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Klingen

text: In addition to the Grijalva, there are other flows of water in the area in and around the canyon, many of which are seasonal. These consists of streams, some of which form waterfalls on the canyon’s sides and underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.  The last important water formation in the area is the reservoir of the Chicoasén Dam, which is manmade.

text: In addition to the Grijalva, there are other flows of water in the area in and around the canyon, many of which are seasonal. These consists of streams, some of which form waterfalls on the canyon’s sides and underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.  The last important water formation in the area is the reservoir of the

text: Chicoasén Dam

text: , which is manmade.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: streams, underground movements or karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the last important water formation in the area?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of formation: caves or karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: What is the last important water formation in the area?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of deposition: rapid flowing mountain streams or underground movements?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: streams, underground movements or karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of formation: caves or karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the last important water formation in the area?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes or karst formations?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: karst formations

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on the canyon’s sides

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: caves and karst formations

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: streams, some of which form waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: seasonal.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: seasonal.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: seasonal. These consists of streams, some of which form waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Chicoasén Dam,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underground movements which have created caves and karst formations.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: seasonal.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: manmade.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: waterfalls

text: Silverthrone Caldera is the largest and best-preserved of the two caldera complexes in the northern Garibaldi chain, the other being the Franklin Glacier complex  to the east-southeast. The caldera has a diameter of  and contains breccia, lava flows and lava domes. Like Franklin to the east-southeast, the geology of Silverthrone is poorly known due to minimal studies. The region surrounding the Silverthrone complex is significantly jagged due to the mountainous terrain of the Coast Mountains. Near vertical flanks extend from near sea level to more than  in elevation. Silverthrone is significantly younger than the Franklin Glacier complex to the east-southeast and its volcanics likely have ages comparable to other volcanics throughout the Garibaldi chain. The oldest volcanics at the Silverthrone Caldera complex are composed of volcanic breccias, some of which became fused together by intense volcanic heat from when the deposits were first erupted. After these volcanics were deposited, a series of dacite, andesite and rhyolite lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia from the first volcanic phase. These eroded lava flows in total are  thick. Volcanics in the lower portion of this series of lava flows give a potassium-argon date of 750,000 years while volcanics slightly above the lava flows are 400,000 years old. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows down Pashleth Creek and the Machmell and Kingcome river valleys. The lava flow extending from near Pashleth Creek to down the Machmell River valley is over  in length. Its small amount of erosion indicates that it could be 1,000 years old or younger.

text: Machmell

text: and

text: Kingcome

text: river valleys. The lava flow extending from near Pashleth Creek to down the Machmell River valley is over  in length. Its small amount of erosion indicates that it could be 1,000 years old or younger.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Pashleth Creek, Machmell River, or Kingcome River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How thick are the lava flows?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is the region surrounding the Silverthrone complex significantly jagged?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of erosion: Pashleth Creek or Kingcome River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not a river: Pashleth Creek or Kingcome?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Pashleth Creek, Machmell or Kingcome?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: river valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Caldera

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: andesite

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: caldera

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Pashleth Creek and the Machmell River valley

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Pashleth Creek

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a valley

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: andesite

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Kingcome river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: thick.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 1,000 years old or younger.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Pashleth Creek

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: volcanic breccia

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 1,000 years old or younger.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: dacite,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 1,000 years old or younger.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: volcanic breccia

text: These tubes form when calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate dissolved in the water comes out of solution and is deposited. In soda straws, as each drop hovers at the tip, it deposits a ring of mineral at its edge. It then falls and a new drop takes its place. Each successive drop of water deposits a little more mineral before falling, and eventually a tube is built up. Stalagmites or flowstone may form where the water drops hit the cave floor.

text: These tubes form when

text: calcium carbonate

text: or

text: calcium sulfate

text: dissolved in the water comes out of solution and is deposited. In soda straws, as each drop hovers at the tip, it deposits a ring of mineral at its edge. It then falls and a new drop takes its place. Each successive drop of water deposits a little more mineral before falling, and eventually a tube is built up.

text: Stalagmite

text: s or

text: flowstone

text: may form where the water drops hit the cave floor.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much sediment does a soda straw contain?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is a major cause of soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cave?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: sinkholes, soda straws, or flowstone?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: drops of water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the amount of dissolved calcium

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Stalagmites form where the water drops hit the cave floor.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Stalagmites or flowstone

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Stalagmites or flowstone

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soda straws,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soda straws,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: These tubes form when calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposited. In soda straws,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: tip,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: These tubes form when calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Stalagmites or flowstone

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: flowstone

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: flowstone

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Stalagmites

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: flowstone

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: soda straws,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Stalagmites or flowstone

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: a ring of mineral

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: flowstone may form where the water drops hit the cave floor.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tubes

text: In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or  mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm).  The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm.  Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers (silt, by comparison, feels like flour).

text: In terms of

text: particle size

text: as used by

text: geologist

text: s, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or  mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between

text: gravel

text: (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm) and

text: silt

text: (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm).  The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the

text: Albert Atterberg

text: standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published by the

entity_name: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

text: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

text: set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the

text: United States Department of Agriculture

text: was 0.05 mm.  Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers (

text: silt

text: , by comparison, feels like

text: flour

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe sand grains?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How are sediments carried by flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is sand particles between gravel and silt?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which is not true about floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What does sand feel like?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sand grains

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size as used by geologists

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 0.0625 mm

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: In terms of particle size

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm)

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: In terms of particle size

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sand particles

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: (silt, by comparison, feels like flour).

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: particle size

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

text: At Loe Pool a barrier dammed the ria of the River Cober causing the formation of Cornwall's largest lake. Very little of the Loe Bar shingle is locally derived (compared with nearby Gunwalloe beach material to the south) and the deposits have been tentatively dated as Eocene. The composition of the bar deposits are: chalk flint 86%, quartz 9%, grit 2.6%, greensand chert 2% and serpentine 0.5%. The shingle coming from drowned terraces of the former river that flowed down the English Channel; the nearest onshore source is  away in East Devon. Longshore drift is unlikely to have caused the formation because the bar is situated between two headlands but it plays an important part in the maintenance of the bar, with a strong current flowing to the south-east from Porthleven to Gunwalloe, depositing shingle along the bar. The ebb flow is not a simple reverse flow and is not strong enough to remove all the deposits.*

text: At

text: Loe Pool

text: a barrier dammed the

text: ria

text: of the

text: River Cober

text: causing the formation of Cornwall's largest lake. Very little of the Loe Bar shingle is locally derived (compared with nearby

text: Gunwalloe beach material

text: to the south) and the deposits have been tentatively dated as

text: Eocene

text: . The composition of the bar deposits are:

text: chalk

text: flint

text: quartz

text: grit

text: greensand

text: chert

text: 2% and

text: serpentine

text: 0.5%. The shingle coming from drowned terraces of the former river that flowed down the

text: English Channel

text: ; the nearest onshore source is  away in East Devon.

text: Longshore drift

text: is unlikely to have caused the formation because the bar is situated between two headlands but it plays an important part in the maintenance of the bar, with a strong current flowing to the south-east from Porthleven to Gunwalloe, depositing shingle along the bar. The ebb flow is not a simple reverse flow and is not strong enough to remove all the deposits.*

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a mineral: chalk flint, quartz 9%, grit 2.6%, greensand chert 2% and serpentine 0.5%?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: greensand chert, serpentine or grit?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How much of the Loe Bar shingle is locally derived

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay flint, quartz, grit, greensand chert or serpentine?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It plays an important part in the maintenance of the bar

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: rapid flowing mountain streams or river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What type of river is the River Cober?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Loe Bar

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Loe Pool

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shingle

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Loe Bar

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Loe Bar

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Loe Pool

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong current

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: down the English Channel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shingle

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: longshore drift is unlikely to have caused the formation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Loe Bar

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: strong current flowing to the south-east

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ebb

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: ebb flow is not a simple reverse flow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ebb flow is not a simple reverse flow

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The ebb flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: strong current flowing to the south-east

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Very little of the Loe Bar shingle is locally derived

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: drowned terraces

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drowned terraces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Loe Pool

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shingle

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shingle along the bar.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Loe Pool

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: shingle

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: lake.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: strong current

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ebb flow

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: strong current

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: current flowing to the south-east

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: shingle

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Eocene.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ebb flow

text: Eagle Rock participates in the Austin Bluffs area’s soil type of the "Travessilla-Rock outcrop complex," as mapped at the scale of 1:24,000-ft., (ref. USDA, 1974.) To understand the area’s soil characteristics in more detail, we may consider a field-study lecture on site at the Heller Ranch, where Prof. Thomas P. Huber explained the geomorphological origins of Eagle Rock. The Eagle Rock cliff resulted from several long cycles of mountain-building (termed "orogenies,") followed by erosion. Heat and pressure energies that had thrust up the mountains produced igneous rock, such as the Pikes Peak pink granite, which eventually degraded. Natural forces dispersed and deposited particles of the rock debris. Over time, the sediment collected and consolidated into new sandstone at the Garden of the Gods, producing a geologic layer known as the Dakota Formation. The Dakota sedimented sandstone later came to be inundated by the waters of a shallow inland sea. From some 66 to 70 million years ago and episodically continuing for millions of years, uplift from the Laramide Orogeny exposed the old sandstone seabed, by tilting up to 90-degree angles the steep red megaliths which we now see in the Garden of the Gods (Huber, 1998, pp. 7 and 130.) Portions of the Dakota Formation again cycled into episodes of erosion, allowing a detritus of coarse-grained sedimentary sand to be displaced some three miles (5 km) eastwards, to land at the site which we now know as Austin Bluffs. The feldspar-rich sedimented particles of "arkose" sand consolidated into new sandstone, i.e. the Dawson Formation, which shows Eagle Rock’s characteristic color, ranging from grey to reddish. At Eagle Rock, the sandstone cliff we see today has survived further erosion for a longer time, than the less-resistant background soils could have withstood. Eagle Rock lies exposed to view, as a weather-sculpted geological form (Huber, pp. 6 and 55.)

text: Eagle Rock participates in the Austin Bluffs area’s soil type of the "Travessilla-Rock outcrop complex," as mapped at the scale of 1:24,000-ft., (ref. USDA, 1974.) To understand the area’s soil characteristics in more detail, we may consider a field-study lecture on site at the Heller Ranch, where Prof. Thomas P. Huber explained the geomorphological origins of Eagle Rock. The Eagle Rock cliff resulted from several long cycles of mountain-building (termed "orogenies,") followed by erosion. Heat and pressure energies that had thrust up the mountains produced igneous rock, such as the

text: Pikes Peak

text: pink granite, which eventually degraded. Natural forces dispersed and deposited particles of the rock debris. Over time, the sediment collected and consolidated into new sandstone at the Garden of the Gods, producing a geologic layer known as the

text: Dakota Formation

text: . The Dakota sedimented sandstone later came to be inundated by the waters of a shallow inland sea. From some 66 to 70 million years ago and episodically continuing for millions of years, uplift from the Laramide Orogeny exposed the old sandstone seabed, by tilting up to 90-degree angles the steep red megaliths which we now see in the Garden of the Gods (Huber, 1998, pp. 7 and 130.) Portions of the Dakota Formation again cycled into episodes of erosion, allowing a detritus of coarse-grained sedimentary sand to be displaced some three miles (5 km) eastwards, to land at the site which we now know as Austin Bluffs. The feldspar-rich sedimented particles of "arkose" sand consolidated into new sandstone, i.e. the Dawson Formation, which shows Eagle Rock’s characteristic color, ranging from grey to reddish. At Eagle Rock, the sandstone cliff we see today has survived further erosion for a longer time, than the less-resistant background soils could have withstood. Eagle Rock lies exposed to view, as a weather-sculpted geological form (Huber, pp. 6 and 55.)

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: natural forces dispersed and deposited particles

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How long ago did the Laramide Orogeny expose the old sandstone seabed?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: natural forces dispersed and deposited particles

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: slow flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion:

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: inland sea

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a shallow inland sea

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Austin Bluffs

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: inland sea

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inland sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Natural forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: orogeny

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heat and pressure energies

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse-grained sedimentary

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a shallow inland sea

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Natural forces

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: shallow inland sea.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Garden of the Gods,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: uplift from the Laramide Orogeny

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Garden of the Gods,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: cliff

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Heller Ranch,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Eagle Rock,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: (Huber, 1998, pp. 7 and 130.)

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shallow inland sea.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: seabed,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sandstone seabed,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Austin Bluffs.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: inland sea.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sandstone cliff

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: inland sea.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Natural forces

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: uplift

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: less-resistant background soils

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Eagle Rock

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: coarse-grained sedimentary sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Heller Ranch,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Austin Bluffs.

text: The way in which "size" is expressed is open to a wide range of interpretations. A simple treatment assumes the particles are spheres that will just pass through a square hole in a "sieve". In practice, particles are irregular – often extremely so, for example in the case of fibrous materials – and the way in which such particles are characterized during analysis is very dependent on the method of measurement used.

text: The way in which "size" is expressed is open to a wide range of interpretations. A simple treatment assumes the particles are spheres that will just pass through a square hole in a "sieve". In practice, particles are irregular – often extremely so, for example in the case of fibrous materials – and the way in which such particles are characterized during analysis is very dependent on the method of measurement used.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion by dissolving minerals

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the best way to determine the size of particles?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: particles are irregular

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: particles are irregular – often extremely so

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: particles are irregular

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: bottom

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: particles are irregular

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a sieve

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a sieve

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sieve

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: method of measurement

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a sieve

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: particles are irregular – often extremely so, for example in the case of fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "sieve"

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: pass through a square hole in a "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a wide range of interpretations.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: square hole in a "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: square hole in a "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: square hole in a "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: "sieve".

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: spheres that will just pass through a square hole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spheres

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: fibrous materials

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: spheres that will just pass through a square hole

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: "sieve".

text: There are 2 possible scenarios when the path of a stream is blocked by an uplifted block of rock. First scenario: the stream poses stream power that is high enough to cut through the uplifted rocks, so that the river course will not be significantly altered. A channel is opened in the uplifted rocks due to erosion, a landform known as water gap. It continues to flow until the rock is further uplifted and the river no longer has enough erosive power to cut through it, leading to the second scenario. Second scenario: the stream does not have enough erosive power to cut through the rocks, so it deflected to flow along the boundary of the uplifted block as aforementioned. The abandoned river channel is known as wind gap. From here, the river either flows along the boundary of the fold and bends around the fold tip, or it may cut through the rocks at some points despite the block, due to either, acquisition of enough stream power through stream capture of small tributaries along its flow, or the presence of a particularly weak spot in the rock.  In either way the river continues to flow until further uplift of rocks makes the rock too difficult for the river to cut through, which results in, again, the deflection of the channel and formation of a new wind gap.

text: There are 2 possible scenarios when the path of a stream is blocked by an uplifted block of rock. First scenario: the stream poses stream power that is high enough to cut through the uplifted rocks, so that the river course will not be significantly altered. A channel is opened in the uplifted rocks due to erosion, a landform known as

text: water gap

text: . It continues to flow until the rock is further uplifted and the river no longer has enough erosive power to cut through it, leading to the second scenario. Second scenario: the stream does not have enough erosive power to cut through the rocks, so it deflected to flow along the boundary of the uplifted block as aforementioned. The abandoned river channel is known as

text: wind gap

text: . From here, the river either flows along the boundary of the fold and bends around the fold tip, or it may cut through the rocks at some points despite the block, due to either, acquisition of enough stream power through stream capture of small tributaries along its flow, or the presence of a particularly weak spot in the rock.  In either way the river continues to flow until further uplift of rocks makes the rock too difficult for the river to cut through, which results in, again, the deflection of the channel and formation of a new wind gap.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the first scenario?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between water gap and water gap?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: what is the first scenario?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The stream poses stream power that is high enough to cut through the uplifted rocks

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: side

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: what is the second scenario?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water gap

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wind gap

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosive power

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: small tributaries

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: small tributaries

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: the river course will not be significantly altered.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: wind gap.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream capture of small tributaries

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water gap.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the presence of a particularly weak spot in the rock.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wind gap.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: small tributaries

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: altered.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wind gap.

text: In karst areas, a sinkhole, sink, or doline is a closed depression draining underground. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped. The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres. The name "doline" comes from dolina, the Slovenian word for this very common feature. The term "foiba" may also refer to a deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground.

text: In

text: karst

text: areas, a

text: sinkhole

text: , sink, or doline is a closed depression draining underground. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped. The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres. The name "doline" comes from dolina, the

text: Slovenian

text: word for this very common feature. The term "foiba" may also refer to a deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole, sink, or doline

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of karst areas?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: foiba

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Foiba

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Foiba

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkhole, sink, or doline

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: a few to many hundreds of metres.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: karst areas, a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: "foiba"

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: "foiba"

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: "foiba"

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: "foiba"

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a few to many hundreds of metres.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In karst areas, a sinkhole,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole,

text: Dave plans to dynamite the local dam and flood the nearby salt flats, creating a large supply of salt water.  Because the dam is private property, however, Dan attempts to contact the governor for permission to blow up the dam. Knowing they must halt the monoliths at the canyon's edge, Dave disregards the governor's concerns, and places dynamite charges within the dam; with only minutes left, the dynamite is detonated. The group watches as a huge torrent of water flows over the salt deposits at the canyon's edge, reaching the monoliths; their growth is finally halted when the last huge formation of monoliths crashes down into the salty water. Dan then reveals to the group that the governor actually said to use dynamite "only" if Dave was absolutely certain of success. As they all laugh, Dave then comments, first repeating Martin's earlier assertion that the region's salt flat was "Mother Nature's worst mistake", then pointing out, ironically, that this near-disaster has just proved otherwise.

text: Dave plans to dynamite the local dam and flood the nearby

text: salt flat

text: s, creating a large supply of salt water.  Because the dam is private property, however, Dan attempts to contact the governor for permission to blow up the dam. Knowing they must halt the monoliths at the canyon's edge, Dave disregards the governor's concerns, and places dynamite charges within the dam; with only minutes left, the dynamite is detonated. The group watches as a huge torrent of water flows over the salt deposits at the canyon's edge, reaching the monoliths; their growth is finally halted when the last huge formation of monoliths crashes down into the salty water. Dan then reveals to the group that the governor actually said to use dynamite "only" if Dave was absolutely certain of success. As they all laugh, Dave then comments, first repeating Martin's earlier assertion that the region's salt flat was "Mother Nature's worst mistake", then pointing out, ironically, that this near-disaster has just proved otherwise.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between a torrent and a torrent of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What is the last huge formation of monoliths?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or salt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of slowly flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why does Dave plan to flood the salt flats?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What does a levee form from?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What are sinkholes caused by?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: salt flats

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: monoliths

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: salt flats

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: salt flats

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salt flats

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: salt flats

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dynamite

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "Mother Nature's worst mistake"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: monoliths

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: monoliths;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: monoliths;

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: the monoliths;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: salt water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: salt flats,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: monoliths

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: salt flats,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: salt flats,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: salt flats,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: salt flats, creating a large supply of salt water.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: monoliths

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: salt flats,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: monoliths

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: their growth

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over the salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "Mother Nature's worst mistake",

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: monoliths

text: Following the glacier's retreat and allowing for the lake to be released, the river carved out most of the clay and silt deposits, leaving the former delta "hanging" approximately  above the current valley floor When the sand portion of a deposit has very little clay or "fines" to cement it together, it is structurally weak, leaving the area around it vulnerable. Such an area is also sensitive to water accumulation, increasing the internal "pore" pressure and subsequently contributing to ground failure. Water infiltrating from the surface will flow through the surface, save for contact with the less permeable clay, allowing the water to accumulate and form a zone of stability weakness.

text: Following the glacier's retreat and allowing for the lake to be released, the river carved out most of the clay and silt deposits, leaving the former delta "hanging" approximately  above the current valley floor When the sand portion of a deposit has very little clay or "fines" to cement it together, it is structurally weak, leaving the area around it vulnerable. Such an area is also sensitive to water accumulation, increasing the internal "pore" pressure and subsequently contributing to ground failure. Water infiltrating from the surface will flow through the surface, save for contact with the less permeable clay, allowing the water to accumulate and form a zone of stability weakness.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: less permeable clay

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or fines?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley floor

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: zone of stability weakness

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water accumulation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ground failure

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through the surface

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water infiltrating from the surface will flow through the surface

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: allowing the water to accumulate and form a zone of stability weakness.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: less permeable clay,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: less permeable clay,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: less permeable clay,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water accumulation,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: clay and silt deposits,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: the river carved out most of the clay and silt deposits,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: weak,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: clay and silt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ground failure.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: carved out most of the clay and silt deposits,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: zone of stability weakness.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: delta

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: zone of stability weakness.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: the river

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: ground failure.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: structurally weak,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water infiltrating

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: clay and silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "hanging" approximately above the current valley floor

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: zone of stability weakness.

text: Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles.  This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.

text: Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles.  This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of beach?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of beaches?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a crack

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: beach

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: advancing tide

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: advancing tide

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by animals.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: advancing tide.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: advancing tide.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind and water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: During hot calm seasons,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Compacted fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Compacted fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Compacted fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Compacted fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Compacted fine sediments

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: crust

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: beach surface that resists wind and water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind and water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: animals,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: wind and water erosion.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: disturbed by animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: smooth beach surface

text: Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool or gorge.

text: Often, the rock

text: stratum

text: just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a

text: rock shelter

text: under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the

text: outcrop

text: ping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by

text: attrition

text: as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by

text: abrasion

text: , creating a deep plunge pool or gorge.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not the type of water that can carry larger sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: smaller boulders

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of waterfall?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad for crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: splashback

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: boulders

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Attrition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: abrasion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of the softer type

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: abrasion,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: blocks of rock

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: smaller boulders by attrition

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: attrition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: splashback

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Often, the rock stratum

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Often,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: splashback

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a rock shelter

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: splashback

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a rock shelter

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a rock shelter

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: gorge.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: abrasion,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool or gorge.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: softer type,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: waterfall.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: rock stratum

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: softer type,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: gorge.

text: The Merced River (pronounced mɜːsɛd), in the central part of the U.S. state of California, is a -long tributary of the San Joaquin River flowing from the Sierra Nevada into the San Joaquin Valley. It is most well known for its swift and steep course through the southern part of Yosemite National Park, and the world-famous Yosemite Valley. The river's character changes dramatically once it reaches the foothills and the lowlands, becoming a slow-moving waterway meandering through irrigated fields.

text: The Merced River (pronounced

text: mɜːsɛd

text: ), in the central part of the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: California

text: , is a -long

text: tributary

text: of the

text: San Joaquin River

text: flowing from the

text: Sierra Nevada

text: into the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: . It is most well known for its swift and steep course through the southern part of

text: Yosemite National Park

text: , and the world-famous

text: Yosemite Valley

text: . The river's character changes dramatically once it reaches the

text: foothills

text: and the lowlands, becoming a slow-moving waterway meandering through irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is true of the Merced River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the Merced River?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Merced River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Merced River?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not true of Merced River?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the river's character changes dramatically once it reaches the foothills and the lowlands?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowlands

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Merced River

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: steep course

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: steep course

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gorge

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: dryland

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Merced River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Merced River

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: irrigated fields

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: steeply

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: the Sierra Nevada

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The river's character changes dramatically once it reaches the foothills

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: meandering

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: swift and steep

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: San Joaquin River

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Merced River

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowlands,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: San Joaquin Valley.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tributary of the San Joaquin River

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Merced River (pronounced m<unk>s<unk>d),

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: San Joaquin Valley.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: slow-moving waterway

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: swift and steep

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: irrigated fields.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Merced River

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Yosemite Valley.

text: The contact between the Tapeats Sandstone and Bass Formation and the rest of the folded and faulted Unkar Group is a prominent angular unconformity, which is part of the Great Unconformity. The differential erosion of the Unkar Group left resistant beds of the Cardenas Basalt and Shinumo Quartzite as topographic highs, ancient monadnocks, that are now buried by sandstones, shales, and conglomerates of the Tapeats Sandstone. These monadnocks served locally as sources of coarse-grained sediments during the marine transgression that deposited the Tapeats Sandstone and other members of the Tonto Group. The contact between the Bass Formation and the Tapeats Sandstone forms part of a relative flat surface that lies between the monadnocks.

text: The contact between the

text: Tapeats Sandstone

text: and Bass Formation and the rest of the

text: folded

text: and faulted Unkar Group is a prominent

text: angular unconformity

text: , which is part of the

text: Great Unconformity

text: . The differential

text: erosion

text: of the Unkar Group left resistant beds of the Cardenas Basalt and Shinumo Quartzite as topographic highs, ancient

text: monadnock

text: s, that are now buried by sandstones, shales, and conglomerates of the Tapeats Sandstone. These monadnocks served locally as sources of coarse-grained sediments during the

text: marine transgression

text: that deposited the Tapeats Sandstone and other members of the

text: Tonto Group

text: . The contact between the Bass Formation and the Tapeats Sandstone forms part of a relative flat surface that lies between the monadnocks.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: Sandstones, shales, or conglomerates?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: sandstones, shales, or conglomerates?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the reason for the flat surface that lies between the monadnocks?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: relative flat surface

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: monadnocks

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: monadnocks

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unconformity

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: monadnocks

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a relative flat surface

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: unconformably

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not buried

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Great Unconformity

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: coarse-grained sediments during the marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: angular unconformity,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: coarse-grained

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: relative flat surface

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: buried

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: relative flat surface

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Great Unconformity.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: buried

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: angular unconformity,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Tapeats Sandstone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: angular unconformity,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: angular unconformity,

text: It has the largest drainage basin of all of the NYC reservoirs, at . The reservoir's capacity is . This water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the  West Delaware Tunnel in the town of Tompkins, just east of the town of Deposit. Then it flows through the aqueduct into the Rondout Reservoir, where the water enters the  Delaware Aqueduct.

text: It has the largest drainage basin of all of the NYC reservoirs, at . The reservoir's capacity is . This water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the  West Delaware Tunnel in the town of

text: Tompkins

text: , just east of the town of Deposit. Then it flows through the aqueduct into the

text: Rondout Reservoir

text: , where the water enters the

text: Delaware Aqueduct

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the large drainage basin of NYC reservoirs?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe the water in the reservoir?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: deposit

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deposit

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: aqueducts

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Aqueduct

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the size of the drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a tunnel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Deposit

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not found in New York City.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aqueduct

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: largest drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Deposit.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Deposit.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Rondout Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water flows over halfway through the reservoir to enter the West Delaware Tunnel

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Deposit.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: largest drainage basin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aqueduct into the Rondout Reservoir,

text: Obrh Creek () is a losing stream that originates and terminates in the Lož Karst Field in the Municipality of Loška Dolina. It is a watercourse in the Ljubljanica watershed. It is created by the confluence of Little Obrh Creek () and Big Obrh Creek (); the latter is fed by two tributaries: Brežiček Creek and Viševek Brežiček Creek (). The confluence, at which point it is simply named Obrh, lies west of the village of Pudob. In the northwest, limestone part of the karst field, Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes, and higher water flows into  Golobina Cave. The stream re-emerges at a spring  to the northwest on the southeast edge of the Cerknica Karst Field.

text: Obrh Creek () is a

text: losing stream

text: that originates and terminates in the

text: Lož Karst Field

text: in the

text: Municipality of Loška Dolina

text: . It is a watercourse in the

text: Ljubljanica

text: watershed. It is created by the confluence of Little Obrh Creek () and Big Obrh Creek (); the latter is fed by two tributaries: Brežiček Creek and Viševek Brežiček Creek (). The confluence, at which point it is simply named Obrh, lies west of the village of

text: Pudob

text: . In the northwest, limestone part of the karst field, Obrh Creek starts to drain into many

text: sinkhole

text: s, and higher water flows into  Golobina Cave. The stream re-emerges at a spring  to the northwest on the southeast edge of the

text: Cerknica Karst Field

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe Obrh Creek?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Obrh Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many sinkholes does Obrh Creek start to drain into

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which is not a type of sediment: limestone or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: How many sinkholes does Obrh Creek create?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: How many sinkholes does Obrh Creek cause?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Obrh Creek?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: How would you describe Obrh Creek?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lo Karst Field

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst field

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: In the northwest, limestone part of the karst field

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: higher water flows into Golobina Cave.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: higher water flows into Golobina Cave.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Obrh Creek starts to drain into many sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Lo<unk> Karst Field

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: losing stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: sinkholes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes,

text: Literally translated, chauka means ‘rectangular enclosure’. It’s a small gradient enclosed by earthen bunds on three sides, which effectively traps rain water helping in recharging ground water. The ground velocity of rain water is checked in a chauka, leading to a significant reduction in soil erosion. When the water level in a chauka touches 9 inches, the rain water flows to the chauka at the immediately lower gradient. The water from the chaukas eventually drains into a channel that empties into a pond called nadi providing drinking water to the cattle.

text: Literally translated, chauka means ‘rectangular enclosure’. It’s a small gradient enclosed by earthen bunds on three sides, which effectively traps rain water helping in recharging ground water. The ground velocity of rain water is checked in a chauka, leading to a significant reduction in soil erosion. When the water level in a chauka touches 9 inches, the rain water flows to the chauka at the immediately lower gradient. The water from the chaukas eventually drains into a channel that empties into a pond called nadi providing drinking water to the cattle.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can chaukas help in recharging ground water?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of chaukas?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How many inches is the water level in a chauka?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of chaukas?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to build chaukas?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of chaukas?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Chauka

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: nadi

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: ground velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: at a lower gradient

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not used for drinking water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: 9 inches,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: nadi

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: nadi

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: The ground velocity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: chauka

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: chauka

text: The formation of the uplands goes back to the last glaciation phase in northern Germany, the Weichselian. The Dornbusch was created about 12,500 years ago by a small finger of the ice front that left its mark in the present day straits of the Little Belt and Great Belt. During the retreat of the glacier, the uplands were left behind as a push moraine and for about 4,000 years they were part of a large area of the mainland, south of the present Baltic Sea. During the first flooding phase of the Baltic Sea, the water did not reach the area of Hiddensee; it was only about 3,900 years ago that the Littorina Sea lapped the three island cores of Dornbusch, Fährinsel and Gellen. And it was just 2,900 years ago that coastal erosion (land erosion, dispersal and deposition) and the formation of the elongated shape of the Hiddensee through sand-accretion began.

text: The formation of the uplands goes back to the last glaciation phase in northern Germany, the

text: Weichselian

text: . The Dornbusch was created about 12,500 years ago by a small finger of the

text: ice front

text: that left its mark in the present day straits of the

text: Little Belt

text: and

text: Great Belt

text: . During the retreat of the glacier, the uplands were left behind as a

text: push moraine

text: and for about 4,000 years they were part of a large area of the mainland, south of the present Baltic Sea. During the first flooding phase of the Baltic Sea, the water did not reach the area of Hiddensee; it was only about 3,900 years ago that the

text: Littorina Sea

text: lapped the three island cores of Dornbusch,

text: Fährinsel

text: and

text: Gellen

text: . And it was just 2,900 years ago that

text: coastal erosion

text: (land erosion, dispersal and deposition) and the formation of the elongated shape of the Hiddensee through sand-accretion began.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: push moraine or glacier?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediments are carried by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which happened first, coastal erosion or the formation of the elongated shape of the Hiddensee

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Dornbusch, Fährinsel and Gellen?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Dornbusch, Fährinsel or Gellen?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hiddensee

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: straits

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: land erosion, dispersal and deposition

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sand-accretion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into the Baltic Sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: land

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: During the first flooding phase of the Baltic Sea, the water did not reach the area

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sand-accretion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sand-accretion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: (land erosion, dispersal

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: 2,900 years ago that coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: 2,900 years ago that coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: 2,900 years ago that coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The formation of the uplands

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sand-accretion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: 2,900 years ago that coastal erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Hiddensee;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Hiddensee;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a push moraine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: push moraine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Littorina Sea

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: (land erosion, dispersal and deposition)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dispersal and deposition)

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: (land erosion, dispersal and deposition)

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Hiddensee;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: (land erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the water did not reach the area of Hiddensee;

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: coastal erosion

text: Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once water has reached a river include the stream gauge (see: discharge), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.

text: Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once water has reached a river include the

text: stream gauge

text: (see:

text: discharge

text: ), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not considered part of surface water flow: sediment transport or erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: Clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What causes sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sediment transport and erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: chemical transport

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Hydrology

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream gauge (see: discharge),

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sediment transport and erosion.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion.

text: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a canal or pipeline. It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can also cause surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.

text: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a

text: canal

text: or

text: pipeline

text: . It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can also cause surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through

text: pollution

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface water: a canal or pipeline?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface water: a canal or pipeline?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: artificially augmented

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: artificially

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what can be augmented

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a source of surface water?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: sinkholes are caused by groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand dunes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: canal

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: the quantities are negligible.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: negligible.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: negligible.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Natural surface water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Natural surface water

text: The Sherabad River, Shirabad River, Sherabad Darya or Shirabad Darya. It is a right tributary of the Amu Darya in south-central Uzbekistan. It is about  long and drains an area of . The river rises in the arid foothills of the Gissar Range and flows south through steppe before flowing through a mountain ridge to empty into the Central Asia plain near Shirabad. The river turns south and flows past Akkürgon, to flow into the Amu Darya near Shuro-obod. Because of irrigation water use, most of the water in the Sherabad no longer reaches the Amu Darya and its eventual destination in the Aral Sea. After flowing out of the mountains the remaining water in the river is usually salty so it is unsuitable for further water use. In dry years, most of the river dries up before reaching the Amu Darya.

text: The Sherabad River, Shirabad River, Sherabad Darya or Shirabad Darya. It is a right tributary of the

text: Amu Darya

text: in south-central

text: Uzbekistan

text: . It is about  long and drains an area of . The river rises in the arid foothills of the

text: Gissar Range

text: and flows south through

text: steppe

text: before flowing through a mountain ridge to empty into the

text: Central Asia

text: plain near

text: Shirabad

text: . The river turns south and flows past

text: Akkürgon

text: , to flow into the Amu Darya near

text: Shuro-obod

text: . Because of

text: irrigation

text: water use, most of the water in the Sherabad no longer reaches the Amu Darya and its eventual destination in the

text: Aral Sea

text: . After flowing out of the mountains the remaining water in the river is usually salty so it is unsuitable for further water use. In dry years, most of the river dries up before reaching the Amu Darya.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not true of the Sherabad River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the Sherabad River?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt transported in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Sherabad River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Sherabad, Shirabad or Darya?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the remaining water in the river usually salty?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the name of the largest sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Sherabad River, Shirabad Darya or Shirabad Darya?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Central Asia plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Akkürgon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: steppe

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mountain ridges

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: In dry years, most of the river dries

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dry years

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unsuitable for further water use

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: steppe before flowing through a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: steppe before flowing through a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: steppe

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrigation water use,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Sherabad River,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Central Asia plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: The Sherabad River,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: steppe

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: The Sherabad River,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Aral Sea.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: irrigation water use,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: south through steppe before flowing through a mountain ridge

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: salty

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Sherabad River,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: mountain ridge

text: The underlying geology in the Pack River watershed is largely granitic, which decomposes into fine particles.  Glaciation in the Pack River valley formed ice dams upstream of the confluence of many tributaries, resulting in large deposits of glacial till.  Fine sandy sediments deposited in the dammed water are known as glacial fluvial deposits. These sandy areas today appear on mountain side slopes, forming very erosive soils.

text: The underlying geology in the Pack River watershed is largely granitic, which decomposes into fine particles.  Glaciation in the Pack River valley formed ice dams upstream of the confluence of many tributaries, resulting in large deposits of glacial till.  Fine sandy sediments deposited in the dammed water are known as glacial fluvial deposits. These sandy areas today appear on mountain side slopes, forming very erosive soils.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: glacial till, dammed water or glacial fluvial deposits?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of stream: rapid flowing mountain streams or glacial fluvial deposits?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are these sandy areas today appear on mountain side slopes?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: glacial till, ice dams, or sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: ice dams

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributaries

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial fluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: upstream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by decomposition

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: soils

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: fine particles.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: erosive soils.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: glacial till.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ice dams

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosive soils.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: underlying geology

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: ice dams

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: glacial fluvial deposits.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: largely granitic,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosive soils.

text: Examples of sinkhole lakes and marshes include very large lakes like the Arendsee and the Zwischenahner Meer – both at least 500 hectares in area – the Seeburger See, the Sager Meer in Oldenburg district, the Rudower See in Westprignitz district or the "bottomless marsh" (Grundloses Moor) in Soltau-Fallingbostel district and Maujahn in Lüchow-Dannenberg district. The Bullenkuhle belongs to this group, albeit considerably smaller. This sinkhole has a diameter of about  and attains a depth of . Exactly when the Bullenkuhle was formed is not known. This would need a stratigraphic investigation and pollen analysis of the vertical profile of the sinkhole (see Maujahn Moor).

text: Examples of sinkhole lakes and marshes include very large lakes like the

text: Arendsee

text: and the

text: Zwischenahner Meer

text: – both at least 500 hectares in area – the

text: Seeburger See

text: , the Sager Meer in

text: Oldenburg district

text: , the

text: Rudower See

text: in

text: Westprignitz district

text: or the "bottomless marsh" (

text: Grundloses Moor

text: ) in

text: Soltau-Fallingbostel district

text: and

text: Maujahn

text: in

text: Lüchow-Dannenberg district

text: . The Bullenkuhle belongs to this group, albeit considerably smaller. This sinkhole has a diameter of about  and attains a depth of . Exactly when the Bullenkuhle was formed is not known. This would need a

text: stratigraphic

text: investigation and

text: pollen analysis

text: of the vertical profile of the sinkhole (see

text: Maujahn Moor

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: sinkhole lakes and marshes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What would need a stratigraphic investigation?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: How are clay and silt carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What would need a stratigraphic investigation and pollen analysis?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: marsh

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: bottomless marsh

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole lakes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: stratigraphic investigation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sinkhole lakes and marshes include very large lakes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: diameter

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sinkhole lakes and marshes

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sinkhole lakes and marshes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: The Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: 500 hectares

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Bullenkuhle

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: "bottomless marsh"

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

text: The Pocumtuck Range is composed of Sugarloaf arkose, a weather resistant sedimentary rock capped in places by a thin ridge of volcanic trap rock. The arkose is most apparent on Sugarloaf Mountain and the western cliff of Pocumtuck Ridge, while the trap rock is most apparent on the north and east side of Pocumtuck Ridge and throughout the summit ridge of Rocky Mountain in Greenfield. The range is a non-contiguous extension of the Metacomet Ridge that extends through New England from Long Island Sound to the Vermont border. The Pocumtuck Range forms the bottom and middle layers of a geologic layercake. The arkose is the oldest (bottom) layer, followed by the middle trap rock layer, which in turn gives way to a conglomerate rock top layer most visible across the Connecticut River as Mount Toby. These layers were formed between 190 and 210 million years ago as the continent of North America began rifting apart from Africa and Eurasia. A series of erosion and deposition (geology) episodes interspersed with heavy basalt lava flows created the layered strata; faulting and earthquakes tilted the layers diagonally while subsequent erosion and glacial activity exposed the tilted "layers" of sandstone, basalt, and erosion-resistant conglomerate rock visible today.

text: The Pocumtuck Range is composed of Sugarloaf

text: arkose

text: , a weather resistant

text: sedimentary rock

text: capped in places by a thin ridge of

text: volcanic

text: trap rock

text: . The arkose is most apparent on Sugarloaf Mountain and the western cliff of Pocumtuck Ridge, while the trap rock is most apparent on the north and east side of Pocumtuck Ridge and throughout the summit ridge of Rocky Mountain in Greenfield. The range is a non-contiguous extension of the

text: Metacomet Ridge

text: that extends through

text: New England

text: from

text: Long Island Sound

text: to the

text: Vermont

text: border. The Pocumtuck Range forms the bottom and middle layers of a geologic layercake. The arkose is the oldest (bottom) layer, followed by the middle trap rock layer, which in turn gives way to a

text: conglomerate rock

text: top layer most visible across the Connecticut River as

text: Mount Toby

text: . These layers were formed between 190 and 210 million years ago as the continent of

text: North America

text: began

text: rifting

text: apart from

text: Africa

text: and

text: Eurasia

text: . A series of

text: erosion

text: and

text: deposition (geology)

text: episodes interspersed with heavy basalt

text: lava

text: flows created the layered strata;

text: faulting

text: and

text: earthquake

text: s tilted the layers diagonally while subsequent erosion and

text: glacial

text: activity exposed the tilted "layers" of sandstone, basalt, and erosion-resistant conglomerate rock visible today.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: glacial, river, or river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long is the Pocumtuck Range?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: sandstone, basalt, or conglomerate?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion: runoff or glacial activity?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: basalt lava flows or glacial activity?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How many layers were formed between 190 and 210 million years ago?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is the Pocumtuck Range composed of Sugarloaf arkose?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion: faulting and earthquakes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a thin ridge

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Sound

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: heavy basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: arkose

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layered strata

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: heavy basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Connecticut River

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Connecticut River

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: heavy basalt lava flows

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Connecticut River as Mount Toby.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The Pocumtuck Range

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Connecticut River as Mount Toby.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion and glacial activity

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Connecticut River as Mount Toby.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Mount Toby.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Long Island Sound

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Long Island Sound

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: middle trap rock layer,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: faulting and earthquakes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Connecticut River

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: The arkose

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Pocumtuck Range

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: layered strata;

text: FAC has to be distinguished from erosion corrosion because the  fundamental mechanisms for the two corrosion modes are different. FAC does not involve impingement of particles, bubbles, or cavitation which cause the mechanical (often crater-like) wear on the surface. By contrast to mechanical erosion, FAC involves dissolution of normally poorly soluble oxide by combined electrochemical, water chemistry and mass-transfer phenomena. Nevertheless, the terms FAC and erosion are sometimes used interchangeably because the actual mechanism may, in some cases, be unclear.

text: FAC has to be distinguished from

text: erosion corrosion

text: because the  fundamental mechanisms for the two corrosion modes are different. FAC does not involve impingement of particles, bubbles, or

text: cavitation

text: which cause the mechanical (often crater-like) wear on the surface. By contrast to mechanical erosion, FAC involves dissolution of normally poorly soluble oxide by combined electrochemical, water chemistry and mass-transfer phenomena. Nevertheless, the terms FAC and erosion are sometimes used interchangeably because the actual mechanism may, in some cases, be unclear.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the difference between mechanical erosion and mass-transfer phenomena?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mass-transfer

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What does FAC involve?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: impingement of particles

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: corrosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: impingement of particles

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soluble oxide

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: FAC does not involve impingement of particles

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: mass-transfer

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: FAC involves dissolution of normally poorly soluble oxide

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: FAC has to be distinguished from erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: crater-like) wear on the surface. By contrast to mechanical erosion,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater-like)

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: impingement of particles, bubbles, or cavitation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: FAC

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: unclear.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: crater-like)

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: FAC has to be distinguished from erosion corrosion

text: During periods where the well floods, water flows out onto the park forming a shallow pond area adjacent to the well building. Algae flourishes in the overflow water which stand stationary exposed to light and oxygen, of which there is little in the thermal waters inside the well building. Filamentous algae Melosira variants and Spirogyra have both been identified  and are very abundant in the flooded pool area outside of the well building.

text: During periods where the well floods, water flows out onto the park forming a shallow pond area adjacent to the well building.

text: Algae

text: flourishes in the overflow water which stand stationary exposed to light and

text: oxygen

text: , of which there is little in the thermal waters inside the well building. Filamentous algae

text: Melosira

text: variants and

text: Spirogyra

text: have both been identified  and are very abundant in the flooded pool area outside of the well building.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of algae?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of algae?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of algae?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: overflow water

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: shallow pond

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: shallow pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Spirogyra

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: light and oxygen

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: algae flourishes in the overflow water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: shallow

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: During periods where the well floods,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: shallow pond area adjacent to the well building.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: During periods where the well floods,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: a shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: well

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: shallow pond

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shallow pond area

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: shallow pond

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: shallow pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: a shallow pond area adjacent to the well building. Algae

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: light and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Algae

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: there is little in the thermal waters inside the well building.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a shallow pond area

text: Piccaninnie Ponds is a popular site for both snorkelling and cave diving.  It contains three main features of interest to cave divers. The ‘First Pond’ is an open depression about  deep with a silt floor and much aquatic life, the ‘Chasm’ is a sinkhole with a depth of over , and the ‘Cathedral’ is an enclosed area with limestone formations and a depth of about . Underwater visibility is excellent and may exceed . Snorkelling and cave diving at Piccaninnie Ponds is by permit only.

text: Piccaninnie Ponds is a popular site for both

text: snorkelling

text: and

text: cave diving

text: .  It contains three main features of interest to cave divers. The ‘First Pond’ is an open depression about  deep with a silt floor and much aquatic life, the ‘Chasm’ is a

text: sinkhole

text: with a depth of over , and the ‘Cathedral’ is an enclosed area with

text: limestone

text: formations and a depth of about . Underwater visibility is excellent and may exceed . Snorkelling and cave diving at Piccaninnie Ponds is by permit only.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe Chasm?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is the First Pond?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of Piccaninnie Ponds?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of Piccaninnie Ponds?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: depression

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: limestone formations

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Chasm

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: depth of the sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a depression

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the ‘First Pond’ is an open depression about deep

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Piccaninnie Ponds

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Piccaninnie Ponds

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a silt floor

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: over,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a sinkhole

text: Deforestation and overgrazing along the river's heavily populated course have caused soil erosion problems.  Sediments have reduced river flow, reservoir size, and water quality.  Water quality has also deteriorated due to pesticide runoff.

text: Deforestation and overgrazing along the river's heavily populated course have caused soil erosion problems.  Sediments have reduced river flow, reservoir size, and water quality.  Water quality has also deteriorated due to pesticide runoff.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not eroded.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: soil erosion problems. Sediments have reduced river flow,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Sediments have reduced river flow,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: reservoir size,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: pesticide runoff.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: reservoir size,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: heavily populated course

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Deforestation and overgrazing

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Sediments have reduced river flow,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: reservoir size,

text: The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three classes of sizes. The term macroscopic particle, usually refers to particles much larger than atoms and molecules. These are usually abstracted as point-like particles, even though they have volumes, shapes, structures, etc. Examples of macroscopic particles would include powder, dust, sand, pieces of debris during a car accident, or even objects as big as the stars of a galaxy.

text: The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three classes of sizes. The term

text: macroscopic particle

text: , usually refers to particles much larger than

text: atom

text: s and

text: molecule

text: s. These are usually

text: abstracted

text: as

text: point-like particles

text: , even though they have volumes, shapes, structures, etc. Examples of macroscopic particles would include

text: powder

text: dust

text: sand

text: , pieces of

text: debris

text: during a

text: car accident

text: , or even objects as big as the

text: star

text: s of a

text: galaxy

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How can erosion cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: macroscopic particles

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of macroscopic particle?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: macroscopic particles

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: dust, sand, pieces of debris during a car accident

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a car accident

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three classes of sizes

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: macroscopic particles

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris during a car accident,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: macroscopic particles

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: debris

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: pieces of debris during a car accident,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: macroscopic particle,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three classes of sizes.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: macroscopic particle,

text: In a slow-flowing stream or river, the difference in speed between one bank and the other is not sufficient to provide a credible explanation as to why all the deposition occurs on one bank, and none on the other.  Similarly, the fallacy has no explanation as to why all the deposition occurs at a stream bend, and little or none occurs where the stream is following a straight course.  (The speed of water in a stream does not slow just because the stream enters a bend.)

text: In a slow-flowing stream or river, the difference in speed between one bank and the other is not sufficient to provide a credible explanation as to why all the deposition occurs on one bank, and none on the other.  Similarly, the fallacy has no explanation as to why all the deposition occurs at a stream bend, and little or none occurs where the stream is following a straight course.  (The speed of water in a stream does not slow just because the stream enters a bend.)

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What is the difference in speed between one bank and the other?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: no explanation

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: little or none

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: a stream bend

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: a cave

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: a stream bend

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: speed of water in a stream

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: faster than the stream

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: on one bank

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: all the deposition occurs on one bank, and none on the other

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream bend

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: bend,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: In a slow-flowing stream or river,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slow-flowing stream

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: all the deposition

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: little or none occurs where the stream is following a straight course.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: little or none occurs where the stream is following a straight course.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: all the deposition occurs on one bank,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: In a slow-flowing stream

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: slow-flowing stream

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: not sufficient to provide a credible explanation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: none

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: slow-flowing stream or river,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: none

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: deposition occurs on one bank,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: river,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: stream bend,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: stream or river,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: the difference in speed

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: bend.)

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: on one bank,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: little or none occurs where the stream is following a straight course.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: stream bend,

text: The material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas chasmata is grooved. This is interpreted to be alluvial deposits and/or material that has collapsed or contracted by the removal of ice or water. There are also portions of older and younger massive floor material of volcaniclastic origin - only separated in age by crater distribution. Also there is etched massive floor material that is like the younger and older massive material except that it has wind erosion features on it. There are also a few spires of undivided material composed of the same material as the canyon walls.

text: The material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas chasmata is grooved. This is interpreted to be

text: alluvial

text: deposits and/or material that has collapsed or contracted by the removal of ice or water. There are also portions of older and younger massive floor material of

text: volcaniclastic

text: origin - only separated in age by crater distribution. Also there is etched massive floor material that is like the younger and older massive material except that it has wind erosion features on it. There are also a few spires of undivided material composed of the same material as the canyon walls.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the material of the floor of the canyon system between Candor and Melas?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or ice?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: rapid flowing mountain streams cause little deposition?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: canyon

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a canyon

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: older and younger massive floor material

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: alluvial deposits

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: grooved.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: wind erosion

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: crater distribution.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: alluvial

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: ice or water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: grooved.

text: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus, and thus the only erosive process to be found (apart from thermal erosion by lava flows) is the interaction produced by the atmosphere with the surface.  This interaction is present in the ejecta of impact craters expelled onto the surface of Venus.  The material ejected during a meteorite impact is lifted to the upper atmosphere, where winds transport the material toward the west.  As the material is deposited on the surface, it forms parabola-shaped patterns.  This type of deposit can be established on top of various geologic features or lava flows.  Therefore, these deposits are the youngest structures on the planet.  Images from Magellan reveal the existence of more than 60 of these parabola-shaped deposits that are associated with crater impacts.

text: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus, and thus the only

text: erosive

text: process to be found (apart from thermal erosion by lava flows) is the interaction produced by the atmosphere with the surface.  This interaction is present in the ejecta of impact craters expelled onto the surface of Venus.  The material ejected during a

text: meteorite

text: impact is lifted to the upper atmosphere, where winds transport the material toward the west.  As the material is deposited on the surface, it forms

text: parabola

text: -shaped patterns.  This type of deposit can be established on top of various geologic features or lava flows.  Therefore, these deposits are the youngest structures on the planet.  Images from Magellan reveal the existence of more than 60 of these parabola-shaped deposits that are associated with crater impacts.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: thermal erosion by lava flows

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not an erosive process to be found on Venus?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of deposit: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is the only erosive process to be found?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: impact craters

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: parabola-shaped

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Lava flows

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Water is almost nonexistent

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lava flows

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are the youngest structures on the planet

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: lava flows)

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Water is almost nonexistent

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: thermal erosion by lava flows)

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Water is almost nonexistent

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Water is almost nonexistent on Venus,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: lava flows.

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: parabola-shaped patterns.

text: Klein & Vieira (1980a; b), Klein et al. (1984), Geraldes & Netto (2004a), Silveira et al. (2005), Valente et al. (2005), etc., concluded the pyroclastic rocks and their neighbours present at the Contenda Rock are pyroclastic flows, using the layered structure as proof. Motoki et al. (2007c) concluded the development degree and horizontal continuity of the pyroclastic textures are too poor for a pyroclastic flow deposit. The pyroclastic rocks along the Eugênia River are exposed, forming pyroclastic dykes, presenting underground subvolcanic fissures. If the pyroclastic rocks originated from pyroclastic flows, the deposits should have been widely present in the Fluminense lowland, such as Mesquita, Nilopolis, Nova Iguaçu, and Duque de Caxias. Welded pyroclastic rocks resist weathering and are therefore easily identified. Such volcanic deposits are not found in the Fluminense lowland. This confirms that these pyroclastic rocks were not created in pyroclastic flows.

text: Klein & Vieira (1980a; b), Klein et al. (1984), Geraldes & Netto (2004a), Silveira et al. (2005), Valente et al. (2005), etc., concluded the

text: pyroclastic rock

text: s and their neighbours present at the Contenda Rock are

text: pyroclastic flow

text: s, using the layered structure as proof. Motoki et al. (2007c) concluded the development degree and horizontal continuity of the pyroclastic textures are too poor for a

text: pyroclastic flow

text: deposit. The

text: pyroclastic rock

text: s along the Eugênia River are exposed, forming pyroclastic dykes, presenting underground subvolcanic fissures. If the pyroclastic rocks originated from pyroclastic flows, the deposits should have been widely present in the Fluminense lowland, such as Mesquita, Nilopolis, Nova Iguaçu, and Duque de Caxias. Welded pyroclastic rocks resist weathering and are therefore easily identified. Such volcanic deposits are not found in the Fluminense lowland. This confirms that these pyroclastic rocks were not created in pyroclastic flows.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a river: Eugênia River, Geraldes & Netto, or Duque de Caxias?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: pyroclastic rocks or volcanic deposits?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt, or volcanic?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why are the pyroclastic textures too poor?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are the pyroclastic rocks present in the Fluminense lowland?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: lowland

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground subvolcanic fissures

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pyroclastic dykes

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: subvolcanic fissure

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pyroclastic flows

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Dykes

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Eugênia River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: volcanic deposits

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: such volcanic deposits are not found in the Fluminense lowland

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: dykes

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: layered structure

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Klein & Vieira

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: pyroclastic flow deposit.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Fluminense lowland,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Fluminense lowland,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: underground subvolcanic fissures.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: underground subvolcanic fissures.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: development degree and horizontal continuity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: pyroclastic rocks

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: pyroclastic flows,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: pyroclastic dykes,

text: The main cave consists of a massive structure with a big open chamber of about 5m high, 10m wide and 30m long at the entrance. There are ten tunnels at the main chamber leading to different directions. Within the tunnels are big chambers and other tunnels of varying lengths, some of which are inter connected. The caves are occupied by a large colony of bats of various sizes. There are streams and body of water at various places. A stream flows out from one of the tunnels into a rapid flowing river (River Nkissa). At the meeting point of the river and the stream one can feel the warm water from the caves and the cold river water.Beside this portion of the river is a table land of about 5 X 5 square meters used as a relaxation spot by visitors to the caves. The immediate environment of the caves up to about 200 meters radius is a thick tropical rainforest type of vegetation. The site has sufficient boundaries (20 hectares) to protect its values from direct effects of human encroachment.

text: The main cave consists of a massive structure with a big open chamber of about 5m high, 10m wide and 30m long at the entrance. There are ten tunnels at the main chamber leading to different directions. Within the tunnels are big chambers and other tunnels of varying lengths, some of which are inter connected. The caves are occupied by a large colony of bats of various sizes. There are streams and body of water at various places. A stream flows out from one of the tunnels into a rapid flowing river (River Nkissa). At the meeting point of the river and the stream one can feel the warm water from the caves and the cold river water.Beside this portion of the river is a table land of about 5 X 5 square meters used as a relaxation spot by visitors to the caves. The immediate environment of the caves up to about 200 meters radius is a thick tropical rainforest type of vegetation. The site has sufficient boundaries (20 hectares) to protect its values from direct effects of human encroachment.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay, silt or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the caves?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing, rapid flowing, or table land?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the caves?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of levee?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: caves

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: river

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: a stream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Which of the following is not a type of encroachment?

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: human encroachment

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a rapid flowing river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: warm water

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: human encroachment

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a massive structure

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rapid flowing river

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: varying lengths,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: human encroachment.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: rapid flowing river (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: tropical rainforest

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: river (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: human encroachment.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: ten tunnels

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: table land

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: (River Nkissa).

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: human encroachment.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: human encroachment.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: out from one of the tunnels into a rapid flowing river

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: warm water from the caves and the cold river water.Beside

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: table land

text: In the U.S., the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park, where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits.  Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls, the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a  cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream.  Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect.  The city of Davis now owns thousands of acres of this land and has made it a tourist attraction. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma,  east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area.

text: In the U.S., the most well-known place for travertine formation is

text: Yellowstone National Park

text: , where the

text: geothermal areas

text: are rich in travertine deposits.

text: Oklahoma

text: has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder.

text: Turner Falls

text: , the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a  cascade of spring water flowing over a travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream.  Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect.  The city of Davis now owns thousands of acres of this land and has made it a tourist attraction. Another travertine resource is in

text: Sulphur, Oklahoma

text: ,  east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the

text: Chickasaw National Recreation Area

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a source of travertine: Turner Falls, Honey Creek or Travertine Creek?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a source of travertine: Honey Creek or Travertine Creek?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why Davis now owns thousands of acres of this land?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a sinkhole: Turner Falls, Honey Creek, or Chickasaw National Recreation Area?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: shelf

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: shelves

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: downstream

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Travertine Creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Travertine formation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Yellowstone National Park

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: over a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Yellowstone National Park is rich in travertine deposits

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Honey Creek

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: spring water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Chickasaw National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: travertine cave.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: travertine shelves

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Honey Creek

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Honey Creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: dense woods

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: spring water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine

text: Its usually quoted source is a combination of several streams, which rise on slopes of hills (Przejmowa Góra – 213.4m, Jastrzębia Góra – 230.8m, Słupowa Góra – 247.9 m, Lisia Góra – 259.5 m) southward of an old forest, Puszcza Romincka located southeast of Gołdap. The river proper rises from a lake called Jezioro Czarne and flows in a south and south-eastern direction through a series of nine postglacial lakes: Rospuda Filipowska, Kamienne, Długie, Garbas, Głębokie, Sumowo, Okrągłe, Bolesty, and The Rospuda Augustowska into which it finally empties. The Rospuda flows through typical young glacial landforms: postglacial channel lakes, eskers (long, narrow, winding ridges composed of stratified sand and gravel), and flat outwash plains. This landscape results from Scandinavian ice sheet activity during the Baltic glaciation: the postglacial channel in which the Rospuda flows was dug by a stream flowing underneath the ice sheet; eskers were composed of material accumulated by flowing water, and the outwash is a vast alluvial cone of sand and gravel deposited by a subglacial meltwater stream. In the upper reaches of the river, in the stretches between lakes, the Rospuda has a narrow winding channel of a rocky bed with rapids, for which it slightly resembles a mountain stream. The Rospuda flows through forests and meadows, within a narrow steep-sided valley with numerous bends, gorges, and felled trees. Narrow postglacial channel lakes flow for miles: Rospuda Filipowska and Bolesty, the longest two, are  long and only  wide. Their banks are high and forested or covered in meadows and cut across with ravines. These interesting landforms are attributable to erosion, the outcome of flowing rainwaters. In the lower reaches of the river, where it enters Augustów Primeval Forest, the Rospuda changes into a typically lowland river. It meanders through reeds within a boggy riparian valley, passing Święte Miejsce and Młyńsko, sacred sites in the region. The channel of the river gets wider forming a basin of peat bog, i.e. the Rospuda Valley (Pol. Dolina Rospudy).

text: Its usually quoted source is a combination of several streams, which rise on slopes of hills (Przejmowa Góra – 213.4m, Jastrzębia Góra – 230.8m, Słupowa Góra – 247.9 m, Lisia Góra – 259.5 m) southward of an old forest,

text: Puszcza Romincka

text: located southeast of

text: Gołdap

text: . The river proper rises from a lake called Jezioro Czarne and flows in a south and south-eastern direction through a series of nine postglacial lakes: Rospuda Filipowska, Kamienne, Długie, Garbas, Głębokie, Sumowo, Okrągłe, Bolesty, and The Rospuda Augustowska into which it finally empties. The Rospuda flows through typical young

text: glacial

text: landforms: postglacial

text: channel lakes

text: eskers

text: (long, narrow, winding ridges composed of stratified sand and gravel), and flat outwash plains. This landscape results from Scandinavian

text: ice sheet

text: activity during the Baltic glaciation: the postglacial channel in which the Rospuda flows was dug by a stream flowing underneath the ice sheet; eskers were composed of material accumulated by flowing water, and the outwash is a vast alluvial cone of sand and gravel deposited by a subglacial meltwater stream. In the upper reaches of the river, in the stretches between lakes, the Rospuda has a narrow winding channel of a rocky bed with rapids, for which it slightly resembles a mountain stream. The Rospuda flows through forests and meadows, within a narrow steep-sided valley with numerous bends, gorges, and felled trees. Narrow postglacial channel lakes flow for miles: Rospuda Filipowska and Bolesty, the longest two, are  long and only  wide. Their banks are high and forested or covered in meadows and cut across with ravines. These interesting landforms are attributable to erosion, the outcome of flowing rainwaters. In the lower reaches of the river, where it enters

text: Augustów Primeval Forest

text: , the Rospuda changes into a typically lowland river. It meanders through reeds within a boggy riparian valley, passing Święte Miejsce and Młyńsko, sacred sites in the region. The channel of the river gets wider forming a basin of peat bog, i.e. the Rospuda Valley (Pol. Dolina Rospudy).

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Rospuda Filipowska

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How long are the longest two postglacial channel lakes?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Sand and gravel are carried in flowing water by suspension.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff is only a minor cause of soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Rospuda Filipowska

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which is not a type of landform: postglacial channel lakes, eskers or flat outwash plains?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Rospuda Filipowska

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: What is the largest sediments a river carries

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: outwash plains

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: outwash plains

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: postglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: postglacial lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: subglacial meltwater stream

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: eskers were composed of material accumulated by flowing water

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: under the ice sheet

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: nine postglacial lakes:

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: flat outwash plains.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: eskers were composed of material accumulated by flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: outwash plains.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: outwash plains.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: outwash

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: postglacial channel lakes,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: eskers

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: flat outwash plains.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: eskers were composed of material accumulated by flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sand and gravel

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: composed of material accumulated by flowing water,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: eskers

text: Badab Soort's terraces are made of travertine, a sedimentary rock deposited by flowing water from the two distinct mineral springs; they were formed during Pleistocene and Pliocene geological periods. When the water, supersaturated with calcium carbonate and iron carbonate, reaches the surface, carbon dioxide degases from it, and mineral carbonates are deposited. The depositing continues until the carbon dioxide in the water balances the carbon dioxide in the air. Iron carbonate and calcium carbonate are deposited by the water as soft jellies, but they eventually harden into travertine.

text: Badab Soort's terraces are made of travertine, a

text: sedimentary

text: rock deposited by flowing water from the two distinct mineral springs; they were formed during

text: Pleistocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: geological periods. When the water, supersaturated with

text: calcium carbonate

text: and

text: iron carbonate

text: , reaches the surface,

text: carbon dioxide

text: degases from it, and mineral carbonates are deposited. The depositing continues until the carbon dioxide in the water balances the carbon dioxide in the air. Iron carbonate and calcium carbonate are deposited by the water as soft jellies, but they eventually harden into travertine.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: iron carbonate or calcium carbonate?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soft jellies

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock: travertine, clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the formation of terraces?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Badab Soort?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason why floodplains are poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: terraces

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Badab Soort

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: terraces

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Soort

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: carbon dioxide in the air

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: they are formed by flowing water from the two distinct mineral springs

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: mineral carbonates are deposited.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: soft jellies,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Iron carbonate and calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: deposited.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Pleistocene and Pliocene

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Badab Soort's terraces

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: flowing water from the two distinct mineral springs;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Badab Soort's

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: mineral springs;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: springs;

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: mineral carbonates are deposited.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: carbon dioxide in the water balances the carbon dioxide in the air.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: calcium carbonate and iron carbonate,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: travertine,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: travertine,

text: Suttle Lake is located on the east side of the Cascade Range in central Oregon,  east of Santiam Pass.  Most of the lake water comes from groundwater seepage.  Link Creek is the only year around tributary flowing into the lake.  It drains into the west end of the lake, with water from Blue Lake.  The lake's only outlet is Lake Creek, which begins at the east end of the lake, eventually flowing into the Metolius River near Camp Sherman, Oregon.

text: Suttle Lake is located on the east side of the Cascade Range in central Oregon,  east of

text: Santiam Pass

text: .  Most of the lake water comes from groundwater seepage.  Link Creek is the only year around tributary flowing into the lake.  It drains into the west end of the lake, with water from

text: Blue Lake

text: .  The lake's only outlet is Lake Creek, which begins at the east end of the lake, eventually flowing into the

text: Metolius River

text: near

text: Camp Sherman, Oregon

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: lake, creek, or river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How big is Suttle Lake?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is Suttle Lake located on the east side of the Cascade Range in central Oregon?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is Suttle Lake located on the east side of the Cascade Range?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: How would you describe Suttle Lake?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is Suttle Lake located on the east side of the Cascade Range?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the only year around tributary flowing into the lake?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Suttle Lake

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: seepage

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater seepage

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater seepage

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater seepage

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a lake

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Link Creek

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Most of the lake water comes from groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Link Creek

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Metolius River

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Suttle Lake

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: groundwater seepage.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater seepage. Link Creek

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Suttle Lake is located on the east side of the Cascade Range

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Suttle Lake

text: On May 7, 2015, the city of Lincoln experienced its worst flood in recent history, following over six inches of rain beginning the night of May 6, 2015. In areas near the waterway, rain water and flood water was largely contained in the waterway, as was intended by its design. Though flooding in other areas of the city submerged cars and prevented driving, traffic flowed freely on the bridges and roads along the waterway. The waterway also channels excess flow from Salt Creek, mitigating the chances of the water level of Salt Creek from exceeding the levee height. On May 7, Salt Creek water levels were declared dangerously near its maximum; it is likely that without the Antelope Valley waterway providing this channel, water from Salt Creek may have spilled over and led to much heavier flooding in a large track of land along the Creek, which contains many residences. Though critics of the project decried its high price tag, the waterway's worth was tested and proven by the response to this storm.

text: On May 7, 2015, the city of Lincoln experienced its worst flood in recent history, following over six inches of rain beginning the night of May 6, 2015. In areas near the waterway, rain water and flood water was largely contained in the waterway, as was intended by its design. Though flooding in other areas of the city submerged cars and prevented driving, traffic flowed freely on the bridges and roads along the waterway. The waterway also channels excess flow from Salt Creek, mitigating the chances of the water level of Salt Creek from exceeding the levee height. On May 7, Salt Creek water levels were declared dangerously near its maximum; it is likely that without the Antelope Valley waterway providing this channel, water from Salt Creek may have spilled over and led to much heavier flooding in a large track of land along the Creek, which contains many residences. Though critics of the project decried its high price tag, the waterway's worth was tested and proven by the response to this storm.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: How would you describe the city of Lincoln?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: slowly flowing water or fast flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: levee height

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the city of Lincoln experiencing its worst flood?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What caused the city of Lincoln's worst flood?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large track of land

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Salt Creek

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Salt Creek

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Salt Creek

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: levee height

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Salt Creek

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are a type of fossil

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The waterway also channels excess flow from Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: levee height.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: On May 7, 2015,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: large track of land

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: levee height.

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: levee

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: levee height.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Salt Creek,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: 2015, the city of Lincoln experienced its worst flood in recent history,

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: levee height.

text: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, a wide, slow-flowing river, encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula.

text: Extended systems of underwater caves,

text: sinkholes

text: and

text: springs

text: are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with

text: sand

text: y soils deposited as ancient

text: beach

text: es over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the

text: last glacial period

text: , lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely

text: savanna

text: . The

text: Everglades

text: , a wide, slow-flowing river, encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Why is the Everglades a wide, slow-flowing river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments in the Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay, silt, or sand?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is true of the Everglades?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of the savanna?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: limestone, sinkholes, or springs?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole: sinkholes, springs or springs?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: savanna

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: savanna

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkhole

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: global sea levels

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Everglades is a wide, slow-flowing river.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: slow-flowing river,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: underwater caves, sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: The Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: beaches

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Everglades,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: underwater caves, sinkholes and springs

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: a drier climate

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: sandy soils

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: sinkholes

text: In much of the island, access to a year-round supply of water is difficult. This is traditionally attributed to deforestation which damaged the island's drainage system through erosion, but Grove and Rackham question this view. A network of winter rivers rises in the Troodos Mountains and flows out from them in all directions. The Yialias River and the Pedhieos River flow eastward across the Mesaoria into Famagusta Bay; the Serraghis River flows northwest through the Morphou plain. All of the island's rivers, however, are dry in the summer. An extensive system of dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas.

text: In much of the island, access to a year-round supply of water is difficult. This is traditionally attributed to deforestation which damaged the island's drainage system through erosion, but Grove and Rackham question this view. A network of winter rivers rises in the Troodos Mountains and flows out from them in all directions. The Yialias River and the

text: Pedhieos River

text: flow eastward across the Mesaoria into Famagusta Bay; the Serraghis River flows northwest through the

text: Morphou

text: plain. All of the island's rivers, however, are dry in the summer. An extensive system of dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: winter rivers, Pedhieos River, or Serraghis River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large are the sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is access to a year-round supply of water difficult?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: slow flowing rivers or slow flowing rivers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Morphou plain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Mesaoria

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Morphou plain

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Morphou plain

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Mesaoria

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Bay

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in all directions

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Mesaoria

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are dry in the summer

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: drainage system

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: dry in the summer.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: dams and waterways has been constructed to bring water to farming areas.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: dams

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Morphou plain.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Famagusta Bay;

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Famagusta Bay;

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: flows out from them in all directions.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: drainage system

text: As mentioned above, Crystal Cave is a Solutional cave, of Multi-level Maze Type (consisting of 3 levels total). It extends to a depth of 69 ft. (21 m.) and is 4600 ft. (1.4 km.) in length, contained completely in the Prairie Du Chen group. The Bedrock forming the cave walls formed during the Ordovician Period of Earth’s History.The third level is the most extensive of the three having developed along existing Northeast to Southwest trending joints in the bedrock.Dating the period that the cave began to form has proven difficult due to erosion by Glacial waters, and  the deposit of debris during the Wisconsin Glaciation, from the nearby Terminus of the Laurentide Ice Sheet’s Superior Lobe.the commonly accepted theory of the cave's formation is that The cave was formed by a weak carbonic acid solution formed from rainwater/snowmelt that mixed with biogenic carbon dioxide found in the topsoil, which then infiltrated existing joints and fractures in the bed rock expanding them into the openings that make up the cave’s passageways. Some have advanced that the cave's formation is actually hypogenic in origin.

text: As mentioned above, Crystal Cave is a Solutional cave, of Multi-level Maze Type (consisting of 3 levels total). It extends to a depth of 69 ft. (21 m.) and is 4600 ft. (1.4 km.) in length, contained completely in the Prairie Du Chen group. The Bedrock forming the cave walls formed during the Ordovician Period of Earth’s History.The third level is the most extensive of the three having developed along existing Northeast to Southwest trending joints in the bedrock.Dating the period that the cave began to form has proven difficult due to erosion by Glacial waters, and  the deposit of debris during the

text: Wisconsin Glaciation

text: , from the nearby Terminus of the

text: Laurentide Ice Sheet

text: ’s Superior Lobe.the commonly accepted theory of the cave's formation is that The cave was formed by a weak carbonic acid solution formed from rainwater/snowmelt that mixed with biogenic carbon dioxide found in the topsoil, which then infiltrated existing joints and fractures in the bed rock expanding them into the openings that make up the cave’s passageways. Some have advanced that the cave's formation is actually

text: hypogenic

text: in origin.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Which of the following is not a type of erosion: rainwater/snowmelt or glacial waters?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: rainwater, snowmelt, or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How deep is Crystal Cave?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not carried in flowing water by suspension: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Which of the following is not a minor cause of soil erosion: runoff, glacial waters, or debris?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Why is it difficult to date the period that the cave began to form?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers or glaciers?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the cave's formation?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cave: Solutional cave, of Multi-level Maze Type or Prairie Du Chen group?

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes: erosion by Glacial waters, or the deposit of debris during the Wisconsin Glaciation?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Solutional cave

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: glacial waters

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Superior Lobe

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Superior Lobe

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Superior Lobe

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Lake Superior

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Glacial waters

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: glacial waters

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: glacial waters

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: into a cave

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: hypogenic in origin

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Solutional cave

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: rainwater/snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: joints and fractures in the bed rock

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: rainwater/snowmelt that mixed with biogenic carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: weak carbonic acid solution formed from rainwater/snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Crystal Cave

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: rainwater/snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Northeast to Southwest trending joints in the bedrock.Dating

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: debris during the Wisconsin Glaciation,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Terminus of the Laurentide Ice Sheet’s Superior Lobe.the

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Superior Lobe.the

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Laurentide Ice Sheet’s Superior Lobe.the

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Superior Lobe.the

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Glacial waters,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: rainwater/snowmelt

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: biogenic carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: hypogenic in origin.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Laurentide Ice Sheet’s Superior Lobe.the

text: After the first major pyroclastic flow, a hot block-and-ash flow was erupted off the face of an advancing lava dome. This deposited  of brittlely jointed welded breccia on top of the first major pyroclastic flow deposit. The slightly divided joints associated with the block-and-ash flow deposit range in a pattern from irregular to radial, indicating that the block-and-ash flow was rapidly quenched by water. These features might represent the first evidence of water reaction during the eruption and are mainly located near the  high Keyhole Falls along the Lillooet River. The welded block-and-ash flow deposit is enclosed by a grey weathering glassy matrix.

text: After the first major pyroclastic flow, a hot block-and-ash flow was erupted off the face of an advancing lava dome. This deposited  of brittlely jointed welded breccia on top of the first major pyroclastic flow deposit. The slightly divided joints associated with the block-and-ash flow deposit range in a pattern from irregular to radial, indicating that the block-and-ash flow was rapidly quenched by water. These features might represent the first evidence of water reaction during the eruption and are mainly located near the  high

text: Keyhole Falls

text: along the Lillooet River. The welded block-and-ash flow deposit is enclosed by a grey weathering glassy matrix.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: brittlely jointed welded breccia or water?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: How large is the breccia?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Why is runoff a minor cause of soil erosion?

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Which of the following is not a type of river: Slowly flowing rivers erode their channels more at the bottom than at the sides

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains bad places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sinkhole?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: pyroclastic

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: welded breccia

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: are mainly located near the high Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: breccia

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Keyhole Falls along the Lillooet River.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Lillooet River.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: brittlely jointed

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: After the first major pyroclastic flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: After the first major pyroclastic flow,

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Lillooet River.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Keyhole Falls along the Lillooet River.

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: welded breccia

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Keyhole Falls along the Lillooet River.

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: welded breccia

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Keyhole Falls

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: welded breccia

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: the block-and-ash flow was rapidly quenched by water.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Keyhole Falls

text: The river was named Nabaganga (New Ganges in Bengali) in the belief that the Ganges also derived from Mathabhanga. The Nabaganga originates near the town of Chuadanga, in Chuadanga District. It flows east, where the Kumar and the Chitra rivers join it at Magura and Narail, respectively. From here, the river turns southward, where it merges into the Bhairab River. This is a recent change, as it was once a tributary of the Ichamati River. Silt deposits changed the river's course. Efforts to steer the river back to its original course proved futile when dredging in the 1930, at Gaznavi Ghat, failed to produce the desired results. Today, the Nabaganga merges into the Kumar River after flowing through Chuadanga and Jhenaidah Districts. Most of the water in the Nabaganga River from this point on comes from the Kumar.

text: The river was named Nabaganga (New Ganges in

text: Bengali

text: ) in the belief that the Ganges also derived from Mathabhanga. The Nabaganga originates near the town of Chuadanga, in

text: Chuadanga District

text: . It flows east, where the

text: Kumar

text: and the Chitra rivers join it at

text: Magura

text: and Narail, respectively. From here, the river turns southward, where it merges into the

text: Bhairab River

text: . This is a recent change, as it was once a tributary of the

text: Ichamati River

text: Silt

text: deposits changed the river's course. Efforts to steer the river back to its original course proved futile when dredging in the 1930, at Gaznavi Ghat, failed to produce the desired results. Today, the Nabaganga merges into the Kumar River after flowing through Chuadanga and

text: Jhenaidah District

text: s. Most of the water in the Nabaganga River from this point on comes from the Kumar.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the river?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Silt deposits changed the river's course

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Nabaganga River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: What is the purpose of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: How many sinkholes are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: ghat

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Gaznavi Ghat

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: gully

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: east

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Silt deposits changed the river's course

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Nabaganga

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Gaznavi Ghat,

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Gaznavi Ghat,

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Gaznavi Ghat,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: tributary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: Silt deposits

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: east,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Silt

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Mathabhanga.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Silt

text: The reduced permeability of compacted soil can result in local flooding. When water cannot infiltrate, ponding and water logging pose a general risk for soil erosion by water. On compacted soils, wheel tracks are often the starting point for runoff and erosion. Soil erosion is likely to appear on sloping fields or especially hilly land.This might lead to a transfer of sediments [56] . Except for direct negative effects for farmers, the risk of surface runoff close to wheel tracks affects the off-farm environment indirectly, as it for example redistributes “sediment, nutrients and pesticides within the field and beyond”. Especially when the risk of surface soil erosion is heightened, eutrophication of surface waters becomes a big problem due to an increased amount of nutrients.  On high risk areas, such as wet soils on slopes, applied slurry can runoff easily. This results in a loss of ammonia, which is polluting surface waters, as it creates a lack of oxygen. Leading so to the death of many species, soil erosion caused by compaction is responsible for a decline in habitat quality and therefore species loss.

text: The reduced permeability of compacted soil can result in local flooding. When water cannot infiltrate, ponding and water logging pose a general risk for soil erosion by water. On compacted soils, wheel tracks are often the starting point for runoff and erosion. Soil erosion is likely to appear on sloping fields or especially hilly land.This might lead to a transfer of sediments [56] . Except for direct negative effects for farmers, the risk of surface runoff close to wheel tracks affects the off-farm environment indirectly, as it for example redistributes “sediment, nutrients and pesticides within the field and beyond”. Especially when the risk of surface soil erosion is heightened, eutrophication of surface waters becomes a big problem due to an increased amount of nutrients.  On high risk areas, such as wet soils on slopes, applied slurry can runoff easily. This results in a loss of ammonia, which is polluting surface waters, as it creates a lack of oxygen. Leading so to the death of many species, soil erosion caused by compaction is responsible for a decline in habitat quality and therefore species loss.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: This might lead to a transfer of sediment

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What might lead to a transfer of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: What might lead to a transfer of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: What might lead to a transfer of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What might lead to a transfer of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What might lead to a transfer of sediments?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why is soil erosion likely to appear on sloping fields

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: ponding

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: pond

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wheel tracks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transfer of sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: sloping fields

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: on compacted soil

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are not formed by erosion

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: transfer of sediments

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: hilly land.This might lead to a transfer of sediments

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: sloping fields or especially hilly land.This

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The reduced permeability of compacted soil can result in local flooding.

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: flooding.

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: sloping fields or especially hilly land.This

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: wheel tracks

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: ponding

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: ponding

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: wheel tracks

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: transfer of sediments

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: high risk areas,

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: water cannot infiltrate,

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The reduced permeability of compacted soil can result in local flooding.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: flooding.

text: As it flows, the amount of runoff may be reduced in a number of possible ways: a small portion of it may evapotranspire; water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions; and a portion of it may infiltrate as it flows overland. Any remaining surface water eventually flows into a receiving water body such as a river, lake, estuary or ocean.

text: As it flows, the amount of runoff may be reduced in a number of possible ways: a small portion of it may

text: evapotranspire

text: ; water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions; and a portion of it may

text: infiltrate

text: as it flows overland. Any remaining surface water eventually flows into a

text: receiving water

text: body such as a

text: river

text: lake

text: estuary

text: or

text: ocean

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: river, lake, estuary or ocean?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a possible way for clay and silt to be carried in flowing water?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is not a way that runoff may be reduced in a number of possible ways?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for crops to grow in floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: None

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not caused by groundwater erosion?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: microtopographic depressions

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: microtopographic depressions

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: microtopographic depressions

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: microtopographic depressions

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: overland

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: infiltrate

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: stalactites are formed by evaporation

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: river, lake, estuary or ocean.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: evapotranspire;

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: evapotranspire;

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: As it flows, the amount of runoff

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: evapotranspire;

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: water may become temporarily stored in microtopographic depressions;

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: evapotranspire;

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: evapotranspire;

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: As it flows, the amount of runoff

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: depressions;

text: The Periyar river which flows westward of kerala  Arabian sea was diverted eastwards to flow towards the Bay of Bengal to provide water to the arid rain shadow region of Madurai in Madras Presidency which was in dire need of a greater supply of water than the small Vaigai River could provide. The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the Vaigai Dam to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around Madurai. Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of .

text: The Periyar river which flows westward of kerala

text: Arabian sea

text: was diverted eastwards to flow towards the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: to provide water to the arid

text: rain shadow

text: region of

text: Madurai

text: in

text: Madras Presidency

text: which was in dire need of a greater supply of water than the small

text: Vaigai River

text: could provide. The dam created the Periyar Thekkady reservoir, from which water was diverted eastwards via a tunnel to augment the small flow of the Vaigai River. The Vaigai was dammed by the

text: Vaigai Dam

text: to provide a source for irrigating large tracts around

text: Madurai

text: . Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of .

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: How would you describe the flow of the Vaigai River?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of sediment?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Which of the following is true of the Vaigai River?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: What is the most likely cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rain shadow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: Periyar reservoir

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Reservoir

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: reservoir

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: Vaigai River

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: Dams

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: aridity

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: in a particular direction

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: periyar

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: Initially the dam waters were used only for the irrigation of

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: Periyar Thekkady

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: irrigating large tracts

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: irrigating large tracts

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: The Periyar river

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: irrigating large tracts

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: Vaigai River.

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: The Periyar river

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: irrigating large tracts

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Periyar Thekkady

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: rain shadow

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: tunnel

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: Periyar Thekkady

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: The Periyar river

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: arid rain shadow region

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: westward of kerala Arabian sea

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: Periyar Thekkady

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: The Periyar

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: Periyar Thekkady reservoir,

text: The fluvial cirque or makhtesh, found in karst landscapes, is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs. A common feature for all fluvial-erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.

text: The fluvial cirque or

text: makhtesh

text: , found in

text: karst

text: landscapes, is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs. A common feature for all

text: fluvial

text: -erosion cirques is a terrain which includes erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is a common feature of all fluvial-erosion cirques?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a material that can be carried in flowing water by suspension?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: What is a common feature of all fluvial-erosion cirques?

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Why are floodplains poor places for growing crops?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a common feature of all fluvial-erosion cirques?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: river flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: materials which are more easily eroded

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: through layers of limestone

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: makhtesh

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs.

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: intermittent river flow

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: limestone and chalk

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: river flow

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: intermittent river flow

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: The fluvial cirque

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: erosion resistant upper structures

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: The fluvial cirque

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: fluvial cirque

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: makhtesh, found in karst

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: fluvial cirque

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: makhtesh, found in karst

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: makhtesh,

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: makhtesh,

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: fluvial cirque

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: intermittent river flow

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: erosion resistant upper structures

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: erosion resistant upper structures overlying materials which are more easily eroded.

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs.

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: limestone and chalk

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: more easily eroded.

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: fluvial cirque

text: While flowing, the groundwater loses energy due to friction of flow, i.e. hydraulic energy is converted into heat. At the same time, energy may be added with the recharge of water coming into the aquifer through the water table. Thus one can make an hydraulic energy balance of a block of soil between two nearby cross-sections. In steady state, i.e. without change in energy status and without accumulation or depletion of water stored in the soil body, the energy flow in the first section plus the energy added by groundwater recharge between the sections minus the energy flow in the second section must equal the energy loss due to friction of flow.

text: While flowing, the groundwater loses energy due to friction of flow, i.e. hydraulic energy is converted into heat. At the same time, energy may be added with the recharge of water coming into the aquifer through the water table. Thus one can make an hydraulic energy balance of a block of soil between two nearby cross-sections. In steady state, i.e. without change in energy status and without accumulation or depletion of water stored in the soil body, the energy flow in the first section plus the energy added by

text: groundwater recharge

text: between the sections minus the energy flow in the second section must equal the energy loss due to friction of flow.

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: What can cause erosion by dissolving minerals in rocks?

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: block of soil

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: Which of the following is not a type of soil: clay or silt?

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: It is a major cause of soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: In steady state, i.e. without change in energy status

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: what is the last place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: Which of the following is true of floodplains?

answers: NDQ_000085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000086

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of sinkholes?

answers: NDQ_000094

answers: floodplain

answers: NDQ_000095

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000096

answers: Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000097

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000098

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000099

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000100

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000101

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000102

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_000103

answers: energy loss due to friction

answers: NDQ_000104

answers: due to friction of flow

answers: NDQ_000105

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000106

answers: energy may be added with the recharge of water

answers: NDQ_000107

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_000077

answers: While flowing, the groundwater loses energy due to friction of flow,

answers: NDQ_000078

answers: block of soil between two nearby cross-sections.

answers: NDQ_000079

answers: block of soil between two nearby cross-sections.

answers: NDQ_000080

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000081

answers: recharge of water

answers: NDQ_000082

answers: accumulation or depletion of water stored in the soil body,

answers: NDQ_000083

answers: While flowing, the groundwater loses energy due to friction of flow,

answers: NDQ_000084

answers: While flowing, the groundwater loses energy due to friction of flow,