text: The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100-140, 401-471, and 501-503).

text: The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary

entity_name: Federal law

text: federal law

text: in the

entity_name: United States

text: United States

text: governing

entity_name: Water pollution

text: water pollution

text: . Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of

entity_name: Wastewater treatment

text: wastewater treatment

text: , and maintaining the integrity of

entity_name: Wetland

text: wetlands

text: . It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern

entity_name: Environmental law

text: environmental law

text: s. As with many other major

entity_name: United States environmental law

text: U.S. federal environmental statutes

text: , it is administered by the

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA), in coordination with state governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at

entity_name: Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations

text: 40 C.F.R.

text: Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100-140, 401-471, and 501-503).

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint pollution sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the Clean Water Act?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answer_match: lowercase, stopped, stemmed, removed trailing period, fuzz > 0.8 / true-false special handling

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: publicly owned treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point and nonpoint pollution sources,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources,

answer_match: lowercase, stemmed, fuzz > 0.8

text: Enforcement serves many purposes. First and foremost, it assists in protecting the beneficial uses of waters of the State. Swift and firm enforcement can prevent pollution from occurring and can promote prompt cleanup and correction of existing pollution problems. Enforcement ensures compliance with requirements in State Water Board and Regional Water Board regulations, plans, policies, and orders. Enforcement not only protects the public health and the environment, but also creates an "even playing field," ensuring that dischargers who comply with the law are not placed at a competitive disadvantage by those who do not. It also deters potential violators and, thus, further protects the environment. Monetary remedies provide a measure of compensation for the damage that pollution causes to the environment and ensure that polluters do not gain an economic advantage from violations of water quality laws.

text: Enforcement serves many purposes. First and foremost, it assists in protecting the beneficial uses of waters of the State. Swift and firm enforcement can prevent pollution from occurring and can promote prompt cleanup and correction of existing pollution problems. Enforcement ensures compliance with requirements in State Water Board and Regional Water Board regulations, plans, policies, and orders. Enforcement not only protects the public health and the environment, but also creates an "even playing field," ensuring that dischargers who comply with the law are not placed at a competitive disadvantage by those who do not. It also deters potential violators and, thus, further protects the environment. Monetary remedies provide a measure of compensation for the damage that pollution causes to the environment and ensure that polluters do not gain an economic advantage from violations of water quality laws.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Enforcement

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Water Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Enforcement

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: illegal dumping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: how does enforcement serve many purposes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: enforce the law

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Enforcement

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Water Board and Regional Water Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleanup

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dischargers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Enforcement

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prompt cleanup and correction of existing pollution problems.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Enforcement

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Swift and firm enforcement

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent pollution from occurring

text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the Arpechim Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like petrol, when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

text: In the past, the water was very polluted. This affects the river itself, underground water and local villages. The main source of pollution is the

entity_name: Arpechim Refinery

text: Arpechim

text: Refinery. Even today, when the filters stop working, the river is again polluted. To stop this disaster, record fines were given recently. However, there are other sources of pollution, like

entity_name: Gasoline

text: petrol

text: , when oil pipes are broken by thieves. In the lower part of the valley, pollution may accidentally come from local villagers who wash their cars and animals in the river or take construction materials from the riverbed.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Arpechim Refinery

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filters

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Arpechim Refinery

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the main source of pollution?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: record fines

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Arpechim Refinery.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Arpechim Refinery.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filters stop working,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Arpechim Refinery.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: In the past, the water was very polluted.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: oil pipes are broken by thieves.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Arpechim Refinery.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: record fines

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: record fines

text: Since dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters, though not to the same extent as larvae of mayflies and caddisflies they have a potential to be used as indicators of water quality, though Archichauliodes diversus is not regarded as a ‘clean-water’ taxon. Invertebrate predators, such as Archichauliodes diversus are competitors with fish, since they eat many of the same prey animals, e.g. Ephcmeroptera, which are an important food source for fish in streams.

text: Since dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters, though not to the same extent as larvae of

entity_name: Mayfly

text: mayflies

text: and

entity_name: Caddisfly

text: caddisflies

text: they have a potential to be used as

entity_name: Bioindicator

text: indicators

text: of water quality, though Archichauliodes diversus is not regarded as a ‘clean-water’

entity_name: Taxon

text: taxon

entity_name: Invertebrate

text: Invertebrate

entity_name: Predation

text: predators

text: , such as Archichauliodes diversus are competitors with fish, since they eat many of the same prey animals, e.g. Ephcmeroptera, which are an important food source for fish in streams.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Archichauliodes diversus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Why is water purified enough for drinking?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dobsonfly larvae

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ephcmeroptera,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: dobsonfly

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted waters,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dobsonfly larvae

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Invertebrate predators,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: dobsonfly larvae are intolerant of polluted waters,

text: In 2015, Fish Legal joined with the Angling Trust and WWF UK in a judicial review of Defra and the Environment Agency for their lack of use of Water Protection Zones to protect fisheries from agricultural pollution.

text: In 2015, Fish Legal joined with the Angling Trust and WWF UK in a judicial review of Defra and the Environment Agency for their lack of use of Water Protection Zones to protect fisheries from agricultural pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Defra

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: agricultural pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water Protection Zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water Protection Zones

text: The amount of wastewater treatment possible can also be compromised by the networks required to bring the wastewater to the treatment plants. It is estimated that 15% of China's wastewater treatment facilities are not being used to capacity due to a limited pipe network to collect and transport wastewater. In São Paulo, Brazil, a lack of sanitation infrastructure results in the pollution of the majority of its water supply and forces the city to import over 50% of its water from outside watersheds. Polluted water increases a developing country's operating costs, as lower quality water is more expensive to treat. In Brazil, polluted water from the Guarapiranga Reservoir costs $0.43 per m to treat to usable quality, while water from the compared to only $0.10 per m for water coming from the Cantareira Mountains.

text: The amount of wastewater treatment possible can also be compromised by the networks required to bring the wastewater to the treatment plants. It is estimated that 15% of China's wastewater treatment facilities are not being used to capacity due to a limited pipe network to collect and transport wastewater. In

entity_name: São Paulo

text: São Paulo

text: , Brazil, a lack of sanitation infrastructure results in the pollution of the majority of its water supply and forces the city to import over 50% of its water from outside watersheds. Polluted water increases a developing country's operating costs, as lower quality water is more expensive to treat. In Brazil, polluted water from the

entity_name: Guarapiranga

text: Guarapiranga

text: Reservoir costs $0.43 per m to treat to usable quality, while water from the compared to only $0.10 per m for water coming from the Cantareira Mountains.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Brazil

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collect and transport

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Guarapiranga Reservoir

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Sanitation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Brazil,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collect and transport wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: a lack of sanitation infrastructure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Brazil,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Polluted water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: networks required to bring the wastewater to the treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Polluted water increases a developing country's operating costs,

text: From this process, some strategies have been designed based on sequences of ponds with a slow flow of water to clean polluted water with radionuclides. The results of these facilities, for flows of 1000 liters of effluent are about 95% retention of radiation in the first pond (by plants and sludge), and over 99% in three-base systems.

text: From this process, some strategies have been designed based on sequences of

entity_name: Pond

text: ponds

text: with a slow

entity_name: Fluid dynamics

text: flow

text: of water to clean polluted water with radionuclides. The results of these facilities, for flows of 1000 liters of effluent are about 95% retention of radiation in the first pond (by plants and

entity_name: Sludge

text: sludge

text: ), and over 99% in three-base systems.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: radioactive waste

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: radionuclides

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: radioactive materials

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: radionuclides.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: clean polluted water with radionuclides.

text: Total suspended solids (TSS) is  the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter. It is a water quality parameter used for example to assess the quality of wastewater after treatment in a wastewater treatment plant. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act.

text: Total suspended solids (TSS) is  the dry-weight of particles trapped by a

entity_name: Filtration

text: filter

text: . It is a

entity_name: Water quality

text: water quality

text: parameter used for example to assess the quality of

entity_name: Wastewater

text: wastewater

text: after treatment in a

entity_section: Wastewater treatment plants

text: wastewater treatment plant

text: . It is listed as a

entity_name: Conventional pollutant

text: conventional pollutant

text: in the U.S.

entity_name: Clean Water Act

text: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filter

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: filter

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filter.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Total suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: filter.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Total suspended solids

text: In response to increasing public concern regarding environmental issues, the government adopted a series of environmental controls in the real estate market.  For example, in California, such legislation included the National Environmental Policy Act, the NEPA process, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). The National Environmental Policy Act, signed in 1970, changed how federal agencies made decisions because it required them to propose environmental analysis before starting a project. The Clean Air Act (1970) requires the EPA to set national models for clean air. The Clean Water Act (1972) was designed to minimize pollution in natural bodies of water, and also to create bodies of water that are clean enough for recreational activities such as fishing or swimming. The Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) manages the nations coastal resources such as Great Lakes and estuaries. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), is also known as "Superfund." It is commonly referred to as "Superfund" because it comprises two trust funds that provide help to improve areas that have been polluted by hazardous waste.  The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 allows the government to lien a property that is being cleaned up. Additionally, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is California's most comprehensive piece of legislation regarding the environment.  This act applies to all decisions made by cities and counties in California, and includes the mandate of an Environmental Impact Report (EIR), to both public and private projects. Subsequently, any new real estate development is subject to a detailed environmental analysis before starting a project.

text: In response to increasing public concern regarding environmental issues, the government adopted a series of environmental controls in the real estate market.  For example, in California, such legislation included the National Environmental Policy Act, the NEPA process, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

entity_name: National Environmental Policy Act

text: The National Environmental Policy Act

text: , signed in 1970, changed how federal agencies made decisions because it required them to propose environmental analysis before starting a project. The Clean Air Act (1970) requires the

text: EPA

text: to set national models for clean air. The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (1972) was designed to minimize pollution in natural bodies of water, and also to create bodies of water that are clean enough for recreational activities such as fishing or swimming. The

entity_name: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: (1972) manages the nations coastal resources such as Great Lakes and estuaries. The

entity_name: Superfund

text: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

text: (CERCLA), is also known as "Superfund." It is commonly referred to as "Superfund" because it comprises two trust funds that provide help to improve areas that have been polluted by hazardous waste.  The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 allows the government to lien a property that is being cleaned up. Additionally, the

entity_name: California Environmental Quality Act

text: California Environmental Quality Act

text: (CEQA) is California's most comprehensive piece of legislation regarding the environment.  This act applies to all decisions made by cities and counties in California, and includes the mandate of an

entity_name: Environmental impact statement

text: Environmental Impact Report

text: (EIR), to both public and private projects. Subsequently, any new real estate development is subject to a detailed environmental analysis before starting a project.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Policy Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: National Environmental Policy Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Environmental Policy Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: California Environmental Quality Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: propose environmental analysis

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hazardous waste.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: fishing or swimming.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: fishing or swimming.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: minimize pollution in natural bodies of water,

text: The Clean Water Act stipulates that states should adopt specific water quality standards for their navigable waterways (streams, rivers, wetlands and lakes) and issue permits for discharge under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System(NPDES). The standards for mercury and other pollutants are set at a level that is reasonably expected not to adversely impact the health of humans or wildlife. Legal entitlements for discharge are granted in the form of permits, but the overall allowable level of discharge is controlled by the EPA. The states may issue permits, but the allowable pollution levels must not exceed the federal standards. Additionally, both the federal EPA and the corresponding environmental regulatory offices at the state level make pertinent information publicly available, which includes the harmful effects of mercury exposure and the times of the year in which it is deemed dangerous to consume biotic organisms (e.g. consumption advisories for fish).

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: stipulates that states should adopt specific water quality standards for their navigable waterways (streams, rivers, wetlands and lakes) and issue permits for discharge under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System(NPDES). The standards for mercury and other pollutants are set at a level that is reasonably expected not to adversely impact the health of humans or wildlife. Legal entitlements for discharge are granted in the form of permits, but the overall allowable level of discharge is controlled by the EPA. The states may issue permits, but the allowable pollution levels must not exceed the federal standards. Additionally, both the federal EPA and the corresponding environmental regulatory offices at the state level make pertinent information publicly available, which includes the harmful effects of mercury exposure and the times of the year in which it is deemed dangerous to consume biotic organisms (e.g.

text: consumption advisories

text: for fish).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: adopt specific water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: adopt specific water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: states should adopt specific water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: consumption advisories for fish).

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: The vast majority of surface water on the Earth is neither potable nor toxic. This remains true when seawater in the oceans (which is too salty to drink) is not counted. Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is polluted or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the ecology of the Earth. Industrial and commercial activities (e.g. manufacturing, mining, construction, transport) are a major cause of water pollution as are runoff from agricultural areas, urban runoff and discharge of treated and untreated sewage.

text: The vast majority of

entity_name: Surface water

text: surface water

text: on the

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: is neither

entity_name: Drinking water

text: potable

text: nor

entity_name: Toxicity

text: toxic

text: . This remains true when

entity_name: Seawater

text: seawater

text: in the

entity_name: Ocean

text: oceans

text: (which is too

entity_name: Salinity

text: salty

text: to drink) is not counted. Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is

entity_name: Pollution

text: polluted

text: or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the

entity_name: Ecology

text: ecology

text: of the Earth.

entity_name: Industry

text: Industrial

text: and

entity_name: Commerce

text: commercial

text: activities (e.g.

entity_name: Manufacturing

text: manufacturing

entity_name: Mining

text: mining

entity_name: Construction

text: construction

entity_name: Transport

text: transport

text: ) are a major cause of

text: water pollution

text: as are

entity_name: Surface runoff

text: runoff

text: from

entity_name: Farm

text: agricultural

text: areas,

entity_name: Urban runoff

text: urban runoff

text: and discharge of treated and untreated

entity_name: Sewage

text: sewage

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and commercial activities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The vast majority of surface water

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ecology of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treated and untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The vast majority of surface water on the Earth is neither potable nor toxic.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: treated and untreated sewage.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: treated and untreated sewage.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treated and untreated sewage.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Industrial and commercial activities

text: Significant issues that lead to water pollution are surface water contamination by squanders and unreasonable water utilize. Water contamination is associated with human movement, such as industrial waste, municipal waste, waste from health centers, and surfaces waste from agri-production. Waste management problems are a big contributor to pollution in the country of Georgia. For instance, according to the Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia, George Kachidze, high levels of ammonia and BOD3 are reported for most of the observed rivers and concentrations of heavy metals exceed permissible levels at certain locals on particular rivers.

text: Significant issues that lead to water pollution are surface water contamination by squanders and unreasonable water utilize. Water contamination is associated with human movement, such as industrial waste, municipal waste, waste from health centers, and surfaces waste from agri-production. Waste management problems are a big contributor to pollution in the country of Georgia. For instance, according to the Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia, George Kachidze, high levels of ammonia and BOD3 are reported for most of the observed rivers and concentrations of heavy metals exceed permissible levels at certain locals on particular rivers.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Protection of Georgia

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection of Georgia,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Minister of Environment Protection of Georgia,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Waste management

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water contamination is associated with human movement,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: surface water contamination by squanders

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water contamination is associated with human movement, such as industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water contamination is associated with human movement,

text: The responsibility for dealing with water is split between several agencies within the government. Water pollution is the responsibility of the environmental authorities, but the water supply itself is managed by the Ministry of Water Resources. Sewage treatment is managed by the Ministry of Construction, but groundwater management falls within the realm of the Ministry of Land and Resources. China grades its water quality in six levels, from Grade I to Grade VI, with Grade VI being the most polluted.

text: The responsibility for dealing with water is split between several agencies within the government. Water pollution is the responsibility of the environmental authorities, but the

text: water supply

text: itself is managed by the

entity_name: Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China

text: Ministry of Water Resources

text: Sewage treatment

text: is managed by the Ministry of Construction, but

text: groundwater

text: management falls within the realm of the Ministry of Land and Resources. China grades its

text: water quality

text: in six levels, from Grade I to Grade VI, with Grade VI being the most polluted.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental authorities

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ministry of Water Resources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Ministry of Construction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater management

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental authorities,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ministry of Water Resources.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Ministry of Construction,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Ministry of Construction,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: China grades its water quality in six levels, from Grade I to Grade VI,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Ministry of Water Resources.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: China grades its water quality in six levels, from Grade I to Grade VI,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water pollution is the responsibility of the environmental authorities,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water pollution

text: Command and control policies are direct government regulations.   The Clean Water Act (CWA) is designed with this kind of direct command and control regulation for point source pollution. However, command and control regulations through the CWA apply to nonpoint source pollution a lesser extent. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are one tool in the CWA that directly regulates NPS effluent. As noted earlier, the CWA requires state governments to set TMDLs based on both point source and NPS effluent. However, conventional command and control policies could potentially influence industry structure and cause political reluctance in the event that it could bankrupt businesses.

text: Command and control policies are direct government regulations.   The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) is designed with this kind of direct command and control regulation for

text: point source pollution

text: . However, command and control regulations through the CWA apply to nonpoint source pollution a lesser extent.

text: Total maximum daily load

text: s (TMDLs) are one tool in the CWA that directly regulates NPS

text: effluent

text: . As noted earlier, the CWA requires state governments to set TMDLs based on both point source and NPS effluent. However, conventional command and control policies could potentially influence industry structure and cause political reluctance in the event that it could bankrupt businesses.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Total maximum daily loads

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: NPS

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point source pollution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Command and control policies are direct government regulations.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Command and control policies are direct government regulations. The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Command and control policies are direct government regulations. The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Command and control policies are direct government regulations. The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: point source pollution.

text: Phytostabilisation is a form of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.

text: Phytostabilisation is a form of

text: phytoremediation

text: that uses

text: hyperaccumulator plants

text: for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: plant's roots

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: livestock,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Phytostabilisation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: the plant's roots can prevent water erosion,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced.

text: The Wood River located in Southwestern Rhode Island is a protected and beneficial source of water to the Northeast Corridor. The Wood River is actually one of the last remaining pristine bodies of water of the Northeast between New York and Boston, the river being so pure is one of the main reasons the River is known by several people. According to the Wood-Pawcatuck Watershed Association, “The Pawcatuck Watershed provides drinking water to over 100,000 residents”. There are various laws that have been created in order to preserve this natural source. The Wood-Pawcatuck Watershed Association has a mission to protect the land and water of the Wood-Pawcatuck River from any pollution, such as boating, in order to protect the water sources for over ten towns. The River has been considered one of the most untouched for several years, and it is because of the Wood-Pawcatuck Water Association, WPWA, we can thank for this. The WPWA works to monitor the use of any non- electric powered boats entering the river, as this could be a huge pollution to the water. The Wood River is opposed to the use of any contaminating factors because so many people fish in the river and often eat the catch of the day, the water in the river is also used by not only the visiting but the residents that surround this area.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Northeast Corridor

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pawcatuck Watershed Association

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: non-electric powered boats entering the river

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-electric powered boats

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: non-electric powered boats entering the river

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Northeast Corridor.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Wood-Pawcatuck Watershed Association

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: monitor the use of any non- electric powered boats

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non- electric powered boats

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: “The Pawcatuck Watershed provides drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminating factors

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: non- electric powered boats

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Wood River is opposed to the use of any contaminating factors

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: non- electric powered boats

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: non- electric powered boats

text: Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues. Water shortages from natural and anthropogenic activity reduce the dilutive properties of water and may concentrate water pollution. Oppositely, during flooding events, water pollution may spread to previously uncontaminated waters through surface overflow or the failure of man-made barriers.

text: Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues. Water shortages from natural and anthropogenic activity reduce the dilutive properties of water and may concentrate water pollution. Oppositely, during flooding events, water pollution may spread to previously uncontaminated waters through surface overflow or the failure of man-made barriers.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: anthropogenic activity

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: man-made barriers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: anthropogenic activity reduce the dilutive properties of water

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: anthropogenic activity

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water quality

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: anthropogenic activity

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water shortages

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water quality is also closely linked with water quantity issues.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: man-made barriers.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: man-made barriers.

text: Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' disease can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured product e.g. semiconductors, and/or can be part of the product e.g. beverages, pharmaceuticals, etc.  In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products.

text: Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam

text: boiler

text: s can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water.

text: Cooling tower

text: s can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and

text: Legionnaires' disease

text: can be the fatal consequence. Water treatment is also used to improve the quality of water contacting the manufactured product e.g. semiconductors, and/or can be part of the product e.g. beverages, pharmaceuticals, etc.  In these instances, poor water treatment can cause defective products.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Appliance

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Steam boilers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Cooling towers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Cooling towers

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Poor water treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Poor water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Poor water treatment

text: After decades of such pollution in violation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Clean Water Act, in 2007 Alcosan signed a consent decree with the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to develop a plan to greatly reduce its sewage overflows.  Alcosan must assemble the plan by 2012 and implement it by 2026.

text: After decades of such pollution in violation of the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: 's

text: Clean Water Act

text: , in 2007 Alcosan signed a consent decree with the EPA and the

entity_name: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: to develop a plan to greatly reduce its sewage overflows.  Alcosan must assemble the plan by 2012 and implement it by 2026.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: develop a plan

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Alcosan

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sign consent decrees

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency's

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency's

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: develop a plan

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Alcosan

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 2026.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage overflows.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act,

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to

text: septic tank

text: s. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in

text: groundwater pollution

text: and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pit latrines

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: on-site sanitation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: estimate safe distances

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: on-site sanitation.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: on-site sanitation.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic tanks.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: septic tanks.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation.

text: Clean water was needed for processing the cloth. This was captured from field drainage on the hillside opposite and stored in a lodge on the farther side of the river, piped across when required. The water wheel, and later the engine condenser could use the then highly polluted water from the River Ogden, a weir was placed 800m upstream and the water diverted into a long canal-like lodge that finished at the mill. Having passed over the pitch-back wheel the water passed through a culverted tail goyt back into the Ogden.

text: Clean water was needed for processing the cloth. This was captured from field drainage on the hillside opposite and stored in a

text: lodge

text: on the farther side of the river, piped across when required. The

text: water wheel

text: , and later the engine condenser could use the then highly polluted water from the River Ogden, a

text: weir

text: was placed 800m upstream and the water diverted into a long canal-like lodge that finished at the mill. Having passed over the pitch-back wheel the water passed through a culverted tail

text: goyt

text: back into the Ogden.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: captured

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: field drainage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: store it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: field drainage

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: field drainage

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: captured from field drainage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The water wheel, and later the engine condenser

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean water was needed for processing the cloth.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: culverted tail goyt

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean water was needed for processing the cloth. This was captured from field drainage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: captured from field drainage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean water was needed for processing the cloth. This was captured from field drainage

text: Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

text: Deforestation

text: ; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water treatment contributes to disease.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: deforest

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Keeping pollutants from getting into the water system

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: inadequate sanitation and water treatment

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: inadequate sanitation and water treatment

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Deforestation;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sanitation and water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: inadequate sanitation and water treatment

text: Pollution can enter bodies of water in many different ways - Through toxic runoff from pesticides and fertilizers, containers of oil and other hazardous materials falling off of ships, or just from debris  from humans that has not been picked up. No matter what the form of pollution is, the effects water pollution has on animal life can be drastic. For example, the BP oil spill which occurred in 2010 impacted over 82,000 birds, 6,000 sea turtles, approximately 26,000 marine animals, and hundreds of thousands of fish.

text: Pollution can enter bodies of water in many different ways - Through toxic runoff from pesticides and fertilizers, containers of oil and other hazardous materials falling off of ships, or just from debris  from humans that has not been picked up. No matter what the form of pollution is, the effects water pollution has on animal life can be drastic. For example, the

text: BP oil spill

text: which occurred in 2010 impacted over 82,000 birds, 6,000 sea turtles, approximately 26,000 marine animals, and hundreds of thousands of fish.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: toxic runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pick up debris

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: picked up.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: toxic runoff from pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: toxic runoff from pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: toxic runoff from pesticides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: picked up.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: debris from humans that has not been picked up.

text: The common roach mostly feeds in the deeper parts of water bodies, but can be found in any water body deeper than  and wider than , and adapts to local circumstances, although in the summer, it can be caught using surface floats and bread. It tolerates organic pollution and is one of the last species to disappear in polluted waters, but is also often the most numerous cyprinid in nutrient-poor waters. It also tolerates brackish water. The lethal temperature is around 31°C (88°F).

text: The common roach mostly feeds in the deeper parts of water bodies, but can be found in any water body deeper than  and wider than , and adapts to local circumstances, although in the summer, it can be caught using surface floats and bread. It tolerates organic pollution and is one of the last species to disappear in polluted waters, but is also often the most numerous cyprinid in nutrient-poor waters. It also tolerates brackish water. The lethal temperature is around 31°C (88°F).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: organic pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: organic pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nutrient-poor

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The common roach

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: common roach

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: nutrient-poor

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The common roach

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The common roach

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The common roach

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nutrient-poor waters.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The common roach

text: Over the centuries much has changed in the field of wastewater engineering. Advancements in microbiology, chemistry, and engineering have drastically changed the field. Today wastewater engineers work on the collection of clean water for drinking, chemically treating it, and using UV light to kill off micro-organisms. They also treat Water Pollution in wastewater (blackwater and greywater) so that this water may be made safe for use without endangering the population and environment around it.

text: Over the centuries much has changed in the field of wastewater engineering. Advancements in microbiology, chemistry, and engineering have drastically changed the field. Today wastewater engineers work on the collection of clean water for drinking, chemically treating it, and using UV light to kill off micro-organisms. They also treat

text: Water Pollution

text: in wastewater (blackwater and greywater) so that this water may be made safe for use without endangering the population and environment around it.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater engineering

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection of clean water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: blackwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collect clean water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater engineering.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection of clean water for drinking,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: (blackwater and greywater)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: micro-organisms. They also treat Water Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater engineering.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collection of clean water for drinking,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: endangering the population and environment around it.

text: Owing to drainage of surface and groundwater in the project area, which waters may be salinized and polluted by agricultural chemicals like biocides and fertilizers, the quality of the river water below the project area can deteriorate, which makes it less fit for industrial, municipal and household use. It may lead to reduced public health.

text: Owing to drainage of surface and groundwater in the project area, which waters may be salinized and polluted by agricultural chemicals like

text: biocides

text: and

text: fertilizer

text: s, the quality of the river water below the project area can deteriorate, which makes it less fit for industrial, municipal and household use. It may lead to reduced public health.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: biocides and fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use biocides

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: agricultural chemicals like biocides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: salinized

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: biocides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: industrial, municipal and household use.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: biocides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: biocides and fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Owing to drainage of surface and groundwater

text: Reducing the amount of pollution emitted from both point and non-point represents a direct method to address the source of water quality challenges. Pollution reduction represents a more direct and low-cost method to improve water quality, compared to costly and extensive wastewater treatment improvements.

text: Reducing the amount of pollution emitted from both point and non-point represents a direct method to address the source of water quality challenges. Pollution reduction represents a more direct and low-cost method to improve water quality, compared to costly and extensive wastewater treatment improvements.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-point

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reduce pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater treatment improvements.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point and non-point

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Reducing the amount of pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Pollution reduction

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Pollution reduction

text: In the 1980s, Massachusetts Bay, Wollaston Beach included, was one of the most polluted areas in the United States due to a waste-disposal system that discharged approximately 138 tons of waste each day into Boston Harbor, from the Nut Island plant at the end of Houghs Neck. The outfall pipe was known as the 'bubbler'. Officials permanently closed the beach to shell fishing and even swimmers. In 1982, the city of Quincy successfully sued the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for violating the Clean Water Act. The city of Quincy has been a leader in environmental cleanup around Massachusetts Bay and, in 1988, a program was established to help clean up Massachusetts Bay beaches, and testing along Wollaston Beach has demonstrated since 2006 that it is once again safe for swimming and recreation.

text: In the 1980s,

text: Massachusetts Bay

text: , Wollaston Beach included, was one of the most polluted areas in the

text: United States

text: due to a waste-disposal system that discharged approximately 138

text: ton

text: s of waste each day into Boston Harbor, from the Nut Island plant at the end of Houghs Neck. The outfall pipe was known as the 'bubbler'. Officials permanently closed the beach to shell fishing and even swimmers. In 1982, the city of Quincy successfully sued the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for violating the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The city of Quincy has been a leader in environmental cleanup around Massachusetts Bay and, in 1988, a program was established to help clean up Massachusetts Bay beaches, and testing along Wollaston Beach has demonstrated since 2006 that it is once again safe for swimming and recreation.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Nut Island plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nut Island plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the Clean Water Act protect?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up Massachusetts Bay beaches

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Nut Island plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nut Island plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Massachusetts Bay,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 138 tons of waste each day into Boston Harbor,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: shell fishing and even swimmers.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 138 tons of waste each day into Boston Harbor,

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pollution-related foam

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: foam,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: foam,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluents

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants

text: Utilizing wastewater from one processes to be used another in another process where lower-quality water is acceptable is one way to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution and simultaneously increase water supplies. Recycling and reuse techniques can include the reuse and treatment of wastewater water from industrial plant wastewater or treated service water (from mining) for use in lower quality uses. Similarly, wastewater re-use in commercial buildings (e.g. in toilets) and use of treated municipal wastewater (e.g. for industrial cooling).

text: Utilizing wastewater from one processes to be used another in another process where lower-quality water is acceptable is one way to reduce the amount of wastewater pollution and simultaneously increase water supplies. Recycling and reuse techniques can include the reuse and treatment of wastewater water from industrial plant wastewater or treated service water (from mining) for use in lower quality uses. Similarly, wastewater re-use in commercial buildings (e.g. in toilets) and use of treated municipal wastewater (e.g. for industrial cooling).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal wastewater

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial plant wastewater

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial plant wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: use in lower quality uses

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Utilizing wastewater from one processes to be used another in another process

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: reuse

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial plant wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: lower quality uses.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Utilizing wastewater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Utilizing wastewater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Utilizing wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Utilizing wastewater

text: Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Egypt using about 85% of available water.Drainage water from the agricultural fields contains pollutants such as pesticide residues, toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, salts and treated and untreated domestic wastewater.  In the East - Delta drains - Faraskour, Serw and Hadous, samples of the water contained high levels of hookworms and other intestinal helminth eggs.In villages where the only available water is from irrigation canals, women use the water for domestic purposes and also dump the used water back into the drainages.In some areas, low water levels do not reach the waterways, so farmers build illegal waterwheels to get the water up the canals to irrigate their land.  Lack of drainage canals and the enforcement by officials to address these problems contribute to pollution of land and water. Villagers drinking polluted water have been affected with kidney and liver diseases.Animal manure, dredged sediments from drains and sludge for fertilizer are leached and the contaminants are a major source of pollution.  Agricultural drainage water reuse is used by farmers legally and illegally.  Improper irrigation and lack of education on effective irrigation methods and crop production contributes to crop failure and polluting of canals.  In areas where there is no formal operational structure for pumping water of individual diesel pumps, the tail-end users usually are not getting enough water to maintain crops.

text: Agriculture

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the East - Delta

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: officials

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Animal manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: treated and untreated domestic wastewater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Delta drains

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: officials

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treated and untreated domestic wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: treated and untreated domestic wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water.Drainage water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: salts

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Agriculture

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: diseases.Animal manure,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dump the used water back into the drainages.In

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water.Drainage water

text: The Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors. Its aim is to protect the environment from any adverse effects due to discharge of such waters.

text: The

text: Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

text: concerns the collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors. Its aim is to protect the environment from any adverse effects due to discharge of such waters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Council

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial sectors

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collect it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial sectors.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: adverse effects due to discharge of such waters.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Council Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment

text: There are two main pollutants of water in Pristina: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste in water and have common canalization system. Industrial pollutants are the largest industrial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery pollutants. There are 6 individual pollutants in Prishtevka River, and 1 collective pollutant. There are 15 collective pollutants in Llapi River, and 7 individual pollutants. Sitnica River has 24 collective pollutants and 7 individual pollutants, and Gracanka River has 3 collective pollutants, and 1 individual pollutant. The table below shows the individualpollutants in Pristina and their landfills.

text: There are two main pollutants of water in Pristina: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste in water and have common canalization system. Industrial pollutants are the largest industrial pollutants, such as agriculture, chemicals, and ironmongery pollutants. There are 6 individual pollutants in Prishtevka River, and 1 collective pollutant. There are 15 collective pollutants in Llapi River, and 7 individual pollutants. Sitnica River has 24 collective pollutants and 7 individual pollutants, and Gracanka River has 3 collective pollutants, and 1 individual pollutant. The table below shows the individualpollutants in Pristina and their landfills.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pristina

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: canalization

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: collective pollutants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: canalization system

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: common canalization system.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pristina:

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: canalization system.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Collective pollutants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: collective pollutants and industrial pollutants. Collective pollutants are households and individuals that throw waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Industrial pollutants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Collective pollutants

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: canalization system.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Collective pollutants

text: Phosphates enter the water ways through both non-point sources and point sources. Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to water pollution from diffuse sources. Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location. The non-point sources of phosphates include: natural decomposition of rocks and minerals, storm water runoff, agricultural runoff, erosion and sedimentation, atmospheric deposition, and direct input by animals/wildlife; whereas: point sources may include: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges. In general, the non-point source pollution typically is significantly higher than the point sources of pollution. Therefore, the key to sound management is to limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate. High concentration of phosphate in water bodies is an indication of pollution and largely responsible for eutrophication.

text: Phosphates enter the water ways through both non-point sources and point sources. Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to water pollution from diffuse sources. Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location. The non-point sources of phosphates include: natural decomposition of rocks and minerals, storm water runoff, agricultural runoff, erosion and sedimentation, atmospheric deposition, and direct input by animals/wildlife; whereas: point sources may include: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges. In general, the non-point source pollution typically is significantly higher than the point sources of pollution. Therefore, the key to sound management is to limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate. High concentration of phosphate in water bodies is an indication of pollution and largely responsible for

text: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of waste water treatment plants?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphate

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: limit the input

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: waste water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste water treatment plants and permitted industrial discharges.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: non-point sources and point sources.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: direct input by animals/wildlife;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: limit the input from both point and non-point sources of phosphate.

text: Raw water can be used for many purposes, such as cooling water, water for rinsing and chemical production, purified water, and drinking water. However, due to the possible contaminants, raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use. There are several steps involved in the treatment of raw water, and different methods in which it can take place.

text: Raw water can be used for many purposes, such as

text: cooling water

text: , water for

text: rinsing

text: and

text: chemical

text: production,

text: purified water

text: , and

text: drinking water

text: . However, due to the possible

text: contaminant

text: s, raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use. There are several steps involved in the treatment of raw water, and different methods in which it can take place.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: raw water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: raw water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: purified water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Raw water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Raw water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Raw water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: raw water must be treated before it is allowed for human consumption or industrial use.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: raw water must be treated

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Raw water

text: Clean water, air, and land and a smaller carbon footprint are priorities of MWCOG's environmental programs. Through the Metropolitan Washington Air Quality Committee, which is the entity certified by the mayor of Washington, D.C. and the governors of Maryland and Virginia to prepare an air quality plan for the Washington Metropolitan Area under Section 174 of the federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, officials prepare clean air plans. These plans have led to steady improvement in regional air quality. The Council supports ongoing efforts to revitalize the Chesapeake Bay, the Anacostia River, and other local waterways as well as wastewater and stormwater planning, and water supply protection. MWCOG is also guiding the regional effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting alternative energy sources, energy conservation, and green building and fleet policies.

text: Clean water, air, and land and a smaller

text: carbon footprint

text: are priorities of MWCOG's environmental programs. Through the Metropolitan Washington Air Quality Committee, which is the entity certified by the mayor of

text: Washington, D.C.

text: and the governors of

text: Maryland

text: and

text: Virginia

text: to prepare an air quality plan for the

text: Washington Metropolitan Area

text: under Section 174 of the federal

text: Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

text: , officials prepare clean air plans. These plans have led to steady improvement in regional air quality. The Council supports ongoing efforts to revitalize the

text: Chesapeake Bay

text: , the

text: Anacostia River

text: , and other local waterways as well as

text: wastewater

text: and stormwater planning, and water supply protection. MWCOG is also guiding the regional effort to reduce

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions by promoting alternative energy sources, energy conservation, and green building and fleet policies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: MWCOG

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: green building and fleet policies

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Metropolitan Washington Air Quality Committee,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater and stormwater planning,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater and stormwater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: wastewater and stormwater planning, and water supply protection.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater and stormwater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater and stormwater planning,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: wastewater and stormwater planning, and water supply protection.

text: The Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater, despite efforts at reducing the pollution load undertaken since the 1980s. However, these efforts were dwarfed by new industrial plants, by lax enforcement and by the construction of dams further upstream so that less water was available for dilution. During the 1980s, the Guanting Reservoir was heavily polluted by the development of hotels without wastewater treatment on the shores of the reservoir, by aquaculture in the reservoir, as well as by iron ore mining in its basin. All these activities were shut down in the 1990s and 2000s to protect water quality in the reservoir. There have been substantial efforts to improve the water quality in the reservoir prior to the 2008 Olympics. There is little information on groundwater pollution, but some drinking water wells had to be shut down for "safety reasons".

text: The Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater, despite efforts at reducing the pollution load undertaken since the 1980s. However, these efforts were dwarfed by new industrial plants, by lax enforcement and by the construction of dams further upstream so that less water was available for dilution. During the 1980s, the Guanting Reservoir was heavily polluted by the development of hotels without wastewater treatment on the shores of the reservoir, by aquaculture in the reservoir, as well as by iron ore mining in its basin. All these activities were shut down in the 1990s and 2000s to protect water quality in the reservoir. There have been substantial efforts to improve the water quality in the reservoir prior to the

text: 2008 Olympics

text: . There is little information on groundwater pollution, but some drinking water wells had to be shut down for "safety reasons".

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Guanting Reservoir

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: new industrial plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: shut down activities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: industrial wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial plants,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water wells had to be shut down for "safety reasons".

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: shut down in the 1990s and 2000s

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Yongding Reservoir is heavily polluted by industrial wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: shut down

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: less water was available for dilution.

text: Droughts have the ability to reduce agriculture products and be the cause loss of crops and lives. Hence, reserving the refuge is of extreme importance in more ways than one. In order to conserve the drought refuge for these species, action needs to be taken that will effect short term and long term impacts that the drought have on the species that dwell on it for survival. In California, efforts to conserve the drought refuge there, include reserving water when possible. Water conservation is done in order to migrating bird populations (National Wildlife Refuge; March, 1, 2016). The National wildlife refuge also takes part in mowing, disking, spraying and controlled burns. These measures are taken in an effort to stop non-native vegetation from growing; this type of vegetation typically out grows the native when in drought. Thus, allowing for native vegetation to survive during drought, leading to the dependent species to forage on the available vegetation. The clean water act was passed in order to protect the American waters from pollution. Although the act does not protect all waters, it protects many bodies of water. When drought refuges are polluted, they become an even greater danger for the dwelling species. The clean water act is just one step in cleaning waters, and saving drought refuges "(The Clean Water Rule; National Wildlife Organization)."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does epa stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: National Wildlife Organization

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-native vegetation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The clean water act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The clean water act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: National Wildlife Organization)."

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean water act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Droughts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The clean water act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The clean water act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: mowing, disking, spraying and controlled burns.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The clean water act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The clean water act

text: Water pollution is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreatedsewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted.

text: Water pollution

text: is a major environmental issue in India. The largest source of water pollution in India is untreated

text: sewage

text: . Other sources of pollution include

text: agricultural runoff

text: and unregulated small scale industry. Most rivers, lakes and surface water in India are polluted.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water pollution is a major environmental issue in India.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: India.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreatedsewage. Other sources of pollution include agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreatedsewage.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreatedsewage.

text: California’s pioneering clean water act is the 1969 Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (Porter-Cologne Act). Through the Porter-Cologne Act, the State Water Board and the Regional Water Boards have been entrusted with broad duties and powers to preserve and enhance all beneficial uses of the state’s immensely complex waterscape. The Porter-Cologne Act is recognized as one of the nation’s strongest pieces of anti-pollution legislation, and was so influential that Congressional authors used sections of the Act as the basis for the Federal Clean Water Act.

text: California’s pioneering clean water act is the 1969 Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (Porter-Cologne Act). Through the Porter-Cologne Act, the State Water Board and the Regional Water Boards have been entrusted with broad duties and powers to preserve and enhance all beneficial uses of the state’s immensely complex waterscape. The Porter-Cologne Act is recognized as one of the nation’s strongest pieces of anti-pollution legislation, and was so influential that Congressional authors used sections of the Act as the basis for the

text: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the State Water Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the benefits of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Porter-Cologne

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the State Water Board and the Regional Water Boards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: State Water Board

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: anti-pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: legislation,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

text: Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than  of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris's liquid wastes.

text: Paris in its early history had only the Seine and

text: Bièvre

text: rivers for water. From 1809, the

text: Canal de l'Ourcq

text: provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer

text: Eugène Belgrand

text: , under

text: Napoleon III

text: , oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than  of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris's liquid wastes.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Paris

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: underground passageways

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use aqueducts

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Eugène Belgrand,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Eugène Belgrand,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: underground passageways

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: streets.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: less-polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: liquid wastes.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleaning of Paris's streets.

text: The Clean Water Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into "waters of the United States" with a valid permit. Because it is sometimes difficult to determine whether property contains waters of the United States, the United States Army Corps of Engineers issues jurisdictional determinations (on a case-by-case basis) that specify whether property contains waters of the United States. In this case, the United States Army Corps of Engineers issued a jurisdictional determination, which stated that property owned by peat mine operators in Marshall County, Minnesota included waters of the United States because it contained wetlands that "had a 'significant nexus' to the Red River of the North". The mine operators filed suit to challenge the Corps's jurisdictional determination under the Administrative Procedure Act, but the district court ruled that it could not exercise subject matter jurisdiction because the jurisdictional determination did not constitute "final agency action". The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed the district court's ruling, and the Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari to review the case.

text: The Clean Water Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into "waters of the United States" with a valid permit. Because it is sometimes difficult to determine whether property contains waters of the United States, the United States Army Corps of Engineers issues jurisdictional determinations (on a case-by-case basis) that specify whether property contains waters of the United States. In this case, the United States Army Corps of Engineers issued a jurisdictional determination, which stated that property owned by

text: peat

text: mine operators in

text: Marshall County, Minnesota

text: included waters of the United States because it contained wetlands that "had a 'significant nexus' to the

text: Red River of the North

text: ". The mine operators filed suit to challenge the Corps's jurisdictional determination under the Administrative Procedure Act, but the district court ruled that it could not exercise

text: subject matter jurisdiction

text: because the jurisdictional determination did not constitute "final agency action". The

entity_name: United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

text: United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

text: reversed the district court's ruling, and the Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari to review the case.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: peat mine

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Administrative Procedure Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a valid permit.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: peat mine operators

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a valid permit.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: Without appropriate awareness of marine pollution, the necessary global will to effectively address the issues may prove inadequate. Balanced information on the sources and harmful effects of marine pollution need to become part of general public awareness, and ongoing research is required to fully establish, and keep current, the scope of the issues. As expressed in Daoji and Dag’s research, one of the reasons why environmental concern is lacking among the Chinese is because the public awareness is low and therefore should be targeted. Likewise, regulation, based upon such in-depth research should be employed. In California, such regulations have already been put in place to protect Californian coastal waters from agricultural runoff. This includes the California Water Code, as well as several voluntary programs. Similarly, in India, several tactics have been employed that help reduce marine pollution, however, they do not significantly target the problem. In Chennai, sewage has been dumped further into open waters. Due to the mass of waste being deposited, open-ocean is best for diluting, and dispersing pollutants, thus making them less harmful to marine ecosystems.

text: Without appropriate awareness of marine pollution, the necessary global will to effectively address the issues may prove inadequate. Balanced information on the sources and harmful effects of marine pollution need to become part of general public awareness, and ongoing research is required to fully establish, and keep current, the scope of the issues. As expressed in Daoji and Dag’s research, one of the reasons why environmental concern is lacking among the Chinese is because the public awareness is low and therefore should be targeted. Likewise, regulation, based upon such in-depth research should be employed. In California, such regulations have already been put in place to protect Californian coastal waters from agricultural runoff. This includes the California Water Code, as well as several voluntary programs. Similarly, in India, several tactics have been employed that help reduce marine pollution, however, they do not significantly target the problem. In

text: Chennai

text: , sewage has been dumped further into open waters. Due to the mass of waste being deposited, open-ocean is best for diluting, and dispersing pollutants, thus making them less harmful to marine ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: California Water Code

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: open-ocean

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of sewage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect Californian coastal waters

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: California Water Code,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: open-ocean

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Without appropriate awareness of marine pollution,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: open-ocean

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: voluntary programs.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: open-ocean

text: Water pollution in New Zealand is an increasing concern for environmentalists and regulatory bodies. An increase in dairy farming in New Zealand is linked to an increase in water pollution, and siltation due to land clearance has affected lakes, rivers, caves and bays. While pollution from point sources has been reduced, diffuse pollution such as nutrients, pathogens and sediments from intensive farming and from stormwater in towns is not under control. There are more than 800 water quality monitoring sites around New Zealand that are regularly sampled.

text: Water pollution

text: in

text: New Zealand

text: is an increasing concern for environmentalists and regulatory bodies. An increase in

text: dairy farming in New Zealand

text: is linked to an increase in water pollution, and siltation due to

text: land clearance

text: has affected lakes, rivers, caves and bays. While pollution from point sources has been reduced, diffuse pollution such as nutrients, pathogens and sediments from intensive farming and from stormwater in towns is not under control. There are more than 800 water quality monitoring sites around New Zealand that are regularly sampled.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: regulatory bodies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sampling

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: intensive farming

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water quality monitoring sites?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: not under control

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water pollution in New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: regulatory bodies.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: intensive farming

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water pollution in New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrients, pathogens and sediments

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: diffuse pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: diffuse pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dairy farming

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: diffuse pollution

text: Israel is one on the world’s most densely populated countries, with most people living in the center and on the Mediterranean Coast. Israel’s total population is approximately 8,174,527, with an annual growth rate of 1.53%. Some authors suggest this rapid population growth is a product of pro-natal/immigration policies pursued by the Israel government throughout its formative years. However, with little room to expand this rate of growth is putting unsustainable pressure on the environment in the form of increased consumption, transportation, destruction of natural spaces and waste production. On the Coastal Plain, rapid urbanization, pollution, the introduction of predatory weeds and habitat fragmentation have damaged or destroyed many natural spaces. Reduction in public beach space, and pollution along the coastlines of the Mediterranean and Red Sea have forced the Israeli government to pursue varied cleanup and inspection programs, including being party to the Mediterranean Action Plan. Additionally, air pollution has been exacerbated by population growth. Despite reductions in per-capita emissions from the transportation and industrial sectors, population growth has led to an overall increase in air pollution. According to a report by the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection, the pressure exerted by Israel’s growing population needs to be reduced in order to prevent the loss of open spaces and ecological corridors near and between surface water bodies.

text: Israel is one on the world’s most densely populated countries, with most people living in the center and on the Mediterranean Coast. Israel’s total population is approximately 8,174,527, with an annual growth rate of 1.53%. Some authors suggest this rapid population growth is a product of pro-natal/immigration policies pursued by the Israel government throughout its formative years. However, with little room to expand this rate of growth is putting unsustainable pressure on the environment in the form of increased consumption, transportation, destruction of natural spaces and waste production. On the Coastal Plain, rapid urbanization, pollution, the introduction of predatory weeds and habitat fragmentation have damaged or destroyed many natural spaces. Reduction in public beach space, and pollution along the coastlines of the Mediterranean and Red Sea have forced the Israeli government to pursue varied cleanup and inspection programs, including being party to the

text: Mediterranean Action Plan

text: . Additionally, air pollution has been exacerbated by population growth. Despite reductions in per-capita emissions from the transportation and industrial sectors, population growth has led to an overall increase in air pollution. According to a report by the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection, the pressure exerted by Israel’s growing population needs to be reduced in order to prevent the loss of open spaces and ecological corridors near and between surface water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Mediterranean Action Plan

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: production

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: be part to the Mediterranean Action Plan

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Mediterranean Action Plan.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleanup

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: rapid urbanization, pollution, the introduction of predatory weeds

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 8,174,527,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: surface water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste production.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: urbanization,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent the loss of open spaces and ecological corridors

text: The Water Quality Act of 1965 had a major impact on controlling water pollution in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.

text: The

text: Water Quality Act

text: of 1965 had a major impact on controlling

text: water pollution

text: in the Connecticut River and its tributaries.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Connecticut River

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Connecticut River

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Water Quality Act of 1965

text: A backflow prevention device is used to protect potable water supplies from contamination or pollution due to backflow.

text: A backflow prevention device is used to protect

text: potable water

text: supplies from contamination or pollution due to

text: backflow

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Environment Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: backflow prevention devices

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: backflow

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: a backflow prevention device is used to protect potable water supplies

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install backflow prevention devices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: backflow.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: A backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contamination or pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: A backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: A backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: backflow prevention device

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: backflow prevention device

text: The Clean Water Protection Act () was a bill introduced in the 111th United States Congress via the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. It proposed to redefine "fill material" to not include mining "waste" under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

text: The Clean Water Protection Act () was a

text: bill

text: introduced in the

text: 111th United States Congress

text: via the

entity_name: United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment

text: House of Representatives Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment

text: , of the

entity_name: United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

text: Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

text: . It proposed to redefine "fill material" to not include mining "waste" under the

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: fill material

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mining "waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Protection

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water Resources and Environment,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mining "waste"

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: "waste" under the Federal Water Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Protection Act

text: Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

text: Environmental engineers

text: conduct hazardous-waste management studies to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of

text: acid rain

text: , global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal water supply

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: hazardous-waste management studies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile exhausts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: hazardous-waste management studies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile exhausts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent mishaps.

text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of Best Available Techniques ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

text: Within the current regulatory framework, Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) is a regime for controlling pollution from certain industrial activities. The regime introduces the concept of

text: Best Available Techniques

text: ("BAT") to environmental regulations. Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities to prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels, pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities. The Best Available Techniques also aim to balance the cost to the operator against benefits to the environment.The system of Pollution Prevention and Control is replacing that of Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) (which was established by the Environmental Protection Act 1990) and is taking effect between 2000 and 2007. The Pollution Prevention and Control regime implements the European Directive (EC/96/61) on integrated pollution prevention and control.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Act 1990

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Best Available Techniques

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use the BAT

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Act 1990)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Best Available Techniques

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial activities.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Pollution Prevention and Control

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution to air, land and water from industrial activities.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Integrated Pollution Control

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Operators must use the BAT to control pollution from their industrial activities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent, and where that is not practicable, to reduce to acceptable levels,

text: The environmental benefits of WQT programs are also numerous. First, habitats and ecosystems are protected and/or improved. Second, water quality objectives are able to be achieved in a timely manner. Third, there is incentive for innovation and creation of pollution prevention technologies. Finally, nonpoint sources are included in solving water quality problems. Social benefits include dialog among watershed stakeholders and incentives for all dischargers to reduce their pollution.

text: The environmental benefits of WQT programs are also numerous. First, habitats and ecosystems are protected and/or improved. Second, water quality objectives are able to be achieved in a timely manner. Third, there is incentive for innovation and creation of pollution prevention technologies. Finally, nonpoint sources are included in solving water quality problems. Social benefits include dialog among watershed stakeholders and incentives for all dischargers to reduce their pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: create pollution prevention technologies

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pollution prevention technologies.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: WQT programs

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution prevention technologies.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water quality objectives are able to be achieved in a timely manner.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water quality objectives are able to be achieved in a timely manner.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: habitats and ecosystems are protected and/or improved.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reduce their pollution.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution prevention

text: By the mid-nineteenth century, several communities had grown up along the River as mill towns and commercial centers: Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Parchment, Plainwell, and Otsego. After the Civil War and into the 20th century, various industries, from cereal production to pharmaceuticals to automobile parts, flourished. Several communities became sites for paper production, which used the river for water intake and waste discharge. Deinking practices no longer in use led to PCB contamination of the river. Sewage effluent, other industrial discharges, and trash also contributed to the pollution of the river. For many years in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, the river was an "eyesore" and most people did their best to avoid it. Beginning in the 1970s with the federal Clean Water Act, serious efforts were made to clean up the river. Although today the river is cleaner, the persistent PCB contamination has led to Superfund designation of a  section from Kalamazoo to Allegan Dam. Many species of fish inhabit the river, including smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, catfish, carp, and many types of panfish. Though populations have increased in recent years due to the cleanup of the river, it is still advised for people to not eat large amounts of fish from the Kalamazoo River, and pregnant women are also advised not to eat any fish from the river due to lingering effects of the pollution in the diets of many fish (particularly bottom feeding fish like catfish which can accumulate high levels of mercury).

text: By the mid-nineteenth century, several communities had grown up along the River as mill towns and commercial centers: Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Parchment, Plainwell, and Otsego. After the Civil War and into the 20th century, various industries, from cereal production to pharmaceuticals to automobile parts, flourished. Several communities became sites for paper production, which used the river for water intake and waste discharge.

text: Deinking

text: practices no longer in use led to

text: PCB

text: contamination of the river. Sewage effluent, other industrial discharges, and trash also contributed to the pollution of the river. For many years in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, the river was an "eyesore" and most people did their best to avoid it. Beginning in the 1970s with the federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: , serious efforts were made to clean up the river. Although today the river is cleaner, the persistent PCB contamination has led to

text: Superfund

text: designation of a  section from Kalamazoo to Allegan Dam. Many species of fish inhabit the river, including

text: smallmouth bass

text: largemouth bass

text: catfish

text: carp

text: , and many types of panfish. Though populations have increased in recent years due to the cleanup of the river, it is still advised for people to not eat large amounts of fish from the Kalamazoo River, and pregnant women are also advised not to eat any fish from the river due to lingering effects of the pollution in the diets of many fish (particularly bottom feeding fish like catfish which can accumulate high levels of

text: mercury

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Deinking

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Deinking

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: trash

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: paper production, which used the river for water intake and waste discharge.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste discharge. Deinking practices no longer in use led to PCB

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Deinking practices no longer in use led to PCB contamination of the river.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Deinking practices no longer in use led to PCB contamination of the river.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: most people did their best to avoid it.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act,

text: Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Such designs may employ solar water disinfection methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide  photocatalyst, typically supported TiO in its anatase or rutile phases. Despite progress in SODIS technology, military surplus water treatment units like the ERDLator are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.

text: Appropriate technology

text: options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale

text: point-of-use

text: (POU) designs. Such designs may employ

text: solar water disinfection

text: methods, using solar irradiation to inactivate harmful waterborne microorganisms directly, mainly by the UV-A component of the solar spectrum, or indirectly through the presence of an oxide

text: photocatalyst

text: , typically supported

text: TiO

text: in its

text: anatase

text: or

text: rutile

text: phases. Despite progress in

text: SODIS

text: technology, military surplus water treatment units like the

text: ERDLator

text: are still frequently used in developing countries. Newer military style

entity_section: Military use: the Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit

text: Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit

text: s (ROWPU) are portable, self-contained water treatment plants are becoming more available for public use.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: community-scale

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: solar water disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use solar water disinfection methods

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: community-scale and household-scale point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: SODIS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: community-scale and household-scale point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful waterborne microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: ERDLator are still frequently used in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: community-scale and household-scale point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: solar water disinfection methods,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Appropriate technology options in water treatment

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at Regulation of ship pollution in the United States) - meaning that a common and important class of water pollution is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at

entity_name: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: ) - meaning that a common and important class of

text: water pollution

text: is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: vessels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid certain classes of materials

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Regulatory regimes

text: Tailings from froth flotation contain high concentrations of heavy metals, including aluminum, which have toxic effects of aquatic organisms. As a result, the disposal of these tailings into Lower Slate Lake is eligible for a section 402 permit for discharge of a pollutant from the EPA (NPDES permit). The nature of the tailings also justifies their categorization as a fill material, or a “material [that] has the effect of… changing the bottom elevation” of a water body. Consequently, Coeur Alaska was also eligible for a "Dredge and Fill" permit from the Army Corps of Engineers under CWA section 404. The company applied for this latter permit and received authorization from the Corps to dump the tailings into Lower Slate Lake. The Southeast Alaska Conservation Council contended that disposal of the tailings is explicitly banned by section 306(e) of the Clean Water Act, and would therefore make Coeur Alaska ineligible for a NPDES permit.

text: Tailings from froth flotation contain high concentrations of heavy metals, including aluminum, which have toxic effects of aquatic organisms. As a result, the disposal of these tailings into Lower Slate Lake is eligible for a section 402 permit for discharge of a pollutant from the EPA (NPDES permit). The nature of the tailings also justifies their categorization as a fill material, or a “material [that] has the effect of… changing the bottom elevation” of a water body. Consequently, Coeur Alaska was also eligible for a "Dredge and Fill" permit from the Army Corps of Engineers under CWA section 404. The company applied for this latter permit and received authorization from the Corps to dump the tailings into Lower Slate Lake. The Southeast Alaska Conservation Council contended that disposal of the tailings is explicitly banned by section 306(e) of the Clean Water Act, and would therefore make Coeur Alaska ineligible for a NPDES permit.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Dredge and Fill

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Dredge and Fill

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: froth flotation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: aluminum,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Tailings from froth flotation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Tailings from froth flotation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Tailings from froth flotation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: banned by section 306(e) of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Tailings from froth flotation

text: The MWRD began recovering phosphorus and nitrogen from its Stickney Water Reclamation Plant in the fall of 2015. Environmental advocate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. spoke Oct. 8 in Chicago about the significant benefits nutrient recovery will provide to Chicago area watersheds. “Nutrient pollution is the number one challenge facing this country’s waterways,” said Kennedy. “So it isextremely encouraging to see the largest wastewater treatment plant in the world in one of our largest urban centers take a leading role by implementing Ostara’s advanced nutrient recovery technology to recover phosphorus and nitrogen from their wastewater streams. This will not only reduce their nutrient load but help protect precious area waterways that are part of Mississippi River basin.” Kennedy shared the stage at the Water Environment Federation’s 86th Annual Technical Exhibition & Conference (WEFTEC) with MWRD Chairman of Finance Mariyana Spyropoulos and Executive Director David St. Pierre, who officially announced that the MWRD will complete the installation of Ostara’s nutrient recovery technology at the Stickney Water Reclamation Plant in Cicero, IL, within two years, when WEFTEC returns to Chicago. According to the United Nations Environmental Program, nutrient pollution is among the biggestenvironmental problems of the 21st century, and the US Environmental Protection Agency has statedthat the “the problem of nutrient pollution is nationally significant, expanding, and likely to substantially accelerate.” Excess nutrients promote algae blooms and create dead zones, which can have devastating effects on local ecosystems and economies. The MWRD’s nutrient recovery facility will greatly reduce its nutrient effluent load to the Mississippi river basin, in turn, reducing its impact on hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Ostara’s technology recovers phosphorus and nitrogen from municipal and industrial wastewaterstreams and transforms them into an environmentally responsible, enhanced efficiency fertilizer called Crystal Green, which is used by growers in the agriculture, turf and ornamental sectors throughout North America and in Europe. The MWRD has partnered with Black & Veatch and Ostara to design and build the nutrient recoveryfacility at the Stickney Plant.  Once fully operational in 2015, the plant will be the largest such facility in the world, with the potential capacity to produce between 10,000 and 15,000 tons of Crystal Green fertilizer annually. “The MWRD’s decision to install a nutrient recovery facility is at the forefront of a growing trend we’re seeing within the wastewater treatment sector,” said F. Phillip Abrary, president and CEO of Ostara. “Increasingly, these utilities see themselves as more than simply water treatment plants. Rather, they are resource recovery centers, recycling water, energy and nutrients for beneficial reuse. Our technology helps them fulfill this mandate by recovering phosphorus and nitrogen in a way that is both economically and environmentally sustainable.” Advising the project team is Dr. James L. Barnard, Water Global Practice and Technology Leader at Black and Veatch, and often referred to as “The Father of Biological Nutrient Removal.” According to Dr. Barnard, phosphorus is a non-renewable resource that is critical to farming and food production. “Nothing grows without it but too much of it can negatively impact water quality,” said Barnard.“Biological nutrient removal enables us to address water quality challenges and recover this precious nutrient for beneficial reuse purposes.” “Technologies like Ostara’s are really miracle technologies,” added Kennedy.  “Not only does the process help protect waterways by removing the nutrients from wastewater streams, but the resulting fertilizer, Crystal Green, further reduces nutrient loss due to leaching and runoff because it is highly waterinsoluble and instead releases nutrients in response to plant demand.”

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Ostara’s technology recovers phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Ostara’s technology recovers phosphorus and nitrogen from municipal and industrial wastewaterstreams and transforms them into an environmentally responsible, enhanced efficiency fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: eat less

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Ostara’s technology recovers phosphorus and nitrogen from municipal and industrial wastewaterstreams and transforms them into an environmentally responsible, enhanced efficiency fertilizer called Crystal Green.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: US Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: recovering phosphorus and nitrogen from its Stickney Water Reclamation Plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Stickney Plant.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Stickney Plant.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nutrient load

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reducing its impact on hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. The act’s primary mechanism for controlling pollutant discharges is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, authorized in Section 402. In accordance with the NPDES program, pollutant discharges from point sources — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. While sewage is defined as a pollutant under the act, sewage from vessels is exempt from this statutory definition and is therefore exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit. Further, EPA regulations implementing the NPDES permit program provide that “discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels” are excluded from regulation and thus from permit requirements. However, a 2006 federal court ruling could result in changes to these regulations that would remove the current permitting exemption (see discussion of "Ballast water").

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s

text: stream

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: estuaries

text: , and

text: coastal waters

text: . The act’s primary mechanism for controlling pollutant discharges is the

entity_section: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) program, authorized in Section 402. In accordance with the NPDES program, pollutant discharges from

text: point sources

text: — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. While

text: sewage

text: is defined as a pollutant under the act, sewage from vessels is exempt from this statutory definition and is therefore exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit. Further, EPA regulations implementing the NPDES permit program provide that “discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels” are excluded from regulation and thus from permit requirements. However, a 2006 federal court ruling could result in changes to these regulations that would remove the current permitting exemption (see discussion of "

text: Ballast water

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtaining a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of sewage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: obtain a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit has been obtained.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage is defined as a pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: limiting polluting activity

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated feedlots and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to air, water and soil pollution. Combined, the poultry, pork and beef industries produce six to ten times more waste than humans.  The Environmental Protection Agency also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals (including hormones and antibiotics) which runoff and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of gases and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

text: The overproduction and low cost of commodity grains encourages the  mass production of livestock in concentrated

text: feedlots

text: and has led to large expansions in cattle feedlots, hog factories and broiler productions. The USDA provides marketing assistance to agriculture, encouraging Americans to drink more milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat. Encouraging the increased consumption of these foods heightens the demand for commodity corn, since one of its main usages is animal feed. Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations contributes to

text: air

text: water

text: and

text: soil pollution

text: . Combined, the

text: poultry

text: pork

text: and

text: beef

text: industries produce six to ten times more

text: waste

text: than humans.  The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: also explains that waste from animals from factory farms contains

text: phosphorus

text: nitrogen

text: pathogens

text: and veterinary

text: pharmaceuticals

text: (including

text: hormones

text: and

text: antibiotics

text: ) which

text: runoff

text: and pollute the soil and water. Emissions of

text: gases

text: and particulates from the animals also pollute the air.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste from animals from factory farms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the USDA provide marketing assistance to?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drink more milk

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: milk, eat more eggs and eat more meat.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Large scale expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: six to ten times more waste than humans.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drink more milk,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: phosphorus, nitrogen, pathogens and veterinary pharmaceuticals

text: In the United States, Water Quality Standards are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA. These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a state environmental agency. EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the pollutant(s) impairing the use of the water. These TMDLs establish the reductions needed to fully support the designated uses.

text: In the United States,

text: Water Quality Standards

text: are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) requires each governing jurisdiction (states, territories, and covered tribal entities) to submit a set of biennial reports on the quality of water in their area. These reports are known as the 303(d) and 305(b) reports, named for their respective CWA provisions, and are submitted to, and approved by, EPA. These reports are completed by the governing jurisdiction, typically a

text: state environmental agency

text: . EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: s (TMDLs) for the pollutant(s) impairing the use of the water. These TMDLs establish the reductions needed to fully support the designated uses.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state agencies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 303(d) and 305(b)

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: TMDLs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: develop a management plan

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state agencies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Total Maximum Daily Loads

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Total Maximum Daily Loads

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water supply, recreational use).

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant(s)

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use).

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Total Maximum Daily Loads

text: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has observed that the polluter pays principle has typically not been fully implemented in US laws and programs. For example, drinking water and sewage treatment services are subsidized and there are limited mechanisms in place to fully assess polluters for treatment costs.

text: The US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) has observed that the polluter pays principle has typically not been fully implemented in

text: US laws

text: and programs. For example,

text: drinking water

text: and

text: sewage treatment

text: services are

text: subsidized

text: and there are limited mechanisms in place to fully assess polluters for treatment costs.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: subsidized

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage treatment services

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pay for treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment services

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: polluters

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the polluter pays principle

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: polluter pays principle

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: polluter pays

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the polluter pays principle

text: Pursuant to Act 472 of 1949, as amended, ADEQ has the power to issue permits “to prevent, control or abate pollution.” Therefore, any waste-disposal system that does not discharge directly into the waters of the State must be operated under the terms and conditions of a no-discharge water permit. An example of a no-discharge permit is a UIC well permit. Other no-discharge permits are required for land application, land farming, and subsurface disposal of water-treatment-plant residuals, and industrial and animal wastes.

text: Pursuant to Act 472 of 1949, as amended, ADEQ has the power to issue permits “to prevent, control or abate pollution.” Therefore, any waste-disposal system that does not discharge directly into the waters of the State must be operated under the terms and conditions of a no-discharge water permit. An example of a no-discharge permit is a UIC well permit. Other no-discharge permits are required for land application, land farming, and subsurface disposal of water-treatment-plant residuals, and industrial and animal wastes.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ADEQ

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: no-discharge water permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and animal wastes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: no-discharge water permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: “to prevent, control or abate pollution.”

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ADEQ

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a no-discharge water permit.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and animal wastes.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no-discharge water permit.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.”

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no-discharge water permit.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no-discharge water permit.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: no-discharge water permit.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent, control or abate pollution.”

text: With the establishment of the water authorities in April 1974, England and Wales had, for the first time, organisations which were responsible for all aspects of the management of water within a geographical region, defined by a river basin or a series of river basins. As well as the management of water resources, which they inherited from the river authorities, they were also responsible for water supply and the disposal of effluent. Most uses of water are interconnected, since the removal of water from a river for spray irrigation reduces the amount of water available for drinking water supply, and the pollution of a river by sewage prevents such a use. Most drinking water supplies had been managed by local authorities, but the Central Advisory Water Committee, which reported in 1971, had found that this system was inflexible, and the new water authorities took over 157 water supply undertakings from local authorities and joint water boards. Some thirty independent water supply companies remained, but operated under agency agreements with the new bodies.

text: With the establishment of the water authorities in April 1974, England and Wales had, for the first time, organisations which were responsible for all aspects of the management of water within a geographical region, defined by a river basin or a series of river basins. As well as the management of water resources, which they inherited from the river authorities, they were also responsible for water supply and the disposal of effluent. Most uses of water are interconnected, since the removal of water from a river for spray irrigation reduces the amount of water available for drinking water supply, and the pollution of a river by sewage prevents such a use. Most drinking water supplies had been managed by local authorities, but the

text: Central Advisory Water Committee

text: , which reported in 1971, had found that this system was inflexible, and the new water authorities took over 157 water supply undertakings from local authorities and joint water boards. Some thirty independent water supply companies remained, but operated under agency agreements with the new bodies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: England and Wales

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Advisory Water Committee

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: management of water resources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Advisory Water Committee,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disposal

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the removal of water from a river for spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: effluent.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: spray irrigation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the removal of water from a river for spray irrigation

text: There are three primary federal laws effecting NPS water pollution: the Clean Water Act, the Clean Water Action Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Act.

text: There are three primary federal laws effecting NPS water pollution: the Clean Water Act, the Clean Water Action Plan, and the Coastal Zone Management Act.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: NPS

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Action Plan,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Action Plan,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Coastal Zone Management Act.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution:

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Coastal Zone Management Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Coastal Zone Management Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act, the Clean Water Action Plan,

text: The reasonable use of the water by a riparian owner is subject to the downstream riparian owners 'riparian right' to receive waters undiminished in flow and quality. Since all surface waters eventually flow to the public ocean, federal regulatory authority under the Clean Waters Act, like the Clean Air Act, extends beyond only public (navigable) waters to prevent downstream pollution.

text: The reasonable use of the water by a riparian owner is subject to the downstream riparian owners 'riparian right' to receive waters undiminished in flow and quality. Since all surface waters eventually flow to the public ocean, federal regulatory authority under the Clean Waters Act, like the Clean Air Act, extends beyond only public (navigable) waters to prevent downstream pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal regulatory authority

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: riparian owner

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Waters Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Waters Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Waters Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The reasonable use of the water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: riparian owner

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The reasonable use of the water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: federal regulatory authority under the Clean Waters Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Waters Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Waters Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent downstream pollution.

text: The definition of NPS water pollution is open to interpretation. However, federal regulation under the CWA provides a specific legal definition for the term. A "nonpoint source" is defined as any source of water pollution that is not a "point source" as defined in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act.  That definition states: "The term 'point source' means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

text: The definition of NPS water pollution is open to interpretation. However, federal regulation under the CWA provides a specific legal definition for the term. A "nonpoint source" is defined as any source of water pollution that is not a "point source" as defined in section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act.  That definition states: "The term 'point source' means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal regulation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural storm water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural storm water discharges and return flows from irrigated agriculture."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "nonpoint source"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "nonpoint source"

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "nonpoint source"

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: irrigated agriculture."

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "nonpoint source"

text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called Thermal Pollution. Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

text: Due to the year round cooling process,the warm water has an affect on the environment called

text: Thermal Pollution

text: . Thermal pollution is defined as "a rise in the temperature of rivers and lakes that is injurious to water-dwelling life, and is caused by the disposal of heated industrial waste water." One effect that thermal pollution has, is it reduces the levels of

text: Dissolved Oxygen

text: in the water. The dissolved oxygen reduces the amount of oxygen in the water that plants and animals need to survive. Warm water also provokes the spread of algae in the water which can also reduce levels of oxygen. Another effect that thermal pollution has on the environment is it increases the metabolic rate of organisms. "Increasing enzyme activity occurs that causes organisms to consume more food than what is normally required... It disrupts the stability of the food chain and (can) alter the balance of species composition." However, it is hard to tell if the thermal pollution from the plant is affecting the environment to the point where plants and animals are dying off. While many people are attracted to the lake for the warm water and  fishing, others refuse to go near the lake due to the possible toxicants it may carry.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial waste water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial waste water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Which of the following is not a type of water: drinking or spreading on grass?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: go near the lake

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Thermal Pollution.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial waste water."

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disposal of heated industrial waste water."

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heated industrial waste water."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxicants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: refuse to go near the lake

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduces the levels of Dissolved Oxygen

text: The Reducing Regulatory Burdens Act of 2013 would amend the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA)) to prohibit the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or a state from requiring a permit under the CWA for a discharge from a point source into navigable waters of a pesticide authorized for sale, distribution, or use under FIFRA, or the residue of such a pesticide, resulting from the application of such pesticide.

text: The Reducing Regulatory Burdens Act of 2013 would amend the

entity_name: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

text: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

text: (FIFRA) and the

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: (commonly known as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA)) to prohibit the Administrator of the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) or a state from requiring a permit under the CWA for a discharge from a point source into

text: navigable waters

text: of a

text: pesticide

text: authorized for sale, distribution, or use under FIFRA, or the residue of such a pesticide, resulting from the application of such pesticide.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the CWA mean?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge from a point source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Reducing Regulatory Burdens Act of 2013

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Reducing Regulatory Burdens Act of 2013

text: Congressman Rush hosted a town hall meeting at the Oak Forest Hospital on Saturday, May 9, 2009 where he questioned the USEPA, IEPA & CDC on the Crestwood Water contamination situation. About 400 people turned out for a public forum where federal officials continued to answer the public's questions about the village of Crestwood's secret use of a polluted well. "Crestwood residents rally for justice, determine next steps" was the title on Congressman Rush's press release promoting the meeting. The official press release stated "On Saturday, May 9, U.S. Rep. Bobby L. Rush (IL-01) will host an urgent town hall meeting from 12 noon. to 2 p.m. where he will question the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on why the Village of Crestwood continued to give its residents contaminated tap water despite being warned the source of the water was polluted with a cancer-causing toxin." The press release continued to detail Congressman Rush's concerns "participants include USPEA representatives Tinka Hyde, director of the water division in Region 5, and Thomas Poy, chief groundwater and drinking water branch of the agency: IEPA Director Douglas P. Scott, Chief Toxicologist Dr. Tom Hornshaw and Deputy Manager, Division of Public Water Rick Cobb; CDC Senior Environmental health Scientist Mark Johnson of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Citizens will also have the opportunity to question government officials."

entity_name: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: . Citizens will also have the opportunity to question government officials."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cancer-causing toxin

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted well.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cancer-causing toxin."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: contaminated tap water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: cancer-causing toxin."

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: contaminated tap water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 400

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: contaminated tap water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: contaminated tap water

text: Pollution and environment<br>Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, landfill fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the seaport also contribute to water pollution. Much of the seafront, however, is considered to be safe and clean.

text: Pollution and environment<br>Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires,

text: landfill

text: fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the

text: seaport

text: also contribute to water pollution. Much of the seafront, however, is considered to be safe and clean.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: A water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the seafront

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: metropolitan area.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Jeddah,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: A water treatment factory and the seaport

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: A water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: br>Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment factory

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water treatment factory

text: Hobbs spent these early years of family life in law school at the UC Berkeley School of Law, completing his degree in 1971. He then clerked for Judge William Edward Doyle of the Tenth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver for a year before briefly returning to California. In 1973, the Hobbs family returned to Denver for good. Hobbs worked for the newly formed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for nearly two years and then the Natural Resources Section of the Colorado Attorney General's Office for almost four. At both organizations, he worked on environmental law, aimed at cleaning up polluted water and air, including Denver's "brown cloud." He concluded his time at the Attorney General's Office as special prosecutor and acting director of the Medicaid Fraud Unit.

text: Hobbs spent these early years of family life in law school at the

text: UC Berkeley School of Law

text: , completing his degree in 1971. He then clerked for Judge

text: William Edward Doyle

text: of the Tenth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver for a year before briefly returning to California. In 1973, the Hobbs family returned to Denver for good. Hobbs worked for the newly formed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for nearly two years and then the Natural Resources Section of the Colorado Attorney General's Office for almost four. At both organizations, he worked on environmental law, aimed at cleaning up polluted water and air, including Denver's "brown cloud." He concluded his time at the Attorney General's Office as special prosecutor and acting director of the Medicaid Fraud Unit.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: brown cloud

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: "brown cloud."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: cleaning up polluted water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: UC Berkeley School of Law, completing his degree in 1971.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: environmental law,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleaning up polluted

text: At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory. Each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point-source pollution, such as from industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.

text: At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory. Each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point-source pollution, such as from industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection legislation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste management

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industry or commercial activities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection legislation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state legislative acts

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste management.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industry or commercial activities,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: point-source pollution,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: point-source pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste management.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: States also create regulation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: point-source pollution,

text: Other than near its source, the Liane's water quality was mediocre to highly polluted during the years 1980-1990, mainly as a result of industrial and urban waste. Towns and industries are now polluting less, but ploughing has conquered land from farming and pasture which have been pushed back in this region, and farmland erosion and fields which are kept barren in winter and autumn are a cause of the Liane's almost constant turbidity. In 2005, the Liane remained turbid and its French water quality grade insatisfaisante (unsatisfactory), with too much nitrates and organic substances from Carly onwards, according to the water agency. At the mouth at Boulogne, the Liane's waters are graded as mauvaise (bad), with all the indicators being bad: macro-pollutants, organic and oxidizable substances, azot substances (nitrates) and phosphoric substances.

text: Other than near its

text: source

text: , the Liane's water quality was mediocre to highly

text: polluted

text: during the years 1980-1990, mainly as a result of

text: industrial

text: and

text: urban waste

text: . Towns and industries are now polluting less, but ploughing has conquered land from farming and pasture which have been pushed back in this region, and farmland erosion and fields which are kept barren in winter and autumn are a cause of the Liane's almost constant turbidity. In 2005, the Liane remained turbid and its French water quality grade insatisfaisante (unsatisfactory), with too much nitrates and organic substances from Carly onwards, according to the water agency. At the mouth at Boulogne, the Liane's waters are graded as mauvaise (bad), with all the indicators being bad: macro-pollutants, organic and oxidizable substances, azot substances (nitrates) and phosphoric substances.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and urban waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphoric substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ploughing

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water agency.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water agency.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: source,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and urban waste.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: mediocre to highly polluted during the years 1980-1990,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial and urban waste.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: mediocre to highly polluted during the years 1980-1990,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: industrial and urban waste.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ploughing

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: polluting less,

text: Rates paid by ratepayers cover the cost of delivery of water and sewer service. A little more than half of the rates cover operations. Another quarter covers the cost of capital projects like replacement of aging water and sewer lines, valve replacements and pump station improvements. Capital projects also include several projects designed to protect the environment, and are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Though the mandate comes from the federal government, the funding sources for these construction projects are not identified. While a small amount of funding has come through the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act and other grants, the majority of these capital costs are borne by the ratepayers.

text: Rates paid by ratepayers cover the cost of delivery of water and sewer service. A little more than half of the rates cover operations. Another quarter covers the cost of capital projects like replacement of aging water and sewer lines, valve replacements and pump station improvements. Capital projects also include several projects designed to protect the environment, and are required by the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). Though the mandate comes from the federal government, the funding sources for these construction projects are not identified. While a small amount of funding has come through the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: and other grants, the majority of these capital costs are borne by the ratepayers.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pump station improvements

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: replacement of aging water and sewer lines,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: capital projects

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Rates paid by ratepayers

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: aging water and sewer lines,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: replacement of aging water and sewer lines,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Rates paid by ratepayers

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Capital projects

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Rates paid by ratepayers

text: The other main contributor to sustained marine diversity is the damage caused by commercial vessels and other ferries using the passage on a daily basis. It is common that commercial vehicles discharge various pollutants into the waters on which the municipalities and other local bodies have no control. In stormy times, large vehicles are seen anchoring to the corals in the area causing damage to them. The conservation message has to be put cross to major commercial shipping lines and the crews need to be educated on the diversity of the Verde Passage and the dire need for its protection. there are other major issues that affect the sustainability of the Verde Passage. The heavy use of agro-chemicals (pesticides and chemical fertilizer) in the up-stream of Batangas River and the resultant wash off down the river and finally into the Batangas Bays is a serious issue that warrants attention. The discharge of urban waste and grey water in Puerto Galera `and other urban areas into the numerous bays around the passge is yet another major issue. The treatment of grey water and septic effluent is not practiced which is a huge concern. The growing tourism aggravates this problem.

text: The other main contributor to sustained marine diversity is the damage caused by commercial vessels and other ferries using the passage on a daily basis. It is common that commercial vehicles discharge various pollutants into the waters on which the municipalities and other local bodies have no control. In stormy times, large vehicles are seen anchoring to the corals in the area causing damage to them. The conservation message has to be put cross to major commercial shipping lines and the crews need to be educated on the diversity of the Verde Passage and the dire need for its protection. there are other major issues that affect the sustainability of the Verde Passage. The heavy use of agro-chemicals (pesticides and chemical fertilizer) in the up-stream of Batangas River and the resultant wash off down the river and finally into the Batangas Bays is a serious issue that warrants attention. The discharge of urban waste and grey water in Puerto Galera `and other urban areas into the numerous bays around the passge is yet another major issue. The treatment of grey water and septic effluent is not practiced which is a huge concern. The growing tourism aggravates this problem.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Municipalities

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: grey water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the treatment of grey water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat grey water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: agro-chemicals

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipalities

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: septic effluent is not practiced

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: septic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The discharge of urban waste and grey water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The treatment of grey water and septic effluent

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The treatment of grey water and septic effluent

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The treatment of grey water and septic effluent

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the municipalities and other local bodies have no control.

text: While drinking water is good in many parts of the country, there are still many concerns about the quality of water in streams and lakes. It has been estimated that surface water pollution is a threefold problem. Untreated effluents from urban wastewater (only 3% of wastewaters receive treatment) account for 20% of the problem, 40% from solid waste and industrial effluents (heavy metals are the primary culprit), and 40% from the agricultural sector. In the agriculture sector alone, 70% of pollution comes from debris of coffee plantations. Water basins that are receiving large quantities of contaminated runoff include the Grande de Tárcoles and Large Terraba rivers.

text: While drinking water is good in many parts of the country, there are still many concerns about the quality of water in streams and lakes. It has been estimated that surface water pollution is a threefold problem. Untreated effluents from urban

text: wastewater

text: (only 3% of wastewaters receive treatment) account for 20% of the problem, 40% from solid waste and industrial

text: effluents

text: (heavy metals are the primary culprit), and 40% from the agricultural sector. In the agriculture sector alone, 70% of pollution comes from debris of coffee plantations. Water basins that are receiving large quantities of contaminated runoff include the Grande de Tárcoles and Large Terraba rivers.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: urban wastewater

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 3% of wastewaters receive treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: urban wastewater

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: urban wastewater

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 3% of wastewaters receive treatment)

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: (heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: (heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Untreated effluents from urban wastewater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Untreated effluents from urban wastewater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment)

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Untreated effluents

text: Bilge Water. Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S.C. 2701-2720), applies to cruise ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect natural resources in the U.S. EEZ (extending  offshore). Coast Guard regulations (33 CFR §151.10) prohibit discharge of oil within  from shore, unless passed through a 15-ppm oil water separator, and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen. Beyond , oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm. Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of bilge water.

text: Bilge Water. Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, as amended by the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: (33 U.S.C. 2701-2720), applies to cruise ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect natural resources in the U.S. EEZ (extending  offshore). Coast Guard regulations (33 CFR §151.10) prohibit discharge of oil within  from shore, unless passed through a 15-

text: ppm

text: oil water separator, and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen. Beyond , oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm. Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of bilge water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 15-ppm water separator

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oily residues

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is bilge water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dispose of bilge water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: bilge water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bilge water.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Bilge Water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil or hazardous substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Oil Record Book

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: bilge water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: 15-ppm oil water separator,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities

text: The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution, and is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: is the primary federal law in the United States governing

text: water pollution

text: , and is administered by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at

text: Munshiganj

text: on the

text: Padma River

text: . The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Bangladesh

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: build water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: utility

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater

text: The legal framework referred to as the "Clean Water Act" (CWA) has its statutory basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

text: The legal framework referred to as the "

text: Clean Water Act

text: " (CWA) has its

text: statutory

text: basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water purification?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act of 1948,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "Clean Water Act"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "Clean Water Act"

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural stormwater) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural

text: stormwater

text: ) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural stormwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: NPDES permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural stormwater)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp and thus reduces the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.

text: The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.

text: Pulp mill

text: s can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing

text: bleached

text: pulp. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp and thus reduces the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: and

text: sodium hydrosulfite

text: are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pulp mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chlorine

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: paper.Pulp mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: recycling causes 35% less water pollution

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory- Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network- Paper shredder- Paper towel- Paperless office- Parametrization (climate)- Paraquat- Partial Test Ban Treaty- Partial zero-emissions vehicle- Particle radiation- Particulate- Passenger pigeon- Passive solar- Peak grain- Peak water- Pebble bed reactor- Percy Schmeiser- Periodicals- Permaculture- Permanent crop- Permeable paving- Persistent Organic Pollutant- Persistent organic pollutants- Pest (animal)- Pest control- Pesticide- Pesticide misuse- Pesticide poisoning- Pesticide side effects- Pesticide toxicity to bees- Pesticides- Phagy- Phytotreatment- Pigovian tax- Pioneer plant- Pioneer species- Planetary boundary layer- Planetary ecosynthesis- Planetary engineering- Planetary protection- Planned obsolescence- Plastic- Plastic bullet- Plastic goods- Plastic mulch- Plastic recycling- Plastic shopping bag- Plastic wrap- Poaching- Point of no return- Political ecology- Pollinator decline- Pollutant- Polluter Pays- Polluter pays principle- Pollution- Polychlorinated biphenyl- Polyculture- Polymer chemistry- Polymer clay- Polymer degradation- Polymer solar cells- Polystyrene- Polyvinyl chloride- POP Air Pollution Protocol- Population- Population control- Population decline- Population density- Population growth- Population growth rate- Population process- Population size- Population statistics- Population transfer- Population viability analysis- Post-industrial economy- Post-industrial society- Power station- Precautionary principle- Preservationist- Property and Environment Research Center- Protected area- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty- Pulpwood- Quality of life

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: Paper shredder

text: Paper towel

text: Paperless office

text: Parametrization (climate)

text: Paraquat

text: Partial Test Ban Treaty

text: Partial zero-emissions vehicle

text: Particle radiation

text: Particulate

text: Passenger pigeon

text: Passive solar

text: Peak grain

text: Peak water

text: Pebble bed reactor

text: Percy Schmeiser

text: Periodicals

text: Permaculture

text: Permanent crop

text: Permeable paving

text: Persistent Organic Pollutant

text: Persistent organic pollutants

text: Pest (animal)

text: Pest control

text: Pesticide

text: Pesticide misuse

text: Pesticide poisoning

text: Pesticide side effects

text: Pesticide toxicity to bees

text: Pesticides

text: Phagy

text: Phytotreatment

text: Pigovian tax

text: Pioneer plant

text: Pioneer species

text: Planetary boundary layer

text: Planetary ecosynthesis

text: Planetary engineering

text: Planetary protection

text: Planned obsolescence

text: Plastic

text: Plastic bullet

text: Plastic goods

text: Plastic mulch

text: Plastic recycling

text: Plastic shopping bag

text: Plastic wrap

text: Poaching

text: Point of no return

text: Political ecology

text: Pollinator decline

text: Pollutant

text: Polluter Pays

text: Polluter pays principle

text: Pollution

text: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Polyculture

text: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer clay

text: Polymer degradation

text: Polymer solar cells

text: Polystyrene

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: POP Air Pollution Protocol

text: Population

text: Population control

text: Population decline

text: Population density

text: Population growth

text: Population growth rate

text: Population process

text: Population size

text: Population statistics

text: Population transfer

text: Population viability analysis

text: Post-industrial economy

text: Post-industrial society

text: Power station

text: Precautionary principle

text: Preservationist

entity_name: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Protected area

entity_name: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Pulpwood

text: Quality of life

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pebble bed reactor

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Particulate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Paraquat

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Particulate

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Precautionary principle

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Permaculture

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Permaculture

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Precautionary principle

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty-

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory-

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pesticide-

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Polychlorinated biphenyl-

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Population-

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollutant-

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Preservationist-

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pollution-

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Permaculture-

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Precautionary principle-

text: While WSS improvements were exceptional, the traditional water management approach did not account for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment and non-point sources pollution control resulting in the environmental degradation of water bodies. These systems were viewed as separate and the management strategy did not account for treatment facilities, local streams, and overall water quality within them. The philosophy is evolving however, and water resources management practice is becoming more of an integrated approach taking into account a multi-sectoral approach looking at water supply, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), drainage and irrigation as one entity. According to pollution control work presented by a team of researchers at the British Hydrological Society symposium in 2008, there is a need to consider the sewer system, the WWTP, and the river as one system. These developments in the Bogotá water management system offer multiple opportunities to incorporate integrated methodologies both now and in the future.

text: While WSS improvements were exceptional, the traditional water management approach did not account for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment and non-point sources pollution control resulting in the environmental degradation of water bodies. These systems were viewed as separate and the management strategy did not account for treatment facilities, local streams, and overall water quality within them. The philosophy is evolving however, and water resources management practice is becoming more of an integrated approach taking into account a multi-sectoral approach looking at water supply, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), drainage and irrigation as one entity. According to pollution control work presented by a team of researchers at the British Hydrological Society symposium in 2008, there is a need to consider the sewer system, the WWTP, and the river as one system. These developments in the Bogotá water management system offer multiple opportunities to incorporate integrated methodologies both now and in the future.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: WWTP

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: look at water supply, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: non-point sources pollution control

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: British Hydrological Society

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-point sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water supply, wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: environmental degradation of water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater treatment and non-point sources pollution control

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: domestic and industrial wastewater treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: non-point sources pollution control resulting in the environmental degradation of water bodies.

text: To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

text: To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: what is the purpose of water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water supply network,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: new sources of water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: new sources of water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: new sources of water are needed to be developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: new sources of water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce environmental pollution.

text: In many fire fighting situations, large quantities of water remain after the fire has been extinguished. The water contains materials present in the building and also contains dissolved and particulate materials from combustion processes and materials generated through quenching. Fire water can be particularly polluting when the building or site being extinguished itself contains potentially polluting materials such as pesticides, organic and inorganic chemical reagents, fertilizers, etc. Certain types of premises including farms and the chemical industry pose special risks because of the types of materials present. Premises containing quantities of plastics can also cause severe problems because of the taste and odor imparted to the fire water. Releasing contaminated fire water into a river or other water source subsequently used to supply  drinking water may render the untreated water supply unsuitable for drinking or food preparation.

text: In many fire fighting situations, large quantities of water remain after the fire has been extinguished. The water contains materials present in the building and also contains dissolved and particulate materials from

text: combustion

text: processes and materials generated through quenching. Fire water can be particularly polluting when the building or site being extinguished itself contains potentially polluting materials such as

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: organic

text: and

text: inorganic chemical

text: reagents,

text: fertilizer

text: s, etc. Certain types of premises including

text: farm

text: s and the

text: chemical industry

text: pose special risks because of the types of materials present. Premises containing quantities of

text: plastic

text: s can also cause severe problems because of the taste and odor imparted to the fire water. Releasing contaminated fire water into a river or other water source subsequently used to supply

text: drinking water

text: may render the untreated water supply unsuitable for drinking or food preparation.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: releasing contaminated fire water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: supply drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: dissolved and particulate materials

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: fire has been extinguished.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: dissolved and particulate materials

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water remain after the fire has been extinguished.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Fire water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated water supply unsuitable for drinking or food preparation.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Releasing contaminated fire water

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with regulating stormwater pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal wastewater (sewage) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) is charged with

text: regulating

text: stormwater pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal

text: wastewater

text: sewage

text: ) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: enactment of the CWA

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Point source discharges

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the goal of the CWA

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial wastewater discharges,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Point source discharges,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: polluted runoff.

text: Street sweeping can be an effective measure in reducing pollutants in stormwater runoff. The Environmental Protection Agency considers street sweeping a Best Management Practice in protecting water quality.

text: Street sweeping can be an effective measure in reducing

text: pollutant

text: s in storm

text: water runoff

text: . The Environmental Protection Agency considers street sweeping a

text: Best Management Practice

text: in protecting water quality.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Street sweeping

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Street sweeping

text: Environment Agency Wales' role included: reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, enforcing pollution legislation and reducing the harm caused by flooding and pollution incidents. It also oversaw the management of waste, water resources and freshwater fisheries; cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land and improving wildlife habitats.

text: Environment Agency Wales' role included: reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, enforcing pollution legislation and reducing the harm caused by flooding and pollution incidents. It also oversaw the management of waste, water resources and freshwater fisheries; cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land and improving wildlife habitats.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: management of waste

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: contaminated land

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up rivers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency Wales'

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales'

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleaning up rivers,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: contaminated land

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Environment Agency Wales'

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated land

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land and improving wildlife habitats.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Environment Agency Wales'

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: legislation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land and improving wildlife habitats.

text: According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including the cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body.

text: According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including the cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DENR

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge permitting

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: d

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: d)

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: invest in pollution control technology

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DENR

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge permitting

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: d) type of pollutant;

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: wastewater charges/fees.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: cost of rehabilitation;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater charge system

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pollution control technology

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce the amount of water pollutants generated;

text: For permits other than stormwater permits, the agencies issue effluent limitations for specific pollutants, pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA). The basis for these limitations depends on the type of discharging facility, the discharge characteristics and status of the specific surface water body receiving the discharge.

text: For permits other than

text: stormwater

text: permits, the agencies issue effluent limitations for specific pollutants, pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The basis for these limitations depends on the type of discharging facility, the discharge characteristics and status of the specific surface water body receiving the discharge.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: agencies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtaining permits

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharging facility,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: stormwater permits,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: stormwater permits, the agencies issue effluent limitations for specific pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: effluent limitations for specific pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: effluent limitations

text: In addition to taxes raised by water boards, central government contributes to their finances by paying construction and maintenance costs of water barriers and main waterways. The costs of waste water treatment are financed by a water pollution levy, which is based on the polluter pays principle.

text: In addition to taxes raised by water boards, central government contributes to their finances by paying construction and maintenance costs of water barriers and main waterways. The costs of waste water treatment are financed by a water pollution levy, which is based on the

text: polluter pays principle

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water boards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluter pays principle

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water pollution levy

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pay

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water pollution levy,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water boards,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction and maintenance costs of water barriers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: central government

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water barriers and main waterways.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water treatment are financed by a water pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: polluter pays principle.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: polluter pays principle.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water barriers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water barriers

text: Another of the major responsibilities of the Army Corps of Engineers is administering the permitting program under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, also known as the Clean Water Act. The Secretary of the Army is authorized under this act to issue permits for the discharge of dredged and fill material in waters of the United States, including adjacent wetlands.  The geographic extent of waters of the United States subject to section 404 permits fall under a broader definition and include tributaries to navigable waters and adjacent wetlands.  The engineers must first determine if the waters at the project site are jurisdictional and subject to the requirements of the section 404 permitting program. Once jurisdiction has been established, permit review and authorization follows a sequence process that encourages avoidance of impacts, followed by minimizing impacts and, finally, requiring mitigation for unavoidable impacts to the aquatic environment. This sequence is described in the section 404(b)(1) guidelines.

text: Another of the major responsibilities of the Army Corps of Engineers is administering the permitting program under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, also known as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The Secretary of the Army is authorized under this act to issue permits for the discharge of dredged and fill material in waters of the United States, including adjacent wetlands.  The geographic extent of waters of the United States subject to section 404 permits fall under a broader definition and include tributaries to navigable waters and adjacent wetlands.  The engineers must first determine if the waters at the project site are jurisdictional and subject to the requirements of the section 404 permitting program. Once jurisdiction has been established, permit review and authorization follows a sequence process that encourages avoidance of impacts, followed by minimizing impacts and, finally, requiring mitigation for unavoidable impacts to the aquatic environment. This sequence is described in the section 404(b)(1) guidelines.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dredged and fill material

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dredged and fill

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid impacts

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: determine if the waters at the project site are jurisdictional

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dredged and fill material

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: dredged and fill material

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: mitigation for unavoidable impacts to the aquatic environment.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoidance

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: avoidance

text: Anthropogenic activities, such as river development and water pollution, have caused a rapid decline in L. obesus populations. The species has been protected by the Endangered Species Act, under Korean law, since 2005 and was classified as endangered (EN) in the Red Data Book of endangered fishes in Korea in 2012.

text: Anthropogenic activities, such as river development and water pollution, have caused a rapid decline in L. obesus populations. The species has been protected by the Endangered Species Act, under Korean law, since 2005 and was classified as endangered (EN) in the Red Data Book of endangered fishes in Korea in 2012.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Endangered species Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Korean law

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the species

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Endangered Species Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Endangered Species Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: river development and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: river development

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: L. obesus

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Anthropogenic activities, such as river development and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: L. obesus

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: river development

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Anthropogenic activities,

text: Najafgarh is located at  in South West Delhi district in the NCT of Delhi. Najafgarh is situated 29 km south-west of the New Delhi City Center and 10 km north-west to the district headquarters at Dwarka. It has an average elevation of  above mean Sea Level. Najafgarh Drain, the continuation of the Sahibi River and an elongation of the Najafgarh Lake is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: Najafgarh is located at  in

text: South West Delhi district

text: in the

text: NCT of Delhi

text: . Najafgarh is situated 29 km south-west of the

text: New Delhi

text: City Center

text: and 10 km north-west to the district headquarters at

text: Dwarka

text: . It has an average elevation of  above mean Sea Level.

text: Najafgarh Drain

text: , the continuation of the

text: Sahibi River

text: and an elongation of the

text: Najafgarh Lake

text: is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the

text: Central Pollution Control Board

text: classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It has an average elevation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Najafgarh Drain,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Najafgarh

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas.

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the sea through desalination. The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification, disinfection through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use (see also sanitation).

text: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment, including groundwater (

text: aquifer

text: s), surface water (

text: lake

text: s and

text: river

text: s), and the sea through

text: desalination

text: . The

text: water treatment

text: steps include, in most cases,

text: purification

text: , disinfection through

text: chlorination

text: and sometimes

text: fluoridation

text: . Treated water then either flows by gravity or is pumped to

text: reservoirs

text: , which can be elevated such as

text: water tower

text: s or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water distribution see

text: non-revenue water

text: ). Once water is used,

text: wastewater

text: is typically discharged in a

text: sewer

text: system and treated in a

text: sewage treatment plant

text: before being discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for

text: landscaping

text: irrigation

text: or industrial use (see also

text: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: efficiency of drinking water distribution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial use

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: flush toilets

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water supply systems

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged in a sewer system

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial use

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial use

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater is typically discharged in a sewer system

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment,

text: About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. CSO discharges during heavy storms can cause serious water pollution problems in these communities. Pollutants from CSO discharges can include bacteria and other pathogens, toxic chemicals, and debris. These pollutants have also been linked with antimicrobial resistance, posing serious public health concerns.  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy in 1994 requiring municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate CSO-related pollution problems. It is managed by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The policy defined water quality parameters for the safety of an ecosystem; it allowed for action that are site specific to control CSOs in most practical way for community; it made sure the CSO control is not beyond a community’s budget; and allowed water quality parameters to be flexible, based upon the site specific conditions. The CSO Control Policy required all states to have ″nine minimum controls″ in place by January 1, 1997, to decrease the effects of sewage overflow by making small improvements in existing processes. In 2000 Congress amended the Clean Water Act to require the municipalities to comply with the EPA policy.

text: About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people. CSO discharges during heavy storms can cause serious water pollution problems in these communities. Pollutants from CSO discharges can include

text: bacteria

text: and other

text: pathogen

text: s,

text: toxic

text: chemicals, and debris. These pollutants have also been linked with

text: antimicrobial resistance

text: , posing serious public health concerns.  The

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued a policy in 1994 requiring municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate CSO-related pollution problems. It is managed by the

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

text: permit program. The policy defined water quality parameters for the safety of an ecosystem; it allowed for action that are site specific to control CSOs in most practical way for community; it made sure the CSO control is not beyond a community’s budget; and allowed water quality parameters to be flexible, based upon the site specific conditions. The CSO Control Policy required all states to have ″nine minimum controls″ in place by January 1, 1997, to decrease the effects of sewage overflow by making small improvements in existing processes. In 2000

text: Congress

text: amended the

text: Clean Water Act

text: to require the municipalities to comply with the EPA policy.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: CSO discharges

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Which of the following is not a water quality parameter: safe for an ecosystem?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: make improvements

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: CSO discharges

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bacteria and other pathogens, toxic chemicals, and debris.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: debris.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: CSO discharges during heavy storms

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: CSO discharges during heavy storms

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: CSO discharges during heavy storms

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: CSO discharges during heavy storms

text: Environment Canada is the regulatory agency for environmental protection in Canada. Under the Canada Water Act of 1970, the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQG) for the Protection of Aquatic Life give regulatory guidelines of maximum concentrations of pollutants that are acceptable in freshwater and marine environments.

text: Environment Canada

text: is the regulatory agency for environmental protection in Canada. Under the Canada Water Act of 1970, the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQG) for the Protection of Aquatic Life give regulatory guidelines of maximum concentrations of pollutants that are acceptable in freshwater and marine environments.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Canada

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Environment Canada

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect aquatic life

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Canada

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Canada Water Act of 1970,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: maximum concentrations of pollutants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Aquatic Life

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Canada Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Canadian Water Quality Guidelines

text: The State Environmental Protection Administration investigates tens of thousands of polluters every year, shutting down thousands of the worse offenders, but has failed to reach its target of reducing emissions by 2 percent. In 2011, a factory manufacturing solar panels in Zhejiang province had been shut down because of toxic emissions of fluorine polluting air and water, sickening nearby residents.

text: The State Environmental Protection Administration investigates tens of thousands of polluters every year, shutting down thousands of the worse offenders, but has failed to reach its target of reducing emissions by 2 percent. In 2011, a factory manufacturing solar panels in Zhejiang province had been shut down because of toxic emissions of

text: fluorine

text: polluting air and water, sickening nearby residents.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: investigation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fluorine

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fluorine

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use solar panels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: investigates tens of thousands of polluters

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fluorine

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fluorine

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: toxic emissions of fluorine

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The State Environmental Protection Administration

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant pollution due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a depression). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of Jiu river.

text: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant

text: pollution

text: due to industrialization and geographical factors (being situated in a

text: depression

text: ). The region has been for more than a century a strongly mono-industrial one, with the economy revolving around mining, and this has had a very negative impact upon the environment. After the collapse of the mining industry in the 1990s, the region was officially considered a disadvantaged area, but there were not sufficient resources to care for the environment. The main effects of pollution are the pollution of the underground waters which also affects the surface, and the air pollution.This negatively affects the health of the population. The climate of Jiu Valley is also unfavourable: the mountain protection hamper the refreshing of the air.  Another effect is the pollution of

text: Jiu river

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Jiu Valley

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Jiu river

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the main effects of pollution?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: air pollution.This

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Jiu river.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrialization

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Jiu river.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution of the underground waters

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Jiu Valley suffers from significant pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: underground waters

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: underground waters

text: The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in recent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On," R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga," and Adam Again's 1992 song "River on Fire." Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland named its Burning River Pale Ale after the event.

text: The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

text: , and the creation of the federal

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: and the

text: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

text: (OEPA). As a result, large

text: point sources of pollution

text: on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in recent decades. These events are referred to in

text: Randy Newman

text: 's 1972 song "

text: Burn On

text: R.E.M.

text: 's 1986 song "

text: Cuyahoga

text: ," and

text: Adam Again

text: 's 1992 song "River on Fire."

text: Great Lakes Brewing Company

text: of Cleveland named its Burning River Pale Ale after the event.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Cuyahoga

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water pollution control activities,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Cuyahoga River fire

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Burning River Pale Ale

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution control activities, resulting in the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water pollution control activities, resulting in the Clean Water Act,

text: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group formed in 2001 to address the water pollution in the river.

text: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group formed in 2001 to address the water pollution in the river.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: form an environmental group

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ngakawau Riverwatch

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution in the river.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The Ngakawau

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch environmental group

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Ngakawau Riverwatch

text: Numerous efforts have been undertaken in the United States to control the pollution of water resources and to make drinking water safe. The most comprehensive federal regulations and standards for the water treatment industry were implemented in the 1970s, in reaction to a huge increase in environmental concerns in the country. In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act, with the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized expenditures of $24.6 billion in research and construction grants. In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act, specifying a number of contaminants that had to be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maximum contaminant levels. Both Acts were complemented by substantial federal grant funding to improve infrastructure in the form of construction grants.

text: Numerous efforts have been undertaken in the United States to control the pollution of water resources and to make drinking water safe. The most comprehensive federal regulations and standards for the water treatment industry were implemented in the 1970s, in reaction to a huge increase in environmental concerns in the country. In 1972, Congress passed the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , with the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized expenditures of $24.6 billion in research and construction grants. In 1974, Congress passed the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: , specifying a number of contaminants that had to be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maximum contaminant levels. Both Acts were complemented by substantial federal grant funding to improve infrastructure in the form of construction grants.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Congress

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Congress passed the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Congress passed the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water safe.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maximum contaminant levels.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act,

text: In the summer of 1998, the university purchased the former property of the Standard Oil warehouse, which had become polluted with oil residue. In the spring of 1999, the university—with a grant from the City of Fort Wayne and the State of Indiana—cleaned the ground, water, and surrounding area.

text: In the summer of 1998, the university purchased the former property of the Standard Oil warehouse, which had become polluted with oil residue. In the spring of 1999, the university—with a grant from the City of Fort Wayne and the State of Indiana—cleaned the ground, water, and surrounding area.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State of Indiana

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: purchase the former property

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil residue

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil residue

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the ground

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Standard Oil warehouse, which had become polluted with oil residue.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State of Indiana—cleaned

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: the university purchased the former property of the Standard Oil warehouse,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil residue.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 1999,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil residue.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: oil residue.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: oil residue.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Indiana—cleaned the ground,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: oil residue.

text: An effluent limitation is a United States Clean Water Act standard of performance reflecting a specified level of discharge reduction achievable by the best available technology or related standards for various sources of water pollution.  These sources include all industries, businesses, municipal sewage treatment plants and storm sewer systems, and other facilities that discharge to surface waters. Effluent limitations are implemented in discharge permits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies, through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).

text: An effluent limitation is a

text: United States

text: Clean Water Act

text: standard of performance reflecting a specified level of discharge reduction achievable by the

text: best available technology

text: or related standards for various sources of

text: water pollution

text: .  These sources include all industries, businesses, municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plants and

text: storm sewer

text: systems, and other facilities that discharge to

text: surface water

text: s. Effluent limitations are implemented in discharge permits issued by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and

text: state

text: agencies, through the

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use the best available technology

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries, businesses,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: effluent limitation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: effluent limitation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: effluent limitation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: effluent limitation

text: ● Energy and Environment ProtectionDevelopment of energy-saving radiation non-pressure crude oil heater, Microprocessor-controlled sprinkling system for agricultural irrigation, Sulfur-fixed coal produced with household garbage, Energy-saving speed control with frequency-conversion, Engineering design for environment protection and management, Technique and equipment for comprehensive treatment and analysis & monitoring of water and smoke pollution, Treatment process of heavy metal waste water.

text: ● Energy and Environment ProtectionDevelopment of energy-saving radiation non-pressure crude oil heater, Microprocessor-controlled sprinkling system for agricultural irrigation, Sulfur-fixed coal produced with household garbage, Energy-saving speed control with frequency-conversion, Engineering design for environment protection and management, Technique and equipment for comprehensive treatment and analysis & monitoring of water and smoke pollution, Treatment process of heavy metal waste water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Energy and Environment Protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: equipment for comprehensive treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Treatment process of heavy metal waste water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Engineering design for environment protection

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Treatment process of heavy metal waste water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use sprinkling systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Energy and Environment ProtectionDevelopment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Energy and Environment ProtectionDevelopment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: heavy metal waste water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Microprocessor-controlled sprinkling system for agricultural irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: heavy metal waste water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sulfur-fixed coal produced with household garbage,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Technique and equipment for comprehensive treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Technique and equipment for comprehensive treatment and analysis & monitoring

text: The Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollutants, including discharges of pollutants from municipal stormwater systems. The petition of a writ of certiorari (filed October 11, 2011) posed two questions to the Supreme Court:

text: The Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollutants, including discharges of pollutants from municipal stormwater systems. The petition of a writ of

text: certiorari

text: (filed October 11, 2011) posed two questions to the Supreme Court:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal stormwater systems

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal stormwater systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: municipal stormwater systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: context:

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal stormwater systems.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: municipal stormwater systems.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: This lagoon is polluted by the inflow of industrial effluent into it. Collins Tay and Charles Biney have suggested that the pH value of the lagoon is 8.0-9.0(pH units). The Conductivity position of the lagoon shows the waters are saline (>5000μScm -1)The waters which flow into it are the Mamahuma and Gbagbla Ankonu feeder streams which are also polluted. High biological oxygen demands concentrations range from (11-58mgL-1).

text: This lagoon is polluted by the inflow of industrial effluent into it. Collins Tay and Charles Biney have suggested that the pH value of the lagoon is 8.0-9.0(pH units). The Conductivity position of the lagoon shows the waters are saline (>5000μScm -1)The waters which flow into it are the Mamahuma and Gbagbla Ankonu feeder streams which are also polluted. High biological oxygen demands concentrations range from (11-58mgL-1).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pH

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: inflow

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial effluent

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: 8.0-9.0(pH units).

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Collins Tay and Charles Biney

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: inflow of industrial effluent

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: (11-58mgL-1).

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial effluent

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: (11-58mgL-1).

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: (11-58mgL-1).

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: oxygen demands concentrations range from (11-58mgL-1).

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: industrial effluent

text: There is very little defined structure to environmental laws and offences in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The criminal codes pertaining to the environment are called "Criminal offences against the environment, agriculture and natural resources." Some laws and regulations that are not necessarily qualified or organized under the environmental category, do pertain to the environment. Examples of such laws are, "Illicit Procurement and Disposal of Nuclear Material", "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff." In an analysis from 2012, the most common criminal offence against the environment was forestry theft. This pertains to cutting down trees for the purpose of selling and if the quantity was anywhere from 2 to five cubic meters. The prison sentence is determined by the volume of the trees cut down. This crime accounts for 96% of all environmental crimes prosecuted this year.This indicates that other environmental crimes are either not reporter or properly prosecuted.  Other laws pertain to mining, national parks, water usage, air protection, geological research, waste management, agriculture, agricultural land, energy protection and fresh water.

text: There is very little defined structure to environmental laws and offences in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The criminal codes pertaining to the environment are called "Criminal offences against the environment, agriculture and natural resources." Some laws and regulations that are not necessarily qualified or organized under the environmental category, do pertain to the environment. Examples of such laws are, "Illicit Procurement and Disposal of Nuclear Material", "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff." In an analysis from 2012, the most common criminal offence against the environment was forestry theft. This pertains to cutting down trees for the purpose of selling and if the quantity was anywhere from 2 to five cubic meters. The prison sentence is determined by the volume of the trees cut down. This crime accounts for 96% of all environmental crimes prosecuted this year.This indicates that other environmental crimes are either not reporter or properly prosecuted.  Other laws pertain to mining, national parks, water usage, air protection, geological research, waste management, agriculture, agricultural land, energy protection and fresh water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Bosnia and Herzegovina

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste management

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nuclear Material

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cut down trees

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: "Criminal offences against the environment, agriculture and natural resources."

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff."

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste management,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Foodstuff."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff."

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: "Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff."

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste management,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Potable Water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "Pollution of Potable Water and Foodstuff."

text: Maynilad has begun to diversify its water sources by tapping into Laguna Lake, a large but polluted lake to the East of Manila. In February 2011, the President of the Philippines, Benigno Aquino, inaugurated the 0.1 million cubic meter per day multi-stage treatment plant, the first drinking water treatment plant to draw water from the lake. The plant will supply 1.2 million residents in the South of the metropolitan area. Manila Water also plans to tap into the lake to complement the water supply of the quickly growing Rizal area to the North. This is presented as a measure to adapt to climate change, since it will reduce the dependence on the Angat River which is vulnerable to drought. At the same time, together with NGOs Manila Water has planted trees covering more than 300 hectares of land in the Ipo and Marikina watersheds to protect its main current water source.

text: Maynilad has begun to diversify its water sources by tapping into

text: Laguna Lake

text: , a large but polluted lake to the East of Manila. In February 2011, the President of the Philippines,

text: Benigno Aquino

text: , inaugurated the 0.1 million cubic meter per day multi-stage treatment plant, the first drinking water treatment plant to draw water from the lake. The plant will supply 1.2 million residents in the South of the metropolitan area. Manila Water also plans to tap into the lake to complement the water supply of the quickly growing Rizal area to the North. This is presented as a measure to adapt to climate change, since it will reduce the dependence on the Angat River which is vulnerable to drought. At the same time, together with NGOs Manila Water has planted trees covering more than 300 hectares of land in the Ipo and Marikina watersheds to protect its main current water source.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Manila Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Angat River

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: planted trees

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: 0.1 million cubic meter per day multi-stage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Manila Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 0.1 million cubic meter per day multi-stage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Laguna Lake,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Laguna Lake,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: planted trees

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Laguna Lake,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: trees

text: IT, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical(Bio), Sewage Treatment, Wastewater Treatment, Water Treatment, Water Reuse, Desalination,Ultra-pure Water, Air Pollution Prevention, Waste Treatment

text: IT, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical(Bio), Sewage Treatment, Wastewater Treatment, Water Treatment, Water Reuse, Desalination,Ultra-pure Water, Air Pollution Prevention, Waste Treatment

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Sewage Treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pharmaceutical(bio)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Treatment

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pharmaceutical(Bio)

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Desalination

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water Reuse

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Air Pollution Prevention,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Sewage Treatment,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Sewage Treatment,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Sewage Treatment,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: IT, Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical(Bio),

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Sewage Treatment, Wastewater Treatment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sewage Treatment,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Desalination,Ultra-pure

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Air Pollution Prevention,

text: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life. These sources of water can range from the simplicity of a water fountain to the entirety of the oceans.  The pollutants within the water range from Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) in birth control to Bisphenol-A (BPA). Foreign substances such as chemical pollutants that cause an alteration of sex have been found in growing prevalence in the circulating waters of the world. These pollutants have affected not only humans, but also animals in contact with the pollutants.

text: Sex

text: is influenced by water

text: pollutants

text: that are encountered in everyday life. These sources of water can range from the simplicity of a water fountain to the entirety of the oceans.  The pollutants within the water range from

text: Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs)

text: in birth control to

text: Bisphenol-A (BPA)

text: . Foreign substances such as chemical pollutants that cause an alteration of sex have been found in growing prevalence in the circulating waters of the world. These pollutants have affected not only humans, but also animals in contact with the pollutants.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Bisphenol-A

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Bisphenol-A

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: birth control

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Bisphenol-A (BPA).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water fountain to the entirety of the oceans.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: birth control

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Sex is influenced by water pollutants that are encountered in everyday life.

text: In 2005, Bloomberg Businessweek placed George Pataki among the 20 individuals it commended for their personal efforts to combat global warming, citing his Greenhouse Gas Task Force and efforts to increase New York's usage of renewable energies. In 1996, Pataki oversaw the creation and passage of the Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act. The act put forth $1.75 billion for over 2,200 environmentally minded projects throughout the state. Projects were focused on improving drinking water quality, closing landfills, investing in recycling programs, cleaning up New York's polluted waterways, funding cleanup of Brownfields and clean-air projects. During his tenure, Pataki added over 1 million acres to the entirety of the protected open spaces of New York. He also worked to protect the drinking water of millions of New Yorkers through the Catskill Watershed Agreement. Through the agreement, the numerous small communities that surround the 19 reservoirs that provide drinking water for New York City received $1 billion in aid to assuage environmental issues and promote local development in return for accepting higher standards of environmental regulations to better protect the reservoirs. On Pataki's final day in office, The New York Times ran an editorial evaluating his twelve years as governor and praised his work on the environment.

text: In 2005,

text: Bloomberg Businessweek

text: placed George Pataki among the 20 individuals it commended for their personal efforts to combat global warming, citing his Greenhouse Gas Task Force and efforts to increase New York's usage of renewable energies. In 1996, Pataki oversaw the creation and passage of the Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act. The act put forth $1.75 billion for over 2,200 environmentally minded projects throughout the state. Projects were focused on improving drinking water quality, closing landfills, investing in recycling programs, cleaning up New York's polluted waterways, funding cleanup of

text: Brownfields

text: and clean-air projects. During his tenure, Pataki added over 1 million acres to the entirety of the protected open spaces of New York. He also worked to protect the drinking water of millions of New Yorkers through the Catskill Watershed Agreement. Through the agreement, the numerous small communities that surround the 19 reservoirs that provide drinking water for New York City received $1 billion in aid to assuage environmental issues and promote local development in return for accepting higher standards of environmental regulations to better protect the reservoirs. On Pataki's final day in office,

text: The New York Times

text: ran an editorial evaluating his twelve years as governor and praised his work on the environment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Catskill Watershed Agreement

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: closing landfills

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Brownfields

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: closing landfills

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: closing landfills,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Brownfields

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted waterways,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: cleaning up New York's polluted waterways,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: closing landfills,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleaning up New York's polluted waterways,

text: The Wisconsin Resources Protection Council filed a civil lawsuit against the Flambeau Mining Company in U.S. District Court alleging ongoing violations of the Federal Clean Water Act. The charge was that the discharge of copper, zinc, iron and other pollutants to Stream C was done without a permit and in violation of the Act.

text: The Wisconsin Resources Protection Council filed a civil lawsuit against the Flambeau Mining Company in U.S. District Court alleging ongoing violations of the

text: Federal Clean Water Act

text: . The charge was that the discharge of copper, zinc, iron and other pollutants to Stream C was done without a permit and in violation of the Act.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: copper

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: copper, zinc, iron

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Federal Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act.

text: In India, Environmental law is governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986. This act is enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board and the numerous State Pollution Control Boards. Apart from this, there are also individual legislations specifically enacted for the protection of Water, Air, Wildlife, etc. Such legislations include :-

text: In India, Environmental law is governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986. This act is enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board and the numerous State Pollution Control Boards. Apart from this, there are also individual legislations specifically enacted for the protection of Water, Air, Wildlife, etc. Such legislations include :-

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Protection Act, 1986

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: illegal dumping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water is purified enough for drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Environment Protection Act, 1986.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Environment Protection Act, 1986.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: legislations

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Environment Protection Act, 1986.

text: When the plan was introduced in October in 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. To achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

text: When the plan was introduced in October in 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. To achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Great Barrier Reef

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-point sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: conserve areas of the reef

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: non-point sources of pollution,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Great Barrier Reef.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste outlet.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste outlet.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: non-point sources of pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste outlet.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef

text: The discharge of oil contaminated waters are also subject to international controls such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and International Maritime Organization (IMO). These organizations set strict limits to protect marine life and coastal environments. These agency require logs to be kept of any discharges of contaminated water.

text: The discharge of oil contaminated waters are also subject to international controls such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (

text: MARPOL

text: ), and International Maritime Organization (IMO). These organizations set strict limits to protect marine life and coastal environments. These agency require logs to be kept of any discharges of contaminated water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Maritime Organization

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: set strict limits

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: logs to be kept of any discharges of contaminated water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Ships

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Prevention of Pollution from Ships

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit water pollution from diffuse or nonpoint effluent sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent. Nonpoint water pollution sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of water pollution in the United States, accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike point source pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

text: Nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution regulations are environmental regulations that restrict or limit

text: water pollution

text: from diffuse or nonpoint

text: effluent

text: sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from agricultural areas in a river catchments or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. In the United States, governments have taken a number of legal and regulatory approaches to controlling NPS effluent.

text: Nonpoint water pollution

text: sources include, for example, leakage from underground storage tanks, storm water runoff, atmospheric deposition of contaminants, and golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff. Nonpoint sources are the most significant single source of

text: water pollution in the United States

text: , accounting for almost half of all water pollution, and agricultural runoff is the single largest source of nonpoint source water pollution.  This water pollution has a number of detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Unlike

text: point source

text: pollution, nonpoint source pollution arises from numerous and diverse sources, making identification, monitoring, and regulation more complex.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: underground storage tanks

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nonpoint water pollution sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: leakage from underground storage tanks,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: golf course, agricultural, and forestry runoff.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: leakage from underground storage tanks,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: underground storage tanks,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Nonpoint source

text: The crushed ore is irrigated with a dilute alkaline cyanide solution.  The solution containing the dissolved precious metals ("pregnant solution") continues percolating through the crushed ore until it reaches the liner at the bottom of the heap where it drains into a storage (pregnant solution) pond. After separating the precious metals from the pregnant solution, the dilute cyanide solution (now called "barren solution") is normally re-used in the heap-leach-process or occasionally sent to an industrial water treatment facility where the residual cyanide is treated and residual metals are removed. In very high rainfall areas, such as the tropics, in some cases there is surplus water that is then discharged to the environment, after treatment, posing possible water pollution if treatment is not properly carried out.

text: The crushed ore is irrigated with a dilute alkaline

text: cyanide

text: solution.  The solution containing the dissolved precious metals ("

text: pregnant solution

text: ") continues percolating through the crushed ore until it reaches the liner at the bottom of the heap where it drains into a storage (pregnant solution) pond. After separating the precious metals from the pregnant solution, the dilute cyanide solution (now called "barren solution") is normally re-used in the heap-leach-process or occasionally sent to an

text: industrial water treatment

text: facility where the residual cyanide is treated and residual metals are removed. In very high rainfall areas, such as the tropics, in some cases there is surplus water that is then discharged to the environment, after treatment, posing possible

text: water pollution

text: if treatment is not properly carried out.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial water treatment facility

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: irrigated with a dilute alkaline cyanide solution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: residual metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: properly carried out

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: dilute alkaline cyanide solution.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial water treatment facility

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a dilute alkaline cyanide solution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: surplus water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: dilute alkaline cyanide solution.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: residual metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution if treatment is not properly carried out.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: dilute alkaline cyanide solution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment is not properly carried out.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: treatment is not properly carried out.

text: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions from these firms in water and air, a pollution tax can be charged from these firms which can be indexed (in slabs) in accordance of the pollution level done by the firms.

text: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions from these firms in water and air, a

text: pollution tax

text: can be charged from these firms which can be indexed (in slabs) in accordance of the pollution level done by the firms.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Emission per capita

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: charge a pollution tax

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: firms

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: firms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Hence to reduce the pollution emissions

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a pollution tax

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: to reduce the pollution emissions

text: New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  The term is used in the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970 (CAA) to refer to air pollution emission standards, and in the Clean Water Act (CWA) referring to standards for water pollution discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters.

text: New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are pollution control

text: standards

text: issued by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).  The term is used in the

text: Clean Air Act Extension of 1970

text: (CAA) to refer to

text: air pollution

text: emission standards, and in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) referring to standards for

text: water pollution

text: discharges of

text: industrial wastewater

text: to

text: surface water

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharges of industrial wastewater to surface waters.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: New Source Performance Standards

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution discharges of industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: industrial wastewater to surface waters.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: New Source Performance Standards

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: New Source Performance Standards

text: Colorado has ten mines with active water treatment. There are 4.7 billion gallons of polluted water produced per year between these ten mines. Of them, two are abandoned, seven are closed, and one is active. The one active mine, Climax, will produce 2.9 billion gallons of polluted water at its new site. The abandoned mine at Summitville produced 235 million gallons of polluted water needing treatment in 2012 and is projected to produce even more in 2016 at 380 million gallons. The second site in the Earthworks report is the Captain Jack mine, which produces 26 million gallons of polluted water per year.

text: Colorado has ten mines with active water treatment. There are 4.7 billion gallons of polluted water produced per year between these ten mines. Of them, two are abandoned, seven are closed, and one is active. The one active mine, Climax, will produce 2.9 billion gallons of polluted water at its new site. The abandoned mine at Summitville produced 235 million gallons of polluted water needing treatment in 2012 and is projected to produce even more in 2016 at 380 million gallons. The second site in the Earthworks report is the Captain Jack mine, which produces 26 million gallons of polluted water per year.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Colorado

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: active

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Climax

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water treatment?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: active water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Colorado has ten mines with active water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Earthworks

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Captain Jack mine,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Colorado has ten mines with active water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 235 million gallons of polluted water needing treatment in 2012

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 235 million gallons of polluted water needing treatment in 2012

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: active water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 4.7 billion gallons of polluted water produced per year

text: For the purposes of determining whether there has been "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source," the Government argued that all water bodies that fall within the Act's definition of "navigable water" should be viewed unitarily for purposes of NPDES permitting requirements. Since the Act requires NPDES permits only when a pollutant is added to navigable waters, the Government contended that such permits are not required when water from one navigable body is discharged, unaltered, into another navigable water. Nonetheless, because neither the District nor the Government raised the "unitary waters" approach before the Eleventh Circuit or in their briefs respecting certiori, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to resolve the argument here and the unitary waters argument was remanded to the lower court. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that summary judgment is appropriate only where there is no genuine issue of material fact but some factual issues remain unresolved in this case. Although the District Court correctly characterized the flow through S–9 as non-natural, it appears that if S–9 were shut down, the water in the C–11 canal might flow east instead of west, the water in the canal could flood and would be part of a larger water body. The District Court did not address this issue when it granted summary judgment; therefore, further development of the record was found necessary to resolve the question over the validity of the distinction between C-11 and WCA-3 waters and the Government's broader "unitary waters" argument was left open to the District on remand.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water from one navigable body

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: NPDES permits

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged, unaltered, into another navigable water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source,"

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: pollutant to navigable waters

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source,"

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: S–9

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: S–9 were shut down,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the District Court correctly characterized the flow through S–9

text: The Clean Water Act, implemented in 1972, established a system with the goal of eliminating toxic substances in water and eliminating water pollution.

text: The Clean Water Act, implemented in 1972, established a system with the goal of eliminating toxic substances in water and eliminating water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the federal government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: eliminating toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act,

text: The Clean Water Act is a result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which was passed to ultimately eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States. One of the major mechanisms for implementing this statute was to create a permitting process for all discharging methods that involved dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting requirements apply to all phases of the petroleum industry. Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water, cannot be discharged to the waters of the United States, except under an NPDES or equivalent state permit.

text: The Clean Water Act is a result of the 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which was passed to ultimately eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States. One of the major mechanisms for implementing this statute was to create a permitting process for all discharging methods that involved dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks. The

text: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permitting requirements apply to all phases of the petroleum industry. Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water, cannot be discharged to the waters of the United States, except under an NPDES or equivalent state permit.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Petroleum industry waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permitting process

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Petroleum industry waste, including frac flowback and produced water,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: dumping pollutants into streams, lakes, rivers, wetlands, or creeks.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: permitting process

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: eliminate pollution discharge into any body of water in the United States.

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that water pollutant deemed acceptable to the subject receiving waters.TMDLs have been used extensively by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: , describing a value of the maximum amount of a

text: pollutant

text: that a

text: body of water

text: can receive while still meeting

text: water quality standards

text: . Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that

text: water pollutant

text: deemed acceptable to the subject

text: receiving water

text: s.TMDLs have been used extensively by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for

text: industrial wastewater

text: dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both

text: point source

text: and

text: nonpoint source

text: pollutants within a

text: watershed

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial wastewater dischargers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: tmdl

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dischargers.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial wastewater dischargers.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall–runoff–subsurface runoff simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous) simulation of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and quality from primarily urban/suburban areas. The hydrology component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas divided into impervious and pervious areas with and without depression storage to predict runoff  and pollutant loads from precipitation, evaporation and infiltration losses from each of the subcatchment.  In addition low impact development (LID) and best management practice areas on the subcatchment can be modeled to reduce the impervious and pervious runoff.  The routing or hydraulics section of SWMM transports this water and possible associated water quality constituents through a system of closed pipes, open channels, storage/treatment devices, ponds, storages, pumps, orifices, weirs, outlets, outfalls and other regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of the flow generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period composed of multiple fixed or variable time steps. The water quality constituents such as water quality constituents can be simulated from buildup on the subcatchments through washoff to a hydraulic network with optional first order decay and linked pollutant removal, best management practice and low-impact development (LID) removal and treatment can be simulated at selected storage nodes. SWMM is one of the hydrology transport models which the EPA and other agencies have applied widely throughout North America and through consultants and universities throughout the world.  The latest update notes and new features can be found on the EPA website in the download section.  Recently added in November 2015 was the EPA SWMM 5.1 Hydrology Manual

text: The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall–

text: runoff

text: subsurface runoff

text: simulation model

text: used for single-event to long-term (continuous)

text: simulation

text: of the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and

text: quality

text: from primarily urban/suburban areas. The hydrology component of SWMM operates on a collection of

text: subcatchment areas

text: divided into

text: impervious

text: and pervious areas with and without

text: depression

text: storage to predict

text: runoff

text: and

text: pollutant

text: loads from precipitation, evaporation and

text: infiltration

text: losses from each of the subcatchment.  In addition low impact development (LID) and best management practice areas on the subcatchment can be modeled to reduce the impervious and pervious runoff.  The routing or hydraulics section of SWMM transports this water and possible associated

text: water quality

text: constituents through a system of closed pipes, open channels, storage/treatment devices, ponds, storages, pumps, orifices, weirs, outlets, outfalls and other regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of the flow generated within each

text: subcatchment

text: , and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period composed of multiple fixed or variable

text: time steps

text: . The water quality constituents such as

text: water quality constituents

text: can be simulated from buildup on the subcatchments through washoff to a

text: hydraulic

text: network with optional first order decay and linked pollutant removal, best management practice and

entity_name: Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)

text: low-impact development

text: (LID) removal and treatment can be simulated at selected storage nodes. SWMM is one of the

text: hydrology transport model

text: s which the EPA and other agencies have applied widely throughout North America and through consultants and universities throughout the world.  The latest update notes and new features can be found on the EPA website in the download section.  Recently added in November 2015 was the EPA SWMM 5.1 Hydrology Manual

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: low impact development (LID)

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the water quality constituents?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: low impact development (LID)

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: buildup

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: precipitation, evaporation and infiltration losses

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: SWMM

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: flow generated within each subcatchment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: low impact development

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Storm Water Management Model

text: The

text: Miccosukee Tribe

text: filed suit under the Clean Water Act, which prohibits "the discharge of any pollutant by any person" unless done in compliance with the Act. The Tribe claimed that the pump station required an NPDES permit, because it moved phosphorus-laden water from the canal into the wetland area, but the District contended that the pump's operation did not constitute the "discharge of a pollutant" under the Act. The District Court granted the Tribe summary judgment, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed. For the purposes of NPDES permitting requirements, the Government (as an impartial adviser to the District) contended that all water bodies that fall within the Act's definition of "navigable water" (which are defined as "the waters of the U.S.") should be viewed collectively. Since the Act requires NPDES permits only when there is an addition of a pollutant to "navigable waters," this approach implied that such permits are not required when water is transferred from one navigable water, unaltered, into another navigable water body. However, because neither the District nor the Government raised the "unitary waters" approach before the Eleventh Circuit or in their briefs respecting certiori and because some factual issues remained unresolved, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to resolve the unitary waters argument and the case was remanded to the lower court.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pump station

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: comply with the Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: NPDES permit,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus-laden

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Miccosukee Tribe filed suit under the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphorus-laden

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: done in compliance with the Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "the discharge of any pollutant

text: According to the Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network, "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include water shortages, contaminated remaining drinking water, uncontrolled discharge and untreated sewage flowing in the streets resulting in groundwater pollution, pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

text: According to the

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: , "The public health and safety and environmental hazards stemming from the damage caused to infrastructure as a result of this military operation include

text: water shortages

text: , contaminated remaining

text: drinking water

text: , uncontrolled discharge and

text: untreated sewage

text: flowing in the streets resulting in

text: groundwater pollution

text: , pollution of agricultural land which Gazans will now be unable to cultivate to harvest crops, negatively impacting their earning."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental NGOs Network

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: uncontrolled discharge

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: uncontrolled discharge

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage flowing in the streets

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: contaminated remaining drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated remaining drinking water, uncontrolled discharge and untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: uncontrolled discharge and untreated sewage

text: Several cases of typhoid fever occurred at a timber mill in the catchment in 1892, at a time when typhoid fever became increasingly prevalent in Perth. Between 1895 and 1900, there were 4047 cases and 425 deaths from typhoid fever in Perth, and the water supply was suspected to be contaminated. In response to this, in 1896 the Colonial Government purchased the scheme, including the dam, pipelines and Mount Eliza reservoir. In 1897, a sample of the water from the reservoir was found to contain the bacteria causing typhoid fever, and strict by-laws were implemented to prosecute any cases of pollution of the water catchment. Also, a channel was cut to divert the Munday Brook water (polluted by the timber mills) away from the reservoir.

text: Several cases of

text: typhoid fever

text: occurred at a timber mill in the catchment in 1892, at a time when typhoid fever became increasingly prevalent in Perth. Between 1895 and 1900, there were 4047 cases and 425 deaths from typhoid fever in Perth, and the water supply was suspected to be contaminated. In response to this, in 1896 the Colonial Government purchased the scheme, including the dam, pipelines and Mount Eliza reservoir. In 1897, a sample of the water from the reservoir was found to contain the bacteria causing typhoid fever, and strict

text: by-law

text: s were implemented to prosecute any cases of pollution of the water catchment. Also, a channel was cut to divert the Munday Brook water (polluted by the timber mills) away from the reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the Colonial Government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dam

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: timber mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: by-laws

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: typhoid fever

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: by-laws

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dam, pipelines and Mount Eliza reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Munday Brook water (polluted by the timber mills)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Several cases of typhoid fever

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: strict by-laws

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 1892,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: strict by-laws

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: a channel was cut to divert the Munday Brook water

text: Polluted part of the Cooum is presently spoiled by filth and pollution, and the water quality has considered to be highly toxic and completely non-potable. The 2004 tsunami cleaned the mouth of the river; however, the river returned to its usual polluted self within a short period. Anyhow, the Unpolluted Part is still being used for drinking water needs of many villages in the banks of the unpolluted part of the cooum river.

text: Polluted part of the Cooum is presently spoiled by filth and pollution, and the water quality has considered to be highly toxic and completely non-potable. The 2004 tsunami cleaned the mouth of the river; however, the river returned to its usual polluted self within a short period. Anyhow, the Unpolluted Part is still being used for drinking water needs of many villages in the banks of the unpolluted part of the cooum river.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unpolluted

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: highly toxic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use unpolluted water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: highly toxic and completely non-potable.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Polluted part of the Cooum

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filth

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: filth

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water needs of many villages

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: filth and pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Unpolluted Part is still being used for drinking water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Polluted part of the Cooum

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Unpolluted Part

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the river returned to its usual polluted self within a short period.

text: The conventional treatment method for water purification is a complex, multistage process that was used for many years. It generally consists of five primary steps. First, raw water is adjusted for alkalinity and pH with the addition of hydrated lime and carbon dioxide. Second, particulate matter is congregated with aluminum sulphate and other coagulants, such as polymers, which the water flows in a cascade that mixes the chemicals and raw water with the coagulants. Third, the water is slowly mixed in clarifiers where larger particles settle down to the bottom and are periodically removed (sedimentation). Fourth, water is directed from the clarifiers to the filters (e.g. anthracite and sand filter) to entrap any smaller particles that survived the clarification process. Finally, sodium hydroxide is added to adjust the final pH/alkalinity, sodium hypochlorite for disinfection and fluoride for fluoridation. This process is often used as a pre-treatment method while another processes, such as reverse osmosis, is used for the final treatment.A disadvantage of this method is its use of chemicals, such as ozone, flocculents, hydrogen peroxide, lime, and chlorine for the filtration process. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly or if they remained in the water after complete treatment. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly, or if they remain in the water after complete treatment. This requires special precautions, and each step of the process has to be controlled to achieve an overall optimal performance. The need for a complex control system for conventional treatment can result in it being financially costly. This has led to the development of alternative pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

text: The conventional treatment method for water purification is a complex, multistage process that was used for many years. It generally consists of five primary steps. First, raw water is adjusted for

text: alkalinity

text: and

text: pH

text: with the addition of hydrated

text: lime

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: . Second, particulate matter is congregated with

text: aluminum sulphate

text: and other

text: coagulants

text: , such as

text: polymer

text: s, which the water flows in a cascade that mixes the chemicals and raw water with the coagulants. Third, the water is slowly mixed in

text: clarifier

text: s where larger particles settle down to the bottom and are periodically removed (

text: sedimentation

text: ). Fourth, water is directed from the clarifiers to the filters (e.g.

text: anthracite

text: and

text: sand filter

text: ) to entrap any smaller particles that survived the clarification process. Finally,

text: sodium hydroxide

text: is added to adjust the final pH/alkalinity,

text: sodium hypochlorite

text: for

text: disinfection

text: and

text: fluoride

text: for

text: fluoridation

text: . This process is often used as a pre-treatment method while another processes, such as reverse osmosis, is used for the final treatment.A disadvantage of this method is its use of chemicals, such as

text: ozone

text: flocculent

text: s,

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: , lime, and

text: chlorine

text: for the filtration process. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly or if they remained in the water after complete treatment. These chemicals could be dangerous if used incorrectly, or if they remain in the water after complete treatment. This requires special precautions, and each step of the process has to be controlled to achieve an overall optimal performance. The need for a complex control system for conventional treatment can result in it being financially costly. This has led to the development of alternative pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pH

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: raw water is adjusted

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: aluminum sulphate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: filtration process.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pre-treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: raw water is adjusted for alkalinity and pH

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hydrogen peroxide, lime, and chlorine

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: reverse osmosis,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: osmosis,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: filtration process.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pre-treatment and treatment methods for raw water.

text: Section 85 of the WRA is concerned with the offence of polluting controlled water. The purpose of the section is to impose criminal liability on those who pollute natural water resources. The main offence states that it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter any controlled waters. Further offences, for example, a breach of conditions in a discharge consent, are also introduced by s.85.

text: Section 85 of the WRA is concerned with the offence of polluting controlled water. The purpose of the section is to impose criminal liability on those who pollute natural water resources. The main offence states that it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter any controlled waters. Further offences, for example, a breach of conditions in a discharge consent, are also introduced by s.85.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: WRA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: solid waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: noxious

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: abide by the law

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Section 85 of the WRA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: WRA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge consent,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: solid waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Section 85

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Section 85

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Section 85

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: discharge consent,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Section 85

text: Prior to the 1970s the protection of basic air and water supplies was a matter mainly left to each state. During the 1970s, primary responsibility for clean air and water shifted to the federal government. Growing concerns, both environmental and economic, from cites and towns as well as sportsman and other local groups, and senators such as Maine's Edmund S. Muskie, led to passage of extensive legislation, notably the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Other legislation included National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), signed into law in 1970, which established a United States Environmental Protection Agency and a Council on Environmental Quality; the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1977, which became known as the Clean Water Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known as the Superfund Act (1980). These laws regulated public drinking water systems, toxic substances, pesticides, and ocean dumping; and protected wildlife, wilderness, and wild and scenic rivers. Moreover, the new laws provide for pollution research, standard setting, contaminated site cleanup, monitoring, and enforcement.

text: Prior to the 1970s the protection of basic air and water supplies was a matter mainly left to each state. During the 1970s, primary responsibility for clean air and water shifted to the federal government. Growing concerns, both environmental and economic, from cites and towns as well as sportsman and other local groups, and senators such as Maine's

text: Edmund S. Muskie

text: , led to passage of extensive legislation, notably the

text: Clean Air Act

text: of 1970 and the

text: Water Pollution Control Act

text: Amendments of 1972. Other legislation included

text: National Environmental Policy Act

text: (NEPA), signed into law in 1970, which established a

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: and a

text: Council on Environmental Quality

text: ; the

entity_name: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

text: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

text: ; the

text: Endangered Species Act

text: of 1973, the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: (1974), the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (1976), the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1977, which became known as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known as the

text: Superfund Act

text: (1980). These laws regulated public drinking water systems, toxic substances, pesticides, and ocean dumping; and protected wildlife, wilderness, and wild and scenic rivers. Moreover, the new laws provide for pollution research, standard setting, contaminated site cleanup, monitoring, and enforcement.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ocean dumping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Air Act of 1970

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: contaminated site cleanup,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: primary responsibility for clean air and water shifted to the federal government.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: public drinking water systems,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Prior to the 1970s

text: EPAC advised Environment Agency Wales on issues of environmental protection, pollution control, water resources, air quality and waste regulation.

text: EPAC advised Environment Agency Wales on issues of environmental protection, pollution control, water resources, air quality and waste regulation.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air quality

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water is purified enough for drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use pumps

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPAC

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water resources, air quality and waste regulation.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air quality

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: EPAC

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: EPAC advised Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: EPAC advised Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste regulation.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: EPAC advised Environment Agency Wales on issues of environmental protection, pollution control,

text: Most water requires some type of treatment before use, even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in water treatment include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only few large urban areas such as Christchurch, New Zealand have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient volume that no treatment of the raw water is required.

text: Most water requires some type of treatment before use, even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in

text: water treatment

text: include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only few large urban areas such as

text: Christchurch

text: New Zealand

text: have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient volume that no treatment of the raw water is required.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: point-of-use

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: source of the water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: deep wells or springs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water from deep wells or springs.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: the source of the water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water from deep wells or springs.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Most water requires some type of treatment before use,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: raw water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Most water requires some type of treatment before use,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Most water requires some type of treatment before use,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment before use,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Most water requires some type of treatment before use,

text: A Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) is a United States regulatory term for a periodic water pollution report prepared by industries, municipalities and other facilities discharging to surface waters. The facilities collect wastewater samples, conduct chemical and/or biological tests of the samples, and submit reports to a state agency or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). All point source dischargers to ”Waters of the U.S.” must obtain a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit from the appropriate agency, and many permittees are required to file DMRs.

text: A Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) is a

text: United States

text: regulatory term for a periodic

text: water pollution

text: report prepared by

text: industries

text: municipalities

text: and other facilities discharging to

text: surface water

text: s. The facilities collect

text: wastewater

text: samples, conduct

text: chemical

text: and/or

text: biological

text: tests of the samples, and submit reports to a

text: state

text: agency or the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). All

text: point source

text: dischargers to

text: ”Waters of the U.S.”

text: must obtain a

text: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permit from the appropriate agency, and many permittees are required to file DMRs.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collect wastewater samples

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source dischargers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: obtain a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collect wastewater samples,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: A Discharge Monitoring Report

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: A Discharge Monitoring Report

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Discharge Monitoring Report

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998. Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff, nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows, and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were hogsuckers and spotfin shiners, both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the  navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows.

text: Water quality

text: has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14

text: American Heritage River

text: s in 1998. Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including

text: urban runoff

text: nonpoint source

text: problems,

text: combined sewer overflow

text: s, and

text: stagnation

text: due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River

text: watershed

text: as one of 43

text: Great Lakes Areas of Concern

text: . The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established

text: aquatic life

text: water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were

text: hogsucker

text: s and

text: spotfin shiners

text: , both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the  navigation

text: channel

text: still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: combined sewer overflows

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the most common species in the river

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid dams

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: combined sewer overflows,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: urban runoff,

text: The biggest river flowing into Vučitrn is the Sitnica. It is the second biggest natural basin river of Kosovo (), after the Drini i Bardhe (). According to many years of hydro-metrical observation, the Sitnica flows at a rate of approximately  , or 439.11 million m³ of water per year. The Sitnica river gathers smaller rivers such as Llapi, Lumkuqi, Tërrstena, Banja e Gjytezës and some other water flows that comes from the east side of the Čičavica mountain. The Sitnica river is in the fourth category of pollution, a category which includes the most polluted rivers in Kosovo. Besides chemical pollution, Sitnica river is also contaminated by KEDS's phenol, industrial and urban water.

text: The biggest river flowing into Vučitrn is the Sitnica. It is the second biggest natural basin river of Kosovo (), after the

text: Drini i Bardhe

text: (). According to many years of hydro-metrical observation, the Sitnica flows at a rate of approximately  , or 439.11 million m³ of water per year. The Sitnica river gathers smaller rivers such as Llapi, Lumkuqi, Tërrstena, Banja e Gjytezës and some other water flows that comes from the east side of the

text: Čičavica

text: mountain. The Sitnica river is in the fourth category of pollution, a category which includes the most polluted rivers in Kosovo. Besides chemical pollution, Sitnica river is also contaminated by KEDS's

text: phenol

text: , industrial and urban water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: KEDS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: phenol

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phenol

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: fourth category of pollution,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: KEDS's

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: phenol, industrial and urban water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: KEDS's phenol,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 439.11 million m3 of water per year.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phenol,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: phenol,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sitnica.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: <unk>i<unk>avica mountain.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: phenol,

text: The Environmental Protection Agency had found no violations and had not taken enforcement actions against the Freedom Industries Charleston facility within the last five years. DEP did reveal that the facility had been the subject of a previous "odor complaint" "several years ago," although the complaint was determined by DEP to be unfounded. Following the spill, the DEP issued a violation notice on January 10 to Freedom Industries for releasing MCHM into the air and violating West Virginia's Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act, and it subsequently ordered that its Charleston facility's 11 other tanks be emptied and the chemicals moved off site. By the night of January 9, the West Virginia National Guard began testing the contaminated water in the Elk River. The National Guard utilized its own lab, in addition to labs from DuPont and the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. The National Guard also requested two additional labs to expedite the water testing process. West Virginia American Water coordinated with DuPont and the United States Army Corps of Engineers to determine the contamination level within its system. A total of four labs were set up to continue testing the amount of the chemical remaining in the water.

text: The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: had found no violations and had not taken enforcement actions against the Freedom Industries Charleston facility within the last five years. DEP did reveal that the facility had been the subject of a previous "odor complaint" "several years ago," although the complaint was determined by DEP to be unfounded. Following the spill, the DEP issued a violation notice on January 10 to Freedom Industries for releasing MCHM into the air and violating West Virginia's Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act, and it subsequently ordered that its Charleston facility's 11 other tanks be emptied and the chemicals moved off site. By the night of January 9, the West Virginia National Guard began testing the contaminated water in the Elk River. The National Guard utilized its own lab, in addition to labs from

text: DuPont

text: and the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. The National Guard also requested two additional labs to expedite the water testing process. West Virginia American Water coordinated with DuPont and the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: to determine the contamination level within its system. A total of four labs were set up to continue testing the amount of the chemical remaining in the water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: testing the contaminated water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: MCHM

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: testing the contaminated water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: MCHM

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: contaminated water in the Elk River.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Air Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Air Pollution Control Act and the Water Pollution Control Act,

text: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act seeks to address this gap by prohibiting the dumping of untreated or inadequately treated sewage from vessels into the navigable waters of the United States (defined in the act as within  of shore). It is implemented jointly by EPA and the Coast Guard. Under Section 312, commercial and recreational vessels with installed toilets are required to have marine sanitation devices (MSDs), which are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage. EPA is responsible for developing performance standards for MSDs, and the Coast Guard is responsible for MSD design and operation regulations and for certifying MSD compliance with the EPA rules. MSDs are designed either to hold sewage for shore-based disposal or to treat sewage prior to discharge.

text: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act seeks to address this gap by prohibiting the dumping of untreated or inadequately treated sewage from vessels into the navigable waters of the United States (defined in the act as within  of shore). It is implemented jointly by EPA and the Coast Guard. Under Section 312, commercial and recreational vessels with installed

text: toilet

text: s are required to have

text: marine sanitation device

text: s (MSDs), which are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage. EPA is responsible for developing performance standards for MSDs, and the Coast Guard is responsible for MSD design and operation regulations and for certifying MSD compliance with the EPA rules. MSDs are designed either to hold sewage for shore-based disposal or to treat sewage prior to discharge.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: MSDs

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: inadequately treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It is implemented jointly by EPA

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: have marine sanitation devices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: marine sanitation devices

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated or inadequately treated sewage from vessels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: marine sanitation devices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Section 312 of the Clean Water Act

text: It was originally created by the University of Poitiers, the before the foundation of the ENSi Poitiers. The organisers are the Apten (Professional association of water treatment and pollution, in French), an alumnus of the graduates of the school from the TEN section, and the LCME (Laboratory of Chemistry and Microbiology of Water, in French), a laboratory which is part of IC2MP, a CNRS-University of Poitiers laboratory.

text: It was originally created by the

text: University of Poitiers

text: , the before the foundation of the

entity_name: École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de Poitiers

text: ENSi Poitiers

text: . The organisers are the Apten (Professional association of water treatment and pollution, in French), an alumnus of the graduates of the school from the TEN section, and the LCME (Laboratory of Chemistry and Microbiology of Water, in French), a laboratory which is part of

text: , a

entity_name: Centre national de la recherche scientifique

text: CNRS

text: -University of Poitiers laboratory.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Professional association of water treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Apten

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: LCME

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: LCME

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: LCME

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: (Professional association of water treatment and pollution,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: (Professional association of water treatment and pollution,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: (Laboratory of Chemistry and Microbiology of Water,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: ENSi Poitiers.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: ENSi Poitiers.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: ENSi Poitiers.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: ENSi Poitiers.

text: e) The protection of water resources against pollution and over-exploitation.

text: e) The protection of water resources against

text: pollution

text: and

text: over-exploitation

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The protection of water resources

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The protection of water resources against pollution and over-exploitation.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: over-exploitation.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The protection of water resources

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution and over-exploitation.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: e) The protection of water resources

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: over-exploitation.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The protection of water resources

text: The Rivers Trust and Catchment Sensitive Farming created Pinpoint to reduce water pollution created from farming. Pinpoint supplies training, and support to keep farmers up to date and informed on the methods for sustainability. They have a number of courses on the process of how to diffuse water pollution from our environment and agriculture, and courses on educating farmers on sediment-related problems. The Rivers Trust focuses heavily on why it is important to reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Diffuse water pollution is created from many sources making it difficult to track. Run off has many sources like transportation, urban living, remnants of contaminated land; nutrients; pesticides, and sediment created by farmers. To best reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture, farmers must be educated. Small steps can lead to a huge impact like moving their gate entrance to prevent field erosion, or separating clean and dirty water.

text: The Rivers Trust and Catchment Sensitive Farming created Pinpoint to reduce water pollution created from farming. Pinpoint supplies training, and support to keep farmers up to date and informed on the methods for sustainability. They have a number of courses on the process of how to diffuse water pollution from our environment and agriculture, and courses on educating farmers on sediment-related problems. The Rivers Trust focuses heavily on why it is important to reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture. Diffuse water pollution is created from many sources making it difficult to track. Run off has many sources like transportation, urban living, remnants of contaminated land; nutrients; pesticides, and sediment created by farmers. To best reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture, farmers must be educated. Small steps can lead to a huge impact like moving their gate entrance to prevent field erosion, or separating clean and dirty water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Rivers Trust

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: separate clean and dirty water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the difference between clean and dirty water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: separating clean and dirty water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Rivers Trust

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: separating clean and dirty water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: separating clean and dirty water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: dirty

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: separating clean and dirty water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nutrients; pesticides,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: separating clean and dirty water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: separating clean and dirty water.

text: There are many uses of water in industry and,in most cases, the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of use in specific industrial processes. Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects which include industrial wastewater treatment, boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment.

text: There are many uses of water in industry and,in most cases, the used water also needs treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal. Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications to be of use in specific industrial processes. Industrial water treatment encompasses all these aspects which include

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: boiler water

text: treatment and

text: cooling water

text: treatment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Evaporation point

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use industrial wastewater treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Raw water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial processes.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Raw water entering an industrial plant often needs treatment to meet tight quality specifications

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: used water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Industrial water treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment to render it fit for re-use or disposal.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Raw water entering an industrial plant

text: ICCI exposed the state’s failure to protect water quality. It fought for a workplan for Clean Water Act enforcement by suing EPA to bring Iowa Department of Natural Resources's Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) program into compliance with the Clean Water Act. After an EPA field investigation of the DNR in 2012, DNR "promised to enforce the Clean Water Act, yet did not sign a workplan in 2012, and only signed a weakened plan on September 11, 2013. In the year since, the Iowa DNR did not issue any Clean Water Act permits to agricultural polluters. ICCI has pointed out that DNR has fined responsible parties of only 11 of the 49 manure spills, but has not issued administrative orders nor collected fines issued.

text: ICCI exposed the state’s failure to protect

text: water quality

text: . It fought for a workplan for

text: Clean Water Act

text: enforcement by suing EPA to bring

text: Iowa Department of Natural Resources

text: 's

text: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

text: (CAFO) program into compliance with the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . After an EPA field investigation of the DNR in 2012, DNR "promised to enforce the Clean Water Act, yet did not sign a workplan in 2012, and only signed a weakened plan on September 11, 2013. In the year since, the Iowa DNR did not issue any Clean Water Act permits to agricultural polluters. ICCI has pointed out that DNR has fined responsible parties of only 11 of the 49 manure spills, but has not issued

text: administrative order

text: s nor collected fines issued.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It fought for a workplan

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA to bring Iowa Department of Natural Resources's

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Iowa Department of Natural Resources's Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 49 manure spills,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: ICCI exposed the state’s failure to protect water quality.

text: In the first half of the 20th century water supply and sanitation were a local government responsibility with regulation at the state level; the federal government played almost no role in the sector at that time. This changed with the enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which provided for comprehensive planning, technical services, research, and financial assistance by the federal government to state and local governments for sanitary infrastructure. The Act was amended in 1965, establishing a uniform set of water quality standards and creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration authorized to set standards where states failed to do so. Comprehensive federal regulations for water supply and sanitation were introduced in the 1970s, in reaction to an increase in environmental concerns. In 1970 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. In 1972, the Clean Water Act was passed, requiring industrial plants to proactively improve their waste procedures in order to limit the effect of contaminants on freshwater sources. In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was adopted for the regulation of public water systems. This law specified a number of contaminants that must be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the maximum contaminant levels allowed. From then on, drinking water systems were closely monitored by federal, state, and municipal governments for safety and compliance with existing regulations. The Clean Water Act set the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized massive expenditures of $24.6 billion in research and construction grants. The funds initially provided an incentive to build centralized wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure instead of decentralized systems. However, the 1977 amendments to the Clean Water Act required communities to consider alternatives to the conventional centralized sewer systems, and financial assistance was made available. In the mid-1990s decentralized systems served approximately 25 percent of the U.S. population, and approximately 37 percent of new housing developments.

text: In the first half of the 20th century water supply and sanitation were a local government responsibility with regulation at the state level; the federal government played almost no role in the sector at that time. This changed with the enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which provided for comprehensive planning, technical services, research, and financial assistance by the federal government to state and local governments for sanitary infrastructure. The Act was amended in 1965, establishing a uniform set of water quality standards and creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration authorized to set standards where states failed to do so. Comprehensive federal regulations for water supply and sanitation were introduced in the 1970s, in reaction to an increase in environmental concerns. In 1970 the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) was created. In 1972, the

text: Clean Water Act

text: was passed, requiring industrial plants to proactively improve their waste procedures in order to limit the effect of contaminants on freshwater sources. In 1974, the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: was adopted for the regulation of public water systems. This law specified a number of contaminants that must be closely monitored and reported to residents should they exceed the

text: maximum contaminant level

text: s allowed. From then on, drinking water systems were closely monitored by federal, state, and municipal governments for safety and compliance with existing regulations. The Clean Water Act set the unprecedented goal of eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized massive expenditures of $24.6 billion in research and construction grants. The funds initially provided an incentive to build centralized wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure instead of decentralized systems. However, the 1977 amendments to the Clean Water Act required communities to consider alternatives to the conventional centralized sewer systems, and financial assistance was made available. In the mid-1990s decentralized systems served approximately 25 percent of the U.S. population, and approximately 37 percent of new housing developments.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: proactively improve their waste procedures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water systems were closely monitored by federal, state, and municipal governments

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: drinking water systems

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: limit the effect of contaminants on freshwater sources.

text: The term is used extensively in U.S. water pollution law (i.e. the Clean Water Act), regulations and programs. Many POTWs were established and/or expanded with grants or low-interest loans from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: The term is used extensively in U.S. water pollution law (i.e. the

text: Clean Water Act

text: regulation

text: s and programs. Many POTWs were established and/or expanded with

text: grants

text: or low-interest

text: loan

text: s from the U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act),

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: POTWs

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act),

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: POTWs

text: Clean Water Act regulations specify technology-based effluent limits for classes and categories of industries, and describes the circumstances in which states may require effluent limits or monitoring requirements more stringent than technology-based standards. The Clean Water Act relies on a permit system, known as the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) to regulate water discharges. Facilities may be assigned a specific mercury discharge limit, or may only be required to monitor their discharge for mercury. Facilities report actual discharge levels in Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs), which serve as the basis for determining compliance.. Pretreatment standards regulate industries that discharge into a publicly owned treatment plant (POTW) instead of discharging directly into a receiving water body. Regulations list industrial categories subject to national categorical pretreatment standards for new and existing facilities that discharge into treatment plants. POTWs with approved pretreatment programs may set permit limits and conduct inspections of industrial users. Facilities that do not have specific pretreatment standards for mercury (or other hazardous substances), are supposed to notify the POTW of any hazardous waste discharge that exceeds 100 kg per month. Wastestreams from certain manufacturing processes that may involve mercury, such as fluorescent lamps and switchgear, are excluded from categorical pretreatment standards because they are considered dilute.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pretreatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Pretreatment standards

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pretreatment standards regulate industries that discharge into a publicly owned treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fluorescent lamps and switchgear,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act regulations specify technology-based effluent limits

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act regulations specify technology-based effluent limits

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pretreatment standards regulate industries that discharge into a publicly owned treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: discharge into a publicly owned treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act regulations specify technology-based effluent limits

text: The water in the harbour today is as clean as that of Øresund, the harbour baths are a result of a consistent effort to improve the water quality in Copenhagen Harbour to an extent that allows for bathing to take place. The harbour baths are generally open all days of the week in the bathing season. In the event of unusually strong rains, sewage water may spill into the harbour and cause pollution with E. coli bacteria, closing the harbour baths temporarily. Such a closure normally lasts for a couple of days until tidal flux has changed all the water. Water quality is being monitored and reported on a dedicated web site

text: The water in the harbour today is as clean as that of

text: Øresund

text: , the harbour baths are a result of a consistent effort to improve the water quality in Copenhagen Harbour to an extent that allows for bathing to take place. The harbour baths are generally open all days of the week in the bathing season. In the event of unusually strong rains,

text: sewage water

text: may spill into the harbour and cause pollution with

text: E. coli bacteria

text: , closing the harbour baths temporarily. Such a closure normally lasts for a couple of days until tidal flux has changed all the water. Water quality is being monitored and reported on a dedicated web site

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Copenhagen Harbour

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the water purified enough for?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bathe

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Copenhagen Harbour

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: E. coli bacteria,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: bathing to take place.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: E. coli bacteria,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bathing

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: E. coli bacteria,

text: The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support beneficial uses such as aquatic life, fisheries, drinking water, recreation, industry, or agriculture. These inventories are known as 303(d) Lists and characterize waters as fully supporting, impaired, or in some cases threatened for beneficial uses.

text: The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support

text: beneficial use

text: s such as

text: aquatic life

text: fisheries

text: drinking water

text: , recreation, industry, or

text: agriculture

text: . These inventories are known as 303(d) Lists and characterize waters as fully supporting, impaired, or in some cases threatened for beneficial uses.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: impurities

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support beneficial uses

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industry, or agriculture.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 303(d) Lists

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: impaired,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 303(d) Lists

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 303(d) Lists

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: At the time of the Camelford water pollution incident, water treatment was being carried out by South West Water.

text: At the time of the

text: Camelford water pollution incident

text: , water treatment was being carried out by

text: South West Water

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: South West Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Camelford

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water pollution incident,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment was being carried out by South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Camelford

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment was being carried out by South West Water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water treatment was being carried out by South West Water.

text: The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality are guidelines for drinking water quality standards in Canada developed by Health Canada. These guidelines set forth recommendations for the maximum concentrations of various substances in drinking water. Provinces and territories are responsible for enforcing these guidelines, as there is no national regulatory body for drinking water. Water pollution by sewage is one of the main culprits involved in polluting drinking water. Advocacy group Ecojustice estimates overall raw sewage dumping in Canada to be around 200 billion litres a year. The Canadian government recently announced waste water regulations that would allow for sewage to be dumped into Canadian waters until 2040. Proper measures for waste water disposal will not immediately be put in place, rather, they will be implemented gradually from 2020 to 2040. However, in the meantime, Canadian municipalities may continue to pollute their waters by dumping sewage. This can prominently be viewed with Halifax, Nova Scotia. In Halifax, human waste is dumped directly into the Halifax harbour. This dumping can mainly be attributed to a failure in their sewage treatment infrastructure. Victoria, British Columbia also follows a similar practice by getting rid of their untreated waste into the ocean. However, the government has plans to open operational treatment facilities for 2016.

text: The Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality are guidelines for

text: drinking water

text: quality

text: standards in Canada developed by Health Canada. These guidelines set forth recommendations for the maximum concentrations of various substances in drinking water. Provinces and territories are responsible for enforcing these guidelines, as there is no national regulatory body for drinking water. Water pollution by sewage is one of the main culprits involved in polluting drinking water. Advocacy group

text: Ecojustice

text: estimates overall raw sewage dumping in Canada to be around 200 billion litres a year. The Canadian government recently announced waste water regulations that would allow for sewage to be dumped into Canadian waters until 2040. Proper measures for waste water disposal will not immediately be put in place, rather, they will be implemented gradually from 2020 to 2040. However, in the meantime, Canadian municipalities may continue to pollute their waters by dumping sewage. This can prominently be viewed with

text: Halifax

text: Nova Scotia

text: . In Halifax, human waste is dumped directly into the Halifax harbour. This dumping can mainly be attributed to a failure in their sewage treatment infrastructure. Victoria, British Columbia also follows a similar practice by getting rid of their untreated waste into the ocean. However, the government has plans to open operational treatment facilities for 2016.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ecojustice

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Health Canada

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the difference between drinking water and spreading on grass?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated waste

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ecojustice

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Health Canada.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Proper measures for waste water disposal will not immediately be put in place,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: human waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: sewage is one of the main culprits involved in polluting drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: human waste is dumped directly into the Halifax harbour.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: sewage

text: The Clean Water Act, 2006 (Bill 43) is a major part of the Ontario government’s commitment to ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.  Protecting water at its source is the first step in the multi-barrier approach to source water protection. By stopping contaminants from getting into sources of drinking water — lakes, rivers and aquifers — we can provide the first line of defense in the protection of our environment and the health of Ontarians.For the first time, communities will be required to create and carry out a plan to protect the sources of their municipal drinking water supplies. The Clean Water Act, 2006 will:

text: The Clean Water Act, 2006 (Bill 43) is a major part of the Ontario government’s commitment to ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.  Protecting water at its source is the first step in the

text: multi-barrier approach

text: to

text: source water protection

text: . By stopping contaminants from getting into sources of drinking water — lakes, rivers and aquifers — we can provide the first line of defense in the protection of our environment and the health of Ontarians.For the first time, communities will be required to create and carry out a plan to protect the sources of their municipal drinking water supplies. The Clean Water Act, 2006 will:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ontario government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Protection at its source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the sources of their municipal drinking water supplies

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: (Bill 43)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Protecting water at its source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: lakes, rivers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: ensuring that every Ontarian has access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Protecting water at its source

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: By stopping contaminants from getting into sources of drinking water

text: A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a water pollutant that is amenable to treatment by a municipal sewage treatment plant.  A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S. Clean Water Act. The list has been amended in regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency:

text: A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a

text: water pollutant

text: that is amenable to treatment by a municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plant.  A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The list has been amended in regulations issued by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: conventional pollutant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: conventional pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency:

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: conventional pollutant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: A conventional pollutant

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: A conventional pollutant

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: A conventional pollutant

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: municipal sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: A conventional pollutant

text: Good water quality is a key concern of the EPA.  The Clean Water Act is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States.  Understanding the complexities of what can be found in your local stream and how that may impact your health or quality of life is an area of extensive research.  MyEnvironment offers the basics of drilling into STORET (one of the EPA's main water monitoring databases) to reveal some of the parameters that may have been sampled for in your local area waters and whether it was found to be present.  After that, you'll need to read about that "indicator" to understand whether it is a cause for concern to your immediate health and how you may protect yourself.

text: Good water quality is a key concern of the EPA.  The Clean Water Act is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States.  Understanding the complexities of what can be found in your local stream and how that may impact your health or quality of life is an area of extensive research.  MyEnvironment offers the basics of drilling into STORET (one of the EPA's main water monitoring databases) to reveal some of the parameters that may have been sampled for in your local area waters and whether it was found to be present.  After that, you'll need to read about that "indicator" to understand whether it is a cause for concern to your immediate health and how you may protect yourself.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sampling

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sampled

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: what can be found in your local stream

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: what can be found in your local stream

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: Even after accounting for physical water availability or access, water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water available to a developing country for human consumption, sanitation, agriculture and industrial purposes, in addition to various ecosystem services. The level of water quality depends on its intended purpose: Water that could be unfit for human consumption could be still usable in industrial or agriculture applications. Yet parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, in some cases even rendering the water unfit for agricultural or even industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the Hai River basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.

text: Even after accounting for physical water availability or access, water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water available to a developing country for human consumption, sanitation, agriculture and industrial purposes, in addition to various ecosystem services. The level of water quality depends on its intended purpose: Water that could be unfit for human consumption could be still usable in industrial or agriculture applications. Yet parts of the world are experiencing extensive deterioration of water quality, in some cases even rendering the water unfit for agricultural or even industrial use. For example, in China, 54% of the

text: Hai River

text: basin surface water is so polluted that it is considered un-usable.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ecosystem services

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: developing country

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: unfit for human consumption

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecosystem services.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: developing country

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: physical water availability or access,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Hai River basin

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The level of water quality depends on its intended purpose:

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sanitation,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water quality could further reduce the amount of usable water

text: Like other environmental laws, the Clean Water Act delegates many enforcement responsibilities to state agencies. While the burden of enforcement may be transferred to the states, federal agencies reserve the right to approve or reject state plans for dealing with water pollution. This relationship reduces the regulatory burden on federal agencies, but can lead to confusion and tension between the two regulators.

text: Like other environmental laws, the Clean Water Act delegates many enforcement responsibilities to state agencies. While the burden of enforcement may be transferred to the states, federal agencies reserve the right to approve or reject state plans for dealing with water pollution. This relationship reduces the regulatory burden on federal agencies, but can lead to confusion and tension between the two regulators.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state agencies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: approval or reject state plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: state plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: state plans

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: the Clean Water Act delegates many enforcement responsibilities to state agencies.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: federal agencies reserve the right to approve or reject state plans

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the Clean Water Act

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s streams, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. Under the act, pollutant discharges from point sources — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. Sewage from cruise ships and other vessels is exempt from the requirement to obtain an NPDES permit.

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA), is the principal U.S. law concerned with limiting polluting activity in the nation’s

text: stream

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: estuaries

text: , and

text: coastal waters

text: . Under the act, pollutant discharges from

text: point source

text: s — a term that includes vessels — are prohibited unless a permit has been obtained. Sewage from cruise ships and other vessels is exempt from the requirement to obtain an

text: NPDES permit

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cruise ships

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of clean water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: obtain a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permit has been obtained.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cruise ships

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pollutant discharges from point sources

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: limiting polluting activity

text: Water pollution is a serious concern in Sarnia.  A June 2003 Ryerson University study concluded that the main source of water pollution in the St. Clair River occurs at the Sarnia Water Pollution Control Center due to chemical spills and ship emissions. (WPCC).  The study goes on to say that "A significant reduction of the pollution to the St. Clair River will only be achieved by improving the quality of the Sarnia WPCC effluent." In 2008, the city resolved to replace the aging sewer pumps that controlled the effluent.  Minutes of a meeting between Mayor Mike Bradley and Sarnia City Council state "The cost of repairing the raw sewage pumps is a significant portion of purchasing a new unit. However based on the performance of the existing units over the past 8 years, City staff prefers to look at other manufacturers for replacing the existing Fairbanks-Morse pumps as they require their second rebuilding."  In 2010, though, the Water Distribution Report indicated that "It should be noted that no filter effluent turbidity exceeded the prescribed test result for adverse reporting..."  Further, the Water Distribution Report concluded that "Note- No inorganic or organic parameters exceeded half the standard prescribed in Schedule 2 of the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards."

text: Water pollution is a serious concern in Sarnia.  A June 2003 Ryerson University study concluded that the main source of water pollution in the

text: St. Clair River

text: occurs at the Sarnia Water Pollution Control Center due to chemical spills and ship emissions. (WPCC).  The study goes on to say that "A significant reduction of the pollution to the St. Clair River will only be achieved by improving the quality of the Sarnia WPCC effluent." In 2008, the city resolved to replace the aging sewer pumps that controlled the effluent.  Minutes of a meeting between Mayor

text: Mike Bradley

text: and Sarnia City Council state "The cost of repairing the raw sewage pumps is a significant portion of purchasing a new unit. However based on the performance of the existing units over the past 8 years, City staff prefers to look at other manufacturers for replacing the existing

text: Fairbanks-Morse

text: pumps as they require their second rebuilding."  In 2010, though, the Water Distribution Report indicated that "It should be noted that no filter effluent turbidity exceeded the prescribed test result for adverse reporting..."  Further, the Water Distribution Report concluded that "Note- No inorganic or organic parameters exceeded half the standard prescribed in Schedule 2 of the Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ontario Drinking Water Standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: aging sewer pumps

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical spills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: improve the quality

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ship emissions.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ontario

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: replace the aging sewer pumps

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical spills and ship emissions.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Drinking Water Quality Standards."

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: chemical spills and ship emissions.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sarnia Water Pollution Control Center

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: chemical spills

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: improving the quality of the Sarnia WPCC effluent."

text: A review paper dated Fall 2008 on the Sulphur Bank Mine site remediation, authored by J. Lessl, University of Florida, Department of Soil and Water Sciences suggests phytoremediation, which is the use of both wild and genetically modified plants to take up (hyper-accumulate) and bank the mercury and arsenic in the plant tissue. The plants have been genetically altered for this specific purpose. The report also suggests the less expensive option of adding soil amendments like compost, lime and fertilizer. "This technology relies on the intrinsic ability of organic matter to bind metals, reducing their bioavailability and subsequently allowing vegetation to become established" which would ideally, "impede the spread of water erosion and reduce water ingress and subsequent metal leaching." The suggestions in the review paper are based on several studies, two of which are; Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: Co-composting versus incorporation by Susan Tandy, 2008, and Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants by Richard B. Meager, 2000.

text: A review paper dated Fall 2008 on the Sulphur Bank Mine site remediation, authored by J. Lessl,

text: University of Florida

text: , Department of Soil and Water Sciences suggests phytoremediation, which is the use of both wild and

text: genetically modified

text: plants to take up (hyper-accumulate) and bank the mercury and arsenic in the plant tissue. The plants have been genetically altered for this specific purpose. The report also suggests the less expensive option of adding soil amendments like compost, lime and fertilizer. "This technology relies on the intrinsic ability of organic matter to bind metals, reducing their bioavailability and subsequently allowing vegetation to become established" which would ideally, "impede the spread of water erosion and reduce water ingress and subsequent metal leaching." The suggestions in the review paper are based on several studies, two of which are; Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: Co-composting versus incorporation by Susan Tandy, 2008, and Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants by Richard B. Meager, 2000.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: University of Florida

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: soil amendments

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: add soil amendments

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: genetically modified plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: University of Florida, Department of Soil and Water Sciences

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: adding soil amendments

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Sulphur Bank Mine

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: phytoremediation,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: metals,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: metal leaching."

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: compost, lime and fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: soil amendments like compost, lime and fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "impede the spread of water erosion and reduce water ingress

text: Water board finances and wastewater treatment levy. Water boards have the authority to levy taxes and finance their activities mostly with revenues from these taxes. The three main taxes levied by the water boards are a charge for flood protection, a water resources management charge, and a water pollution levy for wastewater treatment. The pollution levy is based on the principle that a polluter must pay for the pollution that he causes. Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy. Companies and organizations pay a rate linked to the quantity and composition of their waste water. The revenues from these taxes provide a budget of €1.9 billion in 2004. The total costs in the same year are estimated at around €2.3 billion, including a share for wastewater treatment. On average around 95% of all annual investment costs and management and maintenance costs by the Water Boards are covered by their revenues.

text: Water board finances and wastewater treatment levy. Water boards have the authority to levy taxes and finance their activities mostly with revenues from these taxes. The three main taxes levied by the water boards are a charge for flood protection, a water resources management charge, and a water pollution levy for wastewater treatment. The pollution levy is based on the principle that a polluter must pay for the pollution that he causes. Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy. Companies and organizations pay a rate linked to the quantity and composition of their waste water. The revenues from these taxes provide a budget of €1.9 billion in 2004. The total costs in the same year are estimated at around €2.3 billion, including a share for wastewater treatment. On average around 95% of all annual investment costs and management and maintenance costs by the Water Boards are covered by their revenues.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Boards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution levy

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Every household in the Netherlands

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of wastewater treatment

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pay the pollution levy

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water pollution levy

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water boards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water pollution levy

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: household

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: wastewater treatment.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution levy for wastewater treatment.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Every household in the Netherlands pays the pollution levy.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: a polluter must pay for the pollution that he causes.

text: Drinking water has become a rare commodity on Majorca because of the increasing number of hotels and golf courses, that are irrigated daily. The groundwater level has sunken with effects on vegetation and climate as well as an intrusion of salt water. During the summer months drinking water has to be shipped in by tankers from continental Spain. Desalination plants are rare due to their expense and high consumption of electricity. Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment and wastewater pollutes the Mediterranean Sea. Abnormal green algae populations are found, and are indicators of nutrient pollution. The dying bay of Santa Ponsa is an example of this pollution.

text: Drinking water has become a rare commodity on Majorca because of the increasing number of hotels and golf courses, that are irrigated daily. The groundwater level has sunken with effects on vegetation and climate as well as an intrusion of salt water. During the summer months drinking water has to be shipped in by tankers from continental Spain.

text: Desalination

text: plants are rare due to their expense and high consumption of electricity. Many sites lack sufficient

text: sewage treatment

text: and wastewater pollutes the Mediterranean Sea. Abnormal

text: green algae

text: populations are found, and are indicators of

text: nutrient pollution

text: . The dying bay of

text: Santa Ponsa

text: is an example of this pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Majorca

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sufficient sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Abnormal green algae populations

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: desalinate water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Majorca

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Abnormal green algae populations

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Many sites lack sufficient sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: irrigated daily.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: sewage treatment

text: Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the Cuyahoga River located in north-east Ohio. The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank erosion, commercial/residential development, atmospheric deposition, hazardous waste disposal sites, urban storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays.” The 1969 fire drew significant public attention to the state of the nation’s waterways and is sometimes credited for the creation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and the establishment of federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

text: Before the CWA was enacted, companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents into water bodies. One such water body was the

text: Cuyahoga River

text: located in north-east

text: Ohio

text: . The river was thrust into the national limelight in 1969 when it caught fire, although the river had been plagued by fires since 1936. Pollution of the river had become prevalent in the early 1800s as contaminants from municipal and industrial discharges, bank

text: erosion

text: , commercial/residential

text: development

text: , atmospheric deposition,

text: hazardous waste

text: disposal sites,

text: urban storm water runoff

text: combined sewer overflow

text: s (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant bypasses were discharged into the river. Time magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays.” The 1969 fire drew significant public attention to the state of the nation’s waterways and is sometimes credited for the creation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), commonly called the Clean Water Act, the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: , and the establishment of federal and state agencies such as the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: combined sewer overflows

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hazardous waste disposal sites

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: combined sewer overflows (CSOs)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: hazardous waste disposal sites, urban storm water runoff,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: hazardous waste disposal sites,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: companies indiscriminately discharged their effluents

text: The Ilek River (, ) is a steppe river at the southern end of the Ural Mountains. It is a tributary of the Ural River and lies in the Orenburg Oblast in Russia and Republic of Kazakhstan. It rises just south of Orsk, flows south a short distance and then flows westward south of and parallel to the Ural River, with many meanders and oxbow lakes, and joins the Ural about  west of Orenburg. Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River: Sol-Iletsk and Aqtöbe (alternate spelling: Aktöbe, Aktyubinsk). The Ilek River remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin. The content of boron and chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water. The quality class of water in the Ilek River changes from 4 – “polluted water” to 6 – “very polluted water” ("Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002).A further tributary of the Ilek River is the Bol'saja Chobda. It is also of archeological significance since it has been discovered as the site of certain Kurgan (Indo-European) burials. .

text: The Ilek River (, ) is a steppe river at the southern end of the Ural Mountains. It is a tributary of the

text: Ural River

text: and lies in the

text: Orenburg Oblast

text: in

text: Russia

text: and Republic of

text: Kazakhstan

text: . It rises just south of

text: Orsk

text: , flows south a short distance and then flows westward south of and parallel to the Ural River, with many meanders and oxbow lakes, and joins the Ural about  west of

text: Orenburg

text: . Two main cities lie on the banks of the Ilek River:

text: Sol-Iletsk

text: and

text: Aqtöbe

text: (alternate spelling: Aktöbe,

text: Aktyubinsk

text: ). The Ilek River remains the most polluted water body in the Ural-Caspian basin. The content of boron and chromium in the river is caused by the tailing ponds of former chemical plants via ground water. The quality class of water in the Ilek River changes from 4 – “polluted water” to 6 – “very polluted water” ("Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium," Water Resources Committee of RK, 2002).A further tributary of the Ilek River is the

text: Bol'saja Chobda

text: . It is also of archeological significance since it has been discovered as the site of certain

text: Kurgan

text: (Indo-European) burials. .

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Resources Committee of RK

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: tailing ponds

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: boron

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chromium

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: eat fish

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: 4 – “polluted water” to 6

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Resources Committee of RK,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: tailing ponds of former chemical plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: boron and chromium

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Ilek River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: boron and chromium

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Ilek River remains the most polluted

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Ilek River

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: ground water.

text: A State Revolving Fund (SRF) is a fund administered by a U.S. state for the purpose of providing low-interest loans for investments in water and sanitation infrastructure (e.g., sewage treatment, stormwater management facilities, drinking water treatment), as well as for the implementation of nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection projects. A SRF receives its initial capital from federal grants and state contributions. It then emits bonds that are guaranteed by the initial capital. It then "revolves" through the repayment of principal and the payment of interest on outstanding loans. There are currently two SRFs, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund created in 1987 under the Clean Water Act, and the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund created in 1997 under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

text: A State Revolving Fund (SRF) is a fund administered by a

text: U.S. state

text: for the purpose of providing low-interest loans for investments in water and sanitation infrastructure (e.g.,

text: sewage treatment

text: stormwater

text: management facilities,

text: drinking water

text: treatment), as well as for the implementation of

text: nonpoint source

text: pollution control and

text: estuary

text: protection projects. A SRF receives its initial capital from federal grants and state contributions. It then emits

text: bonds

text: that are guaranteed by the initial capital. It then "revolves" through the repayment of principal and the payment of interest on outstanding loans. There are currently two SRFs, the

text: Clean Water State Revolving Fund

text: created in 1987 under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , and the

text: Drinking Water State Revolving Fund

text: created in 1997 under the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage treatment, stormwater management facilities, drinking water treatment),

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: A State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: nonpoint source pollution control

text: Marine debris describes particulates suspended in a liquid, and particularly in water occurring on the surface of the Earth. Particulates in water are a kind of water pollution measured as total suspended solids, a water quality measurement listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act, a water quality law.

text: Marine debris describes particulates

text: suspended in a liquid

text: , and particularly in water occurring on the surface of the Earth. Particulates in water are a kind of water pollution measured as total

text: suspended solids

text: , a

text: water quality

text: measurement listed as a

text: conventional pollutant

text: in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: , a

text: water quality law

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: particulates suspended in a liquid,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: total suspended solids,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Marine debris

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Marine debris

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Marine debris

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Marine debris

text: Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys (graywater); hazardous wastes; solid waste; oily bilge water; ballast water; and air pollution. The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially MARPOL) and U.S. domestic laws (including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the Great Lakes), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

text: Cruise ship

text: s carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to “floating cities,” and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large, consisting of sewage;

text: wastewater

text: from

text: sink

text: s,

text: shower

text: s, and

text: galley

text: s (

text: graywater

text: hazardous waste

text: s; solid waste; oily

text: bilge water

text: ballast water

text: ; and

text: air pollution

text: . The

text: waste stream

text: s generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols (especially

text: MARPOL

text: ) and U.S. domestic laws (including the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and the

text: Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships

text: ), regulations, and standards, but there is no single law or rule. Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated, such as solid wastes (garbage and plastics) and bilge water. But there is overlap of some areas, and there are gaps in others. Some, such as graywater and ballast water, are not regulated (except in the

text: Great Lakes

text: ), and concern is increasing about the impacts of these discharges on public health and the environment. In other areas, regulations apply, but critics argue that they are not stringent enough to address the problem — for example, with respect to standards for sewage discharges. Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes, and they contend that enforcement is weak.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hazardous wastes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships),

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships),

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage; wastewater from sinks, showers, and galleys

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: (graywater);

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Cruise ships

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: hazardous wastes;

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Cruise ships

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Cruise ships

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships),

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships),

text: A report by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the quality of the Nemunas in Lithuania as moderately polluted or polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants, nitrates and phosphates occur in different parts of the river.  Environmental issues include water quality (eutrophication and pollutants), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus, the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and BOD (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and nitrogen. In Lithuania, the operations of the Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant cause changes of the water level that affect the riparian ecosystem. Old wastewater treatment facilities along the entire river also contribute to pollution.

text: A report by the

entity_name: Environmental Protection Agency (Sweden)

text: Swedish EPA

text: (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the quality of the Nemunas in Lithuania as moderately polluted or polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants,

text: nitrate

text: s and

text: phosphate

text: s occur in different parts of the river.  Environmental issues include water quality (

text: eutrophication

text: and pollutants), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus, the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and

text: BOD

text: (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and

text: nitrogen

text: . In Lithuania, the operations of the

text: Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant

text: cause changes of the water level that affect the

text: riparian

text: ecosystem

text: . Old wastewater treatment facilities along the entire river also contribute to pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of wastewater treatment facilities?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: (Environmental Protection Administration)

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: (Environmental Protection Administration)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: moderately polluted or polluted.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrates and phosphates

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Old wastewater treatment facilities

text: Water treatment. Treatment of municipal waste water normally includes a phase where fine solid particles are removed. This separation is achieved by addition of a flocculating or coagulating agent, which induce the aggregation of the suspended solids. The aggregates are normally separated by sedimentation, leading to sewage sludge. Commonly used flocculating agents in water treatment include multivalent metal ions (e.g., Fe or Al), polyelectrolytes, or both.

text: Water treatment

text: . Treatment of municipal waste water normally includes a phase where fine solid particles are removed. This separation is achieved by addition of a flocculating or coagulating agent, which induce the aggregation of the suspended solids. The aggregates are normally separated by sedimentation, leading to sewage sludge. Commonly used flocculating agents in water treatment include multivalent metal ions (e.g., Fe or Al),

text: polyelectrolyte

text: s, or both.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal waste

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: fine solid particles are removed

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fine solid particles

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: add a flocculating agent

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: polyelectrolytes,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal waste water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: fine solid particles are removed.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage sludge.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fine solid particles

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage sludge.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Treatment of municipal waste water

text: Some of the subjects photographed are urban cityscapes, everyday life in small towns, scenes of natural beauty including beaches and mountains, urban areas including junk yards, pollution treatment, highways, air quality and heavy industry; Amtrak; air and water pollution; waterfronts; mining and logging scenes; farms; and people, including workers in industry, environmental protection, farming, and mining. Among the areas included are National Parks and Forests, environmentally sensitive areas that were under development or considered for government protection, the planned route of the Alaska Pipeline, Hawaii and Washington, D.C.. The project even included some photographs of Canada, Yugoslavia and Austria

text: Some of the subjects photographed are urban cityscapes, everyday life in small towns, scenes of natural beauty including beaches and mountains, urban areas including

text: junk yard

text: s, pollution treatment, highways, air quality and heavy industry;

text: Amtrak

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: waterfronts

text: ; mining and logging scenes; farms; and people, including workers in industry, environmental protection, farming, and mining. Among the areas included are National Parks and Forests, environmentally sensitive areas that were under development or considered for government protection, the planned route of the

text: Alaska Pipeline

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: Washington, D.C.

text: . The project even included some photographs of Canada, Yugoslavia and Austria

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: junk yards

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: junk yards

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution treatment,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution treatment,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: junk yards,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: scenes of natural beauty including beaches and mountains,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution;

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: air and water pollution;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: scenes of natural beauty including beaches and mountains,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pollution treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution treatment, highways, air quality and heavy industry;

text: Clean Water Act 33 U.S.C. 1326(b) section 316.  This section of the Clean Water Act requires permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for facilities with cooling water intake structures ensure that the location, design, construction, and capacity of the structures reflect the best technology available to minimize detrimental impacts to the environment. Facility water cooling intakes remove billions of aquatic organisms each year from United States waterways.  Most impacts are in early life stages of fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic life.

text: Clean Water Act 33 U.S.C. 1326(b) section 316.  This section of the Clean Water Act requires permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for facilities with cooling water intake structures ensure that the location, design, construction, and capacity of the structures reflect the best technology available to minimize detrimental impacts to the environment. Facility water cooling intakes remove billions of aquatic organisms each year from United States waterways.  Most impacts are in early life stages of fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic life.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does npdes stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permits

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: aquatic organisms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: aquatic organisms

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid cooling water intake structures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Facility water cooling intakes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 316.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: aquatic organisms

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 316.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cooling water intake structures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Facility water cooling intakes

text: The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) is a self-perpetuating loan assistance authority for water quality improvement projects in the United States. The fund is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency and state agencies. The CWSRF, which replaced the Clean Water Act Construction Grants program, provides loans for the construction of municipal wastewater facilities and implementation of nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection projects. Congress established the fund in the Water Quality Act of 1987. Since inception, cumulative assistance has surpassed US$65 Billion, and is continuing to grow through interest earnings, principal repayments, and leveraging.

text: The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) is a self-perpetuating loan assistance authority for

text: water quality

text: improvement projects in the United States. The fund is administered by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: and

text: state

text: agencies. The CWSRF, which replaced the

text: Clean Water Act

text: Construction Grants program, provides loans for the construction of municipal

text: wastewater

text: facilities and implementation of

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: control and

text: estuary

text: protection projects.

text: Congress

text: established the fund in the

text: Water Quality Act of 1987

text: . Since inception, cumulative assistance has surpassed US$65 Billion, and is continuing to grow through interest earnings,

text: principal

text: repayments, and leveraging.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: CWSRF

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Congress established the fund in the Water Quality Act of 1987.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of municipal wastewater facilities

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water State Revolving Fund

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection projects.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: nonpoint source pollution control

text: What is notable is that the majority of these urban areas are in the upper reaches of either the Trent itself, as is the case with Stoke, or the tributaries. For example, Birmingham lies at the upper end of the Tame, and Leicester is located towards the head of the Soar. Whilst this is not unique for an English river, it does mean that there is an ongoing legacy of issues relating to urban runoff, pollution incidents, and effluent dilution from sewage treatment, industry and coal mining. Historically, these issues resulted in a considerable deterioration in the water quality of both the Trent, and its tributaries, especially the Tame. To bring clean water to the West Midlands, Birmingham Corporation created a large reservoir chain and aqueduct system to bring water from the Elan Valley.

text: What is notable is that the majority of these urban areas are in the upper reaches of either the Trent itself, as is the case with Stoke, or the tributaries. For example,

text: Birmingham

text: lies at the upper end of the Tame, and

text: Leicester

text: is located towards the head of the Soar. Whilst this is not unique for an English river, it does mean that there is an ongoing legacy of issues relating to

text: urban runoff

text: , pollution incidents, and effluent dilution from

text: sewage treatment

text: , industry and coal mining. Historically, these issues resulted in a considerable deterioration in the

text: water quality

text: of both the Trent, and its tributaries, especially the Tame. To bring clean water to the West Midlands, Birmingham Corporation created a

text: large reservoir chain

text: and

text: aqueduct system

text: to bring water from the

text: Elan Valley

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Birmingham Corporation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: create a large reservoir chain

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent dilution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Birmingham Corporation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage treatment, industry and coal mining.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Stoke, or the tributaries.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: urban runoff,

text: The Act became law on 6 July 1989. Under it, the existing Water Authorities became Water and Sewerage Companies, regulated by Companies House and the terms of the Companies Act 1985. The Act also specified that responsibility for the regulation of the quality of drinking water was with the Secretary of State for the Environment, it defined the role of the National Rivers Authority for the management of pollution and environmental control, and established the Director General of Water Services as the economic regulator. The companies were incorporated and registered at Companies House on 1 April 1989. Although most of England and Wales was covered by the ten Water and Sewerage Companies, there were still 29 statutory water companies, covering clean water services only, predominantly based in the south-east of England, and these also became formal companies.

text: The Act became law on 6 July 1989. Under it, the existing Water Authorities became Water and Sewerage Companies, regulated by

text: Companies House

text: and the terms of the

text: Companies Act 1985

text: . The Act also specified that responsibility for the regulation of the quality of drinking water was with the

text: Secretary of State for the Environment

text: , it defined the role of the National Rivers Authority for the management of pollution and environmental control, and established the

text: Director General of Water Services

text: as the economic regulator. The companies were incorporated and registered at Companies House on 1 April 1989. Although most of England and Wales was covered by the ten Water and Sewerage Companies, there were still 29 statutory water companies, covering clean water services only, predominantly based in the south-east of England, and these also became formal companies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: English People's Authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Secretary of State for the Environment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Sewerage Companies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the National Rivers Authority

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What was the purpose of the Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Secretary of State for the Environment,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Secretary of State for the Environment,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Sewerage Companies,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: National Rivers Authority

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Act became law on 6 July 1989.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Act became law on 6 July 1989.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: National Rivers Authority

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Act became law on 6 July 1989.

text: In January 2008, the company agreed to a $20 million settlement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to resolve thousands of violations of the Clean Water Act for routinely polluting waterways in Kentucky and West Virginia with coal slurry and wastewater. Although this was the largest Clean Water Act settlement, the violations were estimated to have fines on the order of $2.4 billion.

text: In January 2008, the company agreed to a $20 million settlement with the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) to resolve thousands of violations of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: for routinely polluting waterways in Kentucky and West Virginia with

text: coal slurry

text: and wastewater. Although this was the largest Clean Water Act settlement, the violations were estimated to have fines on the order of $2.4 billion.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: coal slurry

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: coal slurry

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: coal slurry

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: coal slurry

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: coal slurry and wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: coal slurry and wastewater.

text: Physical contaminants of concern can reduce waters quality through the world. Specific contaminants of concern include unsafe levels and harmful varieties of microbiological and pollutants and chemical contaminants, including:

text: Physical contaminants of concern can reduce waters quality through the world. Specific contaminants of concern include unsafe levels and harmful varieties of microbiological and pollutants and chemical contaminants, including:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: removing pollutants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: unsafe levels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: some water is purified enough for drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: chemical contaminants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Physical contaminants of concern

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Physical contaminants of concern can reduce waters quality through the world.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Physical contaminants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Physical contaminants of concern can reduce waters quality through the world.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Physical contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: chemical contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: unsafe levels and harmful varieties of microbiological and pollutants and chemical contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: unsafe levels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Physical contaminants of concern can reduce waters quality through the world.

text: In water treatment, the wanted product is the clean water, while the waste is the sludge containing dissolved organic and inorganic materials, fibrous matter, and extracellular polymer (ECP). The sludge is commonly discarded down the sewer or to landfill. Occasionally, the sludge is used in the production of bricks and concrete, in agriculture as a soil additive, or for land reclamation. In this application, solid bowl centrifuge is used as the final step of the water treatment sludge before disposal in order to reduce landfill charges and transport costs.

text: In water treatment, the wanted product is the clean water, while the waste is the sludge containing dissolved organic and inorganic materials, fibrous matter, and extracellular polymer (ECP). The sludge is commonly discarded down the sewer or to landfill. Occasionally, the sludge is used in the production of bricks and concrete, in agriculture as a soil additive, or for land reclamation. In this application, solid bowl centrifuge is used as the final step of the water treatment sludge before disposal in order to reduce landfill charges and transport costs.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: extracellular polymer

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use solid bowl centrifuge

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: extracellular polymer

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: In water treatment, the wanted product is the clean water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water treatment, the wanted product is the clean water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: agriculture as a soil additive,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: In water treatment,

text: , The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is a 1991 European Union directive concerning urban waste water "collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors". It aims "to protect the environment from adverse effects of waste water discharges from cities and "certain industrial sectors".

text: , The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is a 1991

text: European Union directive

text: concerning urban waste water "collection,

text: treatment

text: and discharge of urban waste water and the treatment and discharge of waste water from certain industrial sectors". It aims "to protect the environment from adverse effects of waste water discharges from cities and "certain industrial sectors".

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Partnership for the Environment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: European Union

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: certain industrial sectors

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collect waste water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Union

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: "collection,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial sectors".

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: "collection, treatment and discharge of urban waste water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

text: Water pollution manifestations of an area source include:

text: Water pollution

text: manifestations of an area source include:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: spreading on grass

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: it is not possible to prevent water pollution

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: area

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: area source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water pollution manifestations of an area source

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water pollution

text: In June 2001, the Merrimack River Watershed Council determined that the Shawsheen River failed to meet water quality standards. This situation was largely attributed to stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems. As a result of increased pollutants, major portions of the Shawsheen River are now listed as impaired waters on the 303(d) list of the Clean Water Act.

text: In June 2001, the Merrimack River Watershed Council determined that the Shawsheen River failed to meet water quality standards. This situation was largely attributed to

text: stormwater

text: runoff via town, private and state

text: storm drain

text: systems. As a result of increased pollutants, major portions of the Shawsheen River are now listed as impaired waters on the 303(d) list of the

text: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use storm drains

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: stormwater runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: storm drain systems.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: stormwater runoff via town, private and state storm drain systems.

text: Wastewater reuse is often used synonymously with the terms wastewater recycling and wastewater reclamation and can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of surface water and groundwater (the latter referred to as groundwater recharge). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.Water and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in arid countries. The World Health Organization  has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the human population and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater aquifers used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative water supply.

text: Wastewater

text: reuse is often used synonymously with the terms

text: wastewater recycling

text: and

text: wastewater reclamation

text: and can be defined as the use of

text: reclaimed water

text: for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: (the latter referred to as

text: groundwater recharge

text: ). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to

text: sustainable

text: water management

text: because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.

text: Water

text: and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in

text: arid

text: countries. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the

text: human population

text: and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater

text: aquifers

text: used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local

text: freshwater

text: supplies are limited or are available only with large

text: capital expenditure

text: . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing

text: environmental pollution

text: and improving

text: carbon footprint

text: ; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative

text: water supply

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage recycling

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: improper wastewater disposal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is reclaimed water used for?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: environmental pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reuse water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: groundwater aquifers

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: improper wastewater disposal,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: improper wastewater disposal,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: increased,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated environments.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water recycling and reuse

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater reuse and recycling,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: maintained,

text: In the State of Utah, the Utah Division of Water Quality and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the management and regulation of water quality.  Lakes, rivers, and streams that exceed the standard levels are then placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act.  The Act requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for pollutants that a body of water can assimilate without causing the water body to exceed the water quality standards.  Utah Lake was originally put on Utah's 2000 and 2004 303d list for phosphorus and total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeding recommend values.  High levels of phosphorus can cause high levels of nuisance algae growth, low dissolved oxygen, and elevated pH levels.  TDS tells about the concentration of mineral salts in the water, which can cause problems to agriculture and culinary water supplies.

text: In the State of Utah, the

entity_name: Utah Department of Environmental Quality

text: Utah Division of Water Quality

text: and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the management and regulation of water quality.  Lakes, rivers, and streams that exceed the standard levels are then placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the

text: Clean Water Act

text: .  The Act requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a

text: total maximum daily load

text: (TMDL) for pollutants that a body of water can assimilate without causing the water body to exceed the water quality standards.  Utah Lake was originally put on Utah's 2000 and 2004 303d list for phosphorus and total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeding recommend values.  High levels of phosphorus can cause high levels of nuisance algae growth, low dissolved oxygen, and elevated pH levels.  TDS tells about the concentration of mineral salts in the water, which can cause problems to agriculture and culinary water supplies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: elevated pH levels

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Drinking Water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: develop a total maximum daily load

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Utah Division of Water Quality and Utah Division of Drinking Water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: causing the water body to exceed the water quality standards.

text: The State Water Board’s Division of Financial Assistance (DFA) has a number of programs designed to help local agencies and individuals prevent or clean up water pollution.  The DFA provides loans and grants for constructing municipal sewage and water recycling facilities, remediation for underground storage tank releases, watershed protection projects, and for nonpoint source pollution control projects. (Nonpoint source pollution usually involves contaminants flowing into a body of water from diffuse sources such as runoff from storm water, which may contain road dirt or fertilizers and pesticides from lawns, as well as water that collects debris from construction sites and fecal matter from barnyards and flows into nearby rivers, streams and lakes.)

text: The State Water Board’s Division of Financial Assistance (DFA) has a number of programs designed to help local agencies and individuals prevent or clean up water pollution.  The DFA provides loans and grants for constructing municipal sewage and water recycling facilities, remediation for underground storage tank releases, watershed protection projects, and for

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: control projects. (Nonpoint source pollution usually involves contaminants flowing into a body of water from diffuse sources such as runoff from storm water, which may contain road dirt or fertilizers and pesticides from lawns, as well as water that collects debris from construction sites and fecal matter from barnyards and flows into nearby rivers, streams and lakes.)

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The State Water Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: constructing municipal sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fecal matter

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up water pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Division of Financial Assistance

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Water Board’s

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water recycling facilities,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fecal matter from barnyards

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: (Nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: remediation for underground storage tank releases,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: fecal matter from barnyards

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: constructing municipal sewage and water recycling facilities,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent or clean up water pollution.

text: Microbeads can cause plastic particle water pollution and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the US, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phases out microbeads in rinse off cosmetics by July 2017.

text: Microbeads can cause

text: plastic particle water pollution

text: and pose an environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water. In the US, the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 phases out microbeads in rinse off cosmetics by July 2017.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: microbead

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: plastic particle

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices are possible

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: plastic particles

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: rinse off cosmetics

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Microbeads

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: rinse off cosmetics

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Microbeads

text: The Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: is the primary federal law in the United States governing water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: The Clean Water Act (actually a series of cumulative legislation mainly dating to 1972) uses the term "waters of the United States" to define its scope.  The U.S. Supreme Court cases Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers in 2001 and Rapanos v. United States in 2006 generated some confusion over the detailed meaning of this phrase.  After the Obama Administration proposed to clarify the rule the House of Representatives passed the Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014, but the bill died in the Senate.

text: The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (actually a series of cumulative legislation mainly dating to 1972) uses the term "waters of the United States" to define its scope.  The

text: U.S. Supreme Court

text: cases

entity_name: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

text: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

text: in 2001 and

text: Rapanos v. United States

text: in 2006 generated some confusion over the detailed meaning of this phrase.  After the

text: Obama Administration

text: proposed to clarify the rule the

text: House of Representatives

text: passed the

entity_name: Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014

text: Waters of the United States Regulatory Overreach Protection Act of 2014

text: , but the bill died in the

text: Senate

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Solid Waste Agency

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solid waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Engineers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: In environmental management, water analysis is frequently deployed when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant in order to take remedial action. The analysis can often enable the polluter to be identified. Such forensic work can examine the ratios of various components and can "type" samples of oils or other mixed organic contaminants to directly link the pollutant with the source. In drinking water supplies the cause of unacceptable quality can similarly be determined by carefully targeted chemical analysis of samples taken throughout the distribution system. In manufacturing, off-spec products may be directly tied back to unexpected changes in wet processing stages and analytical chemistry can identify which stages may be at fault and for what reason.

text: In environmental management, water analysis is frequently deployed when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant in order to take remedial action. The analysis can often enable the polluter to be identified. Such forensic work can examine the ratios of various components and can "type" samples of oils or other mixed organic contaminants to directly link the pollutant with the source. In drinking water supplies the cause of unacceptable quality can similarly be determined by carefully targeted chemical analysis of samples taken throughout the distribution system. In manufacturing, off-spec products may be directly tied back to unexpected changes in wet processing stages and analytical chemistry can identify which stages may be at fault and for what reason.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental management

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water analysis

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oils

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: what is the purpose of water analysis

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water analysis

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: distribution system.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water analysis

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oils

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water analysis

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water analysis

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water analysis is frequently deployed when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant

text: The Lower Saxon water quality report  of 2004 assessed the chemical water pollution level of the Aller overall as moderately polluted (quality level II). Some individual indicators were rated as quality level I (unpolluted to very lightly polluted), some however showed heavy levels of pollution (quality levels III-IV). Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by nitrates. Pollution by ammonium in places is ascribed to the unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works. Raised phosphate values were put down to intensive arable farming near the source of the river. Its salt content today is above the critical level for aquatic plants. Since 1990, the salt content has reduced considerably, which may be connected with lower discharges from the former East German area following the Wende in 1989. Biological water quality, based on the research into its saprobian systems, is generally rated as unpolluted to very lightly polluted. The only area that is critically contaminated is the region of Wolfsburg, where deposits of digested sludge in the river are responsible.

text: The Lower Saxon water quality report  of 2004 assessed the chemical

text: water pollution

text: level of the Aller overall as moderately polluted (quality level II). Some individual indicators were rated as quality level I (unpolluted to very lightly polluted), some however showed heavy levels of pollution (quality levels III-IV). Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by

text: nitrate

text: s. Pollution by

text: ammonium

text: in places is ascribed to the unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works. Raised

text: phosphate

text: values were put down to intensive arable farming near the source of the river. Its

text: salt

text: content today is above the critical level for

text: aquatic plant

text: s. Since 1990, the salt content has reduced considerably, which may be connected with lower discharges from the former

text: East German

text: area following the

text: Wende

text: in 1989. Biological

entity_name: Freshwater environmental quality parameters

text: water quality

text: , based on the research into its

text: saprobian systems

text: , is generally rated as unpolluted to very lightly polluted. The only area that is critically contaminated is the region of Wolfsburg, where deposits of digested

text: sludge

text: in the river are responsible.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lower Saxon

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonium

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water in the Aller?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: saprobian systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Lower Saxon water quality report

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lower Saxon

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage works.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonium

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: moderately polluted

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrates.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: unsatisfactory operation of certain sewage works.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Heavy pollution is predominantly caused by nitrates.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: saprobian systems,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: sewage works.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use.

text: Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water

text: pollution

text: , especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The

entity_name: International Water Management Institute

text: International Water Management Institute

text: has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has developed guidelines for safe water use.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of disinfectant?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cease irrigation a few days before harvesting

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: International Water Management Institute

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleaning vegetables with disinfectant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: fecal sludge

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cleaning vegetables with disinfectant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: a'multiple-barrier'

text: Water pollution is the contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Point sources of water pollution are described by the CWA as "any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged." These include pipes or man-made ditches from stationary locations such as sewage treatment plants, factories, industrial wastewater treatment facilities, septic systems, ships, and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources.

text: Water pollution

text: is the contamination of natural water bodies by chemical, physical, radioactive or pathogenic microbial substances. Point sources of water pollution are described by the CWA as "any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance from which pollutants are or may be discharged." These include pipes or man-made ditches from stationary locations such as

text: sewage treatment

text: plants, factories,

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: facilities,

text: septic systems

text: ships

text: , and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: CWA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: CWA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: factories,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic systems,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: septic systems,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: discharging pollutants into water sources.

text: In addition, there were also concerns that the Works were releasing pollutants into the Braamfontein Spruit which runs along the edge of the Gas Works (ibid). Peter Finsen however refutes this claim. He claims that the water was being tested constantly when he was working in the laboratory, especially the stream that was about 600 metres underground in the coal works (Interview Peter Finsen 2010). He emphasised that the water at the end of the works would come out cleaner than that which had come in. He attributed this to the fact that bacteria in the soil would break down some of the pollutants when they came in contact with the soil making the water clean (ibid). Quintus Joubert similarly commented that testing was still done on the site and the incoming water was the same as the outgoing water.

text: In addition, there were also concerns that the Works were releasing pollutants into the Braamfontein Spruit which runs along the edge of the Gas Works (ibid). Peter Finsen however refutes this claim. He claims that the water was being tested constantly when he was working in the laboratory, especially the stream that was about 600 metres underground in the coal works (Interview Peter Finsen 2010). He emphasised that the water at the end of the works would come out cleaner than that which had come in. He attributed this to the fact that bacteria in the soil would break down some of the pollutants when they came in contact with the soil making the water clean (ibid). Quintus Joubert similarly commented that testing was still done on the site and the incoming water was the same as the outgoing water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: South African

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: testing

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: coal works

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How does the water at the end of the works come out?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bacteria in the soil break down some of the pollutants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pollutants into the Braamfontein Spruit

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Braamfontein Spruit

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: bacteria in the soil

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: coal works

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: cleaner than that which had come in.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: bacteria in the soil would break down some of the pollutants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: bacteria in the soil would break down some of the pollutants

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bacteria in the soil

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleaner than that which had come in.

text: With rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine waters is reduced especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic wastewater discharges, agricultural wastewater, and industrial wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and coliforms produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities. Agricultural wastewater, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contain pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to the water pollution. Industrial activities such as manufacturing of food, textile, paper, and slaughterhouses emit large amounts of organic waste.

text: With rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine waters is reduced especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic wastewater discharges, agricultural wastewater, and industrial wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and coliforms produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities. Agricultural wastewater, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contain pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to the water pollution. Industrial activities such as manufacturing of food, textile, paper, and slaughterhouses emit large amounts of organic waste.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DENR

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: proper wastewater treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the main sources of water pollution?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bathe in the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: "point sources"

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DENR

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: proper wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: domestic wastewater discharges, agricultural wastewater, and industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Agricultural wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic waste, solids, and coliforms

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Agricultural wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Domestic wastewater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "point sources"

text: is composed of a pink coral-like substance. It has a small face and a white underbelly. In addition to the coral outgrowths (also described as branches) situated all over the upper half of its body, Corsola also has a growth like a horn on its head, and that is considered its natural armament when facing underwater predators. They can also regenerate the branches. The branches serve to supply Corsola with nutrients by absorbing them from wherever there is clean water. The branches are amazingly expendable; if any branch breaks off, Corsola can grow it back over the period of one night (compare with Staryu). However, this regenerative ability is undermined by Corsola’s inability to live in polluted water. If the sea is polluted, Corsola’s branches become discolored and soon crumble away, where soon after the Pokémon will die. Corsola prefers to live wherever the seas are warm, so is a common sight near the shorelines during summer. Many live in the clean, and presumably warm, seas of the south.

text: is composed of a pink

text: coral

text: -like substance. It has a small face and a white underbelly. In addition to the coral outgrowths (also described as branches) situated all over the upper half of its body, Corsola also has a growth like a horn on its head, and that is considered its natural armament when facing underwater predators. They can also regenerate the branches. The branches serve to supply Corsola with nutrients by absorbing them from wherever there is clean water. The branches are amazingly expendable; if any branch breaks off, Corsola can grow it back over the period of one night (compare with

text: Staryu

text: ). However, this regenerative ability is undermined by Corsola’s inability to live in polluted water. If the sea is polluted, Corsola’s branches become discolored and soon crumble away, where soon after the Pokémon will die. Corsola prefers to live wherever the seas are warm, so is a common sight near the shorelines during summer. Many live in the clean, and presumably warm, seas of the south.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Corsola’s branches

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the branches?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: regenerate the branches

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: coral outgrowths

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Staryu).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Corsola

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: polluted water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Corsola

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: regenerate the branches.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: clean water.

text: The California Water Code Section 35539.12 grants IRWD the authority to provide urban runoff treatment services within the District. Urban runoff is the excess water that carries pollutants into storm drains and then to the ocean.  Residents who live miles inland can contribute to ocean pollution simply by leaving their sprinklers on too long. After this wasted water flows to the curb it carries trash, fertilizers, pet waste and other pollutants into the storm drain system which flows into San Diego Creek, eventually ending up in ecologically sensitive Upper Newport Bay and the Pacific ocean. Urban runoff can be prevented by implementing efficient irrigation practices. Additionally, an urban runoff treatment system, like the IRWD Natural Treatment System program, helps protect the San Diego Creek Watershed by naturally removing some of the contaminants in from urban runoff before it reaches the ocean.

text: The California Water Code Section 35539.12 grants IRWD the authority to provide urban runoff treatment services within the District.

text: Urban runoff

text: is the excess water that carries pollutants into storm drains and then to the ocean.  Residents who live miles inland can contribute to ocean pollution simply by leaving their sprinklers on too long. After this wasted water flows to the curb it carries trash, fertilizers, pet waste and other pollutants into the storm drain system which flows into

text: San Diego Creek

text: , eventually ending up in ecologically sensitive

text: Upper Newport Bay

text: and the

text: Pacific ocean

text: . Urban runoff can be prevented by implementing efficient irrigation practices. Additionally, an urban runoff treatment system, like the IRWD Natural Treatment System program, helps protect the San Diego Creek Watershed by naturally removing some of the contaminants in from urban runoff before it reaches the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecologically sensitive

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: IRWD

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: trash

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: implementing efficient irrigation practices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The California Water Code Section 35539.12

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: California Water Code

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Urban runoff is the excess water that carries pollutants into storm drains

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: trash, fertilizers, pet waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: San Diego Creek Watershed

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pet waste

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: efficient irrigation practices.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: implementing efficient irrigation practices.

text: The main objectives of ecological sanitation are to reduce the health risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste; to prevent groundwater pollution and surface water pollution; and to reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

text: The main objectives of ecological sanitation are to reduce the health risks related to sanitation,

text: contaminated water

text: and waste; to prevent

text: groundwater pollution

text: and

text: surface water

text: pollution; and to reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prevent groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater pollution and surface water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The main objectives of ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: groundwater pollution and surface water pollution;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ecological sanitation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent groundwater pollution and surface water pollution;

text: In some places in the United States private ownership and provision of water was the norm historically. In the latter half of the 19th century, private water systems began to be a part of municipal services. As of 2011, over three quarters of US local governments surveyed by the ICMA ( International City/County Management Association ) provide water distribution entirelywith public employees. Over two thirds of municipalities provide water treatment publicly, and over half provide sewage collection and treatment publicly. These rates have remained relatively stable over time.

text: In some places in the

text: United States

text: private ownership and provision of water was the norm historically. In the latter half of the 19th century, private water systems began to be a part of municipal services. As of 2011, over three quarters of US local governments surveyed by the ICMA (

entity_name: International City/County Management Association

text: International City/County Management Association

text: ) provide water distribution entirelywith public employees. Over two thirds of municipalities provide water treatment publicly, and over half provide sewage collection and treatment publicly. These rates have remained relatively stable over time.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: private water systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: private water systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: International City/County Management Association

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ICMA ( International City/County Management Association

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: private water systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: private ownership and provision of water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: In some places in the United States private ownership and provision of water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: private ownership

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: private water systems began to be a part of municipal services.

text: Water pollution is another type of widespread contaminant which has ethical implications in mitigating the source and balancing conflicting priorities. The two types of water contaminants are anthropogenic compounds (generally referred to as pollutants, such as disinfection products, metals, municipal and agricultural waste, and petroleum and coal hydrocarbons) and natural contaminants (such as microorganisms or chemicals like arsenic and nitrogen, which are naturally present in the soil). the common misconception is that chemicals leaking into the soil will be diluted over time and rendered harmless. This theory does not take into account Persistent Organic Pollutants, which do not break down easily, and sometimes break down into more harmful constituents. Most industrialized nations have legislation in place to protect the public from impure drinking water. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 established maximum levels of pollutants in public drinking water, however its power to regulate private sources of bottled water or wells is severely limited. An additional issue regarding water pollution is the relative scarcity of clean fresh water on the earth, an issue which acutely presents itself in areas prone to drought. Agriculture uses a great deal of water, so much so that shortages in drought-prone areas can significantly affect crop yield. The main ethical issues with water pollution is whether growth should be restricted in order to preserve public health. An additional issue is the regulation of private corporations, whose activities may put populations of citizens at risk for groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: disinfection products

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bottle water or wells

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection products,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: disinfection products, metals, municipal and agricultural waste,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: chemicals leaking into the soil will be diluted over time

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: growth should be restricted

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: growth should be restricted in order to preserve public health.

text: Many civil rights statutes rely on private attorneys general for their enforcement. In Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, one of the earliest cases construing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled that "A public accommodations suit is thus private in form only. When a plaintiff brings an action . . . he cannot recover damages. If he obtains an injunction, he does so not for himself alone but also as a 'private attorney general,' vindicating a policy that Congress considered of the highest priority."  The United States Congress has also passed laws with "private attorney general" provisions that provide for the enforcement of laws prohibiting employment discrimination, police brutality, and water pollution.  Under the Clean Water Act, for example, "any citizen" may bring suit against an individual or a company that is a source of water pollution.

text: Many

text: civil right

text: s statutes rely on private attorneys general for their enforcement. In

text: Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises

text: , one of the earliest cases construing the

text: Civil Rights Act of 1964

text: , the

text: United States Supreme Court

text: ruled that "A public accommodations suit is thus private in form only. When a plaintiff brings an action . . . he cannot recover

text: damages

text: . If he obtains an

text: injunction

text: , he does so not for himself alone but also as a 'private attorney general,' vindicating a policy that Congress considered of the highest priority."  The

text: United States Congress

text: has also passed laws with "private attorney general" provisions that provide for the enforcement of laws prohibiting

text: employment discrimination

text: police brutality

text: , and

text: water pollution

text: .  Under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , for example, "any citizen" may bring suit against an individual or a company that is a source of

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Employment Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Piggie Park Enterprises

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bring suit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: individual or a company

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Many civil rights statutes rely on private attorneys general for their enforcement.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: laws prohibiting employment discrimination, police brutality, and water pollution.

text: Near Warmenau there has been a water quality station since 1967, where water quality has been regularly tested since 1976. The 2004 Lower Saxon water quality report assesses the chemical water pollution of the Kleine Aller as variable. The values for organic pollution, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate contamination vary from lightly polluted to very heavily polluted. Ammonium levels in particular suffer from wide variations and sometimes high values. This is due to the fact that the waterway receives the discharge from five sewage works and that the nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

text: Near Warmenau there has been a water quality station since 1967, where water quality has been regularly tested since 1976. The 2004 Lower Saxon

text: water quality report

text: assesses the chemical

text: water pollution

text: of the Kleine Aller as variable. The values for organic pollution, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate contamination vary from lightly polluted to very heavily polluted. Ammonium levels in particular suffer from wide variations and sometimes high values. This is due to the fact that the waterway receives the discharge from five

text: sewage works

text: and that the nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lower Saxon

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: ammonium

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reduce the nitrogen content

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The 2004 Lower Saxon water quality report

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lower Saxon

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrate, ammonium and phosphate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Near Warmenau there has been a water quality station since 1967,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrate, ammonium and phosphate

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: the nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the nitrogen content in these installations has not been reduced sufficiently.

text: The Court observed that the Clean Water Act did not define discharge, but stated that "the term ‘discharge’ when used without qualification includes a discharge of a pollutant, and a discharge of pollutants."  The Act furthermore defined "discharge of a pollutant" and "discharge of pollutants," as meaning "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source."  The Court believed this meant "discharge" was broader than these definitions, or else the term was superfluous.  Because of the lack of a statutory definition, and because it is not a term of art, the Court was left to instead construe it "in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning."

text: The Court observed that the

text: Clean Water Act

text: did not define discharge, but stated that "the term ‘discharge’ when used without qualification includes a discharge of a pollutant, and a discharge of pollutants."  The Act furthermore defined "discharge of a

text: pollutant

text: " and "discharge of pollutants," as meaning "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source."  The Court believed this meant "discharge" was broader than these definitions, or else the term was superfluous.  Because of the lack of a statutory definition, and because it is not a

text: term of art

text: , the Court was left to instead construe it "in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: any addition of any pollutant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source."

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pollutant to navigable waters from any point source."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "the term ‘discharge’

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning."

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source."

text: Water pollution is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and Iran.Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage, nonpoint source pollution such as agricultural runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban stormwater runoff and chemical wastes dumped by industries and governments.

text: Water pollution

text: is one of the main concerns of the world today. The governments of numerous countries have striven to find solutions to reduce this problem. Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw

text: sewage

text: into natural waters;  this method of sewage disposal is the most common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in quasi-developed countries such as China, India, Nepal and

text: Iran

text: .Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water.  Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills, spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In addition to sewage,

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: such as

text: agricultural

text: runoff is a significant source of pollution in some parts of the world, along with urban

text: stormwater

text: runoff and

text: chemical waste

text: s dumped by industries and governments.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge of raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Treat sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge of raw sewage into natural waters;

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge, garbage,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Treated sewage forms sludge,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: raw sewage into natural waters;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: raw sewage into natural waters;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage is treated,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise.

text: Until the brook reaches Wattens the water has Grade A quality. The small village Wattenberg diverts their wastewater into the sewage works of the village Fritzens. The water of the Wattenbach is used for Swarovski and Watten paper. Although the water is cleaned through several sewage treatment plants the Inn River suffers from the polluted water. Only the heavy metal pollution could be reduced strongly. Several constructed defence structures have also successfully been avoiding high water.

text: Until the brook reaches

text: Wattens

text: the water has Grade A quality. The small village Wattenberg diverts their wastewater into the sewage works of the village Fritzens. The water of the Wattenbach is used for

text: Swarovski

text: and Watten paper. Although the water is cleaned through several sewage treatment plants the Inn River suffers from the polluted water. Only the heavy metal pollution could be reduced strongly. Several constructed defence structures have also successfully been avoiding high water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: What does EPA stand for?

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Fritzens

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the water used for?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: constructed defence structures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Grade A quality.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Swarovski and Watten paper.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted water. Only the heavy metal pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Several constructed defence structures

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Until the brook reaches Wattens the water has Grade A quality.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: constructed defence structures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: heavy metal pollution could be reduced strongly.

text: Until 2007, only Pátzcuaro had a water treatment facility with smaller communities discharging wastewater directly into the lake, causing grave pollution problems. Contamination has mostly been chemical, trash and wastewater, as well as sediment during the rainy season. The government of the state of Michoacán, the federal environmental protection agency and the Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua have started  a program to clean up the basin of Lake Pátzcuaro. The plan is to repair the existing water treatment facilities and build two more.  It also includes reforestation around the lake, landfills and barriers to prevent the contamination of the streams of the basin.

text: Until 2007, only Pátzcuaro had a water treatment facility with smaller communities discharging wastewater directly into the lake, causing grave pollution problems. Contamination has mostly been chemical, trash and wastewater, as well as sediment during the rainy season. The government of the state of Michoacán, the federal environmental protection agency and the Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua have started  a program to clean up the basin of Lake Pátzcuaro. The plan is to repair the existing water treatment facilities and build two more.  It also includes reforestation around the lake, landfills and barriers to prevent the contamination of the streams of the basin.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment facility

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It also includes reforestation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reforestation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: federal environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment facility

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: trash

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 2007, only Pátzcuaro had a water treatment facility

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical, trash

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: reforestation around the lake, landfills and barriers

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reforestation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reforestation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent the contamination of the streams of the basin.

text: S.93 – Water Protection Zones; The Secretary of State may designate water protection zones, where appropriate for prohibiting or carrying on in that area of activities which the Secretary of State considers likely to result in water pollution. This enables the Environment Agency to exercise control over pesticides and other potential pollutants within the zones.

text: S.93 – Water Protection Zones; The Secretary of State may designate water protection zones, where appropriate for prohibiting or carrying on in that area of activities which the Secretary of State considers likely to result in water pollution. This enables the Environment Agency to exercise control over pesticides and other potential pollutants within the zones.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: designate water protection zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: S.93 – Water Protection Zones;

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Protection Zones;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: S.93 – Water Protection Zones;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water Protection Zones;

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: S.93 – Water Protection Zones;

text: 1940s - The Commission's first (1943) report on the condition of Potomac basin waters precipitates adoption of a pollution abatement program (1945), an intensive survey of industrial pollution (1946), and definition of a set of "Minimum Water Quality Criteria" (1946) by which Potomac streams and waterways may be judged suitable or unsuitable for several principal water uses. Concurrent to Congress enacting the first Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), ICPRB initiates a continuous water-quality sampling program in the basin. By 1949, ICPRB is given credit for coordination with local authorities to "radically" improve conditions on the Potomac's Shenandoah River tributary, recently referred to as a "biological desert" due to pollution from industrial waste.

text: 1940s - The Commission's first (1943) report on the condition of Potomac basin waters precipitates adoption of a pollution abatement program (1945), an intensive survey of

text: industrial pollution

text: (1946), and definition of a set of "Minimum Water Quality Criteria" (1946) by which Potomac streams and waterways may be judged suitable or unsuitable for several principal water uses. Concurrent to Congress enacting the first

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: (1948), ICPRB initiates a continuous water-quality sampling program in the basin. By 1949, ICPRB is given credit for coordination with local authorities to "radically" improve conditions on the Potomac's

text: Shenandoah River

text: tributary, recently referred to as a "biological desert" due to

text: pollution

text: from

text: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ICPRB

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution abatement program

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: abate

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: ICPRB

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution abatement program (1945), an intensive survey of industrial pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "Minimum Water Quality Criteria"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution abatement program

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "biological desert" due to pollution from industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: judged suitable or unsuitable for several principal water uses.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution abatement

text: In the United States, navigable waters are subject to the commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution.  The commerce clause provides the federal government the ability to restrict state issued water rights via, for example, the enforcement of water quality standards via the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act), the Federal Power Act and the protection of endangered species via the Endangered Species Act.

text: In the United States,

text: navigable waters

text: are subject to the

text: commerce clause

text: of the U.S. Constitution.  The commerce clause provides the federal government the ability to restrict state issued water rights via, for example, the enforcement of water quality standards via the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act), the

text: Federal Power Act

text: and the protection of

text: endangered species

text: via the

text: Endangered Species Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Endangered Species Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the federal government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: enforcement of water quality standards via the Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Federal Power Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: (Clean Water Act),

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: In the United States,

text: On the other hand, small-scale water treatment is reaching increasing fractions of the population in low-income countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, in the form of water treatment kiosks (also known as water refill stations or packaged water producers). While quality control and quality assurance in such locations may be variable, sophisticated technology (such as multi-stage particle filtration, UV irradiation, ozonation, and membrane filtration) is applied with increasing frequency. Such microenterprises are able to vend water at extremely low prices, with increasing government regulation. Initial assessments of vended water quality are encouraging.

text: On the other hand, small-scale water treatment is reaching increasing fractions of the population in low-income countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, in the form of water treatment kiosks (also known as water refill stations or packaged water producers). While quality control and quality assurance in such locations may be variable, sophisticated technology (such as multi-stage particle filtration, UV irradiation, ozonation, and membrane filtration) is applied with increasing frequency. Such microenterprises are able to vend water at extremely low prices, with increasing government regulation. Initial assessments of vended water quality are encouraging.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: UV irradiation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment kiosks

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: packaged water producers).

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: particle filtration,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: UV irradiation,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water treatment kiosks (also known as water refill stations or packaged water producers).

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: particle filtration,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: small-scale water treatment

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: small-scale water treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment kiosks

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: small-scale water treatment

text: Two of the main processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment. A lack of proper water treatment can lead to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work and boiler housing. Steam boilers can suffer from scale or corrosion when left untreated. Scale deposits can lead to weak and dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is required to heat the same level of water because of the rise in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a breeding ground for bacteria such as Legionella causing a risk to public health.

text: Two of the main processes of industrial water treatment are boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment. A lack of proper water treatment can lead to the reaction of solids and bacteria within pipe work and boiler housing. Steam boilers can suffer from scale or

text: corrosion

text: when left untreated. Scale deposits can lead to weak and dangerous machinery, while additional fuel is required to heat the same level of water because of the rise in thermal resistance. Poor quality dirty water can become a breeding ground for bacteria such as

text: Legionella

text: causing a risk to public health.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: boiler water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Legionella

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: boil water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: industrial water treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment. A lack of proper water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Legionella

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: boiler water treatment and cooling water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids and bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Steam boilers can suffer from scale or corrosion when left untreated.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Poor quality dirty water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: proper water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Poor quality dirty water can become a breeding ground for bacteria

text: Also, the Clean Water Act has introduced the terms "traditional navigable waters," and "waters of the United States" to define the scope of Federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act.  Here, "Waters of the United States"  include not only navigable waters, but also tributaries of navigable waters and nearby wetlands with "a significant nexus to navigable waters"; both are covered under the Clean Water Act.  The Clean Water Act expands a more limited jurisdiction beyond "navigable waters" sometimes extending limited federal jurisdiction under the Act over private property.  Because jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act extends beyond public property, the broader definitions of "traditional navigable" and "significant nexus" used to establish the scope of authority under the Act are still ambiguously defined and therefore open to judicial interpretation as indicated in two U.S. Supreme Court decisions: "Carabell v. United States" and "Rapanos v. United States".  However, because authority under the Act is limited to protecting only navigable waters, jurisdiction over these smaller creeks is not absolute and may require just compensation to property owners when invoked.

text: Also, the

text: Clean Water Act

text: has introduced the terms "traditional navigable waters," and "waters of the United States" to define the scope of Federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act.  Here, "Waters of the United States"  include not only navigable waters, but also tributaries of navigable waters and nearby wetlands with "a significant nexus to navigable waters"; both are covered under the Clean Water Act.  The Clean Water Act expands a more limited jurisdiction beyond "navigable waters" sometimes extending limited federal jurisdiction under the Act over private property.  Because jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act extends beyond public property, the broader definitions of "traditional navigable" and "significant nexus" used to establish the scope of authority under the Act are still ambiguously defined and therefore open to judicial interpretation as indicated in two U.S. Supreme Court decisions: "

text: Carabell v. United States

text: " and "

text: Rapanos v. United States

text: ".  However, because authority under the Act is limited to protecting only navigable waters, jurisdiction over these smaller creeks is not absolute and may require just compensation to property owners when invoked.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act has introduced the terms "traditional navigable waters,"

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act has introduced the terms "traditional navigable waters,"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: private property.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act has introduced the terms "traditional navigable waters,"

text: The locations in which the Georgia blind salamander are found are connected by the Floridan aquifer and it is presumed that it is by this means that populations are linked. The water is usually clear, but may become cloudy after heavy rain, and remains at  throughout the year. Two of the caves in which this species was found at one time have since been destroyed. Other caves in the Florida Caverns State Park are protected and in these, populations of the salamander seem stable. The IUCN considers this species vulnerable. Threats include pollution from agricultural activities and changes in the water table due to the extraction of water from the aquifer. There is a possibility that populations may be impacted by over-removal for scientific purpose or by collectors.

text: The locations in which the Georgia blind salamander are found are connected by the Floridan aquifer and it is presumed that it is by this means that populations are linked. The water is usually clear, but may become cloudy after heavy rain, and remains at  throughout the year. Two of the caves in which this species was found at one time have since been destroyed. Other caves in the

text: Florida Caverns State Park

text: are protected and in these, populations of the salamander seem stable. The

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: considers this species vulnerable. Threats include pollution from agricultural activities and changes in the

text: water table

text: due to the extraction of water from the aquifer. There is a possibility that populations may be impacted by over-removal for scientific purpose or by collectors.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: IUCN

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural activities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collects

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Floridan aquifer

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: IUCN

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: extraction of water from the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural activities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The water is usually clear, but may become cloudy after heavy rain,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Floridan aquifer

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: over-removal for scientific purpose or by collectors.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: agricultural activities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Floridan aquifer

text: From 1990 to 1999, he was the Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency (Bapedal). In 1995, Makarim created and launched the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) to collect and disseminate information about the environmental performance of leading private-sector polluters.

text: From 1990 to 1999, he was the Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency (Bapedal). In 1995, Makarim created and launched the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) to collect and disseminate information about the environmental performance of leading private-sector polluters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pollution Control

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: private-sector

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pollution Control

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: private-sector polluters.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Makarim

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluters.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Deputy of Pollution Control for the Indonesian Environmental Protection Agency

text: Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including toxic heavy metal. Studies of wastewater from Varanasi's sewage treatment plants identify that water's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food. One studied example is palak, a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil, and which people then eat. Some of the polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser, which could make polluted water attractive to use. Pesticides used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water, to sewer treatment, then back to the farms as wastewater.

text: Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including

text: toxic heavy metal

text: . Studies of

text: wastewater

text: from Varanasi's sewage treatment plants identify that water's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food. One studied example is palak, a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil, and which people then eat. Some of the polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser, which could make polluted water attractive to use. Pesticides used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water, to sewer treatment, then back to the farms as wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: eat

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food.

text: Now the Nervión river has lost economic importance, the navigable part of the river is being abandoned in favour of the external port, to allow urban development to take place in the banks of the river after the dismantlement of the industry.The quality of the water has improved through refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

text: Now the Nervión river has lost economic importance, the navigable part of the river is being abandoned in favour of the external port, to allow urban development to take place in the banks of the river after the dismantlement of the industry.The quality of the water has improved through refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleaning

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluting industries

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: industry.The quality of the water has improved through refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluting industries.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: refuse water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: refuse water cleaning and the disappearance of the most polluting industries.

text: In 2005, the library was investigated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Water Act for failing to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.

text: In 2005, the library was investigated by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: for failing to apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permit.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: applying for a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the library

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: apply for a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the library

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: apply for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act

text: The Choctawhatchee has little industry along its banks; consequently it has rather clean water, except for excess turbidity, usually due to runoff from unpaved county roads. The Choctawhatchee, Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed Management District was instrumental in getting a grant to place gravel on many county roads, which reduced the average turbidity. Illegal dumping of household garbage and animal carcasses is a problem, but not enough of one to seriously affect water quality in the Alabama portion of the river, where water quality is described as "good to very good". This changes somewhat in the Florida section of the river, due to the presence of several wastewater treatment plants, animal-waste sites and erosion. Three of the river's Florida tributaries are described as "polluted" with "waste water effluent".

text: The Choctawhatchee has little industry along its banks; consequently it has rather clean water, except for excess turbidity, usually due to runoff from unpaved county roads. The Choctawhatchee, Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed Management District was instrumental in getting a grant to place gravel on many county roads, which reduced the average turbidity. Illegal dumping of household garbage and animal carcasses is a problem, but not enough of one to seriously affect water quality in the Alabama portion of the river, where water quality is described as "good to very good". This changes somewhat in the Florida section of the river, due to the presence of several wastewater treatment plants, animal-waste sites and erosion. Three of the river's Florida tributaries are described as "polluted" with "waste water effluent".

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does epa stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Watershed Management District

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: animal-waste sites

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water in the Alabama portion of the river?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: gravel on many county roads

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Choctawhatchee, Pea and Yellow Rivers

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Watershed Management District

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: animal-waste sites

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: clean water, except for excess turbidity,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: turbidity,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: gravel on many county roads, which reduced the average turbidity.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: animal carcasses

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: gravel on many county roads,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Watershed Management District

text: A Legal Notice has been issued to Indian Oil Corporation for violating The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

text: A Legal Notice has been issued to

text: Indian Oil Corporation

text: for violating The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Indian Oil Corporation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Indian Oil Corporation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Environment (Protection) Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: (Prevention and Control of Pollution)

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Indian Oil Corporation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution)

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974,

text: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use (with high standards required for drinking water). The quality of water from household connections and community water points in low-income countries is not reliably safe for direct human consumption. Water extracted directly from surface waters and open hand-dug shallow wells nearly always requires treatment.

text: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use (with high standards required for drinking water). The quality of water from household connections and community water points in low-income countries is not reliably safe for direct human consumption. Water extracted directly from surface waters and open hand-dug shallow wells nearly always requires treatment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: community water points

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: low-income countries

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: high standards required for drinking water).

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: drinking water).

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: household connections and community water points

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: source

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water generally needs treatment before use, depending on the source and the intended use

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment before use,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water generally needs treatment before use,

text: "Protecting Our Environment" is a companion campaign for the wastewater industry. This campaign is designed to publicize  the credentials of the wastewater personnel and the role they play in Environmental Protection, especially the prevention of water pollution. Rural water has made environmental protection, especially source water protection, a priority for the industry.

text: "Protecting Our Environment" is a companion campaign for the wastewater industry. This campaign is designed to publicize  the credentials of the wastewater personnel and the role they play in Environmental Protection, especially the prevention of water pollution. Rural water has made environmental protection, especially source water protection, a priority for the industry.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: source water protection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prevent water pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater industry.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater personnel

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Rural water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "Protecting Our Environment"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prevention of water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "Protecting Our Environment"

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: source water protection,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevention of water pollution.

text: Point Source pollution within the watershed is fairly well identified and regulated with few options to further reduce inputs outside investment in better technologies to remove contamination from water to be discharged into the system.  Because higher tech systems come at a higher cost it may be more effective for users to pay for removal of an equal or larger amount of nutrients from the system by installing natural storm water treatment features in urban and agricultural areas that will provide a better return on investment than trying the remove the last 5 mg/L of a nutrient out of wastewater discharge point.  Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm using low tech solutions, in order to achieve lower concentrations to meet TMDL’s higher technology systems must be used.Water, 2016</ref>)

text: Point Source pollution within the watershed is fairly well identified and regulated with few options to further reduce inputs outside investment in better technologies to remove contamination from water to be discharged into the system.  Because higher tech systems come at a higher cost it may be more effective for users to pay for removal of an equal or larger amount of nutrients from the system by installing natural storm water treatment features in urban and agricultural areas that will provide a better return on investment than trying the remove the last 5 mg/L of a nutrient out of wastewater discharge point.  Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm using low tech solutions, in order to achieve lower concentrations to meet TMDL’s higher technology systems must be used.Water, 2016</ref>)

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: TMDL

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: investment in better technologies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Point Source pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: TMDL’s

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: remove contamination from water to be discharged into the system.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: higher tech systems come at a higher cost

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: installing natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: installing natural storm water treatment features

text: One out of four hospital beds is occupied by someone with a water related illness. In some inner areas of the country, like Rosario and Córdoba, water bodies are so polluted that the work in the water treatment plants has been affected. There are some projects to build treatment plants in the main locations, but discharges keeps growing.Disposals from companies added to the domestic ones in the Riachuelo-Matanza sum up to 368,000 cubic meters per day, which is the double of the minimum average flow of the river. The mud in it has great concentrations of Chrome, Copper, Mercury, Zinc, and Lead. In addition, the highest concentrations of Lead and Chrome are located in the border between the councils of Avellaneda and Lanús, in the Buenos Aires province.The given treatments are not sufficient by any means, moreover, the treatments done by companies to their waste water are between deficient and non existing. Most of the water consumed by population comes from the same water bodies in which waste and domestic water is dumped, and because of the lack of treatment these populations ends up drinking water of doubtful quality or at a high purification cost.

text: One out of four hospital beds is occupied by someone with a water related illness. In some inner areas of the country, like Rosario and Córdoba, water bodies are so polluted that the work in the water treatment plants has been affected. There are some projects to build treatment plants in the main locations, but discharges keeps growing.Disposals from companies added to the domestic ones in the Riachuelo-Matanza sum up to 368,000 cubic meters per day, which is the double of the minimum average flow of the river. The mud in it has great concentrations of Chrome, Copper, Mercury, Zinc, and Lead. In addition, the highest concentrations of Lead and Chrome are located in the border between the councils of Avellaneda and Lanús, in the Buenos Aires province.The given treatments are not sufficient by any means, moreover, the treatments done by companies to their waste water are between deficient and non existing. Most of the water consumed by population comes from the same water bodies in which waste and domestic water is dumped, and because of the lack of treatment these populations ends up drinking water of doubtful quality or at a high purification cost.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: build treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Chrome

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drink water of doubtful quality

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Buenos Aires

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Buenos Aires

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dumped,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Chrome, Copper, Mercury, Zinc, and Lead.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: doubtful quality

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Chrome, Copper, Mercury, Zinc, and Lead.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: doubtful quality

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: province.The given treatments are not sufficient by any means,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste and domestic water is dumped,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: province.The given treatments are not sufficient by any means,

text: Back River is in a highly urbanized area and is subject to extensive urban runoff and other forms of water pollution. The Maryland Department of the Environment has listed water quality impairments in the mainstem river for chlordane (a pesticide), and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). The Herring Run tributary is listed as impaired due to high levels of bacteria. The Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management (DEPRM) has classified Bread and Cheese Creek as having a “Very High Priority” for stormwater management actions, due to the large amount of trash and sediment found in it. The county recommends implementing a number of remedial activities to control urban runoff pollution, including "downspout disconnection, storm drain marking, buffer improvement, alley retrofit, street sweeping, tree planting and public education."

text: Back River is in a highly

text: urbanized

text: area and is subject to extensive

text: urban runoff

text: and other forms of

text: water pollution

text: . The Maryland Department of the Environment has listed water quality impairments in the mainstem river for

text: chlordane

text: (a

text: pesticide

text: ), and nutrients (

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: phosphorus

text: ). The

text: Herring Run

text: tributary is listed as impaired due to high levels of

text: bacteria

text: . The Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management (DEPRM) has classified

text: Bread and Cheese Creek

text: as having a “Very High Priority” for

text: stormwater

text: management actions, due to the large amount of trash and sediment found in it. The county recommends implementing a number of remedial activities to control

text: urban runoff

text: pollution, including "

text: downspout

text: disconnection,

text: storm drain

text: marking,

text: buffer

text: improvement,

text: alley

text: retrofit,

text: street sweeping

text: , tree planting and public education."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Maryland Department of the Environment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chlordane

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: tree planting

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection and Resource Management

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Maryland Department of the Environment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: "downspout disconnection,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chlordane

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Back River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "downspout disconnection,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: (nitrogen and phosphorus).

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: tree planting

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: urban runoff

text: As an example, the United States employs water quality standards as part of its regulation of surface water quality under the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act Water Quality Standards (WQS) Program begins with U.S. states designating intended uses (e.g., recreation, drinking water, natural habitat) for surface water, after which they develop science-based water quality criteria - including numeric pollutant concentration limits, narrative goals (e.g., free from algae blooms), and narrative biological criteria (i.e., the aquatic life that should be able to live in the waterbody). If the water body fails the existing WQS criteria, the state must develop a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for pollutants of concern. Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means in order to achieve the TMDL targets.

text: As an example, the United States employs water quality standards as part of its regulation of surface water quality under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . The

text: Clean Water Act Water Quality Standards (WQS) Program

text: begins with U.S. states designating intended uses (e.g., recreation, drinking water, natural habitat) for surface water, after which they develop science-based water quality criteria - including numeric pollutant concentration limits, narrative goals (e.g., free from algae blooms), and narrative biological criteria (i.e., the aquatic life that should be able to live in the waterbody). If the water body fails the existing WQS criteria, the state must develop a

text: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

text: for pollutants of concern. Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means in order to achieve the TMDL targets.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: designating intended uses

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: algae blooms

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the intended uses of water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: designate intended uses

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: designating intended uses

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: algae blooms),

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: recreation,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Human activity impacting water quality will then be controlled via other regulatory means

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of groundwater, Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control water pollution.

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of

text: groundwater

text: , Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Utah

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pass laws

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Utah

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Kennecott companies

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: In 1995,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: control water pollution.

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency has Cottus carolinae listed as intolerant to habitat destruction and intermediately intolerant to pollution. As a species that feeds and reproduces benthically, C. carolinae is more vulnerable to stream degradation that non-benthic species. Because of this pollution sensitive nature, the species is often used as an indicator of stream health. Studies have shown that populations of C. carolinae decrease in the presence of silts, pollution, and disturbance and it has been shown in the past that C. carolinae densities are negatively correlated with water metal concentrations. Though there is not a huge threat to the species from invasive species, excess trout introduction in some areas has reduced species numbers.

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency has Cottus carolinae listed as intolerant to habitat destruction and intermediately intolerant to pollution. As a species that feeds and reproduces benthically, C. carolinae is more vulnerable to stream degradation that non-benthic species. Because of this pollution sensitive nature, the species is often used as an indicator of stream health. Studies have shown that populations of C. carolinae decrease in the presence of silts, pollution, and disturbance and it has been shown in the past that C. carolinae densities are negatively correlated with water metal concentrations. Though there is not a huge threat to the species from invasive species, excess trout introduction in some areas has reduced species numbers.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: benthic

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: silts, pollution, and disturbance

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water metal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Cottus carolinae

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: metal

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Cottus carolinae

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: trout introduction

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Cottus carolinae listed as intolerant to habitat destruction

text: In 1934, when the park was designated as the first national park in Japan, the area was much smaller than the area is now. Sixteen years later, it was extended to almost the same size as now in order to include other famous places in the area.  Also, the park is the biggest national park in Japan. In 1996, Itsukushima Shrine in the park which is located in Hiroshima prefecture was registered as a cultural site of world heritage by UNESCO. It is known as one of the three most scenic spots in Japan. But in the 1960’s and 70’s, which was a period of rapid economic growth in Japan, industrialization contaminated the environment. For example, bank protection works, pollution of the discharge from chemical works, and farm cultivation led to environmental deterioration. These changes had an influence on an ecosystem and water pollution. Recently, the water has been improved because of a high-performance sewage disposal.

text: In 1934, when the park was designated as the first national park in Japan, the area was much smaller than the area is now. Sixteen years later, it was extended to almost the same size as now in order to include other famous places in the area.  Also, the park is the biggest national park in Japan. In 1996, Itsukushima Shrine in the park which is located in Hiroshima prefecture was registered as a cultural site of world heritage by UNESCO. It is known as one of the three most scenic spots in Japan. But in the 1960’s and 70’s, which was a period of rapid economic growth in Japan, industrialization contaminated the environment. For example, bank protection works, pollution of the discharge from chemical works, and farm cultivation led to environmental deterioration. These changes had an influence on an ecosystem and water pollution. Recently, the water has been improved because of a high-performance sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: UNESCO

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrialization

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical works

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the water purified enough for?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage disposal

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: UNESCO.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: UNESCO.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical works,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: high-performance sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: high-performance sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: high-performance sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: high-performance sewage disposal.

text: From a health standpoint, hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S. the Environmental Protection Agency regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a hazardous air pollutant because it is a human carcinogen, a "priority pollutant" under the Clean Water Act, and a "hazardous constituent" under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution viscosity a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath.  Wet scrubbers are used to control these emissions. The discharge from the wet scrubbers is treated to precipitate the chromium from the solution because it cannot remain in the waste water.

text: From a health standpoint, hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S. the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: regulates it heavily. The EPA lists hexavalent chromium as a

entity_name: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: hazardous air pollutant

text: because it is a human

text: carcinogen

text: , a "priority pollutant" under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , and a "hazardous constituent" under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: . Due to its low cathodic efficiency and high solution

text: viscosity

text: a toxic mist of water and hexavalent chromium is released from the bath.

text: Wet scrubbers

text: are used to control these emissions. The discharge from the wet scrubbers is treated to

text: precipitate

text: the chromium from the solution because it cannot remain in the waste water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chromium

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the passage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chromatium

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chromium

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: hexavalent chromium

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Wet scrubbers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Wet scrubbers

text: The Protection of the Environment act of 14 July 2003, provided for the execution of Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996 and the Litter Pollution Act 1997. It mainly sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality.

text: The Protection of the Environment act of 14 July 2003, provided for the execution of

entity_name: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

text: Directive 96/61/EC

text: concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996 and the Litter Pollution Act 1997. It mainly sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Waste Management Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Litter

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Waste Management Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Litter

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Protection of the Environment act of 14 July 2003,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Litter Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Litter Pollution Act 1997.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Litter Pollution Act 1997.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent water pollution

text: Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are  directly or indirectly discharged  into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

text: Water pollution is the contamination of

text: water

text: bodies (e.g.

text: lake

text: s,

text: river

text: s,

text: ocean

text: s,

text: aquifer

text: s and

text: groundwater

text: ). This form of

text: environmental degradation

text: occurs when

text: pollutant

text: s are  directly or indirectly discharged  into water bodies without adequate

text: treatment

text: to remove harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: harmful compounds

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful compounds

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: aquifers and groundwater).

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: aquifers and groundwater).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: adequate treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment

text: The usage of water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to sensitive environments.  It can also enhance wetlands, which benefits the wildlife depending on that eco-system. It also helps to stop the chances of drought as recycling of water reduces the use of fresh water supply from underground sources.  For instance, The San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant instituted a water recycling program to protect the San Francisco Bay area's natural salt water marshes.

text: The usage of water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to sensitive environments.  It can also enhance

text: wetland

text: s, which benefits the wildlife depending on that

text: eco-system

text: . It also helps to stop the chances of drought as recycling of water reduces the use of fresh water supply from underground sources.  For instance, The San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant instituted a water recycling program to protect the

text: San Francisco Bay

text: area's natural salt water marshes.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: salt water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It can also enhance wetlands

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycle water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water Pollution Control Plant

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: underground sources.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to sensitive environments.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to sensitive environments.

text: In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

text: In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: generation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government-owned

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: generation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Reliable generation and supply of electricity

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: uncollected wastes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Reliable generation and supply of electricity

text: The Source Water Protection Program includes partnerships that traverse city boundaries.]] -->Philadelphia Water began its Source Water Protection Program in 1999 when the Office of Watersheds was created. The Delaware and Schuylkill rivers each make up about half of the Philadelphia area's drinking water supply, and Philadelphia Water delivers about 250 million gallons of this drinking water to customers on a daily basis through its treatment plants. This program implements the monitoring of these rivers' water quality conditions, major sources of contamination, and flow patterns. Philadelphia lists climate change, forest clearing and development, stormwater runoff, agricultural runoff, spills and accidents, treated wastewater effluent, pharmaceuticals, pollution from geese and wildlife, and improper disposal of waste and trash as the program's primary concerns related to maintaining high quality drinking water.

text: The Source Water Protection Program includes partnerships that traverse city boundaries.]] -->Philadelphia Water began its

entity_name: Grassroots Source Water Protection Program

text: Source Water Protection Program

text: in 1999 when the Office of Watersheds was created. The

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Schuylkill rivers

text: each make up about half of the Philadelphia area's drinking water supply, and Philadelphia Water delivers about 250 million gallons of this drinking water to customers on a daily basis through its

text: treatment plant

text: s. This program implements the monitoring of these rivers'

text: water quality

text: conditions, major sources of

text: contamination

text: , and flow patterns. Philadelphia lists

text: climate change

text: forest clearing

text: and development,

text: stormwater runoff

text: agricultural runoff

text: , spills and accidents, treated wastewater

text: effluent

text: pharmaceuticals

text: , pollution from geese and wildlife, and improper disposal of waste and trash as the program's primary concerns related to maintaining high quality drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Office of Watersheds

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pharmaceuticals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Source Water Protection Program

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Office of Watersheds

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pharmaceuticals,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Philadelphia Water delivers about 250 million gallons of this drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contamination,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: spills and accidents,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: improper disposal of waste and trash

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: improper disposal of waste and trash

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: climate change, forest clearing and development, stormwater runoff,

text: The DRBC was one of the first government agencies in the United States to address the problem of water pollution.  The agency predates the EPA and the Clean Water Act.

text: The DRBC was one of the first government agencies in the United States to address the problem of

text: water pollution

text: .  The agency predates the

text: EPA

text: and the

text: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: EPA and the Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: DRBC

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: EPA and the Clean Water Act.

text: Effluent Guidelines (also referred to as Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELGs)) are U.S. national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and publicly owned treatment works (POTW) (also called municipal sewage treatment plants). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues Effluent Guideline regulations for categories of industrial sources of water pollution under Title III of the Clean Water Act (CWA). The standards are technology-based, i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies(e.g., Best Available Technology). Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.

text: Effluent Guidelines (also referred to as Effluent Limitation Guidelines (ELGs)) are U.S. national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: (POTW) (also called municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plants). The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issues Effluent Guideline regulations for categories of industrial sources of

text: water pollution

text: under Title III of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The standards are technology-based, i.e. they are based on the performance of treatment and control technologies(e.g.,

text: Best Available Technology

text: ). Effluent Guidelines are not based on risk or impacts of pollutants upon receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: publicly owned treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use best available technology

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: publicly owned treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Effluent Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Effluent Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Effluent Guidelines

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment and control technologies(e.g., Best Available Technology).

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Effluent Guidelines

text: Tanwater was a special water treatment project initiated  by Elmo tannery in Sweden in 1992.The aim was to reduce nitrogen effluent from the water treatment systems during the tanning of leathers. Previously tanneries in Europe have only  been able to reduce nitrogen in the water by up to a maximum of 30%. The "Tanwater" project aimed at reducing nitrogen waste by up to 80% and finally were able to achieve 89% nitrogen waste reductions in the water. This was a major breakthrough for the tanning industry because nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

text: Tanwater was a special

text: water treatment

text: project initiated  by Elmo tannery in Sweden in 1992.The aim was to reduce

text: nitrogen

text: effluent from the water treatment systems during the tanning of

text: leather

text: s. Previously

text: tanneries

text: in Europe have only  been able to reduce nitrogen in the water by up to a maximum of 30%. The "Tanwater" project aimed at reducing nitrogen waste by up to 80% and finally were able to achieve 89% nitrogen waste reductions in the water. This was a major breakthrough for the tanning industry because nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the European Union

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: tanneries

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: tan

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: nitrogen effluent

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Tanwater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: nitrogen is a pollutant of ground water.

text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of incineration where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal publicly owned treatment works without any pretreatment.

text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of

text: incineration

text: where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: without any pretreatment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: may require treatment before disposal

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Media irrigation water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of blowdown water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Biofilter/bio-oxidation system

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: biochemical oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal publicly owned treatment works

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pretreatment.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Media irrigation water,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Media irrigation water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Media irrigation water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Media irrigation water,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: There is no secondary pollution

text: Beginning in the 19th century, with increasing mining and agriculture upstream and urban sewage and runoff downstream, the water quality of the Potomac River deteriorated. This created conditions of severe eutrophication. It is said that President Abraham Lincoln used to escape to the highlands on summer nights to escape the river's stench. In the 1960s, with dense green algal blooms covering the river's surface, President Lyndon Johnson declared the river "a national disgrace" and set in motion a long-term effort to reduce pollution from sewage and restore the beauty and ecology of this historic river. One of significant pollution control projects at the time was the expansion of the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, which serves Washington and several surrounding communities. Enactment of the 1972 Clean Water Act led to construction or expansion of additional sewage treatment plants in the Potomac watershed. Controls on phosphorus, one of the principal contributors to eutrophication, were implemented in the 1980s, through sewage plant upgrades and restrictions on phosphorus in detergents.

text: Beginning in the 19th century, with increasing

text: mining

text: and

text: agriculture

text: upstream and urban

text: sewage

text: and

text: runoff

text: downstream, the

text: water quality

text: of the Potomac River deteriorated. This created conditions of severe

text: eutrophication

text: . It is said that President

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: used to escape to the highlands on summer nights to escape the river's stench. In the 1960s, with dense green

text: algal

text: blooms covering the river's surface, President

text: Lyndon Johnson

text: declared the river "a national disgrace" and set in motion a long-term effort to reduce

text: pollution

text: from

text: sewage

text: and restore the beauty and ecology of this historic river. One of significant pollution control projects at the time was the expansion of the

entity_name: Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant

text: Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant

text: , which serves Washington and several surrounding communities. Enactment of the 1972

text: Clean Water Act

text: led to construction or expansion of additional

text: sewage treatment

text: plants in the Potomac watershed. Controls on

text: phosphorus

text: , one of the principal contributors to eutrophication, were implemented in the 1980s, through sewage plant upgrades and restrictions on phosphorus in detergents.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the plant?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: escape to the highlands

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: 1972 Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: President Abraham Lincoln used to escape to the highlands on summer nights

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution from sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage plant upgrades and restrictions on phosphorus in detergents.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: urban sewage and runoff

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: escape to the highlands

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: sewage

text: When AMSA, now NACWA, members learned that President Nixon was planning to veto the bill, the Association sent him a telegram urging him to sign it.  Although the President did veto the bill, Congress overrode the veto and the Clean Water Act was enacted.  The legislation created programs to help municipalities clean up local waters. Shortly after passage, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. From that point on, EPA and NACWA worked together to clean up water pollution in the Nation’s cities. By that time, NACWA "had become an organization consulted by members of the federal government concerned with water pollution".

text: When AMSA, now NACWA, members learned that President Nixon was planning to veto the bill, the Association sent him a telegram urging him to sign it.  Although the President did veto the bill, Congress overrode the veto and the Clean Water Act was enacted.  The legislation created programs to help municipalities clean up local waters. Shortly after passage, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created. From that point on, EPA and NACWA worked together to clean up water pollution in the Nation’s cities. By that time, NACWA "had become an organization consulted by members of the federal government concerned with water pollution".

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: EPA was created

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the Clean Water Act do?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up local waters

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipalities

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipalities clean up local waters.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: AMSA,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: municipalities clean up local waters.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: clean up local waters.

text: In various jurisdictions, intensive animal production of some kinds is subject to regulation for environmental protection.  In the United States, a CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation) that discharges or proposes to discharge waste requires a permit and implementation of a plan for management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc., as applicable, to meet requirements pursuant to the federal Clean Water Act.  Some data on regulatory compliance and enforcement are available.  In 2000, the US Environmental Protection Agency published 5-year and 1-year data on environmental performance of 32 industries, with data for the livestock industry being derived mostly from inspections of CAFOs.  The data pertain to inspections and enforcement mostly under the Clean Water Act, but also under the Clean Air Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.  Of the 32 industries, livestock production was among the top seven for environmental performance over the 5-year period, and was one of the top two in the final year of that period, where good environmental performance is indicated by a low ratio of enforcement orders to inspections.   The five-year and final-year ratios of enforcement/inspections for the livestock industry were 0.05 and 0.01, respectively.  Also in the final year, the livestock industry was one of the two leaders among the 32 industries in terms of having the lowest  percentage of facilities with violations.  In Canada, intensive livestock operations are subject to provincial regulation, with definitions of regulated entities varying among provinces.  Examples include Intensive Livestock Operations (Saskatchewan), Confined Feeding Operations (Alberta), Feedlots (British Columbia), High-density Permanent Outdoor Confinement Areas (Ontario) and Feedlots or Parcs d'Engraissement (Manitoba).  In Canada, intensive animal production, like other agricultural sectors, is also subject to various other federal and provincial requirements.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: regulate intensive animal production

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 0.05 and 0.01,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 0.05 and 0.01,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 0.05 and 0.01,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: High-density Permanent Outdoor Confinement Areas

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 0.05 and 0.01,

text: Waste- Waste (law)- Waste management- Waste vegetable oil- Wastewater- Water conservation- Water contamination- Water dispute- Water Fluoridation controversy- Water pollution- Water privatization- Water purification- Water quality- Water resources- Waterborne disease- Waterway restoration- Water-wise gardening- Wave power- Websites- Weed control- Weedy species- Wetlands- Wetlands conservation- Wetlands International- Whaling- WILD Foundation- Wilderness- Wilderness area- Wildlife corridor- Wildlife garden- Wildlife refuge- Wildlife trade- Wind energy- Wind farm- Wind power- Wind turbine- Wise use- World Climate Change Conference- World Climate Conference- World Climate Programme- World Climate Report- World Day for Water- World population- World solar challenge- World Summit on Sustainable Development- World3- World's Most Livable Cities

text: Waste

text: Waste (law)

text: Waste management

text: Waste vegetable oil

text: Wastewater

text: Water conservation

text: Water contamination

text: Water dispute

text: Water Fluoridation controversy

text: Water pollution

text: Water privatization

text: Water purification

text: Water quality

text: Water resources

text: Waterborne disease

text: Waterway restoration

text: Water-wise gardening

text: Wave power

text: Websites

text: Weed control

text: Weedy species

text: Wetlands

text: Wetlands conservation

text: Wetlands International

text: Whaling

text: WILD Foundation

text: Wilderness

text: Wilderness area

text: Wildlife corridor

text: Wildlife garden

text: Wildlife refuge

text: Wildlife trade

text: Wind energy

text: Wind farm

text: Wind power

text: Wind turbine

text: Wise use

text: World Climate Change Conference

text: World Climate Conference

text: World Climate Programme

text: World Climate Report

text: World Day for Water

text: World population

text: World solar challenge

text: World Summit on Sustainable Development

text: World's Most Livable Cities

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ethical purchasing practices

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Quality Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water purification

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste vegetable oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water purification

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waterborne disease

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water conservation

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Waste (law)- Waste management

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water-wise gardening

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water conservation

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Waste- Waste (law)- Waste management- Waste vegetable oil-

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Wetlands International-

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water purification-

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Waste vegetable oil-

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water purification-

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Waste-

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water conservation-

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Waste-

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water-wise gardening-

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water contamination- Water dispute- Water Fluoridation controversy- Water pollution-

text: In 2014, County Executive Bellone announced that improving the region’s water quality would be his administration’s top priority, and launched the “Reclaim Our Water “ initiative – a comprehensive plan to improve Suffolk County’s water quality and eradicate nitrogen pollution.Failing and unmaintained septic systems and cesspools have created an excess amount of nitrogen pollution in the region’s water supply, becoming a serious threat to Long Island’s water quality, wildlife, quality of life; and has already decimated the once iconic shellfish industry.  Nitrogen poisoning has additionally destroyed the region’s coastal vegetation, which acts as a natural habitat for marine and aviary life as well as a natural buffer against devastating storm surges as seen during Superstorm Sandy.The County has identified 360,000 unsewered homes that contribute to nearly 70% of the nitrogen pollution load, and has developed an actionable, long term plan to sewer targeted areas, fortify existing waste water infrastructure, and bring advanced on-site waste water treatment systems to residential properties that are contributing most to the nitrification of waters.To date, Bellone has worked extensively with state and federal officials to secure a historic investment of more than $380 million and is seeking further funding to help reduce excess nitrogen pollution, invest in wastewater infrastructure and help to protect coastal vegetation and marshlands.

text: In 2014, County Executive Bellone announced that improving the region’s water quality would be his administration’s top priority, and launched the “Reclaim Our Water “ initiative – a comprehensive plan to improve Suffolk County’s water quality and eradicate

text: nitrogen pollution

text: .Failing and unmaintained septic systems and cesspools have created an excess amount of nitrogen pollution in the region’s water supply, becoming a serious threat to Long Island’s water quality, wildlife, quality of life; and has already decimated the once iconic shellfish industry.  Nitrogen poisoning has additionally destroyed the region’s coastal vegetation, which acts as a natural habitat for marine and aviary life as well as a natural buffer against devastating storm surges as seen during

text: Superstorm Sandy

text: .The County has identified 360,000 unsewered homes that contribute to nearly 70% of the nitrogen pollution load, and has developed an actionable, long term plan to sewer targeted areas, fortify existing waste water infrastructure, and bring advanced on-site waste water treatment systems to residential properties that are contributing most to the nitrification of waters.To date, Bellone has worked extensively with state and federal officials to secure a historic investment of more than $380 million and is seeking further funding to help reduce excess nitrogen pollution, invest in wastewater infrastructure and help to protect coastal vegetation and marshlands.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Suffolk County

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewer

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewer

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: nitrogen pollution.Failing

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Suffolk County’s

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cesspools

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: “Reclaim Our Water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrogen pollution.Failing

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: septic systems and cesspools

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: nitrogen pollution in the region’s water supply,

text: In 1994 Eroğlu was appointed General Director of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) In the eight years he remained in this post he solved the long-standing problem of Istanbul’s drinking water completely, building 8 dams and a regulator, five drinking water treatment plants and 38 reservoirs. 97% of the potable water distribution network was renewed during his term of office. He computerised the potable water distribution and wastewater systems in Istanbul (SCADA) and made a major contribution to the problem of wastewater disposal with the construction of 8 wastewater treatment plants and renewal of 85% of the sewerage network. His achievement in cleaning up the previously malodorous and heavily polluted Golden Horn and permitting the return of many species of fish resulted in the presentation of the prestigious Metropolis Award to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Eroğlu transformed İSKİ from an organisation which was heavily in debt and had come virtually to a standstill into an efficient, customer-friendly, profitable organisation. During his period of office he continued to lecture at Istanbul Technical University.

text: In 1994 Eroğlu was appointed General Director of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (İSKİ) In the eight years he remained in this post he solved the long-standing problem of Istanbul’s drinking water completely, building 8 dams and a regulator, five drinking water treatment plants and 38 reservoirs. 97% of the potable water distribution network was renewed during his term of office. He computerised the potable water distribution and wastewater systems in Istanbul (SCADA) and made a major contribution to the problem of wastewater disposal with the construction of 8 wastewater treatment plants and renewal of 85% of the sewerage network. His achievement in cleaning up the previously malodorous and heavily polluted Golden Horn and permitting the return of many species of fish resulted in the presentation of the prestigious Metropolis Award to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Eroğlu transformed İSKİ from an organisation which was heavily in debt and had come virtually to a standstill into an efficient, customer-friendly, profitable organisation. During his period of office he continued to lecture at Istanbul Technical University.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: SK

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Golden Horn

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: build dams

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of 8 wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Golden Horn

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: five drinking water treatment plants and 38 reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater disposal with the construction of 8 wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: 8 dams and a regulator, five drinking water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 8 dams and a regulator, five drinking water treatment plants

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal Clean Water Act as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

text: Water pollution is defined by the Federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: as "dredge spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water."  More generally, pollution  is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage sludge,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: garbage, sewage sludge,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water pollution is defined by the Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Federal Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water pollution

text: Pristina City has limited quantities of surface and groundwater, which are mainly distributed in the peripheral areas. A small fraction of the available water is found as underground water, such as that in "Pajtimi" field that amounts to 50 liters / sec and "Germia" source that amounts to     15 liters /sec.  Watercourses are scarce. There are small rivers in the urban area, such as Pristina and Vellusha Rivers that collect the water flows of faux pas coming from Lagjia e Spitalit, Mati, Kodra e Trimave, and Shkabaj.Vellusha and Pristina Rivers serve to collect rainwater from all urban areas of Pristina. The main drinking water sources remain Batllava and Badovc Lakes. Batllava Lake – it has a capacity of 38 million m³ of water and supplies the town of Pristina with 65% of drinking water. Batllava represents the main source of drinking water for the municipality of Pristina. It was built in 1960-1963; initially it worked only for technical water supply to the energy complex in Obilic. From 1982 it turned into water resource for drinking water for the Pristina region. Recently, the water treatment plant in Shajkovc was built, which has a maximum capacity of 900 liters/sec. Badovci Lake- has a volume of 27 million m³ and supplies the town of Pristina with 35% of drinking water. It was initially built in 1960 for the supply of drinking water, irrigation, and technical water for Kishnica mine. From1980 this lake is mainly used for drinking water purposes for Pristina region. The water treatment plant has been built in Badovc, which has a maximum capacity 400l/sec.Those two lakes are the main source of water in Pristine. They both supply around 90% of population in Pristina region with drinking water. However, the distribution power has many problems. Most of the pipes used are older than 50 years, which lose around 50% of available water; 35% are technical losses, while 15% are commercial losses.  As a result there are reductions on available water to citizens, with 8-10 hours/day water cuts to each household. Another problem is the water contamination. There is no urban water monitoring in Kosovo. There are only some small regional, water companies that do not have large competencies on water monitoring. Wastewater discharges remain the main pollutants of water in Pristina. Those wastes are dangerous because they contain substances such as soluble compounds of phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, nitrogen (eutrophication), and other matters that affect the water quality.   Main carrier of underground waters pollution is Prishtevka River, which at the same time is the main carrier of sewage and rainwater.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Area

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Municipality of Pristina

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Badovci Lake

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The main drinking water sources remain Batllava Lakes.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: keeping pollutants from getting into the water system

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: technical water supply to the energy complex in Obilic.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: energy complex in Obilic.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: faux pas

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Badovci Lake-

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: energy complex

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Badovci Lake-

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: energy complex in Obilic.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Badovci Lake-

text: The first dike was constructed between 1960 and 1963 for the protection of the pine trees. The second dike,  high, was constructed between 1963 and 1966 to protect the city from tsunamis. In 1968, a gate was attached to the water lane of Kesen River to prevent water flowing into the lake at high tide.  By the installment of the watergate, the water of the lake became closed and the lake was polluted by the city's waste water.  The pollution progressed with the deposition of sludge. Previously swimming was possible, but with increasing pollution, the lake produced an offensive odor.  A red tide occurred.

text: The first dike was constructed between 1960 and 1963 for the protection of the pine trees. The second dike,  high, was constructed between 1963 and 1966 to protect the city from tsunamis. In 1968, a gate was attached to the water lane of Kesen River to prevent water flowing into the lake at high tide.  By the installment of the watergate, the water of the lake became closed and the lake was polluted by the city's waste water.  The pollution progressed with the deposition of sludge. Previously swimming was possible, but with increasing pollution, the lake produced an offensive odor.  A

text: red tide

text: occurred.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the city

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dike

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the watergate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: swim

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: city's waste water.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: installment of the watergate,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sludge.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: tsunamis.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sludge.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent water flowing into the lake at high tide.

text: Air pollution (sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal is a major issue, along with water pollution from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than Total Maximum Daily Load. There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy deforestation with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development is occurring with resulting desertification. China is a party to the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, the Antarctic Treaty, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Climate Change treaty, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Endangered Species treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the Law of the Sea, the International Tropical Timber Agreements of 1983 and 1994, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the Nuclear Test Ban treaty.

text: Air pollution

text: sulfur dioxide

text: particulates) from reliance on

text: coal

text: is a major issue, along with

text: water pollution

text: from untreated wastes and use of debated standards of pollutant concentration rather than

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: . There are water shortages, particularly in the north. The eastern part of China often experiences smoke and dense fog in the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Heavy

text: deforestation

text: with an estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to

text: soil erosion

text: and economic development is occurring with resulting

text: desertification

text: . China is a party to the

text: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

text: , the

text: Antarctic Treaty

text: , the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: , the

text: Climate Change

text: treaty, the

entity_name: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: , the

text: Endangered Species

text: treaty, the Hazardous Wastes treaty, the

text: Law of the Sea

text: , the International Tropical Timber Agreements of

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

text: and

entity_name: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

text: , the

entity_name: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

text: , and agreements on Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,

text: Ship Pollution

text: , and Wetlands protection. China has signed, but not ratified the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: (but is not yet required to reduce its carbon emission under the agreement, as is India), and the

text: Nuclear Test Ban

text: treaty.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is water pollution from untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat wastes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water shortages,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated wastes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreated wastes

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of US$1.8bn (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to 160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of 2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a USD250 million contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. The project costs USD407 million, of which USD290.8 million is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of US$1.8bn (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to 160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of 2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a USD250 million contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at

text: Munshiganj

text: on the Padma River. The project costs USD407 million, of which USD290.8 million is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Bangladesh

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: utility

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: rivers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 1.63 million cubic meters per year,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers

text: Mary Elizabeth Walton was a nineteenth-century  American inventor who was awarded two patents for pollution-reducing devices. In 1879, Walton created a method for reducing the environmental hazards of the smoke emitted from locomotive, industrial and residential chimneys. Her system deflected the emissions being produced by factory smokestacks into water tanks, where the pollutants were retained and later flushed "into the sewer, or into other suitable channels for conducting them to a distant or any desired locality".

text: Mary Elizabeth Walton was a nineteenth-century

text: American

text: inventor

text: who was awarded two patents for pollution-reducing devices. In 1879, Walton created a method for reducing the environmental hazards of the smoke emitted from locomotive, industrial and residential

text: chimney

text: s. Her system deflected the emissions being produced by factory smokestacks into water tanks, where the pollutants were retained and later flushed "into the sewer, or into other suitable channels for conducting them to a distant or any desired locality".

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: What does EPA stand for?

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: deflected

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: smokestacks

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use water tanks

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pollution-reducing devices.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Mary Elizabeth Walton

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water tanks,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: factory smokestacks

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: the pollutants were retained and later flushed

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water tanks,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water tanks,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water tanks,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the pollutants were retained

text: In Izmir, the day started with people, who started to clean the main streets and squares, which were polluted by the protests during 1 June. People cleaned the city almost for 5 hours but as the crowd got bigger and the police has been positioned around, cleaning stopped. Soon the crowd and protests got bigger. Police used random violence to disperse the crowds, even hitting teen girls on the boulevard. Izmir's Bornova and Alsancak neighborhoods saw fierce battles between protesters and riot police throughout the afternoon, with dozens of arrests made and damage to stores in the center of town by the police's use of water cannons. The Mayor of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, Aziz Kocaoğlu (CHP), got out in his civil outfit and walked with people to support the nature and democracy act.

text: In

text: Izmir

text: , the day started with people, who started to clean the main streets and squares, which were polluted by the protests during 1 June. People cleaned the city almost for 5 hours but as the crowd got bigger and the police has been positioned around, cleaning stopped. Soon the crowd and protests got bigger. Police used random violence to disperse the crowds, even hitting teen girls on the boulevard.

text: Izmir

text: 's

text: Bornova

text: and

text: Alsancak

text: neighborhoods saw fierce battles between protesters and riot police throughout the afternoon, with dozens of arrests made and damage to stores in the center of town by the police's use of

text: water cannon

text: s. The Mayor of

text: Izmir Metropolitan Municipality

text: Aziz Kocaoğlu

text: CHP

text: ), got out in his civil outfit and walked with people to support the nature and democracy act.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: nature and democracy

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: protests

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water cannons

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the main streets

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: nature and democracy act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: nature and democracy

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean the main streets and squares,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: protests

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: clean the main streets and squares,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted by the protests

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: polluted by the protests during 1 June.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 5 hours

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the main streets and squares,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: nature and democracy act.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an industrial plant, pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of pharmacies in Clark County, Washington have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an

text: industrial plant

text: , pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of

text: pharmacies

text: in

text: Clark County, Washington

text: have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a source

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pharmaceuticals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: safely dispose of noncontrolled drugs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a source.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pharmaceutical, or human source,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: EDCs

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: it eventually finds its way to a larger water source,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: Recycling the effluent (see black liquor) and burning it, using bioremediation ponds and employing less damaging agents in the pulping and bleaching processes can help reduce water pollution.

text: Recycling the effluent (see

text: black liquor

text: ) and burning it, using

text: bioremediation

text: ponds and employing less damaging agents in the pulping and bleaching processes can help reduce water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: black liquor

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycle effluent

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: less damaging agents

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: black liquor)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Recycling the effluent

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Recycling the effluent

text: The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the WI DNR, indicating it is a "high quality" trout water that has sufficient natural reproduction to sustain populations of wild trout, at or near carrying capacity.  The Kinnickinnic is also designated as an Outstanding Resource Water (ORW) by the WI DNR both above State HWY 35, and below the Powell Falls Dam, however, the stretch of the Kinni through the City of River Falls is not included in this designation where the river is impounded into two reservoirs which do not support a fishery.  This ORW designation indicates the Kinni provides outstanding recreational opportunities, supports valuable fisheries and wildlife habitat, has good water quality, and is not significantly impacted by human activities.  This designation indicates that the State of Wisconsin has determined the Kinnickinnic River warrants additional protection from the effects of pollution. These designations are intended to meet federal Clean Water Act obligations requiring Wisconsin to adopt an “antidegradation” policy that is designed to prevent any lowering of water quality – especially in those waters having significant ecological or cultural value.

text: The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I

text: trout

text: stream by the WI DNR, indicating it is a "high quality" trout water that has sufficient natural reproduction to sustain populations of wild trout, at or near carrying capacity.  The Kinnickinnic is also designated as an Outstanding Resource Water (ORW) by the WI DNR both above State HWY 35, and below the Powell Falls Dam, however, the stretch of the Kinni through the City of River Falls is not included in this designation where the river is impounded into two reservoirs which do not support a fishery.  This ORW designation indicates the Kinni provides outstanding recreational opportunities, supports valuable fisheries and wildlife habitat, has good water quality, and is not significantly impacted by human activities.  This designation indicates that the State of Wisconsin has determined the Kinnickinnic River warrants additional protection from the effects of pollution. These designations are intended to meet federal Clean Water Act obligations requiring Wisconsin to adopt an “antidegradation” policy that is designed to prevent any lowering of water quality – especially in those waters having significant ecological or cultural value.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: State HWY 35

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water in the Kinnickinnic River?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: adopt an anti-degradation policy

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: “antidegradation”

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: HWY 35, and below the Powell Falls Dam,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Outstanding Resource Water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: “antidegradation”

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Outstanding Resource Water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: “antidegradation” policy

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: lowering of water quality

text: According to the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), plans to reactivate the Flushing Tunnel pump were proposed in 1982. But, due to bureaucratic delays, the DEP did not take up the project until 1994. The tunnel was finally reactivated in 1999. The new design employed a 600 horsepower (450 kW) motor, that pumped an average rate of  a day of aerated water from Buttermilk Channel of the East River into the head end of the canal. Although water was circulating through the tunnel, it can only be pumped 11 hours a day, due to tidal forces. Water quality has now improved, or at least the quality of water samples taken while the Flushing Pump is operating. Another attempt to control pollution, the construction of the $230 million Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant in 1987, had similar unsatisfactory results. The Red Hook Treatment plant collected waste from the existing Bond Street sewer that had been dumping into the harbor, but did not take up any additional waste that still spills into the canal from the sewer system's 14 combined sewer overflow (CSO) points. The city has yet to modify the sewer system to reduce sewage overflows into the Gowanus.

text: According to the

entity_name: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

text: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

text: (DEP), plans to reactivate the Flushing Tunnel pump were proposed in 1982. But, due to bureaucratic delays, the DEP did not take up the project until 1994. The tunnel was finally reactivated in 1999. The new design employed a 600

text: horsepower

text: (450 kW) motor, that pumped an average rate of  a day of aerated water from

text: Buttermilk Channel

text: of the

text: East River

text: into the head end of the canal. Although water was circulating through the tunnel, it can only be pumped 11 hours a day, due to tidal forces. Water quality has now improved, or at least the quality of water samples taken while the Flushing Pump is operating. Another attempt to control pollution, the construction of the $230 million Red Hook

text: Water Pollution Control Plant

text: in 1987, had similar unsatisfactory results. The Red Hook Treatment plant collected waste from the existing Bond Street sewer that had been dumping into the harbor, but did not take up any additional waste that still spills into the canal from the sewer system's 14

text: combined sewer overflow

text: (CSO) points. The city has yet to modify the sewer system to reduce sewage overflows into the Gowanus.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DEP

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Red Hook Treatment plant collected waste

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the existing Bond Street sewer

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: flush the toilet

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collected waste from the existing Bond Street sewer

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Bond Street sewer

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: New York City Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Red Hook Water Pollution Control Plant

text: Another path in which the water can circulate is by flowing directly to the ocean. Pollutants are prevalent in coastal and open-ocean waters as contaminated water flows from point sources to the sea. These pollutants are then distributed globally due to the circulation of the ocean currents and migration of exposed marine life. This becomes an explanation of how the chemicals, once again, find their way to a human consumer. Marine wildlife in a polluted area exists in and consumes contaminated water daily. When it is harvested, it has accumulated an amount of harmful chemicals/EDCs relatively high to that compared to ambient ocean levels. This is then passed on to consumers of the seafood: humans, whereas the chemicals bioaccumulate in their bodies eventually causing sex-related health problems.

text: Another path in which the water can circulate is by flowing directly to the ocean. Pollutants are prevalent in coastal and open-ocean waters as contaminated water flows from point sources to the sea. These pollutants are then distributed globally due to the circulation of the ocean currents and

text: migration

text: of exposed marine life. This becomes an explanation of how the chemicals, once again, find their way to a human consumer. Marine wildlife in a polluted area exists in and consumes contaminated water daily. When it is harvested, it has accumulated an amount of harmful chemicals/EDCs relatively high to that compared to ambient ocean levels. This is then passed on to consumers of the seafood: humans, whereas the chemicals bioaccumulate in their bodies eventually causing sex-related health problems.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EDCs

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: EDCs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: swim

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: open-ocean waters

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: contaminated water flows from point sources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: flowing directly to the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: contaminated water flows from point sources to the sea.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pollutants are prevalent in coastal and open-ocean waters

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: contaminated water flows from point sources

text: "One of the first modern environmental protection laws enacted in the United States was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), which requires the government to consider the impact of its actions or policies on the environment. NEPA remains one of the most commonly used environmental laws in the nation. In addition to NEPA, there are numerous pollution-control statutes that apply to such specific environmental media as air and water. The best known of these laws are the Clean Air Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) commonly referred to as Superfund. Among the many other important pollution control laws are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), Oil Pollution Prevention Act (OPP), Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)."

text: "One of the first modern environmental protection laws enacted in the United States was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), which requires the government to consider the impact of its actions or policies on the environment. NEPA remains one of the most commonly used environmental laws in the nation. In addition to NEPA, there are numerous pollution-control statutes that apply to such specific environmental media as air and water. The best known of these laws are the Clean Air Act (CAA), Clean Water Act (CWA), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) commonly referred to as

text: Superfund

text: . Among the many other important pollution control laws are the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA),

text: Toxic Substances Control Act

text: (TSCA),

text: Oil Pollution Prevention Act

text: (OPP), Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: emergency planning and community right to know act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: National Environmental Policy Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Recovery

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Superfund.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Toxic Substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)."

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)."

text: Their cation exchange capacity (CEC) is of great importance in the balance of the most common cations in soil (Na, K, NH, Ca, Mg) and pH control, with direct impact on the soil fertility. It also plays an important role in the fate of most Ca arriving from land (river water) into the seas.The ability to change and control the CEC of clay minerals offers a valuable tool in the development of selective adsorbants with applications as varied as chemical sensors or pollution cleaning substances for contaminated water, for example.

text: Their

text: cation exchange capacity

text: (CEC) is of great importance in the balance of the most common cations in

text: soil

text: (Na, K, NH, Ca, Mg) and pH control, with direct impact on the soil fertility. It also plays an important role in the fate of most Ca arriving from land (river water) into the seas.The ability to change and control the CEC of clay minerals offers a valuable tool in the development of selective adsorbants with applications as varied as

text: chemical sensors

text: or pollution cleaning substances for contaminated water, for example.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution cleaning substances

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cation exchange capacity

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Ca

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the passage?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use clay minerals

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: cation exchange capacity

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: contaminated water,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: contaminated water,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical sensors

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: contaminated water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: contaminated water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: cation exchange capacity

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pollution cleaning substances

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: contaminated water,

text: In the 1840s, the United Kingdom brought onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution. It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961. However, currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA), as inserted by the Environment Act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. The Act came into force in England in April 2000.

text: In the 1840s, the United Kingdom brought onto the statute books legislation to control water pollution. It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961. However, currently the clean up of historic contamination is controlled under a specific statutory scheme found in Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IIA), as inserted by the Environment Act 1995, and other ‘rules’ found in regulations and statutory guidance. The Act came into force in England in April 2000.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Act 1990

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: legislation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: historic contamination

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up historic contamination

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Act 1990

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: legislation to control water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: historic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It was extended to all rivers and coastal water by 1961.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: legislation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: control water pollution.

text: Dubbed "Operation Desert Glow", the raid, sponsored by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), began at 9 a.m. on June 6, 1989. After the FBI got past the DOE's heavily armed, authorized to shoot-to-kill security—whose armament included surface-to-air missiles—they served the search warrant to Dominick Sanchini, Rockwell International's manager of Rocky Flats. (Ironically, Sanchini died the next year in Boulder of cancer.). The FBI discovered numerous violations of federal anti-pollution laws, including limited contamination of water and soil. In 1992, Rockwell International was charged with environmental crimes including violations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and the Clean Water Act. Rockwell pleaded guilty and paid an $18.5 million fine. This was the largest fine for an environmental crime to that date.

text: Dubbed "Operation Desert Glow", the raid, sponsored by the

text: United States Department of Justice

text: (DOJ), began at 9 a.m. on June 6, 1989. After the FBI got past the DOE's heavily armed, authorized to shoot-to-kill security—whose armament included surface-to-air missiles—they served the search warrant to Dominick Sanchini, Rockwell International's manager of Rocky Flats. (Ironically, Sanchini died the next year in Boulder of cancer.). The FBI discovered numerous violations of federal anti-

text: pollution

text: laws, including limited contamination of water and soil. In 1992, Rockwell International was charged with environmental crimes including violations of the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA), and the Clean Water Act. Rockwell pleaded guilty and paid an $18.5 million fine. This was the largest fine for an environmental crime to that date.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Rockwell International

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: federal anti-pollution laws,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: contamination of water and soil.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: soil.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: limited contamination of water and soil.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: anti-pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: limited contamination of water and soil.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "Operation Desert Glow",

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: limited contamination of water and soil.

text: Because groundwater and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

text: Because

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the

text: leaching

text: of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: CAFO

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the difference between groundwater and surface water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use lagoons

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: groundwater and surface water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrients, organics, and pathogens

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: microbial pathogens from animal waste

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants.

text: In areas adjacent to water bodies with fish or shellfish intended for human consumption, improperly maintained and failing septic systems contribute to pollution levels that can force harvest restrictions and/or commercial or recreational harvest closures. In Washington State, for example, a "shellfish protection district" or "clean water district" is a geographic service area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources. The district provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control non-point sources of pollution, such as septic system maintenance. The district also serves as an educational resource, calling attention to the pollution sources that threaten shellfish growing waters.

text: In areas adjacent to water bodies with fish or

text: shellfish

text: intended for human consumption, improperly maintained and failing septic systems contribute to pollution levels that can force harvest restrictions and/or commercial or recreational harvest closures. In

text: Washington State

text: , for example, a "shellfish protection district" or "clean water district" is a geographic service area designated by a county to protect water quality and tideland resources. The district provides a mechanism to generate local funds for water quality services to control non-point sources of pollution, such as septic system maintenance. The district also serves as an educational resource, calling attention to the pollution sources that threaten shellfish growing waters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: a county

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: septic system maintenance

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: septic system maintenance

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: what is clean water district?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: septic system maintenance

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: "shellfish protection district"

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: a county

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: septic system maintenance.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: improperly maintained and failing septic systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: In areas adjacent to water bodies with fish or shellfish intended for human consumption,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic system maintenance.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: improperly maintained and failing septic systems

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: septic system maintenance.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: control non-point sources of pollution,

text: The input of pollutants into a water body may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services. While the impacts of water pollution vary considerably based on a variety of site-specific factors, they may be either direct or indirect. Pollutants that are directly toxic pose a threat to organisms that may come into contact with contaminated water. These include persistent organic pollutants used as pesticides and toxic byproducts of industrial activity (such as cyanide). Other pollutants may indirectly impact ecosystem services by causing a change in water conditions that allows for a harmful activity to take place. This includes sediment (loose soil) inputs that decrease the amount of light that can penetrate through the water, reducing plant growth and diminishing oxygen availability for other aquatic organisms.

text: The input of pollutants into a water body may impact the water's ability to deliver ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services. While the impacts of water pollution vary considerably based on a variety of site-specific factors, they may be either direct or indirect. Pollutants that are directly

text: toxic

text: pose a threat to organisms that may come into contact with contaminated water. These include persistent organic pollutants used as

text: pesticide

text: s and toxic byproducts of industrial activity (such as

text: cyanide

text: ). Other pollutants may indirectly impact ecosystem services by causing a change in water conditions that allows for a harmful activity to take place. This includes sediment (loose

text: soil

text: ) inputs that decrease the amount of light that can penetrate through the water, reducing plant growth and diminishing oxygen availability for other aquatic organisms.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecological, recreational, educational

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: aquatic organisms

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: input of pollutants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the impacts of water pollution?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid using pesticides

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: input of pollutants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: cyanide).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: ecological, recreational, educational, and economic services.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: contaminated water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reducing plant growth and diminishing oxygen availability for other aquatic organisms.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The input of pollutants into a water body

text: Despite the threat to groundwater resources, no Federal or State statute comprehensively addresses groundwater protection. There are currently only patchworks of law at the Federal and State levels that address groundwater protection. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, or just EPA) has been designated by Congress to be the primary Federal agency responsible for groundwater protection; however, there is no comprehensive Federal groundwater law comparable to the legislation addressing surface-water pollution. Instead, the EPA enforces requirements of a myriad of Federal laws having provisions that protect groundwater quality. These laws include among others: the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 (42 USC §300f et seq.[and the following]) and amendments; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (42 USC §6901 et seq.); and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 (42 USC §9601 et seq.) and amendments. The Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 (33 USC §1251 et seq.), including the 1977 amendments, is the primary Federal law in the United States that governs the discharge of pollutants into the Nation’s waters. The CWA’s primary regulatory mechanism is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which requires permits to be issued for discharges of any pollutant or combination of pollutants into navigable waters. Certain sections specifically address groundwater, but it is unclear whether the CWA’s pollution-control provisions apply to groundwater. Some provisions of the CWA clearly apply to groundwater. For example, Section 106 provides for regional monitoring of surface water and groundwater; and Section 304 provides for development of specific water-quality criteria, which would include groundwater quality (Quatrochi, 1996).

text: Despite the threat to groundwater resources, no Federal or State statute comprehensively addresses groundwater protection. There are currently only patchworks of law at the Federal and State levels that address groundwater protection. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (USEPA, or just EPA) has been designated by Congress to be the primary Federal agency responsible for groundwater protection; however, there is no comprehensive Federal groundwater law comparable to the legislation addressing surface-water pollution. Instead, the EPA enforces requirements of a myriad of Federal laws having provisions that protect groundwater quality. These laws include among others: the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: (SDWA) of 1974 (42 USC §300f et seq.[and the following]) and amendments; the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976 (42 USC §6901 et seq.); and the

text: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

text: (CERCLA) of 1980 (42 USC §9601 et seq.) and amendments. The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) of 1972 (33 USC §1251 et seq.), including the 1977 amendments, is the primary Federal law in the United States that governs the discharge of pollutants into the Nation’s waters. The CWA’s primary regulatory mechanism is the

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES), which requires permits to be issued for discharges of any pollutant or combination of pollutants into navigable waters. Certain sections specifically address groundwater, but it is unclear whether the CWA’s pollution-control provisions apply to groundwater. Some provisions of the CWA clearly apply to groundwater. For example, Section 106 provides for regional monitoring of surface water and groundwater; and Section 304 provides for development of specific water-quality criteria, which would include groundwater quality (Quatrochi, 1996).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is groundwater protected?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect groundwater quality

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permits to be issued

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Certain sections specifically address groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: CWA’s

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 1977 amendments,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: unclear whether the CWA’s pollution-control provisions apply to groundwater.

text: For example, in Lisbon, the waste water treatment plant of Alcântara was not operational in 2007. In Matosinhos in the region of Porto, only primary (basic) treatment is in place. In Costa de Aveiro (Aveiro, 60% of the polluting load generated is not collected and 65% is not treated. In Póvoa de Varzim/Vila do Conde, 60% of the load is not collected and the level of treatment in place is unknown.

text: For example, in

text: Lisbon

text: , the waste water treatment plant of Alcântara was not operational in 2007. In

text: Matosinhos

text: in the region of

text: Porto

text: , only primary (basic) treatment is in place. In Costa de Aveiro (

text: Aveiro

text: , 60% of the polluting load generated is not collected and 65% is not treated. In

text: Póvoa de Varzim

text: Vila do Conde

text: , 60% of the load is not collected and the level of treatment in place is unknown.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: primary treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: polluting load generated

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collect it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: waste water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: waste water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collected

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: 60% of the polluting load

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: waste water treatment plant of Alcântara was not operational in 2007.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluting load

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: waste water treatment plant of Alcântara was not operational in 2007.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste water treatment plant of Alcântara was not operational in 2007.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collected

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 60% of the polluting load generated is not collected

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of

text: water quality

text: pollution

text: hydrology

text: and

text: geothermal water

text: s.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as

text: gas chromatography

text: and

text: mass spectrometry

text: . In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised

text: organoleptic

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Chemical water analysis

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water treatment plants producing drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water chemistry analysis

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: geothermal waters.Analytical

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: chemistry analyses

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial processes,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: specialised organoleptic methods

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: odours,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: specialised organoleptic methods

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: establish acceptable normality.Water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water

text: Mercury is a toxic heavy metal which cycles through atmosphere, water, and soil in various forms to different partsof the world. Due to this natural cycle, irrespective of which part of the world releases mercury it could affect an entirely different part of the world making mercury pollution a global concern. Mercury pollution is now identified as a global problem and awareness has been raised on an international action plan to minimize anthropogenic mercury emissions and clean up mercury pollution. In Global Mercury Assessment - 2002 concluded that, International actions to address the global mercury problem should not be delayed”. Among many environments that are under the impact of mercury pollution, the ocean is one which cannot be neglected as it has the ability to act as a “storage closet” for mercury. According to a recent model study the total anthropogenic mercury released into the ocean is estimated to be around 80,000 to 45,000 metric tons and two thirds of this enormous amount is estimated to be found in waters shallower than 1000m level where many consumable fish live. Mercury can get bio-accumulated in marine food chains in the form of highly toxic methyl mercury which can cause health risks to human seafood consumers., According to statistics, about 66% of the global fish consumption comes from ocean. Therefore, it is important to monitor and regulate oceanic mercury levels to prevent more and more mercury reaching human population through seafood consumption.,

text: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Which of the following is not a use for water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: monitor oceanic mercury levels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Global Mercury Assessment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Global Mercury Assessment - 2002

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: anthropogenic mercury emissions

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Mercury is a toxic heavy metal

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 80,000 to 45,000 metric tons

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: monitor and regulate oceanic mercury levels

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent more and more mercury reaching human population through seafood consumption.,

text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that nonpoint source pollution, which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: , which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: point/nonpoint source trading

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: nonpoint source pollution,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: point source water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nonpoint source pollution,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: point/nonpoint source trading

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: point source water pollution,

text: In the process of water treatment one should be aware of certain factors that might cause serious problems if not treated properly. Afformentioned processes such as filter ripening and backwashing influence not only the water quality but also the time needed for the full treatment. Backwashing reduces also the volume of the effluent. If a certain amount of water has to be deliviered to e.g. a community, this water loss needs to be considered. In addition, backwashing waste needs to be treated or properly disgarded. From the chemical perspective varying raw water qualities and changes in the temperture effect already at the entrance to the plant the efficiency of the treatment process.

text: In the process of water treatment one should be aware of certain factors that might cause serious problems if not treated properly. Afformentioned processes such as filter ripening and backwashing influence not only the water quality but also the time needed for the full treatment. Backwashing reduces also the volume of the effluent. If a certain amount of water has to be deliviered to e.g. a community, this water loss needs to be considered. In addition, backwashing waste needs to be treated or properly disgarded. From the chemical perspective varying raw water qualities and changes in the temperture effect already at the entrance to the plant the efficiency of the treatment process.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filter ripening

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: backwashing

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: what is the purpose of water treatment

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: backwashing

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filter ripening

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: filter ripening and backwashing

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Backwashing reduces also the volume of the effluent.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluent.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Backwashing reduces also the volume of the effluent.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: backwashing waste needs to be treated or properly disgarded.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: filter ripening and backwashing

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Backwashing reduces also the volume of the effluent.

text: Water has unique features that make it difficult to regulate using laws designed mainly for land. Water is mobile, its supply varies by year and season as well as location, and it can be used simultaneously by many users. As with property (land) law, water rights can be described as a "bundle of sticks" containing multiple, separable activities that can have varying levels of regulation. For instance, some uses of water divert it from its natural course but return most or all of it (e.g. hydroelectric plants), while others consume much of what they take (ice, agriculture), and still others use water without diverting it at all (e.g. boating). Each type of activity has its own needs and can in theory be regulated separately. There are several types of conflict likely to arise: absolute shortages; shortages in a particular time or place; diversions of water that reduce the flow available to others; pollutants or other changes (such as temperature or turbidity) that render water unfit for others' use; and the need to maintain "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural ecosystem.

text: Water has unique features that make it difficult to regulate using laws designed mainly for land. Water is mobile, its supply varies by year and season as well as location, and it can be used simultaneously by many users. As with property (land) law, water rights can be described as a "bundle of sticks" containing multiple, separable activities that can have varying levels of regulation. For instance, some uses of water divert it from its natural course but return most or all of it (e.g.

text: hydroelectric plants

text: ), while others consume much of what they take (ice,

text: agriculture

text: ), and still others use water without diverting it at all (e.g.

text: boating

text: ). Each type of activity has its own needs and can in theory be regulated separately. There are several types of conflict likely to arise: absolute shortages; shortages in a particular time or place; diversions of water that reduce the flow available to others; pollutants or other changes (such as temperature or

text: turbidity

text: ) that render water unfit for others' use; and the need to maintain "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural

text: ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water rights

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: turbidity

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: how is water regulated

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: maintain "in-stream flows"

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: hydroelectric plants),

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water rights

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: divert it from its natural course

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: temperature or turbidity)

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "in-stream flows"

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: "in-stream flows"

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural ecosystem.

text: As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and increase is expected. Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide. Based from the said figure, 65% are classified as “pollutive” industries.

text: As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and increase is expected. Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide. Based from the said figure, 65% are classified as “pollutive” industries.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial cooling water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial cooling water,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 695 have wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 695 have wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 695 have wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment facilities.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 695 have wastewater treatment facilities.

text: Various policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit and reduce water pollution in developing countries. These include:

text: Various policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit and reduce water pollution in developing countries. These include:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water resources management

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The water in developing countries is not pure enough for drinking.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install water filters

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: water pollution in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit and reduce water pollution in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: infrastructure systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: include:

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Various policy measures and infrastructure systems could help limit and reduce water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Various policy measures and infrastructure systems

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Various policy measures and infrastructure systems

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: policy measures

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Various policy measures

text: In 2009, a court victory for Friends of the Everglades was overturned by an appeals court, where the federal appellate court based its opinion on the  "unitary waters" theory, which is an interpretation of the Clean Water Act which treats all bodies of water in the United States as a single body. The implication of this was that transferring polluted water from one body of water to another, even if polluted water was being transferred to pristine water, is considered to be legal. The focus of the ongoing legal debate has been on the definition of the word "addition" in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act mandates that the addition of pollutants to clean water requires a federal permit. If polluted water is being transferred one body of water to another, some courts have interpreted this as meaning no permit is needed, whereas other courts have maintained that the wording of the Clean Water Act was not intended to allow transference of polluted water from, for example, a polluted stream to a pristine lake.

text: In 2009, a court victory for Friends of the Everglades was overturned by an appeals court, where the

text: federal appellate court

text: based its opinion on the  "unitary waters" theory, which is an interpretation of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: which treats all bodies of water in the United States as a single body. The implication of this was that transferring polluted water from one body of water to another, even if polluted water was being transferred to pristine water, is considered to be legal. The focus of the ongoing legal debate has been on the definition of the word "addition" in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act mandates that the addition of pollutants to clean water requires a federal permit. If polluted water is being transferred one body of water to another, some courts have interpreted this as meaning no permit is needed, whereas other courts have maintained that the wording of the Clean Water Act was not intended to allow transference of polluted water from, for example, a polluted stream to a pristine lake.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a federal permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: polluted stream

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a federal permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a federal permit.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: a polluted stream

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: transferring polluted water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: transferring polluted water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: transferring polluted water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a federal permit.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: transferring

text: In the United States, hydraulic fracturing fluids include proppants, radionuclide tracers, and other chemicals, many of which are toxic.  The type of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and their properties vary. While most of them are common and generally harmless, some chemicals are carcinogenic. Out of 2,500 products used as hydraulic fracturing additives in the United States, 652 contained one or more of 29 chemical compounds which are either known or possible human carcinogens, regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act for their risks to human health, or listed as hazardous air pollutants under the Clean Air Act.  Another 2011 study identified 632 chemicals used in United States natural gas operations, of which only 353 are well-described in the scientific literature.  The Ground Water Protection Council has launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the Department of Energy.

text: In the United States, hydraulic fracturing fluids include

text: proppants

entity_name: Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells

text: radionuclide tracers

text: , and

entity_name: List of additives for hydraulic fracturing

text: other chemicals

text: , many of which are toxic.  The type of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing and their properties vary. While most of them are common and generally harmless, some chemicals are

text: carcinogenic

text: . Out of 2,500 products used as hydraulic fracturing additives in the United States, 652 contained one or more of 29 chemical compounds which are either known or possible human carcinogens, regulated under the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: for their risks to human health, or listed as hazardous air pollutants under the

text: Clean Air Act

text: .  Another 2011 study identified 632 chemicals used in United States natural gas operations, of which only 353 are well-described in the scientific literature.  The Ground Water Protection Council has launched FracFocus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the Department of Energy.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: radionuclide tracers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Air Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: hydraulic fracturing fluids

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: radionuclide tracers,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: carcinogenic.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: In the United States,

text: Aarhus has increasingly been investing in environmental planning and in accordance with national policy, Aarhus aims to be CO2 neutral and independent of fossil fuels for heating by 2030. These goals have materialised in a plan to increase multiple-source heat production and the waste and district heating service AffaldVarme Aarhus is building a combined heat and power plant running on biofuels. Aarhus has been heavily involved with several large-scale water treatment projects on many levels since the 1990s and more will follow in the future. The initiatives are part of a larger and broader action plan for Aarhus municipality, that aims for a coherent and holistic administration of the water cycle. This should protect against or clean up previous pollution and encourage green growth and self-sufficiency. One of the main tasks is to deal with the large quantities of excessive nutrients in and around Aarhus, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus. A second task is to tackle the increasing levels of precipitation brought about by current and future climate change, and a third important task is to secure fresh, clean and safe drinking water for the future.

text: Aarhus has increasingly been investing in

text: environmental planning

text: and in accordance with national policy, Aarhus aims to be CO2 neutral and independent of

text: fossil fuel

text: s for heating by 2030. These goals have materialised in a plan to increase multiple-source heat production and the waste and district heating service AffaldVarme Aarhus is building a combined heat and power plant running on

text: biofuel

text: s. Aarhus has been heavily involved with several large-scale water treatment projects on many levels since the 1990s and more will follow in the future. The initiatives are part of a larger and broader action plan for Aarhus municipality, that aims for a coherent and holistic administration of the

text: water cycle

text: . This should protect against or clean up previous pollution and encourage

text: green growth

text: and self-sufficiency. One of the main tasks is to deal with the large quantities of

text: excessive nutrients

text: in and around Aarhus, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus. A second task is to tackle the increasing levels of precipitation brought about by current and future

text: climate change

text: , and a third important task is to secure fresh, clean and safe drinking water for the future.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Planning and Assessment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Aarhus municipality

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: large-scale water treatment projects

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the third important task

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: previous pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a coherent and holistic administration of the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: CO2 neutral and independent of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Aarhus municipality,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: deal with the large quantities of excessive nutrients

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: a third important task is to secure fresh, clean and safe drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: green growth and self-sufficiency.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: protect against or clean up previous pollution

text: The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000, or BEACH Act, is a United States federal statute that sets national standards for recreational water testing and authorizes grants to pay for beach monitoring programs at state and federal levels. The Act was signed by President Bill Clinton to amend the Clean Water Act and requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set standard criteria for testing, monitoring, and notifying the public of possible pollution within coastal recreational waters. Water pollution levels are required to be monitored regularly for bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E.coli), and other pathogen indicators. Agencies at local, state, and federal levels report and monitor the levels and post warning signs as necessary.

text: The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000, or BEACH Act, is a United States federal statute that sets national standards for recreational water testing and authorizes grants to pay for beach monitoring programs at state and federal levels. The Act was signed by

text: President Bill Clinton

text: to amend the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and requires the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) to set standard criteria for testing, monitoring, and notifying the public of possible pollution within coastal recreational waters. Water pollution levels are required to be monitored regularly for bacteria, such as

text: Escherichia coli

text: (E.coli), and other pathogen indicators. Agencies at local, state, and federal levels report and monitor the levels and post warning signs as necessary.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: testing

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water tested?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: post warning signs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: testing

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: BEACH Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution within coastal recreational waters.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: BEACH Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water pollution levels are required to be monitored regularly

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000,

text: There are a large number of water springs in and around the city but they unable to cope with the growing demand of the city. For the past nine years, the municipality has been trying to build a waste-water treatment plant to service the residents of Salfit town. In July 2007, the House of Water and Environment (HWE) of Ramallah produced a report the “Assessment of the Impact of Pollution Sources on the Water Environment and the Lives of the Residents in the Northern West Bank, Palestine”.

text: There are a large number of water springs in and around the city but they unable to cope with the growing demand of the city. For the past nine years, the municipality has been trying to build a waste-water treatment plant to service the residents of Salfit town. In July 2007, the House of Water and Environment (HWE) of Ramallah produced a report the “Assessment of the Impact of Pollution Sources on the Water Environment and the Lives of the Residents in the Northern West Bank, Palestine”.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: House of Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: building a waste

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pollution Sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Palestine”.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: House of Water and Environment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: build a waste-water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water springs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: waste-water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: waste-water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste-water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste-water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: waste-water treatment plant

text: The Porter-Cologne Act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that give direction to managing water pollution in California. Usually basin plans get adopted by the Regional Water Boards and are updated when needed. The plans incorporate the beneficial uses of water of the State and then provide objectives that will be taken in order to maintain and protect these uses. They can meet these objectives by surveillance and monitoring and the Regional Water Boards have the authority of enforcing this objectives upon violators. Along with the Regional Water Boards, the State Water Resources Board can issue and enforce permits containing waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

text: The Porter-Cologne Act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that give direction to managing water pollution in California. Usually basin plans get adopted by the Regional Water Boards and are updated when needed. The plans incorporate the beneficial uses of water of the State and then provide objectives that will be taken in order to maintain and protect these uses. They can meet these objectives by surveillance and monitoring and the Regional Water Boards have the authority of enforcing this objectives upon violators. Along with the Regional Water Boards, the State Water Resources Board can issue and enforce permits containing waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Water Resources Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the Porter-Cologne Act require?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: adopt water quality control

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Porter-Cologne

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act requires the adoption of water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: clean surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste discharge requirements

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

text: India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated  sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

text: India has major

text: water pollution

text: issues. Discharge of untreated  sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: generation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collect wastes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government-owned

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: generation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The uncollected

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: uncollected wastes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

text: It soon became obvious that the water industry was faced by aging infrastructure and chronic under-investment, but there was little public or political enthusiasm for large increases in water bills to pay for change. There was also a problem with pollution, where the same authority was responsible for sewage treatment and river quality, and were unlikely to prosecute themselves for quality breaches. The Water Act 1983 sought to change the organisational structures of the Authorities, reducing the huge numbers of local authority representatives, to create boards that were more like those found in private industry. A river quality survey carried out in 1985 showed that river quality was still deteriorating, and an audit of sewage treatment plants published in 1988 found that 742 out of 6407 infringed their discharge limits.

text: It soon became obvious that the water industry was faced by aging infrastructure and chronic under-investment, but there was little public or political enthusiasm for large increases in water bills to pay for change. There was also a problem with pollution, where the same authority was responsible for sewage treatment and river quality, and were unlikely to prosecute themselves for quality breaches. The Water Act 1983 sought to change the organisational structures of the Authorities, reducing the huge numbers of local authority representatives, to create boards that were more like those found in private industry. A river quality survey carried out in 1985 showed that river quality was still deteriorating, and an audit of sewage treatment plants published in 1988 found that 742 out of 6407 infringed their discharge limits.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: authorities

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prosecute themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: local authority representatives,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Water Act 1983

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: 742

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Water Act 1983

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: aging infrastructure and chronic under-investment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 742 out of 6407 infringed their discharge limits.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prosecute themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: aging infrastructure and chronic under-investment,

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the manufacturer

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: car

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Why is water purified enough for drinking?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: undesirable waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons),

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: polluted waters

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: emitting undesirable waste into the commons),

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: producing the car

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The polluted waters

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted waters

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The polluted waters

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons),

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: value unpolluted air or water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: unpolluted air or water.

text: It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated. Nearly all municipal wastewater (98 percent) and 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment. The highest priority for pollution abatement is estimated to be in the basins of the Río Acelhuate and Río Sucio, an area that supplies a third of the water supply of the Metropolitan area of San Salvador.

text: It is estimated that 90 percent of the surface water bodies are contaminated. Nearly all municipal wastewater (98 percent) and 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment. The highest priority for pollution abatement is estimated to be in the basins of the Río Acelhuate and Río Sucio, an area that supplies a third of the water supply of the Metropolitan area of

text: San Salvador

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Metropolitan area of San Salvador

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged to rivers

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: San Salvador.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged to rivers and creeks without any treatment.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Nearly all municipal wastewater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 90 percent of industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and creeks

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The highest priority for pollution abatement

text: The Najafgarh Drain or Najafgarh Nallah (nallah in Hindi means drain) is another name for the Sahibi River, which continues its flow through Delhi where it is channelised for flood control purposes. It is a tributary to the Yamuna River, into which it flows. The Najafgarh Drain gets its name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Lake near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi. The Najafgarh Drain is the capital’s most polluted body of water due to the direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. Assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats, a January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board rated the Najafgarh Drain under category D, along with 13 other highly polluted wetlands.

text: The Najafgarh Drain or Najafgarh Nallah (nallah in

text: Hindi

text: means drain) is another name for the Sahibi River, which continues its flow through Delhi where it is channelised for flood control purposes. It is a tributary to the Yamuna River, into which it flows. The Najafgarh Drain gets its name from the once famous and huge

text: Najafgarh Lake

text: near the town of

text: Najafgarh

text: in southwest Delhi. The Najafgarh Drain is the capital’s most polluted body of water due to the direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. Assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats, a January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board rated the Najafgarh Drain under category D, along with 13 other highly polluted wetlands.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Najafgarh Drain

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Najafgarh Drain or Najafgarh Nallah

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreated sewage

text: According to Friends, in the case of the Everglades, the Bush administration bypassed legal efforts to protect the Everglades from harmful back-pumping through initiating the Water Transfer Rule, which allowed the transfer of polluted water into pristine waters such as in the Everglades without federal permits. Friends of the Everglades and other conservation groups continues to legally challenge the looser interpretation of the Clean Water Act but has not been totally successful. However, recent developments seem to have resulted in some progress.

text: According to Friends, in the case of the Everglades, the

text: Bush administration

text: bypassed legal efforts to protect the Everglades from harmful back-pumping through initiating the Water Transfer Rule, which allowed the transfer of polluted water into pristine waters such as in the Everglades without federal permits. Friends of the Everglades and other conservation groups continues to legally challenge the looser interpretation of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: but has not been totally successful. However, recent developments seem to have resulted in some progress.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Everglades

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: transfer

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the Bush administration

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: transfer of polluted water into pristine waters

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: back-pumping

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water Transfer Rule,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water Transfer Rule,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pristine waters

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: transfer of polluted water into pristine waters

text: Water pollution is a serious problem in Russia, and 75% of surface water and 50% of all water in Russia is now polluted. This has caused health issues in many cities as well as in the countryside, as only 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways. Obsolete and inefficient water treatment facilities, as well as a lack of funding, have caused heavy pollution, and has also resulted in waterborne disease spread, such as an outbreak of cholera spread by the Moskva River in 1995. Industrial and chemical waste is often dumped into waterways, including hydrogen sulfide, which has been linked to the large-scale death of fish in the Black and Caspian seas. Lake Baikal was previously a target of environmental pollution from paper plants, but cleanup efforts since then have greatly reduced the ecological strain on the lake. ттт

text: Water pollution

text: is a serious problem in Russia, and 75% of

text: surface water

text: and 50% of all water in Russia is now polluted. This has caused health issues in many cities as well as in the countryside, as only 8% of

text: wastewater

text: is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways. Obsolete and inefficient

text: water treatment facilities

text: , as well as a lack of funding, have caused heavy pollution, and has also resulted in waterborne disease spread, such as an outbreak of

text: cholera

text: spread by the

text: Moskva River

text: in 1995.

text: Industrial

text: and

text: chemical waste

text: is often dumped into waterways, including

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: , which has been linked to the large-scale death of fish in the Black and Caspian seas.

text: Lake Baikal

text: was previously a target of environmental pollution from paper plants, but cleanup efforts since then have greatly reduced the ecological strain on the lake. ттт

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Hydrogen sulfide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Russia,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: returned to waterways.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Industrial and chemical waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 50% of all water in Russia is now polluted.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Industrial and chemical waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment facilities,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 8% of wastewater is fully treated prior to being returned to waterways.

text: In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers, water treatment such as purification, addition of chemicals, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.

text: In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,

text: water treatment

text: such as purification, addition of

text: chemical

text: s, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: purification

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: purify it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: cooling water systems for heat exchangers,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: purification, addition of chemicals, and testing,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: purification,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fouling

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: purification, addition of chemicals, and testing,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers,

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution, although cleanups following the Clean Water Act mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

text: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of

text: industrial pollution

text: , although cleanups following the

text: Clean Water Act

text: mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrial pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: cleanups

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: cleanups following the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrial pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: cleanups following the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: cleanups following the Clean Water Act

text: The spring, located in the middle of the settled area, contains high-quality water. Polluting the spring is forbidden, as are economic or industrial activity within the protected zone. Cleaning the bed of the spring is permitted. The streams feed the rivers of the area and provide water for the population.

text: The spring, located in the middle of the settled area, contains high-quality water. Polluting the spring is forbidden, as are economic or industrial activity within the protected zone. Cleaning the bed of the spring is permitted. The streams feed the rivers of the area and provide water for the population.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: protected zone

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial activity

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean the bed

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: protected zone.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: protected zone.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Cleaning the bed of the spring

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: economic or industrial activity

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The streams feed the rivers of the area and provide water for the population.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Polluting

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Polluting the spring is forbidden,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Polluting the spring is forbidden,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Cleaning the bed of the spring

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Polluting the spring is forbidden,

text: Most importantly, fresh water is a fundamental requirement of all living organisms, crops, livestock and humanity included. The UNDP considers access to it a basic human right and a prerequisite for peace. The Ex-UN Secretary-General  Kofi Annan stated in 2001, "Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and, therefore, a basic human right. Contaminated water jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. It is an affront to human dignity."  With increased development, many industries, including forestry, agriculture, mining, manufacturing and recreation require sizable additional amounts of freshwater to operate.  This, however, has led to increases in air and water pollution, which in turn have reduced the quality of water supply. More sustainable development practices are advantageous and necessary.

text: Most importantly,

text: fresh water

text: is a fundamental requirement of all living organisms,

text: crops

text: livestock

text: and

text: humanity

text: included. The

text: UNDP

text: considers access to it a basic

text: human right

text: and a prerequisite for peace. The Ex-

text: UN Secretary-General

text: Kofi Annan

text: stated in 2001, "Access to safe water is a fundamental human need and, therefore, a basic human right. Contaminated water jeopardizes both the physical and social health of all people. It is an affront to human dignity."  With increased development, many industries, including

text: forestry

text: agriculture

text: mining

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: recreation

text: require sizable additional amounts of freshwater to operate.  This, however, has led to increases in air and water pollution, which in turn have reduced the quality of water supply. More

text: sustainable development

text: practices are advantageous and necessary.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: UNDP

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: More sustainable development practices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: fresh water is a fundamental requirement of all living organisms,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: UNDP

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Contaminated water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: forestry, agriculture, mining,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: fresh water is a fundamental requirement of all living organisms,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: More sustainable development practices

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: fresh water is a fundamental requirement of all living organisms,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: More sustainable development practices

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: More sustainable development practices

text: In developed areas, natural depressions where storm water would pool, are filled in. The surface of the ground is often leveled or paved. Storm water is directed into storm drains which often may cause overflows of combined sewer systems or poisoning, erosion or flooding of waterways receiving the storm water runoff. Redirected storm water is often warmer than the groundwater normally feeding a stream, and has been linked to upset in some aquatic ecosystems primarily through the reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO). Storm water runoff is also a source of a wide variety of pollutants washed off hard or compacted surfaces during rain events. These pollutants include volatile organic compounds, pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons and trace metals Rain gardens are designed to capture the initial flow of storm water and reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways through ground filtration. They also reduce energy consumption. For example, “the cumulative storage capacity of these rain gardens exceeds a conventional stormwater’s system’s by 10 times.” The National Science Foundation, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and a number of research institutions are presently studying the impact of augmenting rain gardens with materials capable of capture or chemical reduction of the pollutants to benign compounds.

text: In developed areas, natural

text: depressions

text: where

text: storm water

text: would pool, are filled in. The surface of the ground is often

text: leveled

text: or paved. Storm water is directed into

text: storm drain

text: s which often may cause overflows of

text: combined sewer

text: systems or poisoning, erosion or flooding of waterways receiving the storm water runoff. Redirected storm water is often warmer than the

text: groundwater

text: normally feeding a stream, and has been linked to upset in some aquatic ecosystems primarily through the reduction of

text: dissolved oxygen

text: (DO). Storm water runoff is also a source of a wide variety of pollutants washed off hard or compacted surfaces during rain events. These pollutants include

text: volatile organic compounds

text: pesticides

text: herbicides

text: hydrocarbons

text: and

text: trace metals

text: Rain gardens are designed to capture the initial flow of storm water and reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways through ground filtration. They also reduce energy consumption. For example, “the cumulative storage capacity of these rain gardens exceeds a conventional stormwater’s system’s by 10 times.” The

text: National Science Foundation

text: , the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: , and a number of research institutions are presently studying the impact of augmenting rain gardens with materials capable of capture or

text: chemical reduction

text: of the pollutants to benign compounds.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: ground filtration

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What are the benefits of rain gardens?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Rain gardens

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Storm water is directed into storm drains

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons and trace metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Storm water is directed into storm drains

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Storm water is directed into storm drains

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Rain gardens

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Rain gardens

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways

text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community, Groton in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community,

text: Groton

text: in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Massachusetts

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: paper mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: paper mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

text: The directive defines sensitive areas, as "freshwater bodies, estuaries and coastal waters which are eutrophic or which may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken", "surface freshwaters intended for the abstraction of drinking water which contain or are likely to contain more than 50 mg/l of nitrates", areas where further treatment is necessary to comply with other directives, such as the directives on fish waters, on bathing waters, on shellfish waters, on the conservation of wild birds and natural habitats, etc.

text: The directive defines sensitive areas, as "

text: freshwater

text: bodies,

text: estuaries

text: and coastal waters which are

text: eutrophic

text: or which may become eutrophic if protective action is not taken", "surface freshwaters intended for the abstraction of

text: drinking water

text: which contain or are likely to contain more than 50 mg/l of nitrates", areas where further treatment is necessary to comply with other directives, such as the directives on fish waters, on bathing waters, on shellfish waters, on the conservation of wild birds and natural habitats, etc.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Protection Area

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: directive

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: take protective action

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The directive defines sensitive areas,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The directive

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: protective action

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrates",

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrates",

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: protective action is not taken",

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The directive defines sensitive areas,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: abstraction of drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: protective action is not taken",

text: Those supporting federal regulation think it will provide a more consistent, uniform standard as needed for national environment and public health standards, like those related to water and air pollution (e.g., public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, protection of drinking water sources, and control of air pollutants). A compromise called, "cooperative federalism" has been proposed like an approach used for coal since 1977. Here, the federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications, and allows states to be more flexibile in meeting the standards. It would require the federal government to remove some regulatory exemptions for hydraulic fracturing (e.g., the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act), and develop a comprehensive set of regulations for the industry.

text: Those supporting federal regulation think it will provide a more consistent, uniform standard as needed for national environment and public health standards, like those related to water and air pollution (e.g., public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, protection of drinking water sources, and control of air pollutants). A compromise called, "cooperative federalism" has been proposed like an approach used for coal since 1977. Here, the federal government sets baseline standards rather than detailed specifications, and allows states to be more flexibile in meeting the standards. It would require the federal government to remove some regulatory exemptions for hydraulic fracturing (e.g., the

text: Energy Policy Act of 2005

text: , which exempted oil and gas producers from certain requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act), and develop a comprehensive set of regulations for the industry.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Energy Policy Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect drinking water sources

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Energy Policy Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act),

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: public disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: "cooperative federalism"

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: drinking water sources,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: "cooperative federalism"

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drinking water sources,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Those supporting federal regulation

text: In 1919, the commission was renamed the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) after merging with the Metropolitan Water and Sewer Commission. Through the next 80 years the MDC became increasingly politicized and known as a haven for political patronage. Following a series of failures within the commission resulting in the pollution of Boston Harbor in the 1970s, the City of Quincy sued the MDC and the separate Boston Water and Sewer Commission in 1982, charging unchecked systemic pollution of the city’s waterfront. That suit was followed by one by the Conservation Law Foundation and finally by the United States Government, resulting in a landmark court-ordered cleanup of Boston Harbor. The lawsuits forced then Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis to propose separating the water and sewer treatment divisions from the MDC, resulting in the creation of the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority in 1985. Charges of political corruption and patronage continued to follow the MDC, while the loss of revenue from removal of the payments brought in by water and sewer services created a need for increased funding from the state legislature. The situation resulted in calls for the dismantlement of the MDC, which was realized when the MDC was dissolved by legislation in 2003. The Metropolitan Park System and other operations of the MDC were merged with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management to form the current Department of Conservation and Recreation.  In 2009, a study concerning the transfer of DCR managed roadways to the Massachusetts Department of Transportation was begun, following the transfer of all DCR non-pedestrian bridges as part of a major transportation reform law enacted that year.

text: In 1919, the commission was renamed the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) after merging with the Metropolitan Water and Sewer Commission. Through the next 80 years the MDC became increasingly politicized and known as a haven for political

text: patronage

text: . Following a series of failures within the commission resulting in the pollution of

text: Boston Harbor

text: in the 1970s, the City of Quincy sued the MDC and the separate

text: Boston Water and Sewer Commission

text: in 1982, charging unchecked systemic pollution of the city’s waterfront. That suit was followed by one by the

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: and finally by the

text: United States Government

text: , resulting in a landmark court-ordered cleanup of Boston Harbor. The lawsuits forced then Massachusetts Governor

text: Michael Dukakis

text: to propose separating the water and sewer treatment divisions from the MDC, resulting in the creation of the

text: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

text: in 1985. Charges of political corruption and patronage continued to follow the MDC, while the loss of revenue from removal of the payments brought in by water and sewer services created a need for increased funding from the state legislature. The situation resulted in calls for the dismantlement of the MDC, which was realized when the MDC was dissolved by legislation in 2003. The Metropolitan Park System and other operations of the MDC were merged with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management to form the current Department of Conservation and Recreation.  In 2009, a study concerning the transfer of DCR managed roadways to the

entity_name: Massachusetts Department of Transportation

text: Massachusetts Department of Transportation

text: was begun, following the transfer of all DCR non-pedestrian bridges as part of a major transportation reform law enacted that year.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Boston Harbor

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Metropolitan Water and Sewer Commission.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Boston Harbor

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Metropolitan Water and Sewer Commission.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution of Boston Harbor

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Department of Conservation and Recreation.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Conservation Law Foundation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: unchecked systemic pollution

text: The water in the Cheetham Wetlands is dependent on the pumping of water from Skeleton Creek. Pumping of water from the estuary must continue for the wetlands to flourish and maintain diversity in habitats as well as fauna species. Pollution of waterways and lakes is a real threat to the biodiversity of the parklands. Pollutants from sewage discharge points in Port Phillip Bay include elevated levels of Nitrogen. Other pollutants that need to be reduced come from storm-water runoff, such as heavy metals, oils, and litter. There is also the potential threat of pollutants in runoff after heavy rainfall events, which can include biocides, sediments and nutrients. This can lead to blooms of blue-green algae if nutrient levels are high. Pumping of water from the Skeleton Creek during periods of high runoff may lead to the accumulation of these pollutants in the wetlands. Litter, especially plastics have the potential to harm or kill wildlife in the park and in the marine sanctuary as waterbirds and marine mammals often consume or get trapped in these plastic that don’t break down.

text: The water in the Cheetham Wetlands is dependent on the pumping of water from Skeleton Creek. Pumping of water from the estuary must continue for the wetlands to flourish and maintain diversity in habitats as well as fauna species.

text: Pollution

text: of waterways and lakes is a real threat to the

text: biodiversity

text: of the parklands. Pollutants from sewage discharge points in Port Phillip Bay include elevated levels of Nitrogen. Other pollutants that need to be reduced come from storm-water runoff, such as heavy metals, oils, and litter. There is also the potential threat of pollutants in runoff after heavy rainfall events, which can include biocides, sediments and nutrients. This can lead to blooms of blue-green algae if nutrient levels are high. Pumping of water from the Skeleton Creek during periods of high runoff may lead to the accumulation of these pollutants in the wetlands.

text: Litter

text: , especially plastics have the potential to harm or kill wildlife in the park and in the marine sanctuary as waterbirds and marine mammals often consume or get trapped in these plastic that don’t break down.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: elevated levels of Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Port Phillip Bay

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge points

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water in the Cheetham Wetlands?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pump water from Skeleton Creek

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Port Phillip Bay

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Port Phillip Bay

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage discharge points

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nitrogen.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Skeleton Creek.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metals, oils, and litter.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: storm-water runoff,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: litter.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: storm-water runoff,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: storm-water runoff,

text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is acetone. Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

text: Nail polish remover is a solvent that removes nail polish, acrylic nails, and gel nail polish which comes in many forms, such as bottles or pre-soaked pads. The bottles of liquid nail polish remover is often poured onto a cotton ball or pad and applied to the nail polish. If nail polish remover is being used to remove acrylic or gel nails, then it is often placed in a bowl for the nails to be soaked in. Its main ingredient is

text: acetone

text: . Acetone is sometimes the only ingredient in nail polish removers. Acetone is a colorless, flammable solvent with a strong odor and is highly miscible and volatile in water. According to the Federal Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, nail polish remover's main ingredient, acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant. Acetone is commonly used as an alternative to hazardous air pollutants in industries as well. Furthermore, under the Clean Water Act, acetone is not considered a significantly dangerous pollutant. Nail services is a growing industry. In 2015, the United States' population spent $8.51 billion on nail services and there are about 129,682 nail salons in the United States. On average, nail salon businesses spend about $251 per month on nail salon supplies, which includes nail polish remover. Therefore, the use of nail polish remover is significant which means its waste is also significant.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nail polish remover

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use nail polish remover

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: nail polish remover

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nail polish remover

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: acetone.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 129,682 nail salons in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nail polish remover

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: acetone, is not considered a hazardous air pollutant.

text: The Clean Water Act instructs the Environmental Protection Agency to turn over authority under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System to a state if that state's proposal meets nine listed criteria.  Arizona issued such a proposal.  The EPA regional office replied with the concern that the transfer might violate the Endangered Species Act, which prohibits agencies from taking actions that might jeopardize endangered species.  The EPA consulted the Fish and Wildlife Service, which advised that the Endangered Species Act was inapplicable because the EPA had no authority to consider additional factors beyond the nine Clean Water Act criteria. On the advice of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the EPA approved the transfer of authority to Arizona.

text: The Clean Water Act instructs the Environmental Protection Agency to turn over authority under the

text: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

text: to a state if that state's proposal meets nine listed criteria.

text: Arizona

text: issued such a proposal.  The EPA regional office replied with the concern that the transfer might violate the Endangered Species Act, which prohibits agencies from taking actions that might jeopardize

text: endangered species

text: .  The EPA consulted the

text: Fish and Wildlife Service

text: , which advised that the Endangered Species Act was inapplicable because the EPA had no authority to consider additional factors beyond the nine Clean Water Act criteria. On the advice of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the EPA approved the transfer of authority to Arizona.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a state's proposal

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Endangered Species Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: turn over authority to a state

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Arizona

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Endangered Species Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: The government plans to tap the Awali River to the Southeast of Beirut to provide the growing capital with 90 million m3/year of additional water, more than double the current resources. The project involves the construction of a dam at Bisri, a 3 km tunnel from the river to a new water treatment plant at Ouardaniye, and a second 22 km tunnel to Khalde south of Beirut, from where water will be transported through two twin pipelines, one going North to the center of Beirut and the second northeast to Baabda. The Islamic Development Bank has agreed to finance the construction of Bisri dam in 2008, while the World Bank has approved a US$200m loan  in December 2010 to partly finance the transmission tunnels and pipelines. Lebanese critics of the project argue that the Awali River and especially the Litani River, from which water is diverted to the Awali River upstream of the planned intake, are highly polluted. They also say that less expensive alternatives, such as the less polluted Damour River that is also closer to Beirut, were not considered by the government and the World Bank. As of December 2013, less than 1 percent of the loan has been disbursed and no civil works contract has been awarded.

text: The government plans to tap the Awali River to the Southeast of Beirut to provide the growing capital with 90 million m3/year of additional water, more than double the current resources. The project involves the construction of a dam at Bisri, a 3 km tunnel from the river to a new water treatment plant at Ouardaniye, and a second 22 km tunnel to

text: Khalde

text: south of Beirut, from where water will be transported through two twin pipelines, one going North to the center of Beirut and the second northeast to

text: Baabda

text: . The

text: Islamic Development Bank

text: has agreed to finance the construction of Bisri dam in 2008, while the

text: World Bank

text: has approved a US$200m loan  in December 2010 to partly finance the transmission tunnels and pipelines. Lebanese critics of the project argue that the Awali River and especially the Litani River, from which water is diverted to the Awali River upstream of the planned intake, are highly polluted. They also say that less expensive alternatives, such as the less polluted Damour River that is also closer to Beirut, were not considered by the government and the World Bank. As of December 2013, less than 1 percent of the loan has been disbursed and no civil works contract has been awarded.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Islamic Development Bank

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of a dam

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Litani River

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the plant?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Islamic Development Bank

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Islamic Development Bank

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a dam

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Litani River,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 90 million m3/year of additional water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 90 million m3/year of additional water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 90 million m3/year of additional water,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Damour River

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: less expensive alternatives, such as the less polluted Damour River

text: Many of these tensions arise with regards to the commerce clause of the constitution. Until recently, the commerce clause has given the federal government considerable authority in regulating states' decisions about water use. In 2000, the United States Supreme Court ruled on Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. US Army Corps of Engineers. This ruling struck down the Corps' ability to prevent the construction of a disposal site for non-hazardous waste in Illinois based on power derived from the commerce clause. The Corps cited the Migratory Bird Rule when they initially denied the section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. The migratory bird rule was meant to protect habitats used by migratory birds, which included the abandoned mining site that SWANCC had proposed to construct the waste disposal site. Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote: "Congress passes the CWA for the state purpose of 'restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.' In doing so,, Congress chose to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use... of land and water resources...". In reversing the Corps' decision to issue a permit, the court reversed a trend and placed a check on federal power over state land use and water rights. Tensions between federal and state agencies concerning interstate commerce and point source water pollution continue, and are a reality of the Clean Water Act.

text: Many of these tensions arise with regards to the

text: commerce clause

text: of the constitution. Until recently, the commerce clause has given the federal government considerable authority in regulating states' decisions about water use. In 2000, the

text: United States Supreme Court

text: ruled on

text: Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. US Army Corps of Engineers

text: . This ruling struck down the Corps' ability to prevent the construction of a disposal site for non-hazardous waste in Illinois based on power derived from the commerce clause. The Corps cited the

text: Migratory Bird Rule

text: when they initially denied the section 404 permit under the Clean Water Act. The migratory bird rule was meant to protect habitats used by migratory birds, which included the abandoned mining site that SWANCC had proposed to construct the waste disposal site.

text: Chief Justice Rehnquist

text: wrote: "Congress passes the CWA for the state purpose of 'restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.' In doing so,, Congress chose to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use... of land and water resources...". In reversing the Corps' decision to issue a permit, the court reversed a trend and placed a check on federal power over state land use and water rights. Tensions between federal and state agencies concerning interstate commerce and point source water pollution continue, and are a reality of the Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Congress

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of a disposal site

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: non-hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the Clean Water Act do?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disposal site

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: abandoned mining site

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: commerce clause

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: commerce clause of the constitution.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution,

text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from point and non-point sources. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the Resource Management Act 1991, these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to dairy farming is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

text: River conservation is threatened by pollution inflows from

text: point

text: and

text: non-point source

text: s. In the past rivers had been used for pollution discharges from factories and municipal sewerage plants.  With increasing environmental awareness and the passing of the

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: , these sources of pollution are now less problematic. Water abstraction, especially for irrigation, is now a major threat to the character of rivers. An upsurge in conversion of land to

text: dairy farming

text: is stretching water resources. Also, since dairy farming is becoming more intensified in New Zealand and requires large amounts of water, the problem is therefore being exacerbated.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Resource Management Act 1991

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewerage plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What does the passage imply?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pass the Resource Management Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Resource Management Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Resource Management Act 1991,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewerage plants.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: factories and municipal sewerage plants.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Resource Management Act 1991,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Resource Management Act 1991,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water abstraction,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution inflows from point and non-point sources.

text: Hadera Stream (, Nahal Hadera), also known as the Nahr Mufjir, is a seasonal watercourse that flows from the highlands in the northern West Bank and empties into the Mediterranean Sea at the Israeli city of Hadera. The stream has been polluted by the Orot Rabin Power Plant. The Hadera Water Park, located between Givat Olga and the power plant, is a 750-dunam park that holds a 40-metre-wide creek banked by a 1.3-km-long promenade. A dam is being constructed where the water park meets the Coastal Highway and is supposed to prevent the rehabilitated section of the stream from being polluted by water from the watercourse itself.

text: Hadera Stream (, Nahal Hadera), also known as the Nahr Mufjir, is a seasonal

text: watercourse

text: that flows from the highlands in the northern

text: West Bank

text: and empties into the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: at the

text: Israel

text: i city of

text: Hadera

text: . The stream has been polluted by the

text: Orot Rabin Power Plant

text: . The Hadera Water Park, located between Givat Olga and the power plant, is a 750-dunam park that holds a 40-metre-wide creek banked by a 1.3-km-long promenade. A dam is being constructed where the water park meets the

text: Coastal Highway

text: and is supposed to prevent the rehabilitated section of the stream from being polluted by water from the watercourse itself.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Israel

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Orot Rabin Power Plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It has been polluted

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: A dam

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Orot Rabin Power Plant.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Hadera Water Park,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Orot Rabin Power Plant.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Orot Rabin Power Plant.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Hadera Water Park,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Orot Rabin Power Plant.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Hadera Water Park,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: A dam

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: A dam

text: In the 1980s, UniFirst was sued by residents of Woburn, Massachusetts in a class-action lawsuit. The residents alleged that Unifirst, along with two other firms, had released pollution that had leaked into the water supply, and that this was a cause of increased instances of leukemia in the town. UniFirst settled with the residents without going to trial, for a sum of one million dollars. This episode was featured in the non-fiction book A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr. As of 2009, UniFirst's enivronmental record has improved; it has received awards for its water treatment processes from the Missouri Water Environment Association and the Water and Wastewater Utility Special Service Division of Austin, Texas, among others.

text: In the 1980s, UniFirst was sued by residents of Woburn, Massachusetts in a class-action lawsuit. The residents alleged that Unifirst, along with two other firms, had released pollution that had leaked into the water supply, and that this was a cause of increased instances of

text: leukemia

text: in the town. UniFirst settled with the residents without going to trial, for a sum of one million dollars. This episode was featured in the non-fiction book A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr. As of 2009, UniFirst's enivronmental record has improved; it has received awards for its water treatment processes from the Missouri Water Environment Association and the Water and Wastewater Utility Special Service Division of Austin, Texas, among others.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Missouri Water Environment Association

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: leukemia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It has received awards for its water treatment processes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Missouri Water Environment Association

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Missouri Water Environment Association

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution that had leaked into the water supply,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: leukemia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water and Wastewater Utility Special Service Division of Austin, Texas,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution that had leaked into the water supply,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pollution that had leaked into the water supply,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment processes

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution that had leaked into the water supply,

text: Boiler water treatment is used to control alkalinity, prevent scaling, correct pH, and to control conductivity. The boiler water needs to be alkaline and not acidic, so that it does not ruin the tubes. There can be too much conductivity in the feed water when there are too many dissolved solids. These correct treatments can be controlled by efficient operator and use of treatment chemicals. The main objectives to treat and condition boiler water is to exchange heat without scaling, protect against scaling, and produce high quality steam.  The treatment of boiler water can be put in to two parts. These are internal treatment and external treatment. (Sendelbach, p. 131) The internal treatment is for boiler feed water and external treatment is for make-up feed water and the condensate part of the system. Internal treatment protects against feed water hardness by preventing precipitating of scale on the boiler tubes. This treatment also protects against concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids in the feed water without priming or foaming. These treatment chemicals also help with the alkalinity of the feed water making it more of a base to help protect against boiler corrosion. The correct alkalinity is protected by adding phosphates. These phosphates precipitate the solids to the bottom of the boiler drum. At the bottom of the boiler drum there is a bottom blow to remove these solids. These chemicals also include anti-scaling agents, oxygen scavengers, and anti-foaming agents. Sludge can also be treated by two approaches. These are by coagulation and dispersion. When there is a high amount of sludge content it is better to coagulate the sludge to form large particles in order to just use the bottom blow to remove them from the feed water. When there is a low amount of sludge content it is better to use dispersants because it disperses the sludge throughout the feed water so sludge does not form.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: boiler water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: boiler water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water treatment?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use treatment chemicals

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: anti-scaling agents,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: phosphates.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The correct alkalinity is protected by adding phosphates.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: alkalinity

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: alkalinity

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The correct alkalinity is protected by adding phosphates.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: alkalinity is protected by adding phosphates.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The correct alkalinity

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper. Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp, thus reducing the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process. However, recycling mills may have polluting by-products like sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled.

text: The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.

text: Pulp mill

text: s can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing

text: bleached

text: pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp, thus reducing the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: and

text: sodium hydrosulfite

text: are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process. However, recycling mills may have polluting by-products like sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chlorine

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: De-inking

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sludge.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sludge.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: recycling causes 35% less water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: recycling causes 35% less water pollution

text: In the areas surrounding urban centres, agriculture must compete with industry and municipal users for safe water supplies, while traditional water sources are becoming polluted with urban runoff. As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to irrigate their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s wastewater treatment is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with rainwater runoff. This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of pathogens. Heavy metals may also be present, along with traces of antibiotics and endocrine disruptors, such as oestrogens.

text: In the areas surrounding urban centres,

text: agriculture

text: must compete with industry and municipal users for safe

text: water supplies

text: , while traditional water sources are becoming

text: polluted

text: with

text: urban runoff

text: . As cities offer the best opportunities for selling produce, farmers often have no alternative to using polluted water to

text: irrigate

text: their crops. Depending on how developed a city’s

text: wastewater treatment

text: is, there can be significant health hazards related to the use of this water. Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants. There is usually wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with

text: rainwater runoff

text: . This means that the water usually contains excessive levels of nutrients and salts, as well as a wide range of

text: pathogen

text: s.

text: Heavy metal

text: s may also be present, along with traces of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: endocrine disruptor

text: s, such as oestrogens.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal users

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: avoid using urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: endocrine disruptors,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal users

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater from kitchens and toilets along with rainwater runoff.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: kitchens and toilets

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: polluted water to irrigate their crops.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrients and salts,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: urban runoff.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Wastewater from cities can contain a mixture of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: traditional water sources are becoming polluted with urban runoff.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: urban runoff.

text: In many areas of the DRC, land use changes are associated with degradation of drinking water sources. The main threat to drinking water sources poses the unregulated growth of urban and rural areas. The nonexistence of drinking water protection zones results in the exposure of vulnerable source areas to pollution and land degradation. Springs, river intake zones, wellheads, priority lake and reservoir segments as well as aquifer recharge areas comprise the most endangered water source areas, which typically lack any form of identifiable demarcation and protection. Modification of runoff patterns, increased erosion and environmental degradation are the consequences of unregulated expansion of inhabited and agricultural areas. Development of housing, poor road construction, pit latrines, septic tanks, mining operations, and tailings are important contributors to pollution of water sources. In urban areas, industry, fuel stations, garages, abattoirs and storm water runoff are further sources of contamination. Biological contamination from sewage and solid waste disposal and increased suspended sediment loads are the two main sources of pollution.

text: In many areas of the DRC, land use changes are associated with degradation of drinking water sources. The main threat to drinking water sources poses the unregulated growth of urban and rural areas. The nonexistence of drinking water protection zones results in the exposure of vulnerable source areas to

text: pollution

text: and

text: land degradation

text: . Springs, river intake zones,

text: wellhead

text: s, priority lake and reservoir segments as well as

text: aquifer recharge areas

text: comprise the most endangered water source areas, which typically lack any form of identifiable demarcation and protection. Modification of

text: runoff

text: patterns, increased

text: erosion

text: and

text: environmental degradation

text: are the consequences of unregulated expansion of inhabited and agricultural areas. Development of housing, poor

text: road construction

text: pit latrine

text: s,

text: septic tank

text: s,

text: mining

text: operations, and

text: tailings

text: are important contributors to pollution of water sources. In urban areas, industry,

text: fuel stations

text: , garages,

text: abattoirs

text: and storm water runoff are further sources of

text: contamination

text: Biological contamination

text: from

text: sewage

text: and solid waste disposal and increased

text: suspended sediment

text: loads are the two main sources of pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection zone

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DRC

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pit latrines

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solid waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Drinking water protection zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: drinking water protection zones

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: DRC,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: solid waste disposal

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: solid waste disposal

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water sources.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: septic tanks,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage and solid waste disposal

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drinking water protection zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: drinking water protection zones

text: Portions of lower Salt Creek are now protected by the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. In the uppermost watershed, the Save the Dunes non-profit environmental organization won a $607,000 United States Environmental Protection Agency grant to naturalize the Thorgren detention basin, a joint project with the city of Valparaiso, that will improve local streams, provide wildlife habitat and ultimately protect Lake Michigan waters. The grass and cement lined 2-acre detention basin will be restored with wetland plants which filter sediment, pollutants, fertilizer and bacteria so that it not only catches flood waters but also improves water quality. From there the water drains into Smith Ditch, then makes its way into Sager’s Lake, Salt Creek, Little Calumet River, and then Lake Michigan.

text: Portions of lower Salt Creek are now protected by the

text: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

text: . In the uppermost watershed, the

text: Save the Dunes

text: non-profit environmental organization won a $607,000

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: grant to naturalize the Thorgren detention basin, a joint project with the city of Valparaiso, that will improve local streams, provide wildlife habitat and ultimately protect Lake Michigan waters. The grass and cement lined 2-acre detention basin will be restored with wetland plants which filter sediment, pollutants, fertilizer and bacteria so that it not only catches flood waters but also improves water quality. From there the water drains into Smith Ditch, then makes its way into Sager’s Lake, Salt Creek, Little Calumet River, and then Lake Michigan.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wetland plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wetland plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wetland plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Lake Michigan.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sediment, pollutants, fertilizer and bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: wetland plants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wetland plants which filter sediment, pollutants, fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wetland plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: wetland plants which filter sediment, pollutants, fertilizer and bacteria

text: Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).  Parties to the UNCLOS are obligated to "protect and preserve the marine environment," including by preventing, reducing, and controlling pollution of the marine environment from any source. The "marine environment" is not defined but is widely interpreted as including the ocean's water, lifeforms, and the air above. "Pollution of the marine environment" is defined in a way that includes global warming and greenhouse gases. The UNCLOS could thus be interpreted as obligating it Parties to use methods such as marine cloud brightening if these were found to be effective and environmentally benign. Whether marine cloud brightening itself could be such pollution of the marine environment is unclear. At the same time, in combating pollution, Parties are "not to transfer, directly or indirectly, damage or hazards from one area to another or transform one type of pollution into another." If marine cloud brightening were found to cause damage or hazards, the UNCLOS could prohibit it. If marine cloud brightening activities were to be "marine scientific research" -- also an undefined term -- then UNCLOS Parties have a right to conduct the research, subject to some qualifications. Like all other ships, those that would conduct marine cloud brightening must bear the flag of the country that has given them permission to do so and to which the ship has a genuine link, even if the ship is unmanned or automated. The flagged state must exercise its jurisdiction over those ships. The legal implications would depend on, among other things, whether the activity were to occur in territorial waters, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ), or the high seas; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations. It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances. States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with "due regard" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships.

text: Marine cloud brightening activities would be furthered governed by the international law of sea, and particularly by the

entity_name: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: territorial waters

text: , an

text: exclusive economic zone

text: (EEZ), or the

text: high seas

text: ; and whether the activity was scientific research or not. Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities in their territorial waters. In the EEZ, the ship must comply with the coastal state's laws and regulations. It appears that the state conducting marine cloud brightening activities in another state's EEZ would not need the latter's permission, unless the activity were marine scientific research. In that case, the coastal state should grant permission in normal circumstances. States would be generally free to conduct marine cloud brightening activities on the high seas, provided that this is done with "due regard" for other states' interests. There is some legal unclarity regarding unmanned or automated ships.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Exclusive Economic Zone

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: marine scientific research

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Some water is purified enough for spreading on grass

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: What are the legal implications of marine cloud brightening activities?

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use methods such as marine cloud brightening

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Marine cloud brightening activities would furthered governed by the international law of sea

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: exclusive economic zone

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: UNCLOS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: "marine scientific research"

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Coastal states would need to approve any marine cloud brightening activities

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: effective and environmentally benign.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: those that would conduct marine cloud brightening

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: marine cloud brightening were found to cause damage or hazards,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: preventing, reducing, and controlling pollution of the marine environment from any source.

text: Veolia Water collects and then treats water in line with national and international regulations. Different treatments are provided depending on the level of pollution. Afterwards, the water re-enters the water cycle. Veolia Water delivers water treatment services to 68 million people around the world and, as of 2009, it managed 3,229 municipal water treatment plants.

text: Veolia Water collects and then treats water in line with national and international regulations. Different treatments are provided depending on the level of pollution. Afterwards, the water re-enters the water cycle. Veolia Water delivers water treatment services to 68 million people around the world and, as of 2009, it managed 3,229 municipal water treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Veolia Water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collects

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: national and international regulations.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: national and international regulations.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collects

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Different treatments are provided depending on the level of pollution.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water re-enters the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 3,229 municipal water treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Veolia Water collects and then treats water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the water re-enters the water cycle.

text: Water quality trading (WQT) is a market-based approach, implemented on a watershed-scale, used to improve or maintain water quality. It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits from sources with low costs of pollution control to those with high costs of pollution control. WQT programs are still subject to the requirements of the Clean Water Act, but they can be used to reduce the overall cost of compliance. Usually, permitted point sources of water pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, have high discharge treatment costs, whereas nonpoint sources of water pollution, such as agriculture, have low costs of pollution reduction. Therefore, it is generally assumed that most trades would take place between point sources and nonpoint sources. However, point source-point source trades could also occur as well as pretreatment trades and intra-plant trades.

text: Water quality trading (WQT) is a market-based approach, implemented on a watershed-scale, used to improve or maintain

text: water quality

text: . It involves the voluntary exchange of pollution reduction credits from sources with low costs of pollution control to those with high costs of pollution control. WQT programs are still subject to the requirements of the Clean Water Act, but they can be used to reduce the overall cost of compliance. Usually, permitted point sources of water pollution, such as wastewater treatment plants, have high discharge treatment costs, whereas nonpoint sources of water pollution, such as agriculture, have low costs of pollution reduction. Therefore, it is generally assumed that most trades would take place between point sources and nonpoint sources. However, point source-point source trades could also occur as well as pretreatment trades and intra-plant trades.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: permitted point sources

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Exchange pollution reduction credits

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water quality trading

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water quality trading

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water quality trading

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water quality trading

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water quality trading

text: In January 2002 Kronospan UK was fined £60,000 for discharging effluent into the River Bradley. The company admitted six offences between 29 March–9 October 2001, with a further four offences taken into consideration. Between May 2002 and July 2003 Environment Agency Wales (EAW) tests showed Kronospan UK discharged pollutants including ammonia "far in excess of agreed levels" into waterways feeding the River Dee. On 1 July 2003 the level of fuel oil pollutants from the Chirk plant were so high that they triggered a "pollution red alert" on the River Dee. To prevent the contamination of drinking water the water treatment plant at Bangor-on-Dee was shut down during the incident. An EAW spokesman said: "This case and the level of fine imposed clearly demonstrates how seriously the agency and the courts view companies who fail to ensure their activities do not cause harm to the environment." In May 2005 Kronospan UK was fined £25,000 by Wrexham magistrates after pleading guilty to five offences of polluting local waterways.

text: In January 2002 Kronospan UK was fined

text: 60,000 for discharging

text: effluent

text: into the River Bradley. The company admitted six offences between 29 March–9 October 2001, with a further four offences taken into consideration. Between May 2002 and July 2003

text: Environment Agency Wales

text: (EAW) tests showed Kronospan UK discharged pollutants including

text: ammonia

text: "far in excess of agreed levels" into waterways feeding the

text: River Dee

text: . On 1 July 2003 the level of

text: fuel oil

text: pollutants from the Chirk plant were so high that they triggered a "pollution red alert" on the River Dee. To prevent the contamination of drinking water the water treatment plant at

text: Bangor-on-Dee

text: was shut down during the incident. An EAW spokesman said: "This case and the level of fine imposed clearly demonstrates how seriously the agency and the courts view companies who fail to ensure their activities do not cause harm to the environment." In May 2005 Kronospan UK was fined £25,000 by

text: Wrexham

text: magistrates after pleading guilty to five offences of polluting local waterways.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: shut down the water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency Wales

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants including ammonia

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: To prevent the contamination of drinking water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: five offences of polluting local waterways.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: To prevent the contamination of drinking water

text: Environment - current issues:air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water in some areas; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization.

text: Environment - current issues:

text: air pollution

text: , especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;

text: deforestation

text: desertification

text: oil pollution

text: in the

text: Persian Gulf

text: ; wetland losses from drought;

text: soil degradation

text: salination

text: ); inadequate supplies of

text: potable water

text: in some areas;

text: water pollution

text: from raw

text: sewage

text: and industrial waste;

text: urbanization

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial effluents;

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: raw sewage and industrial waste;

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: inadequate supplies of potable water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: raw sewage and industrial waste;

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: raw sewage and industrial waste;

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: potable water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste;

text: The League led unsuccessful efforts in the 1930s for clean water legislation but achieved initial success with the passage of weak federal water pollution acts in 1948 and 1956.  Its major victory came with passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972.  The League continues to advocate for preserving wetlands, protecting wilderness, and promoting soil and water conservation.  Its Save Our Streams (SOS) program involves activists in all fifty states in monitoring water quality.  In the 1930s, the League worked with the noted conservationist Frederick Russell Burnham and the Arizona Boy Scouts to save the bighorn sheep.  These efforts led to the establishment in 1939 of two bighorn game ranges in Arizona: Kofa National Wildlife Refuge and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge.

text: The League led unsuccessful efforts in the 1930s for clean water legislation but achieved initial success with the passage of weak federal water pollution acts in 1948 and 1956.  Its major victory came with passage of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: of 1972.  The League continues to advocate for preserving wetlands, protecting wilderness, and promoting soil and water conservation.  Its Save Our Streams (SOS) program involves activists in all fifty states in monitoring water quality.  In the 1930s, the League worked with the noted conservationist

text: Frederick Russell Burnham

text: and the

text: Arizona Boy Scouts

text: to save the

text: bighorn sheep

text: .  These efforts led to the establishment in 1939 of two bighorn game ranges in Arizona:

text: Kofa National Wildlife Refuge

text: and

text: Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: federal water pollution acts

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: all fifty states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pass weak federal water pollution acts

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: weak federal water pollution acts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Its Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: federal water pollution acts

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act of 1972.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: federal water pollution acts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act of 1972.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Save Our Streams

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Save Our Streams

text: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the Clean Water Act (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

text: Point source

text: water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: voluntary community-level efforts

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: discrete conveyances

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances

text: Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world. Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate non-point source pollutant loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing impervious surface area relative to compact development. While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

text: Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world. Research has shown that low-density development can exacerbate

text: non-point source pollutant

text: loadings by consuming absorbent open space and increasing

text: impervious surface

text: area relative to compact development. While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources at a regional level, higher-density development can create more impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: compact development

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: impervious cover

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: compact development

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: non-point source pollutant loadings

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: regional level,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: absorbent open space

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: low-density development can exacerbate non-point source

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: increases water quality problems in nearby or adjacent water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: compact development generates less pollutants to the natural world.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: compact development

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources

text: Technically, the name of the law is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The first FWPCA was enacted in 1948, but took on its modern form when completely rewritten in 1972 in an act entitled the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amendatory legislation including the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water Quality Act of 1987.

text: Technically, the name of the law is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The first FWPCA was enacted in 1948, but took on its modern form when completely rewritten in 1972 in an act entitled the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amendatory legislation including the Clean Water Act of 1977 and the Water Quality Act of 1987.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: FWPCA

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Quality Act of 1987.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

text: Water treatment was originally established to provide safe drinking water. In the 19th century, the water off the city's shores was severely polluted by dumping of waste from residences and businesses.

text: Water treatment was originally established to provide safe drinking water. In the 19th century, the water off the city's shores was severely polluted by dumping of waste from residences and businesses.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dumping

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dumping of waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat their water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water treatment was originally established to provide safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dumping

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: residences and businesses.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water treatment was originally established to provide safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: dumping of waste

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: dumping of waste

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dumping of waste

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: dumping of waste from residences and businesses.

text: There are hidden wells in Pristina, which most of them are covered with waste and are in the most polluted areas of Pristina. These sources are used when surface water is lacking. Recently, water has been found in "Pajtimi" field, which currently is one of the waste polluted areas.   However, in an attempt to clean Pristina environment, and also find water, the opening phase of these wells has started and they are estimated to be completed by mid-2014. In this place, 9 wells are found, and the flow is estimated at 60 liters/sec. There are two other wells in Llukar village. Those wells are estimated to have a flow of 50 liters/sec. The problem with those two wells is their usage, mainly for auto washing. Those wells ceased being used in 1989, and they are expected to become active again by mid-2014. A plan to plant trees in Pristina and lower air pollution, has prompted that 17 artificial wells to be opened in Pristina. The Pristina municipal government has provided funding for these wells, which would supply the water the irrigation of the newly planted trees.

text: There are hidden wells in Pristina, which most of them are covered with waste and are in the most polluted areas of Pristina. These sources are used when surface water is lacking. Recently, water has been found in "Pajtimi" field, which currently is one of the waste polluted areas.   However, in an attempt to clean Pristina environment, and also find water, the opening phase of these wells has started and they are estimated to be completed by mid-2014. In this place, 9 wells are found, and the flow is estimated at 60 liters/sec. There are two other wells in Llukar village. Those wells are estimated to have a flow of 50 liters/sec. The problem with those two wells is their usage, mainly for auto washing. Those wells ceased being used in 1989, and they are expected to become active again by mid-2014. A plan to plant trees in Pristina and lower air pollution, has prompted that 17 artificial wells to be opened in Pristina. The Pristina municipal government has provided funding for these wells, which would supply the water the irrigation of the newly planted trees.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pristina municipality

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: opening wells

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pajtimi

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: plant trees

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: hidden wells in Pristina,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Pristina municipal government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: opening phase of these wells

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: "Pajtimi" field,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: hidden wells in Pristina,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: auto washing.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: hidden wells

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: hidden wells

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: hidden wells

text: The aims of the modernization programme launched by the Mayor of Paris in 1991 were: to protect the Seine from storm overflow pollution by reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine, to reinforce the existing sewers, to enable the network to function better.

text: The aims of the modernization programme launched by the Mayor of Paris in 1991 were: to protect the Seine from storm overflow pollution by reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine, to reinforce the existing sewers, to enable the network to function better.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Appliance

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: storm overflow

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: untreated water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: storm overflow pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Mayor of Paris

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: storm overflow

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: untreated water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reducing the amount of untreated water discharged directly into the Seine,

text: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is working with countries in the Middle East to improve “environmental governance, water pollution and water security, clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention.”

text: The U.S.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: is working with countries in the

text: Middle East

text: to improve “environmental governance, water pollution and water security, clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention.”

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: clean fuels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean fuels and vehicles

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention.”

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: clean fuels and vehicles,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution and water security,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention.”

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention.”

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean fuels and vehicles,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution prevention.”

text: Other attempts to improve water quality were made over the years. In 1993 a new trunk sewer was built along Castle Peak Road, from So Kwun Wat to Sam Shing Estate, directing sewage from the hinterland to the Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works. Additionally, the North Western Water Control Zone was declared under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance, controlling pollution. In 1999 a longer submarine outfall came into operation at the Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works, directing effluent farther away from the beaches. In the early 2000s two dry weather flow interceptors were installed along the Tuen Mun River, which discharges into Castle Peak Bay, to intercept village sewage and other pollutants before it reaches the river.

text: Other attempts to improve water quality were made over the years. In 1993 a new trunk sewer was built along Castle Peak Road, from So Kwun Wat to Sam Shing Estate, directing sewage from the hinterland to the Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works. Additionally, the North Western Water Control Zone was declared under the

text: Water Pollution Control Ordinance

text: , controlling pollution. In 1999 a longer submarine outfall came into operation at the Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works, directing effluent farther away from the beaches. In the early 2000s two dry weather flow interceptors were installed along the

text: Tuen Mun River

text: , which discharges into Castle Peak Bay, to intercept village sewage and other pollutants before it reaches the river.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Ordinance

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: new trunk sewer was built

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: village sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install dry weather flow interceptors

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water Pollution Control Ordinance,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Ordinance,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a new trunk sewer

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: village sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water Pollution Control Ordinance, controlling pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pillar Point Sewage Treatment Works.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water Pollution Control Ordinance,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: intercept village sewage and other pollutants before it reaches the river.

text: Water supplied to domestic properties may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include water softening or ion exchange. Many propriety systems also claim to remove residual disinfectants and heavy metal ions.

text: Water supplied to domestic properties may be further treated before use, often using an in-line treatment process. Such treatments can include

text: water softening

text: or ion exchange. Many propriety systems also claim to remove residual disinfectants and

text: heavy metal

text: ions.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal water board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: disinfectants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: residual disinfectants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: in-line treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ion exchange.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: domestic properties

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water supplied to domestic properties

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: disinfectants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water supplied to domestic properties

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: residual disinfectants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water supplied to domestic properties may be further treated before use,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water supplied to domestic properties

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treated before use,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water supplied to domestic properties may be further treated before use,

text: The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 moved environmental concerns in a new direction. The standards that they put in place were unattainable with existing technology — they were technology forcing. The standards that the EPA put into place called mainly for state implementation. Each state prepared state implementation plans (SIPs), requiring EPA approval, and each state had to request permits from the EPA to emit pollution into any surface water. Congress also provided for a massive public works program to assist in the construction of water and waste treatment plants for municipalities. The 1970 Clean Air Act also enacted deadlines and penalties for automobile emission standards in new cars, resulting in the development and adoption of catalytic converters and greatly reducing automobile pollution.

text: The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972 moved environmental concerns in a new direction. The standards that they put in place were unattainable with existing technology — they were technology forcing. The standards that the EPA put into place called mainly for state implementation. Each state prepared state implementation plans (SIPs), requiring EPA approval, and each state had to request permits from the EPA to emit pollution into any surface water. Congress also provided for a massive public works program to assist in the construction of water and waste treatment plants for municipalities. The 1970 Clean Air Act also enacted deadlines and penalties for automobile emission standards in new cars, resulting in the development and adoption of

text: catalytic converter

text: s and greatly reducing automobile pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal water pollution control act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile emission standards

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water and waste treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile emission standards in new cars,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: catalytic converters and greatly reducing automobile pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water and waste treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: emit pollution into any surface water.

text: The development of a national water supply policy occurred in parallel with these developments. The Water Act 1945 had recognised the need for central government to supervise the statutory suppliers of water, and to be involved in the difficult issues of water supply. It had also recognised that the supply of water to non-domestic consumers was part of an integrated policy, and had introduced the concept of abstraction licensing. In many areas, pollution of rivers by sewage was a serious problem, resulting from rapid expansion of population, and little incentive to invest in sewage treatment works. The Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951 introduced discharge licensing, and with extra powers from a similar Act of 1961, tried to encourage local authorities to invest more in such works, but the Working Party on Sewage Disposal, which reported in 1970, concluded that there were over 3000 sewage treatment works which were performing inadequately.

text: The development of a national water supply policy occurred in parallel with these developments. The

text: Water Act 1945

text: had recognised the need for central government to supervise the statutory suppliers of water, and to be involved in the difficult issues of water supply. It had also recognised that the supply of water to non-domestic consumers was part of an integrated policy, and had introduced the concept of abstraction licensing. In many areas, pollution of rivers by sewage was a serious problem, resulting from rapid expansion of population, and little incentive to invest in

text: sewage treatment

text: works. The Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951 introduced discharge licensing, and with extra powers from a similar Act of 1961, tried to encourage local authorities to invest more in such works, but the Working Party on Sewage Disposal, which reported in 1970, concluded that there were over 3000 sewage treatment works which were performing inadequately.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage treatment works

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Water Act 1945

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: investing in sewage treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: rapid expansion of population

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment works

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Rivers (Prevention of Pollution)

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Water Act 1945

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment works.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: rapid expansion of population,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: abstraction licensing.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: (Prevention of Pollution)

text: Polluting water may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as externalities for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. Pharmaceuticals consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on aquatic life if they bioaccumulate and if they are not biodegradable.

text: Polluting water

text: may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as

text: externalities

text: for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution.

text: Pharmaceuticals

text: consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on

text: aquatic

text: life if they

text: bioaccumulate

text: and if they are not

text: biodegradable

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: private firms

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pharmaceuticals consumed by humans

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: limit other uses

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: market costs,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: private firms'

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Polluting

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Pharmaceuticals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Polluting water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Polluting water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Polluting water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a pollutant limits other uses of the water,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Pharmaceuticals consumed by humans often end up in the waterways

text: Kenya, a country of 36.6 million, struggles with a staggering population growth rate of 2.6% per year (by comparison, the US population growth rate is 0.899% and the population growth rate in India is 1.31%). This high population growth rate has pushed Kenya's natural resources to the brink of destruction. Much of the country suffers from a severe arid climate, with only scarce few areas enjoying rain and access to water resources. Deforestation and soil degradation have made the available surface water typically highly polluted and difficult to retain. The government has been unable to afford to develop water treatment or distribution systems, leaving the vast majority of the country without access to water. This has also exacerbated gender politics, as 74% of women must spend an average of 8 hours per day securing water for their families. The growing population and stagnant economy has exacerbated urban, suburban, and rural poverty—exacerbated by lack of access to clean drinking water which leaves much of the non-elite population suffering from disease and parasites. This has effectively crippled Kenya's human capital. Private water companies have taken up the slack from Kenya's government among the wealthy, but the Kenyan government prevents them from moving into the poverty-stricken areas of the country in order to stop profiteering off the poor. Unfortunately, since Kenya's government also refuses to provide services, this leaves the disenfranchised with no options at all for obtaining clean water—or any water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: private water companies

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: development of water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: population growth rate

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Kenya's government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Deforestation and soil degradation

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 2.6% per year

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The government has been unable to afford to develop water treatment or distribution systems,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 0.899% and the population growth rate in India is 1.31%).

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The government has been unable to afford to develop water treatment or distribution systems,

text: Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today. Much recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for Worcester, Massachusetts and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, ". . . [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the Conservation Law Foundation, citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards."

text: Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river including dyes from textile mills and heavy metals and solvents from metal and woodworking industries. Much of this early pollution lies trapped in sediments behind historic dams on the river and continues to affect the ecosystem today. Much recent pollution can be traced to the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District (UBWPAD), the wastewater treatment plant for

text: Worcester, Massachusetts

text: and surrounding communities, which discharges into the Blackstone. A 2005 report written by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management said, ". . . [the] UBWPAD, North Attleboro, and Attleboro WWTFs play a significant role in the ability to improve water quality in the Providence and Seekonk River system [into which the Blackstone discharges], and efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible." In September 2010, the

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: , citing this report, filed a lawsuit claiming that the discharge permit issued to the UBWPAD by the Environmental Protection Agency is not "sufficient to meet state water quality standards."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental management

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: UBWPAD

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dyes

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: reduce their nitrogen inputs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dyes from textile mills

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Early industries discharged a variety of pollutants into the river

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible."

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible."

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: efforts to reduce their nitrogen inputs should be initiated as soon as possible."

text: The Passaic River ( ) is a mature surface river, approximately 80 mi (129 km) long, in northern New Jersey in the United States. The river in its upper course flows in a highly circuitous route, meandering through the swamp lowlands between the ridge hills of rural and suburban northern New Jersey, called the Great Swamp, draining much of the northern portion of the state through its tributaries. In its lower portion, it flows through the most urbanized and industrialized areas of the state, including along downtown Newark. The lower river suffered from severe pollution and industrial abandonment in the 20th century.In April 2014,  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a  $1.7 billion plan to remove 4.3 million cubic yards of toxic mud from the bottom of lower eight miles of the river. It is considered one of the most polluted stretches of water in the nation and the project one of the largest clean-ups ever undertaken.

text: The Passaic River ( ) is a

text: mature surface river

text: , approximately 80 mi (129 km) long, in northern

text: New Jersey

text: in the

text: United States

text: . The river in its upper course flows in a highly circuitous route, meandering through the

text: swamp

text: lowlands between the ridge hills of rural and suburban northern New Jersey, called the Great Swamp, draining much of the northern portion of the state through its

text: tributaries

text: . In its lower portion, it flows through the most

text: urbanized

text: and

text: industrialized

text: areas of the state, including along downtown

text: Newark

text: . The lower river suffered from severe

text: pollution

text: and industrial abandonment in the 20th century.In April 2014,  the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a  $1.7 billion plan to remove 4.3 million cubic yards of toxic mud from the bottom of lower eight miles of the river. It is considered one of the most polluted stretches of water in the nation and the project one of the largest clean-ups ever undertaken.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic mud

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It is considered one of the most polluted

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: toxic mud

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic mud

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Passaic River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic mud

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Passaic River

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Passaic River

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Great Swamp,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution and industrial abandonment

text: The pollution of raw water supplied to Hong Kong became an increasing concern that triggered a variety of activities designed to protect the quality of raw water. In 1998 the intake of the water pipeline was moved further upstream on the Dongjiang River where water quality was better. In 2003 an 83 km dedicated aqueduct was completed, thus reducing the vulnerability of the supply to pollution. Additionally, wastewater treatment plants were constructed in settlements in the Dongjiang basin and polluting industries were removed, thus protecting the water at the source. In 2006 a Water Supply Agreement was signed with Guangdong Province for a "flexible" supply of Dongjiang water. The agreement allows for less water to be withdrawn when reservoirs in Hong Kong are full, and more water to be withdrawn in times of drought, while the annual payment remains the same. Under the new agreement, Hong Kong paid fixed lump sums of HK$2,959 million, HK$3,146 million and HK$3,344 million for 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively.

text: The pollution of raw water supplied to Hong Kong became an increasing concern that triggered a variety of activities designed to protect the quality of raw water. In 1998 the intake of the water pipeline was moved further upstream on the Dongjiang River where water quality was better. In 2003 an 83 km dedicated aqueduct was completed, thus reducing the vulnerability of the supply to pollution. Additionally, wastewater treatment plants were constructed in settlements in the Dongjiang basin and polluting industries were removed, thus protecting the water at the source. In 2006 a Water Supply Agreement was signed with

text: Guangdong Province

text: for a "flexible" supply of Dongjiang water. The agreement allows for less water to be withdrawn when reservoirs in Hong Kong are full, and more water to be withdrawn in times of drought, while the annual payment remains the same. Under the new agreement, Hong Kong paid fixed lump sums of HK$2,959 million, HK$3,146 million and HK$3,344 million for 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Hong Kong

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment plants were constructed

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water Supply Agreement

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Guangdong Province

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The pollution of raw water supplied to Hong Kong

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluting industries

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: protecting the water at the source.

text: The regulatory mechanism in the United States, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), prescribes the maximum amount of a pollutant (including nutrients) that a body of water can receive while still meeting U.S. Clean Water Act water quality standards. Specifically, Section 303 of the Clean Water Act requires each state to generate a TMDL report for each body of water impaired by pollutants. TMDL reports identify pollutant levels and strategies to accomplish pollutant reduction goals. EPA has described TMDLs as establishing a pollutant budget then allocating portions of the overall budget to the pollutant's sources. For many coastal water bodies, the main pollutant issue is excess nutrients, also termed nutrient over-enrichment.A TMDL can prescribe the minimum level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) available in a body of water, which is directly related to nutrient levels. (See Aquatic Hypoxia.) In 2010, 18 percent of TMDLs nationwide were related to nutrient levels  including organic enrichment/oxygen depletion, noxious plants, algal growth, and ammonia. In Long Island Sound the TMDL development process enabled the Connecticut Department of Environmental  Protection (CTDEP) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to incorporate a 58.5 percent nitrogen reduction target into a regulatory and legal framework.

text: The regulatory mechanism in the United States, a

text: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: (TMDL), prescribes the maximum amount of a pollutant (including nutrients) that a body of water can receive while still meeting U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: water quality standards. Specifically, Section 303 of the Clean Water Act requires each state to generate a TMDL report for each body of water impaired by pollutants. TMDL reports identify pollutant levels and strategies to accomplish pollutant reduction goals. EPA has described TMDLs as establishing a pollutant budget then allocating portions of the overall budget to the pollutant's sources. For many coastal water bodies, the main pollutant issue is excess nutrients, also termed nutrient over-enrichment.A TMDL can prescribe the minimum level of

text: Dissolved Oxygen

text: (DO) available in a body of water, which is directly related to nutrient levels. (See

text: Aquatic Hypoxia

text: .) In 2010, 18 percent of TMDLs nationwide were related to nutrient levels  including organic enrichment/oxygen depletion, noxious plants, algal growth, and ammonia. In

text: Long Island Sound

text: the TMDL development process enabled the Connecticut Department of Environmental  Protection (CTDEP) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to incorporate a 58.5 percent nitrogen reduction target into a regulatory and legal framework.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: achieve pollutant reduction goals

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: noxious plants, algal growth, and ammonia.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: In a two-day deposition during October 2012, McNutt was questioned by lawyers for BP, for the Justice Department, for plaintiffs, and for the Gulf states. Subject to approval by U.S. federal courts, BP agreed to a settlement in November 2012 in which the company pleaded guilty to felony charges of misconduct or neglect concerning eleven deaths at the explosion site. The company agreed to pay US$4.5 billion including US$1.256 billion in criminal fines. As of 2012, BP may still be liable for US$5.4 to US$31 billion in civil fines under the Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act.

text: In a two-day deposition during October 2012, McNutt was questioned by lawyers for

text: BP

text: , for the

text: Justice Department

text: , for plaintiffs, and for the

text: Gulf states

text: . Subject to approval by U.S. federal courts, BP agreed to a settlement in November 2012 in which the company pleaded guilty to felony charges of misconduct or neglect concerning eleven deaths at the explosion site. The company agreed to pay

text: US$

text: 4.5 billion including US$1.256 billion in criminal fines. As of 2012, BP may still be liable for US$5.4 to US$31 billion in civil fines under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and

text: Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Oil Pollution Act.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: BP agreed to a settlement in November 2012

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Oil Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act and Oil Pollution Act.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: BP agreed to a settlement in November 2012

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: In a two-day deposition during October 2012,

text: Clean Water Act standards. Under the Clean Water Act, EPA promulgated national standards for municipal sewage treatment plants, also called publicly owned treatment works, in the Secondary Treatment Regulation. National standards for industrial dischargers are called Effluent guidelines (for existing sources) and New Source Performance Standards, and currently cover over 50 industrial categories. In addition, the Act requires states to publish water quality standards for individual water bodies to provide additional protection where the national standards are insufficient.

text: Clean Water Act standards. Under the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , EPA promulgated national standards for municipal

text: sewage treatment

text: plants, also called

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: , in the Secondary Treatment Regulation. National standards for industrial dischargers are called

text: Effluent guidelines

text: (for existing sources) and

text: New Source Performance Standards

text: , and currently cover over 50 industrial categories. In addition, the Act requires

text: states

text: to publish

text: water quality standards

text: for individual water bodies to provide additional protection where the national standards are insufficient.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: states

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial dischargers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act standards.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act standards.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act standards.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: states to publish water quality standards for individual water bodies

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act standards.

text: In Northern regions of Chile, point source pollution from mining effluent is a problem. Because there is not much water in rivers, dilution of contaminants is greatly reduced. In Central Chile industrial pollution is an issue. Very often these discharges go untreated directly into river basins, lakes, and irrigation channels. Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff including nitrates from fertilizers and untreated sewage is contaminating underground waters. The severity of the problem has yet to be thoroughly quantified.

text: In Northern regions of Chile,

text: point source

text: pollution from mining effluent is a problem. Because there is not much water in rivers, dilution of contaminants is greatly reduced. In Central Chile industrial pollution is an issue. Very often these discharges go untreated directly into river basins, lakes, and irrigation channels.

text: Nonpoint source

text: pollution from agricultural runoff including nitrates from fertilizers and untreated sewage is contaminating underground waters. The severity of the problem has yet to be thoroughly quantified.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: chile

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: point source pollution from mining effluent

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Chile,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharges go untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrates from fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: point source pollution from mining effluent

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: point source pollution from mining effluent

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: irrigation channels.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Very often these discharges go untreated directly into river basins,

text: The possibility of a low cost river water treatment plant utilizing water from Yamuna-Ichhamati at Gighata has been considered. However, this is not considered feasible because the river is highly polluted, costs would considerably increased because of installation of chemical treatment plant to remove pollutants, and the volume of water in the river in summer season is not sufficient.

text: The possibility of a low cost river water treatment plant utilizing water from Yamuna-Ichhamati at Gighata has been considered. However, this is not considered feasible because the river is highly polluted, costs would considerably increased because of installation of chemical treatment plant to remove pollutants, and the volume of water in the river in summer season is not sufficient.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ministry of Water Resources

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: chemical treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install a chemical treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Yamuna-Ichhamati

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Yamuna-Ichhamati

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: chemical treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Yamuna-Ichhamati

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Yamuna-Ichhamati

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: river water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: this is not considered feasible because the river is highly polluted,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: chemical treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: costs would considerably increased because of installation of chemical treatment plant to remove pollutants,

text: Mining presents a different problem, as the mines have been abandoned, but the pollution continues. Near Penistone, ochre discharged into the river from old ganister mine workings, giving it an orange colour for about six miles, eventually remedied, while at Beeley Wood, the ochre comes from a pile of waste metal on the river bank. A nearby paper mill has also been a significant polluter of the river. Some of the problem has been mitigated by the construction of lagoons, into which mine discharges have been diverted. Water quality on the Dearne and the Rother has not improved as much as on the Don, and pollution of the lower reaches is compounded by the fact that the pollutants, which include dioxins, are locked up in the river bed sediments. Despite the steady improvement in water quality, restocking of the river with fish, attempted on several occasions between 1981 and 1994, was largely ineffective, caused by intermittent discharges of pollutants. In November 2011, the Environment Agency announced that they had recently re-stocked the Don with 1,000 barbel. A spokesman said that the fish in the river were now at a sustainable level with a breeding population and these would be the last fish added as part of a 10-year programme to help the Don recover from an industrial heritage that had depleted fish stocks.

text: Mining presents a different problem, as the mines have been abandoned, but the pollution continues. Near

text: Penistone

text: ochre

text: discharged into the river from old

text: ganister

text: mine workings, giving it an orange colour for about six miles, eventually remedied, while at

text: Beeley Wood

text: , the ochre comes from a pile of waste metal on the river bank. A nearby paper mill has also been a significant polluter of the river. Some of the problem has been mitigated by the construction of lagoons, into which mine discharges have been diverted. Water quality on the Dearne and the Rother has not improved as much as on the Don, and pollution of the lower reaches is compounded by the fact that the pollutants, which include

text: dioxins

text: , are locked up in the river bed sediments. Despite the steady improvement in water quality, restocking of the river with fish, attempted on several occasions between 1981 and 1994, was largely ineffective, caused by intermittent discharges of pollutants. In November 2011, the

text: Environment Agency

text: announced that they had recently re-stocked the Don with 1,000

text: barbel

text: . A spokesman said that the fish in the river were now at a sustainable level with a breeding population and these would be the last fish added as part of a 10-year programme to help the Don recover from an industrial heritage that had depleted fish stocks.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of lagoons

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ochre

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: construction of lagoons

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: construction of lagoons,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: paper mill

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Mining

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: dioxins,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Mining

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: locked up in the river bed sediments.

text: In March 2009 a bill, the Clean Water Protection Act, was introduced in Congress by Frank Pallone and Dave Reichert.  The Clean Water Protection Act would have changed the definition of "fill material" in the Clean Water Act.  Under the new definition "fill material" would have excluded mine waste.

text: In March 2009 a

text: bill

text: , the

text: Clean Water Protection Act

text: , was introduced in Congress by

text: Frank Pallone

text: and

text: Dave Reichert

text: .  The Clean Water Protection Act would have changed the definition of "fill material" in the Clean Water Act.  Under the new definition "fill material" would have excluded mine waste.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Congress

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: mine waste

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mine waste

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fill material

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: mine waste

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: mine waste.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: mine waste.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: mine waste.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: mine waste.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Protection Act,

text: govern the release of pollutants into water resources, including surface water, ground water, and stored drinking water. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources, may also reflect efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments.

text: govern the

text: release of pollutants into water resources

text: , including

text: surface water

text: ground water

text: , and stored

text: drinking water

text: . Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health. Many others, including restrictions on the alteration of the

text: chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources

text: , may also reflect efforts to protect

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: s more broadly. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable pollutant concentrations in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include

text: sewage treatment and disposal

text: industrial

text: and

text: agricultural

text: waste water management, and control of

text: surface runoff

text: from construction sites and urban environments.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: drinking water regulations

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and agricultural

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: store drinking water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: govern the release of pollutants into water resources,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: drinking water regulations,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage treatment and disposal,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial and agricultural

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage treatment and disposal,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water quality laws,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: govern the release of pollutants into water resources,

text: Electric coagulation method of water treatment VODOPAD has been developed and successfully applied at numerous facilities. This technology allows for conditioning of severely polluted water from various sources to potable standards. Treated water meet every requirement of Sanitary Regulations (SanPiN) # 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Resultant residue falls into the 5th hazard class (harmless), and being secondary flocculant is suitable for sewage disposal. To date more than 100 units of 5 to 8,000 cu.m/d capacity have been put into service all over Russia. Deployment of VODOPAD in Tarko-Sale (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast) ensured uninterrupted potable water supply to local community. Commercially produced modular units are fully automatic, and do not require specially trained personnel.Novel item in the product line is ECO-VODOPAD station designed to purify backwash and rinse waters of de-ironing plants to potable standards.

text: Electric coagulation

text: method of

text: water treatment

text: VODOPAD has been developed and successfully applied at numerous facilities. This technology allows for conditioning of severely polluted water from various sources to potable standards.

text: Treated water

text: meet every requirement of Sanitary Regulations (SanPiN) # 2.1.4.1074-01

text: Drinking water

text: . Resultant residue falls into the 5th hazard class (harmless), and being secondary

text: flocculant

text: is suitable for sewage disposal. To date more than 100 units of 5 to 8,000 cu.m/d capacity have been put into service all over Russia. Deployment of VODOPAD in

text: Tarko-Sale

text: Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

text: Tyumen Oblast

text: ) ensured uninterrupted potable water supply to local community. Commercially produced modular units are fully automatic, and do not require specially trained personnel.Novel item in the product line is ECO-VODOPAD station designed to purify backwash and rinse waters of de-ironing plants to potable standards.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: SanPiN

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Sanitary Regulations

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: electrical coagulation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Resultant residue

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: VODOPAD

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Electric coagulation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Sanitary Regulations

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Electric coagulation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: secondary flocculant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: potable standards.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: residue

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Electric coagulation method of water treatment VODOPAD

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage disposal.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Electric coagulation method of water treatment VODOPAD

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Electric coagulation method of water treatment VODOPAD

text: The Olympic Games can affect water quality in the surrounding region in several ways, including water runoff and the transfer of polluting substances from the air to water sources through rainfall. Harmful particulates come from both natural substances (such as plant matter crushed by higher volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic) and man-made substances (such as exhaust from vehicles or industry). Contaminants from these two categories lead to elevated amounts of toxins in street dust. Street dust then reaches water sources through runoff, facilitating the transfer of toxins to environments and communities that rely on these water sources. For example, one method of measuring the runoff contamination of water sources involves magnetism. Magnetism measurement systems allow specialists to measure the differences in mineral magnetic parameters in samples of water, air, and vegetation. Unlike traditional methods of measuring pollutants, magnetism is relatively inexpensive, and can identify smaller particle sizes.Another method used to assess the amount and effects of water pollutants is to measure the amount of PM2.5 in rainfall. Measuring PM2.5 (the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle≤2.5 μm in a given amount of air) is a common metric for assessing air quality. Comparing PM2.5 levels between air and rainfall samples allows scientists to determine the amount of air pollution being transferred to water sources. Pollutants in rainfall quickly and directly affect pollution in groundwater sources. In 2013, researchers in Beijing found a significant relationship between the amount of PM2.5 concentrations in the air and in rainfall. Studies showed that rainfall had a significant “washing” effect on PM2.5 in the air, transferring a large portion of these pollutants from the air to water sources. In this way, Beijing’s notorious air pollution has a direct and significant impact on rainfall, and therefore, on water resources throughout the region.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Air Quality

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Olympic Games

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: exhaust from vehicles or industry

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How does the Olympic Games affect water quality?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prevent the transfer of pollutants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: air) is a common metric for assessing air quality.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Olympic Games

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: exhaust from vehicles or industry).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Pollutants in rainfall quickly and directly affect pollution in groundwater sources.

text: Water in Singapore is polluted by unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities, coupled by oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels. Corrective measures are taken, and affected water is taken for treatment at specialised centres. Plants such as NEWater treat unwanted water into drinkable water. One major water body in Singapore which used to be polluted is the Singapore River.

text: Water in Singapore is polluted by unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities, coupled by oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels. Corrective measures are taken, and affected water is taken for treatment at specialised centres. Plants such as

text: NEWater

text: treat unwanted water into drinkable water. One major water body in Singapore which used to be polluted is the

text: Singapore River

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: What does EPA stand for?

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NEWater

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: specialised centres

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: unwanted materials contributed by industrial facilities

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: unwanted materials

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat unwanted water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Singapore

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Corrective measures

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinkable water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: unwanted water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Corrective measures

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: oil from both incoming and outgoing trading vessels.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: NEWater treat unwanted water into drinkable water.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Corrective measures

text: The Uruguay River is shared by the two countries and is protected by a treaty, which requires both parties to inform the other of any project that might affect the river. Besides the issue of pollution, Argentina claimed that the Uruguayan government had not asked for permission to build the mills. Uruguayan authorities counter that the Treaty does not require that permission be obtained, but merely that the other part be appropriately informed, and that conversations had indeed been held and filed, without objections on the Argentinian part. In addition, they claim that the technology used in the mills would avoid polluting the river to the extent claimed by Argentinians. Furthermore, Botnia argues the mill has a positive impact on the river's waters as the factory's state-of-the-art wastewater treatment equipment is used for local sewage treatment as well. Before the construction of the mill, sewage from the city of Fray Bentos was discharged to the river untreated. Botnia's claims are backed by neutral expert statements given to the IFC.

text: The Uruguay River is shared by the two countries and is protected by a treaty, which requires both parties to inform the other of any project that might affect the river. Besides the issue of pollution, Argentina claimed that the Uruguayan government had not asked for permission to build the mills. Uruguayan authorities counter that the Treaty does not require that permission be obtained, but merely that the other part be appropriately informed, and that conversations had indeed been held and filed, without objections on the Argentinian part. In addition, they claim that the technology used in the mills would avoid polluting the river to the extent claimed by Argentinians. Furthermore, Botnia argues the mill has a positive impact on the river's waters as the factory's state-of-the-art wastewater treatment equipment is used for local

text: sewage treatment

text: as well. Before the construction of the mill,

text: sewage

text: from the city of Fray Bentos was discharged to the river untreated. Botnia's claims are backed by neutral expert statements given to the

text: IFC

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does epa stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Botnia

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the city of Fray Bentos

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Uruguay River

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: IFC.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharged to the river untreated.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Fray Bentos

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Uruguay River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Uruguay River

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Uruguay River

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the technology used in the mills would avoid polluting the river

text: Pollution of water due to a number of different pollutants has driven the NRCS to take action. Not only do they offer financial assistance but they also provide the equipment needed for private land owners to protect our water resources. Water gets polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus which causes algae to grow proliferously causing the oxygen concentrations to decline rapidly, life is no longer supported in this habitat. Excessive sedimentation is also another concern along with pathogens threats that can find their way into water systems and cause detrimental effects. NRCS works in a way to help both the land owner and the water systems that need prevention or restoration.

text: Pollution of water due to a number of different pollutants has driven the NRCS to take action. Not only do they offer financial assistance but they also provide the equipment needed for private land owners to protect our water resources. Water gets polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus which causes algae to grow proliferously causing the oxygen concentrations to decline rapidly, life is no longer supported in this habitat. Excessive sedimentation is also another concern along with pathogens threats that can find their way into water systems and cause detrimental effects. NRCS works in a way to help both the land owner and the water systems that need prevention or restoration.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NRCS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the NRCS?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect their water resources

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: NRCS

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: NRCS

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Pollution of water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prevention or restoration.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: nitrogen and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: private land owners

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevention or restoration.

text: Bonin has been a leader on water issues, authoring common-sense legislation to stop watering city lawns that are scheduled for replacement with drought-tolerant landscaping, successfully proposing tiered pricing for water rates to increase conservation, and cutting through red-tape to make it cheaper and easier to install home water recycling systems. Bonin's work on water issues has also included efforts to protect the quality of our water, and he has fought to protect the Santa Monica Bay from polluted stormwater runoff by helping break ground on two water reclamation and treatment projects (both funded by Prop O) that capture and clean stormwater before it reaches the Bay. The first project is located just north of LAX and will prevent harmful residue from jet fuel from polluting the water, and the second was announced at Penmar Park in Venice in the Summer of 2016.

text: Bonin has been a leader on water issues, authoring common-sense legislation to stop watering city lawns that are scheduled for replacement with drought-tolerant landscaping, successfully proposing tiered pricing for water rates to increase conservation, and cutting through red-tape to make it cheaper and easier to install home water recycling systems. Bonin's work on water issues has also included efforts to protect the quality of our water, and he has fought to protect the Santa Monica Bay from polluted stormwater runoff by helping break ground on two water reclamation and treatment projects (both funded by Prop O) that capture and clean stormwater before it reaches the Bay. The first project is located just north of LAX and will prevent harmful residue from jet fuel from polluting the water, and the second was announced at Penmar Park in Venice in the Summer of 2016.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Santa Monica Bay

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water reclamation

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: jet fuel

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful residue

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: install home water recycling systems

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: drought-tolerant landscaping,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Bonin

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: capture and clean stormwater

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: jet fuel

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: watering city lawns

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted stormwater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: harmful residue from jet fuel

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Bonin

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: home water recycling systems.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: capture and clean stormwater before it reaches the Bay.

text: Pollution produced by humans may be seriously weakening the Earth's water cycle — reducing rainfall and threatening fresh water supplies. A 2001 study by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography suggests that tiny particles of soot and other pollutants have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. According to Veerabhadran Ramanathan, "the energy for the hydrological cycle comes from sunlight. As sunlight heats the ocean, water escapes into the atmosphere and falls out as rain. So as aerosols cut down sunlight by large amounts, they may be spinning down the hydrological cycle of the planet."

text: Pollution produced by humans may be seriously weakening the Earth's

text: water cycle

text: — reducing rainfall and threatening fresh water supplies. A 2001 study by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography suggests that tiny particles of soot and other pollutants have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. According to

text: Veerabhadran Ramanathan

text: , "the energy for the hydrological cycle comes from sunlight. As sunlight heats the ocean, water escapes into the atmosphere and falls out as rain. So as aerosols cut down sunlight by large amounts, they may be spinning down the hydrological cycle of the planet."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Earth's water cycle

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cut down sunlight

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Pollution

text: Nigeria's largest city Lagos is surrounded by water from the sea and a lagoon. Its clean water supply in the city is about 81.32%. But since the raw water in the lagoon is too polluted, the city gets its water from Ogun River and Owo River. The city's oldest water treatment plant, located in Iju on the Ogun River, was built in 1910. It was expanded in stages to 45m gallons per day. Another smaller plant was built at Ishashi on the Owo River in the 1970s. The biggest plant so far was commissioned in 1991 in Adiyan with a capacity of 70m gallons per day. It also draws from the Owo River. There are also seven mini-waterworks drawing from local sources with a combined capacity of 18m gallons per day. The Lagos Water Corporation states that the water produced in the plant meets the highest standards, and that it supplies "safe drinking water in sufficient and regular quantity to over 12.5 million people in Lagos State". However, water is often contaminated in the distribution network and people distrust tap water quality. Electricity supply interruptions prevent treatment plants from operating continuously. However, a dedicated 12.15 MW power plant was under construction in 2012 to supply power to the Adiyan, Iju and Akute water treatment plants.Households also source water from numerous private shallow wells. Or households rely on street vendors, creating a thriving market for “sachet water”, purified water packaged in polyethylene pouches. Water vendors called Mairuwa sell water from tanks and drums on carts, which is sometimes sold to other vendors that carry water in buckets or gerry cans. Access to water provided by the state Water Corporation is 'metropocentric' i.e., centred around the metropolis.

text: Nigeria's largest city Lagos is surrounded by water from the sea and a lagoon. Its clean water supply in the city is about 81.32%. But since the raw water in the lagoon is too polluted, the city gets its water from

text: Ogun River

text: and

text: Owo River

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Lagos Water Corporation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lagos Water Corporation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: electricity supply interruptions

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: source water from numerous private shallow wells

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Lagos Water Corporation

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lagos Water Corporation

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: distrust tap water quality.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: contaminated in the distribution network and people distrust tap water quality.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Electricity supply interruptions

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: water is often contaminated in the distribution network

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: source water from numerous private shallow wells.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water is often contaminated in the distribution network

text: Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct studies on hazardous-waste management to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.

text: Environmental engineers study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they conduct studies on hazardous-

text: waste management

text: to evaluate the significance of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers design

text: municipal water supply

text: and

text: industrial wastewater treatment

text: systems. They address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of

text: acid rain

text: global warming

text: ozone depletion

text: , water pollution and air pollution from

text: automobile exhausts

text: and

entity_name: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

text: industrial sources

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal water supply

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: environmental engineers design municipal water supply

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile exhausts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: conduct studies on hazardous-waste management

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: automobile exhausts

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Environmental engineers design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution and air pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Environmental engineers

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wastewater treatment systems.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent mishaps.

text: Other methods for household water treatment and safe storage exist (e.g., chlorination) different filtration procedures or flocculation/disinfection. The selection of the adequate method should be based on the criteria of effectiveness, the co-occurrence of other types of pollution (turbidity, chemical pollutants), treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user’s preference.

text: Other methods for household water treatment and safe storage exist (e.g., chlorination) different filtration procedures or flocculation/disinfection. The selection of the adequate method should be based on the criteria of effectiveness, the co-occurrence of other types of pollution (turbidity, chemical pollutants), treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user’s preference.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical pollutants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemical pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: chlorination

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: household water treatment and safe storage

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: chlorination)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: (turbidity,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: the user’s preference.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: (turbidity, chemical pollutants),

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user’s preference.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user’s preference.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: chlorination)

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: treatment costs, labor input and convenience, and the user’s preference.

text: Because of the unique rock formations abutting the lake, it was designated as a protected area. In 2001, the state high court issued an order to the local pollution board and the city's water supply and sewerage board not to allow development of new residential localities near the lake. Furthermore, the court order also asked these agencies to take immediate steps for prevention or collection and treatment of domestic sewage flowing into the lake from the residential colonies in the vicinity and catchment area of the lake. Despite these notifications, the local agencies have failed in controlling both pollution and illegitimate constructions on the lake bed.

text: Because of the unique rock formations abutting the lake, it was designated as a protected area. In 2001, the

text: state high court

text: issued an order to the

text: local pollution board

text: and the city's water supply and sewerage board not to allow development of new residential localities near the lake. Furthermore, the court order also asked these agencies to take immediate steps for prevention or collection and treatment of domestic sewage flowing into the lake from the residential colonies in the vicinity and catchment area of the lake. Despite these notifications, the local agencies have failed in controlling both pollution and illegitimate constructions on the lake bed.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: residential colonies

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: prevent or collection and treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: protected area.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: state high court issued an order to the local pollution board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: residential colonies

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prevention or collection and treatment of domestic sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: domestic sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: collection and treatment of domestic sewage flowing into the lake from the residential colonies

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevention

text: The CAFO designation resulted from the 1972 US Federal Clean Water Act, which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a "fishable, swimmable" quality. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as "point source" groundwater polluters. These operations were subjected to regulation.

text: The CAFO designation resulted from the 1972 US

text: Federal Clean Water Act

text: , which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a "fishable, swimmable" quality. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as "point source"

text: groundwater

text: polluters. These operations were subjected to regulation.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: animal feeding operations

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: regulation.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: animal feeding operations,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: "fishable, swimmable"

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

text: In 1948 in the USA, a Water Pollution Control Act (WPA) was passed by the federal government. This act gave rights to the surgeon general of the public health service to make programs to decrease the amount of pollution in the world's waters. The main concern was to save water, protect fish, and have clean water for agricultural usage. The WPA also helped to start the process of building water treatment plants. This is to guard against sewage from polluting drinking water. In 1972 the WPA was amended to include more requirements in order to insure that the water is chemically sound. This amendment also furthered regulations to insure the quality of the water was up to par. In 1987 the WPA was amended again to put an even more strict control on water supply pollution. With this new amendment water sources had to fit a specific set of criteria to fight against pollution.

text: In 1948 in the USA, a

text: Water Pollution Control Act

text: (WPA) was passed by the federal government. This act gave rights to the surgeon general of the public health service to make programs to decrease the amount of pollution in the world's waters. The main concern was to save water, protect fish, and have clean water for agricultural usage. The WPA also helped to start the process of building water treatment plants. This is to guard against sewage from polluting drinking water. In 1972 the WPA was amended to include more requirements in order to insure that the water is chemically sound. This amendment also furthered regulations to insure the quality of the water was up to par. In 1987 the WPA was amended again to put an even more strict control on water supply pollution. With this new amendment water sources had to fit a specific set of criteria to fight against pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does epa stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: building water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: building water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: building water treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage from polluting drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: agricultural usage.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: building water treatment plants.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: water treatment plants.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both water and air pollution from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both

text: water

text: and

text: air pollution

text: from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from

text: agricultural

text: areas draining into a river, or wind-borne

text: debris

text: blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as

text: smokestack

text: s or car

text: tailpipe

text: s. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with

text: point source pollution

text: , where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: What does NPS stand for?

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is a non-point source?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: polluted runoff from agricultural areas

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Non-point source air pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Non-point source

text: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack. If any water treatment items are included in the individual ration packs, their primary packaging should clearly mention that these items are for water treatment only (and not for direct consumption).

text: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack. If any water treatment items are included in the individual ration packs, their primary packaging should clearly mention that these items are for water treatment only (and not for direct consumption).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Appliance

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: not required

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: water treatment items

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water treatment items should clearly mention that these items are for water treatment only (and not for direct consumption).

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use water treatment products

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: individual ration pack.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water treatment items

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: direct consumption).

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: these items are for water treatment only (and not for direct consumption).

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: consumption).

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: their primary packaging should clearly mention that these items are for water treatment only

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment only

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water treatment items are not required in the individual ration pack.

text: The U.S. Congress created the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

text: The U.S. Congress created the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: what does npdes stand for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtaining permits

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: obtain permits

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtain permits

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act

text: The regulations in the Clean Water Act limit what may be discharged to sea from an OWS in USA waters. Current limits are  oil for discharges within 12 nautical miles of shore or 100 mg/l outside that limit.

text: The regulations in the

text: Clean Water Act

text: limit what may be discharged to sea from an OWS in USA waters. Current limits are  oil for discharges within 12 nautical miles of shore or 100 mg/l outside that limit.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The regulations in the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The regulations in the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The regulations in the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The regulations in the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The regulations in the Clean Water Act

text: By the mid-twentieth century, conservation efforts continued to gain ground with the creation and implementation of federal legislation aimed at protecting wilderness, natural resources, and wildlife. This trend on the part of the federal government towards a more protection minded approach to the environment began with the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Act in 1948 and the Air Pollution Control Act in 1955. While neither of these regulations themselves served to impose tight restrictions on either water or air pollution, they lay the groundwork for what would later become the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act, as well as serving to demonstrate the recognition on the part of the federal government of the need to codify regulations geared towards environmental protection.

text: By the mid-twentieth century, conservation efforts continued to gain ground with the creation and implementation of federal legislation aimed at protecting wilderness, natural resources, and wildlife. This trend on the part of the federal government towards a more protection minded approach to the environment began with the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Act in 1948 and the

text: Air Pollution Control Act

text: in 1955. While neither of these regulations themselves served to impose tight restrictions on either water or air pollution, they lay the groundwork for what would later become the

text: Clean Water Act

text: and the

text: Clean Air Act

text: , as well as serving to demonstrate the recognition on the part of the federal government of the need to codify regulations geared towards environmental protection.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Air Pollution Control

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: what would later become the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Federal Water Pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Water Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Federal Water Pollution Act

text: Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

text: Water treatment is any process that makes

text: water

text: more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be

text: drinking

text: , industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes

text: contaminant

text: s and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: End-of-life

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: removing contaminants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: unanswerable components

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: removes contaminants and undesirable components,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: industrial water supply,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants and undesirable components,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water treatment

text: Threats to this already extremely rare grass include polluted surface runoff from the highway which is just steps away from its habitat, alterations in the specific moisture, pH, and salinity requirements of the plant season by season, and changes in the sediment amounts entering the habitat by water flow. In this habitat, freshwater is considered a pollutant, because it reduces the salinity too much for the grass to survive; management plans highlight the importance of diverting freshwater away from the springs.

text: Threats to this already extremely rare grass include

text: polluted

text: surface runoff

text: from the highway which is just steps away from its habitat, alterations in the specific moisture,

text: pH

text: , and salinity requirements of the plant season by season, and changes in the

text: sediment

text: amounts entering the habitat by water flow. In this habitat,

text: freshwater

text: is considered a pollutant, because it reduces the salinity too much for the grass to survive; management plans highlight the importance of diverting freshwater away from the springs.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: management plans

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: divert freshwater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: alterations in the specific moisture, pH, and salinity

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: management plans

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: freshwater is considered a pollutant,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: diverting freshwater away from the springs.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Threats to this already extremely rare grass include polluted surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: diverting freshwater away from the springs.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: diverting freshwater away from the springs.

text: Mexico City is still the cultural, economic, and industrial center for the nation. With a metropolitan-area population approaching 20 million, roughly equivalent to the entire state of Texas, it is a magnet of growth. People in large numbers still migrate from rural areas to the city in search of work and the other economic. Many of these immigrants settle illegally in the urban fringe with the hope that the government will eventually provide public services. The provision of water and wastewater service for the growing population of Mexico City is the problem air pollution was in the 1970s and 1980s. Such growth rates and patterns mean substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment, if they exist at all. Over 70% of Mexico City's potable water from the aquifer below it, which is being overexploited, causing the city to sink.

text: Mexico City is still the cultural, economic, and industrial center for the nation. With a metropolitan-area population approaching 20 million, roughly equivalent to the entire state of Texas, it is a magnet of growth. People in large numbers still migrate from rural areas to the city in search of work and the other economic. Many of these immigrants settle illegally in the urban fringe with the hope that the government will eventually provide public services. The provision of water and wastewater service for the growing population of Mexico City is the problem air pollution was in the 1970s and 1980s. Such growth rates and patterns mean substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment, if they exist at all. Over 70% of Mexico City's potable water from the aquifer below it, which is being

text: overexploited

text: , causing the city to sink.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Mexico City

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: potable water supplies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: settle in the urban fringe

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: metropolitan-area population approaching 20 million,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: potable water supplies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air pollution was in the 1970s and 1980s. Such growth rates

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: substandard potable water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: immigrants settle illegally in the urban fringe

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment,

text: The most important river in terms of drinking water supply is the still relatively unpolluted Chaobai River in the East. It is impounded by the Miyun Dam. The Miyun Reservoir provides water to Beijing over a distance of 95 kilometer, initially through an open canal that brings the water to the Huairou Reservoir and then through a ductile iron pipe and three steel pipes to Beijing. The location of industries near the canal is prohibited to prevent accidental pollution. The Miyun Reservoir is the city’s largest single source of water. It also provides water for Beijing’s numerous lakes that used to be fed by springs that now have dried up. The dam used to also provide water for agriculture, but in 1981 the government decided that its water would only be used for domestic water supply. In 1986 the first plant in Beijing to treat surface water, the 9th water treatment plant, was established to treat water from the Miyun reservoir. As of 2009, it was Asia's largest water treatment plant with a capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters per day (0.55 billion cubic meters per year). While the plant was designed as a surface water treatment plant, when surface water is scarce groundwater is also treated in the same plant. Because of the higher salinity of groundwater and the hardness of surface water this leads to problems in the treatment process, causing limescale and the clogging of pipes.

text: The most important river in terms of drinking water supply is the still relatively unpolluted

text: Chaobai River

text: in the East. It is impounded by the Miyun Dam. The Miyun Reservoir provides water to Beijing over a distance of 95 kilometer, initially through an open canal that brings the water to the Huairou Reservoir and then through a ductile iron pipe and three steel pipes to Beijing. The location of industries near the canal is prohibited to prevent accidental pollution. The Miyun Reservoir is the city’s largest single source of water. It also provides water for Beijing’s numerous lakes that used to be fed by springs that now have dried up. The dam used to also provide water for agriculture, but in 1981 the government decided that its water would only be used for domestic water supply. In 1986 the first plant in Beijing to treat surface water, the 9th water treatment plant, was established to treat water from the Miyun reservoir. As of 2009, it was Asia's largest water treatment plant with a capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters per day (0.55 billion cubic meters per year). While the plant was designed as a surface water treatment plant, when surface water is scarce groundwater is also treated in the same plant. Because of the higher salinity of groundwater and the hardness of surface water this leads to problems in the treatment process, causing

text: limescale

text: and the clogging of pipes.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Portable Appliance

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: first plant in Beijing to treat surface water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the plant?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: limescale

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The location of industries near the canal

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Asia's

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: surface water,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: limescale

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water supply is the still relatively unpolluted Chaobai River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: limescale

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Miyun Dam.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The location of industries near the canal is prohibited

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution.

text: The gradual decrease in Peru's water quality is due to the release of untreated effluents from mining, industries, municipalities and polluted runoff from agriculture. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal aea, 16 are polluted by lead, manganese and iron threatening irrigation and potable water supplies. In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture considers "alarming" the quality of seven rivers: the Mantaro and Tambo rivers in the Central Andes that drain towards the Amazonas; the small Moche River near the northern coastal city Trujillo and the Santa near the northern coastal city Chimbote; the Chillon and Rimac rivers near Lima; and the Chili River near Arequipa which is well known for its rafting. In the Mantaro basin alone 18 mining facilities discharge polluted water into the river.

text: The gradual decrease in Peru's water quality is due to the release of untreated effluents from mining, industries, municipalities and polluted runoff from agriculture. Of the 53 rivers in the coastal aea, 16 are polluted by

text: lead

text: manganese

text: and

text: iron

text: threatening irrigation and potable water supplies. In particular, the Ministry of Agriculture considers "alarming" the quality of seven rivers: the

text: Mantaro

text: and

text: Tambo

text: rivers in the Central Andes that drain towards the Amazonas; the small Moche River near the northern coastal city Trujillo and the

text: Santa

text: near the northern coastal city

text: Chimbote

text: ; the

text: Chillon

text: and

text: Rimac

text: rivers near Lima; and the Chili River near Arequipa which is well known for its rafting. In the Mantaro basin alone 18 mining facilities discharge polluted water into the river.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ministry of Agriculture

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluents

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: coastal aea,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Ministry of Agriculture

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: lead, manganese and iron

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: irrigation and potable water supplies.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: lead, manganese and iron

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreated effluents

text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: establishing control methods

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: monitor the quality of discharged water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: effluent charge

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: effluent charge

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: a business

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The objective is to prevent water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent water pollution

text: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff, the human impact is expanded to create water pollution. This pollutant load can reach various receiving waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and oceans with resultant water chemistry changes to these water systems and their related ecosystems.

text: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff, the human impact is expanded to create

text: water pollution

text: . This pollutant load can reach various receiving waters such as streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and oceans with resultant water chemistry changes to these water systems and their related ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dissolved or suspended in runoff,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: When anthropogenic contaminants are dissolved or suspended in runoff,

text: Unless well managed, manure and other substances from livestock operations may cause water contamination.  Concerns about such problems are particularly acute in the case of CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations).  In the US, a permit for a CAFO requires implementation of a plan for management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc., as applicable, to meet requirements under the Clean Water Act.  There were about 19,000 CAFOs in the US as of 2008.  In fiscal 2014, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) concluded 26 enforcement actions for various violations by CAFOs.  Environmental performance of the US livestock industry can be compared with several other industries.  The EPA has published 5-year and 1-year data for 32 industries on their ratios of enforcement orders to inspections, a measure of non-compliance with environmental regulations:  principally, those under Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act.  For the livestock industry, inspections focused primarily on CAFOs.   Of the 31 other industries, 4 (including crop production) had a better 5-year environmental record than the livestock industry, 2 had a similar record, and 25 had a worse record in this respect.  For the most recent year of the five-year compilation, livestock production and dry cleaning had the best environmental records of the 32 industries, each with an enforcement order/inspection ratio of 0.01.  For crop production, the ratio was 0.02.  Of the 32 industries, oil and gas extraction and the livestock industry had the lowest percentages of facilities with violations.

text: Unless well managed, manure and other substances from livestock operations may cause water contamination.  Concerns about such problems are particularly acute in the case of CAFOs (

text: concentrated animal feeding operation

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: implement a plan

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: (Environmental Protection Agency)

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: implementation of a plan

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: livestock production

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: manure and other substances from livestock operations

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: manure and other substances from livestock operations

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Unless well managed,

text: Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese.

text: Treatment for

text: drinking water

text: production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce water that is

text: pure

text: enough for human consumption without any short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include

text: suspended solids

text: bacteria

text: algae

text: virus

text: es,

text: fungi

text: , and

text: mineral

text: s such as

text: iron

text: and

text: manganese

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: epa

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: removal of contaminants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: suspended solids

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: adverse health effect.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Treatment for drinking water

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: removal of contaminants from raw water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bacteria, algae,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: human consumption

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drinking water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from raw water

text: Under sections 301 and 502 of the Clean Water Act, any discharge of dredged or fill materials into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, is forbidden unless authorized by a permit issued by the USACE pursuant to section 404. Essentially, all discharges of fill or dredged material affecting the bottom elevation of a jurisdictional water of the U.S. require a Department of the Army (DA) permit from USACE.  These permits are an essential part of protecting streams and wetlands, which are often filled by land developers. Wetlands are vital to the ecosystem in filtering streams and rivers and providing habitat for wildlife.

text: Under sections 301 and 502 of the Clean Water Act, any discharge of dredged or fill materials into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, is forbidden unless authorized by a permit issued by the USACE pursuant to section 404. Essentially, all discharges of fill or dredged material affecting the bottom elevation of a jurisdictional water of the U.S. require a Department of the Army (DA) permit from USACE.  These permits are an essential part of protecting streams and wetlands, which are often filled by

text: land developers

text: . Wetlands are vital to the ecosystem in filtering streams and rivers and providing habitat for wildlife.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dredged or fill materials

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dredged

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: authorize by a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Department of the Army

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: land developers.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Under sections 301 and 502 of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: fill materials

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Under sections 301 and 502 of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Wetlands

text: New applications for textiles in environmental protection applications - floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/recycling, depositing area construction, product extraction, domestic water sewerage plants.

text: New applications for textiles in environmental protection applications - floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/recycling, depositing area construction, product extraction, domestic water sewerage plants.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: product extraction

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water cleaning

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use textiles

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment/recycling,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: product extraction,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: prevention of water pollution, water cleaning,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: prevention of water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste treatment/recycling,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: textiles

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevention of water pollution,

text: The Environment Agency is responsible for monitoring water quality on the river and its tributaries, which have been divided into seventeen separate water bodies. In 2013, seven water bodies were assessed as having good quality and ten as being moderate. The reasons for not achieving good status included pollution from waste water, pollution from agriculture and physical modifications. The physical modifications include dredging work on the lower reaches, near the junction with the Parrett to increase the channel flow to reduce flooding. The use and storage of the dredged material in bank restoration may also have an impact. In 1998 improvements were sought to treatment works and surface water outfalls to improve water quality. A vegetable washing plant on the Chelston stream at Wellington was also identified as a source of pollution. The waters of the Upper Tone have been classified as having good ecological status, whereas the section from Wellington to Taunton and downstrean of Taunton are rated as moderate.

text: The

text: Environment Agency

text: is responsible for monitoring water quality on the river and its tributaries, which have been divided into seventeen separate water bodies. In 2013, seven water bodies were assessed as having good quality and ten as being moderate. The reasons for not achieving good status included pollution from waste water, pollution from agriculture and physical modifications. The physical modifications include dredging work on the lower reaches, near the junction with the Parrett to increase the channel flow to reduce flooding. The use and storage of the dredged material in bank restoration may also have an impact. In 1998 improvements were sought to treatment works and surface water outfalls to improve water quality. A vegetable washing plant on the Chelston stream at Wellington was also identified as a source of pollution. The waters of the Upper Tone have been classified as having good ecological status, whereas the section from Wellington to Taunton and downstrean of Taunton are rated as moderate.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: vegetable washing plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dredging work

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment works

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: A vegetable washing plant

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: seven water bodies were assessed as having good quality and ten as being moderate.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution from waste water,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: pollution from waste water,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pollution from waste water,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dredging work

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution from waste water,

text: Virtually all large systems must treat the water; a fact that is tightly regulated by global, state and federal agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer and afterwards (when it is discharged again). Water purification usually occurs close to the final delivery points to reduce pumping costs and the chances of the water becoming contaminated after treatment.

text: Virtually all large systems must treat the water; a fact that is tightly regulated by global, state and federal agencies, such as the

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO) or the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer and afterwards (when it is discharged again). Water purification usually occurs close to the final delivery points to reduce pumping costs and the chances of the water becoming contaminated after treatment.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pumping costs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: World Health Organization (WHO) or the United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pumping costs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Water treatment must occur before the product reaches the consumer

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Virtually all large systems must treat the water;

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Water purification usually occurs close to the final delivery points

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Water purification usually occurs close to the final delivery points

text: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

text: Sewage treatment

text: is conceptually similar to water purification. Sewage treatments are very important as they purify water per levels of its pollution. The most polluted water is not used for anything, and the least polluted water is supplied to places where water is used affluently. It may lead to various other concepts of environmental protection, sustainability etc.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: purify water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: not used for anything

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water is purified enough for drinking

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: purify it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: purify water per levels of its pollution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: not used for anything,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Sewage treatment

text: Unlike the majority of the watersheds in West Virginia, the GRWA's webpage is centered around the watershed itself, not the organization. It survives on grants and public support (primarily membership donations), to assist the public with issues such as Nonpoint source pollution, Water Quality, Water Quantity, protection of forests to alleviate pollution, prevention of substandard and/or illegal developments, injection wells, using sinkholes and cave systems for trash disposal, leaking septic tanks, water sampling, straightpipes, and wastewater treatment plant issues. The Clean Water Act of 1972 has enabled the GRWA to help citizens seek legal, effective methods of improving their waters for the benefit of public health.

text: Unlike the majority of the watersheds in West Virginia, the GRWA's webpage is centered around the watershed itself, not the organization. It survives on grants and public support (primarily membership donations), to assist the public with issues such as

text: Nonpoint source pollution

text: , Water Quality, Water Quantity, protection of forests to alleviate pollution, prevention of substandard and/or illegal developments,

text: injection well

text: s, using

text: sinkhole

text: s and cave systems for trash disposal, leaking

text: septic tank

text: s, water sampling, straightpipes, and

text: wastewater treatment plant

text: issues. The

text: Clean Water Act of 1972

text: has enabled the GRWA to help citizens seek legal, effective methods of improving their waters for the benefit of public health.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: GRWA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: leaking septic tanks

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protection of forests to alleviate pollution

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act of 1972

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: water sampling, straightpipes, and wastewater treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: leaking septic tanks,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water Quality, Water Quantity,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: leaking septic tanks,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sinkholes and cave systems for trash disposal,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protection of forests

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: protection of forests to alleviate pollution,

text: There are several rules for treatment of wastes in the industries, but disposal of untreated wastewater into drains and, subsequently, into the city's major streams is very common, thus posing a potential health and environmental risk to the people in Blantyre and downstream. Other sources of water pollution in the city such as runoffs from domestic and agricultural activities and vehicle emissions have been identified. Previous studies have indicated substantial heavy metal pollution in the city's water bodies including streams. Major changes in industrial activities have occurred in the city including decrease in volumes of wastewater generated by David Whitehead company which used to be a major contributor of wastewater effluent in Makata industrial area; change of ownership and wastewater management of Cold Storage Company; closure of the Shire Bus Line; doubling of wastewater generation from both Carlsberg and Chibuku Products due to increase in production and installation of some industrial pretreatment plants such as at Chibuku, Plascon and Dulux.

text: There are several rules for treatment of wastes in the industries, but disposal of untreated wastewater into drains and, subsequently, into the city's major streams is very common, thus posing a potential health and environmental risk to the people in Blantyre and downstream. Other sources of water pollution in the city such as runoffs from domestic and agricultural activities and vehicle emissions have been identified. Previous studies have indicated substantial heavy metal pollution in the city's water bodies including streams. Major changes in industrial activities have occurred in the city including decrease in volumes of wastewater generated by David Whitehead company which used to be a major contributor of wastewater effluent in Makata industrial area; change of ownership and wastewater management of Cold Storage Company; closure of the Shire Bus Line; doubling of wastewater generation from both Carlsberg and Chibuku Products due to increase in production and installation of some industrial pretreatment plants such as at Chibuku, Plascon and Dulux.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pretreatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pretreatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: treatment of wastes in the industries,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pretreatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: disposal of untreated wastewater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: heavy metal pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: disposal of untreated wastewater into drains

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment of wastes in the industries, but disposal of untreated wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: disposal of untreated wastewater

text: While in the Senate, DeVeber chaired the Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods.  One issue examined by this committee was water pollution: beginning in March 1909 and for nearly a year afterwards, it studied the question in view of the increasing mortality from typhoid fever, and concluded, in the words of the University of Michigan's Jennifer Read, "that the country required some form of legislation to manage the problem.  However, it was at a loss about the form it should take and from what body it should emanate."  As chair of the committee, DeVeber attended an October 1910 federal-provincial conference in Ottawa called to attempt to coordinate all Canadian jurisdictions' responses to water pollution.  Besides recommending that provincial governments use their constitutional authority over health and municipal government to prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems, it advised the federal government to use its authority over navigable waterways to prohibit the dumping of most waste into them; DeVeber supplied a draft bill for Parliament's consideration.

text: While in the Senate, DeVeber chaired the Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods.  One issue examined by this committee was

text: water pollution

text: : beginning in March 1909 and for nearly a year afterwards, it studied the question in view of the increasing mortality from

text: typhoid fever

text: , and concluded, in the words of the

text: University of Michigan

text: 's Jennifer Read, "that the country required some form of legislation to manage the problem.  However, it was at a loss about the form it should take and from what body it should emanate."  As chair of the committee, DeVeber attended an October 1910 federal-provincial conference in

text: Ottawa

text: called to attempt to coordinate all Canadian jurisdictions' responses to water pollution.  Besides recommending that provincial governments use their constitutional authority over health and municipal government to prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems, it advised the federal government to use its authority over navigable waterways to prohibit the dumping of most waste into them; DeVeber supplied a draft bill for Parliament's consideration.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Standing Committee on Public Health

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Standing Committee on Public Health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: municipal sewage systems

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dumping of most waste into them

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Standing Committee on Public Health and Inspection of Foods.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: provincial governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage systems,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: municipal sewage systems,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution: beginning in March 1909

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: municipal sewage systems,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: dumping

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: dumping of most waste

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent undue water pollution from municipal sewage systems,

text: The Clean Water Act (S.O. 2006, Chapter 22) is a law enacted by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada.  The purpose of this Act is to protect existing and future sources of drinking water.

text: The Clean Water Act (S.O. 2006, Chapter 22) is a law enacted by the

text: Legislative Assembly

text: of

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: .  The purpose of this Act is to protect existing and future sources of

text: drinking water

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the Legislative Assembly

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Legislative Assembly of Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Clean Water Act

text: The aims of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

text: The aims of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or

entity_name: Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant

text: environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants

text: . The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: to remove unwanted constituents

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: fine solids

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: unwanted constituents

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: remove unwanted constituents

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pharmaceutical pollutants.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: unwanted constituents

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated,

text: Energy development – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

text: Energy development

text: – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: energy per capita

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: energy development

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: energy development

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: air pollution and water pollution,

text: Semi-treated sewage has been polluting Gweru River over the years. but the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is taking steps to harness water pollution in this and other rivers nationwide.

text: Semi-treated sewage has been polluting Gweru River over the years. but the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is taking steps to harness water pollution in this and other rivers nationwide.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Management Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Management Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Semi-treated

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Management Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Management Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Semi-treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Semi-treated

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Semi-treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Semi-treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Semi-treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Semi-treated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: harness water pollution

text: Under current federal law, graywater is not defined as a pollutant, nor is it generally considered to be sewage. By regulation, EPA exempts discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel, including graywater, from NPDES permit requirements; however, a federal court has ordered EPA to set aside this rule (see discussion of ballast water). There are no separate federal effluent standards for graywater discharges. The Clean Water Act only includes graywater in its definition of sewage for the express purpose of regulating commercial vessels in the Great Lakes, under the Section 312 MSD requirements. Thus, currently graywater can be discharged by vessels anywhere — except in the Great Lakes, where the Section 312 MSD rules apply, but those rules prescribe limits only for bacterial contaminant content and total suspended solids in graywater. Pursuant to a state law in Alaska, graywater must be treated prior to discharge into that state’s waters (see discussion below).

text: Under current federal law,

text: graywater

text: is not defined as a pollutant, nor is it generally considered to be sewage. By regulation, EPA exempts discharges incidental to the normal operation of a vessel, including graywater, from NPDES permit requirements; however, a federal court has ordered EPA to set aside this rule (see discussion of

text: ballast water

text: ). There are no separate federal effluent standards for graywater discharges. The Clean Water Act only includes graywater in its definition of sewage for the express purpose of regulating commercial vessels in the

text: Great Lake

text: s, under the Section 312 MSD requirements. Thus, currently graywater can be discharged by vessels anywhere — except in the Great Lakes, where the Section 312 MSD rules apply, but those rules prescribe limits only for bacterial contaminant content and

text: total suspended solids

text: in graywater. Pursuant to a state law in

text: Alaska

text: , graywater must be treated prior to discharge into that state’s waters (see discussion below).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ballast water

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: solids

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat graywater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: graywater must be treated prior to discharge into that state’s waters

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: graywater

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: graywater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: graywater

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: graywater must be treated

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: graywater is not defined as a pollutant,

text: Sewage treatment systems in the United States are subject to the Clean Water Act (CWA) and are regulated by federal and state environmental agencies. In most states, local sewage plants receive discharge permits from state agencies; in the remaining states and territories, permits are issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The treatment plants, known as publicly owned treatment works (POTW) in CWA parlance, must protect the health and welfare of the local population by ensuring that wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply, nor violate additional water quality standards that protect the ecological health of the water body. For water bodies with stringent standards, such as Lake Tahoe, POTWs must treat their discharges to tertiary treatment levels, and then pump all treated water out of the drainage basin so that no effluent ever drains to a certain body of water.

text: Sewage treatment

text: systems in the United States are subject to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) and are regulated by federal and

text: state

text: environmental agencies. In most states, local sewage plants receive discharge permits from state agencies; in the remaining states and

text: territories

text: , permits are issued by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). The treatment plants, known as

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: (POTW) in CWA parlance, must protect the health and welfare of the local population by ensuring that wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply, nor violate additional

text: water quality standards

text: that protect the ecological health of the water body. For water bodies with stringent standards, such as

text: Lake Tahoe

text: , POTWs must treat their discharges to

text: tertiary treatment

text: levels, and then pump all treated water out of the drainage basin so that no effluent ever drains to a certain body of water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: receive discharge permits from state agencies

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: local potable water supply

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pump all treated water out

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge permits

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: local potable water supply,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: potable water supply,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: ensuring that wastewater does not contaminate the local potable water supply,

text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as

text: nitrate

text: from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Coastal Aquifer

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Israel

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drink it

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Coastal Aquifer

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Israel,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Coastal Aquifer

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: deep wells

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

text: Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act is the Water Quality Criteria (WQC) developed for the protection of aquatic life and human health. The MATC and ACR are used in a sequence of calculations to obtain the Criterion Maximum Concentration and Criterion Continuous Concentration (CMC and CCC, respectively) for the chemicals being regulated.

text: Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act is the Water Quality Criteria (WQC) developed for the protection of aquatic life and human health. The MATC and ACR are used in a sequence of calculations to obtain the Criterion Maximum Concentration and Criterion Continuous Concentration (CMC and CCC, respectively) for the chemicals being regulated.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: MATC and ACR

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: CMC

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Water Quality Criteria

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Water Quality Criteria

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act

text: One possibility is that the water is sent to a waste management facility to be treated and then recirculated. However, experts have found that sewage treatment does not remove these chemicals completely from drinking supplies.In response to this, the water industry has stated that there is no evidence of a risk to overall health as a result of exposure to these chemicals. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states in its review of water pollution that many contaminants survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation, and are detectable in the environment. Therefore, the tainted source is recycled through a community, exposing more people and releasing more chemicals along the way.

text: One possibility is that the water is sent to a waste management facility to be treated and then recirculated. However, experts have found that sewage treatment does not remove these chemicals completely from drinking supplies.In response to this, the

text: water industry

text: has stated that there is no evidence of a risk to overall health as a result of exposure to these chemicals. The

text: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

text: states in its review of water pollution that many contaminants survive wastewater treatment and

text: biodegradation

text: , and are detectable in the environment. Therefore, the tainted source is recycled through a community, exposing more people and releasing more chemicals along the way.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Food and Drug Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Food and Drug Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sent to a waste management facility

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: a waste management facility

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Food and Drug Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Food and Drug Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: the water is sent to a waste management facility

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: sewage treatment does not remove these chemicals completely from drinking supplies.In

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage treatment does not remove these chemicals completely from drinking supplies.In

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: recirculated.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste management facility

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: exposing more people and releasing more chemicals along the way.

text: Many events are held at Aix-les-Bains. The convention centre, the  or even the Victoria Cinema contribute to the special conferences, such as for broadcasts of documentaries, films and ecology. Between 27–29 September 2005 the first national water meeting was organized. The municipality wanted to, through organised days, increase the exchange of information and experiences for greater synergy in the field of preservation and protection of water. It also created and published the Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites. This charter aims to reduce and limit pollution caused by urban sites such as noise pollution, waste products and water and soil pollution.

text: Many events are held at Aix-les-Bains. The convention centre, the  or even the Victoria Cinema contribute to the special conferences, such as for broadcasts of documentaries, films and ecology. Between 27–29 September 2005 the first national

text: water

text: meeting was organized. The municipality wanted to, through organised days, increase the exchange of information and experiences for greater synergy in the field of preservation and protection of water. It also created and published the Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites. This charter aims to reduce and limit pollution caused by urban sites such as noise pollution, waste products and water and soil pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The municipality

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The first national water meeting was organized

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste products

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water meeting?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste products

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: create and publish the Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Quality and Accessibility

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: preservation and protection of water.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: waste products

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste products

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: preservation and protection of water.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Charter of Environmental Quality and Accessibility at construction sites.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce and limit pollution caused by urban sites

text: The environment of Belgium is generally affected by the high population density in most of the country. However, due to consistent efforts by the various levels of government in Belgium, the state of the environment in Belgium is gradually improving. This led to Belgium being ranked as one of the top 10 countries (9 out of 132) in terms of environmental protection trends, and to Belgium being ranked in 2012 as the 24th country out of 132 for environmental protection. However, water quality still suffers from a relatively low, yet increasing percentage of sewage waste-water treatment, and from historical pollution accumulated in sediments. Air quality is generally good to average, but is affected by emissions from traffic and house heating, and industrial air pollution blowing over from the neighbouring heavily industrialised Ruhr-area in Germany. Biodiversity is lower in Flanders than in Wallonia because of population density and fragmentation of habitats, but efforts are being made to boost bio-diversity trough connecting fragmented forests and national parks through wildlife crossing "ecoducts" such as in Kikbeek.

text: The environment of Belgium is generally affected by the high population density in most of the country. However, due to consistent efforts by the various levels of government in Belgium, the state of the environment in Belgium is gradually improving. This led to Belgium being ranked as

text: one of the top 10 countries

text: (9 out of 132) in terms of environmental protection trends, and to Belgium being ranked in 2012 as the 24th country out of 132 for environmental protection. However, water quality still suffers from a relatively low, yet increasing percentage of sewage waste-water treatment, and from historical pollution accumulated in sediments. Air quality is generally good to average, but is affected by emissions from traffic and house heating, and industrial air pollution blowing over from the neighbouring heavily industrialised Ruhr-area in Germany. Biodiversity is lower in Flanders than in Wallonia because of population density and fragmentation of habitats, but efforts are being made to boost bio-diversity trough connecting fragmented forests and national parks through wildlife crossing "ecoducts" such as in Kikbeek.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the various levels of government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage waste-water treatment, and from historical pollution accumulated in sediments.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage waste-water treatment, and from historical pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: sewage waste-water treatment,

text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain) is another name for the River Sahibi, which continues its flow through Delhi, where it is channelized, and then flows into the Yamuna. Within Delhi, due to its channelization for flood control purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah." It gets this name from the once famous and huge Najafgarh Jheel (lake) near the town of Najafgarh in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi. It is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

text: The Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah (nallah in Hindi means rivulet or storm water drain) is another name for the

text: River Sahibi

text: , which continues its flow through

text: Delhi

text: , where it is channelized, and then flows into the

text: Yamuna

text: . Within Delhi, due to its channelization for flood control purposes, it is now erroneously called "Najafgarh drain" or "Najafgarh nallah." It gets this name from the once famous and huge

text: Najafgarh Jheel (lake)

text: near the town of

text: Najafgarh

text: in southwest Delhi and within urbanized Delhi. It is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body due to direct inflow of untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas. A January 2005 report by the Central Pollution Control Board classifies this drain, with 13 other highly polluted wetlands, under category ‘‘D’’ for assessing the water quality of wetlands in wildlife habitats.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It is the Indian capital’s most polluted water body

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Central Pollution Control Board

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: untreated sewage from surrounding populated areas.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Najafgarh drain or Najafgarh nallah

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: untreated sewage

text: After the Environmental Protection Agency issued certain regulation on January 29, 1976, regulations that are established today were upheld. Along with that, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or also known as Clean Water Act, which was established in 1972, set the basis for regulations with regards to the Environmental Protection agency standards. Under section 312 of the Clean Water Act, the discharge of sewage from vessels must be controlled through the equipment which treats the sewage also known as Marine Sanitation Devices. Because of these regulations, certain states and the great lakes have established areas that are close to shore as no discharge zones. The reason in establishing regulations on marine sanitation devices is to prevent the spread of disease, keep the oxygen content in the sea at a healthy level, and to keep our ocean healthy in regards to appearance.

text: After the Environmental Protection Agency issued certain regulation on January 29, 1976, regulations that are established today were upheld. Along with that, the

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: or also known as

text: Clean Water Act

text: , which was established in 1972, set the basis for regulations with regards to the Environmental Protection agency standards. Under section 312 of the Clean Water Act, the discharge of sewage from vessels must be controlled through the equipment which treats the sewage also known as Marine Sanitation Devices. Because of these regulations, certain states and the great lakes have established areas that are close to shore as no discharge zones. The reason in establishing regulations on marine sanitation devices is to prevent the spread of disease, keep the oxygen content in the sea at a healthy level, and to keep our ocean healthy in regards to appearance.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: discharge of sewage

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage from vessels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: no discharge zones

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Marine Sanitation Devices.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: vessels

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Marine Sanitation Devices.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Marine Sanitation Devices.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: no discharge zones.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent the spread of disease,

text: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) of 1948 was amended in 1972 to what is more commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA). The subsequent amendments provided a basis for the federal government to begin regulating pollutants, implement wastewater standards, and increase funding for water treatment facilities among other things. Two years later, in 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed by congress. The SDWA aimed to monitor and protect the United States drinking water, and the water sources it is drawn from.

text: The

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: (FWPCA) of 1948 was amended in 1972 to what is more commonly known as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The subsequent amendments provided a basis for the federal government to begin regulating pollutants, implement wastewater standards, and increase funding for water treatment facilities among other things. Two years later, in 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed by congress. The SDWA aimed to monitor and protect the United States drinking water, and the water sources it is drawn from.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: funding for water treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: increase funding for water treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: regulating pollutants, implement wastewater standards, and increase funding for water treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water treatment facilities

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: China's top environmental watchdog warned Sinopec in 2007 to stop operations at one of its oil fields due to chronic river pollution. Zhongyuan Oilfields Petrochemical Company, a unit of Sinopec, had failed to meet waste water treatment requirements and had been ordered to pay a pollution fine and operations had to be halted, according to the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA).

text: China's top environmental watchdog warned Sinopec in 2007 to stop operations at one of its oil fields due to chronic river pollution. Zhongyuan Oilfields Petrochemical Company, a unit of Sinopec, had failed to meet waste water treatment requirements and had been ordered to pay a pollution fine and operations had to be halted, according to the

entity_name: Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China

text: State Environmental Protection Administration

text: (SEPA).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Zhongyuan

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat waste water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waste water treatment requirements

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: river

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: China's

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: river pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: waste water treatment requirements

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste water treatment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution.

text: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces in UDDTs prevents hormones, pharmaceutical residues and other micro-pollutants which are contained in human excreta from entering surface water or groundwater via treated sewage. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, these micro-pollutants are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, possibly reaching the groundwater. Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany.

text: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces in UDDTs prevents

text: hormones

text: pharmaceutical

text: residues and other micro-pollutants which are contained in human excreta from entering surface water or groundwater via treated sewage. This is because in conventional sewage treatment plants, these micro-pollutants are only partially removed and the remainder is discharged into surface water, possibly reaching the groundwater. Detected concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in groundwater were in the order of 50 ng/L in several locations in Germany.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: separate, waterless collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pharmaceutical residues

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: UDDTs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: UDDTs

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sewage treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: waterless collection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: hormones, pharmaceutical residues

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: urine and feces

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: micro-pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: UDDTs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The separate, waterless collection and treatment of urine and feces

text: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.

text: Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a

text: coolant

text: by

text: power plants

text: and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter

text: food chain

text: composition, reduce species

text: biodiversity

text: , and foster invasion by new

text: thermophilic

text: species. Urban runoff may also elevate temperature in surface waters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: chemical pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Urban runoff

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use water as a coolant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: industrial manufacturers.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: use of water as a coolant by power plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Thermal pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: coolant

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Thermal pollution

text: As the lake water is polluted with organic matter, it is in a mesotrophic state due to disposal of sewage directly into the lake from the residential complex built around the periphery of the lake. It has now been planned to build a sewer line around the periphery of the lake to trap all the sewage from the residential areas and prevent it from entering the lake. A treatment plant to treat the waste water is also part of the waste water treatment process.

text: As the lake water is polluted with organic matter, it is in a

text: mesotrophic

text: state due to disposal of sewage directly into the lake from the residential complex built around the periphery of the lake. It has now been planned to build a sewer line around the periphery of the lake to trap all the sewage from the residential areas and prevent it from entering the lake. A treatment plant to treat the waste water is also part of the waste water treatment process.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal governments

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: build a sewer line

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: build a sewer line

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: mesotrophic state

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: treatment plant

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: build a sewer line

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: residential complex

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: As the lake water is polluted with organic matter,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: organic matter,

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: sewer line

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: sewer line

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent it from entering the lake.

text: NPS water pollution is regulated at the federal, state, and local level. Yet, the pollution persists and remains a significant problem. There are a number of reasons why current regulations have failed to stem the flow of pollution. NPS water pollution comes from numerous and diverse sources, and control measures are expensive to implement. Also, local governments are generally responsible for implementing NPS regulations. Coordination among localities can be difficult, and, furthermore, localities often lack the incentive to rigorously enforce NPS regulations because their NPS pollution is exported downriver, where other towns and cities must deal with the consequences. This section will introduce the laws currently in place at the federal, state, and local level that regulate NPS water pollution. It will also discuss some of the successes and failures of those regulations.

text: NPS water pollution is regulated at the federal, state, and local level. Yet, the pollution persists and remains a significant problem. There are a number of reasons why current regulations have failed to stem the flow of pollution. NPS water pollution comes from numerous and diverse sources, and control measures are expensive to implement. Also, local governments are generally responsible for implementing NPS regulations. Coordination among localities can be difficult, and, furthermore, localities often lack the incentive to rigorously enforce NPS regulations because their NPS pollution is exported downriver, where other towns and cities must deal with the consequences. This section will introduce the laws currently in place at the federal, state, and local level that regulate NPS water pollution. It will also discuss some of the successes and failures of those regulations.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: expensive to implement

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: NPS

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of water purification?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean up after themselves

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: federal, state, and local level.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: federal, state, and local level.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: control measures are expensive to implement.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: NPS

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NPS water pollution is regulated

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NPS water pollution

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NPS water pollution

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: control measures are expensive to implement.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: control measures are expensive to implement.

text: Environmental Protection Agency became involved in August 2012 with the abandoned USA Petrochem petroleum refinery which is situated within the 100-year floodplain of the Ventura River. The EPA determined there had been discharge to navigable waters of the United States in violation of the Clean Water Act. Their site assessment found that there were numerous leaking pipelines, leaking tanks and leaking production vessels throughout the property. They issued an order that the site must be cleaned up or daily fines would be sought from the owner. The site was also out of compliance with Los Angeles Water Quality Control Board’s Ventura River Estuary Trash Total Maximum Daily Load. Encampments built in the river bottom by homeless people were the main problem. In 2015, the site owner agreed to remove all machinery and equipment, which would complete the cleanup of the plant that closed around 1985.

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: became involved in August 2012 with the abandoned USA Petrochem petroleum refinery which is situated within the 100-year floodplain of the Ventura River. The EPA determined there had been discharge to navigable waters of the United States in violation of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . Their site assessment found that there were numerous leaking pipelines, leaking tanks and leaking production vessels throughout the property. They issued an order that the site must be cleaned up or daily fines would be sought from the owner. The site was also out of compliance with Los Angeles Water Quality Control Board’s Ventura River Estuary Trash Total Maximum Daily Load. Encampments built in the river bottom by

text: homeless people

text: were the main problem. In 2015, the site owner agreed to remove all machinery and equipment, which would complete the cleanup of the plant that closed around 1985.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: site assessment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Trash

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Los Angeles Water Quality Control Board’s

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: leaking pipelines,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Encampments built in the river bottom by homeless people

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Trash

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: leaking pipelines, leaking tanks and leaking production vessels

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Ventura River Estuary Trash Total Maximum Daily Load.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Encampments built in the river bottom by homeless people

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act.

text: Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

text: Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the

text: Gaza strip

text: when compared to the

text: West Bank

text: . About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is

text: lost in the distribution network

text: . The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the

text: Gaza War

text: have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Palestinian territories

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: existing treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treat wastewater

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Palestinian territories

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: the existing treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza strip

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater,

text: Green infrastructure concepts originated in mid-1980s proposals for best management practices that would achieve more holistic stormwater quantity management goals for runoff volume reduction, erosion prevention, and aquifer recharge. In 1987, amendments to the U.S. Clean Water Act introduced new provisions for management of diffuse pollutant sources from urban land uses, establishing the regulatory need for practices that unlike conventional drainage infrastructure managed runoff "at source." Under the Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published regulations for municipalities in 1990, requiring the development of storm water pollution prevention plans and the implementation of "source control practices". EPA's 1993 handbook, Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention and Control Planning, identified BMPs to consider in such plans, including vegetative controls, filtration practices and infiltration practices (trenches, porous pavement).

text: Green infrastructure concepts originated in mid-1980s proposals for best management practices that would achieve more holistic stormwater quantity management goals for runoff volume reduction, erosion prevention, and aquifer recharge. In 1987, amendments to the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: introduced new provisions for management of diffuse pollutant sources from urban land uses, establishing the regulatory need for practices that unlike conventional drainage infrastructure managed runoff "at source." Under the Act, the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) published regulations for municipalities in 1990, requiring the development of storm water pollution prevention plans and the implementation of "source control practices". EPA's 1993 handbook, Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention and Control Planning, identified BMPs to consider in such plans, including vegetative controls, filtration practices and infiltration practices (trenches, porous pavement).

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: storm water pollution prevention plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: urban land uses

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use BMPs

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: storm water pollution prevention plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: urban land uses,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Green infrastructure

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: (trenches, porous pavement).

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Green infrastructure

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: (trenches, porous pavement).

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: "at source."

text: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, applies to ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect natural resources in the U.S. EEZ (extending  offshore). Coast Guard regulations prohibit discharge of oil within  from shore, unless passed through a 15-ppm oil water separator, and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen. Beyond , oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm. Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of bilge water.

text: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, as amended by the

text: Oil Pollution Act of 1990

text: , applies to ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect

text: natural resource

text: s in the U.S.

text: EEZ

text: (extending  offshore). Coast Guard regulations prohibit discharge of oil within  from shore, unless passed through a 15-

text: ppm

text: oil water separator, and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen. Beyond , oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm. Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of

text: bilge

text: water.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 15-ppm water separator

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: pass through a 15-ppm oil water separator

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Oil Pollution Act of 1990,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: 15-ppm oil water separator,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bilge water.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: oil or hazardous substances

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: 15-ppm oil water separator,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Section 311 of the Clean Water Act,

text: Commercial aquaculture in Washington is regulated by local, state, and federal government entities, each tasked with different responsibilities. Some of the agencies involved are the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, US Army Corps of Engineers, and the Food and Drug Administration. The decisions of these agencies are governed by several federal acts, such as the Clean Water Act, Lacey Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, and Animal Health Protection Act.

text: Commercial aquaculture in Washington is regulated by local, state, and federal government entities, each tasked with different responsibilities. Some of the agencies involved are the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: , and the

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: . The decisions of these agencies are governed by several federal acts, such as the

text: Clean Water Act

text: Lacey Act

text: Federal Water Pollution Control Act

text: , and

text: Animal Health Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Animal Health Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: US Army Corps of Engineers,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Commercial aquaculture

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Animal Health Protection Act.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Clean Water Act, Lacey Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act,

text: To protect workers from carbon monoxide often use cartridges with catalyst - hopcalite. This catalyst does not change its properties over time of use, but when it moistened, the degree of protection significantly reduced. Because water vapor is always present in the air, the polluted air is dehumidified in the cartridge (for use of the catalyst). Due to the fact that the mass of water vapor in polluted air is much greater than the mass of harmful gases, trapping moisture from the air leads to a significantly higher increase in the mass of cartridges than the trapping gases. This is a substantial difference, and it can be used to determine whether to continue to use gas cartridges further without replacement. The cartridge was weighed, and a decision can be made based on the magnitude of increase of its mass. For example, the book describes gas cartridges (model "СО"), which were replaced after weight gain (relative to initial) on 50 grams.

text: To protect workers from

text: carbon monoxide

text: often use cartridges with catalyst -

text: hopcalite

text: . This catalyst does not change its properties over time of use, but when it moistened, the degree of protection significantly reduced. Because water vapor is always present in the air, the polluted air is dehumidified in the cartridge (for use of the catalyst). Due to the fact that the mass of water vapor in polluted air is much greater than the mass of harmful gases, trapping moisture from the air leads to a significantly higher increase in the mass of cartridges than the trapping gases. This is a substantial difference, and it can be used to determine whether to continue to use gas cartridges further without replacement. The cartridge was weighed, and a decision can be made based on the magnitude of increase of its mass. For example, the book describes gas cartridges (model "СО"), which were replaced after weight gain (relative to initial) on 50 grams.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA stands for

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: public health

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: dehumidification

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: harmful gases

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: trap moisture from the air

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: carbon monoxide often use cartridges with catalyst - hopcalite.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: hopcalite.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: the polluted air is dehumidified

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: carbon monoxide often use cartridges with catalyst - hopcalite.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: To protect workers from carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: water vapor is always present in the air,

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: hopcalite.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: To protect workers from carbon monoxide

text: In Malaysia, the citizens have been experiencing harms from water pollutants in the river that have been accumulating over decades due to fast growing urbanization and industrialization. The planners of Malaysia have been trying to coming up with models that indicate the amount of pollutants has grown over time as cities became more industrialized and how these chemicals are distributed in various regions with the usage of econometrics and various scientific tools. Such an attempt is encourages in-depth researches because sources should be able to analyzed numerically and give economic evaluations while also evaluating the environment. With abundance of evidences provided by models which reveal the inadequacy of current policies, the Malaysian decisions-makers now recognize that appropriate treatments are necessary in regions that are industrialized to protect the residents from water pollutants. As a result, the government seeks to increase public awareness and provide affordable water services to residents by year 2020.

text: In Malaysia, the citizens have been experiencing harms from water pollutants in the river that have been accumulating over decades due to fast growing urbanization and industrialization. The planners of Malaysia have been trying to coming up with models that indicate the amount of pollutants has grown over time as cities became more industrialized and how these chemicals are distributed in various regions with the usage of econometrics and various scientific tools. Such an attempt is encourages in-depth researches because sources should be able to analyzed numerically and give economic evaluations while also evaluating the environment. With abundance of evidences provided by models which reveal the inadequacy of current policies, the Malaysian decisions-makers now recognize that appropriate treatments are necessary in regions that are industrialized to protect the residents from water pollutants. As a result, the government seeks to increase public awareness and provide affordable water services to residents by year 2020.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: evaluating the environment

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: water pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: provide affordable water services

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: econometrics

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Malaysian decisions-makers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: increase public awareness

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Malaysia,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: appropriate treatments

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: In Malaysia,

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: affordable water services

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: the Malaysian decisions-makers now recognize that appropriate treatments

text: The proper utilization of pervious concrete is a recognized Best Management Practice by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for providing first flush pollution control and stormwater management. As regulations further limit stormwater runoff, it is becoming more expensive for property owners to develop real estate, due to the size and expense of the necessary drainage systems. Pervious concrete lowers the sites SCS Curve Number by retaining stormwater on site.  This allows the planner/designer to achieve pre-development stormwater goals for pavement intense projects. Pervious concrete reduces the runoff from paved areas, which reduces the need for separate stormwater retention ponds and allows the use of smaller capacity storm sewers.  This allows property owners to develop a larger area of available property at a lower cost. Pervious concrete also naturally filters storm water  and can reduce pollutant loads entering into streams, ponds and rivers.

text: The proper utilization of pervious concrete is a recognized

entity_name: Best management practice for water pollution

text: Best Management Practice

text: by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) for providing

text: first flush

text: pollution

text: control and

text: stormwater

text: management. As

text: regulation

text: s further limit stormwater runoff, it is becoming more expensive for property owners to develop

text: real estate

text: , due to the size and expense of the necessary

text: drainage

text: systems. Pervious concrete lowers the sites SCS Curve Number by retaining stormwater on site.  This allows the planner/designer to achieve pre-development stormwater goals for pavement intense projects. Pervious concrete reduces the runoff from paved areas, which reduces the need for separate stormwater

text: retention pond

text: s and allows the use of smaller capacity

text: storm sewer

text: s.  This allows property owners to develop a larger area of available property at a lower cost. Pervious concrete also naturally filters storm water  and can reduce

text: pollutant

text: loads entering into

text: stream

text: s,

text: pond

text: s and

text: river

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: (EPA)

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: streams, ponds and rivers.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Pervious concrete also naturally filters storm water

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Pervious concrete also naturally filters storm water and can reduce pollutant loads

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Pervious concrete

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: reduce pollutant loads entering into streams, ponds and rivers.

text: Little was actually done to abate this pollution for the next 72 years, until the passage of the Clean Water Act began to spur some action on the part of States and the Federal Government to clean up polluted rivers and streams. Progress was slow, and as recently as 1990, the United States Environmental Protection Agency called the Blackstone, "The most polluted river in the country with respect to toxic sediments."

text: Little was actually done to abate this pollution for the next 72 years, until the passage of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: began to spur some action on the part of States and the Federal Government to clean up polluted rivers and streams. Progress was slow, and as recently as 1990, the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: called the Blackstone, "The most polluted river in the country with respect to toxic sediments."

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic sediments

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic sediments."

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxic sediments."

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Little was actually done to abate this pollution for the next 72 years,

text: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD is a method defined test measured by the depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water in which the contribution from nitrogenous bacteria has been suppressed. CBOD is a method defined parameter is widely used as an indication of the pollutant removal from wastewater. It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act.

text: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD is a method defined test measured by the depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water in which the contribution from nitrogenous bacteria has been suppressed. CBOD is a method defined parameter is widely used as an indication of the pollutant removal from

text: wastewater

text: . It is listed as a conventional pollutant in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: CBOD

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Nitrogenous bacteria

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: U.S. Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: CBOD

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand or CBOD

text: There are limitations to the use of bivalves as bioindicators. The level of pollutants found in the tissues varies with species, age, size, time of year and other factors. The quantities of pollutants in the water may vary and the molluscs may reflect past rather than present values. In a study of several bivalve species present in lagoons in Ghana it was found that the findings could be anomalous. Levels of zinc and iron tended to rise in the wet season due to run-off from the galvanized roofing sheets used in many of the houses. Cadmium levels were lower in young animals than in older ones because they were growing so fast that, despite the fact that their bodies were accumulating the metal, the concentration in their tissues reduced. In a study near Vladivostok it was found that the level of pollutants in the bivalve tissues did not always reflect the high levels in the surrounding sediment in such places as harbours. The reason for this was thought to be that the bivalves in these locations did not need to filter so much water as elsewhere because of the water's high nutritional content.

text: There are limitations to the use of bivalves as

text: bioindicator

text: s. The level of pollutants found in the tissues varies with species, age, size, time of year and other factors. The quantities of pollutants in the water may vary and the molluscs may reflect past rather than present values. In a study of several bivalve species present in lagoons in

text: Ghana

text: it was found that the findings could be anomalous. Levels of

text: zinc

text: and

text: iron

text: tended to rise in the wet season due to run-off from the galvanized roofing sheets used in many of the houses.

text: Cadmium

text: levels were lower in young animals than in older ones because they were growing so fast that, despite the fact that their bodies were accumulating the metal, the concentration in their tissues reduced. In a study near

text: Vladivostok

text: it was found that the level of pollutants in the bivalve tissues did not always reflect the high levels in the surrounding sediment in such places as harbours. The reason for this was thought to be that the bivalves in these locations did not need to filter so much water as elsewhere because of the water's high nutritional content.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: run-off

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: zinc and iron

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: filter

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: bioindicators.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: bivalves

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: filter so much water as elsewhere because of the water's high nutritional content.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: galvanized roofing sheets

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: water's high nutritional content.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: galvanized roofing sheets

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: bivalves as bioindicators.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: high nutritional content.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: high nutritional content.

text: The quality of the water is generally good, helped by the fact that the groundwater in the chalk aquifer is of very high quality. However, some of the small streams in the upper reaches are polluted by discharges of effluent which are not licensed, and there are areas where the water in the aquifer, and hence the river, has raised levels of nitrates, largely caused by agricultural fertilisers. The Environment Agency has produced improvement plans to address a number of sources of both agricultural and urban pollution. Natural flows in the river are affected by the abstraction of water for the public water supply. There are many locations at which water is abstracted along the course of the river, including a site in the upper reaches where more than  per day is abstacted from the aquifer, and another where the volume exceeds . Just above the junction with the River Arun, the Hardham Water Treatment Works removes more than  per day from the river.

text: The quality of the water is generally good, helped by the fact that the groundwater in the chalk aquifer is of very high quality. However, some of the small streams in the upper reaches are polluted by discharges of effluent which are not licensed, and there are areas where the water in the aquifer, and hence the river, has raised levels of

text: nitrate

text: s, largely caused by agricultural fertilisers. The Environment Agency has produced improvement plans to address a number of sources of both agricultural and urban pollution. Natural flows in the river are affected by the abstraction of water for the public water supply. There are many locations at which water is abstracted along the course of the river, including a site in the upper reaches where more than  per day is abstacted from the aquifer, and another where the volume exceeds . Just above the junction with the River Arun, the Hardham Water Treatment Works removes more than  per day from the river.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: licensed

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural fertilisers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: unlicensed

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: The Environment Agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: licensed,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: agricultural fertilisers.

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The quality of the water is generally good,

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: effluent

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: agricultural fertilisers.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: discharges of effluent

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: licensed,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: discharges of effluent

text: The government has not taken many measures, political or regulatory to prevent further pollution of water sources other than educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources. This neglects the systematic issues that are associated with water pollution. The environmental protection agency of Kuwait was created with the purpose of addressing these domestic environmental problems; however, there has been little progress in this area.

text: The government has not taken many measures, political or regulatory to prevent further pollution of water sources other than educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources. This neglects the systematic issues that are associated with water pollution. The environmental protection agency of Kuwait was created with the purpose of addressing these domestic environmental problems; however, there has been little progress in this area.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: educating

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: educating the public

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency of Kuwait

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection agency of Kuwait

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Kuwait

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: pollution of water sources

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: prevent further pollution of water sources

text: Section 404 of the CWA requires that a permit be obtained from the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers for the "discharge of dredged and fill material into the navigable waters at specified disposal sites." The 404 permit process is frequently used to protect wetlands, which are essential to the control of nonpoint pollution because they slow the rate of surface water runoff and remove sediment and other pollutants before they reach lakes and streams.  While these permitting procedures may result in decreased NPS water pollution to wetlands, developers may simply relocate to an alternative location and still cause the release of NPS water pollution.

text: Section 404 of the CWA requires that a permit be obtained from the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers for the "discharge of dredged and fill material into the navigable waters at specified disposal sites." The 404 permit process is frequently used to protect wetlands, which are essential to the control of nonpoint pollution because they slow the rate of surface water runoff and remove sediment and other pollutants before they reach lakes and streams.  While these permitting procedures may result in decreased NPS water pollution to wetlands, developers may simply relocate to an alternative location and still cause the release of NPS water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Army Corp of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: obtaining a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dredged

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect wetlands

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: CWA

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: a permit

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: dredged and fill material

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Section 404 of the CWA

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sediment and other pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: slow the rate of surface water runoff

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Section 404

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: wetlands,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: before they reach lakes and streams.

text: According to China's State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) in 2006, 60% of the country's rivers suffer from pollution to such an extent that they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources. According to the 2008 State of the Environment Report by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the successor agency of SEPA, pollution of specific rivers is as follows:

text: According to China's

text: State Environmental Protection Administration

text: (SEPA) in 2006, 60% of the country's rivers suffer from pollution to such an extent that they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources. According to the 2008 State of the Environment Report by the

text: Ministry of Environmental Protection

text: , the successor agency of SEPA, pollution of specific rivers is as follows:

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: pollution of specific rivers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: State Environmental Protection Administration

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution to such an extent that they cannot be safely used as drinking water

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: 60% of the country's rivers

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 60%

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: drinking water sources.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: they cannot be safely used as drinking water sources.

text: The Porter-Cologne Act also known as the California Water Code, Section 7 was created in 1969 and is the law that governs the water quality regulation in California. It was established to be a program to protect the water quality as well as the beneficial uses of water. This act applies to surface water, groundwater, wetlands and both point and nonpoint sources of pollution. There are nine regional water boards and one state water board that has resulted from this act. The act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that contain the guiding policies of water pollution management in California.

text: The Porter-Cologne Act also known as the California Water Code, Section 7 was created in 1969 and is the law that governs the water quality regulation in California. It was established to be a program to protect the water quality as well as the beneficial uses of water. This act applies to

text: surface water

text: groundwater

text: wetland

text: s and both point and

text: nonpoint sources

text: of pollution. There are nine regional water boards and one state water board that has resulted from this act. The act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that contain the guiding policies of water pollution management in California.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Porter-Cologne

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nonpoint sources of pollution

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: adopt water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Porter-Cologne

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: adoption of water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: point and nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: California Water Code, Section 7

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Porter-Cologne Act

text: The Yarkon River runs through the park and reaches the Mediterranean Sea at the park's western edge, then connects into the Tel Aviv Port, an entertainment and tourism center. Despite clean-up efforts in the last few years, the river is still polluted. Despite its polluted waters, on July 2011 Tel Aviv's mayor, Ron Huldai, jumped into the water and swam in the lake. Nevertheless, the region has retained its biodiversity. It is home to an abundance of insects, water fowl, golden jackals, porcupines and mongoose.

text: The

text: Yarkon River

text: runs through the park and reaches the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: at the park's western edge, then connects into the

text: Tel Aviv Port

text: , an entertainment and tourism center. Despite clean-up efforts in the last few years, the river is still polluted. Despite its polluted waters, on July 2011 Tel Aviv's mayor,

text: Ron Huldai

text: , jumped into the water and swam in the lake. Nevertheless, the region has retained its biodiversity. It is home to an abundance of

text: insect

text: s,

text: water fowl

text: golden jackal

text: s,

text: porcupine

text: s and

text: mongoose

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: European Parks and Areas

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Tel Aviv Port

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean-up efforts

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It is home to an abundance of insects

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: swim in the lake

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: The Yarkon River runs through the park and reaches the Mediterranean Sea

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Tel Aviv

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: clean-up efforts

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: polluted.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: the river is still polluted.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: jumped into the water and swam in the lake.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Yarkon River

text: Additionally, approximately $44 million of the $4.3 billion spent on water purity is spent each year on protecting aquatic species from nutrient pollution. It is encouraging that the government is willing to spend the money to help save animals' lives, sometimes the effects of the pollution take effect before they are able to stop them entirely.  One million seabirds and hundred thousand aquatic mammals and fish that are killed as a result of water pollution each year and that has its economic effects, both directly and indirectly.

text: Additionally, approximately $44 million of the $4.3 billion spent on water purity is spent each year on protecting aquatic species from nutrient pollution. It is encouraging that the government is willing to spend the money to help save animals' lives, sometimes the effects of the pollution take effect before they are able to stop them entirely.  One million seabirds and hundred thousand aquatic mammals and fish that are killed as a result of water pollution each year and that has its economic effects, both directly and indirectly.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: nutrient pollution

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect aquatic species

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: nutrient pollution.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the government

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: nutrient pollution.

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: $44 million of the $4.3 billion spent on water purity

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: nutrient pollution.

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: nutrient pollution.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: One million seabirds and hundred thousand aquatic mammals and fish

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: nutrient pollution.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: effects of the pollution take effect before they are able to stop them entirely.

text: Once a tidal estuary, Lake Seminole was created in the 1940s by closing the upper portion of Long Bayou. Lake Seminole's watershed is unusually small for a lake of its size, draining only approximately 5.5 miles of the county, in mostly developed Seminole and Largo. Historically The watershed was much larger than its current limits, but was altered in the early 1970s to divert runoff into Long Bayou for flood relief. Due to the low volume of water, and the nutrient and pollutant rich drainage from the urbanized area surrounding the lake, water quality has been a concern, with the county developing the Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan to protect water quality and habitat.

text: Once a tidal

text: estuary

text: , Lake Seminole was created in the 1940s by closing the upper portion of Long Bayou. Lake Seminole's

text: watershed

text: is unusually small for a lake of its size, draining only approximately 5.5 miles of the county, in mostly developed Seminole and

text: Largo

text: . Historically The watershed was much larger than its current limits, but was altered in the early 1970s to divert runoff into Long Bayou for flood relief. Due to the low volume of water, and the nutrient and pollutant rich drainage from the urbanized area surrounding the lake, water quality has been a concern, with the county developing the Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan to protect water quality and habitat.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: environmental protection agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: the county

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the water?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect water quality

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: divert runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Lake Seminole Watershed Management Plan to protect water quality and habitat.

text: Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

text: Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site.

text: Point of use water treatment

text: and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and

text: greywater

text: for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: water quality standards

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collected

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toilet paper

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is water treated?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use water for washing of the cars

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: sustainable building.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: collected,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toilet paper,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: washing of the cars.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Waste-water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: using water for washing of the cars.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building.

text: Tyco Printed Circuit Group (TPCG) of Stamford, Connecticut, was sentenced on 12 counts of violating the Clean Water Act in August 2004. The plea agreement called for TPCG to pay a total of $10 million in fines. Of that amount, $6 million was paid as a federal criminal fine; $2.7 million went to the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection's (DEP) natural resources fund; the Towns of Stafford and Manchester received $500,000 each to fund improvements in their sewer and water treatment system; and $300,000 was paid for recycling deionized and other wastewater at the company's Stafford, Staffordville facilities. Between 1999 and June 2001, TPCG managers at the company's Stafford, Staffordville and Manchester facilities engaged in a variety of practices that caused the facilities to discharge wastewater with higher than permitted levels of pollutants into municipal sewage treatment systems. The illegal practices included, but were not limited to, diluting potentially non-compliant wastewater samples, discarding samples with excessive levels of toxic metals, and omitting samples that were not in compliance for pH. Daniel R. Callahan, the former Director of Environmental Health and Safety of Stafford Division of Tyco Printed Circuit Group, pleaded guilty to violating the Clean Water Act on November 17, 2003. Callahan falsified reports submitted to the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). The reports failed to include the fact that a "batch tank" had been discharged into the Manchester public sewer system. Tyco's DEP permit required that all discharges into public sewer systems be reported. Tyco was 41st on the 2002 Political Economy Research Institute's (PERI) Toxic 100.

text: Tyco Printed Circuit Group (TPCG) of

text: Stamford

text: Connecticut

text: , was sentenced on 12 counts of violating the

text: Clean Water Act

text: in August 2004. The plea agreement called for TPCG to pay a total of $10 million in fines. Of that amount, $6 million was paid as a federal criminal fine; $2.7 million went to the

entity_name: Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

text: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

text: 's (DEP) natural resources fund; the Towns of Stafford and Manchester received $500,000 each to fund improvements in their

text: sewer

text: and

text: water treatment

text: system; and $300,000 was paid for

text: recycling

text: deionized and other

text: wastewater

text: at the company's Stafford, Staffordville facilities. Between 1999 and June 2001, TPCG managers at the company's Stafford, Staffordville and Manchester facilities engaged in a variety of practices that caused the facilities to discharge wastewater with higher than permitted levels of

text: pollutants

text: into municipal sewage treatment systems. The illegal practices included, but were not limited to, diluting potentially non-compliant wastewater samples, discarding samples with excessive levels of toxic metals, and omitting samples that were not in compliance for

text: pH

text: . Daniel R. Callahan, the former Director of Environmental Health and Safety of

text: Stafford

text: Division of Tyco Printed Circuit Group, pleaded guilty to violating the

text: Clean Water Act

text: on November 17, 2003. Callahan falsified reports submitted to the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). The reports failed to include the fact that a "batch tank" had been discharged into the Manchester public sewer system. Tyco's DEP permit required that all discharges into public sewer systems be reported. Tyco was 41st on the 2002

text: Political Economy Research Institute

text: 's (PERI) Toxic 100.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: municipal sewage treatment systems

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic metals

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: wastewater samples,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: toxic metals,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: 41st

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Callahan falsified reports submitted to the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: recycling deionized

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: 41st on the 2002 Political Economy Research Institute'

text: After progressing through the Genk youth system, Courtois, aged 16 years and 341 days, made his first team début for Genk on 17 April 2009 against Gent. He was a key figure in Genk's title victory in the 2010–11 season in the Belgian Pro League. He received the Goalkeeper of the Year and Genk's Player of the Year award, only conceding 32 goals over the course of 40 league matches and keeping 14 clean sheets for Genk.

text: After progressing through the

text: Genk

text: youth system, Courtois, aged 16 years and 341 days, made his first team début for Genk on 17 April 2009 against

text: Gent

text: . He was a key figure in Genk's title victory in the

text: 2010–11 season in the Belgian Pro League

text: . He received the Goalkeeper of the Year and Genk's Player of the Year award, only conceding 32 goals over the course of 40 league matches and keeping 14

text: clean sheet

text: s for Genk.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: belgian

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Courtois

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: clean the water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Goalkeeper of the Year

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Belgian

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Genk youth system,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Courtois,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Belgian Pro League.

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: 32 goals

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: 2010–11 season in the Belgian Pro League.

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: 17 April 2009

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Genk youth system,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Courtois,

text: The national road of Roxas is characterized by four columns of concrete asphalt road. The Municipal roads are characterized by two columns of road with Side roads made up from bricks colored in maroon. It also has street lights specially on the part of the Poblacion, while the National Road have orange-colored street lights. Access roads to all the 26 barangays connects to the national highway, a most important component in the development of the municipality.

text: The national road of Roxas is characterized by four columns of concrete asphalt road. The Municipal roads are characterized by two columns of road with Side roads made up from bricks colored in maroon. It also has street lights specially on the part of the Poblacion, while the National Road have orange-colored street lights. Access roads to all the 26 barangays connects to the national highway, a most important component in the development of the municipality.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Roxas

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bricks

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use bottled water

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: concrete asphalt road.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Roxas

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: The national road of Roxas

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: bricks colored in maroon. It also has street lights

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The national road of Roxas

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bricks

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The national road of Roxas

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The national road of Roxas

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: bricks

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The national road of Roxas

text: Brożówka  (German Gansenstein) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kruklanki, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Giżycko and  east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text: Brożówka  (German Gansenstein) is a

text: village

text: in the administrative district of

text: Gmina Kruklanki

text: , within

text: Giżycko County

text: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

text: , in northern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of

text: Giżycko

text: and  east of the regional capital

text: Olsztyn

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Gmina Kruklanki

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Bro ówka

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It lies approximately north-east of Gi ycko

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use a pool

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: Gmina Kruklanki,

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Gmina Kruklanki,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Bro<unk>ówka

text: The Vetiver System is used in more than 100 countries for soil and water conservation, infrastructure stabilization, pollution control, waste water treatment, mitigation and rehabilitation, sediment control, prevention of storm damage, and many other environmental protection applications (through bioengineering and phytoremediation).

text: The Vetiver System is used in more than 100 countries for soil and water conservation, infrastructure stabilization,

text: pollution control

text: waste water treatment

text: , mitigation and rehabilitation,

text: sediment control

text: , prevention of storm damage, and many other environmental protection applications (through

text: bioengineering

text: and

text: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: pollution control

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: use the Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: pollution control, waste water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: bioengineering and phytoremediation).

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: sediment control, prevention of storm damage,

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: The Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: waste water

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The Vetiver System

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: waste water treatment,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: pollution control,

text: One story relates that the laird one day looked out of the upper south window of the castle and saw twenty sets of ploughs at work. He bet a considerable amount of money that he could stop them all in their tracks. At first eighteen of the ploughs stopped, however two carried on without ceasing and the laird lost his bet. It is said that afterwards it was noted that the two ploughs that did not stop had a twig of Rowan or Mountain Ash tree attached, known for protection against the evil eye.

text: One story relates that the laird one day looked out of the upper south window of the castle and saw twenty sets of ploughs at work. He bet a considerable amount of money that he could stop them all in their tracks. At first eighteen of the ploughs stopped, however two carried on without ceasing and the laird lost his bet. It is said that afterwards it was noted that the two ploughs that did not stop had a twig of Rowan or Mountain Ash tree attached, known for protection against the evil eye.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: EPA

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: environmental protection

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ploughs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: how is water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: attach a twig

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: the evil eye.

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Rowan or Mountain Ash

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: twenty sets of ploughs

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: ploughs

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: twenty sets of ploughs

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: ploughs

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Rowan or Mountain Ash tree

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: twig of Rowan or Mountain Ash tree

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: Rowan or Mountain Ash tree

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: stop them all in their tracks.

text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s university and applied sciences college have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

text: The Katharinenviertel makes up the eastern part of the district; with its buildings from the Gründerzeit (late 19th century period of industrialisation), green areas, traffic-free zones and cycle lanes, it is a surprisingly quiet, green zone situated between the major roads of Lotter Straße to the north and Martinistraße to the south. The convenient location of the district between the main sites of the city’s

text: university

text: and

entity_name: Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences

text: applied sciences college

text: have long made the Weststadt home to many student flats. The EMMA-Theater – a neo-Romanesque showcase building housing a stage owned by the Theater Osnabrück – is located in the west side of the district. This was formerly the location of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Gymnasium school (from 1867 to 1980) and subsequently the Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe (orientation school, on this site from 1980 to 2003). The Möser-Realschule am Westerberg (Möser Westerberg Secondary School) has used parts of this building since 2004. The west side of the district is also home to the Illoshöhe municipal sports centre; the Osnabrücker Turnerbund (Osnabrück Gymnastics Association) is based here and also uses parts of the buildings. There are two churches based in the Weststadt district – the evangelical Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche (St. Elizabeth’s Church). Services for members of the Old Catholic community are also available at the Bonnuskirche.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: municipal sports centre

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Hans-Calmeyer-Orientierungsstufe

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: How is the water purified?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: Why is keeping pollutants from getting into the water system better

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: Osnabrücker Turnerbund

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Illoshöhe municipal sports centre;

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: industrialisation),

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: buildings from the Gründerzeit

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Bonnuskirche

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: industrialisation),

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: Bonnuskirche and the Catholic St. Elisabeth Kirche

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: cycle lanes,

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The Katharinenviertel

text: Zekiah Swamp is the largest hardwood swamp in Maryland. It is considered to be one of the "most important ecological areas on the East Coast" by the Smithsonian Institution. Sediment buildup in the Potomac and Chesapeake Bay will be slowed or prevented by the protection of plant life in the swamps. The plants work to absorb much of the runoff that would otherwise pollute the waters.

text: Zekiah Swamp is the largest

text: hardwood

text: swamp in Maryland. It is considered to be one of the "most important ecological areas on the East Coast" by the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: . Sediment buildup in the Potomac and

text: Chesapeake Bay

text: will be slowed or prevented by the protection of plant life in the swamps. The plants work to absorb much of the

text: runoff

text: that would otherwise pollute the waters.

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: ecological areas

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Maryland

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: What is the purpose of the runoff?

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: protect plant life

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005691

answers: "most important ecological areas on the East Coast"

answers: NDQ_005692

answers: Maryland.

answers: NDQ_005693

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005694

answers: Sediment

answers: NDQ_005695

answers: Zekiah Swamp

answers: NDQ_005696

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005697

answers: The plants work to absorb much of the runoff

answers: NDQ_005698

answers: The plants work to absorb much of the runoff

answers: NDQ_005699

answers: The plants work to absorb much of the runoff

answers: NDQ_005700

answers: The plants work to absorb much of the runoff