text: COROT-7c is an extrasolar planet which orbits the G-type main sequence star COROT-7, located approximately 489 light years away in the constellation Monoceros. It's either a super-Earth or a Neptune-like planet, orbiting at 0.046 AU from the star, taking 3.7 days or 89 hours to make one round trip around the star.

text: COROT-7c is an

entity_name: Exoplanet

text: extrasolar planet

text: which orbits the

entity_name: Stellar classification

entity_section: Class G

text: G-type

entity_name: Main sequence

text: main sequence

entity_name: Star

text: star

text: , located approximately 489

entity_name: Light-year

text: light year

text: s away in the

entity_name: Constellation

text: constellation

entity_name: Monoceros

text: Monoceros

text: . It's either a

entity_name: Super‐Earth

text: super-Earth

text: or a

entity_name: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: -like planet, orbiting at 0.046

entity_name: Astronomical unit

text: AU

text: from the star, taking 3.7 days or 89 hours to make one round trip around the star.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 489 light years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: monoceros

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star COROT-7,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: COROT-7c

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: G-type main sequence star COROT-7,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: G-type main sequence star COROT-7,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 3.7 days or 89 hours

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: COROT-7c

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 3.7 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: super-Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: G-type main sequence star COROT-7,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: COROT-7c

text: A Geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for solar-system mechanics and space travel. While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases, galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe, but rotating around the center of our galaxy, and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the cosmic background.

text: A Geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for solar-system mechanics and space travel. While a

entity_name: Heliocentrism

text: heliocentric frame

text: is most useful in those cases, galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe, but rotating around the center of our galaxy, and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the

entity_name: Cosmic microwave background

entity_section: Velocity relative to CMB anisotropy

text: cosmic background

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric frame

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric frame

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotating around the center of our galaxy,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geocentric frame

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric frame

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: rotating around the center of our galaxy,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar-system mechanics and space travel.

text: Aware of the recent criticism of the Ptolemaic model, led by the arguments made by Arabic astronomer Averoes, Nicolaus Copernicus developed a detailed heliocentric model, which he summarized in his short work Commentariolus. He claimed it described the physical reality of the cosmos, something the Ptolemaic model was believed to lack. He removed Earth from the center of the universe, set the heavenly bodies in rotation around the Sun, and introduced Earth’s daily rotation on its axis.

text: Aware of the recent criticism of the Ptolemaic model, led by the arguments made by Arabic astronomer

entity_name: Averroes

text: Averoes

text: , Nicolaus Copernicus developed a detailed heliocentric model, which he summarized in his short work

entity_name: Commentariolus

text: Commentariolus

text: . He claimed it described the physical reality of the cosmos, something the Ptolemaic model was believed to lack. He removed Earth from the center of the universe, set the heavenly bodies in rotation around the Sun, and introduced Earth’s daily rotation on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Why did Copernicus remove Earth from the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotation around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic model,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: set the heavenly bodies in rotation around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: Aries contains several stars with extrasolar planets. HIP 14810, a G5 type star, is orbited by three giant planets (those more than ten times the mass of Earth). HD 12661, like HIP 14810, is a G-type main sequence star, slightly larger than the Sun, with two orbiting planets. One planet is 2.3 times the mass of Jupiter, and the other is 1.57 times the mass of Jupiter. HD 20367 is a G0 type star, approximately the size of the Sun, with one orbiting planet. The planet, discovered in 2002, has a mass 1.07 times that of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days.

text: Aries contains several stars with

text: extrasolar planets

text: HIP 14810

text: , a G5 type star, is orbited by three

entity_name: Giant planet

text: giant planet

text: s (those more than ten times the

entity_name: Earth mass

text: mass of Earth

text: HD 12661

text: , like HIP 14810, is a G-type main sequence star, slightly larger than the Sun, with two orbiting planets. One planet is 2.3 times the mass of Jupiter, and the other is 1.57 times the mass of Jupiter.

text: HD 20367

text: is a G0 type star, approximately the size of the Sun, with one orbiting planet. The planet, discovered in 2002, has a mass 1.07 times that of Jupiter and orbits every 500 days.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HIP 14810,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits every 500 days.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbits every 500 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2.3 times the mass of Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits every 500 days.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: G5 type star, is orbited by three giant planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2.3 times the mass of Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: extrasolar planets. HIP 14810,

text: On Earth, the terminator is a circle with a diameter that is approximately that of the Earth. The terminator passes through any point on the Earth's surface twice a day,  at sunrise and once at sunset, apart from polar regions where this only occurs when the point is not experiencing midnight sun or polar night. The circle separates the portion of the Earth experiencing daylight from that experiencing darkness (night). While a little over one half of the Earth is illuminated at any point in time (with exceptions during eclipses), the terminator path varies by time of day due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun: the plane of the terminator is nearly parallel to planes created by lines of longitude during the equinoxes, and at its maximum angle of approximately 23.5 degrees to the equator during the solstices.

text: On Earth, the terminator is a circle with a diameter that is approximately that of the Earth. The terminator passes through any point on the Earth's surface twice a day,  at

entity_name: Sunrise

text: sunrise

text: and once at

entity_name: Sunset

text: sunset

text: , apart from

entity_name: Polar regions of Earth

text: polar region

text: s where this only occurs when the point is not experiencing

entity_name: Midnight sun

text: midnight sun

text: or

entity_name: Polar night

text: polar night

text: . The circle separates the portion of the Earth experiencing daylight from that experiencing darkness (night). While a little over one half of the Earth is illuminated at any point in time (with exceptions during

entity_name: Solar eclipse

text: eclipse

text: s), the terminator path varies by time of day due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun: the plane of the terminator is nearly parallel to planes created by

entity_name: Longitude

text: lines of longitude

text: during the

entity_name: Equinox

text: equinox

text: es, and at its maximum angle of approximately 23.5 degrees to the

entity_name: Equator

text: equator

text: during the

entity_name: Solstice

text: solstice

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The terminator path also varies by time of year due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun:

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: lines of longitude during the equinoxes,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolution of the Earth around the Sun:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: rotation of the Earth on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: twice a day,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotation of the Earth on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: rotation of the Earth on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: rotation of the Earth on its axis.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the terminator

text: In this system the revolution of the earth around fire "at the centre" or "the fire of the hearth" (Central Fire) was not yearly but daily, while the moon's revolution was monthly, and the sun's yearly. It was the earth's speedy travel past the slower moving sun that resulted in the appearance on earth of the sun rising and setting.  Further from the Central Fire, the planets' revolution was slower still and the outermost "sky" (i.e. stars) probably fixed.

text: In this system the revolution of the earth around fire "at the centre" or "the fire of the hearth" (Central Fire) was not yearly but daily, while the moon's revolution was monthly, and the sun's yearly. It was the earth's speedy travel past the slower moving sun that resulted in the appearance on earth of the sun rising and setting.  Further from the Central Fire, the planets' revolution was slower still and the outermost "sky" (i.e. stars) probably fixed.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: was not yearly but daily

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the revolution of the earth around fire "at the centre" or "the fire of the hearth" (Central Fire)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Central Fire,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: yearly.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yearly.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Further from the Central Fire,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: daily,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (Central Fire) was not yearly but daily,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the sun's yearly.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yearly.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun rising and setting.

text: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic: the sun's apparent path across they sky, while the earth is tilted at an angle of e = 23.5° to the plane of that path, and completes one revolution around the Earth in 365.25636 days, slightly longer than one year due to precession altering the direction of earth's inclination.

text: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the

entity_name: Ecliptic

text: Ecliptic

text: : the sun's apparent path across they sky, while the earth is tilted at an angle of e = 23.5° to the plane of that path, and completes one revolution around the Earth in 365.25636 days, slightly longer than one year due to precession altering the direction of earth's inclination.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 365.25636 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is the sun always seen on the ecliptic

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 365.25636 days,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 365.25636 days,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Sun is, by definition, always seen on the Ecliptic:

text: The notion of satellite systems pre-dates history.  The Moon was known by the earliest humans.  The earliest models of astronomy were based around celestial bodies (or a "celestial sphere") orbiting the Earth. This idea was known as geocentrism (where the Earth is the centre of the universe).  However the geocentric model did not generally accommodate the possibility of celestial objects orbiting other observed planets, such as Venus or Mars.

text: The notion of satellite systems pre-dates history.  The Moon was known by the earliest humans.  The earliest models of astronomy were based around celestial bodies (or a "celestial sphere") orbiting the Earth. This idea was known as

entity_name: Geocentric model

text: geocentrism

text: (where the Earth is the centre of the universe).  However the geocentric model did not generally accommodate the possibility of celestial objects orbiting other observed planets, such as Venus or Mars.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrism (where the Earth is the centre of the universe)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: astronomy were based around celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon

text: Using the radial velocity technique, the search for substellar companions has thus far failed to find a brown dwarf or extrasolar planet in the "hot zone" orbit around Kappa Ceti.  Given the regular eruption of superflares, however, it is unlikely that Earth-type life could survive for long on any inner terrestrial planet.  The distance from the star where an Earth-type planet (with liquid water) would be stable is centered on 0.92 astronomical units from the star (between the orbital distances of Earth and Venus in the Solar system). At this distance, such a planet would have an orbital period of almost 324 days.

text: Using the

entity_name: Radial velocity

text: radial velocity

text: technique, the search for substellar companions has thus far failed to find a

entity_name: Brown dwarf

text: brown dwarf

text: or

text: extrasolar planet

text: in the "

entity_name: Hot Jupiter

text: hot zone

text: " orbit around Kappa Ceti.  Given the regular eruption of superflares, however, it is unlikely that Earth-type life could survive for long on any inner

entity_name: Terrestrial planet

text: terrestrial planet

text: .  The distance from the star where an Earth-type planet (with liquid water) would be stable is centered on 0.92

text: astronomical unit

text: s from the star (between the orbital distances of

entity_name: Earth

text: Earth

text: and

entity_name: Venus

text: Venus

text: in the

entity_name: Solar System

text: Solar system

text: ). At this distance, such a planet would have an orbital period of almost 324

entity_name: Day

text: day

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period of almost 324 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-type life could survive for long on any inner terrestrial planet

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: radial velocity technique,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (between the orbital distances of Earth and Venus in the Solar system).

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial velocity technique,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity technique,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (between the orbital distances of Earth and Venus in the Solar system).

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: radial velocity technique,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kappa Ceti.

text: In contrast, Jupiter-sized bodies that orbit too close to the habitable zone but not in it (as in 47 Ursae Majoris), or have a highly elliptical orbit that crosses the habitable zone (like 16 Cygni B) make it very difficult for an independent Earth-like planet to exist in the system. See the discussion of a stable habitable zone above. However, during the process of migrating into a habitable zone, a Jupiter-size planet may capture a terrestrial planet as a moon. Even if such a planet is initially loosely bound and following a strongly inclined orbit, gravitational interactions with the star can stabilize the new moon into a close, circular orbit that is coplanar with the planet's orbit around the star.

text: In contrast, Jupiter-sized bodies that orbit too close to the habitable zone but not in it (as in

entity_name: 47 Ursae Majoris

text: 47 Ursae Majoris

text: ), or have a highly elliptical orbit that crosses the habitable zone (like

entity_name: 16 Cygni

text: 16 Cygni B

text: ) make it very difficult for an independent Earth-like planet to exist in the system. See the discussion of a

entity_name: Planetary habitability

entity_section: A stable habitable zone

text: stable habitable zone

text: above. However, during the process of migrating into a habitable zone, a Jupiter-size planet may capture a terrestrial planet as a moon. Even if such a planet is initially loosely bound and following a strongly inclined orbit, gravitational interactions with the star can stabilize the new moon into a close, circular orbit that is coplanar with the planet's orbit around the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 16 Cygni B

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 47 Ursae Majoris),

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitational interactions with the star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: gravitational interactions with the star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Jupiter-sized bodies that orbit too close to the habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-like planet to exist in the system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Jupiter-sized bodies that orbit too close to the habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 47 Ursae Majoris),

text: As it is typical for supermassive planets, this orbits further from its host star than Earth is from the Sun. The planet’s year is over three Earth years. However, the orbital eccentricity of this object is much greater than Earth's: 0.1 vs. 0.017. Like most known extrasolar planets, it was detected by the wobble method, which detects planets through the circular wobbling motion of the star caused by the gravity of orbiting body.

text: As it is typical for supermassive planets, this orbits further from its host star than Earth is from the Sun. The planet’s year is over three Earth years. However, the

entity_name: Orbital eccentricity

text: orbital eccentricity

text: of this object is much greater than Earth's: 0.1 vs. 0.017. Like most known extrasolar planets, it was detected by the

entity_name: Doppler spectroscopy

text: wobble method

text: , which detects planets through the circular wobbling motion of the star caused by the gravity of orbiting body.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: supermassive planets,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the gravity of orbiting body.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: wobbling motion of the star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: wobble method,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravity of orbiting body.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth is from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth is from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: extrasolar planets,

text: This spectral range probably accounts for between 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy. Whether fainter late K and M class red dwarf stars are also suitable hosts for habitable planets is perhaps the most important open question in the entire field of planetary habitability given their prevalence (habitability of red dwarf systems). Gliese 581 c, a "super-Earth", has been found orbiting in the "habitable zone" (HZ) of a red dwarf and may possess liquid water. However it is also possible that a greenhouse effect may render it too hot to support life, while its neighbor, Gliese 581 d, may be a more likely candidate for habitability. In September 2010, the discovery was announced of another planet, Gliese 581 g, in an orbit between these two planets. However, reviews of the discovery have placed the existence of this planet in doubt, and it is listed as "unconfirmed". In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163 was announced. One of the planets, Gliese 163 c, about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the habitable zone.

text: This spectral range probably accounts for between 5% and 10% of stars in the local

text: Milky Way galaxy

text: . Whether fainter late K and M class

text: red dwarf

text: stars are also suitable hosts for habitable planets is perhaps the most important open question in the entire field of planetary habitability given their prevalence (

text: habitability of red dwarf systems

text: Gliese 581 c

text: , a "

text: super-Earth

text: ", has been found orbiting in the "

text: habitable zone

text: " (HZ) of a

text: red dwarf

text: and may possess liquid water. However it is also possible that a greenhouse effect may render it too hot to support life, while its neighbor,

text: Gliese 581 d

text: , may be a more likely candidate for habitability. In September 2010, the discovery was announced of another planet,

text: Gliese 581 g

text: , in an orbit between these two planets. However, reviews of the discovery have placed the existence of this planet in doubt, and it is listed as "unconfirmed". In September 2012, the discovery of two planets orbiting

text: Gliese 163

text: was announced. One of the planets,

text: Gliese 163 c

text: , about 6.9 times the mass of Earth and somewhat hotter, was considered to be within the habitable zone.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: red dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 163

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Milky Way galaxy

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Milky Way galaxy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Whether fainter late K and M class red dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (habitability of red dwarf systems).

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 5% and 10% of stars in the local Milky Way galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 581 c, a "super-Earth",

text: As with the majority of extrasolar planet discoveries so far, it was found by detecting small variations in the radial velocity of the star it orbits, caused by the tug of its gravity. A study of the radial velocity of HD 217107 carried out in 1998 revealed that its motion along the line of sight varied over a 7.1 day cycle. The period and amplitude of this variation indicated that it was caused by a planetary companion in orbit around the star, with a minimum mass slightly greater than that of Jupiter.  The planet's mean distance from the star is less than one fifth of Mercury's distance from the Sun.

text: As with the majority of extrasolar planet discoveries so far, it was found by detecting small variations in the

text: radial velocity

text: of the star it orbits, caused by the tug of its

text: gravity

text: . A study of the radial velocity of HD 217107 carried out in 1998 revealed that its motion along the line of sight varied over a 7.1 day cycle. The period and amplitude of this variation indicated that it was caused by a

text: planet

text: ary companion in orbit around the star, with a minimum mass slightly greater than that of

text: Jupiter

text: .  The planet's mean distance from the star is less than one fifth of

text: Mercury's

text: distance from the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the tug of its gravity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mercury's mean distance from the star is less than one fifth of Mercury's distance from the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: As with the majority of extrasolar planet discoveries

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: caused by the tug of its gravity.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: one fifth of Mercury's distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: star it orbits, caused by the tug of its gravity.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: extrasolar planet

text: The time of sunset varies throughout the year, and is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by longitude and latitude, and elevation. Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. During winter and spring, the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset, which occurs after the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July, but not on the summer solstice of June 21. This date depends on the viewer's latitude (connected with the Earth's slower movement around the aphelion around July 4). Likewise, the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice, but rather about two weeks earlier, again depending on the viewer's latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs in early December or late November (influenced by the Earth's faster movement near its perihelion, which occurs around January 3).

text: The time of sunset varies throughout the year, and is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by longitude and latitude, and elevation. Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. During winter and spring, the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset, which occurs after the summer solstice. In the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: , the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July, but not on the summer solstice of June 21. This date depends on the viewer's latitude (connected with the Earth's slower movement around the

text: aphelion

text: around July 4). Likewise, the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice, but rather about two weeks earlier, again depending on the viewer's latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs in early December or late November (influenced by the Earth's faster movement near its

text: perihelion

text: , which occurs around January 3).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's slower movement

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The time of sunset varies throughout the year,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The time of sunset

text: Two observations supported the idea that the Earth was the center of the Universe. First, the Sun appears to revolve around the Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions, they also appear to revolve around the Earth about once per day. The stars appeared to be on a celestial sphere, rotating once each day along an axis through the north and south geographic poles of the Earth. Second, the Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer; it appears to be solid, stable, and unmoving.

text: Two observations supported the idea that the Earth was the center of the

text: Universe

text: . First, the Sun appears to revolve around the Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions, they also appear to revolve around the Earth about once per day. The stars appeared to be on a

text: celestial sphere

text: , rotating once each day along an axis through the north and south geographic poles of the Earth. Second, the Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer; it appears to be solid, stable, and unmoving.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolve around the Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the sun appears to revolve around the earth once per day

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth about once per day.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Two observations supported the idea that the Earth was the center of the Universe.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: they also appear to revolve around the Earth about once per day.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: they also appear to revolve around the Earth about once per day.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Two observations supported the idea that the Earth was the center of the Universe.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolve around the Earth about once per day.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun appears to revolve around the Earth once per day.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: once per day.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth was the center of the Universe.

text: The 186-day period planet orbits about 83% the Earth-Sun distance from the giant star 14 Andromedae. It has a minimum mass 4.8 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet orbits with an eccentricity of 0.0094, which means the orbital distance over the course of its revolution varies by only 0.02 AU. This planet was discovered on July 3, 2008 by Sato et al., who discovered the wobbling of 14 Andromedae caused by the planet’s gravity during its orbit with the Doppler spectroscopy.

text: The 186-day period planet orbits about 83% the

text: Earth

text: Sun

text: distance from the giant star

text: 14 Andromedae

text: . It has a

text: minimum mass

text: 4.8 times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: . The planet orbits with an eccentricity of 0.0094, which means the orbital distance over the course of its revolution varies by only 0.02

text: AU

text: . This planet was discovered on July 3, 2008 by Sato et al., who discovered the wobbling of 14 Andromedae caused by the planet’s gravity during its orbit with the

text: Doppler spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 14 Andromedae

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 14 Andromedae.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planet’s gravity

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.02 AU.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Sun distance from the giant star 14 Andromedae.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Sun distance from the giant star 14 Andromedae.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the wobbling of 14 Andromedae

text: HD 114386 b is an exoplanet orbiting the star HD 114386. The planet orbits the star in a rather eccentric orbit. Mean distance from the star is 1.62 AU, somewhat more than distance between Mars and the Sun. At periastron, the planet comes almost as close as Earth orbits the Sun, and at apoastron, the distance is twice as much.

text: HD 114386 b is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting the

text: star

text: HD 114386

text: . The planet orbits the star in a rather

text: eccentric

text: orbit. Mean distance from the star is 1.62

text: AU

text: , somewhat more than distance between

text: Mars

text: and the Sun. At

text: periastron

text: , the planet comes almost as close as

text: Earth

text: orbits the Sun, and at

text: apoastron

text: , the distance is twice as much.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 114386 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 114386

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 114386 b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1.62 AU, somewhat more than distance between Mars and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1.62 AU,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1.62 AU, somewhat more than distance between Mars and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1.62 AU, somewhat more than distance between Mars and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 114386 b

text: Science fiction has often featured planets of binary or ternary stars as a setting, for example George Lucas' Tatooine from Star Wars, and one notable story, "Nightfall", even takes this to a six-star system. In reality, some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly, being either ejected from the system altogether or transferred to a more inner or outer orbital range), whilst other orbits present serious challenges for eventual biospheres because of likely extreme variations in surface temperature during different parts of the orbit. Planets that orbit just one star in a binary system are said to have "S-type" orbits, whereas those that orbit around both stars have "P-type" or "circumbinary" orbits. It is estimated that 50–60% of binary systems are capable of supporting habitable terrestrial planets within stable orbital ranges.

text: Science fiction

text: has often featured

text: planet

text: s of binary or ternary stars as a setting, for example George Lucas'

text: Tatooine

text: from

text: Star Wars

text: , and one notable story, "

text: Nightfall

text: ", even takes this to a six-star system. In reality, some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly, being either ejected from the system altogether or transferred to a more inner or outer orbital range), whilst other orbits present serious challenges for eventual

text: biosphere

text: s because of likely extreme variations in surface temperature during different parts of the orbit. Planets that orbit just one star in a binary system are said to have "S-type" orbits, whereas those that orbit around both stars have "P-type" or "

text: circumbinary

text: " orbits. It is estimated that 50–60% of binary systems are capable of supporting habitable terrestrial planets within stable orbital ranges.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: one star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary or ternary

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary or ternary stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Science fiction has often featured planets of binary or ternary stars

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "S-type" orbits,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary or ternary stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: binary or ternary stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary or ternary stars

text: Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of our Solar System. The word comes from the Greek (ἥλιος helios "sun" and κέντρον kentron "center").

text: Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the

text: astronomical

text: model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of our

text: Solar System

text: . The word comes from the

text: Greek

text: ἥλιος

text: helios

text: "sun" and

text: κέντρον

text: kentron "center").

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of our Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: relatively stationary Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Heliocentrism,

text: The least massive planet known is Draugr (also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the Moon. The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b, about 29 times the mass of Jupiter, although according to some definitions of a planet, it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead. There are planets that are so near to their star that they take only a few hours to orbit and there are others so far away that they take thousands of years to orbit. Some are so far out that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star. Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way, but there have also been a few possible detections of extragalactic planets. The nearest exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b, located 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs) from Earth and orbiting Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun.

text: The

text: least massive planet

text: known is

text: Draugr

text: (also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the

text: Moon

text: . The

text: most massive planet

text: listed on the

text: NASA Exoplanet Archive

text: is

text: DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b

text: , about 29 times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: , although according to some definitions of a

text: planet

text: , it is too massive to be a planet and may be a

text: brown dwarf

text: instead. There are planets that are so near to their star that they take only a few hours to orbit and there are others so far away that they take thousands of years to orbit. Some are so far out that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star. Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way, but there have also been a few possible detections of

text: extragalactic planet

text: s. The nearest exoplanet is

text: Proxima Centauri b

text: , located 4.2

text: light-year

text: s (1.3

text: parsec

text: s) from Earth and orbiting

text: Proxima Centauri

text: , the closest star to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The nearest exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Draugr

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Draugr

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: thousands of years to orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitationally bound to the star.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The least massive planet known is Draugr

text: The planet has a minimum mass about 20% more than Jupiter. Since the discovery method gives only the minimum mass, its true mass is probably slightly greater. The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit. The mean distance from the star is slightly less than that of Mars from the Sun, but at periastron the planet is a fifth closer to the star than Earth from the Sun and at apoastron it is over twice as far.

text: The planet has a

text: minimum mass

text: about 20% more than

text: Jupiter

text: . Since the discovery method gives only the minimum mass, its

text: true mass

text: is probably slightly greater. The planet orbits the star in a very

text: eccentric

text: orbit. The mean distance from the star is slightly less than that of

text: Mars

text: from the Sun, but at

text: periastron

text: the planet is a fifth closer to the star than

text: Earth

text: from the Sun and at

text: apoastron

text: it is over twice as far.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: twice as far.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The planet orbits the star in a very eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The planet has a minimum mass about 20% more than Jupiter.

text: In Turkey, a mostly Islamic country, evolution is often a controversial subject. Evolution was added to the school curriculum shortly after the Turkish Revolution of the 1920s and 30s. There was some resistance to this, such as that of Said Nursî and his followers, but opposition was not particularly powerful. In fact, some prominent Turkish scholars during the first decades of the new-born Turkish republic, such as Ahmet Hamdi Akseki (d. 1951), who once served as the President of Religious Affairs of Turkey, and İzmirli İsmail Hakkı (d. 1946) thought that the theory of evolution cannot be seen as contrary to Islam because it was already to be found in the classical works of Muslim theology. In the 1980s, conservatives came into power, and used the ideas of scientific creationists in the US as a method of discrediting evolution (notwithstanding material on the age of the Earth, which Islamic creationism is less specific about).

text: In

text: Turkey

text: , a mostly Islamic country, evolution is often a controversial subject. Evolution was added to the school curriculum shortly after the

text: Turkish Revolution

text: of the 1920s and 30s. There was some resistance to this, such as that of

text: Said Nursî

text: and his followers, but opposition was not particularly powerful. In fact, some prominent Turkish scholars during the first decades of the new-born Turkish republic, such as

text: Ahmet Hamdi Akseki

text: (d. 1951), who once served as the

text: President of Religious Affairs of Turkey

text: , and İzmirli İsmail Hakkı (d. 1946) thought that the theory of evolution cannot be seen as contrary to Islam because it was already to be found in the classical works of Muslim theology. In the 1980s, conservatives came into power, and used the ideas of

text: scientific creationists

text: in the

text: US

text: as a method of discrediting evolution (notwithstanding material on the

text: age of the Earth

text: , which

text: Islamic creationism

text: is less specific about).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Said Nursî

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: evolution is often a controversial subject

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Said Nursî

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: age of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1920s and 30s.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Evolution was added to the school curriculum shortly after the Turkish Revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: age of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: age of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Evolution was added to the school curriculum shortly after the Turkish Revolution

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: age of the Earth,

text: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.

text: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes

text: tide

text: s on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its

text: tidal locking

text: : its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the

text: lunar phase

text: s; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the

text: solar terminator

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The gravitational attraction

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The gravitational attraction

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: solar terminator.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: solar terminator.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Moon

text: Gliese 581 c has an orbital period ("year") of 13 Earth days and its orbital radius is only about 7% that of the Earth, about 11 million km, while the Earth is 150 million kilometres from the Sun. Since the host star is smaller and colder than the Sun—and thus less luminous—this distance places the planet on the "warm" edge of the habitable zone around the star according to Udry's team. Note that in astrophysics, the "habitable zone" is defined as the range of distances from the star at which a planet could support liquid water on its surface: it should not be taken to mean that the planet's environment would be suitable for humans, a situation which requires a more restrictive range of parameters. A typical radius for an M0 star of Gliese 581's age and metallicity is 0.00128 AU, against the sun's 0.00465 AU. This proximity means that the primary star should appear 3.75 times wider and 14 times larger in area for an observer on the planet's surface looking at the sky than the Sun appears to be from Earth's surface.

text: Gliese 581 c has an

text: orbital period

text: ("year") of 13 Earth days and its orbital radius is only about 7% that of the Earth, about 11 million km, while the Earth is 150 million kilometres from the

text: Sun

text: . Since the host star is smaller and colder than the Sun—and thus less luminous—this distance places the planet on the "warm" edge of the habitable zone around the star according to Udry's team. Note that in astrophysics, the "habitable zone" is defined as the range of distances from the star at which a planet could support liquid water on its surface: it should not be taken to mean that the planet's environment would be suitable for humans, a situation which requires a more restrictive range of parameters. A typical radius for an M0 star of Gliese 581's age and

text: metallicity

text: is 0.00128 AU, against the sun's 0.00465 AU. This proximity means that the primary star should appear 3.75 times wider and 14 times larger in area for an observer on the planet's surface looking at the sky than the Sun appears to be from Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Udry

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period ("year")

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth is 150 million kilometres from the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 581

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Udry's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 150 million kilometres from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbital period ("year") of 13 Earth days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 7% that of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period ("year") of 13 Earth days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 150 million kilometres from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 150 million kilometres from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 581

text: Historically, heliocentrism (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the universe) was opposed to geocentrism (placing the Earth at the center of the universe).

text: Historically,

text: heliocentrism

text: (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the universe) was opposed to

text: geocentrism

text: (placing the Earth at the center of the universe).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on March 29, 2025. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 2025.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on March 29, 2025.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A partial solar eclipse

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of Kepler-419c, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit, albeit a bit longer, around 65 days.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of Kepler-419c, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit, albeit a bit longer, around 65 days.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-419c

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-419c,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-419c,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-419c,

text: Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis for example, Joshua 10:12 where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and Psalms 93:1 where the world is described as immobile. Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis, co-author of the self-published Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right (2006). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives.

text: Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis for example,

text: Joshua

text: 10:12 where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and

text: Psalms

text: 93:1 where the world is described as immobile. Contemporary advocates for such

text: religious belief

text: s include

text: Robert Sungenis

text: , co-author of the self-published Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right (2006). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the daily apparent motions of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1, 1514.  Although only in manuscript, Copernicus' ideas were well known among astronomers and others. His ideas contradicted the then-prevailing understanding of the Bible. In the King James Bible  First Chronicles 16:30 state that "the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved." Psalm 104:5 says, "[the Lord] Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever." Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose."

text: The first information about the heliocentric views of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1, 1514.  Although only in manuscript, Copernicus' ideas were well known among astronomers and others. His ideas contradicted the then-prevailing understanding of the Bible. In the

text: King James Bible

text: First Chronicles 16:30 state that "the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved." Psalm 104:5 says, "[the Lord] Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever." Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "The sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: His ideas contradicted the then-prevailing understanding of the Bible.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: His ideas contradicted the then-prevailing understanding of the Bible.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus

text: In 2011, it was reported that two planetary candidates had been detected in close orbit around this star. The planets were discovered through Doppler spectroscopy using the HARPS spectrograph at La Silla Observatory in Chile. Their presence was revealed by periodic variations in the radial velocity of the host star due to gravitational perturbations by the orbiting objects. Both planets have brief orbital periods: the inner planet is orbiting the host star every 7.28 days while the outer planet orbits every 10.86 days. Their individual masses are more than twice that of the Earth, placing them in the regime of Super-Earth or Neptune mass planets.

text: In 2011, it was reported that two planetary candidates had been detected in close orbit around this star. The planets were discovered through

text: Doppler spectroscopy

text: using the

entity_name: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: HARPS

text: spectrograph at

text: La Silla Observatory

text: in

text: Chile

text: . Their presence was revealed by periodic variations in the

text: radial velocity

text: of the host star due to

text: gravitational perturbations

text: by the orbiting objects. Both planets have brief orbital periods: the inner planet is orbiting the host star every 7.28 days while the outer planet orbits every 10.86 days. Their individual masses are more than twice that of the Earth, placing them in the regime of

text: Super-Earth

text: or

text: Neptune

text: mass planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational perturbations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: their individual masses are more than twice that of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: In 2011,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitational perturbations

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Both planets have brief orbital periods:

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: gravitational perturbations

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational perturbations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Super-Earth or Neptune mass planets.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 7.28 days while the outer planet orbits every 10.86 days.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HARPS spectrograph

text: Nicolaus Copernicus (;  ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, possibly independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model before Copernicus. The publication of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

text: Nicolaus Copernicus (;  ; ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a

text: Renaissance

text: mathematician and astronomer who formulated a

text: model

text: of

text: the universe

text: that placed

text: the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe

text: , possibly independently of

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: , who had formulated such a model before Copernicus. The publication of this model in his book

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 was a major event in the

text: history of science

text: , triggering the

text: Copernican Revolution

text: and making an important contribution to the

text: Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: A related problem is that of centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system, where three rotations appear: the daily rotation of the Earth about its axis, the lunar-month rotation of the Earth-Moon system about their center of mass, and the annual revolution of the Earth-Moon system about the Sun. These three motions influence the tides.

text: A related problem is that of centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system, where three rotations appear: the daily rotation of the Earth about its axis, the lunar-month rotation of the Earth-Moon system about their center of mass, and the annual revolution of the Earth-Moon system about the Sun. These three motions influence the

text: tides

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Earth-Moon-Sun system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: centrifugal forces for the Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-Moon-Sun system,

text: HD 45364 is a star approximately 107 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Canis Major. As of August 2008 there are two confirmed extrasolar planets orbiting around it.

text: HD 45364 is a star approximately 107 light years away from

text: Earth

text: in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Canis Major

text: . As of August 2008 there are two confirmed

text: extrasolar planet

text: s orbiting around it.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: HD 45364

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: canis major

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around it

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 45364

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 45364

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: two confirmed extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: two confirmed extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 107 light years

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: two confirmed extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 107 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Canis Major.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 45364

text: After the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths, it was stated that Earth-C and Earth-C-Minus were actually "alternate dimensions" rather than parallel Earths, and thus were spared from the effects of Crisis.  More recently, the miniseries The Kingdom presented Earth-C as a Hypertime reality.  In the series, Countdown, the Monitors include one who has a neck and head that appears to resemble a giraffe's.  There is an equivalent of Earth-C in the newly reestablished DC Multiverse, designated "Earth-26", with a history and population similar to that of the Pre-Crisis Earth-C.

text: After the 1985 miniseries

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: , it was stated that Earth-C and Earth-C-Minus were actually "alternate dimensions" rather than parallel Earths, and thus were spared from the effects of Crisis.  More recently, the miniseries

text: The Kingdom

text: presented Earth-C as a

text: Hypertime

text: reality.  In the series,

text: Countdown

text: , the

text: Monitors

text: include one who has a neck and head that appears to resemble a

text: giraffe

text: 's.  There is an equivalent of Earth-C in the newly reestablished

text: DC Multiverse

text: , designated "Earth-26", with a history and population similar to that of the Pre-Crisis Earth-C.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: parallel Earths

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-C

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-C

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parallel Earths,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: After the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-C and Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-C

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Hypertime

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: After the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: parallel Earths,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: parallel Earths,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: After the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-C

text: However, for many years it was thought that since older star systems have lower metallicity, they should display low planet formation, and thus such old planets may have been scant in the beginning, but the number of metallic items in the universe must have grown steadily since its inception.  The first exoplanetary discoveries, mostly gas giants orbiting very close to their stars, known as Hot Jupiters, suggest that planets were rare in systems with low metallicity, which invited suspicion of a time limit on the appearance of the first objects landmass. Later, in 2012, the Kepler telescope's observations allowed experts to find out that this relationship is much more restrictive in systems with Hot Jupiters, and that terrestrial planets could form in stars of much lower metallicity, to some extent.  It is now thought that the first Earth-mass objects should appear sometime between 7 and 12 billion years. Given the greater stability of the orange dwarfs (K-type) compared to the Sun (G-type) and longer life expectancy, it is possible that superhabitable exoplanets belonging to K-type stars, orbiting within its habitable zone, could provide a longer, steadier, and better environment for life than Earth.

text: However, for many years it was thought that since older star systems have lower

text: metallicity

text: , they should display low planet formation, and thus such old planets may have been scant in the beginning, but the number of

text: metallic

text: items in the universe must have grown steadily since its inception.  The first exoplanetary discoveries, mostly gas giants orbiting very close to their stars, known as

text: Hot Jupiters

text: , suggest that planets were rare in systems with low metallicity, which invited suspicion of a time limit on the appearance of the first objects landmass. Later, in 2012, the

text: Kepler telescope

text: 's observations allowed experts to find out that this relationship is much more restrictive in systems with

text: Hot Jupiters

text: , and that terrestrial planets could form in stars of much lower metallicity, to some extent.  It is now thought that the first Earth-mass objects should appear sometime between 7 and 12 billion years. Given the greater stability of the orange dwarfs (K-type) compared to the Sun (G-type) and longer life expectancy, it is possible that superhabitable exoplanets belonging to K-type stars, orbiting within its habitable zone, could provide a longer, steadier, and better environment for life than Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: a time limit on the appearance of the first objects landmass

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the first Earth-mass objects should appear sometime between 7 and 12 billion years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Hot Jupiters

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 7 and 12 billion years.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: older star systems have lower metallicity, they should display low planet formation,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: older star systems have lower metallicity, they should display low planet formation,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: older star systems have lower metallicity,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (G-type)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: older star systems have lower metallicity, they should display low planet formation,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Hot Jupiters,

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of 38 Virginis b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than 80 days (a little over 2 months) in order to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of 38 Virginis b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than 80 days (a little over 2 months) in order to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 38 Virginis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 38 Virginis b

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 38 Virginis b,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1 AU from a Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 38 Virginis b,

text: The planet has a mass 1.14 times that of Jupiter. Since the planet's inclination is known, this represents the best measured true mass of the planet, rather than simply the minimum mass as is the case when the inclination is unknown. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-132) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets 51 Pegasi b and HD 209458 b. The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours. The radius of the planet is only 18% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-hot Jupiters".

text: The

text: planet

text: has a mass 1.14 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Since the planet's

text: inclination

text: is known, this represents the best measured true mass of the planet, rather than simply the minimum mass as is the case when the inclination is unknown. It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-132) in an extremely close orbit, even closer than the famous planets

text: 51 Pegasi b

text: and

text: HD 209458 b

text: . The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours. The radius of the planet is only 18% larger than Jupiter's, despite the heating effect by the star. Planets of its kind are sometimes called "super-

text: hot Jupiter

text: s".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: OGLE-TR-132

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: OGLE-TR-132

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 51 Pegasi b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "super-hot Jupiters".

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The planet races around the star every 1 day 16.6 hours.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: It orbits the star (OGLE-TR-132)

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter.

text: It is a narrow path for the moon to pass within the penumbra and outside the umbra. It can happen on the Earth's northern or southern penumbral edges. In addition, the size of the penumbra is sometimes too small where the moon enters it to contain the moon. The width of the Earth's penumbra is determined by the sun's angular diameter at the time of the eclipse, and the moon's angular diameter is larger than the sun over part of its elliptical orbit, depending on whether the eclipse occurs at its nearest (perigee) or farthest point (apogee) in its orbit around the earth.  The majority of the time, the size of the moon and the size of the Earth's penumbra where the moon crosses it mean that most eclipses will not be total penumbral in nature.

text: It is a narrow path for the moon to pass within the penumbra and outside the umbra. It can happen on the Earth's northern or southern penumbral edges. In addition, the size of the penumbra is sometimes too small where the moon enters it to contain the moon. The width of the Earth's penumbra is determined by the sun's

text: angular diameter

text: at the time of the eclipse, and the moon's angular diameter is larger than the sun over part of its

text: elliptical orbit

text: , depending on whether the eclipse occurs at its nearest (

text: perigee

text: ) or farthest point (apogee) in its orbit around the earth.  The majority of the time, the size of the moon and the size of the Earth's penumbra where the moon crosses it mean that most eclipses will not be total penumbral in nature.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellitical orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: most eclipses will not be total penumbral in nature.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: elliptical orbit,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: moon to pass within the penumbra and outside the umbra.

text: The only surviving planetary model from among the Chaldean astronomers is that of Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC), who supported Aristarchus of Samos' heliocentric model. Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch, Aetius, Strabo, and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. Strabo lists Seleucus as one of the four most influential Chaldean/Babylonian astronomers, alongside Kidenas (Kidinnu), Naburianos (Naburimannu), and Sudines. Their works were originally written in the Akkadian language and later translated into Greek. Seleucus, however, was unique among them in that he was the only one known to have supported the heliocentric theory of planetary motion proposed by Aristarchus, where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system through reasoning, though it is not known what arguments he used.

text: The only surviving planetary model from among the Chaldean astronomers is that of

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: (b. 190 BC), who supported

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: heliocentric

text: model. Seleucus is known from the writings of

text: Plutarch

text: Aetius

text: Strabo

text: , and

text: Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

text: . Strabo lists Seleucus as one of the four most influential Chaldean/Babylonian astronomers, alongside

text: Kidenas

text: (Kidinnu),

text: Naburianos

text: (Naburimannu), and

text: Sudines

text: . Their works were originally written in the

text: Akkadian language

text: and later translated into

text: Greek

text: . Seleucus, however, was unique among them in that he was the only one known to have supported the heliocentric theory of planetary motion proposed by Aristarchus, where the

text: Earth rotated

text: around its own axis which in turn revolved around the

text: Sun

text: . According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system through

text: reasoning

text: , though it is not known what arguments he used.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos'

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun.

text: A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD27 may be displaced on the order of many tens of meters from another point having the identical latitude and longitude in NAD83, so it is important to specify the datum along with the coordinates. The North American Datum of 1927 is defined by the latitude and longitude of an initial point (Meades Ranch Triangulation Station in Kansas), the direction of a line between this point and a specified second point, and two dimensions that define the spheroid. The North American Datum of 1983 is based on a newer defined spheroid (GRS 80); it is an Earth-centered (or "geocentric") datum having no initial point or initial direction.

text: A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD27 may be displaced on the order of many tens of meters from another point having the identical latitude and longitude in NAD83, so it is important to specify the datum along with the coordinates. The North American Datum of 1927 is defined by the latitude and longitude of an initial point (

text: Meades Ranch Triangulation Station

text: in Kansas), the direction of a line between this point and a specified second point, and two dimensions that define the spheroid. The North American Datum of 1983 is based on a newer defined spheroid (GRS 80); it is an Earth-centered (or "

text: geocentric

text: ") datum having no initial point or initial direction.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Meades

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-centered (or "geocentric")

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The North American Datum of 1983

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The North American Datum of 1983

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Meades Ranch

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD27

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-centered (or "geocentric")

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A point having a given latitude and longitude in NAD27

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The North American Datum of 1983

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "geocentric")

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-centered (or "geocentric")

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The North American Datum of 1983

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The North American Datum of 1927

text: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems are more easily detectable, as they cause perturbations in the orbits of stars themselves. However, with this method, follow-up observations are needed to determine which star the planet orbits around.

text: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems are more easily detectable, as they cause perturbations in the orbits of stars themselves. However, with this method, follow-up observations are needed to determine which star the planet orbits around.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary systems

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: one of the stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: follow-up observations

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary systems

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary systems

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Planets orbiting around one of the stars in binary systems

text: Earth-Two is a fictional universe appearing in American comic book stories published by DC Comics. First appearing in The Flash #123 (1961), Earth-Two was created to explain how Silver-Age (Earth-One) versions of characters such as the Flash could appear in stories with their Golden Age counterparts. This Earth-Two continuity includes DC Golden Age heroes, including the Justice Society of America, whose careers began at the dawn of World War II, concurrently with their first appearances in comics. Earth-Two, along with the four other surviving Earths of the DC Multiverse, were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths. However, following the events of Infinite Crisis, the Multiverse was reborn, although the subsequent Earth-Two was not the same as its pre-Crisis equivalent.

text: Earth-Two is a fictional universe appearing in

text: American comic book

text: stories published by

text: DC Comics

text: . First appearing in The Flash #123 (1961), Earth-Two was created to explain how

text: Silver-Age

text: Earth-One

text: ) versions of characters such as

text: the Flash

text: could appear in stories with their

text: Golden Age

text: counterparts. This Earth-Two continuity includes DC Golden Age heroes, including the

text: Justice Society of America

text: , whose careers began at the dawn of

text: World War II

text: , concurrently with their first appearances in comics. Earth-Two, along with the four other surviving Earths of the

text: DC Multiverse

text: , were merged into one in the 1985 miniseries

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: . However, following the events of

text: Infinite Crisis

text: , the Multiverse was reborn, although the subsequent Earth-Two was not the same as its pre-Crisis equivalent.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Multiverse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: (Earth-One)

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: World War II,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (Earth-One)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-Two

text: The astrological ephemeris was developed for the purposes of setting up a birth chart, or horoscope, and converts positions of planets given in right ascension/declination into zodiacal longitude. This is a planet’s position along the ecliptic –the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun, or the sun’s apparent path around a fixed, stationary earth. An astrological birth chart is geocentric, or earth-centred, calculated as if the earth was at a fixed point, with the zodiac ‘revolving’ around it.

text: The astrological ephemeris was developed for the purposes of setting up a

text: birth chart

text: , or

text: horoscope

text: , and converts positions of planets given in right ascension/declination into zodiacal longitude. This is a planet’s position along the

text: ecliptic

text: –the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun, or the sun’s apparent path around a fixed, stationary earth. An astrological birth chart is

text: geocentric

text: , or earth-centred, calculated as if the earth was at a fixed point, with the

text: zodiac

text: ‘revolving’ around it.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: This is a planet’s position along the ecliptic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The astrological ephemeris was developed for the purposes of setting up a birth chart

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astrological ephemeris

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the sun’s apparent path around a fixed, stationary earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth was at a fixed point,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: sun’s apparent path around a fixed, stationary earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: astrological ephemeris

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: –the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the sun’s apparent path around a fixed, stationary earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun,

text: Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in Mesopotamia, Greece, India, China, Egypt, and Central America, astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to be explored. Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the geocentric model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system, named after Ptolemy.

text: Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most notably in

text: Mesopotamia

text: Greece

text: India

text: China

text: Egypt

text: , and

text: Central America

text: , astronomical observatories were assembled, and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to be explored. Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as

text: astrometry

text: . From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the

text: geocentric model

text: of the Universe, or the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: , named after

text: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, Moon and the stars rotating around it

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotating around it.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: Crutzen proposed the Industrial Revolution as the start of Anthropocene. Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth’s landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns.

text: Crutzen proposed the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: as the start of Anthropocene. Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the

text: Newcomen atmospheric engine

text: in 1712. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth’s landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newcomen

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Crutzen

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth’s landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: few substantial slowdowns.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Anthropocene.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Anthropocene.

text: For many thousands of years, civilizations, with a few notable exceptions, did not recognize the existence of the Solar System. It was believed Earth was stationary at the center of the Universe and categorically different from the divine or etherea objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus first developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, developed a modern understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. In more recent times, this led to the investigation of geological phenomena such as mountains and craters and seasonal meteorological phenomena such as clouds, dust storms, and ice caps on the other planets.

text: For many thousands of years, civilizations, with a few notable exceptions, did not recognize the existence of the

text: Solar System

text: . It was believed Earth was stationary at the center of the

text: Universe

text: and categorically different from the divine or etherea objects that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: had speculated on a

text: heliocentric

text: reordering of the cosmos,

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: first developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors,

text: Galileo Galilei

text: Johannes Kepler

text: , and

text: Isaac Newton

text: , developed a modern understanding of

text: physics

text: that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. In more recent times, this led to the investigation of geological phenomena such as mountains and craters and seasonal meteorological phenomena such as clouds, dust storms, and ice caps on the other planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth moves around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth moves around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth moves around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth moves around the Sun

text: It is an ellipsoid of revolution, whose short (polar) axis (connecting the two flattest spots called geographical north and south poles) is approximately aligned with the rotation axis of the Earth. The ellipsoid is defined by the equatorial axis a and the polar axis b; their difference is about 21 km or 0.335 percent. Additional parameters are the mass function J2, the correspondent gravity formula, and the rotation period (usually 86164 seconds).

text: It is an

text: ellipsoid of revolution

text: , whose short (polar) axis (connecting the two flattest spots called geographical north and south poles) is approximately aligned with the rotation axis of the Earth. The ellipsoid is defined by the equatorial axis a and the polar axis b; their difference is about 21 km or 0.335 percent. Additional parameters are the

text: mass function

text: J2, the correspondent

text: gravity

text: formula, and the rotation period (usually 86164 seconds).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: polar axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 0.335 percent.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.335 percent.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 0.335 percent.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: north and south poles)

text: The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.

text: The Moon and Earth orbit a common

text: barycenter

text: every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the

text: synodic month

text: , from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the

text: celestial north pole

text: , the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all

text: counterclockwise

text: . Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's

text: axis is tilted

text: some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the

text: ecliptic

text: ), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between

text: lunar eclipse

text: s and

text: solar eclipse

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: counterclockwise

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: counterclockwise.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned:

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: counterclockwise.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter

text: Take Two bought Firaxis for $26.7 million including possible performance bonuses in November 2005 which resulted in Take Two owning both the developer and the publisher of the Civilization franchise. Since Take Two's acquisition, Firaxis has developed several more titles in the series, including two main releases, Civilization V (2010) and Civilization VI (2016), two lightweight versions of Civilization for consoles and mobiles in Civilization Revolution (2008) and its sequel Civilization Revolution 2 (2014), and Civilization: Beyond Earth (2014), inspired by their previous Alpha Centauri title.

text: Take Two bought Firaxis for $26.7 million including possible performance bonuses in November 2005 which resulted in Take Two owning both the developer and the publisher of the Civilization franchise. Since Take Two's acquisition, Firaxis has developed several more titles in the series, including two main releases,

text: Civilization V

text: (2010) and

text: Civilization VI

text: (2016), two lightweight versions of Civilization for consoles and mobiles in

text: Civilization Revolution

text: (2008) and its sequel

text: Civilization Revolution 2

text: (2014), and

text: Civilization: Beyond Earth

text: (2014), inspired by their previous Alpha Centauri title.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth (2014), inspired by their previous Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Take Two bought Firaxis for $26.7 million

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth (2014), inspired by their previous Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Civilization: Beyond Earth (2014), inspired by their previous Alpha Centauri

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Alpha Centauri

text:
1. There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres.
2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere.
3. All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe.
4. The ratio of the earth's distance from the sun to the height of the firmament (outermost celestial sphere containing the stars) is so much smaller than the ratio of the earth's radius to its distance from the sun that the distance from the earth to the sun is imperceptible in comparison with the height of the firmament.
5. Whatever motion appears in the firmament arises not from any motion of the firmament, but from the earth's motion. The earth together with its circumjacent elements performs a complete rotation on its fixed poles in a daily motion, while the firmament and highest heaven abide unchanged.
6. What appear to us as motions of the sun arise not from its motion but from the motion of the earth and our sphere, with which we revolve about the sun like any other planet. The earth has, then, more than one motion.

text:
1. There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres.
2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere.
3. All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe.
4. The ratio of the earth's distance from the sun to the height of the

text: firmament

text:
(outermost celestial sphere containing the stars) is so much smaller than the ratio of the earth's radius to its distance from the sun that the distance from the earth to the sun is imperceptible in comparison with the height of the firmament.
5. Whatever motion appears in the firmament arises not from any motion of the firmament, but from the earth's motion. The earth together with its circumjacent elements performs a complete rotation on its fixed poles in a daily motion, while the firmament and highest heaven abide unchanged.
6. What appear to us as motions of the sun arise not from its motion but from the motion of the earth and our sphere, with which we revolve about the sun like any other planet. The earth has, then, more than one motion.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The earth has, then, more than one motion.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The earth together with its circumjacent elements performs a complete rotation on its fixed poles in a daily motion

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1. There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: earth's distance from the sun to the height of the firmament

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: earth's distance from the sun to the height of the firmament

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The center of the earth is not the center of the universe,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars)

text: Paul Robert Magocsi illustrated the effect of the Orange Revolution on Euromaidan, saying, "Was the Orange Revolution a genuine revolution? Yes it was. And we see the effects today. The revolution wasn't a revolution of the streets or a revolution of (political) elections; it was a revolution of the minds of people, in the sense that for the first time in a long time, Ukrainians and people living in territorial Ukraine saw the opportunity to protest and change their situation. This was a profound change in the character of the population of the former Soviet Union." Lviv-based historian Yaroslav Hrytsak also remarked on the generational shift, "This is a revolution of the generation that we call the contemporaries of Ukraine's independence (who were born around the time of 1991); it is more similar to the Occupy Wall Street protests or those in Istanbul demonstrations (of this year). It's a revolution of young people who are very educated, people who are active in social media, who are mobile and 90 percent of whom have university degrees, but who don't have futures." However Mr. Hrytsak failed to notice that the Occupy Wall Street movement was a peaceful one.

text: Paul Robert Magocsi

text: illustrated the effect of the Orange Revolution on Euromaidan, saying, "Was the Orange Revolution a genuine revolution? Yes it was. And we see the effects today. The revolution wasn't a revolution of the streets or a revolution of (political) elections; it was a revolution of the minds of people, in the sense that for the first time in a long time, Ukrainians and people living in territorial Ukraine saw the opportunity to protest and change their situation. This was a profound change in the character of the population of the former Soviet Union."

text: Lviv

text: -based historian

text: Yaroslav Hrytsak

text: also remarked on the generational shift, "This is a revolution of the generation that we call the contemporaries of Ukraine's independence (who were born around the time of 1991); it is more similar to the Occupy Wall Street protests or those in Istanbul demonstrations (of this year). It's a revolution of young people who are very educated, people who are active in social media, who are mobile and 90 percent of whom have university degrees, but who don't have futures." However Mr. Hrytsak failed to notice that the Occupy Wall Street movement was a peaceful one.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: peaceful one.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Occupy Wall Street

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: peaceful one.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Occupy Wall Street

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Occupy Wall Street movement was a peaceful one.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Occupy Wall Street

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Occupy Wall Street movement was a peaceful one.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: futures."

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Occupy Wall Street

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Orange Revolution on Euromaidan,

text: Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a  star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 10 years at 2 AU out to around 10 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a  star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars one to  for one that orbits at Saturn's distance to the Sun, the maximum time () corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a  star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for  and  respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

text: Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its

text: planetary system

text: , if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a  star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a

text: habitable zone

text: for several times 10 years at 2

text: AU

text: out to around 10 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 10 years. Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a  star the habitable zone lasts from 10 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of

text: Mars

text: one to  for one that orbits at

text: Saturn

text: 's distance to the Sun, the maximum time () corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of

text: Jupiter

text: . However, for planets orbiting a  star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for  and  respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: after the red-giant stage

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: red giant will render its planetary system,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: uninhabitable,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planetary system, if present, uninhabitable,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Saturn's distance to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: red giant

text: The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a "central fire", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion.  This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth.  The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary.  The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the "counter-earth" invisible from Earth.  The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary. Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans' "central fire" as the Sun, "as most sects purposely hid[e] their teachings".

text: The non-geocentric model of the

text: Universe

text: was proposed by the

text: Pythagorean

text: philosopher

text: Philolaus

text: (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a "central fire", around which the

text: Earth

text: Sun

text: Moon

text: and

text: Planets

text: revolved in uniform circular motion.  This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire, with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth.  The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary.  The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire, rendering both it and the "counter-earth" invisible from Earth.  The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years, and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary.

text: Kepler

text: gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans' "central fire" as the Sun, "as most sects purposely hid[e] their teachings".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: central fire

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year, and the stars were stationary

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "central fire",

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "central fire",

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stationary.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2000 years,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: uniform circular motion.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the stars were stationary.

text: It appears that Johannes Werner inspired by Amerigo Vespucci's letter written in 1502 where he wrote: "...I maintain that I learned [my longitude] ... by the eclipses and conjunctions of the Moon with the planets; and I have lost many nights of sleep in reconciling my calculations with the precepts of those sages who have devised the manuals and written of the movements, conjunctions, aspects, and eclipses of the two luminaries and of the wandering stars, such as the wise King Don Alfonso in his Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus in his Almanac, and Blanchinus, and the Rabbi Zacuto in his almanac, which is perpetual; and these were composed in different meridians: King Don Alfonso's book in the meridian of Toledo, and Johannes Regiomontanus's in that of Ferrara, and the other two in that of Salamanca."2 The best "clock" to use for reference, is the stars. In the roughly 27.3 solar days of a lunar orbit, the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky, returning to its old position among the stars. This is 13 degrees per day, or just over 0.5 degree per hour. So, while the rotation of the Earth causes the stars and the Moon to appear to move from east to west across the night sky, the Moon, because of its own orbit around the Earth, fights back against this apparent motion, and seems to move eastward (or retrograde) by about 0.5 degree per hour. In other words, the Moon "moves" west only 11.5 degrees per hour."

text: It appears that Johannes Werner inspired by Amerigo Vespucci's letter written in 1502 where he wrote: "...I maintain that I learned [my longitude] ... by the eclipses and conjunctions of the Moon with the planets; and I have lost many nights of sleep in reconciling my calculations with the precepts of those sages who have devised the manuals and written of the movements, conjunctions, aspects, and eclipses of the two luminaries and of the wandering stars, such as the wise King Don Alfonso in his Tables, Johannes Regiomontanus in his Almanac, and Blanchinus, and the

text: Rabbi Zacuto

text: in his almanac, which is perpetual; and these were composed in different meridians: King Don Alfonso's book in the meridian of Toledo, and Johannes Regiomontanus's in that of Ferrara, and the other two in that of Salamanca."2 The best "clock" to use for reference, is the stars. In the roughly 27.3 solar days of a lunar orbit, the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky, returning to its old position among the stars. This is 13 degrees per day, or just over 0.5 degree per hour. So, while the rotation of the Earth causes the stars and the Moon to appear to move from east to west across the night sky, the Moon, because of its own orbit around the Earth, fights back against this apparent motion, and seems to move eastward (or retrograde) by about 0.5 degree per hour. In other words, the Moon "moves" west only 11.5 degrees per hour."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Werner

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the two luminaries and of the wandering stars

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 27.3 solar days of a lunar orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Werner

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotation of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Moon,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the Moon, because of its own orbit around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 13 degrees per day, or just over 0.5 degree per hour.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon moves a full 360 degrees around the sky,

text: Back in the 15th century, German theologian Nicolaus Cusanus speculated that the Universe lacked a center and a circumference. He believed that the Universe, while not infinite, could not be held as finite as it lacked any bounds within which it could be contained. These ideas led to speculations as to the infinite dimension of space by the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno in the 16th century. He extended the Copernican heliocentric cosmology to the concept of an infinite Universe filled with a substance he called aether, which did not cause resistance to the motions of heavenly bodies. English philosopher William Gilbert arrived at a similar conclusion, arguing that the stars are visible to us only because they are surrounded by a thin aether or a void. This concept of an aether originated with ancient Greek philosophers, including Aristotle, who conceived of it as the medium through which the heavenly bodies moved.

text: Back in the 15th century, German theologian

text: Nicolaus Cusanus

text: speculated that the

text: Universe

text: lacked a center and a circumference. He believed that the Universe, while not infinite, could not be held as finite as it lacked any bounds within which it could be contained. These ideas led to speculations as to the infinite dimension of space by the Italian philosopher

text: Giordano Bruno

text: in the 16th century. He extended the Copernican

text: heliocentric

text: cosmology

text: to the concept of an infinite Universe filled with a substance he called

text: aether

text: , which did not cause resistance to the motions of heavenly bodies. English philosopher

text: William Gilbert

text: arrived at a similar conclusion, arguing that the stars are visible to us only because they are surrounded by a thin aether or a void. This concept of an aether originated with

text: ancient Greek

text: philosophers, including Aristotle, who conceived of it as the medium through which the heavenly bodies moved.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: aether

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Giordano Bruno

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Gilbert

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: resistance to the motions of heavenly bodies.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: center

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: In the Babylon 5 universe, Minbar is a planet in the system of Chi Draconis — a binary star system just over 26 light years from Earth.  It is the seventh planet in orbit around the local suns and has two moons. Its day is shorter than Earth's, at 20 hours and 47 minutes, and its year is about 1.5 Earth years.  Like Earth, Minbar has an oxygen—nitrogen atmosphere.  The polar caps are larger than those on Earth; the northern cap covers 23% of the planet's surface and, on the whole, Minbar's climate is colder than that of Earth - more like the climate on Earth during the last Ice Age. The planet is noted for vast crystalline structures; many cities are carved directly from crystal. The population of the planet is about 4 billion, and the capital city is located at Yedor.

text: In the Babylon 5 universe, Minbar is a planet in the system of

text: Chi Draconis

text: — a binary

text: star system

text: just over 26 light years from Earth.  It is the seventh planet in orbit around the local suns and has two moons. Its day is shorter than Earth's, at 20 hours and 47 minutes, and its year is about 1.5 Earth years.  Like Earth, Minbar has an oxygen—nitrogen atmosphere.  The polar caps are larger than those on Earth; the northern cap covers 23% of the planet's surface and, on the whole, Minbar's climate is colder than that of Earth - more like the climate on Earth during the last Ice Age. The planet is noted for vast crystalline structures; many cities are carved directly from crystal. The population of the planet is about 4 billion, and the capital city is located at Yedor.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Draconis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Minbar

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Chi Draconis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.5 Earth years.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 4 billion,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 26 light years from Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Minbar

text: HD 179949 b is an extrasolar planet discovered by the Anglo-Australian Planet Search at the Anglo-Australian Observatory, which orbits the star HD 179949. The planet is a so-called "hot Jupiter", a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting very close to its parent star. In this case, orbital distance is almost one-tenth that of Mercury from the Sun. One orbital revolution lasts only about 3 days.

text: HD 179949 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: discovered by the

text: Anglo-Australian Planet Search

text: at the

text: Anglo-Australian Observatory

text: , which orbits the

text: star

text: HD 179949

text: . The planet is a so-called "

text: hot Jupiter

text: ", a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting very close to its parent star. In this case, orbital distance is almost one-tenth that of

text: Mercury

text: from the Sun. One orbital revolution lasts only about 3

text: day

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: One orbital revolution lasts only about 3 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 179949

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital distance is almost one-tenth that of Mercury from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One orbital revolution lasts only about 3 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Anglo-Australian Planet Search

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: One orbital revolution lasts only about 3 days.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mercury from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: one-tenth that of Mercury from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 179949 b is an extrasolar planet

text: On December 20, 2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of a five planet system containing three small gas giants and the first two Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e (the first known extrasolar planet smaller than Earth orbiting a main-sequence star) and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star. Although the planets are Earth-sized, they are not Earth-like in the respect that they are much closer to their star than Earth, and are hence not near the habitable zone, with expected surface temperatures of  and  , respectively. The three other Neptune-sized planets in the system, Kepler-20b, Kepler-20c, and Kepler-20d, all orbit similarly close to the star. Kepler-20g is an non-transiting exoplanet orbiting Kepler-20.

text: On December 20, 2011, the

text: Kepler Space Telescope

text: team reported the discovery of a five planet system containing three small gas giants and the first two

text: Earth-sized

text: extrasolar planet

text: s,

text: (the first known extrasolar planet smaller than

text: Earth

text: orbiting a main-sequence star) and

text: , orbiting a

text: Sun-like star

text: . Although the planets are

text: Earth-sized

text: , they are not

text: Earth-like

text: in the respect that they are much closer to their star than Earth, and are hence not near the habitable zone, with expected surface temperatures of  and  , respectively. The three other

text: Neptune-sized

text: planets in the system,

text: , and

text: , all orbit similarly close to the star.

text: is an non-transiting

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting Kepler-20.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun-like star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-20e

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: five planet system containing three small gas giants

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: much closer to their star than Earth,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2011,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: five planet system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: five planet system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-sized extrasolar planets,

text: The asteroid 13225 Manfredi was named in honor of Eustachio Manfredi and his two brothers Gabriele Manfredi and Eraclito Manfredi.Eustachio Manfredi provided "the first demonstration, though unsought, of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and thus the reality of a heliocentric system".As a result of this discovery, the Church admitted the scientific natures of Galilean system and removed from the index many works of Galileo Galilei.

text: The asteroid

text: 13225 Manfredi

text: was named in honor of Eustachio Manfredi and his two brothers

text: Gabriele Manfredi

text: and Eraclito Manfredi.Eustachio Manfredi provided "the first demonstration, though unsought, of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and thus the reality of a heliocentric system".As a result of this discovery, the Church admitted the scientific natures of Galilean system and removed from the index many works of

text: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Eustachio Manfredi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Manfredi.Eustachio Manfredi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric system".As

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric system".As

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system".As

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system".As

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo Galilei.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: revolution of the Earth around the Sun,

text: During the Earth Company's drive to colonise the stars, a planet orbiting Tau Ceti was discovered by a probe in 2093. The probe captain named the planet "Pell's World" and its star "Pell's Star" after himself. Pell Station was built in orbit around the planet, and the stationers soon began referring to the planet as Downbelow, while the station itself became known as Downbelow Station.

text: During the Earth Company's drive to colonise the stars, a planet orbiting

text: Tau Ceti

text: was discovered by a probe in 2093. The probe captain named the planet "Pell's World" and its star "Pell's Star" after himself. Pell Station was built in orbit around the planet, and the stationers soon began referring to the planet as Downbelow, while the station itself became known as Downbelow Station.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pell

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Pell's World"

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2093.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a planet orbiting Tau Ceti

text: Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. The word comes from the Greek (ἥλιος helios "sun" and κέντρον kentron "center"). Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.

text: Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the

text: astronomical

text: model in which the

text: Earth

text: and planets revolve around the

text: Sun

text: at the center of the

text: Solar System

text: . The word comes from the

text: Greek

text: ἥλιος

text: helios

text: "sun" and

text: κέντρον

text: kentron "center"). Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to

text: geocentrism

text: , which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: , but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Aristarchus of Samos,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Heliocentrism,

text: Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets, but large Jupiter-sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, vs. 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand, microlensing surveys indicate that long-orbital-period Neptune-mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs.Observations with HARPS further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a "super-Earth" class planet orbiting in the habitable zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans.

text: Many red dwarfs are orbited by

text: exoplanet

text: s, but large

text: Jupiter

text: -sized planets are comparatively rare. Doppler surveys of a wide variety of stars indicate about 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun are orbited by one or more Jupiter-sized planets, vs. 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars and only 1 in 50 for red dwarfs. On the other hand,

text: microlensing

text: surveys indicate that long-orbital-period

text: Neptune

text: -mass planets are found around one in three red dwarfs.Observations with

text: HARPS

text: further indicate 40% of red dwarfs have a "

text: super-Earth

text: " class planet orbiting in the habitable zone where liquid water can exist on the surface. Computer simulations of the formation of planets around low mass stars predict that Earth-sized planets are most abundant, but more than 90% of the simulated planets are at least 10% water by mass, suggesting that many Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars are covered in deep oceans.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: how many planets are found around one in three red dwarfs

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Many red dwarfs are orbited by exoplanets,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Doppler surveys

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Doppler surveys

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1 in 6 stars with twice the mass of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1 in 16 for Sun-like stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: red dwarfs

text: A star with a planet will move in its own small orbit in response to the planet's gravity. This leads to variations in the speed with which the star moves toward or away from Earth, i.e. the variations are in the radial velocity of the star with respect to Earth. The radial velocity can be deduced from the displacement in the parent star's spectral lines due to the Doppler effect. The radial-velocity method measures these variations in order to confirm the presence of the planet using the binary mass function.

text: A star with a planet will move in its own small orbit in response to the planet's gravity. This leads to variations in the speed with which the star moves toward or away from Earth, i.e. the variations are in the

text: radial velocity

text: of the star with respect to Earth. The radial velocity can be deduced from the displacement in the parent star's

text: spectral line

text: s due to the

text: Doppler effect

text: . The radial-velocity method measures these variations in order to confirm the presence of the planet using the

text: binary mass function

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary mass function

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Doppler effect.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A star with a planet will move in its own small orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Doppler effect.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit in response to the planet's gravity.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A star with a planet will move in its own small orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A star with a planet will move in its own small orbit

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star with a planet

text: At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale. One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being flattened and not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a normal to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.

text: At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the

text: deflection of the vertical

text: on a large scale. One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being flattened and not a sphere. The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent. The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution—a normal to said ellipsoid—at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the rotation axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: to make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth being flattened and not a sphere

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: rotation axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth being flattened and not a sphere.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth being flattened and not a sphere.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the centre of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: uneven distribution of the Earth's mass.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: plumb lines

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotation axis of the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth being flattened and not a sphere.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth being flattened and not a sphere.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: centre of the Earth,

text: The player moves around in a board game-type environment trying to prevent space aliens (of increasing strength and potency) from destroying human civilization (as they build their temple on Earth). Accomplishing a complete revolution around the board (going from the start line back to the start line) ends each chapter. When a chapter begins, all four vehicles are on the start line and the player who wins the previous chapter usually starts first. There are questions that must be answered with a "yes" or a "no." Failure to succeed in this quest will result in the extraterrestrials taking over planet Earth. Up to four players can compete.

text: The player moves around in a

text: board game

text: -type environment trying to prevent

text: space aliens

text: (of increasing strength and potency) from destroying human civilization (as they build their temple on Earth). Accomplishing a complete revolution around the board (going from the start line back to the start line) ends each chapter. When a chapter begins, all four vehicles are on the start line and the player who wins the previous chapter usually starts first. There are questions that must be answered with a "yes" or a "no." Failure to succeed in this quest will result in the extraterrestrials taking over planet Earth. Up to four players can compete.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: a complete revolution around the board

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: what is the solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: start line back to the start line)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: extraterrestrials taking over planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: extraterrestrials taking over planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth).

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Accomplishing a complete revolution around the board

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "yes" or a "no."

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the extraterrestrials taking over planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Up to four players can compete.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: space aliens

text: On 6 January 2015, NASA announced the 1000th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars: two of the three, Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b, are near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, Kepler-440b, is a super-Earth. Announced 16 January, EPIC 201367065 d is a planet of 1.5 Earth radii found to orbit within the habitable zone of EPIC 201367065, receiving 1.4 times the intensity of visible light as Earth.

text: On 6 January 2015, NASA announced the 1000th confirmed

text: exoplanet

text: discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related

text: star

text: s: two of the three,

text: and

text: , are near-Earth-size and likely

text: rocky

text: ; the third,

text: , is a

text: super-Earth

text: . Announced 16 January, EPIC 201367065 d is a planet of 1.5 Earth radii found to orbit within the habitable zone of

text: EPIC 201367065

text: , receiving 1.4 times the intensity of visible light as Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: related stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars:

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler Space Telescope.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit within habitable zones of their related stars:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.4 times the intensity of visible light as Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit within habitable zones of their related stars:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: related stars:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: stars:

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler Space Telescope.

text: Announced in 2009, two extrasolar planets were discovered to be orbiting the star.  Both planets are less massive than Jupiter. The inner planet HD 215497 b orbits very close to the star and is termed a “hot super-Earth”. The outer planet HD 215497 c is Saturn-sized and orbits a little bit further from the star as the Earth, at around 1.282 AU.

text: Announced in 2009, two

text: extrasolar planet

text: s were discovered to be orbiting the star.  Both planets are less massive than

text: Jupiter

text: . The inner planet

text: HD 215497 b

text: orbits very close to the star and is termed a “

text: hot super-Earth

text: ”. The

text: outer planet

text: HD 215497 c

text: is Saturn-sized and orbits a little bit further from the star as the

text: Earth

text: , at around 1.282 AU.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets are less massive than Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Both planets are less massive than Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Announced in 2009,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1.282 AU.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Saturn-sized and orbits a little bit further from the star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: two extrasolar planets were discovered to be orbiting the star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: two extrasolar planets

text: The desiderata of a "good" theory have been debated for centuries, going back perhaps even earlier than Occam's razor, which often is taken as an attribute of a good theory. Occam's razor might fall under the heading of "elegance", the first item on the list, but too zealous an application was cautioned by Einstein: "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler." It is arguable that parsimony and elegance "typically pull in different directions."   The falsifiability item on the list is related to the criterion proposed by Popper as demarcating a scientific theory from a theory like astrology: both "explain" observations, but the scientific theory takes the risk of making predictions that decide whether it is right or wrong:Thomas Kuhn argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain subjective elements, but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in scientific practice and changes in "paradigms". As an example, Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric Copernican "revolution" replaced the Earth-centric views of Ptolemy not because of empirical failures, but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals (Colyvan's requirement of "fruitfulness").

text: The desiderata of a "good" theory have been debated for centuries, going back perhaps even earlier than

text: Occam's razor

text: , which often is taken as an attribute of a good theory. Occam's razor might fall under the heading of "elegance", the first item on the list, but too zealous an application was cautioned by

text: Einstein

text: : "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler." It is arguable that parsimony and elegance "typically pull in different directions."   The falsifiability item on the list is related to the criterion proposed by Popper as demarcating a scientific theory from a theory like astrology: both "explain" observations, but the scientific theory takes the risk of making predictions that decide whether it is right or wrong:

text: Thomas Kuhn

text: argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain subjective elements, but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in scientific practice and changes in

text: "paradigms"

text: . As an example, Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric

text: Copernican "revolution"

text: replaced the Earth-centric views of Ptolemy not because of empirical failures, but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals (Colyvan's requirement of "fruitfulness").

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Falsifiability

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-centric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric Copernican

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-centric

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answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun-centric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

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answers: Sun-centric Copernican

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: astrology:

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-centric views of Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-centric views of Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun-centric Copernican

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answers: Sun-centric Copernican

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answers: Sun-centric Copernican "revolution" replaced the Earth-centric

text: Cruithne is in a normal elliptic orbit around the Sun. Its period of revolution around the Sun, approximately 364 days at present, is almost equal to that of the Earth. Because of this, Cruithne and Earth appear to "follow" each other in their paths around the Sun. This is why Cruithne is sometimes called "Earth's second moon". However, it does not orbit the Earth and is not a moon.  In 2058, Cruithne will come within 0.09 AU () of Mars.

text: Cruithne is in a normal

text: elliptic orbit

text: around the Sun. Its

text: period of revolution

text: around the Sun, approximately 364 days at present, is almost equal to that of the Earth. Because of this, Cruithne and Earth appear to "follow" each other in their paths around the Sun. This is why Cruithne is sometimes called "Earth's second moon". However, it does not orbit the Earth and is not a moon.  In 2058, Cruithne will come within 0.09

text: AU

text: () of

text: Mars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptic orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: elliptic orbit around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Cruithne and Earth appear to "follow" each other in their paths

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cruithne is in a normal elliptic orbit

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptic orbit around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Cruithne is in a normal elliptic

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Cruithne

text: are geocentric coordinates.

text: are

text: geocentric coordinates

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

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answers: aristotle

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answers: ecliptic

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answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets are centered on the sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used

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answers: are heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: geocentric coordinates.

text: The Phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. It presents a full image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a quarter phase when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its new phase when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at full (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (inferior conjunction). Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).

text: The Phases of Venus result from the planet's

text: orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: inside the

text: Earth

text: 's orbit giving the

text: telescopic

text: observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the

text: moon's phases

text: . It presents a

text: full

text: image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a

text: quarter phase

text: when it is at its maximum

text: elongation

text: from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its

text: new phase

text: when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9

text: arc seconds

text: at full (

text: superior conjunction

text: ) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (

text: inferior conjunction

text: ). Venus reaches its greatest

text: magnitude

text: of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Phases of Venus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Phases of Venus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth's orbit

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answers: Venus

text: The Heliocentrics are a London-based musical collective combining funk, jazz and hip-hop influences based around drummer and producer Malcom Catto, Bassist Jake Ferguson, Guitarist Adrian Owusu and multi-instrumentalist Jack Yglesias.

text: The Heliocentrics are a

text: London

text: -based musical collective combining

text: funk

text: jazz

text: and

text: hip-hop

text: influences based around drummer and producer

text: Malcom Catto

text: , Bassist Jake Ferguson, Guitarist Adrian Owusu and multi-instrumentalist Jack Yglesias.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Heliocentrics are a London-based musical collective

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Malcom Catto,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Malcom Catto,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Heliocentrics

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Heliocentrics

text: Some Orthodox Jewish leaders, particularly the Lubavitcher Rebbe, maintain a Geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun. The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth."

text: Some

text: Orthodox Jewish

text: leaders, particularly the

text: Lubavitcher Rebbe

text: , maintain a Geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of

text: Maimonides

text: to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun. The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the

text: theory of Relativity

text: , which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Maimonides

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth revolves around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Maimonides

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth is orbited by the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Relativity,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: theory of Relativity,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Maimonides

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun.

text: Philolaus (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical, moving globe. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. Though his original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model.  Archimedes wrote:

text: Philolaus

text: (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by

text: Pythagoras

text: ' theories about a spherical, moving globe.

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of

text: Heraclides Ponticus

text: (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the first serious model of a heliocentric solar system. Though his original text has been lost, a reference in

text: Archimedes

text: ' book

text: The Sand Reckoner

text: (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model.  Archimedes wrote:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heraclides Ponticus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric solar system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Sand Reckoner

text: WASP-43b is a dense Hot Jupiter with a mass of 1.78 times the mass of Jupiter, but a radius of 0.93 times that of Jupiter's. The planet orbits its host star at a mean distance of 0.0142 AU every 0.813475 days (19.5234 hours); this orbital period, at the time of WASP-43b's discovery, was the second-shortest orbit yet detected, surpassed only by WASP-19b. In addition, WASP-43b had the closest orbit to its host star (among Hot Jupiters) at the time of its discovery, comparable only to the Super-Earth planet GJ 1214b and to the planetary candidate orbiting KOI-961. While Hot Jupiters are known to have small orbital periods, planets with exceptionally small periods below three or four days are extremely rare; however, in the case of WASP-43b, the planet's proximity can be explained because its host star has a very low mass. The rarity of systems like that of WASP-43 and its planet suggest that Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars, or that such planets cannot maintain stable orbits around such stars.

text: WASP-43b is a dense

text: Hot Jupiter

text: with a mass of 1.78 times the

text: mass of Jupiter

text: , but a

text: radius

text: of 0.93 times that of Jupiter's. The planet orbits its host star at a

text: mean distance

text: of 0.0142

text: AU

text: every 0.813475 days (19.5234 hours); this

text: orbital period

text: , at the time of WASP-43b's discovery, was the second-shortest orbit yet detected, surpassed only by

text: . In addition, WASP-43b had the closest orbit to its host star (among Hot Jupiters) at the time of its discovery, comparable only to the

text: Super-Earth

text: planet

text: GJ 1214b

text: and to the planetary candidate orbiting KOI-961. While Hot Jupiters are known to have small orbital periods, planets with exceptionally small periods below three or four days are extremely rare; however, in the case of WASP-43b, the planet's proximity can be explained because its host star has a very low mass. The rarity of systems like that of WASP-43 and its planet suggest that Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars, or that such planets cannot maintain stable orbits around such stars.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planet orbits its host star at a mean distance of 0.0142 AU every 0.813475 days (19.5234 hours)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WASP-19b

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: host star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: WASP-43b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: such planets cannot maintain stable orbits around such stars.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: host star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: such planets cannot maintain stable orbits around such stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Hot Jupiters do not usually occur around low-mass stars,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WASP-43b

text: In 1551, following the publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicholas Copernicus, Erasmus Reinhold produced the Prutenic Tables based on a heliocentric model of the solar system, but these were no more accurate than the earlier tables.

text: In 1551, following the publication of

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: by

text: Nicholas Copernicus

text: Erasmus Reinhold

text: produced the

text: Prutenic Tables

text: based on a heliocentric model of the solar system, but these were no more accurate than the earlier tables.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicholas Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicholas Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Prutenic Tables

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar system,

text: In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the Geocentric model. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles, arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere.  In his "Myth of Er", a section of the Republic, Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity, attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates. Eudoxus of Cnidus, who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets' motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system.

text: In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers,

text: Plato

text: and his student

text: Aristotle

text: , wrote works based on the Geocentric model. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on

text: spheres or circles

text: , arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere.  In his "

text: Myth of Er

text: ", a section of the

text: Republic

text: , Plato describes the cosmos as the

text: Spindle of Necessity

text: , attended by the

text: Siren

text: s and turned by the three

text: Fates

text: Eudoxus of Cnidus

text: , who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets' motion based on Plato's

text: dictum

text: stating that all

text: phenomena

text: in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Eudoxus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth was a sphere

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Eudoxus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: carried around the Earth on spheres or circles,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Eudoxus of Cnidus,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Eudoxus of Cnidus,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Eudoxus of Cnidus,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Eudoxus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The stars and planets

text: Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (d. 1266)  was the first of the Maragheh astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model, and he proposed a new theorem, the "Urdi lemma". Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274) resolved significant problems in the Ptolemaic system by developing the Tusi-couple as an alternative to the physically problematic equant introduced by Ptolemy. Tusi's student Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), in his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, discussed the possibility of heliocentrism. Al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, who also worked at the Maragheh observatory, in his Hikmat al-'Ain, wrote an argument for a heliocentric model, though he later abandoned the idea.

text: Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

text: (d. 1266)  was the first of the Maragheh astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model, and he proposed a new theorem, the "Urdi lemma".

text: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī

text: (1201–1274) resolved significant problems in the Ptolemaic system by developing the

text: Tusi-couple

text: as an alternative to the physically problematic

text: equant

text: introduced by Ptolemy. Tusi's student

text: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

text: (1236–1311), in his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, discussed the possibility of

text: heliocentrism

text: . Al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, who also worked at the Maragheh observatory, in his Hikmat al-'Ain, wrote an argument for a heliocentric model, though he later abandoned the idea.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tusi-couple

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: non-Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model, though he later abandoned the idea.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentrism.

text: Galileo's theory of the tides could not account for one of the two daily occurrences of high tide observed along most coastlines. He countered that the totality of Earth's water system contains an extenuating amount of variables, such as Earth's tilt, uneven surface and coastline, oceanic depth, and inclement winds, that can explain the second high tide. Also, Galileo argued that most natural scientists were examining and basing theories on the tides of the Mediterranean Sea, a microcosm compared to the ocean that may be idiosyncratic. Historical writer E. J. Aiton states that the discourse "is among the least successful of [Galileo's] investigations and completely misrepresents the phenomena it is supposed to explain," and served mainly as an impetus for continued research by Galileo's followers. Aiton reveals that Galileo erred in choosing two different frames of reference:the tide is the motion of water relative to the earth, but annual revolution is the motion of the earth, and its water, relative to the sun. Annual revolution results in a force that accelerates the earth-water system but does not accelerate the water relative to the earth, in the same way that an observer standing on Earth's surface does not feel the gravitational attraction of the sun because the observer and Earth are moving together around the sun.

text: Galileo's theory of the tides could not account for one of the two daily occurrences of high tide observed along most coastlines. He countered that the totality of Earth's water system contains an extenuating amount of variables, such as Earth's tilt, uneven surface and coastline, oceanic depth, and inclement winds, that can explain the second high tide. Also, Galileo argued that most natural scientists were examining and basing theories on the tides of the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: , a microcosm compared to the ocean that may be idiosyncratic. Historical writer E. J. Aiton states that the discourse "is among the least successful of [Galileo's] investigations and completely misrepresents the phenomena it is supposed to explain," and served mainly as an impetus for continued research by Galileo's followers. Aiton reveals that Galileo erred in choosing two different

text: frames of reference

text: :the tide is the motion of water relative to the earth, but annual revolution is the motion of the earth, and its water, relative to the sun. Annual revolution results in a force that accelerates the earth-water system but does not accelerate the water relative to the earth, in the same way that an observer standing on Earth's surface does not feel the gravitational attraction of the sun because the observer and Earth are moving together around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitational attraction

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: annual revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: annual revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun

text: HD 45364 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 107 light years away in the constellation of Canis Major, orbiting the 8th magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 45364. Its minimum mass is 63% that of Saturn or 19% that of Jupiter. It takes 227 days to orbit the star at a distance 68% that of Earth’s distance from the Sun. This planet was discovered by HARPS on August 8, 2008 and announced together with HD 45364 c. It is located in a 3:2 orbital resonance with HD 45364 c.

text: HD 45364 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: located approximately 107

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Canis Major

text: , orbiting the 8th

text: magnitude

text: G-type

text: main sequence

text: star

text: HD 45364

text: . Its

text: minimum mass

text: is 63% that of

text: Saturn

text: or 19% that of

text: Jupiter

text: . It takes 227 days to orbit the star at a distance 68% that of

text: Earth

text: ’s distance from the

text: Sun

text: . This planet was discovered by

text: HARPS

text: on August 8, 2008 and announced together with

text: HD 45364 c

text: . It is located in a 3:2

text: orbital resonance

text: with

text: HD 45364 c

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Canis Major,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 68% that of Earth’s distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 68% that of Earth’s distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 107 light years away in the constellation of Canis Major,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 3:2

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 68% that of Earth’s distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HARPS

text: Building on the body of work forwarded by Copernicus, Kepler and Newton, 18th-century astronomers refined telescopes, produced star catalogues, and worked towards explaining the motions of heavenly bodies and the consequences of universal gravitation. Among the prominent astronomers of the age was Edmund Halley. In 1705 Halley correctly linked historical descriptions of particularly bright comets to the reappearance of just one, which would later be named Halley’s Comet, based on his computation of the orbits of comets. Halley also changed the theory of the Newtonian universe, which described the fixed stars. When he compared the ancient positions of stars to their contemporary positions, he found that they had shifted. James Bradley, while attempting to document stellar parallax, realized that the unexplained motion of stars he had early observed with Samuel Molyneux was caused by the aberration of light. The discovery was proof of a heliocentric model of the universe, since it is the revolution of the earth around the sun that causes an apparent motion in the observed position of a star. The discovery also led Bradley to a fairly close estimate to the speed of light.

text: Building on the body of work forwarded by

text: Copernicus

text: Kepler

text: and

text: Newton

text: , 18th-century astronomers refined

text: telescopes

text: , produced

text: star catalogue

text: s, and worked towards explaining the motions of heavenly bodies and the consequences of

text: universal gravitation

text: . Among the prominent astronomers of the age was

text: Edmund Halley

text: . In 1705 Halley correctly linked historical descriptions of particularly bright comets to the reappearance of just one, which would later be named

text: Halley’s Comet

text: , based on his computation of the orbits of comets. Halley also changed the theory of the Newtonian universe, which described the fixed stars. When he compared the ancient positions of stars to their contemporary positions, he found that they had shifted.

text: James Bradley

text: , while attempting to document

text: stellar parallax

text: , realized that the unexplained motion of stars he had early observed with

text: Samuel Molyneux

text: was caused by the

text: aberration of light

text: . The discovery was proof of a

text: heliocentric

text: model of the universe, since it is the revolution of the earth around the sun that causes an apparent motion in the observed position of a star. The discovery also led Bradley to a fairly close estimate to the speed of light.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the revolution of the earth around the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth around the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: speed of light.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: James Bradley,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: universal gravitation.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Halley’s Comet,

text: The Earth-Two version of Speedy was a member of the Seven Soldiers of Victory and All-Star Squadron in the 1940s along with Green Arrow. Aside from their origin, having been trained on a mesa top together, their history nearly parallels the history of the Earth-One versions up until the point when Arrow and Speedy along with their teammates were thrown into various periods of time during a battle with the Nebula Man. He and his teammates were later retrieved by the Justice Society and the Justice League in order to assist them in saving Earth-Two from the machinations of their old foe the Iron Hand. Speedy had been sent to the Island of Circe in the past and turned into a centaur controlled by Circe, but was restored. During the Crisis on Infinite Earths a new solitary universe was created at the dawn of time, a universe whose history fused together the histories of several universes, including Earth-Two. Whether he ceased to exist or exists only as an aspect of the post-Crisis Earth has not been determined, although his mentor died during the final part of the Crisis defending the new Earth from the Anti-Monitor.

text: The

text: Earth-Two

text: version of Speedy was a member of the

text: Seven Soldiers of Victory

text: and

text: All-Star Squadron

text: in the 1940s along with Green Arrow. Aside from their origin, having been trained on a mesa top together, their history nearly parallels the history of the

text: Earth-One

text: versions up until the point when Arrow and Speedy along with their teammates were thrown into various periods of time during a battle with the

text: Nebula Man

text: . He and his teammates were later retrieved by the

text: Justice Society

text: and the

text: Justice League

text: in order to assist them in saving Earth-Two from the machinations of their old foe the Iron Hand. Speedy had been sent to the Island of Circe in the past and turned into a centaur controlled by Circe, but was restored. During the

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: a new solitary universe was created at the dawn of time, a universe whose history fused together the histories of several universes, including Earth-Two. Whether he ceased to exist or exists only as an aspect of the

text: post-Crisis Earth

text: has not been determined, although his mentor died during the final part of the Crisis defending the new Earth from the

text: Anti-Monitor

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nebula Man.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: time

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nebula Man.

text: Ptolemy publishes his star catalogue, listing 48 constellations and endorses the geocentric (Earth-centered) view of the universe. His views go unquestioned for nearly 1500 years in Europe, and are passed down to Arabic and medieval European astronomers in his book the Almagest.

text: Ptolemy

text: publishes his

text: star catalogue

text: , listing 48

text: constellation

text: s and endorses the

text: geocentric

text: (Earth-centered) view of the universe. His views go unquestioned for nearly 1500 years in Europe, and are passed down to Arabic and medieval European astronomers in his book the

text: Almagest

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: (Earth-centered)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: (Earth-centered)

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: His views go unquestioned for nearly 1500 years

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star catalogue, listing 48 constellations

text: HD 122430 b is a giant planet orbiting around the giant star HD 122430. It has a mass at least 3.71 times that of Jupiter. This planet located at a distance of 1.02 astronomical units away from its star, which is very similar to the Earth’s distance from the Sun. Despite of this, the higher luminosity of the star implies it is heated much more strongly than the Earth is. Its orbit is highly eccentric, around 68%. At periastron, the orbital distance from its parent star is 0.33 AU. At apastron, the distance is 1.71 AU. If this planet were in the Solar System, its orbit would range from just within Mercury’s orbit to just beyond Mars’s orbit.

text: HD 122430 b is a

text: giant planet

text: orbiting around the

text: giant star

text: HD 122430

text: . It has a mass at least 3.71 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: . This planet located at a distance of 1.02

text: astronomical unit

text: s away from its star, which is very similar to the Earth’s distance from the Sun. Despite of this, the higher luminosity of the star implies it is heated much more strongly than the Earth is. Its orbit is highly eccentric, around 68%. At

text: periastron

text: , the orbital distance from its parent star is 0.33 AU. At

text: apastron

text: , the distance is 1.71 AU. If this planet were in the

text: Solar System

text: , its orbit would range from just within

text: Mercury’s

text: orbit to just beyond

text: Mars

text: ’s orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit is highly eccentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: its orbit would range from just within Mercury’s orbit to just beyond Mars’s orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 122430

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 122430

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the giant star HD 122430.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the higher luminosity of the star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: HD 122430.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric, around 68%.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: just within Mercury’s orbit to just beyond Mars’s orbit.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1.02 astronomical units away from its star,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 122430 b

text: Proxima Centauri b (also called Proxima b) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun. It is located about 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs, 40 trillion km, or 25 trillion miles) from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus, making it the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System. It is unlikely to be habitable, as the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind. More information about the planet's physical characteristics is needed for a proper evaluation.

text: Proxima Centauri b (also called Proxima b) is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting within the

text: habitable zone

text: of the

text: red dwarf

text: star

text: Proxima Centauri

text: , the closest star to the

text: Sun

text: . It is located about 4.2

text: light-year

text: s (1.3

text: parsec

text: s, 40 trillion

text: km

text: , or 25 trillion miles) from Earth in the constellation of

text: Centaurus

text: , making it the closest known exoplanet to the

text: Solar System

text: . It is unlikely to be

text: habitable

text: , as the planet is subject to stellar wind pressures of more than 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind. More information about the planet's physical characteristics is needed for a proper evaluation.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the closest known exoplanet to the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Centaurus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2,000 times those experienced by Earth from the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: closest known exoplanet to the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: red dwarf star Proxima Centauri,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Proxima Centauri b

text: Shahrzad Beheshti, one of Avini's friends during his time at the university, later said that "Avini was a very different person before and after the revolution." After the revolution, Avini gave up writing and burned all his writings with the stated intention of annihilating his "self." After the revolution, Avini was introduced to Ayatollah Khomeini's ideology. He was described as a follower, but not a close disciple, of Khomeini.

text: Shahrzad Beheshti, one of Avini's friends during his time at the university, later said that "Avini was a very different person before and after the revolution." After the revolution, Avini gave up writing and burned all his writings with the stated intention of annihilating his "self." After the revolution, Avini was introduced to

text: Ayatollah

text: Khomeini's

entity_name: Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini

text: ideology

text: . He was described as a follower, but not a close disciple, of Khomeini.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Avini

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Shahrzad Beheshti,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Avini's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Shahrzad Beheshti,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "self."

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Shahrzad Beheshti,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ayatollah Khomeini's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ayatollah Khomeini's

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ayatollah Khomeini's

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ayatollah Khomeini's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Shahrzad Beheshti,

text: The five classical planets, being visible to the naked eye, have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on mythology, religious cosmology, and ancient astronomy. In ancient times, astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. Ancient Greeks called these lights πλάνητες ἀστέρες (, "wandering stars") or simply πλανῆται (, "wanderers"), from which today's word "planet" was derived. In ancient Greece, China, Babylon, and indeed all pre-modern civilizations, it was almost universally believed that Earth was the center of the Universe and that all the "planets" circled Earth. The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day and the apparently common-sense perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest.

text: The five

text: classical planet

text: s, being visible to the naked eye, have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on

text: mythology

text: religious cosmology

text: , and ancient

text: astronomy

text: . In ancient times, astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. Ancient Greeks called these lights

text: πλάνητες

text: ἀστέρες

text: (, "wandering stars") or simply

text: πλανῆται

text: (, "wanderers"), from which today's word "planet" was derived. In

text: ancient Greece

text: China

text: Babylon

text: , and indeed all pre-modern civilizations, it was almost universally believed that Earth was the

text: center of the Universe

text: and that all the "planets" circled Earth. The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day and the apparently

text: common-sense

text: perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth was the center of the Universe and that all the "planets" circled Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth each day

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomy.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolve around Earth each day

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: it was almost universally believed that Earth was the center of the Universe

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolve around Earth each day

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: all the "planets" circled Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: circled Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The five classical planets,

text: By 1615 Galileo's writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition by Father Niccolo Lorini, who claimed that Galileo and his followers were attempting to reinterpret the Bible, which was seen as a violation of the Council of Trent and looked dangerously like Protestantism. Lorini specifically cited Galileo's letter to Castelli.  Galileo went to Rome to defend himself and his Copernican and biblical ideas. At the start of 1616, Monsignor Francesco Ingoli initiated a debate with Galileo, sending him an essay disputing the Copernican system. Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the action against Copernicanism that followed.  According to Maurice Finocchiaro, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and the essay provided the "chief direct basis" for the Inquisition's actions. The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against heliocentrism. It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe, and it notedly mentioned Brahe's argument that heliocentrism required the stars to be much larger than the Sun. Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself."  The essay also included four theological arguments, but Ingoli suggested Galileo focus on the physical and mathematical arguments, and he did not mention Galileo's biblical ideas. In February 1616, an Inquisitorial commission declared heliocentrism to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture." The Inquisition found that the idea of the Earth's movement "receives the same judgement in philosophy and... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith".  (The original document from the Inquisitorial commission was made widely available in 2014.)

text: By 1615 Galileo's writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the

text: Roman Inquisition

text: by Father Niccolo Lorini, who claimed that Galileo and his followers were attempting to reinterpret the Bible, which was seen as a violation of the

text: Council of Trent

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernicanism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism required the stars to be much larger than the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: physical

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Ingoli

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1616,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars to be much larger than the Sun.

text: The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. It was followed, in 1848, by another wave of revolutions known as the Revolutions of 1848.

text: The Revolutions of 1830 were a

text: revolutionary wave

text: in

text: Europe

text: which took place in 1830. It included two "

text: romantic nationalist

text: revolution

text: s, the

text: Belgian Revolution

text: in the

text: United Kingdom of the Netherlands

text: and the

text: July Revolution

text: in

text: France

text: along with revolutions in

text: Congress Poland

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: . It was followed, in 1848, by another wave of revolutions known as the

text: Revolutions of 1848

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Revolutions of 1830

text: In the case of a geocentric conjunction of two of our solar system's planets, since our solar system's planets appear to travel "along the same line" (the ecliptic), the two planets appear to an Earthbound observer as being near one another in the sky around the time of the conjunction.

text: In the case of a geocentric conjunction of two of our solar system's planets, since our solar system's planets appear to travel "along the same line" (the

text: ecliptic

text: ), the two planets appear to an Earthbound observer as being near one another in the sky around the time of the conjunction.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: (the ecliptic),

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric conjunction

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "along the same line" (the ecliptic),

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: (the ecliptic),

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric conjunction of two of our solar system's planets,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (the ecliptic),

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (the ecliptic),

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric conjunction of two of our solar system's planets,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a geocentric conjunction of two of our solar system's planets,

text: After the 2012 season, the Bluegrass Revolution relocated from Lexington to Cincinnati, Ohio. Despite the Bluegrass Revolution’s strong play and playoff berth in 2012, attendance at the Revolution’s home games in Lexington, KY, was lackluster throughout the year. The Revolution's relocation was also influenced by the folding of the AULD's franchise in Columbus, OH, the Columbus Cranes. Other factors involved in the move northward was Cincinnati’s youth ultimate scene, which is one of the largest and most successful in the country, with one of the top high school teams in the nation, and the strong culture of the sport of ultimate in the area. Additionally, the Revolution were able to play its home games at the University of Cincinnati’s Sheakley Athletic Center, which is regarded as one of the top stadiums in the league.

text: After the 2012 season, the Bluegrass Revolution relocated from Lexington to Cincinnati, Ohio. Despite the Bluegrass Revolution’s strong play and playoff berth in 2012, attendance at the Revolution’s home games in Lexington, KY, was lackluster throughout the year. The Revolution's relocation was also influenced by the folding of the AULD's franchise in

text: Columbus, OH

text: , the

text: Columbus Cranes

text: . Other factors involved in the move northward was Cincinnati’s youth ultimate scene, which is one of the largest and most successful in the country, with one of the top high school teams in the nation, and the strong culture of the sport of ultimate in the area. Additionally, the Revolution were able to play its home games at the University of Cincinnati’s Sheakley Athletic Center, which is regarded as one of the top stadiums in the league.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: University of Cincinnati’s Sheakley Athletic Center,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: University of Cincinnati’s Sheakley Athletic Center,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: After the 2012 season,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Cincinnati, Ohio.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: After the 2012 season,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2012 season, the Bluegrass Revolution relocated from Lexington to Cincinnati, Ohio.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: University of Cincinnati’s Sheakley Athletic Center,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Columbus Cranes.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Columbus Cranes.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: After the 2012 season, the Bluegrass Revolution

text: Improved multi-course crop-rotations began slowly to be introduced on mir arable in the late 19th century.  The early experiments were mainly on the non-Black-earth lands, especially the Central-Industrial, West and North-West regions.  Flax was the first `new' crop to be introduced into the rotation.  But within the three-course system flax exhausted the soil's fertility; peasants learned to replenish it by planting clover.  Multi-course systems with sown fodder grasses and clover (travopolye (Травополье), travoseyanie) allowed more cattle and other livestock to be kept, who in turn provided more manure to increase soil fertility.  This `fodder-crop revolution' had earlier been central to the 18th-century agricultural revolution in Western Europe.  By 1924 multi-crop rotations covered 7.2% of the sown area of the Russian Federation.  But these improvements were largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.  Moscow province was at the forefront; there the three-field system was almost eliminated by the end of 1926.  But, up to the mid-1920s, such progress was largely confined to the Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.  The grain-surplus areas had as yet seen little progress.  In 1924 multi-course systems covered just 3% of arable in the Central Black-Earth region, and the situation was even worse elsewhere.  But thereafter rapid progress was made in the grain-surplus areas.  It also continued in the grain-deficit areas.  By 1927 multi-course rotations covered 17.3% of the sown area in the Russian Federation as a whole.  And `[b]y 1928 grass had almost everywhere replaced fallow, the most important exception being the Central Black-Earth region'.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: three-course system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Flax

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: North-Western

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Central-Industrial,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: non-Black-earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: up to the mid-1920s,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Central-Industrial, Western and North-Western regions.

text: The morning star is an appearance of the planet Venus, an inferior planet, meaning that its orbit lies between that of the Earth and the Sun. Depending on the orbital locations of both Venus and Earth, it can be seen in the eastern morning sky for an hour or so before the Sun rises and dims it, or (as the evening star) in the western evening sky for an hour or so after the Sun sets, when Venus itself then sets. Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon, outshining the planets Jupiter and Saturn but, while these rise high in the sky, Venus never does. This may lie behind myths about deities associated with the morning star proudly striving for the highest place among the gods and being cast down.

text: The morning star is an appearance of the planet Venus, an

text: inferior planet

text: , meaning that its

text: orbit

text: lies between that of the

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: . Depending on the orbital locations of both Venus and Earth, it can be seen in the eastern morning sky for an hour or so before the Sun rises and dims it, or (as the evening star) in the western evening sky for an hour or so after the Sun sets, when Venus itself then sets. Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon, outshining the planets

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: but, while these rise high in the sky, Venus never does. This may lie behind myths about deities associated with the morning star proudly striving for the highest place among the gods and being cast down.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The morning star is an appearance of the planet Venus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit lies between that of the Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: while these rise high in the sky, Venus never does.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: cast down.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit lies between that of the Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus,

text: From the lists above, these are the closest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one lunar distance LD and without impacting. More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its geocentric distance is less than 0.10 LD. The table shows the year 2016 has five such close encounters. For comparison, since a satellite in a geostationary orbit has an altitude of about 36,000 km, then its geocentric distance is 0.11 LD.

text: From the lists above, these are the closest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one lunar distance

text: LD

text: and without impacting. More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its geocentric distance is less than 0.10 LD. The table shows the year 2016 has five such close encounters. For comparison, since a satellite in a

text: geostationary orbit

text: has an

text: altitude

text: of about 36,000 km, then its geocentric distance is 0.11 LD.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: asteroids

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: lunar

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth within one lunar distance LD and without impacting.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: one lunar distance LD

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 0.10 LD.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: one lunar distance LD

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: one lunar distance LD and without impacting.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 0.10 LD.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: asteroids

text: Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation Lyra with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03)  and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems, and stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets detected around them. This may be because the higher metallicity provides more material with which to quickly build planets into gas giants or because the higher metallicity increases planet migration towards the host star, making the planet easier to detect. The star has four other known planets in orbit: Kepler-20b, Kepler-20c, Kepler-20d, and Kepler-20e. All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of Mercury.

text: Kepler-20 is a Sun-like star in the constellation

text: Lyra

text: with a mass of 0.91 (± 0.03)  and a radius of 0.94 (± 0.06) , and is thought to be 8.8 billion years old, though there is a large uncertainty in its age. In other words, Kepler-20 is approximately 9% less massive and 6% shorter than the Sun. The star's

text: metallicity

text: is 0.01 (± 0.04), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems, and stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets detected around them. This may be because the higher metallicity provides more material with which to quickly build planets into gas giants or because the higher metallicity increases

text: planet migration

text: towards the host star, making the planet easier to detect. The star has four other known planets in orbit:

text: , and

text: . All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of

text: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-20

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-20

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet migration towards the host star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Kepler-20

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: All of the planets in the system would fit inside the orbit of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mercury.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-20

text: On January 31, 2012, Eros passed Earth at , about 70 times the distance to the Moon, with a visual magnitude of +8.1. During rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.0, which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main-belt asteroid except 1 Ceres, 4 Vesta and, rarely, 2 Pallas and 7 Iris. Under this condition, the asteroid actually appears to stop, but unlike the normal condition for a body in heliocentric conjunction with Earth, its retrograde motion is very small. For example, in January and February 2137, it moves retrograde only 34 minutes in right ascension.

text: On January 31, 2012, Eros passed Earth at , about 70 times the

text: distance to the Moon

text: , with a

text: visual magnitude

text: of +8.1. During rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.0, which is brighter than

text: Neptune

text: and brighter than any

text: main-belt asteroid

text: except

text: 1 Ceres

text: 4 Vesta

text: and, rarely,

text: 2 Pallas

text: and

text: 7 Iris

text: . Under this condition, the asteroid actually appears to stop, but unlike the normal condition for a body in heliocentric conjunction with Earth, its

text: retrograde

text: motion is very small. For example, in January and February 2137, it moves retrograde only 34 minutes in right ascension.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1 Ceres

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Eros

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: its retrograde motion is very small.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: +8.1.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Eros

text: The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.

text: The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: . The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books

text: De humani corporis fabrica

text: (On the Workings of the Human Body) by

text: Andreas Vesalius

text: , and also

text: De Revolutionibus

text: , by the astronomer

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: , were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the

entity_name: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: in 1687 by

text: Isaac Newton

text: , representative of the unprecedented growth of

text: scientific publications

text: throughout Europe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Scientific Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth moved around the Sun.

text: SLR provides mm/year accurate determinations of tectonic drift station motion on a global scale in a geocentric reference frame. Combined with gravity models and decadal changes in Earth rotation, these results contribute to modeling of convection in the Earth’s mantle by providing constraints on related Earth interior processes. The velocity of the fiducial station in Hawaii is 70 mm/year and closely matches the rate of the background geophysical model.

text: SLR provides mm/year accurate determinations of tectonic drift station motion on a global scale in a geocentric reference frame. Combined with gravity models and decadal changes in Earth rotation, these results contribute to modeling of convection in the Earth’s mantle by providing constraints on related Earth interior processes. The velocity of the fiducial station in Hawaii is 70 mm/year and closely matches the rate of the background geophysical model.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravity models and decadal changes in Earth rotation,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: closely matches the rate of the background geophysical model.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: SLR

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric reference frame.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric reference frame.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric reference frame.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: tectonic drift station motion

text: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period). However, because Earth is moving in its orbit around the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits closer to the ecliptic plane than to the planet's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbit is subtly perturbed by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbital motion gradually rotates, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by Cassini's laws.

text: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its

text: sidereal period

text: ). However, because Earth is moving in its orbit around the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same

text: phase

text: to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its

text: synodic period

text: ). Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits closer to the

text: ecliptic plane

text: than to the planet's

text: equatorial plane

text: . The Moon's orbit is subtly

text: perturbed

text: by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbital motion

text: gradually rotates

text: , which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by

text: Cassini's laws

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Cassini's laws

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the sun at the same time

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: fixed stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cassini's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Moon orbits closer to the ecliptic plane

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cassini's laws.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Cassini's laws.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Cassini's laws.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars

text: Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 with the Kepler space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to scientists. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants.  Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.

text: Both

text: gravitational microlensing

text: and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more

text: rogue planet

text: s not bound to host stars than there are stars. The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system

text: with the

text: Kepler

text: space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion

text: Earth-sized

text: exoplanets

text: reside in the Milky Way. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on

text: Kepler space mission

text: data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized

text: planets

text: orbiting in the

text: habitable zone

text: s of

text: Sun-like stars

text: and

text: red dwarf

text: s within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to scientists. Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants.  Besides exoplanets, "

text: exocomet

text: s",

text: comets

text: beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational microlensing

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-32

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: there may be at least as many planets bound to stars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun-like stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: there are more rogue planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: gravitational microlensing

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational microlensing

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: five-planet star system Kepler-32

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-like stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: five-planet star system Kepler-32

text: Remaining essentially "untouched" were day-to-day social relations between husband and wife and children. Attempts at establishing new religions and personal habits come to naught. The revolutions' "results look rather petty as measured by the brotherhood of man and the achievement of justice on this earth. The blood of the martyrs seems hardly necessary to establish decimal coinage." (p. 259)

text: Remaining essentially "untouched" were day-to-day social relations between husband and wife and children. Attempts at establishing new religions and personal habits come to naught. The revolutions' "results look rather petty as measured by the brotherhood of man and the achievement of justice on this earth. The blood of the martyrs seems hardly necessary to establish decimal coinage." (p. 259)

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: decimal coinage

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: decimal coinage."

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: decimal coinage."

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: decimal coinage." (p. 259)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: blood of the martyrs seems hardly necessary to establish decimal coinage."

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: decimal coinage."

text: Nicolaus Copernicus' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The Copernican revolution, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later.

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: ' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The

text: Copernican revolution

text: , as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Celestial Spheres),

text: 47 Ursae Majoris b orbits at a distance of 2.10 AU from its star, taking 1,078 days or 2.95 years to complete a revolution. It was the first long-period planet around a main sequence star to be discovered. Unlike the majority of known long-period extrasolar planets, the eccentricity of the orbit of 47 Ursae Majoris b is low.

text: 47 Ursae Majoris b orbits at a distance of 2.10

text: AU

text: from its star, taking 1,078 days or 2.95 years to complete a

text: revolution

text: . It was the first long-period planet around a

text: main sequence

text: star to be discovered. Unlike the majority of known long-period extrasolar planets, the

text: eccentricity

text: of the orbit of 47 Ursae Majoris b is low.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: main sequence star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 47 Ursae Majoris b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the eccentricity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: first long-period planet around a main sequence star

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2.95 years to complete a revolution.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: main sequence star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2.10 AU from its star,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 47 Ursae Majoris b

text: On September 17, 2002, a team of astronomers led by Geoffrey Marcy announced the discovery of a giant planet around Tau Gruis. The radial velocity measurements suggest that the star has a companion with at least 1.23 times the mass of Jupiter. The planet's orbit stays inside the system's habitable zone for most of its revolution around the star, though at apoapsis, the planet falls outside of this zone.

text: On September 17, 2002, a team of astronomers led by

text: Geoffrey Marcy

text: announced the discovery of a giant planet around Tau Gruis. The

text: radial velocity

text: measurements suggest that the star has a companion with at least 1.23 times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: . The planet's orbit stays inside the system's

text: habitable zone

text: for most of its revolution around the star, though at

text: apoapsis

text: , the planet falls outside of this zone.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tau Gruis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Geoffrey Marcy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet's orbit stays inside the system's habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2002,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit stays inside the system's habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planet's orbit stays inside the system's habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1.23 times the mass of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a giant planet around Tau Gruis.

text: In 1999, a planet of the star was discovered. Because the planet orbits in a near Earth orbit, Iota Horologii was ranked 69th in the list of candidates for NASA's planned Terrestrial Planet Finder mission.  In 2000, a dust disc was announced around the star, but this was later determined to be an instrumental artifact.

text: In 1999, a planet of the star was discovered. Because the planet orbits in a near

text: Earth

text: orbit, Iota Horologii was ranked 69th in the list of candidates for

text: NASA

text: 's planned

text: Terrestrial Planet Finder

text: mission.  In 2000, a

text: dust disc

text: was announced around the star, but this was later determined to be an instrumental artifact.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets of the star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet of the star

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Iota Horologii

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: near Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Because the planet orbits in a near Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: In 1999,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: near Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: near Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: In 1999,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a planet of the star

text: The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was Aristarchus of Samos (c. 270 BC). Like Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun, in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as Archimedes. Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:

text: The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: (c. 270 BC). Like

text: Eratosthenes

text: , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the

entity_name: On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)

text: size and distance of the Moon and Sun

text: , in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as

text: Archimedes

text: . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in

text: Archimedes

text: ' book

text: The Sand Reckoner

text: describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative

text: hypothesis

text: of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Sand Reckoner

text: In his 1969 article "Copernicus and the Savages" Clastres reviewed J. W. Lapierre's Essai sur le fondement du pouvoir politique, in which he said primitive societies were societies without power based on Max Weber's "conception of power as monopoly of State". Clastres, however, argued that power does not imply either coercion or violence, and proposed a "Copernican revolution" in political anthropology: "In order to escape the attraction of its native earth and attain real freedom of thought, in order to pull itself away from the facts of natural history in which it continues to flounder, reflection on power must effect a 'heliocentric' conversion."

text: In his 1969 article "Copernicus and the Savages" Clastres reviewed J. W. Lapierre's Essai sur le fondement du pouvoir politique, in which he said primitive societies were societies without

text: power

text: based on

text: Max Weber

text: 's "

text: conception of power as monopoly of State

text: ". Clastres, however, argued that power does not imply either coercion or violence, and proposed a "Copernican revolution" in political anthropology: "In order to escape the attraction of its native earth and attain real freedom of thought, in order to pull itself away from the facts of natural history in which it continues to flounder, reflection on power must effect a '

text: heliocentric

text: ' conversion."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Coernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 'heliocentric'

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 'heliocentric'

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 'heliocentric'

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "Copernicus and the Savages"

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 'heliocentric'

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 'heliocentric'

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "Copernicus and the Savages"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Copernicus and the Savages"

text: According to current definitions, all planets must revolve around stars; thus, any potential "rogue planets" are excluded. In the Solar System, all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates (counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's north pole). At least one extrasolar planet, WASP-17b, has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star's rotation. The period of one revolution of a planet's orbit is known as its sidereal period or year. A planet's year depends on its distance from its star; the farther a planet is from its star, not only the longer the distance it must travel, but also the slower its speed, because it is less affected by its star's gravity. No planet's orbit is perfectly circular, and hence the distance of each varies over the course of its year. The closest approach to its star is called its periastron (perihelion in the Solar System), whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its apastron (aphelion). As a planet approaches periastron, its speed increases as it trades gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy, just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls; as the planet reaches apastron, its speed decreases, just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its trajectory.

text: According to current definitions, all planets must revolve around stars; thus, any potential "

text: rogue planet

text: s" are excluded. In the Solar System, all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates (counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun's north pole). At least one extrasolar planet,

text: , has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star's rotation. The period of one revolution of a planet's orbit is known as its

text: sidereal period

text: or year. A planet's year depends on its distance from its star; the farther a planet is from its star, not only the longer the distance it must travel, but also the slower its speed, because it is less affected by its star's

text: gravity

text: . No planet's orbit is perfectly circular, and hence the distance of each varies over the course of its year. The closest approach to its star is called its

text: periastron

text: perihelion

text: in the Solar System), whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its

text: apastron

text: aphelion

text: ). As a planet approaches periastron, its speed increases as it trades gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy, just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls; as the planet reaches apastron, its speed decreases, just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its trajectory.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: because it is less affected by its star's gravity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Solar System, all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars;

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "rogue planets"

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: same direction as the Sun rotates

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars;

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the farther a planet is from its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: all planets must revolve around stars;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: same direction as the Sun rotates

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: all the planets orbit the Sun

text: Habitability of exomoons has been considered in at least two studies published in peer-reviewed journals. René Heller & Rory Barnes considered stellar and planetary illumination on moons as well as the effect of eclipses on their orbit-averaged surface illumination. They also considered tidal heating as a threat for their habitability. In Sect. 4 in their paper, they introduce a new concept to define the habitable orbits of moons. Referring to the concept of the circumstellar habitable zone for planets, they define an inner border for a moon to be habitable around a certain planet and call it the circumplanetary "habitable edge". Moons closer to their planet than the habitable edge are uninhabitable. In a second study, René Heller then included the effect of eclipses into this concept as well as constraints from a satellite's orbital stability. He found that, depending on a moon's orbital eccentricity, there is a minimum mass for stars to host habitable moons at around 0.2 solar masses.

text: Habitability of exomoons has been considered in at least two studies published in peer-reviewed journals. René Heller & Rory Barnes considered stellar and planetary illumination on moons as well as the effect of eclipses on their orbit-averaged surface illumination. They also considered tidal heating as a threat for their habitability. In Sect. 4 in their paper, they introduce a new concept to define the habitable orbits of moons. Referring to the concept of the circumstellar habitable zone for planets, they define an inner border for a moon to be habitable around a certain planet and call it the circumplanetary "habitable edge". Moons closer to their planet than the habitable edge are uninhabitable. In a second study, René Heller then included the effect of eclipses into this concept as well as constraints from a satellite's orbital stability. He found that, depending on a moon's orbital eccentricity, there is a minimum mass for stars to host habitable moons at around 0.2 solar masses.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Rory Barnes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: What is the relationship between planets and stars?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.2 solar masses

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: René Heller & Rory Barnes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 0.2 solar masses.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.2 solar masses.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Habitability of exomoons

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circumstellar habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.2 solar masses.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: circumstellar habitable zone for planets,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: exomoons

text: Aristotelian physics viewed the universe as a sphere with a center. Matter, composed of the classical elements, earth, water, air, and fire, sought to go down towards the center of the universe, the center of the earth, or up, away from it. Things in the aether such as the moon, the sun, planets, or stars circled the center of the universe. Movement is defined as change in place, i.e. space.

text: Aristotelian physics

text: viewed the universe as a

text: sphere

text: with a center. Matter, composed of the

text: classical elements

text: , earth, water, air, and fire, sought to go down towards the center of the universe, the center of the earth, or up, away from it. Things in the

text: aether

text: such as the moon, the sun, planets, or stars circled the center of the universe. Movement is defined as change in place, i.e. space.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aristotelian physics

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a sphere with a center

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotelian physics

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Things in the aether

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the center of the earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets, or stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Aristotelian physics

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Movement is defined as change in place, i.e. space.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a sphere with a center.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Things in the aether

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: Architect Buckminster Fuller proposed the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse" to better represent the heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language.

text: Architect

text: Buckminster Fuller

text: proposed the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse" to better represent the heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Buckminster Fuller

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "sunsight" and "sunclipse"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "sunsight" and "sunclipse"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "sunsight" and "sunclipse"

text: The latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The common or geodetic latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly different from the geocentric (geographic) latitude, which is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the center of the ellipsoid. For non-Earth bodies the terms planetographic and planetocentric are used instead.

text: The latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The common or geodetic latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is

text: normal

text: to the reference ellipsoid. Depending on the flattening, it may be slightly different from the geocentric (geographic) latitude, which is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line from the center of the ellipsoid. For non-Earth bodies the terms planetographic and planetocentric are used instead.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The common or geodetic latitude

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: planetocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: ellipsoid.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geodetic latitude

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The latitude

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: center of the ellipsoid.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetographic and planetocentric are used instead.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The latitude

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planetographic and planetocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: planetographic and planetocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The latitude

text: A partial solar eclipse will occur on February 27, 2036. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on February 27, 2036. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 2036.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on February 27, 2036.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on February 27, 2036.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2036.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2036.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2036.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A partial solar eclipse will occur on February 27, 2036.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A partial solar eclipse

text: While revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation, in many fields, particularly astronomy and related fields, revolution, often referred to as orbital revolution for clarity, is used when one body moves around another while rotation is used to mean the movement around an axis. Moons revolve around their planet, planets revolve about their star (such as the Earth around the Sun); and stars slowly revolve about their galaxial center. The motion of the components of galaxies is complex, but it usually includes a rotation component.

text: While revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation, in many fields, particularly astronomy and related fields, revolution, often referred to as orbital revolution for clarity, is used when one body moves around another while rotation is used to mean the movement around an axis. Moons revolve around their planet, planets revolve about their star (such as the Earth around the Sun); and stars slowly revolve about their

text: galaxial center

text: . The motion of the components of

text: galaxies

text: is complex, but it usually includes a rotation component.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: their star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: revolve about their galaxial center

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: their star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planets revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: galaxial center.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: planets revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Moons revolve around their planet, planets revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: planets revolve about their star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

text: It revolves around the host star in a somewhat elongated orbit. If it were located in the Solar System, this orbit would stretch from just outside the orbit of Venus (at 117 million km or 0.78 astronomical unit [AU] from the Sun) to just outside the orbit of the Earth (at 162 million km or 1.08 AU).  Because the planet is at least 720 times more massive than the Earth, it is predicted that Iota Horologii b is more similar to planet Jupiter.

text: It revolves around the host star in a somewhat elongated orbit. If it were located in the

text: Solar System

text: , this orbit would stretch from just outside the orbit of

text: Venus

text: (at 117 million km or 0.78

text: astronomical unit

text: [AU] from the Sun) to just outside the orbit of the

text: Earth

text: (at 162 million km or 1.08 AU).  Because the planet is at least 720 times more massive than the Earth, it is predicted that Iota Horologii b is more similar to planet Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: this orbit would stretch from just outside the orbit of Venus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: host star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Iota Horologii b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: It revolves around the host star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the host star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: elongated orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: orbit.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: this orbit would stretch from just outside the orbit of Venus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: It revolves around the host star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Iota Horologii b is more similar to planet Jupiter.

text: Every year the sun describes an imaginary circle around the earth, called the zodiac. The zodiac is divided in twelve segments, each denoted by a sign associated with a constellation.This dial shows the zodiac signs. The signs of spring; Ram, Bull and Twins.  The signs of the summer; Crab, Lion and Virgin.  The signs of the fall; Balance, Scorpion and Bowman. The signs of winter; Capricorn, Water-bearer and Fishes. One revolution of this dial takes a year.

text: Every year the sun describes an imaginary circle around the earth, called the zodiac. The zodiac is divided in twelve segments, each denoted by a sign associated with a constellation.This dial shows the zodiac signs. The signs of spring;

text: Ram

text: Bull

text: and

text: Twins

text: .  The signs of the summer;

text: Crab

text: Lion

text: and

text: Virgin

text: .  The signs of the fall;

text: Balance

text: Scorpion

text: and

text: Bowman

text: . The signs of winter;

text: Capricorn

text: Water-bearer

text: and

text: Fishes

text: . One revolution of this dial takes a year.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: zodiac is divided in twelve segments

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Capricorn

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: imaginary circle around the earth, called the zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One revolution of this dial takes a year.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the sun describes an imaginary circle around the earth, called the zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: zodiac.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun describes an imaginary circle around the earth, called the zodiac.

text: Cardenal recently made several visits to Jesuit universities in the United States. For example, Cardenal made visits to the University of Detroit Mercy in 2013 and John Carrol University in 2014 to talk about his commitment to help the poor and his experience as a Jesuit priest and liberation theologian in the Nicaraguan Revolution. He has also done several interviews to discuss his involvement in the Nicaraguan Revolution as a minister of education, his commitment to the poor, and the current state of education in Nicaragua which links to his current involvement in Fe y Alegría. For example, he has done an interview with an undergraduate student at Georgetown University in 2014. He died in Managua in 2016.

text: Cardenal recently made several visits to Jesuit universities in the United States. For example, Cardenal made visits to the

text: University of Detroit Mercy

text: in 2013 and

text: John Carrol University

text: in 2014 to talk about his commitment to help the poor and his experience as a Jesuit priest and

text: liberation theologian

text: in the

text: Nicaraguan Revolution

text: . He has also done several interviews to discuss his involvement in the Nicaraguan Revolution as a minister of education, his commitment to the poor, and the current state of education in Nicaragua which links to his current involvement in

text: Fe y Alegría

text: . For example, he has done an interview with an undergraduate student at

text: Georgetown University

text: in 2014. He died in

text: Managua

text: in 2016.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Cardenal

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cardenal

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Cardenal recently made several visits to Jesuit universities in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Cardenal

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Cardenal recently made several visits to Jesuit universities in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Cardenal

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Managua in 2016.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Managua in 2016.

text: Plato and Aristotle helped to formulate the original theory of a sublunary sphere in antiquity - the idea usually going hand in hand with geocentrism and the concept of a spherical Earth.

text: Plato

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: helped to formulate the original theory of a sublunary sphere in antiquity - the idea usually going hand in hand with

text: geocentrism

text: and the concept of a

text: spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Plato

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Plato and Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sublunary sphere

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a spherical Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: spherical Earth.

text: In an article published in Nature on April 6, 2006, Deepto Chakrabarty et al. of MIT revealed that a circumstellar disk was discovered around the pulsar. This may prove that pulsar planets are common around neutron stars. The debris disk is likely to be composed of mainly heavier metals. The star had undergone a supernova event approximately 100,000 years ago. The disk orbits about 1.6 million kilometers away from the pulsar and probably contains about 10 Earth-masses of material.

text: In an article published in

text: Nature

text: on April 6, 2006, Deepto Chakrabarty et al. of

text: MIT

text: revealed that a

text: circumstellar disk

text: was discovered around the pulsar. This may prove that

text: pulsar planet

text: s are common around

text: neutron star

text: s. The debris disk is likely to be composed of mainly heavier metals. The star had undergone a

text: supernova

text: event approximately 100,000 years ago. The disk orbits about 1.6 million kilometers away from the pulsar and probably contains about 10

text: Earth-masses

text: of material.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: neutron stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets are common around neutron stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Deepto Chakrabarty

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: pulsar planets are common around neutron stars.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a circumstellar disk was discovered around the pulsar.

text: For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revolution in its orbit, and these are often exchanged by various mechanisms. The conservation of angular momentum in the Earth–Moon system results in the transfer of angular momentum from Earth to Moon, due to tidal torque the Moon exerts on the Earth. This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate of Earth, at about 65.7 nanoseconds per day, and in gradual increase of the radius of Moon's orbit, at about 3.82 centimeters per year.

text: For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revolution in its orbit, and these are often exchanged by various mechanisms. The conservation of angular momentum in the

text: Earth–Moon system

text: results in the transfer of angular momentum from Earth to Moon, due to

text: tidal torque

text: the Moon exerts on the Earth. This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate of Earth, at about 65.7 nanoseconds per day, and in gradual increase of the radius of Moon's orbit, at about 3.82 centimeters per year.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: orbit,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: angular momentum

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: angular momentum

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth–Moon

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 65.7 nanoseconds per day,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: angular momentum

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: angular momentum

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth–Moon system

text: Five star systems have been found to have planets, four of which have been discovered by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in Chile. HD 4308 is a star with around 83% of the Sun's mass located 72 light-years away with a super-Earth planet with an orbital period of around 15 days. HD 215497 is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light-years distant. It is orbited by a hot super-Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days. HD 221287 has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light-years away, and has a super-Jovian planet. HD 7199 has spectral type KOIV/V and is located 117 light-years away. It has a planet with around 30% the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days. HD 219077 has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit.

text: Five star systems have been found to have planets, four of which have been discovered by the

text: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: (HARPS) in Chile.

text: HD 4308

text: is a star with around 83% of the Sun's mass located 72 light-years away with a

text: super-Earth

text: planet with an orbital period of around 15 days.

text: HD 215497

text: is an orange star of spectral type K3V around 142 light-years distant. It is orbited by a hot super-Earth every 3 days and a second planet around the size of Saturn with a period of around 567 days.

text: HD 221287

text: has a spectral type of F7V and lies 173 light-years away, and has a

text: super-Jovian

text: planet.

text: HD 7199

text: has spectral type KOIV/V and is located 117 light-years away. It has a planet with around 30% the mass of Jupiter that has an orbital period of 615 days.

text: HD 219077

text: has a planet around 10 times as massive as Jupiter in a highly eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 215497 is an orange star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Five star systems have been found to have planets,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: highly eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 15 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Five star systems have been found to have planets,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Five star systems

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun's mass

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Five star systems have been found to have planets,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Five star systems have been found to have planets,

text: Monarch's battles get underway, as Eve of Shadows (Earth-13), Vampire Batman (Earth-43), Ray "the Ray" Palmer (Earth-6), Scarab (Earth-26), Hal Jordan Jr. (Earth-12), Starwoman (Earth-7), Johnny Quick (Earth-3), and Wonder Woman (Earth-34) are selected as Monarch's champions. The Batman of Earth-19 and Apollo of Earth-50 become Monarch's "backups", held in stasis. Throughout the series, tensions build between the all-American Superman of Earth-31 and his Russian Earth-30 counterpart. Superman-31 and Vampire Bat discover that a transporter miraculously designed by Earth-33's Ted Kord can travel the multiverse. After the group realizes the connection between Monarch and Captain Atom, Breach volunteers to collect the other counterparts from across the 52 earths in an attempt to overpower Monarch. In the conclusion, the Supermen fight is interrupted by a barrage of alternate Captain Atoms, who Monarch is able to overpower and absorb into himself. This reveals Ted Kord-33 and Breach (actually the brainwashed Breach of New Earth, not of Earth-8) to be his accomplices. Breach betrays Monarch by giving Superman-31 the transporter to save everyone on board the ship. The last man standing after Superman-31's departure and Superman of Earth-16's sacrifice, the Red Son Superman of Earth-30 becomes Monarch's final team member.

text: Monarch's battles get underway, as Eve of Shadows (

text: ), Vampire Batman (

text: ), Ray "the Ray" Palmer (

text: ), Scarab (

entity_name: Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew!

text: ), Hal Jordan Jr. (

text: ), Starwoman (

text: ), Johnny Quick (

text: ), and Wonder Woman (

text: ) are selected as Monarch's champions. The Batman of

text: and Apollo of

text: become Monarch's "backups", held in stasis. Throughout the series, tensions build between the all-American Superman of

text: and his Russian

text: counterpart. Superman-31 and Vampire Bat discover that a transporter miraculously designed by

text: 's Ted Kord can travel the multiverse. After the group realizes the connection between Monarch and Captain Atom, Breach volunteers to collect the other counterparts from across the 52 earths in an attempt to overpower Monarch. In the conclusion, the Supermen fight is interrupted by a barrage of alternate Captain Atoms, who Monarch is able to overpower and absorb into himself. This reveals Ted Kord-33 and Breach (actually the brainwashed Breach of

text: New Earth

text: , not of

text: ) to be his accomplices. Breach betrays Monarch by giving Superman-31 the transporter to save everyone on board the ship. The last man standing after Superman-31's departure and Superman of

text: 's sacrifice, the Red Son Superman of Earth-30 becomes Monarch's final team member.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Monarch

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-31

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: multiverse.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ted Kord

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: multiverse.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Monarch's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 52 earths

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: multiverse.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: multiverse.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 52 earths

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Batman of Earth-19 and Apollo of Earth-50

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the multiverse.

text: Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG - Temps-coordonnée géocentrique) is a coordinate time standard intended to be used as the independent variable of time for all calculations pertaining to precession, nutation, the Moon, and artificial satellites of the Earth.  It is equivalent to the proper time experienced by a clock at rest in a coordinate frame co-moving with the center of the Earth: that is, a clock that performs exactly the same movements as the Earth but is outside the Earth's gravity well.  It is therefore not influenced by the gravitational time dilation caused by the Earth.

text: Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG - Temps-coordonnée géocentrique) is a

text: coordinate

text: time standard

text: intended to be used as the independent variable of time for all calculations pertaining to

text: precession

text: nutation

text: , the

text: Moon

text: , and artificial

text: satellites

text: of the

text: Earth

text: .  It is equivalent to the

text: proper time

text: experienced by a clock at rest in a coordinate frame co-moving with the center of the Earth: that is, a clock that performs exactly the same movements as the Earth but is outside the Earth's

text: gravity well

text: .  It is therefore not influenced by the

text: gravitational time dilation

text: caused by the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: géocentrique)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitational time dilation caused by the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the center of the Earth:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geocentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: precession, nutation, the Moon, and artificial satellites

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon, and artificial satellites

text: In geodesy and geophysics, theoretical gravity or normal gravity is an approximation of the true effective or apparent gravity on Earth's surface by means of a mathematical model representing (a physically smoothed) Earth. The most common model of a smoothed Earth is an Earth ellipsoid, or, more specifically, an Earth spheroid (i.e., an ellipsoid of revolution).

text: In

text: geodesy

text: and

text: geophysics

text: , theoretical gravity or normal gravity is an approximation of the true effective or apparent gravity on

text: Earth

text: 's surface by means of a

text: mathematical model

text: representing (a physically smoothed) Earth. The most common model of a smoothed Earth is an

text: Earth ellipsoid

text: , or, more specifically, an Earth

text: spheroid

text: (i.e., an ellipsoid of revolution).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: theoretical gravity

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geodesy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: theoretical gravity

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: theoretical gravity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: In geodesy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: theoretical gravity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth ellipsoid,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth ellipsoid,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: theoretical gravity

text: Modern models of the Universe suggest it does not have a center, unlike previous systems which placed the Earth (Geocentrism) or the Sun (Heliocentrism) at the center of the universe.

text: Modern

text: models

text: of the

text: Universe

text: suggest it does not have a center, unlike previous systems which placed the Earth (

text: Geocentrism

text: ) or the Sun (

text: Heliocentrism

text: ) at the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: (Geocentrism)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Modern models of the Universe suggest it does not have a center,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Modern models of the Universe suggest it does not have a center,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (Geocentrism)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (Heliocentrism)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (Heliocentrism) at the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth (Geocentrism) or the Sun

text: HD 45364 c is an extrasolar planet located approximately 107 light years away in the constellation of Canis Major, orbiting the eighth magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 45364. This planet is located in a 3:2 orbital resonance with HD 45364 b. It has a minimum mass 3.5 times more massive than HD 45364 b, or 66% that of Jupiter. Its orbit takes 343 days, which is 22 days less than the Earth’s. Its eccentricity is similar to Mars, in which the orbital distance ranges from 0.81 to 0.98 astronomical units. This planet was discovered by HARPS on August 8, 2008, the same day as the planet HD 45364 b.

text: HD 45364 c is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: located approximately 107

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Canis Major

text: , orbiting the eighth

text: magnitude

text: G-type

text: main sequence

text: star

text: HD 45364

text: . This planet is located in a 3:2

text: orbital resonance

text: with

text: HD 45364 b

text: . It has a

text: minimum mass

text: 3.5 times more massive than HD 45364 b, or 66% that of Jupiter. Its orbit takes 343 days, which is 22 days less than the

text: Earth

text: ’s. Its eccentricity is similar to

text: Mars

text: , in which the orbital distance ranges from 0.81 to 0.98

text: astronomical units

text: . This planet was discovered by

text: HARPS

text: on August 8, 2008, the same day as the planet

text: HD 45364 b

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital resonance with HD 45364 b

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbital resonance with HD 45364 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star HD 45364.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Canis Major,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting the eighth magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 45364.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth’s.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 22 days less than the Earth’s.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2008,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 3:2

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 3:2 orbital resonance with HD 45364 b.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: eighth magnitude G-type main sequence star HD 45364.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HARPS

text: Later in November 1933, Heidegger attended a conference at the University of Tübingen organized by the students of the university and the Kampfbund, the local Nazi Party chapter. In this address, he argued for a revolution in knowledge, a revolution that would displace the traditional idea that the university should be independent of the state:

text: Later in November 1933, Heidegger attended a conference at the University of Tübingen organized by the students of the university and the

text: Kampfbund

text: , the local Nazi Party chapter. In this address, he argued for a revolution in knowledge, a revolution that would displace the traditional idea that the university should be independent of the state:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the suns gravity keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heidegger

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heidegger

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Later in November 1933,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: state:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Heidegger

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1933,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: University of Tübingen

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heidegger

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: University of Tübingen

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tübingen

text: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

text: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than

text: Alhazen

text: or

text: Al-Biruni

text: . One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the

text: star

text: s receiving their light from the

text: Sun

text: , stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the

text: planet

text: s are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed

text: Venus as a spot on the Sun

text: . This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing

text: geocentric

text: model.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Avicenna

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Avicenna's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: self-luminous.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets are also self-luminous.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: modern scholars

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: believed that the planets are also self-luminous.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

text: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations (transnats) that come to dominate its governments, particularly smaller nations adopted as "flags of convenience" for extending their influence into Martian affairs. As UNOMA's power erodes, the Mars treaty is renegotiated in a move led by Frank Chalmers; the outcome is impressive but proves short-lived as the transnats find ways around it through loop-holes. Things get worse as the nations of Earth start to clash over limited resources, expanding debt, and population growth as well as restrictions on access to a new longevity treatment developed by Martian science—one that holds the promise of lifespans into the hundreds of years. In 2061, with Boone dead and exploding immigration threatening the fabric of Martian society, Bogdanov launches a revolution against what many now view as occupying transnat troops operating only loosely under an UNOMA rubber-stamp approval. Initially successful, the revolution proves infeasible on the basis of both a greater-than-expected willingness of the Earth troops to use violence and the extreme vulnerability of life on a planet without a habitable atmosphere. A series of exchanges sees the cutting of the space elevator, bombardment of several Martian cities (including the city where Bogdanov is himself organizing the rebellion; he is killed), the destruction of Phobos and its military complex, and the unleashing of a great flood of torrential groundwater freed by nuclear detonations.

text: Earth

text: meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of

text: transnational corporation

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Boone

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: How are the planets moving?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Boone

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: UNOMA's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth meanwhile increasingly falls under the control of transnational corporations

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mars

text: On 7 January 2013, astronomers from the Kepler team announced the discovery of Kepler-69c (formerly KOI-172.02), an Earth-size exoplanet candidate (1.7 times the radius of Earth) orbiting Kepler-69, a star similar to our Sun, in the CHZ and expected to offer habitable conditions. The discovery of two planets orbiting in the habitable zone of Kepler-62, by the Kepler team was announced on April 19, 2013. The planets, named Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f, are likely solid planets with sizes 1.6 and 1.4 times the radius of Earth, respectively.

text: On 7 January 2013, astronomers from the Kepler team announced the discovery of

text: (formerly KOI-172.02), an Earth-size

text: exoplanet

text: candidate (1.7 times the radius of Earth) orbiting

text: , a star similar to our Sun, in the CHZ and expected to offer habitable conditions. The discovery of two planets orbiting in the habitable zone of

text: , by the Kepler team was announced on April 19, 2013. The planets, named

text: and

text: , are likely solid planets with sizes 1.6 and 1.4 times the radius of Earth, respectively.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.6

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (1.7 times the radius of Earth) orbiting Kepler-69,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a star similar to our Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (1.7 times the radius of Earth) orbiting Kepler-69,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-69c

text: In "Rise of the Cybermen"/"The Age of Steel" of the second revived series, the Cybermen originate on a parallel-universe version of Earth, where they were created by John Lumic, a genius obsessed with immortality. He forcibly 'upgraded' vast numbers of people in the parallel earth before a counter-revolution, initiated by the Doctor, started fighting back.

text: In "

text: Rise of the Cybermen

text: The Age of Steel

text: " of the

text: second revived series

text: , the Cybermen originate on a parallel-universe version of Earth, where they were created by

text: John Lumic

text: , a genius obsessed with immortality. He forcibly 'upgraded' vast numbers of people in the parallel earth before a counter-revolution, initiated by the Doctor, started fighting back.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: John Lumic

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: John Lumic,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: parallel-universe

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: In "Rise of the Cybermen"/"The

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: immortality.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: parallel-universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: parallel-universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: parallel-universe

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Rise of the Cybermen"/"The

text: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani sought to establish a private university to address the challenges posed during early years of Iranian Revolution -such as Cultural Revolution- and to meet increasing demands of secondary-school graduates for higher education in Iran. On the sidelines of an Islamic Republican Party conference, Rafsanjani mooted the idea with Abdollah Jasbi, who supported and developed the plan to establish Islamic Azad University.

text: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

text: sought to establish a

text: private university

text: to address the challenges posed during early years of

text: Iranian Revolution

text: -such as

text: Cultural Revolution

text: - and to meet increasing demands of secondary-school graduates for higher education in Iran. On the sidelines of an

text: Islamic Republican Party

text: conference, Rafsanjani mooted the idea with

text: Abdollah Jasbi

text: , who supported and developed the plan to establish Islamic Azad University.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Iran.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cultural Revolution-

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Iranian Revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Iranian Revolution

text: The ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth is given as 1.(4), while the ratio of the mass of the Sun to the mass of the Earth can be calculated as the ratio of the heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants: 332.(7), giving the mass of the Earth as 3.(6)  or 5.9722(6) kg.

text: The ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth is given as 1.(4), while the ratio of the mass of the Sun to the mass of the Earth can be calculated as the ratio of the

text: heliocentric

text: and

text: geocentric gravitational constant

text: s: 332.(7), giving the mass of the Earth as 3.(6)  or 5.9722(6) kg.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 332.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants:

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.(4),

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 332.(7),

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric and geocentric gravitational constants:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the ratio of the mass of the Sun to the mass of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The ratio of the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth

text: WD 1145+047 b is currently being vaporized by its star because of its extreme proximity to it. White dwarfs are usually the size of the Earth, and have half as much mass as they did during the main sequence. Due to this and the searing hot temperature of the stellar remnant, rocky minerals are being vaporized off the surface of this object, into orbit around the star, which is responsible for a hot dusty disk that was observed around its host star. It is likely that WD 1145+017 b is bound to disintegrate in the future (around 100–200 million years from now) due to further vaporization and ablation. The minor planet is likely being pelted by several smaller objects of up to , as it is likely not just a single object orbiting the white dwarf star, but likely several planetesimals, which is probably responsible for some of the variations in the light curve data. The smaller objects can also throw debris into orbit upon impact, which may also be responsible for the variations.

text: WD 1145+047 b is currently being vaporized by its star because of its extreme proximity to it. White dwarfs are usually the size of the Earth, and have half as much mass as they did during the main sequence. Due to this and the searing hot temperature of the stellar remnant, rocky minerals are being vaporized off the surface of this object, into orbit around the star, which is responsible for a hot dusty disk that was observed around its host star. It is likely that WD 1145+017 b is bound to disintegrate in the future (around 100–200 million years from now) due to further vaporization and

text: ablation

text: . The minor planet is likely being pelted by several smaller objects of up to , as it is likely not just a single object orbiting the white dwarf star, but likely several

text: planetesimals

text: , which is probably responsible for some of the variations in the light curve data. The smaller objects can also throw debris into orbit upon impact, which may also be responsible for the variations.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star, which is responsible for a hot dusty disk that was observed around its host star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: white dwarfs are usually the size of the Earth, and have half as much mass as they did during the main sequence

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: minor planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: WD 1145+047 b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit around the star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetesimals,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: WD 1145+047

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: main sequence.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: main sequence.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: main sequence.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WD 1145+047 b

text: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky, Russian prime minister following the February Revolution, who had emigrated to the United States after the October Revolution of 1917. Born in Bronx, New York in 1911, he became a boxer before joining a trade union, where he clashed with the Teamsters. He studied at New York University and at the University of Columbia.

text: Brown was the son of a comrade of

text: Alexander Kerensky

text: , Russian prime minister following the

text: February Revolution

text: , who had

text: emigrated to the United States

text: after the

text: October Revolution

text: of 1917. Born in Bronx, New York in 1911, he became a

text: boxer

text: before joining a trade union, where he clashed with the

text: Teamsters

text: . He studied at

text: New York University

text: and at the

text: University of Columbia

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: October Revolution of 1917.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Brown

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: October Revolution of 1917.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: October Revolution of 1917.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Brown

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Brown was the son of a comrade of Alexander Kerensky,

text: Richard Garfinkle's Celestial Matters (1996) is set in a more elaborated Geocentric cosmos, where Earth is divided by two contending factions, the Classical Greece-dominated Delian League and the Chinese Middle Kingdom, both of which are capable of flight within an alternate universe based on Ptolemaic astronomy, Aristotle's physics and Taoist thought. Unfortunately, both superpowers have been fighting a thousand-year war since the time of Alexander the Great.

text: Richard Garfinkle

text: 's

text: Celestial Matters

text: (1996) is set in a more elaborated Geocentric cosmos, where Earth is divided by two contending factions, the

text: Classical Greece

text: -dominated

text: Delian League

text: and the

text: Chinese

text: Middle Kingdom, both of which are capable of flight within an alternate universe based on

text: Ptolemaic astronomy

text: Aristotle

text: 's physics and

text: Taoist

text: thought. Unfortunately, both superpowers have been fighting a thousand-year war since the time of

text: Alexander the Great

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric cosmos

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric cosmos

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Geocentric cosmos,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a more elaborated Geocentric cosmos,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic astronomy,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic astronomy,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: As these motions became better understood, more elaborate descriptions were required, the most famous of which was the geocentric Ptolemaic system, which achieved its full expression in the 2nd century.  The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his Almagest, points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device, and since there is no actual way to know which is true, the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used.However, he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds. His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon, sun, planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits' celestial spheres as contiguous realities. This made the stars' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units, a regression, since Aristarchus of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant.

text: As these motions became better understood, more elaborate descriptions were required, the most famous of which was the geocentric

text: Ptolemaic system

text: , which achieved its full expression in the 2nd century.  The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his

text: Almagest

text: , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device, and since there is no actual way to know which is true, the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used.However, he rejected the idea of a

text: spinning earth

text: as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds. His

text: planetary hypotheses

text: were sufficiently real that the distances of moon, sun, planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits'

text: celestial spheres

text: as contiguous realities. This made the stars' distance less than 20

text: Astronomical Units

text: , a regression, since

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier

text: necessarily

text: placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits' celestial spheres as contiguous realities.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: merely a mathematical device,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: The Charter for the university announced that its mission was to be the "educational organ of the laborers," and that it would be an "experiment in social-welfare and conduct surveys into working conditions." The Charter continued that students would be sent to factories and fields to "cultivate manual skills and to learn to respect hard work." That is, as one historian observes, the school was based on the assumption that "revolution should be contained in an evolutionary process"  and that the goal was "cultivating personal revolutionary virtues," not social or political revolution. Even if Li had intended the school to be a revolutionary training ground, in the anti-leftist atmosphere the actual practice of the university was limited and subdued. The university was closed down in 1932.

text: The Charter for the university announced that its mission was to be the "educational organ of the laborers," and that it would be an "experiment in social-welfare and conduct surveys into working conditions." The Charter continued that students would be sent to factories and fields to "cultivate manual skills and to learn to respect hard work." That is, as one historian observes, the school was based on the assumption that "revolution should be contained in an evolutionary process"  and that the goal was "cultivating personal revolutionary virtues," not social or political revolution. Even if Li had intended the school to be a revolutionary training ground, in the anti-leftist atmosphere the actual practice of the university was limited and subdued. The university was closed down in 1932.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Li

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: was based on the assumption that "revolution should be contained in an evolutionary process

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: evolutionary process"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Li

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1932.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: hard work."

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: evolutionary process"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The university was closed down in 1932.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: evolutionary process"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: evolutionary process"

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The university was closed down in 1932.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1932.

text: The university was entirely founded by Alireza Afzalipour on August 9, 1972. Prior to the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, this university was called the University of Kerman, and it had also included the college of medicine. But after the revolution, the name was changed to the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, and the college of medicine was established as an independent universality, now called Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

text: The university was entirely founded by

text: Alireza Afzalipour

text: on August 9, 1972. Prior to the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, this university was called the University of Kerman, and it had also included the college of medicine. But after the revolution, the name was changed to the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, and the college of medicine was established as an independent universality, now called Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alireza Afzalipour

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Alireza Afzalipour

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1979 Islamic Revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Alireza Afzalipour on August 9, 1972.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1972.

text: Islamic astronomy was developed on the basis of a spherical earth inherited from Hellenistic astronomy. The Islamic theoretical framework largely relied on the fundamental contributions of Aristotle (De caelo) and Ptolemy (Almagest), both of whom worked from the premise that the earth was spherical and at the centre of the universe (geocentric model).

text: Islamic astronomy

text: was developed on the basis of a spherical earth inherited from

text: Hellenistic astronomy

text: . The Islamic theoretical framework largely relied on the fundamental contributions of

text: Aristotle

text: De caelo

text: ) and

text: Ptolemy

text: Almagest

text: ), both of whom worked from the premise that the earth was spherical and at the centre of the universe (

text: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (geocentric model).

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: (geocentric model).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (geocentric model).

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (geocentric model).

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (geocentric model).

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: spherical earth

text: In September, 2012 two planets which orbit separate stars were discovered in the Beehive Cluster. The finding was significant for being the first planets detected orbiting stars like Earth's Sun that were situated in stellar clusters. Planets had previously been detected in such clusters, but not orbiting stars like the Sun.

text: In September, 2012 two planets which orbit separate stars were discovered in the Beehive Cluster. The finding was significant for being the first planets detected orbiting stars like

text: Earth

text: 's

text: Sun

text: that were situated in stellar clusters. Planets had previously been detected in such clusters, but not orbiting stars like the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Beehive Cluster.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stars like Earth's Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: two planets which orbit separate stars were discovered in the Beehive Cluster.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: stars like Earth's Sun that were situated in stellar clusters.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: stars like Earth's Sun that were situated in stellar clusters.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Beehive Cluster.

text: For almost five millennia, the geocentric model of the Earth as the center of the universe had been accepted by all but a few astronomers. In Aristotle's cosmology, Earth's central location was perhaps less significant than its identification as a realm of imperfection, inconstancy, irregularity and change, as opposed to the "heavens", (Moon, Sun, planets, stars) which were regarded as perfect, permanent, unchangeable, and in religious thought, the realm of heavenly beings. The Earth was even composed of different material, the four elements "earth", "water", "fire", and "air", while sufficiently far above its surface (roughly the Moon's orbit), the heavens were composed of different substance called "aether". The heliocentric model that replaced it involved not only the radical displacement of the earth to an orbit around the sun, but its sharing a placement with the other planets implied a universe of heavenly components made from the same changeable substances as the Earth. Heavenly motions no longer needed to be governed by a theoretical perfection, confined to circular orbits.

text: For almost five

text: millennia

text: , the

text: geocentric model

text: of the Earth as the center of the universe had been accepted by all but a few astronomers. In Aristotle's cosmology, Earth's central location was perhaps less significant than its identification as a realm of imperfection, inconstancy, irregularity and change, as opposed to the "heavens", (Moon, Sun, planets, stars) which were regarded as perfect, permanent, unchangeable, and in religious thought, the realm of heavenly beings. The Earth was even composed of different material, the four elements "earth", "water", "fire", and "air", while sufficiently far above its surface (roughly the Moon's orbit), the heavens were composed of different substance called "aether". The

text: heliocentric model

text: that replaced it involved not only the radical displacement of the earth to an orbit around the sun, but its sharing a placement with the other planets implied a universe of heavenly components made from the same changeable substances as the Earth. Heavenly motions no longer needed to be governed by a theoretical perfection, confined to circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "heavens",

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric model

text: This is the average period of the Moon's revolution with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth. The synodic month is the period of the Moon's phases, because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth.

text: This is the average period of the Moon's revolution with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth. The synodic month is the period of the Moon's

text: phases

text: , because the Moon's appearance depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: synodic month

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The average period of the Moon's revolution with respect to the line joining the Sun and Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: synodic month

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun and Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: line joining the Sun and Earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The synodic month

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The synodic month

text: The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Wolf 1061, orbited by a total of three planets. The star has a mass of 0.25  and a radius of 0.26 . It has a temperature of 3380 K. The age is poorly constrained/unknown, but estimates would place it around a few billion years. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits a (

text: M-type

text: star

text: named

text: Wolf 1061

text: , orbited by a total of three planets. The star has a mass of 0.25  and a radius of 0.26 . It has a temperature of 3380

text: K

text: . The age is poorly constrained/unknown, but estimates would place it around a few billion years. In comparison, the

text: Sun

text: is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Wolf 1061

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Wolf 1061,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: three planets.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: three planets.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Wolf 1061,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: three planets.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Wolf 1061,

text: Arendt thinks that three great events determined the character of the modern age: "the discovery of America and the ensuing exploration of the whole earth; the Reformation, which by expropriating ecclesiastical and monastic possessions started the two-fold process of individual expropriation and the accumulation of social wealth; the invention of the telescope and the development of a new science that considers the nature of the earth from the viewpoint of the universe." None of these events could have been foreseen. They happened suddenly and had repercussions their instigators never intended. One effect of each of these events is to increase our alienation from the world, which Arendt thinks is far more characteristic of our age than alienation from the self (as Marx thought). The shrinking distances brought about by exploration and transportation technology makes us more an inhabitant of the Earth than of our particular place within it. The process of expropriation kicked off by the Reformation expropriated people from their land and place in the world. Galileo's discovery of the continuity between the earth and the universe alienates people from their world by showing that our earth-centered view of the world is illusory, that the sun does not rise and set as it appears to. What set Galileo apart from other heliocentric theorists is that he proved that heliocentric theories were not merely useful instruments for predicting/explaining data but proper descriptions of reality. Ironically, the outcome of the scientific revolution is that current theories have become so bizarre and that perhaps no one can grasp the world they describe. They have turned out to be useful primarily as instruments, after having shattered our previous understanding of the world. Meanwhile, science now further alienates us from the world by unleashing processes on earth that previously occurred only further out in the universe. We have found an archimedean point to move the world, but only by losing our place in it.

text: Arendt thinks that three great events determined the character of the modern age: "the discovery of America and the ensuing exploration of the whole earth; the

text: Reformation

text: , which by expropriating ecclesiastical and monastic possessions started the two-fold process of individual expropriation and the accumulation of social wealth; the invention of the telescope and the development of a new science that considers the nature of the earth from the viewpoint of the universe." None of these events could have been foreseen. They happened suddenly and had repercussions their instigators never intended. One effect of each of these events is to increase our alienation from the world, which Arendt thinks is far more characteristic of our age than alienation from the self (as Marx thought). The shrinking distances brought about by exploration and transportation technology makes us more an inhabitant of the Earth than of our particular place within it. The process of expropriation kicked off by the Reformation expropriated people from their land and place in the world.

text: Galileo

text: 's discovery of the continuity between the earth and the universe alienates people from their world by showing that our earth-centered view of the world is illusory, that the sun does not rise and set as it appears to. What set Galileo apart from other heliocentric theorists is that he proved that heliocentric theories were not merely useful instruments for predicting/explaining data but proper descriptions of reality. Ironically, the outcome of the scientific revolution is that current theories have become so bizarre and that perhaps no one can grasp the world they describe. They have turned out to be useful primarily as instruments, after having shattered our previous understanding of the world. Meanwhile, science now further alienates us from the world by unleashing processes on earth that previously occurred only further out in the universe. We have found an archimedean point to move the world, but only by losing our place in it.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric theories

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: that the sun does not rise and set as it appears to

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the continuity between the earth and the universe

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the sun does not rise and set as it appears to.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: illusory,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: losing our place in it.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the sun does not rise and set as it appears to.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: continuity between the earth and the universe

text: After many years, the Earth will have fallen so far behind that Cruithne will then actually be "catching up" on the Earth from "behind". When it eventually does catch up, Cruithne will make a series of annual close approaches to the Earth and gravitationally exchange orbital energy with Earth; this will alter Cruithne's orbit by a little over half a million kilometres—while Earth's orbit is altered by about —so that its period of revolution around the Sun will then become slightly more than a year. The kidney bean will then start to migrate away from the Earth again in the opposite direction – instead of the Earth "falling behind" the bean, the Earth is "pulling away from" the bean. The next such series of close approaches will be centred on the year 2292 – in July of that year, Cruithne will approach Earth to about .

text: After many years, the Earth will have fallen so far behind that Cruithne will then actually be "catching up" on the Earth from "behind". When it eventually does catch up, Cruithne will make a series of annual close approaches to the Earth and

text: gravitationally exchange orbital energy

text: with Earth; this will alter Cruithne's orbit by a little over half a million kilometres—while Earth's orbit is altered by about —so that its period of revolution around the Sun will then become slightly more than a year. The kidney bean will then start to migrate away from the Earth again in the opposite direction – instead of the Earth "falling behind" the bean, the Earth is "pulling away from" the bean. The next such series of close approaches will be centred on the year 2292 – in July of that year, Cruithne will approach Earth to about .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's orbit is altered by about

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The kidney bean

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitationally exchange orbital energy

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The kidney bean

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitationally exchange orbital energy

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: period of revolution around the Sun will then become slightly more than a year.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: half a million kilometres—while

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: kidney bean

text: After 380 to 390 years or so, the kidney-bean-shaped orbit approaches Earth again from the other side, and the Earth, once more, alters the orbit of Cruithne so that its period of revolution around the Sun is again slightly less than a year (this last happened with a series of close approaches centred on 1902, and will next happen with a series centered on 2676). The pattern then repeats itself.

text: After 380 to 390 years or so, the kidney-bean-shaped orbit approaches Earth again from the other side, and the Earth, once more, alters the orbit of Cruithne so that its period of revolution around the Sun is again slightly less than a year (this last happened with a series of close approaches centred on 1902, and will next happen with a series centered on 2676). The pattern then repeats itself.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The pattern then repeats

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the kidney-bean-shaped orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cruithne

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the kidney-bean-shaped orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: slightly less than a year

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 380 to 390 years

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: kidney-bean-shaped orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the kidney-bean-shaped orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: kidney-bean-shaped orbit

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Cruithne

text: Historically, the center of the Universe had been believed to be a number of locations. Many mythological cosmologies included an axis mundi, the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth, heavens, and other realms together. In the 4th century BCE Greece, the geocentric model was developed based on astronomical observation, proposing that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical, stationary Earth, around which the sun, moon, planets, and stars rotate. With the development of the heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century, the sun was believed to be the center of the Universe, with the planets (including Earth) and stars orbiting it.

text: Historically, the center of the Universe had been believed to be a number of locations. Many mythological cosmologies included an

text: axis mundi

text: , the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth, heavens, and other realms together. In the 4th century BCE Greece, the

text: geocentric model

text: was developed based on astronomical observation, proposing that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical, stationary Earth, around which the sun, moon, planets, and stars rotate. With the development of the

text: heliocentric

text: model by

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: in the 16th century, the sun was believed to be the center of the Universe, with the planets (including Earth) and stars orbiting it.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting it.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the sun, moon, planets, and stars

text: The habitable zone of 40 Eridani A, where a planet could exist with liquid water, is near 0.68 (calculated from habitable zone) AU from A. At this distance a planet would complete a revolution in 223 Earth days (according to the third Kepler's law) and 40 Eridani A would appear nearly 20% wider than the Sun does on Earth. An observer on a planet in the 40 Eridani A system would see the B/C pair as unusually bright (magnitudes -8 and -6) white and reddish-orange stars in the night sky. This is not bright enough to diminish the darkness at night, though they would be visible in daylight (assuming an Earth-normal atmosphere). (By comparison, Earth's full moon is magnitude −12.6, and Venus at its brightest is −4.7.)

text: The

text: habitable zone

text: of 40 Eridani A, where a planet could exist with liquid water, is near 0.68 (calculated from

text: habitable zone

text: AU

text: from A. At this distance a planet would complete a revolution in 223 Earth days (according to the third

text: Kepler's law

text: ) and 40 Eridani A would appear nearly 20% wider than the Sun does on Earth. An observer on a planet in the 40 Eridani A system would see the B/C pair as unusually bright (

text: magnitudes

text: -8 and -6) white and reddish-orange stars in the night sky. This is not bright enough to diminish the darkness at night, though they would be visible in daylight (assuming an Earth-normal atmosphere). (By comparison, Earth's full moon is magnitude −12.6, and

text: Venus

text: at its brightest is −4.7.)

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler's law

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the third Kepler's law

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 40 Eridani

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 223 Earth days

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 223 Earth days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The habitable zone of 40 Eridani A,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler's law)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: third Kepler's law)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 223 Earth days

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 40 Eridani A,

text: Seven star systems have been found to have planets. Nu Canis Majoris is an ageing orange giant of spectral type K1III of apparent magnitude 3.91 located around 64 light-years distant. Around 1.5 times as massive and 11 times as luminous as the Sun, it is orbited over a period of 763 days by a planet 2.6 times as massive as Jupiter. HD 47536 is likewise an ageing orange giant found to have a planetary system—echoing the fate of the Solar System in a few billion years as the Sun ages and becomes a giant. Conversely, HD 45364 is a star 107 light-years distant that is a little smaller and cooler than the Sun, of spectral type G8V, which has two planets discovered in 2008. With orbital periods of 228 and 342 days, the planets have a 3:2 orbital resonance, which helps stabilise the system. HD 47186 is another sunlike star with two planets; the inner—HD 47186 b—takes four days to complete an orbit and has been classified as a Hot Neptune, while the outer—HD 47186 c—has an eccentric 3.7-year period orbit and has a similar mass to Saturn. HD 43197 is a sunlike star around 183 light-years distant that has a Jupiter-size planet with an eccentric orbit.

text: Seven star systems have been found to have planets.

text: Nu Canis Majoris

text: is an ageing orange giant of spectral type K1III of apparent magnitude 3.91 located around 64 light-years distant. Around 1.5 times as massive and 11 times as luminous as the Sun, it is orbited over a period of 763 days by a planet 2.6 times as massive as Jupiter.

text: HD 47536

text: is likewise an ageing orange giant found to have a planetary system—echoing the fate of the Solar System in a few billion years as the Sun ages and becomes a giant. Conversely,

text: HD 45364

text: is a star 107 light-years distant that is a little smaller and cooler than the Sun, of spectral type G8V, which has two planets discovered in 2008. With orbital periods of 228 and 342 days, the planets have a 3:2

text: orbital resonance

text: , which helps stabilise the system.

text: HD 47186

text: is another sunlike star with two planets; the inner—

text: HD 47186 b

text: —takes four days to complete an orbit and has been classified as a

text: Hot Neptune

text: , while the outer—

text: HD 47186 c

text: —has an eccentric 3.7-year period orbit and has a similar mass to

text: Saturn

text: HD 43197

text: is a sunlike star around 183 light-years distant that has a Jupiter-size planet with an eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital resonance, which helps stabilise the system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the fate of the Solar System in a few billion years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nu Canis Majoris

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nu Canis Majoris

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 3:2 orbital resonance,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets have a 3:2 orbital resonance,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Seven star systems have been found to have planets.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: system—echoing the fate of the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun ages and becomes a giant.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Seven star systems have been found to have planets.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Seven star systems have been found to have planets.

text: In April 2013, it was announced that of the five planets orbiting Kepler-62, at least two—Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f—are within the boundaries of the habitable zone of that star, where scientists think liquid water could exist, and are both candidates for being a solid, rocky, earth-like planet. The exoplanets are 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of Earth respectively, with their star Kepler-62 at a distance of 1,200 light-years.

text: In April 2013, it was announced that of the five planets orbiting

text: , at least two—

text: and

text: —are within the boundaries of the

text: habitable zone

text: of that star, where scientists think liquid water could exist, and are both candidates for being a solid, rocky, earth-like planet. The

text: exoplanet

text: s are 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of

text: Earth

text: respectively, with their star

text: at a distance of 1,200 light-years.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-62

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-62 at a distance of 1,200 light-years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Kepler-62,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-62,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1,200 light-years.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-62,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1,200 light-years.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1,200 light-years.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: five planets orbiting Kepler-62,

text: Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical ("round") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in turn, revolved around the Sun. Though the arguments he used were lost, Plutarch stated that Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning.

text: Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is

text: spherical

text: ("round") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result

entity_section: Measurement of the Earth's circumference

text: a seminal experiment

text: Eratosthenes

text: (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views,

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a

text: heliocentric model

text: of the

text: Solar system

text: , i.e. for placing the

text: Sun

text: , not the

text: Earth

text: , at its centre.

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: , a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that

text: the Earth rotated around its own axis

text: , which, in turn,

text: revolved around

text: the Sun. Though the arguments he used were lost,

text: Plutarch

text: stated that Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Plutarch

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model of the Solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun, not the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model of the Solar system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: Pelagial has received universal acclaim, with About.com describing it as "a stunning collection of ideas and emotions" and Axis of Metal predicting that it would be a contender for album of the year in 2013.  The Monolith added that the album represented a marked progression from the band's previous releases, Heliocentric and Anthropocentric.

text: Pelagial has received universal acclaim, with

text: About.com

text: describing it as "a stunning collection of ideas and emotions" and Axis of Metal predicting that it would be a contender for album of the year in 2013.  The Monolith added that the album represented a marked progression from the band's previous releases,

entity_name: Heliocentric (The Ocean Collective album)

text: Heliocentric

text: and

text: Anthropocentric

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Monolith added that the album represented a marked progression from the band's previous releases

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Pelagial

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pelagial

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric and Anthropocentric.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pelagial

text: Universal time (UT1) tracks the Earth's rotation in time, which performs one revolution in about 24 hours. The Earth's rotation is uneven, so UT is not linear with respect to atomic time. It is practically proportional to the sidereal time, which is also a direct measure of Earth rotation. The excess revolution time is called length of day (LOD).

text: Universal time

text: ) tracks the Earth's rotation in time, which performs one revolution in about 24 hours. The Earth's rotation is uneven, so UT is not linear with respect to

text: atomic time

text: . It is practically proportional to the

text: sidereal time

text: , which is also a direct measure of Earth rotation. The excess revolution time is called

text: length of day (LOD)

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sidereal time

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Universal time

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 24 hours.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 24 hours.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Universal time

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Universal time

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Universal time

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Universal time

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Universal time

text: Orbiting the star are three planets, whose discovery was announced in 2008; the discovery paper was published in 2009. The inner planet has a mass at least 7.5 times that of Earth, and is termed a super-Earth (this classification is based solely on the mass of the planet and should not be taken to imply that the planet could support Earthlike conditions). The middle planet and the outer planet are gas giants. The orbital periods for three planets are 9.3743 days for a 7.56 M planet, 962 days for a 0.64 M planet, and 2172 days for a 0.54 M planet. This solution is unstable, more data are required to constrain the orbital position of planet d.

text: Orbiting the star are three

text: planets

text: , whose discovery was announced in 2008; the discovery paper was published in 2009. The inner planet has a mass at least 7.5 times that of Earth, and is termed a

text: super-Earth

text: (this classification is based solely on the mass of the planet and should not be taken to imply that the planet could support Earthlike conditions). The middle planet and the outer planet are

text: gas giant

text: s. The

text: orbital period

text: s for three planets are 9.3743 days for a 7.56 M planet, 962 days for a 0.64

text: M

text: planet, and 2172 days for a 0.54 M planet. This solution is unstable, more data are required to constrain the orbital position of planet d.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: This solution is unstable, more data are required to constrain the orbital position

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The inner planet has a mass at least 7.5 times that of Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Orbiting the star are three planets,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Orbiting the star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2008;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: This solution is unstable,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Orbiting the star are three planets,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: This solution is unstable,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: three planets,

text: Tau Ceti e is an unconfirmed, fourth-known planet orbiting Tau Ceti that was detectedby statistical analyses of the data of the star's variations in radial velocity that were obtained using HIRES, AAPS, and HARPS. Few properties of the planet are known other than its orbit and mass. It orbits at a distance of 0.552 AU (between the orbits of Venus and Mercury in the Solar System) with an orbital period of 168 days and has a minimum mass of 4.3 Earth masses. Because the minimum mass of a super-Earth is 5 Earth masses, Tau Ceti e may be Earth sized. If it possesses an Earth-like atmosphere, the surface temperature would be around .

text: Tau Ceti e is an unconfirmed, fourth-known

text: planet

text: orbiting Tau Ceti that was detectedby statistical analyses of the data of the star's variations in

text: radial velocity

text: that were obtained using

text: HIRES

text: AAPS

text: , and

text: HARPS

text: . Few properties of the planet are known other than its orbit and mass. It orbits at a distance of 0.552

text: AU

text: (between the orbits of

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mercury

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: ) with an orbital period of 168 days and has a

text: minimum mass

text: of 4.3

text: Earth mass

text: es. Because the minimum mass of a super-Earth is 5 Earth masses, Tau Ceti e may be Earth sized. If it possesses an Earth-like atmosphere, the surface temperature would be around .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mercury in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Venus and Mercury in the Solar System)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star's variations in radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: HIRES, AAPS, and HARPS.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (between the orbits of Venus and Mercury in the Solar System)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (between the orbits of Venus and Mercury in the Solar System)

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Ceti

text: In Philolaus' system, the Earth did not rotate and its inhabited surface faced away from the Central Fire—possibly because it (the Earth) was flat. The revolution of the Earth around the Central Fire was not yearly but daily, while the Moon's revolution was monthly, and the sun's yearly. It was the Earth's speedy travel past the slower moving Sun that resulted in the appearance on Earth of the Sun rising and setting.  Further from the Central Fire, the Planets' movement was slower still, and the outermost "sky" (i.e. stars) probably fixed.

text: In Philolaus' system, the Earth did not rotate and its inhabited surface faced away from the Central Fire—possibly because it (the Earth) was flat. The revolution of the Earth around the Central Fire was not yearly but daily, while the Moon's revolution was monthly, and the sun's yearly. It was the Earth's speedy travel past the slower moving Sun that resulted in the appearance on Earth of the Sun rising and setting.  Further from the Central Fire, the Planets' movement was slower still, and the outermost "sky" (i.e. stars) probably fixed.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Philolaus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The revolution of the Earth around the Central Fire was not yearly but daily

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth did not rotate and its inhabited surface faced away from the Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Philolaus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yearly.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Central Fire—possibly

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Further from the Central Fire,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Philolaus' system, the Earth did not rotate

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Philolaus' system, the Earth did not rotate

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Philolaus'

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Philolaus'

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun rising and setting.

text: HD 208487 b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 144 light-years away in the constellation of Grus, orbiting the star HD 208487. This planet has a minimum mass close to half that of Jupiter and is most probably a gas giant. The planet orbits the star in a close, eccentric orbit. One revolution takes 130 days to complete. This planet was discovered on September 16, 2004 by Tinney, Butler, and Marcy et al. using Doppler spectroscopy to measure the star's radial velocity changing over time as the planet revolves around its orbit.

text: HD 208487 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: located approximately 144

text: light-year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Grus

text: , orbiting the

text: star

text: HD 208487

text: . This planet has a

text: minimum mass

text: close to half that of

text: Jupiter

text: and is most probably a

text: gas giant

text: . The planet orbits the star in a close,

text: eccentric

text: orbit. One revolution takes 130

text: day

text: s to complete. This planet was discovered on September 16, 2004 by

text: Tinney

text: Butler

text: , and

text: Marcy

text: et al. using

text: Doppler spectroscopy

text: to measure the star's

text: radial velocity

text: changing over time as the planet revolves around its orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: One revolution takes 130 days to complete

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is most probably a gas giant

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 208487

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet orbits the star in a close, eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star HD 208487.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Doppler spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Doppler spectroscopy

text: These searches only excluded larger brown dwarf bodies and giant planets, so smaller, Earth-like planets in orbit around the star were not precluded. If "hot Jupiters" did exist in close orbit they would likely disrupt the star's habitable zone; their exclusion was thus considered positive for the possibility of Earth-like planets. General research has shown a positive correlation between the presence of planets and a relatively high-metallicity parent star, suggesting that stars with lower metallicity such as Tau Ceti have a lower chance of having planets. Primitive life on Tau Ceti's planets might reveal itself through an atmospheric composition unlikely to be abiotic, just as oxygen on Earth is indicative of life.

text: These searches only excluded larger

text: brown dwarf

text: bodies and giant planets, so smaller, Earth-like planets in orbit around the star were not precluded. If "hot Jupiters" did exist in close orbit they would likely disrupt the star's

text: habitable zone

text: ; their exclusion was thus considered positive for the possibility of Earth-like planets. General research has shown a positive correlation between the presence of planets and a relatively high-metallicity parent star, suggesting that stars with lower metallicity such as Tau Ceti have a lower chance of having planets. Primitive life on Tau Ceti's planets might reveal itself through an atmospheric composition unlikely to be abiotic, just as oxygen on Earth is indicative of life.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets in orbit around the star were not precluded

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: These searches only excluded larger brown dwarf bodies and giant planets,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: smaller, Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: high-metallicity parent star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: These searches only excluded larger brown dwarf bodies and giant planets,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: smaller, Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: smaller, Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-like planets

text: The Ptolemaic model of the solar system held sway into the early modern age; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model. Geocentrism as a separate religious belief, however, never completely died out. In the United States between 1870 and 1920, for example, various members of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod published articles disparaging Copernican astronomy, and geocentrism was widely taught within the synod during that period. However, in the 1902 Theological Quarterly, A. L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism, heliocentrism, or any scientific model, unless it were to contradict Scripture. He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole.

text: The

text: Ptolemaic model of the solar system

text: held sway into the early

text: modern age

text: ; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the

text: heliocentric model

text: . Geocentrism as a separate religious belief, however, never completely died out. In the

text: United States

text: between 1870 and 1920, for example, various members of the

text: Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

text: published articles disparaging

text: Copernican astronomy

text: , and geocentrism was widely taught within the synod during that period. However, in the 1902 Theological Quarterly, A. L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism, heliocentrism, or any scientific model, unless it were to contradict Scripture. He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Ptolemaic model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Scripture.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Ptolemaic model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar system

text: In Copernicus' dedication of On the Revolutions to Pope Paul III—which Copernicus hoped would dampen criticism of his heliocentric theory by "babblers... completely ignorant of [astronomy]"—the book's author wrote that, in rereading all of philosophy, in the pages of Cicero and Plutarch he had found references to those few thinkers who dared to move the Earth "against the traditional opinion of astronomers and almost against common sense."  Sobel comments:  "He still knew nothing of the Earth-moving plan of Aristarchus, which had not yet been reported to Latin audiences."

text: In Copernicus' dedication of

text: On the Revolutions

text: to

text: Pope Paul III

text: —which Copernicus hoped would dampen criticism of his

text: heliocentric theory

text: by "babblers... completely ignorant of [astronomy]"—the book's author wrote that, in rereading all of philosophy, in the pages of

text: Cicero

text: and

text: Plutarch

text: he had found references to those few thinkers who dared to move the Earth "against the traditional opinion of astronomers and almost against common sense."  Sobel comments:  "He still knew nothing of the Earth-moving plan of Aristarchus, which had not yet been reported to Latin audiences."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: common sense."

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric theory

text: The first success of this technique was made in 2003 by both OGLE and MOA of the microlensing event OGLE 2003–BLG–235 (or MOA 2003–BLG–53). Combining their data, they found the most likely planet mass to be 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter. As of January 2011, eleven exoplanets have been detected by this method, including OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb, two exoplanets around OGLE-2006-BLG-109L, and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Notably, at the time of its announcement in January 2006, the planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb probably had the lowest mass of any known exoplanet orbiting a regular star, with a median at 5.5 times the mass of the Earth and roughly a factor two uncertainty. This record was contested in 2007 by Gliese 581 c  with a minimal mass of 5 Earth masses, and since 2009 Gliese 581 e is the lightest known "regular" exoplanet, with minimum 1.9 Earth masses.

text: The first success of this technique was made in 2003 by both OGLE and MOA of the microlensing event

text: OGLE 2003–BLG–235 (or MOA 2003–BLG–53)

text: . Combining their data, they found the most likely planet mass to be 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter. As of January 2011, eleven exoplanets have been detected by this method, including

text: , two exoplanets around

text: , and

text: . Notably, at the time of its announcement in January 2006, the planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb probably had the lowest mass of any known exoplanet orbiting a regular star, with a median at 5.5 times the mass of the Earth and roughly a factor two uncertainty. This record was contested in 2007 by

text: Gliese 581 c

text: with a minimal mass of 5 Earth masses, and since 2009

text: Gliese 581 e

text: is the lightest known "regular" exoplanet, with minimum 1.9 Earth masses.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the most likely planet mass to be 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: regular star,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 5.5 times the mass of the Earth and roughly a factor two uncertainty.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: microlensing event OGLE 2003–BLG–235

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 5.5 times the mass of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1.5 times the mass of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: OGLE 2003–BLG–235

text: With the exception of Roberts, these books and their many popular imitators were almost unanimous not merely about Nostradamus's powers of prophecy, but also about various aspects of his biography. He had been a descendant of the Israelite tribe of Issachar; he had been educated by his grandfathers, who had both been physicians to the court of Good King René of Provence; he had attended Montpellier University in 1525 to gain his first degree; after returning there in 1529, he had successfully taken his medical doctorate; he had gone on to lecture in the Medical Faculty there, until his views became too unpopular; he had supported the heliocentric view of the universe; he had travelled to the north-east of France, where he had composed prophecies at the abbey of Orval; in the course of his travels, he had performed a variety of prodigies, including identifying future Pope, Sixtus V, who was then only a seminary monk. He is credited with having successfully cured the Plague at Aix-en-Provence and elsewhere; he had engaged in scrying, using either a magic mirror or a bowl of water; he had been joined by his secretary Chavigny at Easter 1554; having published the first installment of his Propheties, he had been summoned by Queen Catherine de' Medici to Paris in 1556 to discuss with her his prophecy at quatrain I.35 that her husband King Henri II would be killed in a duel; he had examined the royal children at Blois; he had bequeathed to his son a "lost book" of his own prophetic paintings; he had been buried standing up; and he had been found, when dug up at the French Revolution, to be wearing a medallion bearing the exact date of his disinterment.

text: With the exception of Roberts, these books and their many popular imitators were almost unanimous not merely about Nostradamus's powers of prophecy, but also about various aspects of his biography. He had been a descendant of the Israelite tribe of

text: Issachar

text: ; he had been educated by his grandfathers, who had both been physicians to the court of

text: Good King René

text: of

text: Provence

text: ; he had attended

text: Montpellier

text: University in 1525 to gain his first degree; after returning there in 1529, he had successfully taken his medical doctorate; he had gone on to lecture in the Medical Faculty there, until his views became too unpopular; he had supported the

text: heliocentric

text: view of the universe; he had travelled to the north-east of France, where he had composed prophecies at the abbey of Orval; in the course of his travels, he had performed a variety of prodigies, including identifying future Pope,

text: Sixtus V

text: , who was then only a seminary monk. He is credited with having successfully cured the

text: Plague

text: at

text: Aix-en-Provence

text: and elsewhere; he had engaged in

text: scrying

text: , using either a magic mirror or a bowl of water; he had been joined by his secretary Chavigny at Easter 1554; having published the first installment of his Propheties, he had been summoned by Queen

text: Catherine de' Medici

text: to Paris in 1556 to discuss with her his prophecy at quatrain I.35 that her husband

text: King Henri II

text: would be killed in a duel; he had examined the royal children at

text: Blois

text: ; he had bequeathed to his son a "lost book" of his own prophetic paintings; he had been buried standing up; and he had been found, when dug up at the French Revolution, to be wearing a medallion bearing the exact date of his disinterment.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nostradamus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nostradamus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nostradamus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nostradamus's powers of prophecy,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: he had supported the heliocentric view of the universe;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sixtus V,

text: Extrasolar planets have been discovered encircling ten stars in Boötes as of 2012. Tau Boötis is orbited by a large planet, discovered in 1999. The host star itself is a magnitude 4.5 star of type F7V, 15.6 parsecs from Earth. It has a mass of  and a radius of 1.331 solar radii (); a companion, GJ527B, orbits at a distance of 240 AU. Tau Boötis b, the sole planet discovered in the system, orbits at a distance of 0.046 AU every 3.31 days. Discovered through radial velocity measurements, it has a mass of 5.95 Jupiter masses (). This makes it a hot Jupiter. The host star and planet are tidally locked, meaning that the planet's orbit and the star's particularly high rotation are synchronized. Furthermore, a slight variability in the host star's light may be caused by magnetic interactions with the planet. Carbon monoxide is present in the planet's atmosphere. Tau Boötis b does not transit its star, rather, its orbit is inclined 46 degrees. Like Tau Boötis b, HAT-P-4 b is also a hot Jupiter. It is noted for orbiting a particularly metal-rich host star and being of low density. Discovered in 2007, HAT-P-4 b has a mass of  and a radius of . It orbits every 3.05 days at a distance of 0.04 AU. HAT-P-4, the host star, is an F-type star of magnitude 11.2, 310 parsecs from Earth. It is larger than the Sun, with a mass of  and a radius of .

text: Extrasolar planet

text: s have been discovered encircling ten stars in Boötes as of 2012.

text: Tau Boötis

text: is orbited by a large planet, discovered in 1999. The host star itself is a magnitude 4.5 star of type F7V, 15.6

text: parsec

text: s from Earth. It has a mass of  and a radius of 1.331

text: solar radii

text: (); a companion,

text: , orbits at a distance of 240 AU.

text: Tau Boötis b

text: , the sole planet discovered in the system, orbits at a distance of 0.046 AU every 3.31 days. Discovered through

text: radial velocity

text: measurements, it has a mass of 5.95

text: Jupiter mass

text: es (). This makes it a

text: hot Jupiter

text: . The host star and planet are

text: tidally locked

text: , meaning that the planet's orbit and the star's particularly high rotation are synchronized. Furthermore, a slight variability in the host star's light may be caused by magnetic interactions with the planet.

text: Carbon monoxide

text: is present in the planet's atmosphere. Tau Boötis b does not

text: transit

text: its star, rather, its orbit is inclined 46 degrees. Like Tau Boötis b,

text: HAT-P-4 b

text: is also a hot Jupiter. It is noted for orbiting a particularly

text: metal-rich

text: host star and being of low density. Discovered in 2007, HAT-P-4 b has a mass of  and a radius of . It orbits every 3.05 days at a distance of 0.04 AU.

text: , the host star, is an F-type star of magnitude 11.2, 310 parsecs from Earth. It is larger than the Sun, with a mass of  and a radius of .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The host star and planet are tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: It is larger than the Sun, with a mass of and a radius of

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Boötis

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tau Boötis b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: It is larger than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: F7V,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Boötis b,

text: Short-period planets in close orbits around their stars will undergo reflected light variations because, like the Moon, they will go through phases from full to new and back again. In addition, as these planets receive a lot of starlight, it heats them, making thermal emissions potentially detectable. Since telescopes cannot resolve the planet from the star, they see only the combined light, and the brightness of the host star seems to change over each orbit in a periodic manner. Although the effect is small — the photometric precision required is about the same as to detect an Earth-sized planet in transit across a solar-type star – such Jupiter-sized planets with an orbital period of a few days are detectable by space telescopes such as the Kepler Space Observatory. Like with the transit method, it is easier to detect large planets orbiting close to their parent star than other planets as these planets catch more light from their parent star. When a planet has a high albedo and is situated around a relatively luminous star, its light variations are easier to detect in visible light while darker planets or planets around low-temperature stars are more easily detectable with infrared light with this method. In the long run, this method may find the most planets that will be discovered by that mission because the reflected light variation with orbital phase is largely independent of orbital inclination and does not require the planet to pass in front of the disk of the star. It still cannot detect planets with circular face-on orbits from Earth's viewpoint as the amount of reflected light does not change during its orbit.

text: Short-period planets in close orbits around their stars will undergo reflected light variations because, like the

text: Moon

text: , they will go through

text: phases

text: from full to new and back again. In addition, as these planets receive a lot of starlight, it heats them, making thermal emissions potentially detectable. Since telescopes cannot resolve the planet from the star, they see only the combined light, and the brightness of the host star seems to change over each orbit in a periodic manner. Although the effect is small — the photometric precision required is about the same as to detect an Earth-sized planet in transit across a solar-type star – such Jupiter-sized planets with an orbital period of a few days are detectable by space telescopes such as the

text: Kepler Space Observatory

text: . Like with the transit method, it is easier to detect large planets orbiting close to their parent star than other planets as these planets catch more light from their parent star. When a planet has a high albedo and is situated around a relatively luminous star, its light variations are easier to detect in visible light while darker planets or planets around low-temperature stars are more easily detectable with infrared light with this method. In the long run, this method may find the most planets that will be discovered by that mission because the reflected light variation with orbital phase is largely independent of orbital inclination and does not require the planet to pass in front of the disk of the star. It still cannot detect planets with circular face-on orbits from Earth's viewpoint as the amount of reflected light does not change during its orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: their stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It still cannot detect planets with circular face-on orbits

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: largely independent of orbital inclination

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter-sized planets with an orbital period of a few days

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets in close orbits around their stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Short-period planets in close orbits around their stars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the brightness of the host star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: darker planets

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital inclination

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler Space Observatory.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Short-period planets in close orbits around their stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-sized planet in transit across a solar-type star

text: A podcast called "Revolutions" was launched on September 15, 2013. The podcast encompasses some of the biggest revolutions throughout history in a varying number of episodes, including the English, American, French, Haitian, 1848, Mexican, Russian, Chinese, and Cuban revolutions. While Duncan initially planned to limit his podcast to 12-15 episodes per revolution, he ran over that self-imposed limit with the English Civil War and the American Revolution and decided to give up on it for the French Revolution, which ultimately wound up being 54 episodes not counting supplementals. The first section of Revolutions covered the English Civil War from the reign of Charles I to the Restoration. The second section covered the American Revolution, while the third, a history of The French Revolution, covered the period between financial crisis of the 1770s to the coup of 18 Brumaire which brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France in 1799. The Haitian Revolution was the fourth season, and then is being followed by the currently airing season on the Spanish American wars of independence. Duncan's Revolutions series mostly follow a chronological approach with one or two episodes at the beginning dedicated to the pre-history of the revolution and its causes, sometimes highlighting when and how the revolution could have been avoided. He also includes "supplementals" - special episodes not counted in the normal number of episodes and of more varying length compared to roughly half-hour normal episodes - in his narrative that deal with a particular topic or person in depth and are sometimes verbatim reproductions of historical texts such as the American declaration of Independence or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

text: A podcast called "Revolutions" was launched on September 15, 2013. The podcast encompasses some of the biggest revolutions throughout history in a varying number of episodes, including the

text: English

text: American

text: French

text: Haitian

text: Mexican

text: Russian

text: Chinese

text: , and

text: Cuban

text: revolutions. While Duncan initially planned to limit his podcast to 12-15 episodes per revolution, he ran over that self-imposed limit with the English Civil War and the American Revolution and decided to give up on it for the French Revolution, which ultimately wound up being 54 episodes not counting supplementals. The first section of Revolutions covered the

text: English Civil War

text: from the reign of

text: Charles I

text: to the

text: Restoration

text: . The second section covered the

text: American Revolution

text: , while the third, a history of

text: The French Revolution

text: , covered the period between financial crisis of the 1770s to the

text: coup of 18 Brumaire

text: which brought General

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: to power as

text: First Consul

text: of France in 1799. The

text: Haitian Revolution

text: was the fourth season, and then is being followed by the currently airing season on the

text: Spanish American wars of independence

text: . Duncan's Revolutions series mostly follow a chronological approach with one or two episodes at the beginning dedicated to the pre-history of the revolution and its causes, sometimes highlighting when and how the revolution could have been avoided. He also includes "supplementals" - special episodes not counted in the normal number of episodes and of more varying length compared to roughly half-hour normal episodes - in his narrative that deal with a particular topic or person in depth and are sometimes verbatim reproductions of historical texts such as the American declaration of Independence or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Charles I

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: French Declaration of the Rights of Man

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Revolutions" was launched on September 15, 2013.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: American declaration of Independence

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Revolutions" was launched on September 15, 2013.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Revolutions" was launched on September 15, 2013.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Revolutions

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Cuban revolutions.

text: The celestial sphere can thus be thought of as a kind of astronomical shorthand, and is applied very frequently by astronomers. For instance, the Astronomical Almanac for 2010 lists the apparent geocentric position of the Moon, 1 Jan 2010 at 0h Terrestrial Time, in equatorial coordinates, as right ascension 6 57 48.86, declination +23° 30' 05".5. Implied in this position is that it is as projected onto the celestial sphere; any observer at any location looking in that direction would see the "geocentric Moon" in the same place against the stars. For many rough uses (for instance, calculating an approximate phase of the Moon), this position, as seen from the Earth's center, is adequate. For applications requiring precision (for instance, calculating the shadow path of an eclipse), the Almanac gives formulae and methods for calculating the topocentric coordinates, that is, as seen from a particular place on the Earth's surface, based on the geocentric position. This greatly abbreviates the amount of detail necessary in such almanacs, as each observer can handle their own specific circumstances.

text: The celestial sphere can thus be thought of as a kind of astronomical

text: shorthand

text: , and is applied very frequently by astronomers. For instance, the

text: Astronomical Almanac

text: for 2010 lists the apparent geocentric position of the

text: Moon

text: , 1 Jan 2010 at 0h

text: Terrestrial Time

text: , in

text: equatorial coordinates

text: , as

text: right ascension

text: 6 57 48.86,

text: declination

text: +23° 30' 05".5. Implied in this position is that it is as projected onto the celestial sphere; any observer at any location looking in that direction would see the "geocentric Moon" in the same place against the stars. For many rough uses (for instance, calculating an approximate phase of the Moon), this position, as seen from the Earth's center, is adequate. For applications requiring precision (for instance, calculating the shadow path of an

text: eclipse

text: ), the Almanac gives formulae and methods for calculating the topocentric coordinates, that is, as seen from a particular place on the Earth's surface, based on the geocentric position. This greatly abbreviates the amount of detail necessary in such almanacs, as each observer can handle their own specific circumstances.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The celestial sphere

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomers.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The celestial sphere

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Moon,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: astronomical shorthand, and is applied very frequently by astronomers.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: right ascension 6 57 48.86,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The celestial sphere

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Moon,

text: The first part of the book examines the claims made throughout history that Earth and the human species are unique. Sagan  proposes two reasons for the persistence of the idea of a geocentric, or Earth-centered universe: human pride in our existence, and the threat of torturing those who dissented from it, particularly during the time of the Roman Inquisition. However, he also admits that the scientific tools to prove the Earth orbited the Sun were (until the last few hundred years) not accurate enough to measure effects such as parallax, making it difficult for astronomers to prove that the geocentric theory was false.

text: The first part of the book examines the claims made throughout history that Earth and the

text: human

text: species are unique. Sagan  proposes two reasons for the persistence of the idea of a

text: geocentric

text: , or Earth-centered universe: human pride in our existence, and the threat of torturing those who dissented from it, particularly during the time of the

text: Roman Inquisition

text: . However, he also admits that the scientific tools to prove the

text: Earth

text: orbited the

text: Sun

text: were (until the last few hundred years) not accurate enough to measure effects such as

text: parallax

text: , making it difficult for astronomers to prove that the geocentric theory was false.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sagan

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-centered universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sagan

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: parallax,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Roman Inquisition.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric, or Earth-centered universe:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: TRAPPIST-1d (also known as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 d) is an exoplanet, likely rocky, orbiting within or slightly outside the habitable zone around the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 approximately 40 light-years (12.1 parsecs, or nearly  km) away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius. The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured.

text: TRAPPIST-1d (also known as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 d) is an

text: exoplanet

text: , likely

text: rocky

text: , orbiting within or slightly outside the

text: habitable zone

text: around the

text: ultracool dwarf

text: star

text: approximately 40

text: light-years

text: parsec

text: s, or nearly

text: km

text: ) away from Earth in the constellation of

text: Aquarius

text: . The exoplanet was found by using the

text: transit method

text: , in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: TRAPPIST

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: TRAPPIST-1

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: TRAPPIST-1

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star TRAPPIST-1

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: TRAPPIST-1d

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet causes as it crosses in front of its star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: transit method,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: transit method,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 40 light-years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 40 light-years

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: transit method,

text: The university, founded in 1964, began as a private institution under the title of the Higher Educational Institute For Girls (In Persian: مدرسه عالی دختران) with 90 students. After the Iranian revolution, the university attained public status, and was renamed Mahboubeh Mottahedin after an Iranian Revolutionary who was killed prior to the 1979 revolution. Subsequently in 1983 the university was rename Al-Zahra University, after Fatimah Zahra, the daughter of Muhammad prophet of Islam.

text: The university, founded in 1964, began as a private institution under the title of the Higher Educational Institute For Girls (In

text: Persian

text: : مدرسه عالی دختران) with 90 students. After the

text: Iranian revolution

text: , the university attained public status, and was renamed Mahboubeh Mottahedin after an Iranian Revolutionary who was killed prior to the 1979 revolution. Subsequently in 1983 the university was rename Al-Zahra University, after

text: Fatimah Zahra

text: , the daughter of

text: Muhammad

text: prophet of Islam.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Muhammad prophet of Islam

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mahboubeh Mottahedin

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 90 students.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Muhammad prophet of Islam.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 90 students. After the Iranian revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Higher Educational Institute For Girls

text: As heliocentrism (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the universe) began to gain in popularity in the 16th century, the focus shifted to planets and the idea of systems of planetary satellites fell out of general favour.  Nevertheless, in some of these models, the Sun and Moon would have been satellites of the Earth.

text: As

text: heliocentrism

text: (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the universe) began to gain in popularity in the 16th century, the focus shifted to planets and the idea of systems of planetary satellites fell out of general favour.  Nevertheless, in some of these models, the Sun and Moon would have been satellites of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is the centre of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun and Moon would have been satellites of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: The hemisphere of the Earth experiencing daytime at any given instant changes continuously as the planet rotates on its own axis. The axis of the Earth's rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (which is parallel with the direction of sunlight), and so the length of the daytime period varies from one point on the planet to another. Additionally, since the axis of rotation is relatively fixed in comparison to the stars, it moves with respect to the Sun as the planet orbits the star. This creates seasonal variations in the length of the daytime period at most points on the planet's surface.

text: The

text: hemisphere

text: of the Earth experiencing daytime at any given instant changes continuously as the planet rotates on its own axis. The axis of the Earth's rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of its

text: orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: (which is parallel with the direction of sunlight), and so the length of the daytime period varies from one point on the planet to another. Additionally, since the axis of rotation is relatively fixed in comparison to the stars, it moves with respect to the Sun as the planet orbits the star. This creates seasonal variations in the length of the daytime period at most points on the planet's surface.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotates on its own axis

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The axis of the Earth's rotation is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it moves with respect to the Sun as the planet orbits the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the axis of rotation is relatively fixed

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: changes continuously as the planet rotates on its own axis.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: axis.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet rotates on its own axis.

text: In 2012 How to Start a Revolution was among the first "Touch Documentaries" to be released using the Apple iPad platform.  The film was integrated into the platform along with four of Gene Sharp's books in several languages, including From Dictatorship to Democracy, and several of Sharp's lectures. The app is supplemented by analysis and satellite mapping which is offered up to the viewer while watching the film.  A "Revolution Monitor" is also included which fuses Google Earth maps with Twitter displaying tweets and YouTube links from revolutionary groups and individuals when countries of interest are touched by the viewer.A review by The Peace & Collaborative Network described the app as "simply a must-have among peace studies scholars, those actively working to start or reorganize revolutions, or anyone who is interested in the logistics, history, and outcomes of nonviolent revolutions" The How to Start a Revolution touch documentary was shortlisted for the International Best Digital Media award in the One World Media Awards 2013

text: In 2012 How to Start a Revolution was among the first "

text: Touch Documentaries

text: " to be released using the Apple iPad platform.  The film was integrated into the platform along with four of Gene Sharp's books in several languages, including From Dictatorship to Democracy, and several of Sharp's lectures. The app is supplemented by analysis and satellite mapping which is offered up to the viewer while watching the film.  A "Revolution Monitor" is also included which fuses Google Earth maps with Twitter displaying tweets and YouTube links from revolutionary groups and individuals when countries of interest are touched by the viewer.A review by The Peace & Collaborative Network described the app as "simply a must-have among peace studies scholars, those actively working to start or reorganize revolutions, or anyone who is interested in the logistics, history, and outcomes of nonviolent revolutions" The How to Start a Revolution

text: touch documentary

text: was shortlisted for the International Best Digital Media award in the One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The app is supplemented by analysis and satellite mapping

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemy's system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gene Sharp's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Apple iPad

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: One World Media Awards 2013

text: The planet orbits in a circumbinary orbit around a (G-type) and (M-type) binary star system. The stars orbit each other about every 7.45 days. The stars have masses of 1.04  and 0.35  and radii of 0.96  and 0.35 , respectively. They have temperatures of 5636 K and 3357 K. Based on the stellar characteristics and orbital dynamics, an estimated age of 4–5 billion years for the system is possible. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun.

text: The planet orbits in a

text: circumbinary orbit

text: around a (

text: G-type

text: ) and (

text: M-type

text: binary star system

text: . The stars orbit each other about every 7.45 days. The stars have masses of 1.04  and 0.35  and radii of 0.96  and 0.35 , respectively. They have temperatures of 5636

text: K

text: and 3357 K. Based on the stellar characteristics and orbital dynamics, an estimated age of 4–5 billion years for the system is possible. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The primary star is somewhat metal-poor, with a

text: metallicity

text: ([Fe/H]) of −0.25, or 56% of the solar amount. The stars' luminosities () are 84% and 1% that of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbits in a circumbinary orbit around a (G-type and (M-type) binary star system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: (M-type) binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circumbinary orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The stars orbit each other about every 7.45 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary star system.

text: The brown-dwarf desert is a theorized range of orbits around a star on which brown dwarfs cannot exist as a companion object. This is usually up to 5 AU around solar mass stars. The paucity of brown dwarfs in close orbits was first noted between 1998–2000 when a sufficient number of extrasolar planets had been found to perform statistical studies. Astronomers discovered there is a distinct shortage of brown dwarfs within 5 AU of the stars with companions, while there was an abundance of free-floating brown dwarfs being discovered. Subsequent studies have shown that brown dwarfs orbiting within 3–5 AU are found around less than 1% of stars with a mass similar to the Sun ().

text: The brown-dwarf desert is a theorized range of orbits around a star on which

text: brown dwarf

text: s cannot exist as a companion object. This is usually up to 5

text: AU

text: around

text: solar mass

text: stars. The paucity of brown dwarfs in close orbits was first noted between 1998–2000 when a sufficient number of

text: extrasolar planets

text: had been found to perform statistical studies.

text: Astronomers

text: discovered there is a distinct shortage of brown dwarfs within 5 AU of the

text: stars with companions

text: , while there was an abundance of free-floating brown dwarfs being discovered. Subsequent studies have shown that brown dwarfs

text: orbit

text: ing within 3–5 AU are found around less than 1% of stars with a mass similar to the Sun ().

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits around a star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: This usually up to 5 AU around solar mass stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The brown-dwarf desert

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: solar mass stars.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1998–2000

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The brown-dwarf desert

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: solar mass stars.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: solar mass stars.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: extrasolar planets

text: The Jesuit China missions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought Western astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution, to China. After the Galileo affair early in the seventeenth century, the Roman Catholic Jesuit order was required to adhere to geocentrism and ignore the heliocentric teachings of Copernicus and his followers, even though they were becoming standard in European astronomy. Thus, the Jesuits initially shared an Earth-centered and largely pre-Copernican astronomy with their Chinese hosts (i.e., the Ptolemaic-Aristotelian views from Hellenistic times). The Jesuits (such as Giacomo Rho) later introduced Tycho's geoheliocentric model as the standard cosmological model. The Chinese often were fundamentally opposed to this as well, since the Chinese had long believed (from the ancient doctrine of Xuan Ye) that the celestial bodies floated in a void of infinite space. This contradicted the Aristotelian view of solid concentric crystalline spheres, where there was not a void, but a mass of air between the heavenly bodies.

text: The

text: Jesuit China missions

text: of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought Western astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution, to China. After the

text: Galileo affair

text: early in the seventeenth century, the Roman Catholic Jesuit order was required to adhere to

text: geocentrism

text: and ignore the

text: heliocentric

text: teachings of

text: Copernicus

text: and his followers, even though they were becoming standard in European astronomy. Thus, the Jesuits initially shared an Earth-centered and largely pre-

text: Copernican

text: astronomy with their Chinese hosts (i.e., the

text: Ptolemaic

text: Aristotelian

text: views from Hellenistic times). The Jesuits (such as

text: Giacomo Rho

text: ) later introduced Tycho's geoheliocentric model as the standard cosmological model. The Chinese often were fundamentally opposed to this as well, since the Chinese had long believed (from the ancient doctrine of Xuan Ye) that the celestial bodies floated in a void of infinite space. This contradicted the Aristotelian view of solid concentric crystalline spheres, where there was not a void, but a mass of air between the heavenly bodies.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-centered and largely pre-Copernican

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: floated in a void of infinite space.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the celestial bodies floated in a void of infinite space.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic-Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic-Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Tycho's geoheliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric teachings of Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernicus

text: HD 11964 b is an extrasolar planet, a gas giant like Jupiter approximately 107 light-years away in the constellation of Cetus.  The planet orbits the yellow subgiant star HD 11964 in a nearly-circular orbit, taking over 5 years to complete a revolution around the star at a distance of 3.34 astronomical units.

text: HD 11964 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: , a gas giant like

text: Jupiter

text: approximately 107

text: light-year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Cetus

text: .  The planet orbits the

text: yellow subgiant

text: star

text: HD 11964

text: in a nearly-circular orbit, taking over 5 years to complete a revolution around the star at a distance of 3.34

text: astronomical unit

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 11964 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 11964

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cetus.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: nearly-circular orbit,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star HD 11964

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: taking over 5 years

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 3.34 astronomical units.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: nearly-circular orbit,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: nearly-circular orbit,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 3.34 astronomical units.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 11964 b is an extrasolar planet,

text: SIM Lite would have operated in an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit, drifting away from Earth at the rate of 0.1 AU per year ultimately reaching a distance of 82 million km from Earth. This would have taken approximately  years. The Sun would have continuously shone on the spacecraft, allowing it to avoid the occultations of target stars and eclipses of the Sun that would occur in an Earth orbit.

text: SIM Lite would have operated in an Earth-trailing

text: heliocentric orbit

text: , drifting away from Earth at the rate of 0.1

text: AU

text: per year ultimately reaching a distance of 82 million km from Earth. This would have taken approximately  years. The Sun would have continuously shone on the spacecraft, allowing it to avoid the

text: occultations

text: of target stars and eclipses of the Sun that would occur in an

text: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric orbit,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-trailing

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.1 AU per year

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric orbit,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: Born in Richmond, Ohio, the son of William H. Crew and Deborah Ann, he attended high school in Wilmington, Ohio then matriculated to Princeton University in 1878. He graduated with an A.B. in physics 1882 and was awarded a graduate fellowship at the university for a year, which he spent at the Princeton laboratory. In 1883 he traveled for a semester overseas to study physics in Berlin, returning in 1884 to attend graduate school at the Johns Hopkins University. Three years later he was awarded a Ph.D. in physics with a thesis on "Doppler Determination of the Rotation Period of the Sun for Various Heliocentric Latitudes."

text: Born in

text: Richmond, Ohio

text: , the son of William H. Crew and Deborah Ann, he attended high school in

text: Wilmington, Ohio

text: then matriculated to

text: Princeton University

text: in 1878. He graduated with an A.B. in physics 1882 and was awarded a graduate fellowship at the university for a year, which he spent at the Princeton laboratory. In 1883 he traveled for a semester overseas to study physics in Berlin, returning in 1884 to attend graduate school at the

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: . Three years later he was awarded a Ph.D. in physics with a thesis on "Doppler Determination of the Rotation Period of the Sun for Various Heliocentric Latitudes."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the rotation period of the sun for varying heliocentric latitudes

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Doppler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentric Latitudes."

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Rotation Period of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "Doppler Determination of the Rotation Period of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentric Latitudes."

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric Latitudes."

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Rotation Period of the Sun

text: This assumption is not necessary to solve the simplified two body problem, but it simplifies calculations, particularly with Earth-orbiting satellites and planets orbiting the sun. Even Jupiter's mass is less than the sun's by a factor of 1047, which would constitute an error of 0.096% in the value of μ. Notable exceptions include the Earth-moon system (mass ratio of 81.3), the Pluto-Charon system (mass ratio of 8.9) and binary star systems.

text: This assumption is not necessary to solve the simplified two body problem, but it simplifies calculations, particularly with Earth-orbiting satellites and planets orbiting the sun. Even

text: Jupiter

text: 's mass is less than the sun's by a factor of 1047, which would constitute an error of 0.096% in the value of μ. Notable exceptions include the Earth-moon system (mass ratio of 81.3), the Pluto-Charon system (mass ratio of 8.9) and binary star systems.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-moon system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth-moon system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter's mass

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: simplified two body problem,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites and planets orbiting the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Jupiter's mass is less than the sun's

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pluto-Charon system (mass ratio of 8.9)

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Pluto-Charon system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites and planets orbiting the sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: This assumption is not necessary to solve the simplified two body problem,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-orbiting satellites and planets orbiting the sun.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of Upsilon Andromedae d, the orbital period would have to be no greater than 120 days (around 4 months) in order to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of Upsilon Andromedae d, the orbital period would have to be no greater than 120 days (around 4 months) in order to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Upsilon Andromeda

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Upsilon Andromedae d,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Upsilon Andromedae d,

text: Because its orbit takes it between the Earth and the Sun, Venus as seen from Earth exhibits visible phases in much the same manner as the Earth's Moon. Galileo Galilei was the first person to observe the phases of Venus in December 1610, an observation which supported Copernicus's then contentious heliocentric description of the Solar System. He also noted changes in the size of Venus's visible diameter when it was in different phases, suggesting that it was farther from Earth when it was full and nearer when it was a crescent. This observation strongly supported the heliocentric model. Venus (and also Mercury) is not visible from Earth when it is full, since at that time it is at superior conjunction, rising and setting concomitantly with the Sun and hence lost in the Sun's glare.

text: Because its

text: orbit

text: takes it between the Earth and the Sun, Venus as seen from Earth exhibits visible

text: phases

text: in much the same manner as the Earth's Moon.

text: Galileo Galilei

text: was the first person to observe the phases of Venus in December 1610, an observation which supported

text: Copernicus

text: 's then contentious

text: heliocentric

text: description of the Solar System. He also noted changes in the size of Venus's visible diameter when it was in different phases, suggesting that it was farther from Earth when it was full and nearer when it was a crescent. This observation strongly supported the heliocentric model. Venus (and also Mercury) is not visible from Earth when it is full, since at that time it is at

text: superior conjunction

text: , rising and setting concomitantly with the Sun and hence lost in the Sun's glare.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric description of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric description of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric description of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric description of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the phases of Venus

text: In Babylonian cosmology, the Earth and the heavens were depicted as a "spatial whole, even one of round shape" with references to "the circumference of heaven and earth" and "the totality of heaven and earth". Their worldview was not exactly geocentric either. The idea of geocentrism, where the center of the Earth is the exact center of the universe, did not yet exist in Babylonian cosmology, but was established later by the Greek philosopher Aristotle's On the Heavens. In contrast, Babylonian cosmology suggested that the cosmos revolved around circularly with the heavens and the earth being equal and joined as a whole. The Babylonians and their predecessors, the Sumerians, also believed in a plurality of heavens and earths. This idea dates back to Sumerian incantations of the 2nd millennium BC, which refers to there being seven heavens and seven earths, linked possibly chronologically to the creation by seven generations of Gods.

text: In Babylonian cosmology, the Earth and the heavens were depicted as a "spatial whole, even one of

text: round shape

text: " with references to "the circumference of heaven and earth" and "the totality of heaven and earth". Their worldview was not exactly

text: geocentric

text: either. The idea of geocentrism, where the center of the Earth is the exact center of the

text: universe

text: , did not yet exist in Babylonian cosmology, but was established later by the

text: Greek philosopher

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: On the Heavens

text: . In contrast, Babylonian cosmology suggested that the

text: cosmos

text: revolved around circularly with the heavens and the earth being equal and joined as a whole. The Babylonians and their predecessors, the Sumerians, also believed in a plurality of heavens and earths. This idea dates back to

text: Sumer

text: ian incantations of the 2nd millennium BC, which refers to there being seven heavens and seven earths, linked possibly chronologically to the creation by seven generations of Gods.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: circularly

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the cosmos revolved around circularly

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the cosmos revolved around circularly with the heavens and the earth being equal and joined as a whole

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: circularly

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the cosmos revolved around circularly

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the center of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: In Babylonian cosmology,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Babylonian cosmology

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circularly

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: geocentrism,

text: The probability of a random planetary orbit being along the line-of-sight to a star is the diameter of the star divided by the diameter of the orbit. For an Earth-size planet at 1 AU transiting a Sun-like star the probability is 0.47%, or about 1 in 210. For a planet like Venus orbiting a Sun-like star the probability is slightly higher, at 0.65%;  If the host star has multiple planets, the probability of additional detections is higher than the probability of initial detection assuming planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes – an assumption consistent with current models of planetary system formation. For instance, if a Kepler-like mission conducted by aliens observed Earth transiting the Sun, there is a 12% chance that it would also see Venus transiting.

text: The probability of a

text: random

text: planetary orbit

text: being along the line-of-sight to a star is the diameter of the star divided by the diameter of the orbit. For an Earth-size planet at 1

text: AU

text: transiting a Sun-like star the probability is 0.47%, or about 1 in 210. For a planet like Venus orbiting a Sun-like star the probability is slightly higher, at 0.65%;  If the host star has multiple planets, the probability of additional detections is higher than the probability of initial detection assuming planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes – an assumption consistent with current models of planetary system formation. For instance, if a Kepler-like mission conducted by aliens observed Earth transiting the Sun, there is a 12% chance that it would also see

text: Venus

text: transiting.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For an Earth-size planet at 1 AU transiting a Sun-like star the probability is 0.47%, or about 1 in 210

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-like

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1 in 210.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planetary system formation.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: planets in a given system tend to orbit in similar planes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star

text: HD 148427 b is a gas giant extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type subgiant star HD 148427, located approximately 193 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus. This planet has a minimum mass slightly less than Jupiter and orbits slightly closer to the star than Earth to the Sun. The orbital revolution takes 331.5 days or 0.9076 years. This planet was discovered on August 12, 2009 by radial velocity method.

text: HD 148427 b is a

text: gas giant

text: extrasolar planet

text: which orbits the

text: K-type

text: subgiant

text: star

text: HD 148427

text: , located approximately 193

text: light year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: Ophiuchus

text: . This planet has a

text: minimum mass

text: slightly less than

text: Jupiter

text: and orbits slightly closer to the star than Earth to the Sun. The

text: orbital revolution

text: takes 331.5 days or 0.9076 years. This planet was discovered on August 12, 2009 by

text: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 148427 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 193 light years away in the constellation Ophiuchus.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The orbital revolution takes 331.5 days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial velocity method.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: radial velocity method.

text: The planet orbits its host star or brown dwarf with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than Pluto. However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by radioactive decay would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

text: The planet orbits its host star or

text: brown dwarf

text: with an orbital radius similar to that of Venus. But the host is likely to be between 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun, so the top of the planet's atmosphere is likely to be colder than

text: Pluto

text: . However, the planet is likely to maintain a massive atmosphere that would allow warmer temperatures at lower altitudes. It is even possible that interior heating by

text: radioactive decay

text: would be sufficient to make the surface as warm as the Earth, but theory suggests that the surface may be completely covered by a very deep ocean.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital radius

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pluto

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: host star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Venus.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet orbits its host star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pluto.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital radius

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 3,000 and 1 million times fainter than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The planet orbits its host star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pluto.

text: The ancient Greeks initially did not attach as much significance to the planets as the Babylonians. The Pythagoreans, in the 6th and 5th centuries BC appear to have developed their own independent planetary theory, which consisted of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets revolving around a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe. Pythagoras or Parmenides is said to have been the first to identify the evening star (Hesperos) and morning star (Phosphoros) as one and the same (Aphrodite, Greek corresponding to Latin Venus). In the 3rd century BC, Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric system, according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system remained dominant until the Scientific Revolution.

text: The ancient Greeks initially did not attach as much significance to the planets as the Babylonians. The

text: Pythagoreans

text: , in the 6th and 5th centuries BC appear to have developed their own independent planetary theory, which consisted of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets revolving around a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe.

text: Pythagoras

text: or

text: Parmenides

text: is said to have been the first to identify the evening star (

text: Hesperos

text: ) and morning star (

text: Phosphoros

text: ) as one and the same (

text: Aphrodite

text: , Greek corresponding to Latin

text: Venus

text: ). In the 3rd century BC,

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: proposed a

text: heliocentric

text: system, according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system remained dominant until the

text: Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth, Sun, Moon, and planets revolving around a "Central Fire"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system, according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pythagoras

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Central Fire"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The ancient Greeks initially did not attach as much significance to the planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Scientific Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Pythagoreans,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: evening star

text: In the case of tidal height (or similarly, tidal current) analysis of the situation is more complex. The frequency (or period) and phase of the forcing cycle is known from astronomical observations, and, there is not just one such frequency. The most important periods are the time of Earth's revolution, the completion of the moon's orbit around the earth, and Earth's orbit around the sun. Notoriously, none of these cycles are convenient multiples of each other. So, rather than proceed with one frequency and its harmonics, multiple frequencies are used.

text: In the case of tidal height (or similarly, tidal current) analysis of the situation is more complex. The frequency (or period) and phase of the forcing cycle is known from astronomical observations, and, there is not just one such frequency. The most important periods are the time of Earth's revolution, the completion of the moon's orbit around the earth, and Earth's orbit around the sun. Notoriously, none of these cycles are convenient multiples of each other. So, rather than proceed with one frequency and its harmonics, multiple frequencies are used.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomical observations

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomical observations,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Notoriously, none of these cycles are convenient multiples of each other.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: tidal height

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: none of these cycles are convenient multiples of each other.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: tidal height

text: For Earth satellite orbital parameters, the mean motion is typically measured in revolutions per day. In that case,

text: For Earth satellite orbital parameters, the mean motion is typically measured in revolutions per

text: day

text: . In that case,

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets move faster than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: revolutions per day.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth satellite orbital parameters,

text: The notion of a heliocentric Solar System, with the Sun at the center, is possibly first suggested in the Vedic literature of ancient India, which often refer to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret Aryabhatta's writings in Āryabhaṭīya as implicitly heliocentric.

text: The notion of a heliocentric Solar System, with the

text: Sun

text: at the center, is possibly first suggested in the

text: Vedic

text: literature of

text: ancient India

text: , which often refer to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret

text: Aryabhatta

text: 's writings in

text: Āryabhaṭīya

text: as implicitly heliocentric.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aryabhatta

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aryabhatta's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on July 21, 1906. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1906.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on July 21, 1906.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A partial solar eclipse

text: Knowledge of Earth's location in the Universe has been shaped by 400 years of telescopic observations, and has expanded radically in the last century. Initially, Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe,  which consisted only of those planets visible with the naked eye and an outlying sphere of fixed stars. After the acceptance of the heliocentric model in the 17th century, observations by William Herschel and others showed that the Sun lay within a vast, disc-shaped galaxy of stars. By the 20th century, observations of spiral nebulae revealed that our galaxy was one of billions in an expanding universe, grouped into clusters and superclusters. By the end of the 20th century, the overall structure of the visible universe was becoming clearer, with superclusters forming into a vast web of filaments and voids. Superclusters, filaments and voids are the largest coherent structures in the Universe that we can observe. At still larger scales (over 1000 megaparsecs) the Universe becomes homogeneous meaning that all its parts have on average the same density, composition and structure.

text: Knowledge of Earth's location in the Universe has been shaped by 400 years of telescopic observations, and has expanded radically in the last century. Initially, Earth was believed to be the

text: center of the Universe

text: ,  which consisted only of those planets visible with the

text: naked eye

text: and an outlying sphere of

text: fixed stars

text: . After the acceptance of the

text: heliocentric model

text: in the 17th century, observations by

text: William Herschel

text: and others showed that the Sun lay within a vast, disc-shaped

text: galaxy

text: of stars. By the 20th century, observations of

text: spiral nebula

text: e revealed that our galaxy was one of billions in an

text: expanding universe

text: , grouped into clusters and

text: supercluster

text: s. By the end of the 20th century, the

text: overall structure

text: of the visible universe was becoming clearer, with superclusters forming into a vast web of

text: filaments

text: and

text: voids

text: . Superclusters, filaments and voids are the largest coherent structures in the Universe that we can observe. At still larger scales (over 1000

text: megaparsec

text: s) the Universe becomes homogeneous meaning that all its parts have on average the same density, composition and structure.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth's location

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: fixed stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun lay within a vast, disc-shaped galaxy of stars.

text: A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary. For example, an Earth-like planet at 1.25 astronomical units from α Cen A (with a revolution period of 1.34 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen B would appear 5.7 to 8.6 magnitudes dimmer (−21.0 to −18.2), 190 to 2,700 times dimmer than α Cen A but still 150 to 2,100 times brighter than the full Moon. Conversely, an Earth-like planet at 0.71 AU from α Cen B (with a revolution period of 0.63 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen A would appear 4.6 to 7.3 magnitudes dimmer (−22.1 to −19.4), 70 to 840 times dimmer than α Cen B but still 470 to 5,700 times brighter than the full Moon. In both cases the secondary sun would, in the course of the planet's year, appear to circle the sky. It would start off right beside the primary and end up, half a period later, opposite it in the sky (at "full"). After another half period, it would complete the cycle. Other planets orbiting one member of a binary system would enjoy similar skies. The angular separation between the two stars would not be exactly the same after one orbit of the planet however, because during that time the parent star will have completed part of its orbit around the other star in the system.

text: A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary. For example, an Earth-like planet at 1.25

text: astronomical unit

text: s from α Cen A (with a revolution period of 1.34 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen B would appear 5.7 to 8.6 magnitudes dimmer (−21.0 to −18.2), 190 to 2,700 times dimmer than α Cen A but still 150 to 2,100 times brighter than the full Moon. Conversely, an Earth-like planet at 0.71 AU from α Cen B (with a revolution period of 0.63 years) would get Sun-like illumination from its primary, and α Cen A would appear 4.6 to 7.3 magnitudes dimmer (−22.1 to −19.4), 70 to 840 times dimmer than α Cen B but still 470 to 5,700 times brighter than the full Moon. In both cases the secondary sun would, in the course of the planet's year, appear to circle the sky. It would start off right beside the primary and end up, half a period later, opposite it in the sky (at "full"). After another half period, it would complete the cycle. Other planets orbiting one member of a binary system would enjoy similar skies. The angular separation between the two stars would not be exactly the same after one orbit of the planet however, because during that time the parent star will have completed part of its orbit around the other star in the system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Centauri

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary system

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Centauri

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the parent star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: parent star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: revolution period of 1.34 years)

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: binary system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Centauri

text: Kepler-19b is a planet orbiting around the star Kepler-19. The planet has an orbital period of 9.3 days, with an estimated radius of roughly 2.2 Earth radii, and mass less than 20.3 Earth masses. It is one of two planets orbiting Kepler 19.

text: Kepler-19b is a planet orbiting around the star

text: . The planet has an orbital period of 9.3 days, with an estimated radius of roughly 2.2 Earth radii, and mass less than 20.3 Earth masses. It is one of two planets orbiting Kepler 19.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-19b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-19

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star Kepler-19.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-19b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star Kepler-19.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star Kepler-19.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 9.3 days,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 20.3 Earth masses.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 9.3 days,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-19.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Kepler-19b

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-19b

text: In efforts to aid an alternate-reality-displaced Tangent Flash (Lia Nelson), Green Lantern (John Stewart) and Flash (Wally West) are inexplicably transported to Earth-9, the Tangent Universe, by the Green Lantern.  The trio joins Tangent Spectre and Manhunter in freeing the Atom, leaving John Stewart captured by the Tangent Superman, ruler of Earth-9.  While being interrogated by the Tangent Superman, John Stewart's ring is contacted by Hal Jordan’s ring, which the Tangent Green Lantern uses to bring additional members of the Justice League to Earth-9.  The rescued Atom is revealed to be the Tangent Powergirl, lover to Superman, and a fight ensues. Tangent Manhunter is brutally murdered.  The Tangent Superman takes Stewart’s power ring, and uses the ring, augmented by his psychic powers and the magic of the Tangent Orion to travel to New Earth, home of the main DC Universe.  Meanwhile, Batman infiltrates the Core, hub of information on Earth-9, and is saved by the Tangent Batman while escaping, who is mounting a revolution against the Tangent Superman. Tangent Superman and Powergirl battle their New Earth counterparts, only to escape and destroy the White House.  The Tangent Superman proceeds to kidnap the world’s leaders, cede power from them and detonate a nuclear weapon to distract New Earth’s heroes. While on Earth-9 the heroes find and recruit Tangent Superman’s last tie to humanity, his wife Lola Dent.  The heroes on Earth-9 transport themselves back to New Earth, where the combined forces of New Earth’s and Earth-9’s heroes fight against Tangent Superman and Tangent Powergirl and a cadre of villains the Earth-9 ruler has gathered from New Earth (the Joker, Lex Luthor, Mr. Freeze, the Icicle, Black Manta, Poison Ivy, Felix Faust), as well as the Tangent Ultra-Humanite.  The raging battle against the Tangent Superman weakens him, allowing him to be ultimately defeated by his wife, concluding the story.

text: In efforts to aid an alternate-reality-displaced Tangent Flash (Lia Nelson),

text: Green Lantern (John Stewart)

text: and Flash (

text: Wally West

text: ) are inexplicably transported to Earth-9, the Tangent Universe, by the Green Lantern.  The trio joins Tangent Spectre and Manhunter in freeing the Atom, leaving John Stewart captured by the Tangent Superman, ruler of Earth-9.  While being interrogated by the Tangent Superman, John Stewart's ring is contacted by Hal Jordan’s ring, which the Tangent Green Lantern uses to bring additional members of the Justice League to Earth-9.  The rescued Atom is revealed to be the Tangent Powergirl, lover to Superman, and a fight ensues. Tangent Manhunter is brutally murdered.  The Tangent Superman takes Stewart’s

text: power ring

text: , and uses the ring, augmented by his psychic powers and the magic of the Tangent Orion to travel to New Earth, home of the main DC Universe.  Meanwhile, Batman infiltrates the Core, hub of information on Earth-9, and is saved by the Tangent Batman while escaping, who is mounting a revolution against the Tangent Superman. Tangent Superman and Powergirl battle their New Earth counterparts, only to escape and destroy the

text: White House

text: .  The Tangent Superman proceeds to kidnap the world’s leaders, cede power from them and detonate a

text: nuclear weapon

text: to distract New Earth’s heroes. While on Earth-9 the heroes find and recruit Tangent Superman’s last tie to humanity, his wife Lola Dent.  The heroes on Earth-9 transport themselves back to New Earth, where the combined forces of New Earth’s and Earth-9’s heroes fight against Tangent Superman and Tangent Powergirl and a cadre of villains the Earth-9 ruler has gathered from New Earth (

text: the Joker

text: Lex Luthor

text: Mr. Freeze

text: the Icicle

text: Black Manta

text: Poison Ivy

text: Felix Faust

text: ), as well as the Tangent

text: Ultra-Humanite

text: .  The raging battle against the Tangent Superman weakens him, allowing him to be ultimately defeated by his wife, concluding the story.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: How are the planets moving?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Tangent Universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: What is the Tangent Universe?

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Tangent Orion

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: John Stewart

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: New Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Lola Dent.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-9

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tangent Superman.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Lola Dent.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: DC Universe.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-9

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-9

text: This time, not all universes were revealed right away, only a couple were revealed in the first two years of The New 52. In addition, in a similar fashion as the Elseworlds logo would appear in comics that did not occur in the "real" continuity, the logo THE NEW 52! would only appear in publications with stories occurring in the new continuity, while those taking place outside of this new continuity (such as Smallville: Season 11 or Batman Beyond Universe) would not bear this distinction. At first it seemed that there was not going to be a naming convention for the Earths as it happened with the 52. The mainstream continuity was known as Prime Earth, although it was not a similar world to the real world as Earth-Prime was. J. Michael Straczynski's re-envisioning of classic Batman and Superman stories was released as part of a series called Earth One. In Grant Morrison's The Multiversity (2014–2015), the Earths are named in the same format as in the former 52 Multiverse (Earth-6, Earth-7, Earth-8 etc.) Morrison intended for The Multiversity to reveal remaining universes of The New 52 multiverse, and the underlying structure for the multiverse was revealed in a detailed map in the back of several comic books, for which an interactive online version is being maintained and updated on the DC Comics website. In addition, the sixth issue of The Multiversity constituted a 'guidebook' to the worlds of the current DC multiverse and was published in January 2015

text: This time, not all universes were revealed right away, only a couple were revealed in the first two years of The New 52. In addition, in a similar fashion as the Elseworlds logo would appear in comics that did not occur in the "real" continuity, the logo THE NEW 52! would only appear in publications with stories occurring in the new continuity, while those taking place outside of this new continuity (such as Smallville: Season 11 or Batman Beyond Universe) would not bear this distinction. At first it seemed that there was not going to be a naming convention for the Earths as it happened with the 52. The mainstream continuity was known as Prime Earth, although it was not a similar world to the real world as Earth-Prime was.

text: J. Michael Straczynski

text: 's re-envisioning of classic Batman and Superman stories was released as part of a series called Earth One. In Grant Morrison's

text: The Multiversity

text: (2014–2015), the Earths are named in the same format as in the former 52 Multiverse (Earth-6, Earth-7, Earth-8 etc.) Morrison intended for

text: The Multiversity

text: to reveal remaining universes of The New 52 multiverse, and the underlying structure for the multiverse was revealed in a detailed map in the back of several comic books, for which an interactive online version is being maintained and updated on the DC Comics website. In addition, the sixth issue of The Multiversity constituted a 'guidebook' to the worlds of the current DC multiverse and was published in January 2015

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Prime

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earths

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth-Prime was. J. Michael Straczynski's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 52.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: real world

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earths as it happened with the 52.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 52. The mainstream continuity was known as Prime Earth,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 52.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 52.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Prime Earth,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 52. The mainstream continuity was known as Prime Earth,

text: The fundamental plane is the plane of the Earth's orbit, called the ecliptic plane.  There are two principal variants of the ecliptic coordinate system: geocentric ecliptic coordinates centered on the Earth and heliocentric ecliptic coordinates centered on the center of mass of the solar system.

text: The fundamental plane is the plane of the Earth's orbit, called the ecliptic plane.  There are two principal variants of the ecliptic coordinate system: geocentric ecliptic coordinates centered on the Earth and heliocentric ecliptic coordinates centered on the center of mass of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The fundamental plane

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric ecliptic coordinates

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: ecliptic plane.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: ecliptic plane.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric ecliptic coordinates

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ecliptic plane.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric ecliptic coordinates

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric ecliptic coordinates

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The fundamental plane

text: In 1972 the ISCTE, a public university institute, was created in Lisbon by the decree Decreto-Lei nº 522/72, of 15 December, as a first step towards a new and innovative public university in the city. Due to the carnation revolution of 1974 this first facility of a never-completed projected larger university stayed alone. In 1973 a new wave of state-run universities opened in Lisbon - the New University of Lisbon, Braga - the Minho University and Évora - the University of Évora. These last days of the Estado Novo regime were marked by the most significant growth in enrolments for both secondary and university education in Portugal. After 1974, the anti-Estado Novo revolution's year, new public universities were created in Vila Real - the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Aveiro - the University of Aveiro, Covilhã - the University of Beira Interior (upgraded from the former Polytechnic Institute of Covilhã which was created in 1973), Faro - the University of the Algarve, Madeira - the University of Madeira, and the Azores - the University of the Azores.

text: In 1972 the

text: ISCTE

text: , a public

text: university institute

text: , was created in Lisbon by the decree Decreto-Lei nº 522/72, of 15 December, as a first step towards a new and innovative public university in the city. Due to the

text: carnation revolution

text: of 1974 this first facility of a never-completed projected larger university stayed alone. In 1973 a new wave of state-run universities opened in

text: Lisbon

text: - the

text: New University of Lisbon

text: Braga

text: - the

text: Minho University

text: and

text: Évora

text: - the

text: University of Évora

text: . These last days of the

text: Estado Novo

text: regime were marked by the most significant growth in enrolments for both secondary and university education in Portugal. After 1974, the

text: anti-Estado Novo revolution's year

text: , new public universities were created in

text: Vila Real

text: - the

entity_name: University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro

text: University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro

text: Aveiro

text: - the

text: University of Aveiro

text: Covilhã

text: - the

text: University of Beira Interior

text: (upgraded from the former Polytechnic Institute of Covilhã which was created in 1973),

text: Faro

text: - the

text: University of the Algarve

text: Madeira

text: - the

text: University of Madeira

text: , and the

text: Azores

text: - the

text: University of the Azores

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Estado Novo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Lisbon by the decree Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: In 1972

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: carnation revolution of 1974

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Decreto-Lei no 522/72,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: carnation

text: A breakthrough in astronomy was made by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) when, in 1543, he proposed a heliocentric model of the Solar system, ostensibly as a means to render tables charting planetary motion more accurate and to simplify their production. In heliocentric models of the Solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy, a contradiction according to the Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (2nd century CE; see above), whose system placed the Earth at the center of the Universe and had been accepted for over 1,400 years. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (c.310 – c.230 BCE) had suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but Copernicus' theory was the first to be accepted as a valid scientific possibility. Copernicus' book presenting the theory (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres") was published just before his death in 1543 and, as it is now generally considered to mark the beginning of modern astronomy, is also considered to mark the beginning of the Scientific revolution. Copernicus' new perspective, along with the accurate observations made by Tycho Brahe, enabled German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) to formulate his laws regarding planetary motion that remain in use today.

text: A breakthrough in

text: astronomy

text: was made by Polish astronomer

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: (1473–1543) when, in 1543, he proposed a

text: heliocentric model

text: of the

text: Solar system

text: , ostensibly as a means to render tables charting planetary motion more accurate and to simplify their production. In heliocentric models of the Solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in

text: Earth's

text: galaxy

text: , a contradiction according to the Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (2nd century CE; see above),

text: whose system

text: placed the Earth at the center of the Universe and had been accepted for over 1,400 years. The Greek astronomer

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: (c.310 – c.230 BCE) had suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but Copernicus' theory was the first to be accepted as a valid scientific possibility. Copernicus' book presenting the theory (

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: , "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres") was published just before his death in 1543 and, as it is now generally considered to mark the beginning of modern astronomy, is also considered to mark the beginning of the Scientific revolution. Copernicus' new perspective, along with the accurate observations made by

text: Tycho Brahe

text: , enabled German astronomer

text: Johannes Kepler

text: (1571–1630) to formulate

text: his laws regarding planetary motion

text: that remain in use today.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: placed the Earth at the center of the Universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1,400 years.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: placed the Earth at the center of the Universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth orbits the Sun

text: A planet orbiting one of the stars was discovered through astrometric observations. However, it is not known which stellar component the planet is orbiting around.

text: A planet orbiting one of the stars was discovered through astrometric observations. However, it is not known which stellar component the planet is orbiting around.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: does not include planets orbiting stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astrometric observations.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars was discovered through astrometric observations.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: astrometric observations.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A planet orbiting one of the stars

text: ) is the ruling planet of Leo and is exalted in Aries. In Greek mythology, the Sun was represented by the Titans Hyperion and Helios (Roman Sol, and later by Apollo, the god of light). The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth and other planets revolve and provides us with heat and light. The arc that the Sun travels in every year, rising and setting in a slightly different place each day, is therefore in reality a reflection of the Earth's own orbit around the Sun. This arc is larger the farther north or south from the equator latitude, giving a more extreme difference between day and night and between seasons during the year. The Sun travels through the twelve signs of the zodiac on its annual journey, spending about a month in each. The Sun's position on a person's birthday therefore determines what is usually called his or her "sun" sign. However, the sun sign allotment varies between Western (sign change around 22-23 of every month) and Hindu astrology (sign change around 14-15 of every month) due the different systems of planetary calculations, following the tropical and sidereal definitions respectively.

text: ) is the ruling planet of

text: Leo

text: and is exalted in

text: Aries

text: . In Greek mythology, the Sun was represented by the

text: Titans

text: Hyperion

text: and

text: Helios

text: (Roman

text: Sol

text: , and later by

text: Apollo

text: , the god of light). The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth and other planets revolve and provides us with heat and light. The arc that the Sun travels in every year, rising and setting in a slightly different place each day, is therefore in reality a reflection of the Earth's own orbit around the Sun. This arc is larger the farther north or south from the equator latitude, giving a more extreme difference between day and night and between seasons during the year. The Sun travels through the twelve signs of the zodiac on its annual journey, spending about a month in each. The Sun's position on a person's birthday therefore determines what is usually called his or her "sun" sign. However, the sun sign allotment varies between Western (sign change around 22-23 of every month) and Hindu astrology (sign change around 14-15 of every month) due the different systems of planetary calculations, following the

text: tropical

text: and

text: sidereal

text: definitions respectively.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth's own orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's own orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Apollo,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth and other planets revolve and provides us with heat and light.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Hindu astrology

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tropical and sidereal definitions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system,

text: The Anti-Monitor's remains were then used as part of a tuning fork, similar to the ones used during the first Crisis. This construct then created the vibrational frequency that Earth-Two was on prior to its nonexistence, which in turn recreated Earth-Two with no visible expense to Earth-One, save the movement of characters who originated on Earth-Two to the recreated Earth-Two. Alexander Luthor then recreated the other Earths with his tuning fork, with their respective heroes forcibly migrating to said Earths. Superboy-Prime (followed soon by Bart Allen) then returned from the Speed Force wearing what appeared to be select elements of the Anti-Monitor's armor, using it as a yellow sunlight collector. Ultimately, the tower was destroyed when Kon-El, the modern Superboy, and Superboy-Prime crashed into it while fighting each other; forcing all of the Earths to merge into a new Earth once again. Kon-El died in the arms of Wonder Girl as Superboy-Prime fled.

text: The Anti-Monitor's remains were then used as part of a tuning fork, similar to the ones used during the

text: first Crisis

text: . This construct then created the vibrational frequency that Earth-Two was on prior to its nonexistence, which in turn recreated Earth-Two with no visible expense to Earth-One, save the movement of characters who originated on Earth-Two to the recreated Earth-Two. Alexander Luthor then recreated the other Earths with his tuning fork, with their respective heroes forcibly migrating to said Earths. Superboy-Prime (followed soon by Bart Allen) then returned from the

text: Speed Force

text: wearing what appeared to be select elements of the Anti-Monitor's armor, using it as a yellow sunlight collector. Ultimately, the tower was destroyed when

text: Kon-El

text: , the modern Superboy, and Superboy-Prime crashed into it while fighting each other; forcing all of the Earths to merge into a new Earth once again. Kon-El died in the arms of

text: Wonder Girl

text: as Superboy-Prime fled.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Bart Allen

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-One,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Anti-Monitor's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: forcing all of the Earths to merge into a new Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-One,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Anti-Monitor's

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: tuning fork,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: vibrational frequency

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: tuning fork,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-Two

text: Before the Industrial Revolution, the range of color available for art and decorative uses was technically limited. Most of the pigments in use were earth and mineral pigments, or pigments of biological origin. Pigments from unusual sources such as botanical materials, animal waste, insects, and mollusks were harvested and traded over long distances. Some colors were costly or impossible to obtain, given the range of pigments that were available. Blue and purple came to be associated with royalty because of their rarity.

text: Before the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: , the range of color available for art and decorative uses was technically limited. Most of the pigments in use were earth and

text: mineral

text: pigments, or pigments of biological origin. Pigments from unusual sources such as botanical materials, animal waste,

text: insect

text: s, and

text: mollusk

text: s were harvested and traded over long distances. Some colors were costly or impossible to obtain, given the range of pigments that were available.

text: Blue

text: and

text: purple

text: came to be associated with

text: royalty

text: because of their rarity.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: blue and purple

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth and mineral pigments,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth and mineral pigments,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Before the Industrial Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Blue and purple

text: The problem is that in September the Sun takes less time (as measured by an accurate clock) to make an apparent revolution than it does in December; 24 "hours" of solar time can be 21 seconds less or 29 seconds more than 24 hours of clock time. As explained in the equation of time article, this is due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit (i.e. the Earth's orbit is not perfectly circular, meaning that the Earth-Sun distance varies throughout the year), and the fact that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit (the so-called obliquity of the ecliptic).

text: The problem is that in September the Sun takes less time (as measured by an accurate clock) to make an apparent revolution than it does in December; 24 "hours" of solar time can be 21 seconds less or 29 seconds more than 24 hours of clock time. As explained in the

text: equation of time

text: article, this is due to the

text: eccentricity

text: of the Earth's orbit (i.e. the Earth's orbit is not perfectly circular, meaning that the Earth-Sun distance varies throughout the year), and the fact that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit (the so-called

text: obliquity of the ecliptic

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: This is due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth-Sun distance varies throughout the year

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth-Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: equation of time

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: eccentricity of the Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: in September the Sun takes less time

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: clock) to make an apparent revolution than it does in December;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: equation of time

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth's orbit is not perfectly circular,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth's orbit is not perfectly circular,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: where T and T are Earth's and the planet's years (i.e. periods of revolution around the Sun, called sidereal periods).

text: where T and T are Earth's and the planet's years (i.e.

text: period

text: s of revolution around the Sun, called

text: sidereal period

text: s).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's and the planet's years

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sidereal periods

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: sidereal periods

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: sidereal periods

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sidereal periods

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: sidereal periods).

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sidereal periods).

text: While spending time in the WayneTech Labs in Pre-Crisis Gotham City, Supergirl of Earth-One notices a device which Lucius Fox of Earth-One explains is designed to read her subconscious physical reactions. With it, he hopes that she can help Superman of Earth-One rebuild the Phantom Zone Projector by sensing the correct placements of the parts that she subconsciously remembers from when her father Zor-El and uncle Jor-El built it when she was a girl. Superman of Earth-One hopes that by opening a way to the Phantom Zone, they'll be opening a way out of the dome that fell over Gotham City of Earth-One a year ago. However, the Phantom Zone is filled with Krypton's worst criminals. After the device that would provide a one-way trip to the Phantom Zone is created, Superman of Earth-One and Supergirl of Earth-One enter only to have the device blow up sealing them there. Suddenly from beyond the dome, Lucius Fox of Earth-One hears a voice warning that the dome will soon fall, and champions will be forced to rise from each of the cities on the planet Telos and to fight for the survival of their people. Superman of Earth-One and Supergirl of Earth-One wonder what the purpose of the dome was. Perhaps it was to protect Gotham City from a catastrophe. Perhaps it has made them features in a zoo or prisoners. Suddenly, they are overcome by shockwaves from nearby and decide to investigate the source. En route, Superman of Earth-One explains that he admires Supergirl of Earth-One for her proactive behavior. She uses her powers for good, but he always uses his to react. Without warning, the pair are attacked by Phantom Zone prisoners who are eager for revenge. Superman of Earth-One urges Kara of Earth-One to go on without him, but in so doing is overcome. Supergirl of Earth-One spots geysers of gas coming from the ground. In the gas, she sees visions of her own past, future, and inevitable death at the hands of the Anti-Monitor. Angrily, she dispels the gas as she doesn't want to see any further parts of her future. She worries that if she doesn't go back to Earth, her loved ones will die. If she does go back, she will die. Determinedly, she decides that if she is to die, it is necessary that she save others doing it. Supergirl of Earth-One gets lost in the gas, losing track of time. Eventually, Supergirl of Earth-One realizes that Superman of Earth-One should have been back by now, and searches for him. Supergirl of Earth-One discovers that Superman of Earth-One is surrounded by Phantom Zone prisoners. She takes out several of them leaving only two of them who are guarding Superman of Earth-One. After taking out the guards, Supergirl of Earth-One grabs Superman of Earth-One and they get away. While looking for a way out of the Phantom Zone and evading the gases, Superman of Earth-One and Supergirl of Earth-One are attacked by the Phantom Zone prisoners. Back at Gotham City of Earth-One, Lucius Fox of Earth-One is horrified when the dome goes down and the man-hating Apes from Earth-AD march into Gotham City of Earth-One.

text: While spending time in the WayneTech Labs in Pre-Crisis Gotham City, Supergirl of Earth-One notices a device which

text: Lucius Fox

text: of Earth-One explains is designed to read her subconscious physical reactions. With it, he hopes that she can help Superman of Earth-One rebuild the

text: Phantom Zone

text: Projector by sensing the correct placements of the parts that she subconsciously remembers from when her father

text: Zor-El

text: and uncle

text: Jor-El

text: Anti-Monitor

text: . Angrily, she dispels the gas as she doesn't want to see any further parts of her future. She worries that if she doesn't go back to Earth, her loved ones will die. If she does go back, she will die. Determinedly, she decides that if she is to die, it is necessary that she save others doing it. Supergirl of Earth-One gets lost in the gas, losing track of time. Eventually, Supergirl of Earth-One realizes that Superman of Earth-One should have been back by now, and searches for him. Supergirl of Earth-One discovers that Superman of Earth-One is surrounded by Phantom Zone prisoners. She takes out several of them leaving only two of them who are guarding Superman of Earth-One. After taking out the guards, Supergirl of Earth-One grabs Superman of Earth-One and they get away. While looking for a way out of the Phantom Zone and evading the gases, Superman of Earth-One and Supergirl of Earth-One are attacked by the Phantom Zone prisoners. Back at Gotham City of Earth-One, Lucius Fox of Earth-One is horrified when the dome goes down and the man-hating Apes from Earth-AD march into Gotham City of Earth-One.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jor-El

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Supergirl of Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Supergirl of Earth-One spots geysers of gas coming from the ground

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: superman of earth-one

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planet Telos

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet Telos

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Anti-Monitor.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Anti-Monitor.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Anti-Monitor.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Anti-Monitor.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Phantom Zone Projector

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: death

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Anti-Monitor.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Anti-Monitor.

text: Thematically, Klym Polishchuk's prose works are divided into two major groups. The first group consists of works incorporating Ukrainian folklore and legends, including Handful of Earth: Halychyna Legends and Treasure of the Ages: Ukrainian Legends. The second group is composed of historical stories and novels, featuring revolutionary (October Socialist Revolution) and war (World War I) events, such as Red Mirage: Essays and Short Stories of the Revolution Period and Otaman Zelenyi.

text: Thematically, Klym Polishchuk's prose works are divided into two major groups. The first group consists of works incorporating Ukrainian folklore and legends, including Handful of Earth: Halychyna Legends and Treasure of the Ages: Ukrainian Legends. The second group is composed of historical stories and novels, featuring revolutionary (

text: October Socialist Revolution

text: ) and war (

text: World War I

text: ) events, such as Red Mirage: Essays and Short Stories of the Revolution Period and Otaman Zelenyi.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Otaman Zelenyi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Handful of Earth: Halychyna Legends

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Handful of Earth: Halychyna Legends

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth:

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Otaman Zelenyi.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Handful of Earth:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Handful of Earth:

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: (World War I)

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Handful of Earth:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Treasure of the Ages: Ukrainian Legends.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Handful of Earth:

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth:

text: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia.

text: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in

text: South Africa

text: . Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the

text: Indonesian Revolution of 1998

text: , the

text: Bulldozer Revolution

text: in

text: Yugoslavia

text: , the

text: Rose Revolution

text: in

text: Georgia

text: , the

text: Orange Revolution

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: , the

text: Cedar Revolution

text: in

text: Lebanon

text: , the

text: Tulip Revolution

text: in

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: , and the

text: Jasmine Revolution

text: in

text: Tunisia

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s,

text: The two-sphere model is a geocentric model that divides the cosmos into two regions, a spherical Earth, central and motionless (the sublunary sphere) and a spherical heavenly realm centered on the Earth, which may contain multiple rotating spheres made of aether.

text: The two-sphere model is a

text: geocentric model

text: that divides the

text: cosmos

text: into two regions, a spherical Earth, central and motionless (the

text: sublunary sphere

text: ) and a spherical heavenly realm centered on the Earth, which may contain multiple rotating spheres made of

text: aether

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: motionless

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The two-sphere model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The two-sphere model

text: The planet has a mass about three quarters that of Jupiter. Its orbital distance from the star is less than 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun, which makes HD 330075 an example of a hot Jupiter. One orbit around the star takes a little more than 3 days to complete, as compared to one year for the Earth around the Sun.

text: The planet has a mass about three quarters that of

text: Jupiter

text: . Its orbital distance from the star is less than 1/23rd

text: Earth's

text: distance from the Sun, which makes HD 330075 an example of a

text: hot Jupiter

text: . One orbit around the star takes a little more than 3

text: day

text: s to complete, as compared to one year for the Earth around the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: how many planets are in the solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One orbit around the star takes a little more than 3 days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/23rd Earth's distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter.

text: Earth-Three and the original Crime Syndicate were destroyed along with the rest of DC's parallel worlds in the 1985 twelve-issue maxi-series Crisis on Infinite Earths. As shown in issue #1, Earth-Three and all of its inhabitants were obliterated by an anti-matter wave that was the catalyst for the story. The original Earth-Three Syndicate made a few post-Crisis appearances, when Ultraman and Power Ring appeared in the Animal Man series and then again in Infinite Crisis when Earth-Three was temporarily recreated and models of the Earth-Three Ultraman, Superwoman, and Alexander Luthor, Sr. were briefly merged with the Superman and Wonder Woman of Earth-1 and the Superman of Earth-Two and Wonder Woman of Earth-2.

text: Earth-Three and the original Crime Syndicate were destroyed along with the rest of DC's parallel worlds in the 1985 twelve-issue

text: maxi-series

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: . As shown in issue #1, Earth-Three and all of its inhabitants were obliterated by an anti-matter wave that was the catalyst for the story. The original Earth-Three Syndicate made a few post-Crisis appearances, when Ultraman and Power Ring appeared in the Animal Man series and then again in

text: Infinite Crisis

text: when Earth-Three was temporarily recreated and models of the Earth-Three Ultraman, Superwoman, and Alexander Luthor, Sr. were briefly merged with the Superman and Wonder Woman of Earth-1 and the

text: Superman of Earth-Two

text: and Wonder Woman of Earth-2.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Three

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: anti-matter

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alexander Luthor, Sr.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: anti-matter

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-Three and the original Crime Syndicate

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Infinite Earths.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Alexander Luthor, Sr.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Three

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-Three

text: Kepler-11 is a sunlike star in the constellation Cygnus that has a mass of 0.95 (± 0.1) M and a radius of 1.1 (± 0.1) R. In other words, Kepler-11 is approximately 5% less massive and 10% wider than the Sun. The star's metallicity is 0 (± 0.1), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems, and stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets detected around them. This may be because the higher metallicity provides more material with which to quickly build planets into gas giants or because the higher metallicity increases planet migration towards the host star, making the planet easier to detect. The star has five other known planets in orbit: Kepler-11c, Kepler-11d, Kepler-11e, Kepler-11f, and Kepler-11g. The first five planets in the system are all able to fit within the orbit of planet Mercury, while Kepler-11g orbits further out.

text: Kepler-11 is a sunlike star in the constellation

text: Cygnus

text: that has a mass of 0.95 (± 0.1)

text: M

text: and a radius of 1.1 (± 0.1)

text: R

text: . In other words, Kepler-11 is approximately 5% less massive and 10% wider than the Sun. The star's

text: metallicity

text: is 0 (± 0.1), meaning that the level of iron (and, presumably, other elements) in the star is almost the same as that of the Sun. Metallicity plays an important role in planetary systems, and stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets detected around them. This may be because the higher metallicity provides more material with which to quickly build planets into gas giants or because the higher metallicity increases

text: planet migration

text: towards the host star, making the planet easier to detect. The star has five other known planets in orbit:

text: , and

text: . The first five planets in the system are all able to fit within the orbit of planet

text: Mercury

text: , while Kepler-11g orbits further out.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-11g orbits further out

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-11 is approximately 5% less massive and 10% wider than the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planet migration towards the host star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet migration towards the host star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit of planet Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-11

text: The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth at the same mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planet's motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy. Another element in Aryabhata's model, the śīghrocca, the basic planetary period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an underlying heliocentric model.

text: The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth at the same mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planet's motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic

text: Greek astronomy

text: . Another element in Aryabhata's model, the śīghrocca, the basic planetary period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an underlying

text: heliocentric

text: model.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aryabhata

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: two-epicycle model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mercury and Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aryabhata's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: they move around the Earth at the same mean speed as the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: same mean speed as the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The positions and periods of the planets

text: Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. For example, in , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and in Psalms the world is described as immobile.  says in part "the world is established, firm and secure".) Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis (president of Bellarmine Theological Forum and author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a Geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives.

text: Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early

text: creation science

text: newsletters pointing to some passages in the

text: Bible

text: , which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. For example, in , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and in

text: Psalms

text: the world is described as immobile.  says in part "the world is established, firm and secure".) Contemporary advocates for such

text: religious belief

text: s include

text: Robert Sungenis

text: (president of

text: Bellarmine Theological Forum

text: and author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a Geocentric worldview. Most contemporary

text: creationist

text: organizations reject such perspectives.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Galileo Was Wrong

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the daily apparent motions of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: rotation of the Earth about its axis.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: Compilation of the series began in 1973 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Copernicus's birth. The first volume is the astronomer's landmark work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which expounded Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe. The set is published by Akademie Verlag in Berlin, Germany.

text: Compilation of the series began in 1973 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Copernicus's birth. The first volume is the

text: astronomer

text: 's landmark work,

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which expounded

text: Copernicus's heliocentric theory

text: of the universe. The set is published by

text: Akademie Verlag

text: in

text: Berlin

text: Germany

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: orbium

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Heavenly Spheres),

text: Astrologers practice their discipline geocentrically and they consider the universe to be harmonious, changeless and static, while astronomers have employed the scientific method to infer that the universe is without a center and is dynamic, expanding outward per the Big Bang theory.

text: Astrologers practice their discipline

text: geocentric

text: ally and they consider the universe to be harmonious, changeless and static, while astronomers have employed the scientific method to infer that the universe is without a center and is dynamic, expanding outward per the

text: Big Bang theory

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Big Bang

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Big Bang

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentrically

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Astrologers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: static,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: without a center

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: dynamic, expanding outward per the Big Bang theory.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Big Bang theory.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrically

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Big Bang theory.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentrically

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Big Bang theory.

text: It was eventually realized that TDB was not well defined because it was not accompanied by a general relativistic metric and because the exact relationship between TDB and TDT had not been specified. (It was also later criticized as being not physically possible in exact accordance with its original definition: among other things the 1976 definition excluded a necessary small offset for the initial epoch of 1977.) After the difficulties were appreciated, in 1991 the IAU refined the official definitions of timescales by creating additional new time scales: Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB) and Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG). TCB was intended as a replacement for TDB, and TCG was its equivalent for use in near-Earth space. TDT was also renamed to Terrestrial Time (TT), because of doubts raised about the appropriateness of the word "dynamical" in that connection.

text: It was eventually realized that TDB was not well defined because it was not accompanied by a general relativistic metric and because the exact relationship between TDB and TDT had not been specified. (It was also later criticized as being not physically possible in exact accordance with its original definition: among other things the 1976 definition excluded a necessary small offset for the initial epoch of 1977.) After the difficulties were appreciated, in 1991 the IAU refined the official definitions of timescales by creating additional new time scales:

text: Barycentric Coordinate Time

text: (TCB) and

text: Geocentric Coordinate Time

text: (TCG). TCB was intended as a replacement for TDB, and TCG was its equivalent for use in near-Earth space. TDT was also renamed to

text: Terrestrial Time

text: (TT), because of doubts raised about the appropriateness of the word "dynamical" in that connection.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: barycentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: It was eventually realized that TDB was not well defined

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: TDT

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Barycentric Coordinate Time

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: TDT

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Barycentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: relativistic metric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: relativistic metric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: metric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: TDB

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: general relativistic metric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a general relativistic metric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: TDB

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: TDB

text: On May 27, 1966, the Cultural Revolution started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News"(济) that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a Bourgeois agent within the government. Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, big-character posters started to appear in the city. Red Guards took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, both later reviled as members of the Gang of Four, visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting. On October 11, 1967, the tallest statue of Mao Zedong in Shandong province was erected on the campus of Shandong Normal University. On September 17, 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated the arrival of a mango fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80 percent of all government institutions shut down. Large public protests were staged on April 4 and 5, 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested the occupation of Zhenbao Island by the Soviet Union. On July 29, 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an. Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974. The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23 of that year, the Shandong Provincial Museum was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966). In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag". As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the United States Congress between August 8 and 11, 1975. On September 18, 1976, Mao's death was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1 Square.

text: On May 27, 1966, the

text: Cultural Revolution

text: started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News"(济) that denounced vice-governor

text: Yu Xiu

text: as a

text: Bourgeois

text: agent within the government. Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time,

text: big-character poster

text: s started to appear in the city.

text: Red Guards

text: took to the streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When

text: Zhang Chunqiao

text: and

text: Yao Wenyuan

text: , both later reviled as members of the

text: Gang of Four

text: , visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader

text: Wang Xiao Yu

text: , fighting erupted in the front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting. On October 11, 1967, the tallest statue of

text: Mao Zedong

text: in Shandong province was erected on the campus of

text: Shandong Normal University

text: . On September 17, 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated the arrival of a

text: mango

text: fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80 percent of all government institutions shut down. Large public protests were staged on April 4 and 5, 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested the occupation of

text: Zhenbao Island

text: by the Soviet Union. On July 29, 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to

text: Qufu

text: and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an. Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University" was abolished in early 1974. The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23 of that year, the

text: Shandong Provincial Museum

text: was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966). In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between the name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag". As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the

text: United States Congress

text: between August 8 and 11, 1975. On September 18, 1976, Mao's death was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1 Square.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: what is the solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: April 28th Group".

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mao Zedong

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Wang Xiao Yu,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Mao Zedong

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "April 28th Group".

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "April 28th Group".

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Wang Xiao Yu,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 28th Group".

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group".

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "April 28th Group".

text: A necessary condition for the existence of a planet in this system are stable zones where the object can remain in orbit for long intervals. For hypothetical planets in a circular orbit around the individual members of this star system, this maximum orbital radius is computed to be 1.01 AU for the primary and 0.41 AU for the secondary. (Note that the orbit of the Earth is 1 AU from the Sun.) A planet orbiting outside of both stars would need to be at least 18.4 AU distant.

text: A necessary condition for the existence of a planet in this system are stable zones where the object can remain in orbit for long intervals. For hypothetical planets in a circular orbit around the individual members of this star system, this maximum orbital radius is computed to be 1.01 AU for the primary and 0.41 AU for the secondary. (Note that the orbit of the Earth is 1 AU from the Sun.) A planet orbiting outside of both stars would need to be at least 18.4 AU distant.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: A planet orbiting outside of both stars would need to be at least 18.4 AU distant.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A planet orbiting outside of both stars would need to be at least 18.4 AU distant.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1 AU from the Sun.)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stable zones where the object can remain in orbit for long intervals.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.)

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets in a circular orbit around the individual members of this star system,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: stable zones where the object can remain in orbit for long intervals.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: star system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: star system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: circular orbit around the individual members of this star system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet

text: Sometimes observations at multiple wavelengths are needed to rule out the planet being a brown dwarf. Direct imaging can be used to accurately measure the planet's orbit around the star. Unlike the majority of other methods, direct imaging works better with planets with face-on orbits rather than edge-on orbits, as a planet in a face-on orbit is observable during the entirety of the planet's orbit, while planets with edge-on orbits are most easily observable during their period of largest apparent separation from the parent star.

text: Sometimes observations at multiple wavelengths are needed to rule out the planet being a

text: brown dwarf

text: . Direct imaging can be used to accurately measure the planet's orbit around the star. Unlike the majority of other methods, direct imaging works better with planets with face-on orbits rather than edge-on orbits, as a planet in a face-on orbit is observable during the entirety of the planet's orbit, while planets with edge-on orbits are most easily observable during their period of largest apparent separation from the parent star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets with edge-on orbits

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: brown dwarf.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit around the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: apparent separation from the parent star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Sometimes observations at multiple wavelengths

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets with face-on orbits rather than edge-on orbits,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Direct imaging

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: brown dwarf.

text: Further work on the system showed that the orbits proposed for the candidate planets were catastrophically unstable on timescales far shorter than the age of the system. Indeed, the authors found that the system was so unstable that it simply cannot exist, with mean lifetimes of less than a thousand years across the whole range of plausible orbital solutions. Like other planetary systems proposed around similar evolved binary star systems, it seems likely that some mechanism other than claimed planets is responsible for the observed behaviour of the binary stars - and that the claimed planets simply do not exist.

text: Further work on the system showed that the orbits proposed for the candidate planets were catastrophically unstable on timescales far shorter than the age of the system. Indeed, the authors found that the system was so unstable that it simply cannot exist, with mean lifetimes of less than a thousand years across the whole range of plausible orbital solutions. Like other planetary systems proposed around similar evolved binary star systems, it seems likely that some mechanism other than claimed planets is responsible for the observed behaviour of the binary stars - and that the claimed planets simply do not exist.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: binary stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the authors found that the system was so unstable that it simply cannot exist

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star systems,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: binary star systems,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the claimed planets simply do not exist.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: binary star systems,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: it seems likely that some mechanism other than claimed planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the orbits proposed for the candidate planets were catastrophically unstable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: catastrophically unstable on timescales far shorter than the age of the system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the system was so unstable that it simply cannot exist,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the claimed planets simply do not exist.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary star systems,

text: Robert Barron, an American Catholic priest, writes in an article: "Hypatia was indeed a philosopher and she was indeed killed by a mob in 415, but practically everything else about the story that Gibbon and Sagan and Amenábar tell is false". Irene A. Artemi, a doctor of theology at Athens University, states that "The movie—albeit seemingly not turning against the Christian religion—is in fact portraying the Christians as fundamentalist, obscurantist, ignorant and fanatic".  Similarly, the atheist Armarium Magnus blog said: "Over and over again, elements are added to the story that are not in the source material: the destruction of the library, the stoning of the Jews in the theatre, Cyril condemning Hypatia's teaching because she is a woman, the heliocentric "breakthrough" and Hypatia's supposed irreligiosity."

text: Robert Barron

text: , an American Catholic priest, writes in an article: "Hypatia was indeed a philosopher and she was indeed killed by a mob in 415, but practically everything else about the story that Gibbon and Sagan and Amenábar tell is false". Irene A. Artemi, a doctor of theology at Athens University, states that "The movie—albeit seemingly not turning against the Christian religion—is in fact portraying the Christians as fundamentalist, obscurantist, ignorant and fanatic".  Similarly, the atheist Armarium Magnus blog said: "Over and over again, elements are added to the story that are not in the source material: the destruction of the library, the stoning of the Jews in the theatre, Cyril condemning Hypatia's teaching because she is a woman, the heliocentric "breakthrough" and Hypatia's supposed irreligiosity."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cyril

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Hypatia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric "breakthrough"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric

text: Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in Western culture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.

text: Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical

text: model

text: developed by

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: and published in 1543. It positioned the

text: Sun

text: near the center of the

text: Universe

text: , motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the

text: Ptolemaic

text: system that prevailed in

text: Western culture

text: for centuries, placing Earth at the

text: center of the Universe

text: , and is often regarded as the launching point to modern

text: astronomy

text: and the

text: Scientific Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: placed Earth at the center of the Universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: uniform speeds.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: Tolosani may have criticized the Copernican theory as scientifically unproven and unfounded, but the theory also conflicted with the theology of the time, as can be seen in a sample of the works of John Calvin. In his Commentary on Genesis he said that "We indeed are not ignorant that the circuit of the heavens is finite, and that the earth, like a little globe, is placed in the centre."  In his commentary on Psalms 93:1 he states that "The heavens revolve daily, and, immense as is their fabric and inconceivable the rapidity of their revolutions, we experience no concussion.... How could the earth hang suspended in the air were it not upheld by God's hand? By what means could it maintain itself unmoved, while the heavens above are in constant rapid motion, did not its Divine Maker fix and establish it."  One sharp point of conflict between Copernicus's theory and the Bible concerned the story of the Battle of Gibeon in the Book of Joshua where the Hebrew forces were winning but whose opponents were likely to escape once night fell. This is averted by Joshua's prayers causing the sun and the moon to stand still. Martin Luther once made a remark about Copernicus, although without mentioning his name. According to Anthony Lauterbach, while eating with Martin Luther the topic of Copernicus arose during dinner on 4 June 1539 (in the same year as professor George Joachim Rheticus of the local University had been granted leave to visit him). Luther is said to have remarked "So it goes now. Whoever wants to be clever must agree with nothing others esteem. He must do something of his own. This is what that fellow does who wishes to turn the whole of astronomy upside down. Even in these things that are thrown into disorder I believe the Holy Scriptures, for Joshua commanded the sun to stand still and not the earth." These remarks were made four years before the publication of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and a year before Rheticus' Narratio Prima. In John Aurifaber's account of the conversation Luther calls Copernicus "that fool" rather than "that fellow", this version is viewed by historians as less reliably sourced.

text: Tolosani may have criticized the Copernican theory as scientifically unproven and unfounded, but the theory also conflicted with the theology of the time, as can be seen in a sample of the works of

text: John Calvin

text: . In his Commentary on Genesis he said that "We indeed are not ignorant that the circuit of the heavens is finite, and that the earth, like a little globe, is placed in the centre."  In his commentary on Psalms 93:1 he states that "The heavens revolve daily, and, immense as is their fabric and inconceivable the rapidity of their revolutions, we experience no concussion.... How could the earth hang suspended in the air were it not upheld by God's hand? By what means could it maintain itself unmoved, while the heavens above are in constant rapid motion, did not its Divine Maker fix and establish it."  One sharp point of conflict between Copernicus's theory and the Bible concerned the story of the Battle of

text: Gibeon

text: in the Book of Joshua where the Hebrew forces were winning but whose opponents were likely to escape once night fell. This is averted by Joshua's prayers causing the sun and the moon to stand still.

text: Martin Luther

text: once made a remark about Copernicus, although without mentioning his name. According to Anthony Lauterbach, while eating with Martin Luther the topic of Copernicus arose during dinner on 4 June 1539 (in the same year as professor George Joachim Rheticus of the local University had been granted leave to visit him). Luther is said to have remarked "So it goes now. Whoever wants to be clever must agree with nothing others esteem. He must do something of his own. This is what that fellow does who wishes to turn the whole of astronomy upside down. Even in these things that are thrown into disorder I believe the Holy Scriptures, for Joshua commanded the sun to stand still and not the earth." These remarks were made four years before the publication of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and a year before Rheticus' Narratio Prima. In

text: John Aurifaber's

text: account of the conversation Luther calls Copernicus "that fool" rather than "that fellow", this version is viewed by historians as less reliably sourced.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tolosani

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Martin Luther once made a remark about Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: How could the earth hang suspended in the air?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Martin Luther once made a remark about Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: astronomy upside down.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernicus,

text: In the Newtonian framework there was indeed a degree of comfort in the answers one could give. Consider for example the question of whether the Earth really goes round the Sun. In a frame of reference adapted to calculating the Earth's orbit, this is a mathematical but also tautological statement. Newtonian mechanics can answer the question, whether it is not equally the case that the Sun goes round the Earth, as it indeed appears to Earth-based astronomers. In Newton's theory there is a basic, fixed frame of reference that is inertial. The 'correct answer' is that the point of view of an observer in an inertial frame of reference is privileged: other observers see artifacts of their acceleration relative to an inertial frame (the inertial forces). Before Newton, Galileo would draw the consequences, from the Copernican heliocentric model. He was, however, constrained to call his work (in effect) scientific formalism, under the old 'description' saving the phenomena. To avoid going against authority, the elliptic orbits of the heliocentric model could be labelled as a more convenient device for calculations, rather than an actual description of reality.

text: In the

text: Newtonian

text: framework there was indeed a degree of comfort in the answers one could give. Consider for example the question of whether the

text: Earth

text: really goes round the

text: Sun

text: . In a

text: frame of reference

text: adapted to calculating the Earth's orbit, this is a mathematical but also tautological statement.

text: Newtonian mechanics

text: can answer the question, whether it is not equally the case that the Sun goes round the Earth, as it indeed appears to Earth-based astronomers. In Newton's theory there is a basic, fixed frame of reference that is

text: inertial

text: . The 'correct answer' is that the point of view of an observer in an inertial frame of reference is privileged: other observers see artifacts of their acceleration relative to an inertial frame (the

text: inertial forces

text: ). Before Newton,

text: Galileo

text: would draw the consequences, from the

text: Copernican

text: heliocentric

text: model. He was, however, constrained to call his work (in effect) scientific formalism, under the old 'description' saving the phenomena. To avoid going against authority, the elliptic orbits of the heliocentric model could be labelled as a more convenient device for calculations, rather than an actual description of reality.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth really goes round the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Newtonian framework there was indeed a degree of comfort in the answers one could give

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun goes round the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: acceleration

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernican heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernican heliocentric model.

text: As other objects were discovered in the neighborhood of Ceres, it was realized that Ceres represented the first of a new class of objects. In 1802, with the discovery of 2 Pallas, William Herschel coined the term asteroid ("star-like") for these bodies, writing that "they resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them, even by very good telescopes". As the first such body to be discovered, Ceres was given the designation 1 Ceres under the modern system of minor-planet designations. By the 1860s, the existence of a fundamental difference between asteroids such as Ceres and the major planets was widely accepted, though a precise definition of "planet" was never formulated.The 2006 debate surrounding Pluto and what constitutes a planet led to Ceres being considered for reclassification as a planet. A proposal before the International Astronomical Union for the definition of a planet would have defined a planet as "a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet". Had this resolution been adopted, it would have made Ceres the fifth planet in order from the Sun. This never happened, however, and on 24 August 2006 a modified definition was adopted, carrying the additional requirement that a planet must have "cleared the neighborhood around its orbit". By this definition, Ceres is not a planet because it does not dominate its orbit, sharing it as it does with the thousands of other asteroids in the asteroid belt and constituting only about a third of the mass of the belt. Bodies that met the first proposed definition but not the second, such as Ceres, were instead classified as dwarf planets.

text: As other objects were discovered in the neighborhood of Ceres, it was realized that Ceres represented the first of a new class of objects. In 1802, with the discovery of 2 Pallas, William Herschel coined the term asteroid ("star-like") for these bodies, writing that "they resemble small stars so much as hardly to be distinguished from them, even by very good telescopes". As the first such body to be discovered, Ceres was given the designation 1 Ceres under the modern system of

text: minor-planet designation

text: s. By the 1860s, the existence of a fundamental difference between asteroids such as Ceres and the major planets was widely accepted, though a precise definition of "planet" was never formulated.The 2006 debate surrounding

text: Pluto

text: and what constitutes a planet led to Ceres being considered for reclassification as a planet. A proposal before the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: for the

text: definition of a planet

text: would have defined a planet as "a celestial body that (a) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (b) is in orbit around a star, and is neither a star nor a satellite of a planet". Had this resolution been adopted, it would have made Ceres the fifth planet in order from the Sun. This never happened, however, and on 24 August 2006 a modified definition was adopted, carrying the additional requirement that a planet must have "

text: cleared the neighborhood

text: around its orbit". By this definition, Ceres is not a planet because it does not dominate its orbit, sharing it as it does with the thousands of other asteroids in the

text: asteroid belt

text: and constituting only about a third of the mass of the belt. Bodies that met the first proposed definition but not the second, such as Ceres, were instead classified as

text: dwarf planet

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around a star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 2 Pallas

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: a star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Herschel

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: neither a star nor a satellite of a planet".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: a star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: -gravity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1860s,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around a star,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: is in orbit around a star,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Ceres

text: Earth-One (also Earth-1) is a name given to two fictional universes (The Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis versions of the same universe) that have appeared in American comic book stories published by DC Comics. The first Earth-One was given its name in Justice League of America #21 (August 1963), after The Flash #123 (September 1961) explained how Golden Age (Earth-Two) versions of characters such as the Flash (Jay Garrick) could appear in stories with their Silver Age counterparts (Barry Allen). This Earth-One continuity included the DC Silver Age heroes, including the Justice League of America. Earth-One, along with the four other surviving Earths of the DC Multiverse, are merged into one in the 1985 miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths. This Earth's versions of characters were primarily the Earth-One versions (i.e. Superman, Batman), but some characters from the four other worlds were also "folded" in. In Infinite Crisis, Earth-One was resurrected and merged with the primary Earth of the publication era to create a New Earth that brought back more aspects of Earth-One's original history. In 2007, a new version of Earth-One was created in the aftermath of events that occurred within the  52 series.

text: Earth-One (also Earth-1) is a name given to two

text: fictional universe

text: s (The Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis versions of the same universe) that have appeared in

text: American

text: comic book

text: stories published by

text: DC Comics

text: . The first Earth-One was given its name in Justice League of America #21 (August 1963), after The Flash #123 (September 1961) explained how

text: Golden Age

text: Earth-Two

text: ) versions of characters such as the

text: Flash

text: Jay Garrick

text: ) could appear in stories with their

text: Silver Age

text: counterparts (Barry Allen). This Earth-One continuity included the DC Silver Age heroes, including the

text: Justice League of America

text: . Earth-One, along with the four other surviving Earths of the

text: DC Multiverse

text: , are merged into one in the 1985 miniseries

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: . This Earth's versions of characters were primarily the Earth-One versions (i.e.

text: Superman

text: Batman

text: ), but some characters from the four other worlds were also "folded" in. In

text: Infinite Crisis

text: , Earth-One was resurrected and merged with the primary Earth of the publication era to create a New Earth that brought back more aspects of Earth-One's original history. In 2007, a new version of Earth-One was created in the aftermath of events that occurred within the

text: series.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-One is a name given to two fictional universes

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (Earth-Two)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-One

text: One of Putnam's contributions to philosophy of language is his claim that "meaning just ain't in the head". He illustrated this using his "Twin Earth" thought experiment to argue that environmental factors play a substantial role in determining meaning. Twin Earth shows this, according to Putnam, since on Twin Earth everything is identical to Earth, except that its lakes, rivers and oceans are filled with XYZ whereas those of earth are filled with HO. Consequently, when an earthling, Fredrick, uses the Earth-English word "water", it has a different meaning from the Twin Earth-English word "water" when used by his physically identical twin, Frodrick, on Twin Earth. Since Fredrick and Frodrick are physically indistinguishable when they utter their respective words, and since their words have different meanings, meaning cannot be determined solely by what is in their heads. This led Putnam to adopt a version of semantic externalism with regard to meaning and mental content.<ref name="MLR"/>The late philosopher of mind and language Donald Davidson, despite his many differences of opinion with Putnam, wrote that semantic externalism constituted an "anti-subjectivist revolution" in philosophers' way of seeing the world. Since the time of Descartes, philosophers had been concerned with proving knowledge from the basis of subjective experience. Thanks to Putnam, Tyler Burge and others, Davidson said, philosophy could now take the objective realm for granted and start questioning the alleged "truths" of subjective experience.

text: One of Putnam's contributions to

text: philosophy of language

text: is his claim that "meaning just ain't in the head". He illustrated this using his "Twin Earth" thought experiment to argue that environmental factors play a substantial role in determining meaning. Twin Earth shows this, according to Putnam, since on Twin Earth everything is identical to Earth, except that its lakes, rivers and oceans are filled with XYZ whereas those of earth are filled with HO. Consequently, when an earthling, Fredrick, uses the Earth-English word "water", it has a different meaning from the Twin Earth-English word "water" when used by his physically identical twin, Frodrick, on Twin Earth. Since Fredrick and Frodrick are physically indistinguishable when they utter their respective words, and since their words have different meanings, meaning cannot be determined solely by what is in their heads. This led Putnam to adopt a version of

text: semantic externalism

text: with regard to meaning and mental content.<ref name="MLR"/>The late philosopher of mind and language

text: Donald Davidson

text: , despite his many differences of opinion with Putnam, wrote that semantic externalism constituted an "anti-subjectivist revolution" in philosophers' way of seeing the world. Since the time of Descartes, philosophers had been concerned with proving knowledge from the basis of subjective experience. Thanks to Putnam,

text: Tyler Burge

text: and others, Davidson said, philosophy could now take the objective realm for granted and start questioning the alleged "truths" of subjective experience.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Descartes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Twin Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Descartes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "Twin Earth"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Descartes,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "Twin Earth"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: XYZ

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Descartes,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Descartes,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HO.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Descartes,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: XYZ

text: In Starworld, the final novel in the trilogy, an interstellar rebellion has overthrown the Earth Empire's control over the interstellar colonies. Kulozik returns to Earth from exile to attempt to spread the revolution to the mother planet itself.

text: In Starworld, the final novel in the trilogy, an interstellar rebellion has overthrown the Earth Empire's control over the interstellar colonies. Kulozik returns to Earth from exile to attempt to spread the revolution to the mother planet itself.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kulozik

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: mother planet

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kulozik

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: interstellar rebellion

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Starworld,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: interstellar rebellion has overthrown the Earth Empire's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Starworld,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Starworld,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: In Starworld,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: interstellar colonies.

text: "Revolution Earth" is one of many songs with lyrics co-written with Robert Waldrop, a friend of the band.

text: "Revolution Earth" is one of many songs with lyrics co-written with Robert Waldrop, a friend of the band.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used to answer this question

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Revolution Earth" is a song with lyrics co-written with Robert Waldrop.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: lyrics co-written with Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: lyrics co-written with Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Robert Waldrop,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth"

text: In 2003 the California and Carnegie Planet Search team announced the discovery of a planet orbiting the star. This planet orbits twice as far away from the star as Earth to the Sun and orbits very eccentrically. It has mass 95% (0.840) that of Jupiter and 267 times the mass of Earth.

text: In 2003 the

text: California and Carnegie Planet Search

text: team announced the discovery of a

text: planet

text: orbiting the star. This planet orbits twice as far away from the star as Earth to the Sun and orbits very eccentrically. It has

text: mass

text: 95% (0.840) that of

text: Jupiter

text: and 267 times the mass of

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: did not exist

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: a planet orbiting the star.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: a planet orbiting the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbits very eccentrically.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: In 2003

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentrically.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: twice as far away from the star as Earth to the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: twice as far away from the star as Earth to the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a planet orbiting the star.

text: For many centuries, The Geocentric model, a description of the cosmos which posited Earth as the center of all celestial bodies, was widely accepted by a variety of different civilizations. The Geocentric model was developed primarily by Greek philosopher Aristotle and Greco-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy. The Geocentric Model was challenged by clergyman astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium published in 1543.  Copernicus' astronomical model Copernican heliocentrism, led to the development and general acceptance of the Copernican principle in the majority of succeeding astronomical models. The case for the Copernicus principle was further bolstered early in the 20th century, by the discovery that the Solar System is far from the center of the Milky Way.

text: For many centuries, The

text: Geocentric model

text: , a description of the cosmos which posited Earth as the center of all celestial bodies, was widely accepted by a variety of different civilizations. The Geocentric model was developed primarily by Greek philosopher

text: Aristotle

text: and Greco-Egyptian astronomer

text: Ptolemy

text: . The Geocentric Model was challenged by clergyman astronomer and mathematician

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: in his book

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: published in 1543.  Copernicus' astronomical model

text: Copernican heliocentrism

text: , led to the development and general acceptance of the

text: Copernican principle

text: in the majority of succeeding astronomical models. The case for the Copernicus principle was further bolstered early in the 20th century, by the discovery that the Solar System is far from the center of the Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Geocentric Model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is far from the center of the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Geocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Geocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: far from the center of the Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Milky Way.

text: Mr. Barnstaple longs to stay in Utopia, but when he asks how he can best serve Utopia, he is told that he can do this "by returning to your own world." Regretfully he accepts, and ends his month-long stay in Utopia. But he brings with him back to Earth a renewed determination to contribute to the effort to make a terrestrial Utopia:  "[H]e belonged now soul and body to the Revolution, to the Great Revolution that is afoot on Earth; that marches and will never desist nor rest again until old Earth is one city and Utopia set up therein. He knew clearly that this Revolution is life, and that all other living is a trafficking of life with death."

text: Mr. Barnstaple longs to stay in Utopia, but when he asks how he can best serve Utopia, he is told that he can do this "by returning to your own world." Regretfully he accepts, and ends his month-long stay in Utopia. But he brings with him back to Earth a renewed determination to contribute to the effort to make a terrestrial Utopia:  "[H]e belonged now soul and body to the Revolution, to the Great Revolution that is afoot on Earth; that marches and will never desist nor rest again until old Earth is one city and Utopia set up therein. He knew clearly that this Revolution is life, and that all other living is a trafficking of life with death."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Barnstaple

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mr. Barnstaple

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth;

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Mr. Barnstaple longs to stay in Utopia,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Mr. Barnstaple longs to stay in Utopia,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: old Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mr. Barnstaple longs to stay in Utopia,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth;

text: The universe, as presented literally in the Bible, consists of a flat earth within a geocentric arrangement of planets and stars (e.g. Joshua 10:12–13, Eccles. 1:5, Isaiah 40:22, 1 Chron. 16:30, Matthew 4:8, Rev. 7:1).Modern astronomy has provided overwhelming evidence that this model is false. The spherical shape of the earth was established with certainty by Hellenistic astronomers in the 3rd century BCE. The heliocentric nature of the solar system was conclusively established in the 16th century CE. Many modern Christians and Jews assert that these passages are written as metaphorical or phenomenological descriptions and not meant to be taken literally. This response is intuitive given the modern prevalence of the expression "the sun rises" despite that it is common knowledge in the English speaking world that the sun does not, in fact, rise.

text: The

text: universe

text: , as presented literally in the Bible, consists of a

text: flat earth

text: within a

text: geocentric arrangement

text: of planets and stars (e.g. Joshua 10:12–13, Eccles. 1:5, Isaiah 40:22, 1 Chron. 16:30, Matthew 4:8, Rev. 7:1).Modern

text: astronomy

text: has provided overwhelming evidence that this model is false. The spherical shape of the earth was established with certainty by Hellenistic astronomers in the 3rd century BCE. The heliocentric nature of the solar system was conclusively established in the 16th century CE. Many modern Christians and Jews assert that these passages are written as metaphorical or phenomenological descriptions and not meant to be taken literally. This response is intuitive given the modern prevalence of the expression "the sun rises" despite that it is common knowledge in the English speaking world that the sun does not, in fact, rise.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: spherical shape

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jews

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the sun does not, in fact, rise.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: a flat earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 7:1).Modern astronomy

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 7:1).Modern astronomy has provided overwhelming evidence that this model is false.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 16th century CE.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The heliocentric nature of the solar system

text: Six star systems have been found to contain exoplanets, of which two were discovered by the Doppler method and four by the transit method. 6 Lyncis, an orange subgiant that spent much of its life as an A-type or F-type main sequence star, is orbited by a planet with a minimum mass of 2.4 Jupiter masses and an orbital period of 899 days. HD 75898 is a 3.8 ± 0.8 billion-year-old yellow star of spectral type G0V that has just begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. It has a planet at least 2.51 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting with a period of around 418 days. The centre of mass of the system is accelerating, indicating there is a third, more distant, component at least the size of Jupiter. Three star systems were found to have planets that were observed by the XO Telescope in Hawaii as they passed in front of them. XO-2 is a binary star system, both the stars of which are slightly less massive and cooler than the Sun and have planetary companions: XO-2S has a Saturn-mass planet at 0.13 au distance with a period of around 18 days, and one a little more massive than Jupiter at a distance of 0.48 au and with a period of around 120 days, while XO-2N has a hot jupiter with around half Jupiter's mass that has an orbit of only 2.6 days. XO-4 is an F-type main sequence star that is a little hotter and more massive than the Sun that has a hot jupiter orbiting with a period of around 4.1 days. XO-5 is a Sun-like star with a hot jupiter about as massive as Jupiter that takes around 4.2 days to complete an orbit. WASP-13, a sun-like star that has begun to swell and cool off the main sequence, had a transiting planet discovered by the SuperWASP program in 2009. The planet is around half as massive as Jupiter and takes 4.35 days to complete a revolution.

text: Six star systems have been found to contain

text: exoplanet

text: s, of which two were discovered by the

text: Doppler method

text: and four by the transit method.

text: 6 Lyncis

text: , an orange subgiant that spent much of its life as an A-type or F-type main sequence star, is orbited by a planet with a

text: minimum mass

text: of 2.4 Jupiter masses and an

text: orbital period

text: of 899 days.

text: HD 75898

text: is a 3.8 ± 0.8 billion-year-old yellow star of spectral type G0V that has just begun expanding and cooling off the main sequence. It has a planet at least 2.51 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting with a period of around 418 days. The centre of mass of the system is accelerating, indicating there is a third, more distant, component at least the size of Jupiter. Three star systems were found to have planets that were observed by the

text: XO Telescope

text: in Hawaii as they

text: passed in front of them

text: is a binary star system, both the stars of which are slightly less massive and cooler than the Sun and have planetary companions: XO-2S has a Saturn-mass planet at 0.13 au distance with a period of around 18 days, and one a little more massive than Jupiter at a distance of 0.48 au and with a period of around 120 days, while XO-2N has a

text: hot jupiter

text: with around half Jupiter's mass that has an orbit of only 2.6 days.

text: is an F-type main sequence star that is a little hotter and more massive than the Sun that has a hot jupiter orbiting with a period of around 4.1 days.

text: is a Sun-like star with a hot jupiter about as massive as Jupiter that takes around 4.2 days to complete an orbit.

text: , a sun-like star that has begun to swell and cool off the main sequence, had a transiting planet discovered by the

text: SuperWASP

text: program in 2009. The planet is around half as massive as Jupiter and takes 4.35 days to complete a revolution.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period of 899 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The centre of mass of the system is accelerating, indicating there is a third, more distant, component at least the size of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: XO Telescope in Hawaii

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planetary companions:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2.6 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: XO-2S

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: slightly less massive and cooler than the Sun and have planetary companions:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: XO-4 is an F-type main sequence star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: XO Telescope

text: A second theory, more complicated than triaxiality, proposed that observed long periodic orbital variations of the first Earth satellites indicate an additional depression at the south pole accompanied by a bulge of the same degree at the north pole. It is also contended that the northern middle latitudes were slightly flattened and the southern middle latitudes bulged in a similar amount. This concept suggested a slightly pear-shaped Earth and was the subject of much public discussion. Modern geodesy tends to retain the ellipsoid of revolution and treat triaxiality and pear shape as a part of the geoid figure: they are represented by the spherical harmonic coefficients

text: A second theory, more complicated than triaxiality, proposed that observed long periodic orbital variations of the first Earth satellites indicate an additional depression at the south pole accompanied by a bulge of the same degree at the north pole. It is also contended that the northern middle latitudes were slightly flattened and the southern middle latitudes bulged in a similar amount. This concept suggested a slightly pear-shaped Earth and was the subject of much public discussion. Modern geodesy tends to retain the ellipsoid of revolution and treat triaxiality and pear shape as a part of the

text: geoid

text: figure: they are represented by the spherical harmonic coefficients

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: triaxiality

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: pear-shaped Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: triaxiality,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: long periodic orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: triaxiality,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a slightly pear-shaped Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: triaxiality,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth satellites

text: HD 76700 is a yellow dwarf star (spectral type G6V) 195 light years from Earth in the constellation of Volans. It has a mass very similar to (1.1 times) that of our Sun, but is cooler and brighter (with a surface temperature of 5694 K and luminosity of 1.69 Suns) and thus much older—around 6.9 billion years old. It is orbited by a recently discovered planet.

text: HD 76700 is a

text: yellow dwarf

text: star

text: spectral type

text: G6V) 195

text: light year

text: s from Earth in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Volans

text: . It has a mass very similar to (1.1 times) that of our

text: Sun

text: , but is cooler and brighter (with a surface temperature of 5694 K and luminosity of 1.69 Suns) and thus much older—around 6.9 billion years old. It is orbited by a recently discovered

text: planet

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 6.9 billion years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 76700

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 76700

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (1.1 times) that of our Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: HD 76700

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 195 light years from Earth in the constellation of Volans.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (1.1 times) that of our Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 195 light years from Earth in the constellation of Volans.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 76700

text: Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable. Other planets and moons in the Solar System and other planetary systems are being examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI are trying to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. Other locations within the Solar System that may host microbial life include the subsurface of Mars, the upper atmosphere of Venus, and subsurface oceans on some of the moons of the giant planets.Beyond the Solar System, the region around another main-sequence star that could support Earth-like life on an Earth-like planet is known as the habitable zone. The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small red dwarfs have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of tidal locking from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop. The location of the star within a galaxy may also affect the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially habitat-damaging supernova events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life. The variables of the Drake equation are used to discuss the conditions in planetary systems where civilization is most likely to exist. Use of the equation to predict the amount of extraterrestrial life, however, is difficult; because many of the variables are unknown, the equation functions as more of a mirror to what its user already thinks. As a result, the number of civilizations in the galaxy can be estimated as low as 9.1 x 10^-11 or as high as 156 million; for the calculations, see Drake equation.

text: Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that

text: extraterrestrial life

text: is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable. Other planets and

text: moons

text: in the

text: Solar System

text: and other

text: planetary system

text: s are being examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as

entity_name: Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

text: SETI

text: are trying to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. Other locations within the

text: Solar System

text: that may host

text: microbial

text: life include the subsurface of

text: Mars

text: , the upper atmosphere of

text: Venus

text: , and subsurface oceans on some of the

text: moons

text: of the

text: giant planet

text: s.Beyond the Solar System, the region around another

text: main-sequence star

text: that could support Earth-like life on an Earth-like planet is known as the

text: habitable zone

text: . The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small

text: red dwarf

text: s have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of

text: tidal locking

text: from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop. The location of the star within a galaxy may also affect the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially

text: habitat

text: -damaging

text: supernova

text: events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life. The variables of the

text: Drake equation

text: are used to discuss the conditions in planetary systems where civilization is most likely to exist. Use of the equation to predict the amount of extraterrestrial life, however, is difficult; because many of the variables are unknown, the equation functions as more of a mirror to what its user already thinks. As a result, the number of civilizations in the galaxy can be estimated as low as 9.1 x 10^-11 or as high as 156 million; for the calculations, see

text: Drake equation

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Drake

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the effects of tidal locking from close orbits

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The variables of the Drake equation

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: luminosity of the star,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: tidal locking from close orbits.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: tidal locking from close orbits.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: luminosity of the star,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Drake equation

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: stars in the intermediate mass range

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: stars in the intermediate mass range

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: The geocentric gravitational constant – the product of the mass of the Earth times the Newtonian gravitational constant – can be measured to high precision from the orbits of the Moon and of artificial satellites. The ratio of the two masses can be determined from the slight wobble in the Earth's orbit caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon.

text: The

text: geocentric gravitational constant

text: – the product of the mass of the Earth times the

text: Newtonian gravitational constant

text: – can be measured to high precision from the orbits of the Moon and of artificial satellites. The ratio of the two masses can be determined from the slight wobble in the Earth's orbit caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newtonian

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Newtonian

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newtonian gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The geocentric gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The ratio of the two masses can be determined from the slight wobble

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The geocentric gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Newtonian gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The geocentric gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The geocentric gravitational constant

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The geocentric gravitational constant

text: To gain a better understanding of the set of parts of the solar apparatus just described one should pay particular attention to the apparent motion of the sun or stars, around the earth, regarding the earth as lies center of their daily revolutions. A distinct view of the apparent conical motion of the sun, when it has north or south declination, is necessary, in order to understand how the movable parts of the solar apparatus may be adjusted to trace the sun, in its apparent course, while the sights of the sun compass remains stationary. If one imagined he was at the Earth's equator and the sun had no declination, the sun would rise to him due east, and set due west. At noon the sun would be at the highest point, and in the lowest point at midnight. In other words, when the sun has no declination, its apparent revolutions are in a perfect plane with the Earth's equator.

text: To gain a better understanding of the set of parts of the solar apparatus just described one should pay particular attention to the apparent motion of the sun or stars, around the earth, regarding the earth as lies center of their daily revolutions. A distinct view of the apparent conical motion of the sun, when it has north or south declination, is necessary, in order to understand how the movable parts of the solar apparatus may be adjusted to trace the sun, in its apparent course, while the sights of the sun compass remains stationary. If one imagined he was at the Earth's equator and the sun had no declination, the sun would rise to him due east, and set due west. At noon the sun would be at the highest point, and in the lowest point at midnight. In other words, when the sun has no declination, its apparent revolutions are in a perfect plane with the Earth's equator.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: one should pay particular attention to the apparent motion

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun or stars, around the earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: solar apparatus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: sun or stars,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: sun compass

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolutions.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: one should pay particular attention to the apparent motion of the sun or stars,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: sun or stars,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun or stars,

text: Although the surface of Earth is best modelled by an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, for small scale maps the ellipsoid is approximated by a sphere of radius a. Many different methods exist for calculating a. The simplest include (a) the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid, (b) the arithmetic or geometric mean of the semi-axes of the ellipsoid, (c) the radius of the sphere having the same volume as the ellipsoid. The range of all possible choices is about 35 km, but for small scale (large region) applications the variation may be ignored, and mean values of 6,371 km and 40,030 km may be taken for the radius and circumference respectively. These are the values used for numerical examples in later sections. Only high-accuracy cartography on large scale maps requires an ellipsoidal model.

text: Although the surface of Earth is best modelled by an

text: oblate ellipsoid of revolution

text: , for

text: small scale

text: maps the ellipsoid is approximated by a sphere of radius a. Many different methods exist for calculating a. The simplest include (a) the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid, (b) the arithmetic or geometric mean of the semi-axes of the ellipsoid, (c) the radius of the sphere having the same volume as the ellipsoid. The range of all possible choices is about 35 km, but for small scale (large region) applications the variation may be ignored, and mean values of 6,371 km and 40,030 km may be taken for the radius and circumference respectively. These are the values used for numerical examples in later sections. Only high-accuracy cartography on

text: large scale

text: maps requires an ellipsoidal model.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: oblate ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: oblate ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: oblate ellipsoid of revolution,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: Not all Greeks agreed with the Geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire. Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as Geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but this is no longer accepted. Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun. Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical. He wrote a work, which has not survived, on heliocentrism, saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it. His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower, Seleucus of Seleucia.

text: Not all Greeks agreed with the Geocentric model. The

text: Pythagorean

text: system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire.

text: Hicetas

text: and

text: Ecphantus

text: , two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and

text: Heraclides Ponticus

text: in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as Geocentric. It was revived in the

text: Middle Ages

text: by

text: Jean Buridan

text: . Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but this is no longer accepted.

text: Martianus Capella

text: definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun.

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: was the most radical. He wrote a work, which has not survived, on

text: heliocentrism

text: , saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it. His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower,

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Pythagorean system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mercury and Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolved around it.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Earth rotated on its axis

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pythagorean system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Pythagorean system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun.

text: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity and while this can sometimes be positive, in other cases its influence can be problematic. For example, it has been suggested that in the past that the Neolithic revolution increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans through the invention of agriculture.  In a similar way, viewed from the perspective of foods, the use of fossil fuels has been alleged to artificially increase the carrying capacity of the world by the use of stored sunlight, even though that food production does not guarantee the capacity of the Earth's climatic and biospheric life-support systems to withstand the damage and wastes arising from such fossil fuels.  Again, however, such interpretations presume the continued and uninterrupted functioning of all other critical components of the global system.  It has also been suggested that other technological advances that have increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans are: polders, fertilizer, composting, greenhouses, land reclamation, and fish farming. In an adverse way, however, many technologies enable economic entities and individual humans to inflict far more damage and eradication, far more quickly, efficiently, and on a wider-scale than ever. (Machine guns, chain saws, earth-movers, and the capacity of industrialized fishing fleets to capture and harvest targeted fish species faster than the fish themselves can reproduce are examples of such problematic outcomes of technology.)

text: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity and while this can sometimes be positive, in other cases its influence can be problematic. For example, it has been suggested that in the past that the

text: Neolithic

text: revolution increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans through the invention of agriculture.  In a similar way, viewed from the perspective of foods, the use of

text: fossil fuel

text: s has been alleged to artificially increase the carrying capacity of the world by the use of stored sunlight, even though that food production does not guarantee the capacity of the Earth's climatic and biospheric life-support systems to withstand the damage and wastes arising from such fossil fuels.  Again, however, such interpretations presume the continued and uninterrupted functioning of all other critical components of the global system.  It has also been suggested that other technological advances that have increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans are:

text: polder

text: s,

text: fertilizer

text: composting

text: greenhouse

text: s,

text: land reclamation

text: , and

text: fish farming

text: . In an adverse way, however, many technologies enable economic entities and individual humans to inflict far more damage and eradication, far more quickly, efficiently, and on a wider-scale than ever. (Machine guns, chain saws, earth-movers, and the capacity of industrialized fishing fleets to capture and harvest targeted fish species faster than the fish themselves can reproduce are examples of such problematic outcomes of technology.)

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's climatic

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Neolithic revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: global system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sunlight,

text: The ancients worked from a geocentric perspective for the simple reason that the Earth was where they stood and observed the sky, and it is the sky which appears to move while the ground seems still and steady underfoot. Some Greek astronomers (e.g., Aristarchus of Samos) speculated that the planets (Earth included) orbited the Sun, but the optics (and the specific mathematics – Newton's Law of Gravitation for example) necessary to provide data that would convincingly support the heliocentric model did not exist in Ptolemy's time and would not come around for over fifteen hundred years after his time.  Furthermore, Aristotelian Physics was not designed with these sorts of calculations in mind, and Aristotle's philosophy regarding the heavens was entirely at odds with the concept of heliocentrism.  It was not until Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter on January 7, 1610, and the phases of Venus in September 1610 that the heliocentric model began to receive broad support among astronomers, who also came to accept the notion that the planets are individual worlds orbiting the Sun (that is, that Earth is a planet and is one among several). Johannes Kepler was able to formulate his three laws of planetary motion, which described the orbits of the planets in our solar system to a remarkable degree of accuracy; Kepler's three laws are still taught today in university physics and astronomy classes, and the wording of these laws has not changed since Kepler first formulated them four hundred years ago.

text: The ancients worked from a

text: geocentric

text: perspective for the simple reason that the Earth was where they stood and observed the sky, and it is the sky which appears to move while the ground seems still and steady underfoot. Some Greek astronomers (e.g.,

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: ) speculated that the planets (Earth included) orbited the Sun, but the

text: optics

text: (and the specific mathematics –

text: Newton

text: 's

text: Law of Gravitation

text: for example) necessary to provide data that would convincingly support the

text: heliocentric

text: model did not exist in

text: Ptolemy

text: 's time and would not come around for over fifteen hundred years after his time.  Furthermore,

text: Aristotelian Physics

text: was not designed with these sorts of calculations in mind, and

text: Aristotle

text: 's philosophy regarding the heavens was entirely at odds with the concept of heliocentrism.  It was not until

text: Galileo Galilei

text: observed the moons of

text: Jupiter

text: on January 7, 1610, and the phases of

text: Venus

text: in September 1610 that the heliocentric model began to receive broad support among astronomers, who also came to accept the notion that the planets are individual worlds orbiting the Sun (that is, that Earth is a planet and is one among several).

text: Johannes Kepler

text: was able to formulate his three

text: laws of planetary motion

text: , which described the orbits of the planets in our solar system to a remarkable degree of accuracy; Kepler's three laws are still taught today in university physics and astronomy classes, and the wording of these laws has not changed since Kepler first formulated them four hundred years ago.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three laws of planetary motion

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: moons of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Newton's Law of Gravitation

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the sky which appears to move while the ground seems still and steady underfoot.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model did not exist in Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three laws of planetary motion,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: moons of Jupiter

text: Notorious examples are the great Venus term and the Jupiter-Saturn great inequality. Looking up the revolution periods of these planets, one may notice that 8×(period of Earth) is almost equal to 13×(period of Venus) and 5×(period of Jupiter) is about 2×(period of Saturn).

text: Notorious examples are the great

text: Venus

text: term and the Jupiter-

text: Saturn

text: great inequality. Looking up the revolution periods of these planets, one may notice that 8×(period of Earth) is almost equal to 13×(period of Venus) and 5×(period of Jupiter) is about 2×(period of Saturn).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter-Saturn great inequality

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: great Venus term

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Looking up the revolution periods of these planets,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth)

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Looking up the revolution periods of these planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Jupiter-Saturn great inequality.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolution periods

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Looking up the revolution periods of these planets,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: great Venus term and the Jupiter-Saturn great inequality.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus term

text: Tusi's student Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, in his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, discusses the possibility of heliocentrism.

text: Tusi's student

text: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

text: , in his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, discusses the possibility of heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: al-Shirazi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tusi's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentrism.

text: Following John Byrne's revamp of Superman, a new version of Superboy was introduced as a means of patching the Legion of Super-Heroes' continuity, which was undermined by the removal of Kal-El's Superboy career. This Superboy is said to have been created by the Time Trapper, one of the Legion's greatest enemies, when he notices that the great youthful hero they take inspiration from does not start his career until he is an adult. Wishing to preserve this history due to his own history's connection to the Legion's past, the Trapper takes a sliver of time from the ancient universe and uses it to craft a "pocket universe" in which Earth and Krypton are the only inhabited planets. Whenever the Legionnaires travel back in time, they travel to the 20th century of the Pocket Universe, not the main DC Universe. From birth until the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Superboy's life is similar to the life of the original Superboy. When the universe-destroying Crisis strikes, Superboy lacks the power to save his Earth, but the Time Trapper can do so, provided Kal-El helps him capture the Legion. Superboy reluctantly agrees. After a battle with the post-Crisis Superman- during which Superman is drastically overpowered by Superboy's pre-Crisis strength while managing to keep Superboy on his toes due to his superior experience-, Superboy realizes he can't turn on his friends and instead helps the Legionnaires defeat the Trapper. Using a device the Trapper employed to stave off Earth's destruction, Superboy saves his Earth, but only at the cost of his own life. His dying act is to return the Legion to their century (and Earth), where he is later buried. Later editorial mandates that removed Superboy from the history of the Legion led to a story where the Time Trapper is apparently erased from history, wiping the Pocket Universe and that universe's Superboy from existence.

text: Following John Byrne's revamp of Superman, a new version of Superboy was introduced as a means of patching the

text: Legion of Super-Heroes

text: ' continuity, which was undermined by the removal of Kal-El's Superboy career. This Superboy is said to have been created by the

text: Time Trapper

text: , one of the Legion's greatest enemies, when he notices that the great youthful hero they take inspiration from does not start his career until he is an adult. Wishing to preserve this history due to his own history's connection to the Legion's past, the Trapper takes a sliver of time from the ancient universe and uses it to craft a "pocket universe" in which Earth and Krypton are the only inhabited planets. Whenever the Legionnaires travel back in time, they travel to the 20th century of the Pocket Universe, not the main DC Universe. From birth until the

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: , Superboy's life is similar to the life of the original Superboy. When the universe-destroying

text: Crisis

text: strikes, Superboy lacks the power to save his Earth, but the Time Trapper can do so, provided Kal-El helps him capture the Legion. Superboy reluctantly agrees. After a battle with the post-Crisis

text: Superman

text: - during which Superman is drastically overpowered by Superboy's pre-Crisis strength while managing to keep Superboy on his toes due to his superior experience-, Superboy realizes he can't turn on his friends and instead helps the Legionnaires defeat the Trapper. Using a device the Trapper employed to stave off Earth's destruction, Superboy saves his Earth, but only at the cost of his own life. His dying act is to return the Legion to their century (and Earth), where he is later buried. Later editorial mandates that removed Superboy from the history of the Legion led to a story where the Time Trapper is apparently erased from history, wiping the Pocket Universe and that universe's Superboy from existence.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: How do the planets appear to move?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: What is the universe-destroying Crisis?

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth and Krypton

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: the Time Trapper

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Pocket Universe

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Time Trapper is apparently erased from history, wiping the Pocket Universe

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Using a device

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth and Krypton are the only inhabited planets.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Superboy

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pocket Universe

text: When a binary star system is aligned such that – from the Earth's point of view – the stars pass in front of each other in their orbits, the system is called an "eclipsing binary" star system. The time of minimum light, when the star with the brighter surface is at least partially obscured by the disc of the other star, is called the primary eclipse, and approximately half an orbit later, the secondary eclipse occurs when the brighter surface area star obscures some portion of the other star. These times of minimum light, or central eclipses, constitute a time stamp on the system, much like the pulses from a pulsar (except that rather than a flash, they are a dip in brightness). If there is a planet in circumbinary orbit around the binary stars, the stars will be offset around a binary-planet center of mass. As the stars in the binary are displaced back and forth by the planet, the times of the eclipse minima will vary. The periodicity of this offset may be the most reliable way to detect extrasolar planets around close binary systems. With this method, planets are more easily detectable if they are more massive, orbit relatively closely around the system, and if the stars have low masses.

text: When a

text: binary star

text: system is aligned such that – from the Earth's point of view – the stars pass in front of each other in their orbits, the system is called an "eclipsing binary" star system. The time of minimum light, when the star with the brighter surface is at least partially obscured by the disc of the other star, is called the primary

text: eclipse

text: , and approximately half an orbit later, the secondary eclipse occurs when the brighter surface area star obscures some portion of the other star. These times of minimum light, or central eclipses, constitute a time stamp on the system, much like the pulses from a

text: pulsar

text: (except that rather than a flash, they are a dip in brightness). If there is a planet in circumbinary orbit around the binary stars, the stars will be offset around a binary-planet

text: center of mass

text: . As the stars in the binary are displaced back and forth by the planet, the times of the eclipse minima will vary. The periodicity of this offset may be the most reliable way to detect extrasolar planets around close binary systems. With this method, planets are more easily detectable if they are more massive, orbit relatively closely around the system, and if the stars have low masses.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary-planet center of mass

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "eclipsing binary" star system.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: As the stars in the binary are displaced back and forth by the planet,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: As the stars in the binary are displaced back and forth by the planet,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "eclipsing binary" star system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the stars pass in front of each other in their orbits,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the stars pass in front of each other in their orbits,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the stars pass in front of each other in their orbits,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary star system

text: A normal mechanical clock could be used to produce an extremely simple orrery with the Sun in the centre, Earth on the minute hand and Jupiter on the hour hand; Earth would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter. Note however that Jupiter's actual year is 11.86 Earth years long, so this particular example would lose accuracy rapidly. A real orrery would be more accurate and include more planets, and would perhaps make the planets rotate as well.

text: A normal mechanical clock could be used to produce an extremely simple orrery with the Sun in the centre,

text: Earth

text: on the minute hand and

text: Jupiter

text: on the hour hand; Earth would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter. Note however that Jupiter's actual year is 11.86 Earth years long, so this particular example would lose accuracy rapidly. A real orrery would be more accurate and include more planets, and would perhaps make the planets rotate as well.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth would make 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 12 revolutions around the Sun for every 1 revolution of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: The planet has a mass at least slightly less than that of Jupiter. It orbits its parent star at the distance of 4.18 AU. Its orbital period is about 9.095 Earth years and its orbit is circular. There are no interior planets of minimum mass (m sini) greater than 0.3 Jupiter. Jupiter-like planets with these orbital and system characteristics are unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination. Since the star's inclination is known as around 50°, this would make the planet's most likely mass greater than Jupiter's mass but less than twice that mass.

text: The planet has a mass at least slightly less than that of

text: Jupiter

text: . It orbits its parent star at the distance of 4.18 AU. Its

text: orbital period

text: is about 9.095 Earth years and its orbit is circular. There are no interior planets of minimum mass (m sini) greater than 0.3 Jupiter. Jupiter-like planets with these orbital and system characteristics are unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination. Since the star's inclination is known as around 50°, this would make the planet's most likely mass greater than Jupiter's mass but less than twice that mass.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit is circular

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter-like planets with these orbital

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unlikely to be perturbed from the star's inclination.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: star's inclination.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: It orbits its parent star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 4.18 AU.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter.

text: COROT-7b (previously named COROT-Exo-7b) is an exoplanet orbiting around the star COROT-7, in the constellation Monoceros, at 489 light years from Earth. It was first detected photometrically by the French-led COROT mission and reported in February 2009. Until the announcement of Kepler-10b in January 2011, it was the smallest exoplanet to have its diameter measured, at 1.58 times that of the Earth (which would give it a volume 3.95 times Earth's), and the first potential extrasolar terrestrial planet to be found. The planet is also notable for its very short orbital period, revolving around its host star in about 20 hours.

text: COROT-7b (previously named COROT-Exo-7b) is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting around the

text: star

text: , in the

text: constellation

text: Monoceros

text: , at 489

text: light years

text: from

text: Earth

text: . It was first detected

text: photometrically

text: by the French-led

text: COROT

text: mission and reported in February 2009. Until the announcement of

text: in January 2011, it was the smallest exoplanet to have its diameter measured, at 1.58 times that of the

text: Earth

text: (which would give it a volume 3.95 times Earth's), and the first potential extrasolar

text: terrestrial planet

text: to be found. The planet is also notable for its very short

text: orbital period

text: , revolving around its host star in about 20 hours.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-10b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-10b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 20 hours.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star COROT-7,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 20 hours.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Kepler-10b in January 2011,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 20 hours.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 3.95 times Earth's),

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 20 hours.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: COROT-7b

text: Eventually, when Copernicus's heliocentric model was accepted over the geocentric, Earth was placed among the planets and the Sun and Moon were reclassified, necessitating a conceptual revolution in the understanding of planets. As the historian of science Thomas Kuhn noted in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions:

text: Eventually, when Copernicus's

text: heliocentric model

text: was accepted over the

text: geocentric

text: Earth

text: was placed among the planets and the Sun and Moon were reclassified, necessitating a conceptual revolution in the understanding of planets. As the

text: historian of science

text: Thomas Kuhn

text: noted in his book,

text: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model was accepted over the geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus's heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model was accepted over the geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model was accepted over the geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun and Moon

text: The descriptions of the rims accurately fit the relative distance and revolution speed of the respective bodies as would appear to an observer from Earth (aside from the Moon, which revolves around the Earth slightly more slowly than the sun).

text: The descriptions of the rims accurately fit the relative distance and revolution speed of the respective bodies as would appear to an observer from Earth (aside from the Moon, which revolves around the Earth slightly more slowly than the sun).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The descriptions of the rims

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolves around the Earth slightly more slowly than the sun).

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Moon, which revolves around the Earth slightly more slowly than the sun).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rims accurately fit the relative distance and revolution speed of the respective bodies

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: rims accurately fit the relative distance and revolution speed of the respective bodies

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: rims

text: "Revolution Earth" is the fourth single released by The B-52's from their 1992 album Good Stuff.

text: "Revolution Earth" is the fourth single released by

text: The B-52's

text: from their 1992 album

text: Good Stuff

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Revolution Earth" is a song by The B-52s

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth"

text: Usually, the mirror of a liquid mirror telescope is rotated around two axes simultaneously. For example, the mirror of a telescope on the surface of the Earth rotates at a speed of a few revolutions per minute about a vertical axis to maintain its parabolic shape, and also at a speed of one revolution per day about the Earth's axis because of the rotation of the Earth. Usually (except if the telescope is located at one of the Earth's poles), the two rotations interact so that, in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the local surface of the Earth, the mirror experiences a torque about an axis that is perpendicular to both rotation axes, i.e. a horizontal axis aligned east-west. Since the mirror is liquid, it responds to this torque by changing its aim direction. The point in the sky at which the mirror is aimed is not exactly overhead; it is displaced slightly to the north or south. The amount of the displacement depends on the latitude, the rotation speeds, and the parameters of the telescope's design. On the Earth, the displacement is small, typically a few arcseconds, which can, nevertheless, be significant in astronomical observations. If the telescope were in space, rotating to produce artificial gravity, the displacement could be much larger, possibly many degrees. This would add complexity to the operation of the telescope.

text: Usually, the mirror of a liquid mirror telescope is rotated around two axes simultaneously. For example, the mirror of a telescope on the surface of the Earth rotates at a speed of a few revolutions per minute about a vertical axis to maintain its parabolic shape, and also at a speed of one revolution per day about the Earth's axis because of the rotation of the Earth. Usually (except if the telescope is located at one of the Earth's poles), the two rotations interact so that, in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the local surface of the Earth, the mirror experiences a torque about an axis that is perpendicular to both rotation axes, i.e. a horizontal axis aligned east-west. Since the mirror is liquid, it responds to this torque by changing its aim direction. The point in the sky at which the mirror is aimed is not exactly overhead; it is displaced slightly to the north or south. The amount of the displacement depends on the latitude, the rotation speeds, and the parameters of the telescope's design. On the Earth, the displacement is small, typically a few

text: arcsecond

text: s, which can, nevertheless, be significant in astronomical observations. If the telescope were in space, rotating to produce artificial gravity, the displacement could be much larger, possibly many degrees. This would add complexity to the operation of the telescope.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo discovered

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomical observations.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: artificial gravity,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a few revolutions per minute

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: two axes

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: two axes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: parabolic shape,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: two axes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: gravity,

text: The Copernican Revolution started with the publishing of the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus, which was influenced by earlier theories of Aristarchus and of Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir. His book proposed a heliocentric system contrary to the widely accepted geocentric system of that time. Tycho Brahe accepted Copernicus's model but reasserted geocentricity. However, Tycho challenged the Aristotelian model when he observed a comet that went through the region of the planets. This region was said to only have uniform circular motion on solid spheres, which meant that it would be impossible for a comet to enter into the area. Johannes Kepler followed Tycho and developed the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler would not have been able to produce his laws without the observations of Tycho, because they allowed Kepler to prove that planets traveled in ellipses, and that the Sun does not sit directly in the center of an orbit but at a focus. Galileo Galilei came after Kepler and developed his own telescope with enough magnification to allow him to study Venus and discover that it has phases like a moon. The discovery of the phases of Venus was one of the more influential reasons for the transition from geocentrism to heliocentrism. Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica concluded the Copernican Revolution. The development of his laws of planetary motion and universal gravitation explained the presumed motion related to the heavens by asserting a gravitational force of attraction between two objects.

text: The Copernican Revolution started with the publishing of the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus, which was influenced by earlier theories of Aristarchus and of

text: Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi

text: and

text: Ibn al-Shatir

text: . His book proposed a heliocentric system contrary to the widely accepted geocentric system of that time.

text: Tycho Brahe

text: accepted Copernicus's model but reasserted geocentricity. However, Tycho challenged the

text: Aristotelian model

text: when he observed a comet that went through the region of the planets. This region was said to only have uniform circular motion on solid spheres, which meant that it would be impossible for a comet to enter into the area.

text: Johannes Kepler

text: followed Tycho and developed the

text: three laws of planetary motion

text: . Kepler would not have been able to produce his laws without the observations of Tycho, because they allowed Kepler to prove that planets traveled in ellipses, and that the Sun does not sit directly in the center of an orbit but at a focus.

text: Galileo Galilei

text: came after Kepler and developed his own telescope with enough magnification to allow him to study

text: Venus

text: and discover that it has

text: phases

text: like a moon. The discovery of the phases of Venus was one of the more influential reasons for the transition from

text: geocentrism

text: to

text: heliocentrism

text: . Sir Isaac Newton's

text: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: concluded the Copernican Revolution. The development of his laws of planetary motion and

text: universal gravitation

text: explained the presumed motion related to the heavens by asserting a gravitational force of attraction between two objects.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aristotelian model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets traveled in ellipses

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: a gravitational force of attraction between two objects.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion and universal gravitation

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo Galilei came after Kepler

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: laws of planetary motion and universal gravitation

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three laws of planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus and discover that it has phases like a moon.

text: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun, and from the sun at noon and at midnight, both of these lines would pass through the Earth's center and the equator would intersect these lines. This is not so when the sun has north or south declination because its apparent motion will have an angle to the above described plane or lines, with the Earth's center, equal to the amount of the sun's declination north or south. Then it will be seen, that when the sun has north or south declination, and the earth is regarded as the center of its revolutions the plane just mentioned becomes conical.

text: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun, and from the sun at noon and at midnight, both of these lines would pass through the Earth's center and the equator would intersect these lines. This is not so when the sun has north or south declination because its apparent motion will have an angle to the above described plane or lines, with the Earth's center, equal to the amount of the sun's declination north or south. Then it will be seen, that when the sun has north or south declination, and the earth is regarded as the center of its revolutions the plane just mentioned becomes conical.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: sun has north or south declination

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: This is not so when the sun has north or south declination

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: If a straight line were drawn from the rising sun to the setting sun,

text: A series of so-called color revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticised the Rose and Orange Revolution, according to him: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict". During the protests following the 2011 Russian elections (in December 2011) Putin named the Orange Revolution as a potential precedent of what was going to happen in Russia.

text: A series of so-called

text: color revolution

text: s in the

text: post-Soviet states

text: , namely the

text: Rose Revolution

text: in

text: Georgia

text: in 2003, the

text: Orange Revolution

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: in 2004 and the

text: Tulip Revolution

text: in

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticised the Rose and Orange Revolution, according to him: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict". During the

text: protests following the 2011 Russian elections

text: (in December 2011) Putin named the Orange Revolution as a potential precedent of what was going to happen in Russia.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: color revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: color revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Russia.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Putin criticised the Rose and Orange Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: color revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: color revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tulip Revolution

text: In 1967, White conjectured that the Christian influence in the Middle Ages were the root of ecological crisis in the 20th century. He gave a lecture on December 26, 1966, titled, "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis" at the Washington meeting of the AAAS, that was later published in the journal Science. White's article was based on the premise that "all forms of life modify their context," that is: we all create change in our environment. He believed man's relationship with the natural environment was always a dynamic and interactive one, even in the Middle Ages, but marked the Industrial Revolution as a fundamental turning point in our ecological history. He suggests that at this point the hypotheses of science were married to the possibilities of technology and our ability to destroy and exploit the environment was vastly increased. Nevertheless, he also suggests that the mentality of the Industrial Revolution, that the earth was a resource for human consumption, was much older than the actuality of machinery, and has its roots in medieval Christianity and attitudes towards nature. He suggests that "what people do about their ecology depends on what they think about themselves in relation to things around them." siting the Genesis creation story he argued that Judeo-Christian theology had swept away pagan animism and normalized exploitation of the natural world because:

text: In 1967, White conjectured that the Christian influence in the Middle Ages were the root of ecological crisis in the 20th century. He gave a lecture on December 26, 1966, titled, "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis" at the Washington meeting of the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: AAAS

text: , that was later published in the journal

text: Science

text: . White's article was based on the premise that "all forms of life modify their context," that is: we all create change in our environment. He believed man's relationship with the

text: natural environment

text: was always a dynamic and interactive one, even in the Middle Ages, but marked the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: as a fundamental turning point in our ecological history. He suggests that at this point the hypotheses of science were married to the possibilities of technology and our ability to destroy and exploit the environment was vastly increased. Nevertheless, he also suggests that the mentality of the Industrial Revolution, that the earth was a resource for human consumption, was much older than the actuality of machinery, and has its roots in medieval Christianity and attitudes towards nature. He suggests that "what people do about their ecology depends on what they think about themselves in relation to things around them." siting the Genesis creation story he argued that Judeo-Christian theology had swept away pagan animism and normalized exploitation of the natural world because:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: context: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Genesis creation story

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Genesis creation story

text: In its yearly trek around the sun, asteroid  spends about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth is (that is, the asteroid is inside the Earth's orbit) and passes ahead of our planet, and about half of the time farther away (crosses outside Earth's orbit), causing it to fall behind. Its orbit is also tilted a little, causing it to bob up and then down once each year through Earth's orbital plane. In effect, this small asteroid is caught in a game of leap frog with Earth that will last for hundreds of years.

text: In its yearly trek around the sun, asteroid  spends about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth is (that is, the asteroid is inside the

text: Earth's orbit

text: ) and passes ahead of our planet, and about half of the time farther away (crosses outside Earth's orbit), causing it to fall behind. Its orbit is also tilted a little, causing it to bob up and then down once each year through Earth's orbital plane. In effect, this small asteroid is caught in a game of leap frog with Earth that will last for hundreds of years.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: asteroid

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: asteroid

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: asteroid spends about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: In its yearly trek around the sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: leap frog with Earth

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: asteroid spends about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: asteroid spends about half of the time closer to the sun than Earth

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: asteroid

text: The planet orbits the star in a so-called "torch orbit". One revolution around the star takes only a little less than three Earth days to complete. The planet is less massive than Jupiter (0.36 times Jupiter's mass, or 114 times Earth's mass) but more massive than Saturn. The temperature of the planet was initially estimated on the basis of 0.3 Bond albedo to be about 1540 K, above the predicted temperature of HD 209458 b (1400K), which had inaugurated the category of Chthonian "hell planet". Its day-side brightness temperature was subsequently directly measured as 2,300 ± 200 K by comparing the combined emissions of star and planet at 8 μm wavelength before and during a transit event. This is around the boiling point of silicon and well above the melting point of iron.

text: The planet orbits the star in a so-called "torch orbit". One revolution around the star takes only a little less than three Earth

text: day

text: s to complete. The planet is less massive than

text: Jupiter

text: (0.36 times Jupiter's mass, or 114 times Earth's mass) but more massive than

text: Saturn

text: . The temperature of the planet was initially estimated on the basis of 0.3 Bond

text: albedo

text: to be about 1540

text: K

text: , above the predicted temperature of

text: HD 209458 b

text: (1400K), which had inaugurated the category of

text: Chthonian

text: "hell planet". Its day-side brightness temperature was subsequently directly measured as 2,300 ± 200 K by comparing the combined emissions of star and planet at 8 μm wavelength before and during a transit event. This is around the boiling point of silicon and well above the melting point of iron.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits the star in a so-called "torch orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: one revolution around the star takes only a little less than three Earth days to complete

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Chthonian

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planet orbits the star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One revolution around the star takes only a little less than three Earth days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Chthonian "hell planet".

text: In 1956, the second was redefined in terms of a year (the period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun) for a particular epoch because, by then, it had become recognized that the Earth's rotation on its own axis was not sufficiently uniform as a standard of time.  The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun (1895), which provided a formula for estimating the motion of the Sun relative to the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made between 1750 and 1892.

text: In 1956, the second was redefined in terms of a year (the period of the

text: Earth

text: 's revolution around the Sun) for a particular

text: epoch

text: because, by then, it had become recognized that the Earth's rotation on its own axis was not sufficiently uniform as a standard of time.  The Earth's motion was described in

text: Newcomb's Tables of the Sun

text: (1895), which provided a formula for estimating the motion of the Sun relative to the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made between 1750 and 1892.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newcomb

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newcomb's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth's revolution around the Sun)

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun)

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the Earth's rotation on its own axis

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Newcomb's Tables of the Sun (1895),

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Newcomb's Tables of the Sun (1895),

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (the period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun)

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth's revolution around the Sun)

text: The planet is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet with a mass half that of Jupiter and orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.

text: The planet is a typical "

text: hot Jupiter

text: ", a planet with a mass half that of

text: Jupiter

text: and orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three

text: day

text: s to complete. The planet is slightly larger than

text: Jupiter

text: , probably due to the heat from the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1/24th

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital distance only 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/24th that of Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "hot Jupiter",

text: Views differ on the impact of the revolution. For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history," while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds", and which "promised us heaven, but... created a hell on earth."

text: Views differ on the impact of the revolution. For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history," while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds", and which "promised us heaven, but... created a hell on earth."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth."

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Islamic history,"

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heaven, but... created a hell on earth."

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth."

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history,"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history,"

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth."

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heaven, but... created a hell on earth."

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history,"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Islamic history,"

text: Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated. Very few individuals promoted a Geocentric view of the universe. One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book  that explains the movement of sun, moon and other planets around the Earth. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999, Ibn Baz also promoted the Geocentric view between 1966 and 1985.

text: Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated. Very few individuals promoted a Geocentric view of the universe. One of them was

text: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

text: , a

text: Sunni

text: scholar of

text: Indian subcontinent

text: . He rejected the

text: heliocentric model

text: and wrote a book  that explains the movement of sun, moon and other planets around the Earth. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999,

text: Ibn Baz

text: also promoted the Geocentric view between 1966 and 1985.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun, moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: movement of sun, moon and other planets around the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun, moon and other planets around the Earth.

text: The concept underlying the album is, according to Graham, a tale of "one possible future of human failure [involving] the collapse of society due to overpopulation and pollution".  He further detailed the concept as a story humanity "realiz[ing] too late that the importance of their government, their nationalism, and their religions meant nothing in relation to the damage we are inflicting on our planet."  The concept extends to the album cover art, which portrays what Graham describes as "a small surviving group of revolutionaries [who] are biding time until their own demise. The body and the flag represent humanity, and are being ironically sacrificed to the earth...more fire, more smoke, more pollution. They know now that their revolution/realization happened too late, and that the earth will soon be on its own."

text: The concept underlying the album is, according to Graham, a tale of "one possible future of human failure [involving] the collapse of society due to overpopulation and pollution".  He further detailed the concept as a story humanity "realiz[ing] too late that the importance of their government, their nationalism, and their religions meant nothing in relation to the damage we are inflicting on our planet."  The concept extends to the album cover art, which portrays what Graham describes as "a small surviving group of revolutionaries [who] are biding time until their own demise. The body and the flag represent humanity, and are being ironically sacrificed to the earth...more fire, more smoke, more pollution. They know now that their revolution/realization happened too late, and that the earth will soon be on its own."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth will soon be on its own

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: human

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: own."

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the earth will soon be on its own."

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth...more

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet."

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: humanity "realiz[ing] too late that the importance of their government,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the earth will soon be on its own."

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the earth will soon be on its own."

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the earth will soon be on its own."

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: earth will soon be on its own."

text: The work of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and Isaac Newton in early modern Europe laid a foundation for a modern heliocentric system. Future planetary positions continued to be predicted by extrapolating past observed positions as late as the 1740 tables of Jacques Cassini.

text: The work of

text: Tycho Brahe

text: Kepler

text: , and

text: Isaac Newton

text: in early modern Europe laid a foundation for a modern heliocentric system. Future planetary positions continued to be predicted by extrapolating past observed positions as late as the 1740 tables of

text: Jacques Cassini

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Jacques Cassini.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planetary positions

text: Muir argues that, "The Agricultural Revolution saved hunters and gatherers from starving after they wiped out their bigger prey and populations grew too big to be supported by remaining food supplies. The Industrial Revolution saved the Yankees from poverty, but it depended on fossil energy, the by-products of which are polluting the earth. Muir thus argues that a Third Revolution is now necessary, one that will entail the discovery and deployment of new kinds of energy and materials."

text: Muir argues that, "The Agricultural Revolution saved hunters and gatherers from starving after they wiped out their bigger prey and populations grew too big to be supported by remaining food supplies. The Industrial Revolution saved the Yankees from poverty, but it depended on fossil energy, the by-products of which are polluting the earth. Muir thus argues that a Third Revolution is now necessary, one that will entail the discovery and deployment of new kinds of energy and materials."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Muir

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: fossil energy,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: bigger prey

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "The Agricultural Revolution saved hunters and gatherers from starving

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Third Revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: fossil energy,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: fossil energy,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: new kinds of energy and materials."

text: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities () or SAMT* () is a public organization and publisher in Iran established by the "High Council for Cultural Revolution" after the Iranian Cultural Revolution in 1985. The organization publishes academic textbooks and sources on humanities in Iranian universities.<ref> "سمت (سازمان)." ویکی‌پدیا, دانشنامهٔ آزاد. ۱۴ اکتبر ۲۰۰۹, ۱۷:۵۰ UTC. ۱۴ اکتبر ۲۰۰۹

text: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks in the Humanities () or SAMT* () is a public organization and

text: publisher

text: in

text: Iran

text: established by the "High Council for Cultural Revolution" after the

text: Iranian Cultural Revolution

text: in 1985. The organization publishes academic textbooks and sources on

text: humanities

text: in

text: Iranian universities

text: .<ref> "سمت (سازمان)." ویکی‌پدیا, دانشنامهٔ آزاد. ۱۴ اکتبر ۲۰۰۹, ۱۷:۵۰ UTC. ۱۴ اکتبر ۲۰۰۹

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Organization for Researching and Composing University textbooks

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: <unk>:<unk> UTC.

text: Another interesting part of this image is that earth is encircled by multicolored rings. One argument is because during this time a geocentric view of the universe was widely accepted, Giovanni was simply following Dante's description of a "terrestrial world bounded by the orbits of the heavenly spheres".  This theory is often challenged by pointing out that Dante only assigns ten circles but Giovanni depicts twelve. Some scholars believe Giovanni was referencing a book called the Sphera, which was made for lay people to give them a better understanding of the universe based on Greek cosmology (Chaos), which would account for Giovanni number of circles and also their colors.

text: Another interesting part of this image is that earth is encircled by multicolored rings. One argument is because during this time a

text: geocentric

text: view of the universe was widely accepted, Giovanni was simply following Dante's description of a "terrestrial world bounded by the orbits of the heavenly spheres".  This theory is often challenged by pointing out that Dante only assigns ten circles but Giovanni depicts twelve. Some scholars believe Giovanni was referencing a book called the Sphera, which was made for lay people to give them a better understanding of the universe based on Greek cosmology (

text: Chaos

text: ), which would account for Giovanni number of circles and also their colors.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Giovanni

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Dante's description

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth is encircled by multicolored rings

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heavenly spheres".

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Giovanni

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits of the heavenly spheres".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: earth is encircled by multicolored rings.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: a geocentric view of the universe was widely accepted,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits of the heavenly spheres".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Giovanni was simply following Dante's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: earth

text: Given the orbital eccentricity of this object, different epochs can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions to the aphelion (maximum distance from the Sun) of this object. With a 2007 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 10,611 years with aphelion at 930 AU. But using a 2011 epoch shows a period of about 13,304 years with aphelion at 1087 AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. Using JPL Horizons with an observed orbital arc of only 2 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a semi-major axis of 501 AU and a period of 11,200 years. For comparison, probable dwarf planet Sedna has a barycentric semi-major axis of 506 AU and a period of 11,400 years. Both  and  take longer than Sedna and  to orbit the Sun using barycentric coordinates.

text: Given the

text: orbital eccentricity

text: of this object, different

text: epochs

text: can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed

text: two-body

text: best-fit

text: solutions to the aphelion (maximum distance from the Sun) of this object. With a 2007 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 10,611 years with aphelion at 930 AU. But using a 2011 epoch shows a period of about 13,304 years with aphelion at 1087 AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's

text: barycentric coordinates

text: are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. Using

text: JPL Horizons

text: with an observed orbital

text: arc

text: of only 2 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a

text: semi-major axis

text: of 501 AU and a period of 11,200 years. For comparison,

text: probable dwarf planet

text: Sedna

text: has a barycentric semi-major axis of 506 AU and a period of 11,400 years. Both  and  take longer than Sedna and  to orbit the Sun using barycentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sedna

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's barycentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Both and take longer

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: dwarf planet Sedna

text: Hypatia also investigates the heliocentric model of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus of Samos; by having an object dropped from the mast of a moving ship she demonstrates to Orestes that a possible motion of the Earth would not affect the motion, relative to Earth, of a falling object on Earth. However, due to religious objections against heliocentrism, the Christians have now forbidden Hypatia to teach at the school. The Christians and the Jews come into conflict, committing violent acts against each other.

text: Hypatia also investigates the

text: heliocentric model

text: of the solar system proposed by

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: ; by having an object dropped from the mast of a moving ship she demonstrates to Orestes that a possible motion of the Earth would not affect the motion, relative to Earth, of a falling object on Earth. However, due to

text: religious objections against heliocentrism

text: , the Christians have now forbidden Hypatia to teach at the school. The Christians and the

text: Jews

text: come into conflict, committing violent acts against each other.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hypatia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hypatia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system

text: In the early stages of the revolution, the media variously referred to the unrest as the "Pink," "Lemon", "Silk", or "Daffodil" revolution. It was Akayev himself who coined the term, "Tulip Revolution". In a speech of the time, he warned that no such "Color Revolution" should happen in Kyrgyzstan. Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine (2004), the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution (1989) and the Portuguese Carnation Revolution (1974).

text: In the early stages of the revolution, the media variously referred to the unrest as the "Pink," "Lemon", "Silk", or "Daffodil" revolution. It was Akayev himself who coined the term, "

text: Tulip

text: Revolution". In a speech of the time, he warned that no such

text: "Color Revolution"

text: should happen in

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: . Using a color or floral term evoked similarity with the non-violent

text: Rose Revolution

text: in

text: Georgia

text: , the

text: Orange Revolution

text: in

text: Ukraine

text: (2004), the Czechoslovak

text: Velvet Revolution

text: (1989) and the Portuguese

text: Carnation Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Akayev

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: color

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Akayev

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Tulip Revolution".

text: The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Brhaspati's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Brhaspati's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters. For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Brhaspati completes 364,220 revolutions every 4,320,000 earth years, an Epicycle of Apsis as 32 degrees, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 160 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta accepts the revolutions to be 364,220, but revises the apogee to 171 degrees and 16 seconds and the Epicycle slightly.

text: The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Brhaspati's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Brhaspati's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters. For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Brhaspati completes 364,220 revolutions every 4,320,000 earth years, an Epicycle of Apsis as 32 degrees, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 160 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta accepts the revolutions to be 364,220, but revises the apogee to 171 degrees and 16 seconds and the Epicycle slightly.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Khandakhadyaka

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital inclination

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The texts slightly disagree

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Brhaspati

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth years,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Brhaspati's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital inclination,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Brhaspati's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Brhaspati's motion in the skies,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital inclination,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbital inclination,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: orbital inclination,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Brhaspati's

text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for Mercury and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

text: All the solar planets more distant from the Sun than Earth are similar to Earth in that, since they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun, there is only a small difference between the length of the sidereal day and that of the solar day—the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio of 0.997. But the situation is quite different for

text: Mercury

text: and Venus. Mercury's sidereal day is about two-thirds of its orbital period, so by the prograde formula its solar day lasts for two revolutions around the Sun— three times as long as its sidereal day. Venus rotates retrograde with a sidereal day lasting about 243.0 Earth days, or about 1.08 times its orbital period of 224.7 Earth days; hence by the retrograde formula its solar day is about 116.8 Earth days, and it has about 1.9 solar days per orbital period.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the prograde formula

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the ratio of the former to the latter never being less than Earth's ratio

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 0.997.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: they experience many rotations per revolution around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun than Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.997.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 0.997.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: prograde formula

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.997.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 0.997.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mercury and Venus.

text: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000, on which one inch represents , one millimeter represents one kilometer.  As with most globes, it's mounted at a 23.5 degree angle, the same axial tilt as the Earth itself; thus the equator is diagonal to the floor. It uses a cantilever mount with two motors, and simulates one day's revolution and rotation every 18 minutes, though it is possible for the motors to fully rotate the globe in as little as one minute.

text: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000, on which one inch represents , one millimeter represents one kilometer.  As with most globes, it's mounted at a 23.5 degree angle, the same axial tilt as the Earth itself; thus the

text: equator

text: is diagonal to the floor. It uses a

text: cantilever

text: mount with two motors, and simulates one day's revolution and rotation every 18 minutes, though it is possible for the motors to fully rotate the globe in as little as one minute.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: scale of 1:1,000,000

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: one day's revolution and rotation every 18 minutes,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: two motors,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1:1,000,000,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The globe was built with a scale of 1:1,000,000,

text: In an issue of the Teen Titans comic book following the events of the series' final episode, Geo-Force—Terra's superhero half-brother—makes an appearance in which he reveals that Terra, like he, is a member of the Markovian Royal Family that fled their home nation after they were both subjected to forced experimentation with a fictitious chemical called Quixium that gave them both geocentric, earth-manipulating superpowers. This issue sheds light on where Terra came from, in addition to the source of her powers. Geo-Force is later convinced to allow Terra to live without her superpowers in peace, and leaves without ever reuniting with her.

text: In an issue of

text: the Teen Titans comic book

text: following the events of the series' final episode,

text: Geo-Force

text: —Terra's superhero half-brother—makes an appearance in which he reveals that Terra, like he, is a member of the

text: Markovia

text: n Royal Family that fled their home nation after they were both subjected to forced experimentation with a fictitious chemical called Quixium that gave them both geocentric, earth-manipulating superpowers. This issue sheds light on where Terra came from, in addition to the source of her powers. Geo-Force is later convinced to allow Terra to live without her superpowers in peace, and leaves without ever reuniting with her.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Markovian

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: earth-manipulating

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric, earth-manipulating

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Quixium

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth-manipulating

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geo-Force—Terra's

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Quixium

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Quixium

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of HIP 57274 d, the moon's orbit would have to be roughly 40 days to support a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of HIP 57274 d, the moon's orbit would have to be roughly 40 days to support a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemy's system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1 AU from a Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star P must be <unk> 1/9,

text: Falkenberg's Mercenary Legion departs Tanith for a contract on the planet New Washington. This is one of a pair of planets, orbiting a common center which itself orbits a red dwarf star. The two planets are tidally locked, so they always present the same face to each other. As day progresses to night on New Washington, the side of the sister planet Franklin facing it goes from night to day. One revolution takes 40 hours. The pair revolve around their star in 52 days.It is one of the farthest colonies from Earth, being over a hundred parsecs away.

text: Falkenberg's Mercenary Legion departs Tanith for a contract on the planet New Washington. This is one of a pair of planets, orbiting a common center which itself orbits a

text: red dwarf

text: star. The two planets are

text: tidally locked

text: , so they always present the same face to each other. As day progresses to night on New Washington, the side of the sister planet Franklin facing it goes from night to day. One revolution takes 40 hours. The pair revolve around their star in 52 days.It is one of the farthest colonies from Earth, being over a hundred

text: parsec

text: s away.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Falkenberg

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tidally locked

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: New Washington

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: a red dwarf star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Falkenberg's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: a red dwarf star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One revolution takes 40 hours.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: One revolution takes 40 hours. The pair revolve around their star in 52 days.It

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbiting a common center which itself orbits a red dwarf star.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: red dwarf star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: New Washington.

text: Starshine 3 reached a fiery end in the Earth's upper atmosphere on January 21, 2003. It had made 7434 revolutions around the Earth since its launch.

text: Starshine 3 reached a fiery end in the Earth's upper atmosphere on January 21, 2003. It had made 7434 revolutions around the Earth since its launch.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Starshine 3

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 7434 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 7434 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Starshine 3

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 7434 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 7434 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Starshine 3

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Starshine 3

text: The eighth book describes a modified geocentric astronomical model, in which the Earth is at rest in the center of the universe and circled by the moon, the sun, three planets and the stars, while Mercury and Venus circle the Sun.  This view was singled out for praise by Copernicus in Book I of his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

text: The eighth book describes a modified geocentric

text: astronomical

text: model, in which the Earth is at rest in the center of the universe and circled by the moon, the sun, three planets and the stars, while

text: Mercury

text: and

text: Venus

text: circle the Sun.  This view was singled out for praise by

text: Copernicus

text: in Book I of his

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: modified geocentric astronomical model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth is at rest in the center of the universe and circled by the moon, the sun, three planets and the stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mercury and Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circled by the moon, the sun, three planets

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: three planets and the stars,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric astronomical model,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: modified geocentric astronomical model,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mercury and Venus circle the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars,

text: The planet's mass has been estimated to be 8.65 times that of Jupiter, while its diameter, at , is 0.951 times Jupiter's. Its small size, despite the bloating of the planet's atmosphere, is caused by the strong gravity of the planet. This indicates its mean density is twice that of Earth and its surface gravity approximately 24 times that on Earth, almost equal to the Sun. The orbit is very eccentric, ranging from 4.90 million to 15.36 million miles from the star.

text: The planet's mass has been estimated to be 8.65 times that of

text: Jupiter

text: , while its diameter, at , is 0.951 times Jupiter's. Its small size, despite the bloating of the planet's

text: atmosphere

text: , is caused by the strong gravity of the planet. This indicates its mean density is twice that of Earth and its

text: surface gravity

text: approximately 24 times that on Earth, almost equal to the Sun. The orbit is very eccentric, ranging from 4.90 million to 15.36 million miles from the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The orbit is very eccentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: almost equal to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The orbit is very eccentric,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 0.951 times Jupiter's.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The orbit is very eccentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: almost equal to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 4.90 million to 15.36 million miles from the star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter,

text: A shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon is a lunar eclipse. Conversely, a shadow cast by the Moon on the Earth is a solar eclipse.

text: A shadow cast by the

text: Earth

text: on the

text: Moon

text: is a

text: lunar eclipse

text: . Conversely, a shadow cast by the Moon on the Earth is a

text: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used to answer this question

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: can be used to describe the solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipses

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: A shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon is a lunar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: lunar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: lunar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon is a lunar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: lunar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: lunar eclipse.

text: Another contrary view has been recently proposed by Arun Bala in his dialogical history of the birth of modern science. Bala proposes that the changes involved in the Scientific Revolution — the mathematical realist turn, the mechanical philosophy, the atomism, the central role assigned to the Sun in Copernican heliocentrism — have to be seen as rooted in multicultural influences on Europe.  He sees specific influences in Alhazen's physical optical theory, Chinese mechanical technologies leading to the perception of the world as a machine, the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which carried implicitly a new mode of mathematical atomic thinking, and the heliocentrism rooted in ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with Hermeticism. Bala argues that by ignoring such multicultural impacts we have been led to a Eurocentric conception of the Scientific Revolution.  Critics note that lacking documentary evidence of transmission of specific scientific ideas, Bala's model will remain "a working hypothesis, not a conclusion".

text: Another contrary view has been recently proposed by Arun Bala in his

text: dialogical

text: history of the birth of modern science. Bala proposes that the changes involved in the Scientific Revolution — the

text: mathematical realist

text: turn, the mechanical

text: philosophy

text: , the

text: atomism

text: , the central role assigned to the Sun in

text: Copernican heliocentrism

text: — have to be seen as rooted in

text: multicultural

text: influences on Europe.  He sees specific influences in

text: Alhazen

text: 's physical optical theory,

entity_name: History of science and technology in China

text: Chinese mechanical technologies

text: leading to the perception of the world as a

text: machine

text: , the

text: Hindu-Arabic numeral system

text: , which carried implicitly a new mode of

text: mathematical atomic thinking

text: , and the heliocentrism rooted in ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with

text: Hermeticism

text: . Bala argues that by ignoring such

text: multicultural

text: impacts we have been led to a

text: Eurocentric

text: conception of the Scientific Revolution.  Critics note that lacking documentary evidence of transmission of specific scientific ideas, Bala's model will remain "a working hypothesis, not a conclusion".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alhazen's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Sun in Copernican heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: ancient Egyptian religious ideas associated with Hermeticism.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: Sungenis believes that the Catholic Church condemned heliocentrism as a formal heresy in the 17th century and that the observable universe would fit a geocentric model, with the Earth immobile at the barycenter and everything else revolving around it. He claims that observational evidence from the 2001 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe showed the Earth's central position and experiments performed from Dominique Arago in 1818 to Michelson-Morely in 1887 showed that the Earth was not moving. His views are often confused with the Ptolemaic system, where Earth is at the center of the solar system, with the sun and all planets revolving around it. Instead, they more closely resemble the Tychonic system. Catholic writer David Palm has criticized Sungenis' work, particularly as it relates to the teaching of the Catholic Church, stating that Sungenis is misrepresenting it so as to falsely give the impression that geocentrism is "an official church teaching that had been covered up for centuries.".

text: Sungenis believes that the Catholic Church condemned heliocentrism as a formal heresy in the 17th century and that the observable universe would fit a geocentric model, with the Earth immobile at the

text: barycenter

text: and everything else revolving around it. He claims that observational evidence from the 2001

text: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

text: showed the Earth's central position and experiments performed from

text: Dominique Arago

text: in 1818 to

text: Michelson-Morely

text: in 1887 showed that the Earth was not moving. His views are often confused with the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: , where Earth is at the center of the solar system, with the sun and all planets revolving around it. Instead, they more closely resemble the

text: Tychonic system

text: . Catholic writer David Palm has criticized Sungenis' work, particularly as it relates to the teaching of the Catholic Church, stating that Sungenis is misrepresenting it so as to falsely give the impression that geocentrism is "an official church teaching that had been covered up for centuries.".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sungenis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Tychonic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sungenis

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolving around it.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Tychonic system.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the sun and all planets revolving around it.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ptolemaic system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth's central position

text: This apparent conical motion of the sun may be further explained by the spoked wheels of a covered wagon. The rim representing the sun's apparent path, the hub, the earth, and the spokes, lines drawn from the sun's path. Then it may be seen that a line drawn from the sun to the Earth's center would pass north or south of the equator, equal in degree to its declination north or south. These apply to the apparent revolutions of the planets and fixed stars as well.

text: This apparent conical motion of the sun may be further explained by the spoked wheels of a covered wagon. The rim representing the sun's apparent path, the hub, the earth, and the spokes, lines drawn from the sun's path. Then it may be seen that a line drawn from the sun to the Earth's center would pass north or south of the equator, equal in degree to its declination north or south. These apply to the apparent revolutions of the planets and fixed stars as well.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The spoked wheels of a covered wagon

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The spoked wheels of a covered wagon

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: spoked wheels of a covered wagon.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: apparent revolutions of the planets and fixed stars as well.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: spoked wheels of a covered wagon.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: These apply to the apparent revolutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: lines drawn from the sun's path.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: spoked wheels of a covered wagon.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: conical motion of the sun

text: Despite the widespread publication of Copernicus' work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, during Bruno's time most educated Catholics subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe, and that all heavenly bodies revolved around it. The ultimate limit of the universe was the primum mobile, whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a transcendental God, not part of the universe (although, as the kingdom of heaven, adjacent to it), a motionless prime mover and first cause. The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile earth at the center of the sphere. Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48 constellations. The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere.

text: Despite the widespread publication of Copernicus' work

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: , during Bruno's time most educated Catholics subscribed to the Aristotelian

text: geocentric

text: view that the earth was the

text: center of the universe

text: , and that all heavenly bodies revolved around it. The ultimate limit of the universe was the primum mobile, whose diurnal rotation was conferred upon it by a

text: transcendental

text: God

text: , not part of the universe (although, as the

text: kingdom of heaven

text: adjacent to it

text: ), a motionless

text: prime mover

text: and

text: first cause

text: . The fixed stars were part of this celestial sphere, all at the same fixed distance from the immobile earth at the center of the sphere.

text: Ptolemy

text: had numbered these at 1,022, grouped into 48

text: constellation

text: s. The

text: planet

text: s were each fixed to a transparent sphere.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: a motionless prime mover and first cause

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The earth was the center of the universe, and that all heavenly bodies revolved around it

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy had numbered these at 1,022,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planets were each fixed to a transparent sphere.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The fixed stars

text: In the 10th century, the Brethren of Purity published the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity, in which a heliocentric view of the universe is expressed in a section on cosmology:

text: In the 10th century, the

text: Brethren of Purity

text: published the

text: Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

text: , in which a

text: heliocentric

text: view of the universe is expressed in a section on cosmology:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a heliocentric view of the universe is expressed in a section on cosmology:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric view of the universe

text: Only the first planet is known transit the star; this means that the planet's orbit appear to cross in front of their star as viewed from the Earth's perspective. Its inclination relative to Earth's line of sight, or how far above or below the plane of sight it is, vary by less than one degree. This allows direct measurements of the planet's periods and relative diameters (compared to the host star) by monitoring the planet's transit of the star.

text: Only the first planet is known

text: transit

text: the star; this means that the planet's orbit appear to cross in front of their star as viewed from the Earth's perspective. Its

text: inclination

text: relative to Earth's line of sight, or how far above or below the plane of sight it is, vary by less than one degree. This allows direct measurements of the planet's periods and relative diameters (compared to the host star) by monitoring the planet's transit of the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The first planet is known transit the star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star;

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Only the first planet is known transit the star;

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planet's orbit appear to cross in front of their star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Its inclination

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Only the first planet is known transit the star;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit appear to cross in front of their star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Only the first planet is known transit the star;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: cross in front of their star as viewed from the Earth's perspective.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet is known transit the star;

text: Kepler-47c orbits around its parent stars every 303 days at a distance of 0.99 AU from its stars (nearly the same distance that Earth orbits from the Sun, which is about 1 AU). The planet receives about 87.3% of the amount of sunlight that Earth does.

text: Kepler-47c orbits around its parent stars every 303 days at a distance of 0.99

text: AU

text: from its stars (nearly the same distance that Earth orbits from the Sun, which is about 1 AU). The planet receives about 87.3% of the amount of

text: sunlight

text: that Earth does.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbits around its parent stars every 303 days

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-47c

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (nearly the same distance that Earth orbits from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 0.99 AU from its stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 87.3% of the amount of sunlight

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 0.99 AU from its stars

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.99 AU from its stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1 AU).

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-47c

text: On 14 December 2009, scientists announced the discovery at least one planet orbiting around HD 1461. The planet, a super-Earth with a 5.8-day orbit was designated HD 1461 b. The data also contained evidence for additional planets with orbital periods of around 400 and 5000 days but the star showed small variations with similar periods, casting doubt on the interpretation of these signals as being caused by orbiting planets.

text: On 14 December 2009, scientists announced the discovery at least one

text: planet

text: orbiting around HD 1461. The planet, a super-Earth with a 5.8-day orbit was designated

text: HD 1461 b

text: . The data also contained evidence for additional planets with orbital periods of around 400 and 5000 days but the star showed small variations with similar periods, casting doubt on the interpretation of these signals as being caused by orbiting planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 1461 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: On 14 December 2009,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the star showed small variations with similar periods,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the star showed small variations with similar periods,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: scientists announced the discovery at least one planet orbiting around HD 1461.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital periods of around 400 and 5000 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 400 and 5000 days

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the star showed small variations with similar periods,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 1461.

text: For example, most everyday experience suggests that the Earth is flat; actually, this view turns out to be a remarkably good approximation to the true state of affairs, which is that the Earth is a very big (relative to the day-to-day scale familiar to humans) oblate spheroid.Furthermore, prior to the Copernican revolution, heliocentrism, the belief that the Earth goes around the Sun, rather than vice versa, was considered to be contrary to common sense.

text: For example, most everyday experience suggests that the

text: Earth is flat

text: ; actually, this view turns out to be a remarkably good approximation to the true state of affairs, which is that the Earth is a very big (relative to the day-to-day scale familiar to humans)

text: oblate spheroid

text: .Furthermore, prior to the

text: Copernican revolution

text: heliocentrism

text: , the belief that the Earth goes around the Sun, rather than vice versa, was considered to be contrary to common sense.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: oblate spheroid

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: oblate spheroid.Furthermore,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth goes around the Sun, rather than vice versa,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: oblate spheroid.Furthermore,

text: The song is an upbeat, folk influenced song, a radical stylistic departure for the B-52's.  Featuring Kate Pierson on lead vocals, "Revolution Earth" remains a fan favourite despite the fact that it is from an album featuring only three of the original five members of the band.  With founding member Cindy Wilson absent from the recording, Pierson sings in harmony with herself - multi-tracking different vocal lines.  Fred Schneider sings a brief backing vocal.  As with many of the tracks from the Good Stuff album, "Revolution Earth" has a long and resounding intro and outro, as opposed to the band's earlier songs which always had a definite beginning and ending.

text: The song is an upbeat, folk influenced song, a radical stylistic departure for the B-52's.  Featuring

text: Kate Pierson

text: on lead vocals, "Revolution Earth" remains a fan favourite despite the fact that it is from an album featuring only three of the original five members of the band.  With founding member

text: Cindy Wilson

text: absent from the recording, Pierson sings in harmony with herself - multi-tracking different vocal lines.

text: Fred Schneider

text: sings a brief backing vocal.  As with many of the tracks from the Good Stuff album, "Revolution Earth" has a long and resounding intro and outro, as opposed to the band's earlier songs which always had a definite beginning and ending.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: B-52's.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "Revolution Earth"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Revolution Earth"

text: Adherence to the Geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations. First of all, if the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax. In short, if the Earth was moving, the shapes of the constellations should change considerably over the course of a year.  If they did not appear to move, the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived, making their motion undetectable, or in reality they are not moving at all.  Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated (making movement extremely subtle), stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century. Therefore, the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations. The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-Geocentric theory. Another observation used in favor of the Geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus' luminosity, which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth, which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism. In reality, that is because the loss of light caused by Venus' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth. Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth.  Further barring the opportunity to fall closer the center, terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object, or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture.

text: Adherence to the Geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations. First of all, if the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to

text: stellar parallax

text: . In short, if the Earth was moving, the shapes of the

text: constellation

text: s should change considerably over the course of a year.  If they did not appear to move, the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived, making their motion undetectable, or in reality they are not moving at all.  Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated (making movement extremely subtle),

text: stellar parallax

text: was not detected

text: until the 19th century

text: . Therefore, the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations. The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-Geocentric theory. Another observation used in favor of the Geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus' luminosity, which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth, which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism. In reality, that is because the loss of light caused by Venus' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth. Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth.  Further barring the opportunity to fall closer the center, terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object, or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: because the stars were actually much farther away than Greek astronomers postulated

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-Geocentric theory.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: making their motion undetectable,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stellar parallax.

text: An eccentric Jupiter is a Jovian planet that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit. Eccentric Jupiters may probably disqualify a planetary system from having Earth-like planets in it because a massive gas giant with an eccentric orbit may remove all Earth mass planets from the habitable zone.

text: An eccentric Jupiter is a

text: Jovian planet

text: that orbits its

text: star

text: in an

text: eccentric

text: orbit. Eccentric Jupiters may probably disqualify a

text: planetary system

text: from having

text: Earth-like planets

text: in it because a massive

text: gas giant

text: with an eccentric orbit may remove all

text: Earth

text: mass planets from the

text: habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter is a Jovian planet that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: An eccentric Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits its star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: eccentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

text: For a Counter-Earth orbiting the same path as Earth to always stay 180 degrees from Earth, the two planets would have to have circular orbits, but Earth's orbit is elliptical.    According to Kepler's second law, a planet revolves faster when it is close to the star, so a Counter-Earth following the Earth on the same orbit with half a year of delay would sometimes not be exactly 180 degrees from Earth. To remain hidden from Earth, the Counter-Earth would require an orbit symmetrical to Earth's, not sharing the second focus or orbit path.

text: For a Counter-Earth orbiting the same path as Earth to always stay 180 degrees from Earth, the two planets would have to have circular orbits, but Earth's orbit is

text: elliptical

text: .    According to

text: Kepler's second law

text: , a planet revolves faster when it is close to the star, so a Counter-Earth following the Earth on the same orbit with half a year of delay would sometimes not be exactly 180 degrees from Earth. To remain hidden from Earth, the Counter-Earth would require an orbit symmetrical to Earth's, not sharing the second focus or orbit path.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: a planet revolves faster when it is close to the star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a planet revolves faster when it is close to the star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 180 degrees from Earth,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler's second law,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's second law,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: elliptical.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Counter-Earth

text: Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry. The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees, relative to the plane of Earth's solar system orbit around the Sun. As the Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude angle difference, and the hemisphere-specific difference between summer and winter.

text: Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry. The

text: Earth's axis of rotation

text: tilts about 23.5 degrees, relative to the plane of Earth's

text: solar system

text: orbit

text: around the

text: Sun

text: . As the Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude angle difference, and the

text: hemisphere

text: -specific difference between summer and winter.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geometry.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: As the Earth orbits the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geometry.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's solar system orbit around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun paths

text: Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture." Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. While under house arrest, he wrote one of his best-known works, Two New Sciences, in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.

text: Galileo's championing of

text: heliocentrism

text: and

text: Copernicanism

text: was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either

text: geocentrism

text: or the

text: Tychonic system

text: . He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed

text: stellar parallax

text: . The matter was investigated by the

text: Roman Inquisition

text: in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture." Galileo later defended his views in

entity_name: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

text: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

text: , which appeared to attack Pope

text: Urban VIII

text: and thus alienated him and the

text: Jesuits

text: , who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. While under house arrest, he wrote one of his best-known works,

text: Two New Sciences

text: , in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called

text: kinematics

text: and

text: strength of materials

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Tychonic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stellar parallax.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stellar parallax.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tychonic system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Tychonic system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism and Copernicanism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stellar parallax.

text: Qushji's work was an important step away from Aristotelian physics and towards an independent astronomical physics. This is considered to be a "conceptual revolution" that had no precedent in European astronomy prior to the Copernican Revolution in the 16th century. Qushji's view on the Earth's motion was similar to the later views of Nicolaus Copernicus on this issue, though it is uncertain whether the former had any influence on the latter. However, it is likely that they both may have arrived at similar conclusions due to using the earlier work of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi as a basis. This is more of a possibility considering "the remarkable coincidence between a passage in De revolutionibus (I.8) and one in Ṭūsī’s Tadhkira (II.1[6]) in which Copernicus follows Ṭūsī’s objection to Ptolemy’s "proofs" of the Earth’s immobility."

text: Qushji's work was an important step away from Aristotelian physics and towards an independent

text: astronomical physics

text: . This is considered to be a "conceptual revolution" that had no precedent in European astronomy prior to the

text: Copernican Revolution

text: in the 16th century. Qushji's view on the Earth's motion was similar to the later views of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: on this issue, though it is uncertain whether the former had any influence on the latter. However, it is likely that they both may have arrived at similar conclusions due to using the earlier work of

text: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

text: as a basis. This is more of a possibility considering "the remarkable coincidence between a passage in De revolutionibus (I.8) and one in Ṭūsī’s Tadhkira (II.1[6]) in which Copernicus follows Ṭūsī’s objection to Ptolemy’s "proofs" of the Earth’s immobility."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: It is uncertain whether the former had any influence on the latter

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Qushji's view on the Earth's motion

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Qushji's view on the Earth's motion was similar to the later views of Nicolaus Copernicus on this issue

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Qushji's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: immobility."

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth’s immobility."

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernican Revolution

text: Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.

text: Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eight spheres

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The known planets revolved about the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eight spheres.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The known planets revolved about the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The known planets

text: Although traditional usage implies moons orbit a planet, the discovery of planet-sized satellites around brown dwarfs blurs the distinction between planets and moons, due to the low mass of such failed stars. To resolve this confusion, the International Astronomical Union declared, "Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium, that orbit stars or stellar remnants, are planets."

text: Although traditional usage implies

text: moons

text: orbit a

text: planet

text: , the discovery of planet-sized satellites around

text: brown dwarf

text: s blurs the distinction between planets and moons, due to the low mass of such failed

text: star

text: s. To resolve this confusion, the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: declared, "Objects with

text: true mass

text: es below the limiting mass for

text: thermonuclear fusion

text: of

text: deuterium

text: , that orbit stars or stellar remnants, are planets."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: moons orbit a planet

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Astronomical Union

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit stars or stellar remnants, are planets."

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets."

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: International Astronomical Union

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Objects with true masses below the limiting mass

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: stars or stellar remnants, are planets."

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: stars or stellar remnants, are planets."

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet-sized satellites around brown dwarfs

text: The Geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in Pre-Socratic philosophy. In the 6th century BC, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with the Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding the Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time, the Pythagoreans thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.

text: The Geocentric model entered

text: Greek astronomy

text: and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in

text: Pre-Socratic philosophy

text: . In the 6th century BC,

text: Anaximander

text: proposed a cosmology with the Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding the Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time, the

text: Pythagoreans

text: thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Anaximander

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pythagoreans

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: holes in invisible wheels surrounding the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: concealed fire.

text: Alternatively, his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

text: Alternatively, his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of

text: tide

text: s, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the

text: Moon

text: and by the revolution of the

text: Earth

text: around the

text: Earth

text: Moon

text: 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: may have involved the phenomenon of tides

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alternatively, his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-Moon

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolution of the Earth around the Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: tides,

text: Following the arrival of the British East India Company in the 18th century, the Hindu and Islamic traditions were slowly displaced by European astronomy, though there were attempts at harmonising these traditions. The Indian scholar Mir Muhammad Hussain had travelled to England in 1774 to study Western science and, on his return to India in 1777, he wrote a Persian treatise on astronomy. He wrote about the heliocentric model, and argued that there exists an infinite number of universes (awalim), each with their own planets and stars, and that this demonstrates the omnipotence of God, who is not confined to a single universe. Hussain's idea of a universe resembles the modern concept of a galaxy, thus his view corresponds to the modern view that the universe consists of billions of galaxies, each one consisting of billions of stars. The last known Zij treatise was the Zij-i Bahadurkhani, written in 1838 by the Indian astronomer Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri (1760–1862) and printed in 1855, dedicated to Bahadur Khan. The treatise incorporated the heliocentric system into the Zij tradition.

text: Following the arrival of the British

text: East India Company

text: in the 18th century, the Hindu and Islamic traditions were slowly displaced by European astronomy, though there were attempts at harmonising these traditions. The Indian scholar

text: Mir Muhammad Hussain

text: had travelled to England in 1774 to study Western science and, on his return to India in 1777, he wrote a Persian treatise on astronomy. He wrote about the heliocentric model, and argued that there exists an infinite number of

text: universe

text: s (awalim), each with their own planets and stars, and that this demonstrates the

text: omnipotence

text: of God, who is not confined to a single universe. Hussain's idea of a universe resembles the modern concept of a

text: galaxy

text: , thus his view corresponds to the modern view that the universe consists of billions of galaxies, each one consisting of billions of stars. The last known Zij treatise was the Zij-i Bahadurkhani, written in 1838 by the Indian astronomer

text: Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri

text: (1760–1862) and printed in 1855, dedicated to

text: Bahadur Khan

text: . The treatise incorporated the heliocentric system into the Zij tradition.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mir Muhammad Hussain

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mir Muhammad Hussain

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: God,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars,

text: The Soviet news service TASS noted that by 29 March, Salyut 6 had conducted 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

text: The Soviet news service

text: TASS

text: noted that by 29 March, Salyut 6 had conducted 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: cosmologist

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Salyut 6

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 20,140 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Soviet news service TASS

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 20,140 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 20,140 revolutions

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Salyut 6 had conducted 20,140 revolutions of Earth.

text: The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration. Today, the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. In about 50 billion years, if they survive the Sun's expansion, the Earth and Moon will become tidally locked to each other; each will be caught up in what is called a "spin–orbit resonance" in which the Moon will circle the Earth in about 47 days and both Moon and Earth will rotate around their axes in the same time, each only visible from one hemisphere of the other. Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter (as well as many of Jupiter's smaller moons) and most of the larger moons of Saturn.

text: The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration. Today, the Moon is

text: tidally locked

text: to the Earth; one of its revolutions around the Earth (currently about 29 days) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis, so it always shows one face to the Earth. The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually. In about 50 billion years, if they survive

entity_name: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: the Sun's expansion

text: , the Earth and Moon will become tidally locked to each other; each will be caught up in what is called a "spin–orbit resonance" in which the Moon will circle the Earth in about 47 days and both Moon and Earth will rotate around their axes in the same time, each only visible from one hemisphere of the other. Other examples are the

text: Galilean moons

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: (as well as many of Jupiter's smaller moons) and most of the larger moons of

text: Saturn

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Galilean moons

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: axis,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galilean

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Earth and its Moon

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's spin will continue to slow gradually.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Earth and its Moon

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotations about its axis,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun's expansion,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Earth and its Moon

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Galilean moons of Jupiter

text: The letter compares the ocean's waves to the disturbances in a vase of water, which move for three reasons: the slope of the vase, external forces exerted on the vase-water system, and the possible acceleration of the vase itself. Comparably, the ocean's tides are due to Earth's terrain, wind currents, and circular accelerations. In Galileo's understanding, Earth's rotation and simultaneous orbital revolution dictate that half of the Earth's rotational arc is in concordance with the direction of revolution and the other half is opposed to the direction of revolution. He reasoned that by sometimes matching and sometimes counteracting the motion of orbit, positive and negative acceleration is generated that influences bodies of water to rock back and forth, creating the tides. Though these opposing acceleration cannot be observed, large bodies of water containing points of location far away enough to experience significantly different vectors of acceleration would necessarily contour into waves.

text: The letter compares the ocean's waves to the disturbances in a vase of water, which move for three reasons: the slope of the vase, external forces exerted on the vase-water system, and the possible

text: acceleration

text: of the vase itself. Comparably, the ocean's tides are due to Earth's terrain, wind currents, and circular accelerations. In Galileo's understanding, Earth's

text: rotation

text: and simultaneous

text: orbital revolution

text: dictate that half of the Earth's rotational arc is in concordance with the direction of revolution and the other half is opposed to the direction of revolution. He reasoned that by sometimes matching and sometimes counteracting the motion of orbit, positive and negative acceleration is generated that influences bodies of water to rock back and forth, creating the tides. Though these opposing acceleration cannot be observed, large bodies of water containing points of location far away enough to experience significantly different vectors of acceleration would necessarily contour into waves.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: He reasoned that by sometimes matching and sometimes counteracting the motion of orbit, positive and negative acceleration is generated

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's rotation and simultaneous orbital revolution

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital revolution

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: ocean's waves to the disturbances in a vase of water,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth's rotation and simultaneous orbital revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's rotation and simultaneous orbital revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth's rotation and simultaneous orbital revolution

text: With the advent of the Scientific Revolution, use of the term "planet" changed from something that moved across the sky (in relation to the star field); to a body that orbited Earth (or that were believed to do so at the time); and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler gained sway.

text: With the advent of the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: , use of the term "planet" changed from something that moved across the sky (in relation to the

text: star field

text: ); to a body that orbited Earth (or that were believed to do so at the time); and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the

text: heliocentric model

text: of

text: Copernicus

text: Galileo

text: and

text: Kepler

text: gained sway.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: directly orbited the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "planet"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "planet"

text: According to DC canon, the Quality characters, before the DC revamping event called Crisis on Infinite Earths, existed on two separate realities in the DC Multiverse: Earth-Quality and Earth-X. While Earth-Quality followed much the same history as the main Earths, Earth-X was radically different from most Earths, in that World War II continued there until 1973, enabling the Freedom Fighters to continue their fight against the Nazis. Crisis on Infinite Earths #11 established a new "Post-Crisis" continuity in which the Quality and other DC characters have instead always lived on the single, unified DC Earth.

text: According to DC canon, the Quality characters, before the DC revamping event called

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: , existed on two separate realities in the

text: DC Multiverse

text: : Earth-Quality and Earth-X. While Earth-Quality followed much the same history as the main Earths, Earth-X was radically different from most Earths, in that

text: World War II

text: continued there until 1973, enabling the Freedom Fighters to continue their fight against the Nazis.

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: #11 established a new "Post-Crisis" continuity in which the Quality and other DC characters have instead always lived on the single, unified DC Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: DC Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nazis.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: DC Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: World War II continued there until 1973,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-X was radically different from most Earths,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: World War II continued there until 1973,

text: Philolaus (c. 480–385 BCE) described an astronomical system in which a Central Fire (different from the Sun) occupied the centre of the universe, and a counter-Earth, the Earth, Moon, the Sun itself, planets, and stars all revolved around it, in that order outward from the centre. Heraclides Ponticus (387–312 BCE) proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310 BCE – ca. 230 BCE) was the first to advance a theory that the earth orbited the sun. Further mathematical details of Aristarchus' heliocentric system were worked out around 150 BC by the Hellenistic astronomer Seleucus of Seleucia. Though Aristarchus' original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model.  Archimedes wrote:

text: Philolaus

text: (c. 480–385 BCE) described an astronomical system in which a

text: Central Fire

text: (different from the Sun) occupied the centre of the universe, and a counter-Earth, the Earth, Moon, the Sun itself, planets, and stars all revolved around it, in that order outward from the centre.

text: Heraclides Ponticus

text: (387–312 BCE) proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: (ca. 310 BCE – ca. 230 BCE) was the first to advance a theory that the earth orbited the sun. Further mathematical details of Aristarchus' heliocentric system were worked out around 150 BC by the

text: Hellenistic

text: astronomer

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: . Though Aristarchus' original text has been lost, a reference in

text: Archimedes

text: ' book

text: The Sand Reckoner

text: (Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli) describes a work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model.  Archimedes wrote:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: axis.Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Sand Reckoner

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Sand Reckoner

text: Support for an Earth that was created thousands of years ago declined among the scientists and philosophers from the 18th century onwards with the development of the Age of Enlightenment, the scientific revolution, and new scientific discoveries. In particular, discoveries in geology required an Earth that was much older than thousands of years, and proposals such as Abraham Gottlob Werner's Neptunism attempted to incorporate what was understood from geological investigations into a coherent description of Earth's natural history. James Hutton, now regarded as the father of modern geology, went further and opened up the concept of deep time for scientific inquiry. Rather than accepting that the Earth was deteriorating from a primal state, he maintained that the Earth was infinitely old. Hutton stated that:

text: Support for an Earth that was created thousands of years ago declined among the scientists and philosophers from the 18th century onwards with the development of the

text: Age of Enlightenment

text: , the

text: scientific revolution

text: , and new scientific discoveries. In particular, discoveries in

text: geology

text: required an Earth that was much older than thousands of years, and proposals such as

text: Abraham Gottlob Werner

text: 's

text: Neptunism

text: attempted to incorporate what was understood from geological investigations into a coherent description of Earth's natural history.

text: James Hutton

text: , now regarded as the father of modern geology, went further and opened up the concept of

text: deep time

text: for scientific inquiry. Rather than accepting that the Earth was deteriorating from a primal state, he maintained that the Earth was infinitely old. Hutton stated that:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth was infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Abraham Gottlob Werner's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth was infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Earth was infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth was infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth was infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: infinitely old.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: To an observer in an inertial frame of reference, the planet Earth is seen to rotate about an axis and revolve around the Sun in an elliptical path with the Sun at one focus. The Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the plane of the Earth's orbit and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of stars. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution.

text: To an observer in an

text: inertial frame of reference

text: , the

text: planet Earth is seen to rotate

text: about an

text: axis

text: and

text: revolve

text: around the Sun in an

text: elliptical

text: path with the Sun at one

text: focus

text: . The Earth's axis is

text: tilted

text: with respect to the

text: plane of the Earth's orbit

text: and this axis maintains a position that changes little with respect to the background of

text: star

text: s. An observer on Earth therefore sees a solar path that is the result of both rotation and revolution.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical path

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: revolve around the sun in an elliptical path with the sun at one focus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: inertial frame of reference,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolve around the Sun in an elliptical path

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: this axis maintains a position that changes little

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: inertial frame of reference,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical path

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical path with the Sun at one focus.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: revolve around the Sun in an elliptical path

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: By the end of the 18th century, an ellipsoid of revolution (the termspheroid is also used) was a well-accepted approximation to thefigure of the Earth.  The adjustment of triangulation networksentailed reducing all the measurements to a reference ellipsoid andsolving the resulting two-dimensional problem as an exercise inspheroidal trigonometry .

text: By the end of the 18th century, an ellipsoid of revolution (the term

text: spheroid

text: is also used) was a well-accepted approximation to the

text: figure of the Earth

text: .  The adjustment of

text: triangulation network

text: sentailed reducing all the measurements to a

text: reference ellipsoid

text: andsolving the resulting two-dimensional problem as an exercise inspheroidal trigonometry .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: By the end of the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: an ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: ellipsoid of revolution

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth.

text: In the Christian world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed either to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, or the Tychonic system that blended geocentrism with heliocentrism. Nevertheless, following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo, heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial; Copernicus's work was used by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in 1582.

text: In the Christian world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed either to the Aristotelian

text: geocentric

text: view that the earth was the

text: center of the universe

text: and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, or the

text: Tychonic system

text: that blended geocentrism with

text: heliocentrism

text: . Nevertheless, following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo, heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial; Copernicus's work was used by

text: Pope Gregory XIII

text: to reform the calendar in 1582.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

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answers: no

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answers: no

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answers: Tychonic system

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answers: all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Tychonic system that blended geocentrism with heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heavenly bodies

text: Marcy and his team confirmed Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz's discovery of the first extrasolar planet orbiting a Sun-like star—51 Pegasi b. Two months later, Marcy and his team followed this confirmation with the announcement of the discovery of two additional planets around 47 Ursa Majoris and 70 Virginis. Other achievements include discovering the first multiple planet system around a star similar to our own (Upsilon Andromedae), the first transiting planet around another star, simultaneously with David Charbonneau and Timothy Brown (HD209458b), the first extrasolar planet orbiting beyond 5 AU (55 Cancri d), and the first Neptune-sized planets (Gliese 436b and 55 Cancri e). Marcy was a Co-Investigator of the NASA Kepler mission that discovered over 4000 exoplanets, most being smaller than 4 times the size of Earth.  His team, led by Erik Petigura and Andrew Howard, showed that approximately 20% of Sun-like stars have a planet of 1–2 times the size of Earth and receive incident stellar light within a factor of 4 of the light the Earth receives from the Sun, making them warm planets, many of which accommodate liquid water.

text: Marcy and his team confirmed

text: Michel Mayor

text: and

text: Didier Queloz

text: 's discovery of the first extrasolar planet orbiting a Sun-like star—

text: 51 Pegasi b

text: . Two months later, Marcy and his team followed this confirmation with the announcement of the discovery of two additional planets around 47 Ursa Majoris and 70 Virginis. Other achievements include discovering the first multiple planet system around a star similar to our own (

text: Upsilon Andromedae

text: ), the first

text: transiting

text: planet around another star, simultaneously with

text: David Charbonneau

text: and Timothy Brown (

text: ), the first extrasolar planet orbiting beyond 5

text: AU

text: 55 Cancri d

text: ), and the first Neptune-sized planets (

text: Gliese 436b

text: and

text: 55 Cancri e

text: ). Marcy was a Co-Investigator of the NASA Kepler mission that discovered over 4000 exoplanets, most being smaller than 4 times the size of Earth.  His team, led by Erik Petigura and Andrew Howard, showed that approximately 20% of Sun-like stars have a planet of 1–2 times the size of Earth and receive incident stellar light within a factor of 4 of the light the Earth receives from the Sun, making them warm planets, many of which accommodate liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Michel Mayor

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbiting a Sun-like star

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answers: a Sun-like star

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answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun-like star—51

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: within a factor of 4

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: (Upsilon Andromedae),

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: multiple planet system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: most being smaller than 4 times the size of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-like star—51

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star—51 Pegasi b.

text: Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.

text: Han-era astronomers adopted a

text: geocentric model

text: of the universe, theorizing that it was

text: shaped like a sphere

text: surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by

text: sunlight

text: , that

text: lunar eclipse

text: s occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the

text: water cycle

text: of the

text: evaporation

text: of water into clouds.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Wang Chong

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: a geocentric model of the universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric model of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Wang Chong

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets were spherical and not disc-shaped.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Wang Chong

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: spherical and not disc-shaped.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: evaporation of water into clouds.

text: OGLE-2005-BLG-390L has one known planet, which was discovered using the technique of gravitational microlensing. Indications are that the planet is about five times Earth mass, orbiting at about 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star. The discovery was announced on January 25, 2006. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb is considered one of the smallest known extrasolar planets around a main sequence star, possibly rocky, with a mass around 5.5 times that of the Earth. The orbitalradius (assuming a circular orbit) of the planet is 2.6 AU, however the orbital elements are unknown. Based on its low mass and estimated temperature of around 50 K, the planet is thought to consist mainly of ices, like Pluto or Uranus, rather than being a Jupiter-like gas giant.

text: OGLE-2005-BLG-390L has one known planet, which was discovered using the technique of

text: gravitational microlensing

text: . Indications are that the planet is about five times

text: Earth

text: mass, orbiting at about 2.6

text: astronomical unit

text: s from the parent star. The discovery was announced on January 25, 2006. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb is considered one of the smallest known extrasolar planets around a

text: main sequence

text: star, possibly rocky, with a

text: mass

text: around 5.5 times that of the Earth. The orbitalradius (assuming a circular orbit) of the planet is 2.6

text: AU

text: , however the orbital elements are unknown. Based on its low mass and estimated temperature of around 50

text: K

text: , the planet is thought to consist mainly of ices, like

text: Pluto

text: or

text: Uranus

text: , rather than being a

text: Jupiter

text: -like

text: gas giant

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: main sequence star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: OGLE-2005-BLG-390L

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: gravitational microlensing.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: parent star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: gravitational microlensing.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circular orbit)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 5.5 times that of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2.6 astronomical units from the parent star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: gravitational microlensing.

text: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. The period is noted for the change in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics. The Age of Revolution includes the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, the Greek Revolution, the revolt of the slaves in Latin America, the First Italian War of Independence and the 1848 revolutions in Italy, and the independence movements of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. In a way, it includes the Industrial Revolution. The period would generally weaken the imperialist European states, who would lose major assets throughout the New World. For the British, the loss of the Thirteen Colonies would bring a change in direction for the British Empire, with Asia and the Pacific becoming new targets for expansion.

text: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848 in which a number of significant

text: revolution

text: ary movements occurred in many parts of

text: Europe

text: and the

text: Americas

text: . The period is noted for the change in government from

text: absolutist monarchies

text: to

text: constitutionalist states

text: and

text: republic

text: s. The Age of Revolution includes the

text: American Revolution

text: , the

text: French Revolution

text: , the

text: Haitian Revolution

text: , the

text: Greek Revolution

text: , the revolt of the

text: slave

text: s in

text: Latin America

text: , the

text: First Italian War of Independence

text: and the

entity_name: Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

text: 1848 revolutions in Italy

text: , and the independence movements of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. In a way, it includes the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: . The period would generally weaken the

text: imperialist

text: European states, who would lose major assets throughout the

text: New World

text: . For the

text: British

text: , the loss of the

text: Thirteen Colonies

text: would bring a

entity_section: Rise of the Second British Empire (1783–1815)

text: change in direction

text: for the

text: British Empire

text: , with

text: Asia

text: and the

text: Pacific

text: becoming new targets for expansion.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Age of Revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Age of Revolution

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1774 to 1848

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Age of Revolution

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Age of Revolution

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: absolutist monarchies

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Age of Revolution is the period from approximately 1774 to 1848

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths (1985–1986) was an effort by DC Comics to clean up their continuity, resulting in the multiple universes combining into one. Since then, a handful of characters originating from Earth-Two have consistently remained part of the merged Earth, including Power Girl, Jay Garrick, and Alan Scott. Superman and Lois Lane from Earth-Two (along with Superboy from Earth Prime, and Alexander Luthor, Jr. from Earth-Three) were transported into a ghost-like "paradise dimension" tangential to the new universe.

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: (1985–1986) was an effort by DC Comics to clean up their continuity, resulting in the multiple universes combining into one. Since then, a handful of characters originating from Earth-Two have consistently remained part of the merged Earth, including

text: Power Girl

text: Jay Garrick

text: , and

text: Alan Scott

text: . Superman and Lois Lane from Earth-Two (along with

text: Superboy

text: from

text: Earth Prime

text: , and

text: Alexander Luthor, Jr.

text: from

text: Earth-Three

text: ) were transported into a ghost-like "paradise dimension" tangential to the new universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Alan Scott.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution. During the year the northern and southern hemispheres are inclined toward or away from the sun according to Earth's position in its orbit. The hemisphere inclined toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer, while the other hemisphere receives less sun and is in winter (see solstice).

text: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution. During the year the northern and southern hemispheres are inclined toward or away from the sun according to Earth's position in its orbit. The hemisphere inclined toward the sun receives more sunlight and is in summer, while the other hemisphere receives less sun and is in winter (see

text: solstice

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: seasons

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Seasons

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Seasons

text: The fundamental problems of the calendar are that the astronomical year has neither a whole number of days nor a whole number of lunar months; neither does the lunar month have a whole number of days: in each case there are fractions "left over". (In some physical circumstances the rotations and revolutions of a planet and its satellite(s) can be phase-locked —for example the same side of the moon always faces us— but this has not operated to lock together the lengths of the Earth's year, day and month.) Such remainders could accumulate from one period to the next, thereby driving the cycles out of synch.

text: The fundamental problems of the calendar are that the astronomical year has neither a whole number of days nor a whole number of lunar months; neither does the lunar month have a whole number of days: in each case there are fractions "left over". (In some physical circumstances the rotations and revolutions of a planet and its satellite(s) can be phase-locked —for example the same side of the moon always faces us— but this has not operated to lock together the lengths of the Earth's year, day and month.) Such remainders could accumulate from one period to the next, thereby driving the cycles out of synch.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: in each case there are fractions "left over"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: in each case there are fractions "left over"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: In some physical circumstances the rotations and revolutions of a planet and its satellite(s can be phase-locked

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomical year

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotations and revolutions

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: (In some physical circumstances the rotations and revolutions of a planet

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The fundamental problems of the calendar

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotations and revolutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: in each case there are fractions "left over".

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: fractions "left over".

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomical year

text: The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in geocentric orbit. By far this is the most common type of orbit with approximately 2,465 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude, inclination and eccentricity.

text: The first satellite,

text: Sputnik 1

text: , was put into orbit around Earth and was therefore in

text: geocentric orbit

text: . By far this is the most common type of orbit with approximately 2,465 artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. Geocentric orbits may be further classified by their altitude,

text: inclination

text: and

text: eccentricity

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sputnik 1

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sputnik 1,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: geocentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric orbit.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sputnik 1,

text: The sole goal of geocentrism is to globally unite both headquarters and subsidiaries. The firms subsidiaries are thus neither satellites nor independent city states, but parts of a whole whose focus is on worldwide objectives as well as local objectives, each part making its unique contribution with its unique competence. Furthermore, geocentrism boils down to product differentiation, diversifying functions in the sense that different markets require dissimilar behavior, and lastly geographic location. Out of all aspects of a business there are two that are predominantly geocentric – research and development and marketing. As stated previously this is because different markets, regions, and countries require distinctive ways of approaching them.  For example, the standards in which the home country operates are going to be much different from how the host country operates.  What is accepted as a permissible way of treating employees in the United States, the home country, may not be acceptable to Chinese employees, in the host country.  In addition, consumer tastes vary greatly from home country to host country, and going even further these tastes will continue to change from host country to host country proving that for R&D to be effective it must be world-oriented.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geographic location.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The sole goal of geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: geographic location.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The sole goal of geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: satellites nor independent city states,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: satellites nor independent city states,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: satellites nor independent city states,

text: It is known that small planets (of roughly Earth-like mass or somewhat larger) are more common than giant planets. It also appears that there are more planets in large orbits than in small orbits. Based on this, it is estimated that perhaps 20% of Sun-like stars have at least one giant planet, whereas at least 40% may have planets of lower mass.A 2012 study of gravitational microlensing data collected between 2002 and 2007 concludes the proportion of stars with planets is much higher and estimates an average of 1.6 planets orbiting between 0.5–10 AU per star in the Milky Way. The authors of this study conclude that "stars are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than the exception".

text: It is known that small planets (of roughly Earth-like mass or somewhat larger) are more common than giant planets. It also appears that there are more planets in large orbits than in small orbits. Based on this, it is estimated that perhaps 20% of Sun-like stars have at least one giant planet, whereas at least 40% may have planets of lower mass.A 2012 study of

text: gravitational microlensing

text: data collected between 2002 and 2007 concludes the proportion of stars with planets is much higher and estimates an average of 1.6 planets orbiting between 0.5–10 AU per star in the

text: Milky Way

text: . The authors of this study conclude that "stars are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than the exception".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational microlensing data collected between 2002–2007

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 20% of Sun-like stars have at least one giant planet

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun-like stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth-like mass or somewhat larger) are more common than giant planets.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: as a rule, rather than the exception".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun-like stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: there are more planets in large orbits than in small orbits.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits than in small orbits.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-like mass or somewhat larger) are more common than giant planets.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 0.5–10 AU per star in the Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: giant planets.

text: Johannes Gutenberg is credited as the first European to use movable type printing, around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical printing press. Nicolaus Copernicus formulated a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology (1543), which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. His book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) began modern astronomy and sparked the Scientific Revolution. Another notable individual was Machiavelli, an Italian political philosopher, considered a founder of modern political science. Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, The Prince, a work of realist political theory.

text: Johannes Gutenberg

text: is credited as the first European to use

text: movable type

text: printing

text: , around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical

text: printing press

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: formulated a comprehensive

text: heliocentric

text: cosmology

text: (1543), which displaced the

text: Earth

text: from the center of the universe. His book,

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) began modern

text: astronomy

text: and sparked the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: . Another notable individual was

text: Machiavelli

text: , an Italian political philosopher, considered a founder of modern

text: political science

text: . Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise,

text: The Prince

text: , a work of

text: realist

text: political theory

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric cosmology (1543), which displaced the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Machiavelli,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

text: ); thus, the orbital parameters of the planets are given in heliocentric terms. The difference between the primocentric and "absolute" orbits may best be illustrated by looking at the Earth–Moon system. The mass ratio in this case is . The Earth–Moon characteristic distance, the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit, is 384,400 km. The barycentric lunar orbit, on the other hand, has a semi-major axis of 379,700 km, the Earth's counter-orbit taking up the difference, 4,700 km. The Moon's average barycentric orbital speed is 1.010 km/s, whilst the Earth's is 0.012 km/s. The total of these speeds gives a geocentric lunar average orbital speed of 1.022 km/s; the same value may be obtained by considering just the geocentric semi-major axis value.

text: ); thus, the orbital parameters of the planets are given in heliocentric terms. The difference between the primocentric and "absolute" orbits may best be illustrated by looking at the Earth–Moon system. The mass ratio in this case is . The Earth–Moon characteristic distance, the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit, is 384,400 km. The barycentric lunar orbit, on the other hand, has a semi-major axis of 379,700 km, the Earth's counter-orbit taking up the difference, 4,700 km. The Moon's average barycentric orbital speed is 1.010 km/s, whilst the Earth's is 0.012 km/s. The total of these speeds gives a geocentric lunar average orbital speed of 1.022 km/s; the same value may be obtained by considering just the geocentric semi-major axis value.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The difference between the primocentric and "absolute" orbits may best be illustrated

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric terms.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric terms.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth–Moon

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The difference between the primocentric and "absolute" orbits

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth–Moon system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric terms.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric terms.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric terms.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth–Moon system.

text: The Aristotelian explanation of gravity is that all bodies move toward their natural place. For the elements earth and water, that place is the center of the (geocentric) universe; the natural place of water is a concentric shell around the earth because earth is heavier; it sinks in water. The natural place of air is likewise a concentric shell surrounding that of water; bubbles rise in water. Finally, the natural place of fire is higher than that of air but below the innermost celestial sphere (carrying the Moon).

text: The Aristotelian explanation of gravity is that all bodies move toward their natural place. For the elements earth and water, that place is the center of the (

text: geocentric

text: ) universe; the natural place of water is a concentric shell around the earth because earth is heavier; it sinks in water. The natural place of air is likewise a concentric shell surrounding that of water; bubbles rise in water. Finally, the natural place of fire is higher than that of air but below the innermost celestial sphere (carrying the Moon).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth and water

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the (geocentric) universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For the elements earth and water, that place is the center of the (geocentric) universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth and water,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: all bodies move toward their natural place.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth and water,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Aristotelian explanation of gravity

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: (geocentric) universe;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (geocentric) universe;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Moon).

text: Professor Mehdi Mohaghegh became the president of the college after the victory of the Revolution in February 1979. He was from Tehran University and one of the Professors of Persian Literature in the college. His presidency was short as with the formation of the Cultural Revolution in 1980, Damavand was amalgamated into what is now Allameh Tabatabai University and its existence came to an end.

text: Professor

text: Mehdi Mohaghegh

text: became the president of the college after the victory of the

text: Revolution

text: in February 1979. He was from Tehran University and one of the Professors of

text: Persian Literature

text: in the college. His presidency was short as with the formation of the

text: Cultural Revolution

text: in 1980, Damavand was amalgamated into what is now

text: Allameh Tabatabai University

text: and its existence came to an end.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Professor Mehdi Mohaghegh

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Professor Mehdi Mohaghegh

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Tehran University

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cultural Revolution in 1980,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1979.

text: A substantial portion of the New Almagest (Book 9, consisting of 343 pages) is devoted to an analysis of the world system question: Is the universe geocentric or heliocentric? Does the Earth move or is it immobile? The historian of science Edward Grant has described Book 9 as being the "probably the lengthiest, most penetrating, and authoritative" analysis of this question made by "any author of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries", in his opinion apparently superseding even Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems — Ptolemaic and Copernican. Indeed, one writer has recently described Book 9 as "the book Galileo was supposed to write". Within Book 9 Riccioli discusses 126 arguments concerning Earth's motion—49 for and 77 against. To Riccioli the question was not between the geocentric world system of Ptolemy and the heliocentric world system of Copernicus, for the telescope had unseated the Ptolemaic system; it was between the geo-heliocentric world system developed by Tycho Brahe in the 1570s (in which the sun, moon, and stars circle an immobile Earth, while the planets circle the sun – sometimes called a "geo-heliocentric" or "hybrid" system) and that of Copernicus. As the frontispiece of the New Almagest illustrates (see figure at right), Riccioli favoured a modified version of Tycho Brahe's system; here is how he described the system that "came to [his] mind" when he was in Parma : "it shares everything with the Tychonian system, except the orbits of Saturn and Jupiter; for [me] their center was not the Sun, but Earth itself".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planets circle the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars circle an immobile Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the telescope had unseated the Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Tycho Brahe in the 1570s

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Riccioli

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planets circle the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets circle the sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric world system of Copernicus,

text: Not all deformations originate within the Earth. The gravity of the Moon and Sun cause the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12-hour period (see Earth tide).

text: Not all deformations originate within the Earth. The gravity of the Moon and Sun cause the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12-hour period (see

text: Earth tide

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth tide

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Not all deformations originate within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The gravity of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The gravity of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Not all deformations originate within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The gravity of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The gravity of the Moon and Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Not all deformations originate within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth tide).

text: Objects orbiting a star are often called a planet below 13 Jupiter masses and brown dwarf above that. Companions at that planet-brown dwarf borderline have been called Super-Jupiters, such around the star Kappa Andromedae. Nevertheless, objects as small as 8 Jupiter masses have been called a brown dwarf.

text: Objects orbiting a star are often called a planet below 13

text: Jupiter mass

text: es and brown dwarf above that. Companions at that planet-brown dwarf borderline have been called

text: Super-Jupiter

text: s, such around the star

text: Kappa Andromedae

text: . Nevertheless, objects as small as 8 Jupiter masses have been called a brown dwarf.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jupiter masses have been called a brown dwarf

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kappa Andromedae.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Objects orbiting a star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet below 13 Jupiter masses

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Objects orbiting a star

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Objects orbiting a star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a planet below 13 Jupiter masses

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 13 Jupiter masses

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Objects orbiting a star

text: Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and Catholic clergyman who was the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: was a Renaissance astronomer and Catholic clergyman who was the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

text: Linkin Park embarked on a large world tour titled "Minutes to Midnight World Tour". The band promoted the album's release by forming their fourth Projekt Revolution tour in the United States which included many musical acts like My Chemical Romance, Taking Back Sunday, HIM, Placebo, and many others. They also played numerous shows in Europe, Asia, and Australia which included a performance at Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007. and headlining Download Festival in Donington Park, England and Edgefest in Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada. The band completed touring on its fourth Projekt Revolution tour before taking up an Arena tour around the United Kingdom, visiting Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, before finishing on a double night at the O2 arena in London. Bennington stated that Linkin Park plans to release a follow-up album to Minutes to Midnight. However, he stated the band will first embark on a United States tour to gather inspiration for the album. Linkin Park embarked on another Projekt Revolution tour in 2008. This was the first time a Projekt Revolution tour was held in Europe with three shows in Germany and one in the United Kingdom. A Projekt Revolution tour was also held in the United States which featured Chris Cornell, The Bravery, Ashes Divide, Street Drum Corps and many others. Linkin Park finished the tour with a final show in Texas. Mike Shinoda announced a live CD/DVD titled Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes, which is a live video recording from the Projekt Revolution gig at the Milton Keynes Bowl on June 29, 2008, which was officially released on November 24, 2008.

text: Linkin Park embarked on a large world tour titled "Minutes to Midnight World Tour". The band promoted the album's release by forming their fourth Projekt Revolution tour in the United States which included many musical acts like

text: My Chemical Romance

text: Taking Back Sunday

text: HIM

text: Placebo

text: , and many others. They also played numerous shows in Europe, Asia, and Australia which included a performance at

text: Live Earth Japan

text: on July 7, 2007. and headlining

text: Download Festival

text: in Donington Park, England and

text: Edgefest

text: in

text: Downsview Park

text: , Toronto, Canada. The band completed touring on its fourth

text: Projekt Revolution

text: tour before taking up an Arena tour around the United Kingdom, visiting

text: Nottingham

text: Sheffield

text: and

text: Manchester

text: , before finishing on a double night at

text: the O2 arena

text: in London. Bennington stated that Linkin Park plans to release a follow-up album to Minutes to Midnight. However, he stated the band will first embark on a United States tour to gather inspiration for the album. Linkin Park embarked on another Projekt Revolution tour in 2008. This was the first time a Projekt Revolution tour was held in Europe with three shows in Germany and one in the United Kingdom. A Projekt Revolution tour was also held in the United States which featured

text: Chris Cornell

text: The Bravery

text: Ashes Divide

text: Street Drum Corps

text: and many others. Linkin Park finished the tour with a final show in Texas. Mike Shinoda announced a live CD/DVD titled

entity_name: Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes

text: Road to Revolution: Live at Milton Keynes

text: , which is a live video recording from the Projekt Revolution gig at the

text: Milton Keynes Bowl

text: on June 29, 2008, which was officially released on November 24, 2008.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Milton Keynes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Linkin Park

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Milton Keynes,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Linkin Park

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Projekt Revolution tour in the United States

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Milton Keynes,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth Japan

text: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71, including covers of The Temptations' "(I Know) I'm Losing You" (which was used in the documentary video It's Time) and "Get Ready". Each was more successful than The Temptations original, with "Get Ready" being their biggest hit, peaking at #4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. This disc sold over one million copies and received a gold record awarded by the Recording Industry Association of America.The group gained a bit of notoriety when it was mentioned dismissively in Gil Scott-Heron's 1970 poem, "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", which included the line, "The theme song [to the revolution] will not be written by Jim Webb, Francis Scott Key, nor sung by Glen Campbell, Tom Jones, Johnny Cash, Engelbert Humperdinck, or the Rare Earth."

text: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71, including covers of

text: The Temptations

text: (I Know) I'm Losing You

text: " (which was used in the documentary video

text: It's Time

text: ) and "

text: Get Ready

text: ". Each was more successful than The Temptations original, with "Get Ready" being their biggest hit, peaking at #4 on the US

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: chart

text: . This

text: disc

text: sold over one million copies and received a

text: gold record

text: awarded by the

entity_name: Recording Industry Association of America

text: Recording Industry Association of America

text: .The group gained a bit of notoriety when it was mentioned dismissively in

text: Gil Scott-Heron

text: 's 1970

text: poem

text: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised

text: ", which included the line, "The theme song [to the revolution] will not be written by

text: Jim Webb

text: Francis Scott Key

text: , nor sung by

text: Glen Campbell

text: Tom Jones

text: Johnny Cash

text: Engelbert Humperdinck

text: , or the Rare Earth."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Francis Scott Key

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Rare Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Francis Scott Key,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Rare Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1970 poem, "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised",

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Rare Earth had a number of Top 40 hits in 1970–71,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised",

text: Kepler-32 is an M1V dwarf-type star located 1301.1 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft, it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity.  It initially was known to have at least 2 planets orbiting around it, the smaller Kepler-32b, orbiting its parent star every 5.90124 days, and Kepler-32c with an orbital period of 8.7522 days. In April 2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined.

text: Kepler-32 is an M1V

text: dwarf

text: -type star located 1301.1

text: light years

text: from Earth, in the

text: constellation of Cygnus

text: . Discovered in January 2012 by the

text: Kepler spacecraft

text: , it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05

text: solar mass

text: (), a 0.53 ± 0.04

text: solar radius

text: (), and temperature of 3900.0

text: K

text: , making it half the mass and radius of the

text: Sun

text: , two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity.  It initially was known to have at least 2 planets orbiting around it, the smaller

text: , orbiting its parent star every 5.90124 days, and

text: with an orbital period of 8.7522 days. In April 2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-32

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: half the mass and radius of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-32

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting its parent star every 5.90124 days,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 5.90124 days,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Kepler-32

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: half the mass and radius of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: half the mass and radius of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-32

text: From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism's prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo's discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.

text: From September 1610, Galileo observed that

text: Venus

text: exhibited a full set of

text: phases

text: similar to that of the

text: Moon

text: . The

text: heliocentric model

text: of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the

text: Sun

text: would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun. On the other hand, in

text: Ptolemy's geocentric model

text: it was impossible for any of the planets' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun. Traditionally the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. It was, however, also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases. After Galileo's telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus, therefore, this Ptolemaic model became untenable. Thus in the early 17th century as a result of his discovery the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo-heliocentric planetary models, such as the Tychonic, Capellan and Extended Capellan models, each either with or without a daily rotating Earth. These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the 'refutation' of full heliocentrism's prediction of stellar parallax. Galileo's discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two-stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo-heliocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: on the other hand, in Ptolemy's geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus exhibited a full set of phases

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stellar parallax.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stellar parallax.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic model became untenable.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geo-heliocentric planetary models,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The heliocentric model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: phases of Venus

text: Those asteroids with very high eccentricities will only reach their maximum magnitude on unusual occasions when their perihelion is very close to a heliocentric conjunction with Earth, or (in the case of 99942 Apophis) when the asteroid passes very close to Earth.

text: Those asteroids with very high eccentricities will only reach their maximum magnitude on unusual occasions when their perihelion is very close to a heliocentric conjunction with Earth, or (in the case of

text: 99942 Apophis

text: ) when the asteroid passes very close to Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 99942 Apophis

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: asteroids

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 99942 Apophis)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric conjunction with Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Those asteroids with very high eccentricities

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Those asteroids with very high eccentricities

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric conjunction with Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric conjunction with Earth,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 99942 Apophis)

text: Despite earlier more literal ideas, the Ptolemaic view of a geocentric universe was fully adopted by the Church, adding an immovable heavenly sphere above the stars and hell below the earth. In the sixteenth century, Copernicus challenged this view but his book was not published until after his death, when it was given a preface suggesting that it was simply a hypothesis. When Galileo used his telescope to show other reasons for rejecting the Ptolemaic view he faced opposition from both Catholics and Protestants. He was forced to renounce his sun-centred view, which was not formally accepted by the Catholic church before the nineteenth century. In England attacks continued into the eighteenth.

text: Despite earlier more literal ideas, the

text: Ptolemaic view

text: of a

text: geocentric

text: universe was fully adopted by the Church, adding an immovable

text: heavenly sphere

text: above the stars and hell below the earth. In the sixteenth century,

text: Copernicus

text: challenged this view but his book was not published until after his death, when it was given a preface suggesting that it was simply a hypothesis. When

text: Galileo

text: used his telescope to show other reasons for rejecting the Ptolemaic view he faced opposition from both

text: Catholic

text: s and

text: Protestant

text: s. He was forced to renounce his sun-centred view, which was not formally accepted by the Catholic church before the nineteenth century. In England attacks continued into the eighteenth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: immovable heavenly sphere above the stars and hell below the earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: He was forced to renounce his sun-centred view

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun-centred

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: immovable heavenly sphere

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun-centred

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: immovable heavenly sphere above the stars and hell below the earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: sun-centred view,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun-centred

text: In 1543, the Geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The Geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the Geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture.  The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits.  This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion).

text: In 1543, the Geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of

text: Copernicus

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The Geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the Geocentric system, and it posed problems for both

text: natural philosophy

text: and scripture.  The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits.  This was not altered until

text: Johannes Kepler

text: postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's

text: first law of planetary motion

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: postulated that they were elliptical

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun.

text: In the score Azarova graphically and musically shows Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

text: In the score Azarova graphically and musically shows Copernicus’s

text: heliocentric

text: cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus’s

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus’s heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

text: One possible inference is that the author visualized the universe as the hollow of a sphere, in which the inversion of the sun caused night at one end and day at the diametrically opposite end. However, at the same time, the verse also states that the sun does not actually set or rise. According to Subhash Kak, this implies that according to the author of the verse, the sun does not move and it is the earth that moves, suggesting heliocentrism and rotation of a spherical Earth. According to Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta, this verse implies that the author "clearly understood that days and nights were local rather than a global phenomenon". Das Gupta adds that the text's interest in the sun's position appears to be "purely ritualistic", and the verse cannot be conclusively taken as an evidence of the author's recognition of the earth as a sphere. According to K. C. Chattopadhyaya, the verse simply implies that the sun has two sides: one bright and the other dark.

text: One possible inference is that the author visualized the universe as the hollow of a sphere, in which the inversion of the sun caused night at one end and day at the diametrically opposite end. However, at the same time, the verse also states that the sun does not actually set or rise. According to

text: Subhash Kak

text: , this implies that according to the author of the verse, the sun does not move and it is the earth that moves, suggesting

text: heliocentrism

text: and

text: rotation

text: of a

text: spherical Earth

text: . According to Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta, this verse implies that the author "clearly understood that days and nights were local rather than a global phenomenon". Das Gupta adds that the text's interest in the sun's position appears to be "purely ritualistic", and the verse cannot be conclusively taken as an evidence of the author's recognition of the earth as a sphere. According to K. C. Chattopadhyaya, the verse simply implies that the sun has two sides: one bright and the other dark.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the hollow of a sphere

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the sun does not move

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the sun does not move

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: night at one end and day at the diametrically opposite end.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the hollow of a sphere,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism and rotation of a spherical Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun

text: Kepler-62f (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-701.04) is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-62, the outermost of five such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft.  It is located about 1,200 light-years (370 parsecs, or nearly  km) from Earth in the constellation of Lyra.  The exoplanet was found by using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-62f may be a terrestrial or ocean-covered planet; it lies within the outer part of its host star's habitable zone.

text: Kepler-62f (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-701.04) is a

text: super-Earth

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting within the

text: habitable zone

text: of the star

text: , the outermost of five such planets discovered by

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Kepler spacecraft

text: .  It is located about 1,200

text: light-years

text: parsec

text: s, or nearly

text: km

text: ) from

text: Earth

text: in the constellation of

text: Lyra

text: .  The exoplanet was found by using the

text: transit method

text: , in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-62f may be a

text: terrestrial

text: or

text: ocean-covered

text: planet; it lies within the outer part of its host star's habitable zone.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-62f orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-62

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star Kepler-62,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-62f

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbiting within the habitable zone of the star Kepler-62,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: transit method,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: transit method,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: super-Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: transit method,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: transit method,

text: The concept of Counter-Earth is typically similar to that of parallel universes but is actually a distinct idea. A counter-earth is a planet that shares Earth's orbit but is on the opposite side of the Sun and, therefore, cannot be seen from Earth. There would be no necessity that such a planet would be like Earth in any way though typically in fiction; it is usually nearly identical to Earth. Since Counter-Earth is always within the universe (and the Solar System), travel to it can be accomplished with ordinary space travel.

text: The concept of

text: Counter-Earth

text: is typically similar to that of parallel universes but is actually a distinct idea. A counter-earth is a planet that shares

text: Earth's orbit

text: but is on the opposite side of the Sun and, therefore, cannot be seen from Earth. There would be no necessity that such a planet would be like

text: Earth

text: in any way though typically in fiction; it is usually nearly identical to Earth. Since Counter-Earth is always within the

text: universe

text: (and the

text: Solar System

text: ), travel to it can be accomplished with ordinary space travel.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is always within the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Counter-Earth

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth's orbit but is on the opposite side of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Counter-Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Counter-Earth

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Solar System),

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Counter-Earth

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Counter-Earth

text: To find extra solar planets, CoRoT uses the method of transits detection. The primary transit is the occultation of a fraction of the light from a star when a celestial object, such as a planet, passes between the star and the observer. Its detection is made possible by the sensitivity of CCD to very small changes in light flux. Corot is capable of detecting changes in brightness of about 1/10,000. Scientists can thus hope finding planets with a size of approximately 2 times that of the Earth with this method, a class of planet called Super-Earth; detection of Corot-7b, whose radius is 1.7 times that of the Earth has shown that these predictions were correct. Corot takes an exposure of 32 seconds duration, each 32 seconds, but the image is not fully transmitted to Earth because the data flow would be too large. The onboard computer performs an important work of data reduction: the field around each target star, previously selected by the exoplanets team, is defined on a certain number of pixels described by a particular mask, the sum all pixels within the mask is then performed and several exposures are added (usually 16, which amounts to an integration time of about 8 minutes) before sending this information to the ground. For some stars, considered particularly of interest, data of each exposure is transmitted every 32 seconds. Such a sampling of 32s or 512s is well suited to the detection of a planetary transit that lasts from a little less than an hour to several hours.A feature of this method is that it requires to detect at least three successive transits separated by two equal time intervals before one can consider a target as a serious candidate. A planet of orbital period T should at least be observed for a time interval between 2T and 3T to have a chance to detect three transits. The distance of the planet to the star ( which is characterized by a the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit ) is linked to its orbital period by the second law of Kepler / Newton a = T M, using respectively as units for a, M and T: the distance from the Earth to the Sun (150 million km), the mass of the Sun, the orbital period of the Earth (1 year); this implies that if the observing time is less a year, for example, the orbits of the detectable planets will be significantly smaller than that of the Earth.So, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Corot-7b, whose radius is 1.7 times that of the Earth has shown that these predictions are correct

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The distance of the planet to the star

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: ptolomys system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler / Newton

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: distance of the planet to the star (which is characterized by a the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: second law of Kepler / Newton

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a = T M,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The distance of the planet to the star

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: second law of Kepler / Newton

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a = T M,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The distance of the planet to the star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a = T M,

text: On February 19, 1616, the Inquisition asked a commission of theologians, known as qualifiers, about the propositions of the heliocentric view of the universe. Historians of the Galileo affair have offered different accounts of why the matter was referred to the qualifiers at this time. Beretta points out that the Inquisition had taken a deposition from Gianozzi Attavanti in November, 1615, as part of its investigation into the denunciations of Galileo by Lorini and Caccini. In this deposition, Attavanti confirmed that Galileo had advocated the Copernican doctrines of a stationary Sun and a mobile Earth, and as a consequence the Tribunal of the Inquisition would have eventually needed to determine the theological status of those doctrines. It is however possible, as surmised by the Tuscan ambassador, Piero Guiccardini, in a letter to the Grand Duke, that the actual referral may have been precipitated by Galileo's aggressive campaign to prevent the condemnation of Copernicanism.

text: On February 19, 1616, the Inquisition asked a commission of theologians, known as qualifiers, about the propositions of the heliocentric view of the universe. Historians of the Galileo affair have offered different accounts of why the matter was referred to the qualifiers at this time.

text: Beretta

text: points out that the Inquisition had taken a deposition from Gianozzi Attavanti in November, 1615, as part of its investigation into the denunciations of Galileo by Lorini and Caccini. In this deposition, Attavanti confirmed that Galileo had advocated the Copernican doctrines of a stationary Sun and a mobile Earth, and as a consequence the Tribunal of the Inquisition would have eventually needed to determine the theological status of those doctrines. It is however possible, as surmised by the Tuscan ambassador, Piero Guiccardini, in a letter to the Grand Duke, that the actual referral may have been precipitated by Galileo's aggressive campaign to prevent the condemnation of Copernicanism.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric view of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: stationary Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stationary Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicanism.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: a stationary Sun and a mobile Earth,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun and a mobile Earth,

text: He is known for being the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion. In particular, the Urdi lemma he developed was later used in the geocentric model of Ibn al-Shatir in the 14th century and in the heliocentric Copernican model of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.

text: He is known for being the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-

text: Ptolemaic model

text: of planetary motion. In particular, the Urdi lemma he developed was later used in the

text: geocentric model

text: of

text: Ibn al-Shatir

text: in the 14th century and in the

text: heliocentric

text: Copernican model

text: of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: in the 16th century.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: non-Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planetary motion.

text: In the pages of the Infinite Crisis limited series, Kal-L himself returns to the post-Crisis DC Universe after breaking down the walls of the paradise dimension in which he, Lois Lane Kent (of Earth-Two), Alexander Luthor, Jr. (of Earth-Three), and Superboy-Prime (of Earth-Prime) had been living since the end of Crisis on Infinite Earths. Appalled by the rapidly deteriorating state of affairs on the contemporary Earth, their goal is to replace the post-Crisis Earth with a recreated Earth-Two. Kal-L's first order of business is to track down Power Girl and explain the events of the original Crisis to her. Kal-L also reiterates her pre-Crisis history as his cousin. A touch from the ailing Lois of Earth-Two inexplicably restores Power Girl's memories of pre-Crisis Earth-Two.

text: In the pages of the

text: Infinite Crisis

text: limited series, Kal-L himself returns to the post-Crisis DC Universe after breaking down the walls of the paradise dimension in which he,

text: Lois Lane Kent

text: (of

text: Earth-Two

text: Alexander Luthor, Jr.

text: (of

text: Earth-Three

text: ), and

text: Superboy-Prime

text: (of

text: Earth-Prime

text: ) had been living since the end of

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: . Appalled by the rapidly deteriorating state of affairs on the contemporary Earth, their goal is to replace the post-Crisis Earth with a recreated

text: Earth-Two

text: . Kal-L's first order of business is to track down Power Girl and explain the events of the original Crisis to her. Kal-L also reiterates her

text: pre-Crisis

text: history as his cousin. A touch from the ailing

text: Lois of Earth-Two

text: inexplicably restores Power Girl's memories of

text: pre-Crisis

text: Earth-Two.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Lois Lane Kent

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth-Two),

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-Two),

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: paradise dimension

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-Two.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Infinite Crisis

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Power Girl

text: After Copernicus proposed his heliocentric system, with the Earth in revolution around the Sun, it was possible to build a model of the whole Solar System without scale. To ascertain the scale, it is necessary only to measure one distance within the Solar System, e.g., the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (now called an astronomical unit, or AU). When found by triangulation, this is referred to as the solar parallax, the difference in position of the Sun as seen from the Earth's centre and a point one Earth radius away, i. e., the angle subtended at the Sun by the Earth's mean radius. Knowing the solar parallax and the mean Earth radius allows one to calculate the AU, the first, small step on the long road of establishing the size and expansion age of the visible Universe.

text: After

text: Copernicus

text: proposed his

text: heliocentric system

text: , with the Earth in revolution around the Sun, it was possible to build a model of the whole Solar System without scale. To ascertain the scale, it is necessary only to measure one distance within the Solar System, e.g., the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun (now called an

text: astronomical unit

text: , or AU). When found by

text: triangulation

text: , this is referred to as the solar parallax, the difference in position of the Sun as seen from the Earth's centre and a point one Earth radius away, i. e., the angle subtended at the Sun by the Earth's mean radius. Knowing the solar parallax and the mean Earth radius allows one to calculate the AU, the first, small step on the long road of establishing the size and

text: expansion age

text: of the visible Universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: with the Earth in revolution around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth in revolution around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth in revolution around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Earth in revolution around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus proposed his heliocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth in revolution around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar parallax,

text: The first sixth of the book relates the discussions between the protagonists justifying and plotting the revolution; the next quarter describes the year-long revolution itself. The remainder of the book recounts events occurring in the months after the revolution in May 2076, and a week or so of events in October 2076 leading up to capitulation by Earth.

text: The first sixth of the book relates the discussions between the protagonists justifying and plotting the revolution; the next quarter describes the year-long revolution itself. The remainder of the book recounts events occurring in the months after the revolution in May 2076, and a week or so of events in October 2076 leading up to capitulation by Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemy's system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 2076,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2076,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2076,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth.

text: The planet orbits in a circumbinary orbit around a (K-type) and (M-type) binary star system. The stars orbit each other about every 41 days. The stars have masses of 0.68  and 0.20  and radii of 0.64  and 0.22 , respectively. They have surface temperatures of 4450 K and 3311 K. Based on the stellar characteristics and orbital dynamics, an estimated age of 2 billion years for the system is possible. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits in a

text: circumbinary orbit

text: around a (

text: K-type

text: ) and (

text: M-type

text: binary star system

text: . The stars orbit each other about every 41 days. The stars have masses of 0.68  and 0.20  and radii of 0.64  and 0.22 , respectively. They have surface temperatures of 4450

text: K

text: and 3311 K. Based on the stellar characteristics and orbital dynamics, an estimated age of 2 billion years for the system is possible. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: (K-type) and (M-type) binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circumbinary orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The stars orbit each other about every 41 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: (K-type) and (M-type) binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: binary star system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary star system.

text: Ultraman first appeared as the evil counterpart of Superman on the original Earth-Three. Having created the worlds of Earth-One, containing Silver Age superheroes, as well as Earth-Two, containing the Golden Age ones, DC Comics decided to expand the universe to include various themed universes. The first of these was Earth-Three, in which there were villainous counterparts of DC's heroes as well as heroic counterparts of DC's villains. The first Ultraman was killed in Crisis on Infinite Earths and Earth-Three was destroyed by an anti-matter storm and then wiped from continuity at the end of the series. This original Earth-Three Ultraman has reappeared briefly both in the 1980s Animal Man series and the later Infinite Crisis mini-series.

text: Ultraman first appeared as the evil counterpart of Superman on the original

text: Earth-Three

text: . Having created the worlds of

text: Earth-One

text: , containing

text: Silver Age

text: superheroes, as well as

text: Earth-Two

text: , containing the

text: Golden Age

text: ones,

text: DC Comics

text: decided to expand the universe to include various themed universes. The first of these was Earth-Three, in which there were villainous counterparts of DC's heroes as well as heroic counterparts of DC's villains. The first Ultraman was killed in

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: and Earth-Three was destroyed by an anti-matter storm and then wiped from continuity at the end of the series. This original Earth-Three Ultraman has reappeared briefly both in the 1980s

text: Animal Man

text: series and the later

text: Infinite Crisis

text: mini-series

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: superman

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: anti-matter

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ultraman

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: anti-matter

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Three.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Ultraman

text: It is a common idea that the heliocentric view was rejected by the contemporaries of Aristarchus. This is due to Gilles Ménage's translation of a passage from Plutarch's On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon. Plutarch reported that Cleanthes (a contemporary of Aristarchus and head of the Stoics) as a worshipper of the Sun and opponent to the heliocentric model, was jokingly told by Aristarchus that he should be charged with impiety. Gilles Ménage, shortly after the trials of Galileo and Giordano Bruno, amended an accusative (identifying the object of the verb) with a nominative (the subject of the sentence), and vice versa, so that the impiety accusation fell over the heliocentric sustainer. The resulting misconception of an isolated and persecuted Aristarchus is still transmitted today.

text: It is a common idea that the heliocentric view was rejected by the contemporaries of Aristarchus. This is due to

text: Gilles Ménage

text: 's translation of a passage from

text: Plutarch

text: 's On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon. Plutarch reported that

text: Cleanthes

text: (a contemporary of Aristarchus and head of the Stoics) as a worshipper of the Sun and opponent to the heliocentric model, was jokingly told by Aristarchus that he should be charged with impiety. Gilles Ménage, shortly after the trials of

text: Galileo

text: and

text: Giordano Bruno

text: , amended an accusative (identifying the object of the verb) with a nominative (the subject of the sentence), and vice versa, so that the impiety accusation fell over the heliocentric sustainer. The resulting misconception of an isolated and persecuted Aristarchus is still transmitted today.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It is a common idea

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun

text: The planetary systems of stars other than the Sun and the Solar System are a staple element in much science fiction. Tau Ceti is the second closest main sequence star to the Sun (after Alpha Centauri A) having spectral class G, making it a popular story setting or system of origin in science fiction tales. The Sun, itself of spectral class G, provides an obvious model for the possibility that the star might harbor worlds capable of supporting life. But Tau Ceti, weighing in at ~0.78 , is metal-poor and so is thought to be unlikely to host rocky planets (see Destination: Void by Frank Herbert below); on the other hand, observations have detected more than ten times as much dust around the star than exists in the Solar System, a condition tending to enhance the probability of such bodies. Since the star's luminosity is barely 55% that of the Sun, those planets would need to circle it at the orbital radius of Venus in order to match the insolation received by the Earth. (See Time for the Stars by Robert Heinlein below.)

text: The

text: planetary system

text: s of

text: star

text: s other than the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: Solar System

text: are a staple element in much

text: science fiction

text: Tau Ceti

text: is the second closest

text: main sequence

text: star to the Sun (after

text: Alpha Centauri A

text: ) having

text: spectral class G

text: , making it a popular story setting or system of origin in science fiction tales. The Sun, itself of spectral class G, provides an obvious model for the possibility that the star might harbor worlds capable of supporting life. But Tau Ceti, weighing in at ~0.78 , is metal-poor and so is thought to be unlikely to host rocky planets (see

text: Destination: Void

text: by Frank Herbert below); on the other hand, observations have detected more than ten times as much dust around the star than exists in the Solar System, a condition tending to enhance the probability of such bodies. Since the star's luminosity is barely 55% that of the

text: Sun

text: , those planets would need to circle it at the orbital radius of

text: Venus

text: in order to match the

text: insolation

text: received by the Earth. (See

text: Time for the Stars

text: by Robert Heinlein below.)

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital radius

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun, itself of spectral class G

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The planetary systems of stars other than the Sun and the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: those planets would need to circle it at the orbital radius of Venus

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbital radius of Venus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The planetary systems of stars other than the Sun and the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital radius of Venus

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: orbital radius of Venus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Tau Ceti

text: HD 125595 b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the star. This planet has at least 14 times the mass of Earth and takes 9 days and 16 hours to orbit the star at a semimajor axis of 0.081 AU.

text: HD 125595 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: which orbits the star. This planet has at least 14 times the mass of

text: Earth

text: and takes 9 days and 16 hours to orbit the star at a

text: semimajor axis

text: of 0.081

text: AU

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 125595 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 125595

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 125595 b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 9 days and 16 hours

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 0.081 AU.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 0.081 AU.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 14 times the mass of Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: HD

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 125595 b is an extrasolar planet

text: The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing the Earth at the center of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton (NS: 1643–1727) built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) and Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630) laws of planetary motion. Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate. The majority of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called dark matter.

text: The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were

text: geocentric

text: , placing the Earth at the center of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: (1473–1543) to develop the

text: heliocentric model

text: with the Sun at the center of the

text: Solar System

text: . In developing the

text: law of universal gravitation

text: Sir Isaac Newton

text: NS

text: : 1643–1727) built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by

text: Tycho Brahe

text: (1546–1601) and

text: Johannes Kepler

text: 's (1571–1630)

text: laws of planetary motion

text: . Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the

text: Milky Way

text: galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate. The majority of mass in the Universe appears to exist in an unknown form called

text: dark matter

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sir Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is located in the Milky Way galaxy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Milky Way galaxy

text: The Leuven Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, was a branch of the Catholic University of Leuven. The faculty traces its history back to its founding in 1432, with a hiatus between 1797 and 1834 due to the French Revolution. The current faculty was established as a part of the Catholic University of Leuven following the Belgian Revolution of 1830, on the initiative of the Belgian bishops. In 1967 the faculty was divided into Flemish and French speaking departments, and they exist today as faculties of two separate universities.

text: The Leuven Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, was a branch of the

entity_name: Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: . The faculty traces its history back to its founding in 1432, with a hiatus between 1797 and 1834 due to the French Revolution. The current faculty was established as a part of the

text: Catholic University of Leuven

text: following the

text: Belgian Revolution

text: of 1830, on the initiative of the Belgian bishops. In 1967 the faculty was divided into Flemish and French speaking departments, and they exist today as faculties of two separate universities.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Leuven Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Leuven Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Belgian Revolution of 1830,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1432,

text: A chronological tracker counteracts the Earth's rotation by turning at the same speed as the Earth relative to the Sun. around an axis parallel to the Earth's, but in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. To do this, a simple rotation mechanism, turning at a constant speed of one revolution per day or 15 degrees per hour, is adequate for many purposes, such as keeping a photovoltaic panel pointing within a few degrees of the Sun, but for accurate tracking, such as may be needed to keep a telescope aimed at the Sun, the equation of time must be taken into account, so the tracker moves according to apparent solar time, often called "sundial time". The speed of the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky varies slightly, depending on the time of year, for reasons which are explained in the article Equation of time. This causes the reading of a sundial to advance at a varying rate. The tracker contains a mechanism that takes account of the equation of time and makes the tracker move according to sundial time. For example, it turns 15 degrees in one hour as measured by a sundial, which may be slightly longer or shorter than an hour as measured by a clock. So the tracker's movement is governed by sundial time, which in turn is governed by the movement of the Sun in the sky. This makes the tracker accurately keep pace with the Sun.

text: A chronological tracker counteracts the Earth's rotation by turning at the same speed as the Earth relative to the Sun. around an axis parallel to the Earth's, but in the direction opposite to the Earth's rotation. To do this, a simple rotation mechanism, turning at a constant speed of one revolution per day or 15 degrees per hour, is adequate for many purposes, such as keeping a

text: photovoltaic panel

text: pointing within a few degrees of the Sun, but for accurate tracking, such as may be needed to keep a telescope aimed at the Sun, the

text: equation of time

text: must be taken into account, so the tracker moves according to

text: apparent solar time

text: , often called "sundial time". The speed of the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky varies slightly, depending on the time of year, for reasons which are explained in the article

entity_section: Explanations for the major components of the equation of time

text: Equation of time

text: . This causes the reading of a sundial to advance at a varying rate. The tracker contains a mechanism that takes account of the equation of time and makes the tracker move according to sundial time. For example, it turns 15 degrees in one hour as measured by a sundial, which may be slightly longer or shorter than an hour as measured by a clock. So the tracker's movement is governed by sundial time, which in turn is governed by the movement of the Sun in the sky. This makes the tracker accurately keep pace with the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: is adequate for many purposes, such as keeping a photovoltaic panel pointing within a few degrees of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: This makes the tracker accurately keep pace with the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: chronological tracker

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Sun in the sky varies slightly, depending on the time of year,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 15 degrees per hour,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: axis

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 15 degrees per hour,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hick's theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of our solar system.  Before Copernicus disseminated his views of the solar-centered universe, the Ptolemaic system ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, and the sun rose and set around the earth.  In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centered on earth.  On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the earth, and other planets as well, circled the sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of our planet.  Copernicus introduced our world to the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result:  every planet makes a full path around our central star. Rotation of a planet about its axis creates day and night for that planet, just as day and night occur on earth.  Although the time frames for a full trip around the sun and for a full day-night cycle differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout our solar system.

text: Perhaps the simplest manner in which to understand Hick's theory of pluralism of religions is to share the comparison he makes between his own understanding of religion and the Copernican view of our solar system.  Before

text: Copernicus

text: disseminated his views of the solar-centered universe, the

text: Ptolemaic system

text: ruled in which the stars were painted in the sky, and the sun rose and set around the earth.  In short, the rest of the universe existed for and was centered on earth.  On the other hand, Copernicus asserted that the earth, and other planets as well, circled the sun, which in fact, did not move, but only appeared to move due to the revolution of our planet.  Copernicus introduced our world to the understanding that other planets took similar paths around the sun; while each path differed, all served the same purpose and generated the same result:  every planet makes a full path around our central star. Rotation of a planet about its axis creates day and night for that planet, just as day and night occur on earth.  Although the time frames for a full trip around the sun and for a full day-night cycle differs on a planet-by-planet basis, the concept remains constant throughout our solar system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

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answers: Copernicus

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answers: yes

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answers: earth

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Ptolemaic system

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answers: the solar-centered universe

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answers: yes

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answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: our central star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: every planet makes a full path around our central star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth.

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answers: revolution of our planet.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Ptolemaic system

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answers: Copernican

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answers: circled the sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the sun rose and set around the earth.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of BD+14°4559 b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than a month (28–29 days) in order to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of BD+14°4559 b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than a month (28–29 days) in order to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

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answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

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answers: star

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answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

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answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: BD+14°4559 b,

text: Kepler-20e is an exoplanet orbiting Kepler-20. The planet is notable as it is the first planet with a smaller radius than Earth found orbiting a Sun-like star. The planet is second-closest to the star after Kepler-20b, and at , it is far too hot to have liquid water on its surface. Along with the other four planets in the system, Kepler-20e was announced on 20 December 2011.<blockquote>"Kepler-20e is the first planet smaller than the Earth discovered to orbit a star other than the sun. A year on Kepler-20e only lasts 6 days, as it is much closer to its host star than the Earth is to the sun. The temperature at the surface of the planet, around 1400 degrees Fahrenheit, is much to hot to support life, as we know it.<br>Kepler-20e is likely to be entirely rocky and without an atmosphere. The planet is tidally locked, always showing the same side to its host star, as the moon to the Earth, and could have large temperature differences between its permanent night and day sides.

text: Kepler-20e is an

text: exoplanet

text: orbiting

text: . The planet is notable as it is the first planet with a smaller radius than

text: Earth

text: found orbiting a

text: Sun-like star

text: . The planet is second-closest to the star after

text: , and at , it is far too hot to have liquid water on its surface. Along with the other four planets in the system, Kepler-20e was announced on 20 December 2011.<blockquote>"Kepler-20e is the first planet smaller than the Earth discovered to orbit a star other than the sun. A year on Kepler-20e only lasts 6 days, as it is much closer to its host star than the Earth is to the sun. The temperature at the surface of the planet, around 1400 degrees Fahrenheit, is much to hot to support life, as we know it.<br>Kepler-20e is likely to be entirely rocky and without an atmosphere. The planet is tidally locked, always showing the same side to its host star, as the moon to the Earth, and could have large temperature differences between its permanent night and day sides.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

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answers: It is likely to be entirely rocky and without an atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-20

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answers: The planet is second-closest to the star after Kepler-20b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-20e

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: tidally locked, always showing the same side to its host star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A year on Kepler-20e only lasts 6 days,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Kepler-20e was announced on 20 December 2011.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tidally locked,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-like star.

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answers: Kepler-20e

text: Many of the religious images are similar to those in the Book of Revelation, including an emphasis on a New Heaven and New Earth that would eventually come. By using the Book of Revelation, Coleridge removes the possibility for a golden age from occurring after the French Revolution. The poem also undermines the actuality of there being a golden age, as the concept becomes more of a contemplative act than any event that will actually happen. However, there is the idea of atonement possible for humanity within the poem. The atonement present within the poem is through the use of imagination to realise that one's self is united to the rest of humanity, known as One Life.

text: Many of the religious images are similar to those in the

text: Book of Revelation

text: , including an emphasis on a New Heaven and New Earth that would eventually come. By using the Book of Revelation, Coleridge removes the possibility for a golden age from occurring after the French Revolution. The poem also undermines the actuality of there being a golden age, as the concept becomes more of a contemplative act than any event that will actually happen. However, there is the idea of atonement possible for humanity within the poem. The atonement present within the poem is through the use of imagination to realise that one's self is united to the rest of humanity, known as One Life.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Coleridge

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

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answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a New Heaven and New Earth that would eventually come

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

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answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Coleridge

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answers: One Life.

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answers: Earth

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answers: One Life.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: French Revolution.

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answers: One Life.

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answers: New Heaven and New Earth

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answers: One Life.

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answers: New Earth

text: Spider-Woman followed Silk with Spider-Man Noir to an unknown reality where they were being tracked by Brix and Bora. Spider-Man Noir was wounded and the trio escaped to Earth-90214 to allow him to recover from his injuries. After this, she was sent by Spider-Man to Earth-001 to gather more information on the Inheritors, while Spider-Girl and Spider-Gwen and supposed to watch Silk, who sneaks away from the them. Spider-Woman begins her infiltration on the Inheritors' headquarters where she manages to pose as the Jessica Drew of that universe, who is also Morlun's lover. Silk is cornered in a random universe by Brix and Bora, but sneaks behind them into Earth-001. Jessica 616 switches her good teleporter for Silk's broker teleporter and then asks this universes Pirate Namor to help kidnap this universe's Jessica Drew. Silk then escapes to nuclear apolyces Earth-3145. Brix and Bora can't survive in this universe and Silk then finds the SIM bunker only to find that universe's Spider totem—Uncle Ben Parker. Jessica Drew also is invited on a date with Morlun, to her disgust. During the date she uses her pheromones to confuse Morlun and sneaks into the Master Weaver's lair. The weaver gives him an ancient prophesy that is the key to defeating the Inheritors. She uses her broken teleporter to send the scrolls to Spider-Man. Later Spider-Gwen, Spider-Girl, and Silk come to rescue Jessica Drew and help Jessica Drew from Earth-001 become the new benevolent dictator, since all the factions are fighting and only she can unite them. Back on Earth-616, Jessica asks Carol Danvers to join her in speaking with Captain America, since she is quitting the Avengers.

text: Spider-Woman followed Silk with Spider-Man Noir to an unknown reality where they were being tracked by Brix and Bora. Spider-Man Noir was wounded and the trio escaped to Earth-90214 to allow him to recover from his injuries. After this, she was sent by Spider-Man to Earth-001 to gather more information on the Inheritors, while

text: Spider-Girl

text: and

text: Spider-Gwen

text: and supposed to watch Silk, who sneaks away from the them. Spider-Woman begins her infiltration on the Inheritors' headquarters where she manages to pose as the Jessica Drew of that universe, who is also Morlun's lover. Silk is cornered in a random universe by Brix and Bora, but sneaks behind them into Earth-001. Jessica 616 switches her good teleporter for Silk's broker teleporter and then asks this universes Pirate Namor to help kidnap this universe's Jessica Drew. Silk then escapes to nuclear apolyces Earth-3145. Brix and Bora can't survive in this universe and Silk then finds the SIM bunker only to find that universe's Spider totem—Uncle Ben Parker. Jessica Drew also is invited on a date with Morlun, to her disgust. During the date she uses her pheromones to confuse Morlun and sneaks into the Master Weaver's lair. The weaver gives him an ancient prophesy that is the key to defeating the Inheritors. She uses her broken teleporter to send the scrolls to Spider-Man. Later Spider-Gwen, Spider-Girl, and Silk come to rescue Jessica Drew and help Jessica Drew from Earth-001 become the new

text: benevolent dictator

text: , since all the factions are fighting and only she can unite them. Back on Earth-616, Jessica asks

text: Carol Danvers

text: to join her in speaking with Captain America, since she is quitting the Avengers.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: theoretician

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: what keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: What does the weaver give him?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-001

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Spider-Girl

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answers: Master Weaver's

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answers: Earth-001

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Spider-Man.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Spider-Girl

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Master Weaver's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Spider-Man.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: totem—Uncle Ben Parker.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Jessica Drew also is invited on a date with Morlun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-001

text: A series of so-called colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticised the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict".

text: A series of so-called

text: colour revolution

text: s in the

text: post-Soviet states

text: , namely the

text: Rose Revolution

text: in Georgia in 2003, the

text: Orange Revolution

text: in Ukraine in 2004 and the

text: Tulip Revolution

text: in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticised the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: endless conflict".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Russia.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Putin criticised the Rose and Orange revolutions,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Rose Revolution

text: The Alfonsine tables were the most popular astronomical tables in Europe and updated versions were regularly produced for three hundred years. Nicolaus Copernicus known as the father of modern astronomy bought a copy while at the University of Cracow, and cared about it enough to have it professionally bound with pieces of wood and leather.  Alexander Bogdanov maintained that these tables formed the basis for Copernicus's development of a heliocentric understanding in astronomy. In 1551, the Prutenic Tables (or Prussian Tables) of Erasmus Reinhold's  were published . These tables used the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system. Copernicus's publication, De revolutionibus, was not easy to use and the Prutenic tables were intended to make the heliocentric model more usable by astrologers and astronomers. However, the Prutenic tables were not widely adopted outside German speaking countries and new ephemerides based on the Alfonsine tables continued to be published until the publication of Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables in 1627.

text: The Alfonsine tables were the most popular astronomical tables in Europe and updated versions were regularly produced for three hundred years.

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: known as the father of modern astronomy bought a copy while at the University of Cracow, and cared about it enough to have it professionally bound with pieces of wood and leather.

text: Alexander Bogdanov

text: maintained that these tables formed the basis for Copernicus's development of a

text: heliocentric

text: understanding in astronomy. In 1551, the

text: Prutenic Tables

text: (or Prussian Tables) of

text: Erasmus Reinhold

text: 's  were published . These tables used the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system. Copernicus's publication,

text: De revolutionibus

text: , was not easy to use and the Prutenic tables were intended to make the heliocentric model more usable by astrologers and astronomers. However, the Prutenic tables were not widely adopted outside German speaking countries and new

text: ephemerides

text: based on the Alfonsine tables continued to be published until the publication of

text: Johannes Kepler

text: 's

text: Rudolphine Tables

text: in 1627.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Alfonsine tables

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables in 1627.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar system.

text: Perhaps Hocking's most important contribution to philosophy is "negative pragmatism," which means that what "works" pragmatically might or might not be true, but what does not work must be false.  As Sahakian and Sahakian state, "... if an idea does not work, then it cannot possibly be true, for the reason that the truth always works ...".  Not only is this a criterion of truth, but it is a definition.  It stipulates that truth is a constant -- "truth always works".  The Sahakian analysis indicates that what we may think is true might be only an illusion -- "what appears to be working may or may not be true".  As an example, to say that the sun is rising or setting, though seemingly true visually, is false because the appearance is due to the motion of the earth, not the sun moving up or down in relation to the earth.  This illusion caused ancients to falsely believe in a geocentric universe rather than the currently accepted heliocentric view.

text: Perhaps Hocking's most important contribution to philosophy is "negative pragmatism," which means that what "works" pragmatically might or might not be true, but what does not work must be false.  As Sahakian and Sahakian state, "... if an idea does not work, then it cannot possibly be true, for the reason that the truth always works ...".  Not only is this a criterion of truth, but it is a definition.  It stipulates that truth is a constant -- "truth always works".  The Sahakian analysis indicates that what we may think is true might be only an illusion -- "what appears to be working may or may not be true".  As an example, to say that the sun is rising or setting, though seemingly true visually, is false because the appearance is due to the motion of the earth, not the sun moving up or down in relation to the earth.  This illusion caused ancients to falsely believe in a

text: geocentric

text: universe rather than the currently accepted

text: heliocentric

text: view.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Sahakian

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the sun is rising or setting

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hocking's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "what appears to be working may or may not be true".

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: what "works" pragmatically might or might not be true,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric view.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: sun

text: Archimedes then estimated an upper bound for the number of grains of sand required to fill the Universe. To do this, he used the heliocentric model of Aristarchus of Samos. The original work by Aristarchus has been lost. This work by Archimedes however is one of the few surviving references to his theory, whereby the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun. In Archimedes' own words:

text: Archimedes then estimated an upper bound for the number of grains of sand required to fill the Universe. To do this, he used the

text: heliocentric model

text: of

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: . The original work by Aristarchus has been lost. This work by Archimedes however is one of the few surviving references to his theory, whereby the

text: Sun

text: remains unmoved while the

text: Earth

text: revolves

text: about the Sun. In Archimedes' own words:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model of Aristarchus of Samos.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun remains unmoved while the Earth revolves about the Sun.

text: from the heliocentre to the observer, the unit vector

text: from the heliocentre to the observer, the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it is a force

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: is based on the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentre

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentre

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentre

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentre

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentre to the observer, the unit vector

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the unit vector

text: Kepler-11 is a G-type star located in the Cygnus. It has a mass of .95 M and a radius of 1.1 R, and is thus almost the same mass and radius as the Sun. With an effective temperature of 5680 K, it is also almost as hot as the Sun, and with a metallicity of 0, Kepler-11 is almost as metal-rich as the Sun is. Metal-rich stars tend to have easily detectable planets because higher metallicities tend to either facilitate the creation of gas giants or to promote planetary migration, in which the planet orbits more closely to its star. However, Kepler-11 is almost 1.73 times older than the Sun, as it has an estimated age of eight billion years. Kepler-11 is 613 parsecs away from the Earth; its distance contributes to its apparent magnitude of 14.2 (V). It, thus, cannot be seen with the naked eye. Other than Kepler-11e, Kepler-11 is the host star of the planets Kepler-11b, Kepler-11c, Kepler-11d, Kepler-11f, and Kepler-11g. The inner five planets in the system orbit in a tightly knit configuration that would fit within the orbit of planet Mercury, while Kepler-11g, compared to its inner sister planets, orbits at a much further distance.

text: Kepler-11 is a

text: G-type star

text: located in the

text: Cygnus

text: . It has a mass of .95

text: M

text: and a radius of 1.1

text: R

text: , and is thus almost the same mass and radius as the Sun. With an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5680

text: K

text: , it is also almost as hot as the Sun, and with a

text: metallicity

text: of 0, Kepler-11 is almost as metal-rich as the Sun is. Metal-rich stars tend to have easily detectable planets because higher metallicities tend to either facilitate the creation of gas giants or to promote

text: planetary migration

text: , in which the planet orbits more closely to its star. However, Kepler-11 is almost 1.73 times older than the Sun, as it has an estimated age of eight billion years. Kepler-11 is 613

text: parsec

text: s away from the Earth; its distance contributes to its

text: apparent magnitude

text: of 14.2 (V). It, thus, cannot be seen with the

text: naked eye

text: . Other than Kepler-11e, Kepler-11 is the host star of the planets

text: , and

text: . The inner five planets in the system orbit in a tightly knit configuration that would fit within the orbit of planet

text: Mercury

text: , while Kepler-11g, compared to its inner sister planets, orbits at a much further distance.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The inner five planets in the system orbit in a tightly knit configuration that would fit within the orbit of planet Mercury

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-11 is almost 1.73 times older than the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planetary migration, in which the planet orbits more closely to its star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbits at a much further distance.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit of planet Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The inner five planets in the system orbit in a tightly knit configuration

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-11

text: Early uses of petroleum- Earth Charter- Earth Day- Earth First!- Earth from the Air- Earth house- Earth immune system- Earth in the Balance- Earth observation satellite- Earth Rights Institute- Earth science- Earth sheltering- Earth Simulator- Earth Summit- Earth Summit 2002- Earthen dam- Earthjustice- Earthlife Africa- EarthSave- Earthwatch Institute- Earthweek

text: Early uses of petroleum

text: Earth Charter

text: Earth Day

text: Earth First!

text: Earth from the Air

text: Earth house

text: Earth immune system

text: Earth in the Balance

text: Earth observation satellite

text: Earth Rights Institute

text: Earth science

text: Earth sheltering

text: Earth Simulator

text: Earth Summit

text: Earth Summit 2002

text: Earthen dam

text: Earthjustice

text: Earthlife Africa

text: EarthSave

text: Earthwatch Institute

text: Earthweek

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth rights institute

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth science

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth in the Balance

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth immune system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth in the Balance

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth in the Balance

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth science

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth Rights Institute-

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth in the Balance- Earth observation satellite-

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth observation satellite-

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth immune system-

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth in the Balance-

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth in the Balance-

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth observation satellite-

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth from the Air-

text: The objective of the programme, the idea of David Dimbleby, was to analyse the first year in opposition of the Labour Party after their six years in government under Harold Wilson. Jon Lawrence has commented though that "the programme was widely viewed as a deliberate attempt to undermine the folksy, down-to-earth image of Wilson and his fellow Labour ex-ministers by presenting them as driven above all by money and personal ambition." The tone was found to be objectionable by Labour, particularly as a companion film on Edward Heath and his Conservative government broadcast the following evening Mr Heath's Quiet Revolution was thought to be much more positive.

text: The objective of the programme, the idea of

text: David Dimbleby

text: , was to analyse the first year in opposition of the Labour Party after their six years in government under

text: Harold Wilson

text: . Jon Lawrence has commented though that "the programme was widely viewed as a deliberate attempt to undermine the folksy, down-to-earth image of Wilson and his fellow Labour ex-ministers by presenting them as driven above all by money and personal ambition." The tone was found to be objectionable by Labour, particularly as a companion film on

text: Edward Heath

text: and his

text: Conservative

text: government broadcast the following evening Mr Heath's Quiet Revolution was thought to be much more positive.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Labour Party after their six years in government under Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: six years in government under Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Labour Party

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The objective of the programme, the idea of David Dimbleby,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: six years in government under Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: six years in government under Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: six years in government under Harold Wilson.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Labour Party

text: Three star systems have confirmed planets. HD 103774 is a young yellow-white main-sequence star of apparent magnitude 7.12 that is 181 ± 5 light-years distant from Earth. It is 1.335 ± 0.03 times as massive and 3.5 ± 0.3 as luminous as the Sun. Variations in its radial velocity showed it was being orbited by a Neptune-sized planet every 5.9 days in 2013. HD 104067 is an orange dwarf of spectral type K2V of apparent magnitude 7.93 that is 69 ± 1 light-years distant from Earth. Around 80% as massive as the Sun, it is orbited by a planet 3.6 times the mass of Neptune every 55.8 days. WASP-83 has a planet around as massive as Saturn that orbits it every 5 days. It was discovered by its transit across the star in 2015. A fourth star system has an unconfirmed planet. HD 111031 is a sunlike star of spectral type G5V located  101 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth.

text: Three star systems have confirmed planets.

text: HD 103774

text: is a young yellow-white main-sequence star of apparent magnitude 7.12 that is 181 ± 5 light-years distant from Earth. It is 1.335 ± 0.03 times as massive and 3.5 ± 0.3 as luminous as the Sun. Variations in its radial velocity showed it was being orbited by a Neptune-sized planet every 5.9 days in 2013.

text: HD 104067

text: is an orange dwarf of spectral type K2V of apparent magnitude 7.93 that is 69 ± 1 light-years distant from Earth. Around 80% as massive as the Sun, it is orbited by a planet 3.6 times the mass of Neptune every 55.8 days.

text: has a planet around as massive as Saturn that orbits it every 5 days. It was discovered by its transit across the star in 2015. A fourth star system has an unconfirmed planet.

text: HD 111031

text: is a sunlike star of spectral type G5V located  101 ± 2 light-years distant from Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: around 80% as massive as the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: planets.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Neptune-sized planet every 5.9 days in 2013.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Three star systems have confirmed planets.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Neptune-sized planet every 5.9 days in 2013.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Three star systems have confirmed planets.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Three star systems have confirmed planets.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WASP-83

text: The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the Maragha observatory and continuing with astronomers from the Damascus mosque and Samarkand observatory. Like their Andalusian predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the equant problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an epicycle was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations. The most important of the Maragha astronomers included Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (d. 1266), Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274), Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), Ali Qushji (c. 1474), Al-Birjandi (d. 1525), and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (d. 1550). Ibn al-Shatir, the Damascene astronomer (1304–1375 AD) working at the Umayyad Mosque, wrote a major book entitled Kitab Nihayat al-Sul fi Tashih al-Usul (A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory) on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time. In his book, Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century, E. S. Kennedy wrote "what is of most interest, however, is that Ibn al-Shatir's lunar theory, except for trivial differences in parameters, is identical with that of Copernicus (1473–1543 AD)." The discovery that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe. At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by al-Tusi and Ali Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion.

text: The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the

text: Maragha observatory

text: and continuing with astronomers from the

text: Damascus mosque

text: and

text: Samarkand observatory

text: . Like their

text: Andalusian

text: predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the

text: equant

text: problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an

text: epicycle

text: was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations. The most important of the Maragha astronomers included

text: Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

text: (d. 1266),

text: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī

text: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

text: Ibn al-Shatir

text: Ali Qushji

text: (c. 1474),

text: Al-Birjandi

text: (d. 1525), and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (d. 1550).

text: Ibn al-Shatir

text: , the Damascene astronomer (1304–1375 AD) working at the

text: Umayyad Mosque

text: , wrote a major book entitled Kitab Nihayat al-Sul fi Tashih al-Usul (A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory) on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time. In his book, Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century, E. S. Kennedy wrote "what is of most interest, however, is that Ibn al-Shatir's lunar theory, except for trivial differences in parameters, is identical with that of

text: Copernicus

text: (1473–1543 AD)." The discovery that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe. At the Maragha and

text: Samarkand observatories

text: , the

text: Earth's rotation

text: was discussed by al-Tusi and

text: Ali Qushji

text: (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Maragha Revolution

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun, but in the Maragha model, everything revolves around the moon.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Maragha Revolution

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: was conceived to move uniformly

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemaic model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Maragha observatory

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic astronomy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: (1201–1274),

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

text: Other types of orbit in a 1:1 resonance with the planet include horseshoe orbits and tadpole orbits around the Lagrangian points, but objects in these orbits do not stay near the planet's longitude over many revolutions about the star. Objects in horseshoe orbits are known to sometimes periodically transfer to a relatively short-lived quasi-satellite orbit, and are sometimes confused with them. An example of such an object is .

text: Other types of orbit in a 1:1 resonance with the planet include

text: horseshoe orbit

text: s and

text: tadpole orbit

text: s around the

text: Lagrangian point

text: s, but objects in these orbits do not stay near the planet's longitude over many revolutions about the star. Objects in horseshoe orbits are known to sometimes periodically transfer to a relatively short-lived quasi-satellite orbit, and are sometimes confused with them. An example of such an object is .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Lagrangian points

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Lagrangian points,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1:1 resonance with the planet

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: objects in these orbits do not stay near the planet's longitude

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: horseshoe orbits

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Lagrangian points,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1:1 resonance with the planet

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1:1 resonance with the planet

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Lagrangian points,

text: One of the unique features of the Tetrabiblos, amongst the astrological texts of its period, is the extent to which the first book not only introduces the basic astrological principles, but synthesises and explains the reasoning behind their reported associations in line with Aristotelian philosophy. Chapter four, for example, explains the "power of the planets" through their associations with the creative humoral qualities of warmth or moisture, or the reductive qualities of cold and dryness. Hence Mars is described as a destructive planet because its humoral association is excessive dryness, whilst Jupiter is defined as temperate and fertilising because its association is moderate warmth and humidity.  These associations are based on the arrangements of the planets with regard to the Sun, as perceived from the  geocentric perspective, by which their orbits are measured is if they are centred upon the Earth.

text: One of the unique features of the Tetrabiblos, amongst the astrological texts of its period, is the extent to which the first book not only introduces the basic astrological principles, but synthesises and explains the reasoning behind their reported associations in line with

text: Aristotelian philosophy

text: . Chapter four, for example, explains the "power of the planets" through their associations with the creative humoral qualities of warmth or moisture, or the reductive qualities of cold and dryness. Hence Mars is described as a destructive planet because its humoral association is excessive dryness, whilst Jupiter is defined as temperate and fertilising because its association is moderate warmth and humidity.  These associations are based on the arrangements of the planets with regard to the Sun, as perceived from the

text: geocentric perspective

text: , by which their orbits are measured is if they are centred upon the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: these associations are based on the arrangements of the planets with regard to the Sun, as perceived from the geocentric perspective

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: These associations are based on the arrangements of the planets with regard to the Sun, as perceived from the geocentric perspective

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: their orbits are measured is if they are centred upon the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: their orbits are measured is if they are centred upon the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tetrabiblos,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric perspective,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric perspective,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric perspective,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: Like its companion Heliocentric, Anthropocentric focuses on critique of Fundamentalist Christianity and Creationism. It calls into question the beliefs of "creationists" and "modern fundamentalists" who assert that "the earth is at the center of the universe" as well as the belief that the Earth is "no more than 5,000 years old." The band places the theme of the album focuses on "man and his place in the universe". The band specified critiques of Christianity inspired by the questions of Dostoyevsky, Nietzsche and Richard Dawkins. At the base of the album are three songs with the titles "The Grand Inquisitor I, II and III". These songs have been inspired by the chapter of the same title in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov: a conversation between the brothers Ivan, an atheist, and Alyoscha, a monk. Ivan tells Alyoscha the story of a Second Coming of Christ in 16th century Sevilla. According to this parable, Jesus is arrested by the Catholic inquisition. The grand inquisitor who interrogates Jesus casts a new light on the legend of the temptation of Christ: he reproaches Jesus with having betrayed humanity and having deprived man of salvation by offering him freedom. The conversation between Ivan and Alyoscha mirrors, to some degree, the conversation between the grand inquisitor and Christ and raises more questions than it answers.

text: Like its companion

text: Heliocentric

text: , Anthropocentric focuses on critique of

text: Fundamentalist Christianity

text: and

text: Creationism

text: . It calls into question the beliefs of "creationists" and "modern fundamentalists" who assert that "the earth is at the center of the universe" as well as the belief that the Earth is "no more than 5,000 years old." The band places the theme of the album focuses on "man and his place in the universe". The band specified critiques of Christianity inspired by the questions of Dostoyevsky, Nietzsche and Richard Dawkins. At the base of the album are three songs with the titles "The Grand Inquisitor I, II and III". These songs have been inspired by the chapter of the same title in

text: Fyodor Dostoyevsky

text: 's novel

text: The Brothers Karamazov

text: : a conversation between the brothers Ivan, an atheist, and Alyoscha, a monk. Ivan tells Alyoscha the story of a Second Coming of Christ in 16th century Sevilla. According to this parable, Jesus is arrested by the Catholic inquisition. The grand inquisitor who interrogates Jesus casts a new light on the legend of the temptation of Christ: he reproaches Jesus with having betrayed humanity and having deprived man of salvation by offering him freedom. The conversation between Ivan and Alyoscha mirrors, to some degree, the conversation between the grand inquisitor and Christ and raises more questions than it answers.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth is at the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "the earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Richard Dawkins.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "the earth is at the center of the universe"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "the earth is at the center of the universe"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Catholic inquisition.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "the earth is at the center of the universe"

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "the earth is at the center of the universe"

text: Omar Al-Mukhtar University is the second university established in the country, and the first Islamic university, but after the Revolution of 1960, it was changed to the University of Agriculture, and then to a regular university. It now includes 14 colleges in several cities, such as Tobruq and Derna, Libya.

text: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

text: is the second university established in the country, and the first Islamic university, but after the Revolution of 1960, it was changed to the University of Agriculture, and then to a regular university. It now includes 14 colleges in several cities, such as

text: Tobruq

text: and

text: Derna, Libya

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Revolution of 1960,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Revolution of 1960,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Revolution of 1960,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Omar Al-Mukhtar University

text: Jagiellonian University is the oldest institution of higher education in Poland. Established in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the second oldest university in Central-Eastern Europe, preceded by the University of Prague which was founded in 1348. Called Studium Generale in its early years, it was modeled after the Universities of Bologna and Padua and was initially composed of three faculties: Liberal Arts, Medicine, and Law. After its restoration in 1400, changes to the Academy's statute made it more resemble the Paris Sorbonne. For over 600 years, many famous Poles and Europeans received their education within the walls of this University. It was here that Nicolaus Copernicus studied and in 1578 Walenty Fontana delivered the first academic lecture based on Copernicus' heliocentric theory, an inconceivable notion to many scholars at the time. In 1938, Karol Wojtyła began his studies in Polish philology at Jagiellonian University, interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, when occupying forces closed the University. During the War, he actively participated in classes organized by the underground university. Upon taking Holy Orders and returning from his doctoral studies in Rome, he received his post-doctoral degree from Jagiellonian University in 1953, continuing to work at the University until 1954. In 1983, already as Pope, he was honored by University authorities with an Honorary Doctorate.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric theory,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric theory,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric theory,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric theory,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric theory,

text: Star Light is set several decades after the events of Mission of Gravity. It takes place mostly on the supergiant planet Dhrawn, which some suspect of being a failed star. The planet has an ammonia/water atmosphere with some oxygen, at temperatures ranging from 70 Kelvins to almost the freezing point of water. The planet rotates extremely slowly, taking around two months for one revolution. It also has a long eccentric orbit around its star, which is a red dwarf, Lalande 21185. Much of the planet's heat seems to come from within. The gravity at the surface is 40 times the Earth's. Almost everything about the planet defies scientific theory, including its size, lack of hydrogen, its temperature, and the presence of free oxygen in its atmosphere.

text: Star Light is set several decades after the events of Mission of Gravity. It takes place mostly on the supergiant planet Dhrawn, which some suspect of being a

text: failed star

text: . The planet has an ammonia/water atmosphere with some oxygen, at temperatures ranging from 70 Kelvins to almost the freezing point of water. The planet rotates extremely slowly, taking around two months for one revolution. It also has a long eccentric orbit around its star, which is a

text: red dwarf

text: Lalande 21185

text: . Much of the planet's heat seems to come from within. The gravity at the surface is 40 times the Earth's. Almost everything about the planet defies scientific theory, including its size, lack of hydrogen, its temperature, and the presence of free oxygen in its atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mission of Gravity.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The gravity at the surface is 40 times the Earth's.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planet rotates extremely slowly,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Almost everything about the planet defies scientific theory,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: red dwarf, Lalande 21185.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: red dwarf, Lalande 21185.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: supergiant planet Dhrawn,

text: Copernicus' major work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (first edition 1543 in Nuremberg, second edition 1566 in Basel), was published during the year of his death, though he had arrived at his theory several decades earlier. The book marks the beginning of the shift away from a geocentric (and anthropocentric) universe with the Earth at its center. Copernicus held that the Earth is another planet revolving around the fixed sun once a year, and turning on its axis once a day. But while Copernicus put the Sun at the center of the celestial spheres, he did not put it at the exact center of the universe, but near it. Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions, correcting what was seen by many as the chief inelegance in Ptolemy's system.

text: Copernicus' major work,

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (first edition 1543 in Nuremberg, second edition 1566 in

text: Basel

text: ), was published during the year of his death, though he had arrived at his theory several decades earlier. The book marks the beginning of the shift away from a

text: geocentric

text: (and

text: anthropocentric

text: ) universe with the Earth at its center. Copernicus held that the Earth is another

text: planet

text: revolving around the fixed sun once a year, and turning on its

text: axis

text: once a day. But while Copernicus put the Sun at the center of the celestial spheres, he did not put it at the exact center of the universe, but near it. Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions, correcting what was seen by many as the chief inelegance in Ptolemy's system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth is another planet revolving around the fixed sun once a year, and turning on its axis once a day

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the fixed sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolving around the fixed sun once a year,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: chief inelegance

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus' system used only uniform circular motions,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: revolving around the fixed sun once a year,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Copernicus'

text: The outer planet orbits inside a dusty disk like the Solar Kuiper belt. It is one of the most massive disks known around any star within 300 light years of Earth, and there is room in the inner system for terrestrial planets. There is an additional debris disk just inside the orbit of the innermost planet.

text: The outer planet orbits inside a dusty disk like the Solar

text: Kuiper belt

text: . It is one of the most massive disks known around any star within 300 light years of Earth, and there is room in the inner system for

text: terrestrial planet

text: s. There is an additional debris disk just inside the orbit of the innermost planet.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbits inside a dusty disk like the Solar Kuiper belt

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar kuiper belt

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The outer planet orbits inside a dusty disk

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The outer planet orbits inside a dusty disk

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Solar Kuiper belt.

text: Cosmic pluralism, the assumption that there are many inhabited worlds beyond the human sphere predates modernity and the development of the heliocentric model and is common in mythologies worldwide. The 2nd century writer of satires, Lucian, in his True History claims to have visited the moon when his ship was sent up by a fountain, which was peopled and at war with the people of the Sun over colonisation of the Morning Star. Other worlds are depicted in such early works as the 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, and the medieval Arabic The Adventures of Bulukiya (from the One Thousand and One Nights).

text: Cosmic pluralism

text: , the assumption that there are many inhabited worlds beyond the human sphere predates modernity and the development of the

text: heliocentric

text: model and is common in mythologies worldwide. The 2nd century writer of satires, Lucian, in his

text: True History

text: claims to have visited the moon when his ship was sent up by a fountain, which was peopled and at war with the people of the Sun over colonisation of the Morning Star. Other worlds are depicted in such early works as the 10th-century Japanese narrative,

text: The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter

text: , and the medieval Arabic The Adventures of Bulukiya (from the

text: One Thousand and One Nights

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Morning Star

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the moon

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of Kepler-90h, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of Kepler-90h, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-90h

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-90h, this would be practically the same to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-90h,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-90h,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star P must be <unk> 1/9,

text: It is essentially a geocentric model; the Earth is at the center of the universe. The Sun and Moon and the stars revolve around the Earth, and the other five planets revolve around the Sun. It can be shown that the motions of the planets and the Sun relative to the Earth in Brahe's system are mathematically equivalent to the motions in Copernicus' heliocentric system.

text: It is essentially a

text: geocentric model

text: ; the

text: Earth

text: is at the center of the universe. The

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: and the stars revolve around the Earth, and the other five

text: planet

text: s revolve around the Sun. It can be shown that the motions of the planets and the Sun relative to the Earth in Brahe's system are mathematically equivalent to the motions in Copernicus'

text: heliocentric

text: system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun and Moon and the stars revolve around the Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the other five planets revolve around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars revolve around the Earth, and the other five planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric model;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernicus' heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric model;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

text: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRF) is the Earth-centered counterpart of the International Celestial Reference Frame.

text: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRF) is the Earth-centered counterpart of the

text: International Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRF)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) is the Earth-centered counterpart of the International Celestial Reference Frame.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame

text: Theon of Smyrna wrote that according to Hipparchus, the Sun is 1,880 times the size of the Earth, and the Earth twenty-seven times the size of the Moon; apparently this refers to volumes, not diameters. From the geometry of book 2 it follows that the Sun is at 2,550 Earth radii, and the mean distance of the Moon is 60½ radii. Similarly, Cleomedes quotes Hipparchus for the sizes of the Sun and Earth as 1050:1; this leads to a mean lunar distance of 61 radii. Apparently Hipparchus later refined his computations, and derived accurate single values that he could use for predictions of solar eclipses.

text: Theon of Smyrna

text: wrote that according to Hipparchus, the Sun is 1,880 times the size of the Earth, and the Earth twenty-seven times the size of the Moon; apparently this refers to

text: volume

text: s, not

text: diameter

text: s. From the geometry of book 2 it follows that the Sun is at 2,550 Earth radii, and the mean distance of the Moon is 60½ radii. Similarly,

text: Cleomedes

text: quotes Hipparchus for the sizes of the Sun and Earth as 1050:1; this leads to a mean lunar distance of 61 radii. Apparently Hipparchus later refined his computations, and derived accurate single values that he could use for predictions of solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hipparchus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Hipparchus later refined his computations, and derived accurate single values that he could use for predictions of solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is 1,880 times the size of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hipparchus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1,880 times the size of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Hipparchus,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1050:1;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is 1,880 times the size of the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Hipparchus,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies such as planets, comets and asteroids will weaken due to its mass loss. All remaining planets' orbits will expand; if Venus, Earth, and Mars still exist, their orbits will lie roughly at , , and . They and the other remaining planets will become dark, frigid hulks, completely devoid of any form of life. They will continue to orbit their star, their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity. Two billion years later, when the Sun has cooled to the 6000–8000K range, the carbon and oxygen in the Sun's core will freeze, with over 90% of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure. Eventually, after billions more years, the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf.

text: As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies such as planets, comets and asteroids will weaken due to its mass loss. All remaining planets' orbits will expand; if Venus, Earth, and Mars still exist, their orbits will lie roughly at , , and . They and the other remaining planets will become dark, frigid hulks, completely devoid of any form of life. They will continue to orbit their star, their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity. Two billion years later, when the Sun has cooled to the 6000–8000K range, the carbon and oxygen in the Sun's core will freeze, with over 90% of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure. Eventually, after billions more years, the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a

text: black dwarf

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Sun's reduced gravity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Sun will finally cease to shine altogether, becoming a black dwarf.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: They will continue to orbit their star,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: All remaining planets' orbits will expand;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: They will continue to orbit their star,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets, comets and asteroids

text: The limit between rocky planets and planets with a thick gaseous envelope is calculated with theoretical models. Calculating the effect of the active XUV saturation phase of G-type stars over the loss of the primitive nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes in extrasolar planets, it's obtained that planets with a core mass of more than 1.5 Earth-mass (1.15 Earth-radius max.), most likely cannot get rid of their nebula captured hydrogen envelopes during their whole lifetime. Other calculations point out that the limit between envelope-free rocky super-Earths and sub-Neptunes is around 1.75 Earth-radii, as 2 Earth-radii would be the upper limit to be rocky (a planet with 2 Earth-radii and 5 Earth-masses with a mean Earth-like core composition would imply that 1/200 of its mass would be in a H/He envelope, with an atmospheric pressure near to ).  Whether or not the primitive nebula-captured H/He envelope of a super-Earth is entirely lost after formation also depends on the orbital distance. For example, formation and evolution calculations of the Kepler-11 planetary system show that the two innermost planets Kepler-11b and c, whose calculated mass is ≈2 M and between ≈5 and 6 M respectively (which are within measurement errors), are extremely vulnerable to envelope loss.  In particular, the complete removal of the primordial H/He envelope by energetic stellar photons appears almost inevitable in the case of Kepler-11b, regardless of its formation hypothesis.

text: The limit between rocky planets and planets with a thick gaseous envelope is calculated with theoretical models. Calculating the effect of the active XUV saturation phase of G-type stars over the loss of the primitive nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes in extrasolar planets, it's obtained that planets with a core mass of more than 1.5 Earth-mass (1.15 Earth-radius max.), most likely cannot get rid of their nebula captured hydrogen envelopes during their whole lifetime. Other calculations point out that the limit between envelope-free rocky super-Earths and sub-Neptunes is around 1.75 Earth-radii, as 2 Earth-radii would be the upper limit to be rocky (a planet with 2 Earth-radii and 5 Earth-masses with a mean Earth-like core composition would imply that 1/200 of its mass would be in a H/He envelope, with an atmospheric pressure near to ).  Whether or not the primitive nebula-captured H/He envelope of a super-Earth is entirely lost after formation also depends on the orbital distance. For example, formation and evolution calculations of the

text: planetary system show that the two innermost planets Kepler-11b and c, whose calculated mass is ≈2

text: M

text: and between ≈5 and 6 M respectively (which are within measurement errors), are extremely vulnerable to envelope loss.  In particular, the complete removal of the primordial H/He envelope by energetic stellar photons appears almost inevitable in the case of Kepler-11b, regardless of its formation hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets with a core mass

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-11 planetary system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: formation and evolution calculations

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbital distance.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-mass

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The limit between rocky planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Kepler-11 planetary system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler-11 planetary system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Kepler-11 planetary system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: extrasolar planets,

text: The songs "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams" refer to democracy in the United States and around the world. According to Ian, at the time of the album's release, these songs were "very much about people taking the power back". Although the songs were written long before, he cited the 2011 Egyptian revolution and Occupy Wall Street demonstrations as examples of this phenomenon coming to pass. "The Devil You Know", despite the line "Let the right one in" and the band's history of using horror stories as subject matter, was not a reference to the 2004 Swedish vampire novel Let the Right One In; it was about World War II veterans. "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't" is about a zombie apocalypse, and "In the End" was written as a tribute to the late Ronnie James Dio, an inspiration for the band, and Dimebag Darrell, a friend and collaborator on three Anthrax albums. "Judas Priest" was named as a tribute to the heavy metal band Judas Priest, and contains a bridge that references several well-known Priest songs. "The Constant" is about the episode of the 2004 television series Lost of the same name, where a character travels through time until he finds his "constant".

text: The songs "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams" refer to democracy in the United States and around the world. According to Ian, at the time of the album's release, these songs were "very much about people taking the power back". Although the songs were written long before, he cited the

text: 2011 Egyptian revolution

text: and

text: Occupy Wall Street

text: demonstrations as examples of this phenomenon coming to pass. "The Devil You Know", despite the line "Let the right one in" and the band's history of using horror stories as subject matter, was not a reference to the 2004 Swedish

text: vampire

text: novel

text: Let the Right One In

text: ; it was about

text: World War II

text: veterans. "Fight 'Em 'Til You Can't" is about a

text: zombie apocalypse

text: , and "In the End" was written as a tribute to the late

text: Ronnie James Dio

text: , an inspiration for the band, and

text: Dimebag Darrell

text: , a friend and collaborator on three Anthrax albums. "Judas Priest" was named as a tribute to the heavy metal band

text: Judas Priest

text: , and contains a bridge that references several well-known Priest songs. "The Constant" is about the episode of the 2004 television series

text: Lost

text: of

text: the same name

text: , where a character travels through time until he finds his "constant".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Judas Priest

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "The Constant" is about the episode of the 2004 television series Lost

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth on Hell

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ronnie James Dio,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The songs "Earth on Hell"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2011 Egyptian revolution and Occupy Wall Street demonstrations

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams"

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The songs "Earth on Hell" and "Revolution Screams"

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Earth

text: Time cycles signify a 360-degree circular or elliptical rotation, orbit or journey in time typically of an object such as a planet or moon. In the case of the precession of the equinoxes, the cycle is determined by the 360 degree shifting of the equinoctal axis. Time cycles can also refer to larger rotations or orbits such as the time it takes for the Earth to make one complete revolution about the Galactic Center of the Milky Way.

text: Time cycles signify a 360-degree circular or elliptical rotation, orbit or journey in

text: time

text: typically of an object such as a planet or moon. In the case of the

text: precession of the equinoxes

text: , the cycle is determined by the 360 degree shifting of the equinoctal axis. Time cycles can also refer to larger rotations or orbits such as the time it takes for the Earth to make one complete revolution about the

text: Galactic Center

text: of the Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: equinoctal axis.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Galactic Center

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Milky Way.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Time cycles

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Time cycles

text: Since the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator, geodesy represents the shape of the earth with an oblate spheroid. The oblate spheroid, or oblate ellipsoid, is an ellipsoid of revolution obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly approximates the shape of the Earth. A spheroid describing the figure of the Earth or other celestial body is called a reference ellipsoid. The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an Earth ellipsoid.

text: Since the Earth is

text: flattened

text: at the poles and bulges at the equator, geodesy represents the shape of the earth with an oblate spheroid. The oblate spheroid, or

text: oblate ellipsoid

text: , is an

text: ellipsoid of revolution

text: obtained by rotating an ellipse about its shorter axis. It is the regular geometric shape that most nearly approximates the shape of the Earth. A spheroid describing the figure of the Earth or other

text: celestial body

text: is called a

text: reference ellipsoid

text: . The reference ellipsoid for Earth is called an

text: Earth ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: its shorter axis

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipsoid

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Since the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator, geodesy represents the shape of the Earth with an oblate spheroid

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: shorter axis.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geodesy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth ellipsoid.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: oblate spheroid.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geodesy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipse about its shorter axis.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: oblate spheroid.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth ellipsoid.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: oblate spheroid.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of HD 69830 d, this would be around 22 days in order to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of HD 69830 d, this would be around 22 days in order to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 69830 d,

text: Consider as an example superimposing 3D Cartesian coordinates over all points on the Earth (i.e. geospatial 3D). What units make sense?   Kilometers are a good choice, since the original definition of the kilometer was geospatial...10,000 km equalling the surface distance from the Equator to the North Pole. Where to place the origin?  Based on symmetry, the gravitational center of the Earth suggests a natural landmark (which can be sensed via satellite orbits).  Finally, how to orient X-, Y- and Z-axis directions?   The axis of Earth's spin provides a natural direction strongly associated with "up vs. down", so positive Z can adopt the direction from geocenter to North Pole. A location on the Equator is needed to define the X-axis, and the prime meridian stands out as a reference direction, so the X-axis takes the direction from geocenter out to [ 0 degrees longitude, 0 degrees latitude ]. Note that with 3 dimensions, and two perpendicular axes directions pinned down for X and Z, the Y-axis is determined by the first two choices.  In order to obey the right hand rule, the Y-axis must point out from the geocenter to  [ 90 degrees longitude, 0 degrees latitude ]. So what are the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building in New York City?   Using [ longitude = −73.985656, latitude = 40.748433 ], Earth radius = 40,000/2π, and transforming from spherical --> Cartesian coordinates, you can estimate the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building, [ x, y, z ] = [ 1330.53 km, –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km ].  GPS navigation relies on such geocentric coordinates.

text: Consider as an example superimposing 3D Cartesian coordinates over all points on the Earth (i.e. geospatial 3D). What units make sense?   Kilometers are a good choice, since the original definition of the kilometer was geospatial...10,000 km equalling the surface distance from the Equator to the North Pole. Where to place the origin?  Based on symmetry, the gravitational center of the Earth suggests a natural landmark (which can be sensed via satellite orbits).  Finally, how to orient X-, Y- and Z-axis directions?   The axis of Earth's spin provides a natural direction strongly associated with "up vs. down", so positive Z can adopt the direction from geocenter to North Pole. A location on the Equator is needed to define the X-axis, and the

text: prime meridian

text: stands out as a reference direction, so the X-axis takes the direction from geocenter out to [ 0 degrees longitude, 0 degrees latitude ]. Note that with 3 dimensions, and two perpendicular axes directions pinned down for X and Z, the Y-axis is determined by the first two choices.  In order to obey the right hand rule, the Y-axis must point out from the geocenter to  [ 90 degrees longitude, 0 degrees latitude ]. So what are the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building in New York City?   Using [ longitude = −73.985656, latitude = 40.748433 ], Earth radius = 40,000/2π, and transforming from spherical --> Cartesian coordinates, you can estimate the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building, [ x, y, z ] = [ 1330.53 km, –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km ].  GPS navigation relies on such geocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: how does the sun keep the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: gravitational center of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 73.985656, latitude = 40.748433

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: gravitational center of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 90 degrees longitude, 0 degrees latitude

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: –4635.75 km, 4155.46 km

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 4155.46 km

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 4155.46 km

text: GJ 3634 is named for its location in the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars; a later expansion of the original catalogue was compiled jointly by Gliese and Hartmut Jahreiß. The Third Catalogue, the most recent catalogue, was formed to tag all then-known stars within 25 parsecs of Earth (81.54 light years). GJ 3634 was first catalogued in 1987. The discoverers of GJ 3634 b worked through the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla Observatory in Chile for over six years in search of planets that orbited low-mass red dwarfs. After the discoveries of eleven prior planets, the researchers changed their strategy to search for planets with extremely short orbits. They would first discover the system using the radial velocity method, in which an observed Doppler shift in the star's light would be measured and interpreted; and would then follow up with a search for transits, in which the planet crosses in front of and dims its star as seen from Earth. Radial velocity measurements would help determine the most efficient and time-effective means of observing potential planetary transits.

text: GJ 3634 is named for its location in the

text: Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars

text: ; a later expansion of the original catalogue was compiled jointly by Gliese and

text: Hartmut Jahreiß

text: . The Third Catalogue, the most recent catalogue, was formed to tag all then-known stars within 25 parsecs of Earth (81.54

text: light year

text: s). GJ 3634 was first catalogued in 1987. The discoverers of GJ 3634 b worked through the

text: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: (HARPS) at the

text: European Southern Observatory

text: 's

text: La Silla Observatory

text: in Chile for over six years in search of planets that orbited low-mass red dwarfs. After the discoveries of eleven prior planets, the researchers changed their strategy to search for planets with extremely short orbits. They would first discover the system using the

text: radial velocity method

text: , in which an observed

text: Doppler shift

text: in the star's light would be measured and interpreted; and would then follow up with a search for

text: transits

text: , in which the planet crosses in front of and dims its star as seen from Earth. Radial velocity measurements would help determine the most efficient and time-effective means of observing potential planetary transits.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: doppler shift

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: low-mass red dwarfs

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: GJ 3634

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: low-mass red dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hartmut Jahreiß.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: low-mass red dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets with extremely short orbits.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial velocity method,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: low-mass red dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: low-mass red dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: GJ 3634

text: Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science.

text: Copernicus proposed the

text: heliocentric universe

text: , which was met with strong resistance, and

text: Tycho Brahe

text: refuted the theory of

text: celestial spheres

text: through observational measurement of the

text: 1572 appearance

text: of a

text: Milky Way

text: supernova

text: . These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by

text: Ptolemy

text: and

text: Aristotle

text: , and led to major revolutions in

text: astronomy

text: and

text: science

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: immutable universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric universe,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: celestial spheres

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: immutable universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric universe,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric universe,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Milky Way supernova.

text: Orbital inclination is the angle between a planet's orbital plane and another plane of reference. For exoplanets, the inclination is usually stated with respect to an observer on Earth: the angle used is that between the normal to the planet's orbital plane and the line of sight from Earth to the star. Therefore, most planets observed by the transit method are close to 90 degrees. Because the word 'inclination' is used in exoplanet studies for this line-of-sight inclination then the angle between the planet's orbit and the star's rotation must use a different word and is termed the spin–orbit angle or spin–orbit alignment. In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown. The Kepler spacecraft has found a few hundred multi-planet systems and in most of these systems the planets all orbit in nearly the same plane, much like the Solar System. However, a combination of astrometric and radial-velocity measurements has shown that some planetary systems contain planets whose orbital planes are significantly tilted relative to each other. More than half of hot Jupiters have orbital planes substantially misaligned with their parent star's rotation. A substantial fraction of hot-Jupiters even have retrograde orbits, meaning that they orbit in the opposite direction from the star's rotation. Rather than a planet's orbit having been disturbed, it may be that the star itself flipped early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.

text: Orbital inclination

text: is the angle between a planet's

text: orbital plane

text: and another plane of reference. For exoplanets, the inclination is usually stated with respect to an observer on Earth: the angle used is that between the

text: normal

text: to the planet's orbital plane and the line of sight from Earth to the star. Therefore, most planets observed by the

text: transit method

text: are close to 90 degrees. Because the word 'inclination' is used in exoplanet studies for this line-of-sight inclination then the angle between the planet's orbit and the star's rotation must use a different word and is termed the spin–orbit angle or spin–orbit alignment. In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown. The Kepler spacecraft has found a few hundred multi-planet systems and in most of these systems the planets all orbit in nearly the same plane, much like the Solar System. However, a combination of astrometric and radial-velocity measurements has shown that some planetary systems contain planets whose orbital planes are significantly tilted relative to each other. More than half of

text: hot Jupiter

text: s have orbital planes substantially misaligned with their parent star's rotation. A substantial fraction of hot-Jupiters even have

text: retrograde orbit

text: s, meaning that they orbit in the opposite direction from the star's rotation. Rather than a planet's orbit having been disturbed, it may be that the star itself flipped early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: In most cases the orientation of the star's rotational axis is unknown

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Kepler spacecraft has found a few hundred multi-planet systems

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: radial-velocity measurements

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: nearly the same plane, much like the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: most planets observed by the transit method are close to 90 degrees.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial-velocity measurements

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: much like the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: orbital planes are significantly tilted relative to each other.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: exoplanets,

text: The planet's orbital distance of 0.084 AU (assuming mild eccentricity) lies at the inner edge of its star's habitable zone, which extends from approximately 0.073 to 0.190 AU (for comparison, the habitable zone of the Sun is approximated at 0.5 to 3.0 AU for its different energy emission). Its host star is a red dwarf, with about a quarter as much mass as the Sun. As a result, stars like Wolf 1061 have the ability to burn up to 400–500 billion years, 40–50 times longer than the Sun will.

text: The planet's orbital distance of 0.084

text: AU

text: (assuming mild

text: eccentricity

text: ) lies at the inner edge of its star's

text: habitable zone

text: , which extends from approximately 0.073 to 0.190 AU (for comparison, the habitable zone of the

text: Sun

text: is approximated at 0.5 to 3.0 AU for its different energy emission). Its host star is a

text: red dwarf

text: , with about a quarter as much mass as the Sun. As a result, stars like Wolf 1061 have the ability to burn up to 400–500 billion years, 40–50 times longer than the Sun will.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: astronomer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital distance

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planet's orbital distance of 0.084 AU

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Wolf 1061

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Wolf 1061

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: star's habitable zone,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: mild eccentricity)

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The planet's orbital distance

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital distance of 0.084 AU (assuming mild eccentricity)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Its host star is a red dwarf,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: star's habitable zone,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Wolf 1061

text: The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model of the Universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes Aristarchus's heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote: (translated into English):

text: The

text: Greek astronomer

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: was the first known individual to propose a

text: heliocentric

text: model of the Universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in

text: Archimedes

text: ' book

text: The Sand Reckoner

text: describes Aristarchus's heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote: (translated into English):

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model of the Universe.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric model of the Universe.

text: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth with colleague Tim Lenton in 2011.

text: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth with colleague

text: Tim Lenton

text: in 2011.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth with colleague Tim Lenton in 2011.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Revolutions that Made the Earth with colleague Tim Lenton in 2011.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Revolutions that Made the Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Revolutions that Made the Earth with colleague Tim Lenton

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Watson published the popular book Revolutions that Made the Earth

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Revolutions that Made the Earth

text: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib al-'Aliya, criticizes the idea of the geocentric model within the universe and "explores the notion of the existence of a multiverse in the context of his commentary" on the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds." He raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe."

text: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, in dealing with his

text: conception of physics

text: and the physical world in his Matalib al-'Aliya, criticizes the idea of the

text: geocentric model

text: within the universe and "explores the notion of the existence of a

text: multiverse

text: in the context of his commentary" on the

text: Qur'an

text: ic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds." He raises the question of whether the term "

text: world

text: s" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single

text: universe

text: or

text: cosmos

text: , or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: God

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: al-Razi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: God

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: God,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: God,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: multiverse

text: For an Earthbound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day. Proxima Centauri, which is the nearest star outside the solar system, is about 4 light-years away. On a geostationary view, Proxima Centauri has a speed many times greater than c as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed. It is also possible on a geostatic view for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal and vice versa simply because the distance from the Earth varies. Comets may have orbits which take them out to more than 1000 AU. The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day. In other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame.

text: For an Earthbound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

text: Proxima Centauri

text: , which is the nearest star outside the

text: solar system

text: , is about 4

text: light-year

text: s away. On a

text: geostationary

text: view, Proxima Centauri has a speed many times greater than c as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed. It is also possible on a geostatic view for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal and vice versa simply because the distance from the Earth varies. Comets may have orbits which take them out to more than 1000

text: AU

text: . The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day. In other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Proxima Centauri

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Proxima Centauri,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 4 light-years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: one revolution around the Earth in 1 day.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Proxima Centauri,

text: One of the most-studied exoplanets in the night sky is TrES-1b, in orbit around the star GSC 02652-01324. Detected from a transit of its parent star, the planet has around 3/4 the mass of Jupiter, yet orbits its parent star in only three days. The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times. Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth-like planet, it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot. Also discovered by the transit method is WASP-3b, with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter. At the time of its discovery, it was one of the hottest known exoplanets, in orbit around the F-type main-sequence star WASP-3. Similar to TrES-1b, irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet, although this now appears unlikely as well.

text: One of the most-studied exoplanets in the night sky is

text: , in orbit around the star

text: GSC 02652-01324

text: . Detected from a

entity_section: Mutual planetary transits and occultations

text: transit

text: of its parent star, the planet has around 3/4 the mass of Jupiter, yet orbits its parent star in only three days. The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times. Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth-like planet, it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot. Also discovered by the transit method is

text: , with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter. At the time of its discovery, it was one of the hottest known exoplanets, in orbit around the

text: F-type main-sequence star

text: . Similar to TrES-1b, irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet, although this now appears unlikely as well.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits its parent star in only three days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-like planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WASP-3

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth-like planet,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits its parent star in only three days.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: parent star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: three days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth-like planet,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits its parent star in only three days.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 3/4 the mass of Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: three days.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: WASP-3b,

text: Daoist technical vocabulary for bugang contrasts Tiangang 天綱 "Guideline of Heaven" with Diji 地紀 "Sequence of Earth", referring to the seasonal changes on earth, activated by the movements in heaven, and conceived as a spatial flow on the circumference of the earth. "Thus it represents the terrestrial pattern to which the powers emanating from the pole of heaven are transferred by the Dipper performing its annual revolution in the sky" (Andersen 1989:26).

text: Daoist technical vocabulary for bugang contrasts Tiangang 天綱 "Guideline of Heaven" with Diji 地紀 "Sequence of Earth", referring to the seasonal changes on earth, activated by the movements in heaven, and conceived as a spatial flow on the circumference of the earth. "Thus it represents the terrestrial pattern to which the powers emanating from the pole of heaven are transferred by the Dipper performing its annual revolution in the sky" (Andersen 1989:26).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Dipper

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Daoist

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Dipper

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heaven,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tiangang

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: annual revolution in the sky"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Tiangang <unk> "Guideline of Heaven" with Diji

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: (Andersen 1989:26).

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Sequence of Earth",

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Guideline of Heaven" with Diji

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Diji

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Dipper

text: Alternate history science fiction has produced some literature of interest on the proposition that some alternate universes and Earths might indeed have laws of physics and cosmologies that are Ptolemaic and Aristotelian in design. This subcategory began with Philip Jose Farmer's short story, "Sail On! Sail On!" (1952), where Columbus has access to radio technology, and where his Spanish-financed exploratory and trade fleet sail off the edge of the (flat) world in his Geocentric alternate universe in 1492, instead of discovering North America and South America.

text: Alternate history

text: science fiction

text: has produced some literature of interest on the proposition that some alternate universes and Earths might indeed have laws of physics and cosmologies that are Ptolemaic and Aristotelian in design. This subcategory began with

text: Philip Jose Farmer

text: 's

text: short story

text: Sail On! Sail On!

text: " (1952), where Columbus has access to

text: radio

text: technology, and where his

text: Spanish

text: -financed exploratory and trade fleet sail off the edge of the (flat) world in his Geocentric alternate universe in 1492, instead of discovering

text: North America

text: and

text: South America

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: in his Geocentric alternate universe

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: law of physics and cosmologies that are Ptolemaic and Aristotelian in design

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earths

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Columbus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: (flat) world

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geocentric alternate universe

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: North America and South America.

text: The college of theology, Maison de Sorbonne, was established at the Collège de Sorbonne in 1257 by Robert de Sorbon. Its library, the Library of the Collège de Sorbonne was founded in 1289. In the 1700s, the Jesuits, before leaving the Sorbonne, gave away their buildings and books to the University of Paris. In 1791, during the French Revolution, the library disbanded, and the books (of which there were 25,000 volumes on the eve of the Revolution) were distributed to other libraries. After the Revolution, the Sorbonne was rebuilt at the location of the medieval buildings. In the late 1800s, after the Napoleonic era, the library of the university started functioning from the Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne.

text: The college of theology, Maison de Sorbonne, was established at the

text: Collège de Sorbonne

text: in 1257 by

text: Robert de Sorbon

text: . Its library, the Library of the Collège de Sorbonne was founded in 1289. In the 1700s, the

text: Jesuits

text: , before leaving the Sorbonne, gave away their buildings and books to the University of Paris. In 1791, during the

text: French Revolution

text: , the library disbanded, and the books (of which there were 25,000 volumes on the eve of the Revolution) were distributed to other libraries. After the Revolution, the Sorbonne was rebuilt at the location of the medieval buildings. In the late 1800s, after the Napoleonic era, the library of the university started functioning from the Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Robert de Sorbon

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The college of theology, Maison de Sorbonne

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Robert de Sorbon.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Collège de Sorbonne in 1257 by Robert de Sorbon.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1257

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1289.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1257

text: Otherwise, it is suggested that if the planet had a magnetic field, it would deflect the particles from the atmosphere (even the slow rotation of a tidally locked M-dwarf planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would be enough to generate a magnetic field as long as part of the planet's interior remained molten). But actual mathematical models conclude that, even under the highest attainable dynamo-generated magnetic field strengths, exoplanets with masses like that of Earth lose a significant fraction of their atmospheres by the erosion of the exobase's atmosphere by CME bursts and XUV emissions (even those Earth-like planets closer than 0.8 AU—affecting also GK stars— probably lose their atmospheres).

text: Otherwise, it is suggested that if the planet had a magnetic field, it would deflect the particles from the atmosphere (even the slow rotation of a tidally locked M-dwarf planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would be enough to generate a magnetic field as long as part of the planet's interior remained molten). But actual mathematical models conclude that, even under the highest attainable dynamo-generated magnetic field strengths, exoplanets with masses like that of Earth lose a significant fraction of their atmospheres by the erosion of the exobase's atmosphere by

text: CME

text: bursts and

text: XUV

text: emissions (even those Earth-like planets closer than 0.8 AU—affecting also GK stars— probably lose their atmospheres).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: tidally locked M-dwarf planet

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: tidally locked

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star—would

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: tidally locked M-dwarf planet—it

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star—would

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: planet—it spins once for every time it orbits its star—would

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: exoplanets

text: HD 2638 b is a planet of the star HD 2638. It is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet that orbits its parent star in a very tight "torch orbit". Distance to the star is less than 1/20th Earth's distance from the Sun. One orbital revolution lasts only about three and half days.

text: HD 2638 b is a planet of the star

text: HD 2638

text: . It is a typical "

text: hot Jupiter

text: ", a planet that orbits its parent star in a very tight "torch orbit". Distance to the star is less than 1/20th

text: Earth's

text: distance from the Sun. One orbital revolution lasts only about three and half

text: day

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1/20th Earth's distance from the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 2638

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: its parent star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 2638 b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: a very tight "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: One orbital revolution lasts only about three and half days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1/20th Earth's distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "torch orbit".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1/20th Earth's distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/20th Earth's distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 2638 b is a planet of the star HD 2638.

text: During 1978 and 1979, the proportion of women who participated in universities as students or faculties was rather low. 31% of students admitted to universities were women. For faculty gender composition, there are 14% female. This situation has changed with time passing by. University enrollment was decreased under the influence of Iranian Cultural Revolution. The general enrollment population declined during that time. After the culture revolution, the amount of enrollment was going up. The increase in the number of university students is accompanied with an increase in female rate.

text: During 1978 and 1979, the proportion of women who participated in universities as students or faculties was rather low. 31% of students admitted to universities were women. For faculty gender composition, there are 14% female. This situation has changed with time passing by. University enrollment was decreased under the influence of

text: Iranian Cultural Revolution

text: . The general enrollment population declined during that time. After the

text: culture revolution

text: , the amount of enrollment was going up. The increase in the number of university students is accompanied with an increase in female rate.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: University enrollment was decreased under the influence of Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: low.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: University enrollment was decreased under the influence of Iranian Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 31% of students admitted to universities were women.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 31%

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Iranian Cultural Revolution.

text: The precession of solstices and equinoxes is the third factor that plays a role in Earth climate change that deals directly with the earth itself. The basis of the precession of solstices and equinoxes is that it causes the seasons to occur at different times in Earth’s revolution around the sun throughout a cycle recurring about every 23,000 years.

text: The precession of solstices and equinoxes is the third factor that plays a role in Earth climate change that deals directly with the earth itself. The basis of the precession of solstices and equinoxes is that it causes the seasons to occur at different times in Earth’s revolution around the sun throughout a cycle recurring about every 23,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth’s revolution around the sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth’s revolution around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The precession of solstices and equinoxes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth’s revolution around the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The precession of solstices and equinoxes

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolution around the sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth’s revolution around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The precession of solstices and equinoxes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The precession of solstices and equinoxes

text: The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period, which is about , and its inclination, which is approximately 90°. From Earth, the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star. It has an eccentricity of 0, meaning its orbit is circular.In order to obtain further information about the details of the planet's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used. While such methods have been performed on the planet since its discovery, these methods have not yet detected an accurate value  for the eccentricity of the planet and so (as of March 2012) only an upper limit for the mass of the planet has been set by astronomers.

text: The only parameters of the planet's

text: orbit

text: that are currently available are its

text: orbital period

text: , which is about , and its

text: inclination

text: , which is approximately 90°. From Earth, the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star. It has an

text: eccentricity

text: of 0, meaning its orbit is circular.In order to obtain further information about the details of the planet's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used. While such methods have been performed on the planet since its discovery, these methods have not yet detected an accurate value  for the eccentricity of the planet and so (as of March 2012) only an upper limit for the mass of the planet has been set by astronomers.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: host star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: radial velocity method,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: eccentricity of 0,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial velocity method,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: It has an eccentricity of 0, meaning its orbit is circular.In

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 90°.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth,

text: HD 155358 b is a gas giant planet that orbits the star HD 155358, located 142 light years away in the constellation Hercules. This planet orbits at a distance about 63% of distance between Earth and the Sun and has a moderate eccentricity. The planet mass is at least 89% of Jupiter, depending on inclination of the orbit and true mass of the star. It takes over half a year to orbit the star.

text: HD 155358 b is a

text: gas giant

text: planet

text: that orbits the star

text: HD 155358

text: , located 142

text: light year

text: s away in the constellation

text: Hercules

text: . This planet orbits at a distance about 63% of distance between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: and has a moderate eccentricity. The planet mass is at least 89% of

text: Jupiter

text: , depending on

text: inclination

text: of the

text: orbit

text: and

text: true mass

text: of the star. It takes over half a year to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentricity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: distance between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: HD 155358

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 63% of distance between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It takes over half a year to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 63%

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentricity.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 63% of distance between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 63% of distance between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 155358 b is a gas giant planet

text: Virtually all of the writings of Hipparchus are lost, including his work on precession. They are mentioned by Ptolemy, who explains precession as the rotation of the celestial sphere around a motionless Earth. It is reasonable to presume that Hipparchus, similarly to Ptolemy, thought of precession in geocentric terms as a motion of the heavens, rather than of the Earth.

text: Virtually all of the writings of Hipparchus are lost, including his work on precession. They are mentioned by Ptolemy, who explains precession as the rotation of the

text: celestial sphere

text: around a motionless Earth. It is reasonable to presume that Hipparchus, similarly to Ptolemy, thought of precession in

text: geocentric

text: terms as a motion of the heavens, rather than of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hipparchus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: motionless Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a motionless Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hipparchus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: motionless Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: motionless Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the rotation of the celestial sphere around a motionless Earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: motionless Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ptolemy,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: celestial sphere around a motionless Earth.

text: Taking her own advice, Scott has sought to write such "gendered" histories in her books Gender and the Politics of History and Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Men. In her 1988 book Gender and the Politics of History, Scott expanded upon the themes she had introduced in "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis" to argue that gender was the "knowledge of sexual differences". Citing Foucault, she adopted his definition of "knowledge" as "the understanding produced by cultures and societies of human relationships" and that such "knowledge" was "not absolute or true, but always relative".  In her essays "Language and Working Class History" and "Women in The Making of the English Working Class", Scott argued that during the Industrial Revolution, working class men created specifically male forms of protest and social organisation such as unions to protect their status as men vi-vis women, which had the effect of pushing women to the margins of society. Scott's most notable work in this regard is her 1996 book Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Men dealing with how French feminists such as Olympe de Gouges, Hubertine Auclert, Madeleine Pelletier, Louise Weiss, and Jeanne Deroin responded to the French Revolution and its aftermath. Scott argued that in 1789, the (male) leaders of the revolution in issuing Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen) created a contradictory image of "the citizen", an abstract, universal  individual who possessed certain innate rights that no power on this earth could rightfully deprive this individual of while at the same time insisting that this individual who personified France was a man. Scott's thesis is that this image of the universal, abstract individual allowed French feminists to argue that Frenchwomen were citizens of France and thus entitled to equality, but at the same time the image of the universal individual as a man allowed Frenchmen to argue that the rights and citizenship itself was limited only to men. Scott argues this "paradox" of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen  as she calls it led French feminists either to making claims of the "sameness" of the sexes in order to claim equality or of the differences of the sexes to advance their rights to be citizens.

text: Taking her own advice, Scott has sought to write such "gendered" histories in her books Gender and the Politics of History and Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Men. In her 1988 book Gender and the Politics of History, Scott expanded upon the themes she had introduced in "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis" to argue that gender was the "knowledge of sexual differences". Citing Foucault, she adopted his definition of "knowledge" as "the understanding produced by cultures and societies of human relationships" and that such "knowledge" was "not absolute or true, but always relative".  In her essays "Language and Working Class History" and "Women in The Making of the English Working Class", Scott argued that during the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: , working class men created specifically male forms of protest and social organisation such as unions to protect their status as men vi-vis women, which had the effect of pushing women to the margins of society. Scott's most notable work in this regard is her 1996 book Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Men dealing with how French feminists such as

text: Olympe de Gouges

text: Hubertine Auclert

text: Madeleine Pelletier

text: Louise Weiss

text: , and

text: Jeanne Deroin

text: responded to the

text: French Revolution

text: and its aftermath. Scott argued that in 1789, the (male) leaders of the revolution in issuing

entity_name: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

text: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen

text: (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen) created a contradictory image of "the citizen", an abstract, universal  individual who possessed certain innate rights that no power on this earth could rightfully deprive this individual of while at the same time insisting that this individual who personified France was a man. Scott's thesis is that this image of the universal, abstract individual allowed French feminists to argue that Frenchwomen were citizens of France and thus entitled to equality, but at the same time the image of the universal individual as a man allowed Frenchmen to argue that the rights and citizenship itself was limited only to men. Scott argues this "paradox" of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen  as she calls it led French feminists either to making claims of the "sameness" of the sexes in order to claim equality or of the differences of the sexes to advance their rights to be citizens.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: no power on this earth could rightfully deprive

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Olympe de Gouges,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen)

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: French Feminists and the Rights of Men

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1789,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Citizen)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Paradoxes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen)

text: The Mu Arae system consists of an inner Uranus-mass planet in a tight 9-day orbit and three massive planets, probably gas giants, on wide, near-circular orbits, which contrasts with the high-eccentricity orbits typically observed for long-period extrasolar planets. The Uranus-mass planet may be a chthonian planet, the core of a gas giant which has had its outer layers stripped away by stellar radiation. Alternatively it may have formed in the inner regions of the Mu Arae system as a rocky "super-Earth". The inner gas giants "d" and "b" are located close to the 2:1 orbital resonance which causes them to undergo strong interactions. The best-fit solution to the system is actually unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years, which is significantly shorter than the estimated age of the star system. More stable solutions, including ones in which the two planets are actually in the resonance (similar to the situation in the Gliese 876 system) can be found which give only a slightly worse fit to the data. Searches for circumstellar discs show no evidence for a debris disc similar to the Kuiper belt around Mu Arae. If Mu Arae does have a Kuiper belt, it is too faint to be detected with current instruments.

text: The Mu Arae system consists of an inner Uranus-mass planet in a tight 9-day orbit and three massive planets, probably gas giants, on wide, near-circular orbits, which contrasts with the high-eccentricity orbits typically observed for long-period extrasolar planets. The Uranus-mass planet may be a

text: chthonian planet

text: , the

text: core

text: of a gas giant which has had its outer layers stripped away by stellar radiation. Alternatively it may have formed in the inner regions of the Mu Arae system as a rocky "super-Earth". The inner gas giants "d" and "b" are located close to the 2:1

text: orbital resonance

text: which causes them to undergo strong interactions. The best-fit solution to the system is actually unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years, which is significantly shorter than the estimated age of the star system. More stable solutions, including ones in which the two planets are actually in the resonance (similar to the situation in the

text: Gliese 876

text: system) can be found which give only a slightly worse fit to the data. Searches for

text: circumstellar disc

text: s show no evidence for a debris disc similar to the

text: Kuiper belt

text: around Mu Arae. If Mu Arae does have a Kuiper belt, it is too faint to be detected with current instruments.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Arae

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The best-fit solution to the system is actually unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mu Arae

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Mu Arae

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2:1 orbital resonance

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star system.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: high-eccentricity orbits

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unstable: simulations suggest the system is destroyed after 78 million years,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2:1 orbital resonance

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Mu Arae system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: high-eccentricity orbits

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mu Arae system

text: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on April 6, 1913. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on April 6, 1913.

text: Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets, including Earth, in its orbit. Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This "Copernican revolution" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. "Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."

text: Heliocentrism

text: is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the

text: Solar System

text: and put the planets, including Earth, in its orbit. Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to

text: geocentrism

text: , which placed the Earth at the center.

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC. In the 16th century,

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: De revolutionibus

text: presented a full discussion of a

text: heliocentric model

text: of the universe in much the same way as

text: Ptolemy

text: had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This "

text: Copernican revolution

text: " resolved the issue of planetary

text: retrograde motion

text: by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. "Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker]

text: Joan Blaeu

text: was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Joan Blaeu

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary retrograde motion

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus'

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun at the center of the Solar System

text: There were occasional speculations about Heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus. In Roman Carthage, the pagan Martianus Capella (5th century A.D.) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun.  Capella's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th-century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work.

text: There were occasional speculations about Heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus. In

text: Roman Carthage

text: , the

text: pagan

text: Martianus Capella

text: (5th century A.D.) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun.  Capella's model was discussed in the

text: Early Middle Ages

text: by various anonymous 9th-century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Martianus Capella

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circled the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernicus.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circled the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun.

text: In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy's Almagest had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century.  Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system, elaborated it in geometrical detail, used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model, and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets.  In doing so, Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system. This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than real: it was a parallax effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system; the latter, however, while eliminating the major epicycles, retained as a physical reality the irregular back-and-forth motion of the planets, which Kepler characterized as a "pretzel".

text: In the 16th century,

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: 's

text: De revolutionibus

text: presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as

text: Ptolemy

text: 's

text: Almagest

text: had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century.  Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system, elaborated it in geometrical detail, used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model, and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets.  In doing so, Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy. In reality, Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system. This theory resolved the issue of planetary

text: retrograde motion

text: by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent, rather than

text: real

text: : it was a

text: parallax

text: effect, as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon. This issue was also resolved in the geocentric

text: Tychonic system

text: ; the latter, however, while eliminating the major

text: epicycle

text: s, retained as a physical reality the irregular back-and-forth motion of the planets, which

text: Kepler

text: characterized as a "

text: pretzel

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernicus's system did not predict the planets' positions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Tychonic system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars and planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: irregular back-and-forth motion of the planets,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: horizon.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "pretzel".

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler characterized as a "pretzel".

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model of the universe

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars and planets.

text: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

text: A partial

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on March 7, 1989. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A partial solar eclipse occurred on March 7, 1989.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A partial solar eclipse

text: The main advantages of the gravitational microlensing method are that it can detect planets with face-on orbits from Earth's viewpoint, and it can detect planets around very distant stars. When enough background stars can be observed with enough accuracy, then the method should eventually reveal how common Earth-like planets are in the galaxy.

text: The main advantages of the gravitational microlensing method are that it can detect planets with face-on orbits from Earth's viewpoint, and it can detect planets around very distant stars. When enough background stars can be observed with enough accuracy, then the method should eventually reveal how common Earth-like planets are in the galaxy.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-like planets are in the galaxy

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: gravitational microlensing

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: face-on orbits

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's viewpoint, and it can detect planets around very distant stars.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets with face-on orbits

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: gravitational microlensing

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets with face-on orbits

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: face-on orbits from Earth's viewpoint,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-like planets

text: Vol III: Justifications War Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

text: Vol III: Justifications War Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Isaac Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planets orbit the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Ptolomys System

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: War Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Aims/Homeland/Ground/Earth/Animals/Gender/Traitors/Revolution

text: This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth, including the noteworthy models of Aristotle (see Aristotelian physics) and Ptolemy. This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE.

text: This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the

text: Sun

text: Moon

text: star

text: s, and

text: naked eye planets

text: circling the spherical Earth, including the noteworthy models of

text: Aristotle

text: (see

text: Aristotelian physics

text: ) and

text: Ptolemy

text: . This

text: geocentric model

text: was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the spherical Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: circling the spherical Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the spherical Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on December 26, 2038. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: what is the solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 2038.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2038.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2038.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2038.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

text: In 1030, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī discussed the Indian planetary theories of Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Varahamihira in his Ta'rikh al-Hind (Latinized as Indica). Biruni stated that Brahmagupta and others consider that the earth rotates on its axis and Biruni noted that this does not create any mathematical problems. Abu Said al-Sijzi, a contemporary of al-Biruni, suggested the possible heliocentric movement of the Earth around the Sun, which al-Biruni did not reject. Al-Biruni agreed with the Earth's rotation about its own axis, and while he was initially neutral regarding the heliocentric and geocentric models, he considered heliocentrism to be a philosophical problem. He remarked that if the Earth rotates on its axis and moves around the Sun, it would remain consistent with his astronomical parameters:

text: In 1030,

text: Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

text: discussed the

text: Indian planetary theories

text: of

text: Aryabhata

text: Brahmagupta

text: and

text: Varahamihira

text: in his Ta'rikh al-Hind (Latinized as Indica). Biruni stated that

text: Brahmagupta

text: and others consider that the

text: earth rotates

text: on its axis and Biruni noted that this does not create any mathematical problems. Abu Said

text: al-Sijzi

text: , a contemporary of al-Biruni, suggested the possible heliocentric movement of the Earth around the Sun, which al-Biruni did not reject. Al-Biruni agreed with the

text: Earth's rotation

text: about its own axis, and while he was initially neutral regarding the

text: heliocentric

text: and

text: geocentric model

text: s, he considered heliocentrism to be a philosophical problem. He remarked that if the Earth rotates on its axis and moves around the Sun, it would remain consistent with his astronomical parameters:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Abu Said al-Sijzi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Abu Said al-Sijzi,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the earth rotates on its axis

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: this does not create any mathematical problems.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric movement of the Earth around the Sun,

text: The Heliocentric Julian Date (HJD) is the Julian Date (JD) corrected for differences in the Earth's position with respect to the Sun. When timing events that occur beyond the Solar System, due to the finite speed of light, the time the event is observed depends on the changing position of the observer in the Solar System. Before multiple observations can be combined, they must be reduced to a common, fixed, reference location. This correction also depends on the direction to the object or event being timed.

text: The Heliocentric Julian Date (HJD) is the

text: Julian Date

text: (JD) corrected for differences in the

text: Earth

text: 's position with respect to the

text: Sun

text: . When timing events that occur beyond the

text: Solar System

text: , due to the finite

text: speed of light

text: , the time the event is observed depends on the changing position of the observer in the Solar System. Before multiple observations can be combined, they must be reduced to a common, fixed, reference location. This correction also depends on the direction to the object or event being timed.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Earth's position with respect to the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun. When timing events that occur beyond the Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: finite speed of light,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Heliocentric Julian Date

text: In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the Cosmos where Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as ancient Greece. As such, they assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circled Earth, including the noteworthy systems of Aristotle (see Aristotelian physics) and Ptolemy.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the

text: Cosmos

text: where Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as

text: ancient Greece

text: . As such, they assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and

text: naked eye planets

text: circled Earth, including the noteworthy systems of

text: Aristotle

text: (see

text: Aristotelian physics

text: ) and

text: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circled Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circled Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies.

text: The Copernican Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Beginning with the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, contributions to the “revolution” continued until finally ending with Isaac Newton’s work over a century later.

text: The Copernican Revolution was the

text: paradigm shift

text: from the

text: Ptolemaic model

text: of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having

text: Earth

text: stationary at the center of the universe, to the

text: heliocentric model

text: with the

text: Sun

text: at the center of the

text: Solar System

text: . Beginning with the publication of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: ’s

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: , contributions to the “revolution” continued until finally ending with

text: Isaac Newton

text: ’s work over a century later.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth stationary at the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun at the center of the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus’s

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth stationary

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

text: Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes, half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth. Tidal force or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun. A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon, because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does. The Sun's effect is less powerful but, when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned at the full and new moons, the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced, causing the lower "neap tides".

text: Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes, half the period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth.

text: Tidal force

text: or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun. A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon, because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. These bulges rotate around the Earth as the moon does. The Sun's effect is less powerful but, when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned at the

text: full

text: and

text: new moon

text: s, the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is correspondingly reduced, causing the lower "neap tides".

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Most places experience two high tides

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Sun's effect is less powerful

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 12 hours and 25 minutes,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Moon's mass is some 27 million times smaller than the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

text: In September 2012, astronomers using the HARPS instrument announced the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163. One planet, Gliese 163 c, with an orbital period of 26 days, and a minimum mass of 7.2 Earth masses, was considered potentially in the habitable zone, although hotter than Earth. A second planet, Gliese 163 b, was also announced, with a period of 1 day. It would be too hot to be considered habitable. Evidence was also found for a third planet orbiting further out than c and b. In June 2013, it was concluded that at least 3 planets orbit around the star with fourth planet being a possibility.

text: In September 2012, astronomers using the

text: HARPS

text: instrument announced the discovery of two planets orbiting Gliese 163. One planet,

text: Gliese 163 c

text: , with an orbital period of 26 days, and a minimum mass of 7.2 Earth masses, was considered potentially in the

text: habitable zone

text: , although hotter than Earth. A second planet, Gliese 163 b, was also announced, with a period of 1 day. It would be too hot to be considered habitable. Evidence was also found for a third planet orbiting further out than c and b. In June 2013, it was concluded that at least 3 planets orbit around the star with fourth planet being a possibility.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: It would be too hot to be considered habitable.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: In September 2012,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 3 planets orbit around the star with fourth planet being a possibility.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Gliese 163.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 26 days,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2012,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period of 26 days,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 3 planets orbit around the star with fourth planet being a possibility.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 3 planets orbit around the star with fourth planet being a possibility.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: two planets orbiting Gliese 163.

text: Dynamical simulations covering a period of 10 years show that a second, low-mass, planet could only orbit stably if it were no more than 0.2 AU away from the star; in the simulations, these planets show oscillations in eccentricity up to an eccentricity of 0.25.  Radial velocity observations rule out any such planet whose mass is greater than 4 Neptune masses.

text: Dynamical simulations covering a period of 10 years show that a second, low-mass, planet could only orbit stably if it were no more than 0.2

text: AU

text: away from the star; in the simulations, these planets show oscillations in eccentricity up to an eccentricity of 0.25.

text: Radial velocity

text: observations rule out any such planet whose mass is greater than 4 Neptune masses.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.2 AU

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star;

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star;

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: oscillations in eccentricity up to an eccentricity of 0.25.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 0.2 AU away from the star;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a second, low-mass, planet

text: In astronomy, the Geocentric model (also known as Geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with the Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy.

text: In

text: astronomy

text: , the Geocentric model (also known as Geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a

text: superseded

text: description of the

text: universe

text: with the

text: Earth

text: at the center. Under the geocentric model, the

text: Sun

text: Moon

text: star

text: s, and

text: planets

text: all circled Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of

text: Aristotle

text: and

text: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth at the center

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all circled Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets

text: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University at 15. She graduated from Qinghua University and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) in 1946. She held several positions in the CPC branches in public education institutions. She was assigned to the deputy secretary of the CPC committee in Beijing University before she was demoted and sent to the countryside in the Cultural Revolution.<ref>The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

text: Peng was admitted to the

entity_name: National Southwestern Associated University

text: National Southwestern Associated University

text: at 15. She graduated from

text: Qinghua University

text: and joined the

text: Chinese Communist Party

text: (CPC) in 1946. She held several positions in the CPC branches in public education institutions. She was assigned to the deputy secretary of the CPC committee in

text: Beijing University

text: before she was demoted and sent to the countryside in the

text: Cultural Revolution

text: .<ref>The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Peng

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Peng

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Chinese Communist Party

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University at 15.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cultural Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Peng

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Peng was admitted to the National Southwestern Associated University

text: Twelve exoplanet systems have been found in Aquarius as of 2013. Gliese 876, one of the nearest stars to Earth at a distance of 15 light-years, was the first red dwarf star to be found to possess a planetary system. It is orbited by four planets, including one terrestrial planet 6.6 times the mass of Earth. The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days. 91 Aquarii is an orange giant star orbited by one planet, 91 Aquarii b. The planet's mass is 2.9 times the mass of Jupiter, and its orbital period is 182 days. Gliese 849 is a red dwarf star orbited by the first known long-period Jupiter-like planet, Gliese 849 b. The planet's mass is 0.99 times that of Jupiter and its orbital period is 1,852 days.

text: Twelve exoplanet systems have been found in Aquarius as of 2013.

text: Gliese 876

text: , one of the nearest stars to Earth at a distance of 15 light-years, was the first

text: red dwarf

text: star to be found to possess a

text: planetary system

text: . It is orbited by four planets, including one

text: terrestrial planet

text: 6.6 times the mass of Earth. The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days.

text: 91 Aquarii

text: is an

text: orange giant

text: star orbited by one planet,

text: 91 Aquarii b

text: . The planet's mass is 2.9 times the mass of Jupiter, and its orbital period is 182 days.

text: Gliese 849

text: is a red dwarf star orbited by the first known long-period Jupiter-like planet,

text: Gliese 849 b

text: . The planet's mass is 0.99 times that of Jupiter and its orbital period is 1,852 days.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Gliese 876

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 91 Aquarii

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 876,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets vary in orbital period from 2 days to 124 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: planetary system.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period from 2 days to 124 days.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 6.6 times the mass of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 6.6 times the mass of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876,

text: In 2005, the first planets around main-sequence stars that may be terrestrial were found: Gliese 876 d, has a mass 7 to 9 times that of Earth and an orbital period of just two Earth days. It orbits the red dwarf Gliese 876, 15 light years from Earth. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, about 5.5 times the mass of Earth, orbits a star about 21,000 light years away in the constellation Scorpius.From 2007 to 2010, three (possibly four) potential terrestrial planets were found orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 581. The smallest, Gliese 581 e, is only about 1.9 Earth mass, but orbits very close to the star. An ideal terrestrial planet would be 2 Earth masses with a 25-day orbital period around a red dwarf. Two others, Gliese 581 c and Gliese 581 d, as well as a disputed planet, Gliese 581 g, are more-massive super-Earths orbiting in or close to the habitable zone of the star, so they could  potentially be habitable, with Earth-like temperatures.

text: In 2005, the first planets around main-sequence stars that may be terrestrial were found:

text: Gliese 876 d

text: , has a mass 7 to 9 times that of Earth and an orbital period of just two Earth days. It orbits the red dwarf

text: Gliese 876

text: , 15

text: light year

text: s from Earth.

text: , about 5.5 times the mass of Earth, orbits a star about 21,000 light years away in the constellation Scorpius.From 2007 to 2010, three (possibly four) potential terrestrial planets were found orbiting the red dwarf

text: Gliese 581

text: . The smallest,

text: Gliese 581 e

text: , is only about 1.9 Earth mass, but orbits very close to the star. An ideal terrestrial planet would be 2 Earth masses with a 25-day orbital period around a red dwarf. Two others,

text: Gliese 581 c

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: , as well as a disputed planet,

text: Gliese 581 g

text: , are more-massive super-Earths orbiting in or close to the habitable zone of the star, so they could  potentially be habitable, with Earth-like temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: red dwarf

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: an ideal terrestrial planet would be 2 Earth masses with a 25-day orbital period around a red dwarf

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: an ideal terrestrial planet would be 2 Earth masses with a 25-day orbital period around a red dwarf

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: main-sequence stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Scorpius.From

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: two Earth days.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: two Earth days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: In 2005,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period of just two Earth days.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: An ideal terrestrial planet would be 2 Earth masses

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 15 light years from Earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876 d,

text: The list of early famous scientists in Poland begins with the 13th-century Witelo and includes the polymath and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center; the publication of Copernicus' book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established the Commission of National Education, the world's first ministry of education.

text: The list of early famous scientists in Poland begins with the 13th-century

text: Witelo

text: and includes the

text: polymath

text: and astronomer

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: , who formulated a

text: model

text: of

text: the universe

text: that placed

text: the Sun

text: rather than the Earth at its center; the publication of Copernicus' book

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the

text: Copernican Revolution

text: and making an important contribution to the

text: Scientific Revolution

text: . In 1773 King

text: Stanisław August Poniatowski

text: established the

text: Commission of National Education

text: , the world's first ministry of education.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth at its center;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Sun rather than the Earth at its center;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: On August 17, 2011, European astronomers announced the discovery of three planets orbiting 82 G. Eridani. The mass range of these planets classifies them as super-Earths; objects with only a few times the Earth's mass. These planets were discovered by precise measurements of the radial velocity of the star, with the planets revealing their presence by their gravitational displacement of the star during each orbit. None of the planets display a significant orbital eccentricity. However, their orbital periods are all 90 days or less, indicating that they are orbiting close to the host star. The equilibrium temperature for the most distant planet, based on an assumed Bond albedo of 0.3, would be about ; significantly above the boiling point of water.

text: On August 17, 2011, European astronomers announced the discovery of three planets orbiting 82 G. Eridani. The mass range of these planets classifies them as super-Earths; objects with only a few times the Earth's mass. These planets were discovered by precise measurements of the

text: radial velocity

text: of the star, with the planets revealing their presence by their gravitational displacement of the star during each orbit. None of the planets display a significant orbital eccentricity. However, their orbital periods are all 90 days or less, indicating that they are orbiting close to the host star. The

text: equilibrium temperature

text: for the most distant planet, based on an assumed

text: Bond albedo

text: of 0.3, would be about ; significantly above the boiling point of water.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Eridani

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: host star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 82 G. Eridani.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: gravitational displacement of the star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: None of the planets display a significant orbital eccentricity.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 82 G. Eridani.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: gravitational displacement of the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: None of the planets display a significant orbital eccentricity.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 82 G. Eridani.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: three planets orbiting 82 G. Eridani.

text: In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-2, including Robin among other Justice Society of America characters. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-2. However, in the Justice Society of America Annual #1, published in the summer of 2008, Silver Scarab explains that the events of the Crisis are remembered by the people of this Earth-2, and from their perspective, Earth-2 seemed to be the only Earth to have survived the Crisis, raising theories as to whether or not Earth-2 was really destroyed, or was perhaps replaced by a new Earth-2.  Indeed, in Justice Society of America #20, published in December 2008, Starman explains that during the re-expansion of the DC Multiverse, Earth-2 was reborn "along with everyone on it", including Robin.

text: In the final issue of

text: , a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "

text: ". As a result of

entity_name: Mister Mind and the Monster Society of Evil

text: Mister Mind

text: "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-2, including Robin among other Justice Society of America characters. Based on comments by

text: Grant Morrison

text: , this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-2. However, in the Justice Society of America Annual #1, published in the summer of 2008,

text: Silver Scarab

text: explains that the events of the Crisis are remembered by the people of this Earth-2, and from their perspective, Earth-2 seemed to be the only Earth to have survived the Crisis, raising theories as to whether or not Earth-2 was really destroyed, or was perhaps replaced by a new Earth-2.  Indeed, in Justice Society of America #20, published in December 2008, Starman explains that during the re-expansion of the

text: DC Multiverse

text: , Earth-2 was reborn "along with everyone on it", including Robin.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-2

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Silver Scarab

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 52 identical realities.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Justice Society of America Annual #1,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 52 identical realities.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 52 identical realities.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Earth-2".

text: The Jack Hills zircon led to something of a revolution in our understanding of the Hadean eon. Older references generally show that Hadean Earth had a molten surface with prominent volcanos. The name "Hadean" itself refers to the "hellish" conditions assumed on Earth for the time, from the Greek Hades. Zircon dating suggested, albeit controversially, that the Hadean surface was solid, temperate, and covered by acidic oceans. This picture derives from the presence of particular isotopic ratios that suggest the action of water-based chemistry at some time before the formation of the oldest rocks (see Cool early Earth).

text: The Jack Hills zircon led to something of a revolution in our understanding of the Hadean eon. Older references generally show that Hadean Earth had a molten surface with prominent

text: volcano

text: s. The name "Hadean" itself refers to the "hellish" conditions assumed on Earth for the time, from the Greek

text: Hades

text: . Zircon dating suggested, albeit controversially, that the Hadean surface was solid, temperate, and covered by acidic oceans. This picture derives from the presence of particular isotopic ratios that suggest the action of water-based chemistry at some time before the formation of the oldest rocks (see

text: Cool early Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Jack Hills zircon led to something of a revolution

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Jack Hills zircon

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jack Hills

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Hadean eon.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Jack Hills zircon

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Jack Hills zircon

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: water-based chemistry

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Hadean eon.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Jack Hills zircon

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Jack Hills zircon

text: William Chittick, who is a renowned scholar of Sufi thought, literature, and Islamic philosophy, completed his PhD in Persian literature at Tehran University in 1974. He then taught comparative religion at the Humanities Department at Sharif University and left Iran just before the revolution in 1979. He was also for a short period before the revolution an assistant professor at it. He has also served as assistant editor of Encyclopædia Iranica and is currently professor of Religious Studies at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Chittick has had collaborations with Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Allameh Tabatabaei on several projects.

text: William Chittick

text: , who is a renowned scholar of

text: Sufi

text: thought, literature, and Islamic philosophy, completed his PhD in Persian literature at Tehran University in 1974. He then taught comparative religion at the Humanities Department at Sharif University and left Iran just before the revolution in 1979. He was also for a short period before the revolution an assistant professor at it. He has also served as assistant editor of Encyclopædia Iranica and is currently professor of Religious Studies at the

text: State University of New York

text: at

text: Stony Brook

text: . Chittick has had collaborations with Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Allameh Tabatabaei on several projects.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: William Chittick,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: William Chittick,

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's

text: axial tilt

text: and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the sun

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answers: Earth's orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Earth's axial tilt

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: (both change very slowly over long time periods).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth's axial tilt

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun.

text: Aside from Beta, five other stars in Pictor are known to host planetary systems. AB Pictoris is a BY Draconis variable star with a substellar companion that is either a large planet or a brown dwarf, which was discovered by direct imaging in 2005. HD 40307 is an orange main sequence star of spectral type K2.5V and apparent magnitude 7.17 located about 42 light-years away. Doppler spectroscopy with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) indicates that HD 40307 is host to six super-Earth planets, one of which, HD 40307 g, lies in the circumstellar habitable zone of the star, and is not close enough to be tidally locked (i.e. with the same face always facing the star), unlike the other planets in the same system, and many other planets which orbit close to their parent stars. HD 41004 is a complex binary system about 139 light-years distant. The primary is an orange dwarf of spectral type K1V orbited by a planet roughly 2.65 times the mass of Jupiter every 963 days, while the secondary is a red dwarf of spectral type M2V and orbited by a brown dwarf that is at least 19 times as massive as Jupiter. Both substellar components were discovered by doppler spectroscopy using the CORALIE spectrograph in 2004 and 2002 respectively. Kapteyn's Star, a nearby red dwarf at the distance of 12.78 light-years, has a magnitude of 8.8. It has the largest proper motion of any star in the sky after Barnard's Star. Moving around the Milky Way in the opposite direction to most other stars, it may have originated in a dwarf galaxy that was merged into the Milky Way, with the main remnant being the Omega Centauri globular cluster. In 2014 analysis of the doppler variations of Kapteyn's Star with the HARPS spectrograph showed that it hosts two super-Earths—Kapteyn b and Kapteyn c. Kapteyn b is the oldest-known potentially habitable planet, estimated to be possibly 11 billion years old.

text: Aside from Beta, five other stars in Pictor are known to host planetary systems.

text: AB Pictoris

text: is a

text: BY Draconis variable

text: star with a substellar companion that is either a large planet or a

text: brown dwarf

text: , which was discovered by direct imaging in 2005.

text: HD 40307

text: is an orange main sequence star of spectral type K2.5V and apparent magnitude 7.17 located about 42 light-years away.

text: Doppler spectroscopy

text: with the

text: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: (HARPS) indicates that HD 40307 is host to six

text: super-Earth

text: planets, one of which,

text: HD 40307 g

text: , lies in the

text: circumstellar habitable zone

text: of the star, and is not close enough to be

text: tidally locked

text: (i.e. with the same face always facing the star), unlike the other planets in the same system, and many other planets which orbit close to their parent stars.

text: HD 41004

text: is a complex binary system about 139 light-years distant. The primary is an orange dwarf of spectral type K1V orbited by a planet roughly 2.65 times the mass of Jupiter every 963 days, while the secondary is a red dwarf of spectral type M2V and orbited by a brown dwarf that is at least 19 times as massive as Jupiter. Both substellar components were discovered by doppler spectroscopy using the

entity_name: Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope

text: CORALIE spectrograph

text: in 2004 and 2002 respectively.

text: Kapteyn's Star

text: , a nearby

text: red dwarf

text: at the distance of 12.78 light-years, has a magnitude of 8.8. It has the largest

text: proper motion

text: of any star in the sky after

text: Barnard's Star

text: . Moving around the Milky Way in the opposite direction to most other stars, it may have originated in a dwarf galaxy that was merged into the

text: Milky Way

text: , with the main remnant being the

text: Omega Centauri

text: globular cluster. In 2014 analysis of the doppler variations of Kapteyn's Star with the HARPS spectrograph showed that it hosts two super-Earths—

text: Kapteyn b

text: and Kapteyn c. Kapteyn b is the oldest-known potentially

text: habitable planet

text: , estimated to be possibly 11 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: AB Pictoris

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kapteyn's Star

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answers: Kapteyn b and Kapteyn c

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

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answers: Beta

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answers: parent stars.

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answers: Kapteyn's

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answers: Kapteyn's Star,

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answers: Milky Way

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answers: tidally locked

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answers: Kapteyn's Star,

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answers: 2.65 times the mass of Jupiter every 963 days,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: super-Earths—Kapteyn

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 12.78 light-years,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kapteyn's Star,

text: As of 2011, three extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star. Announced in 1999, the first planet (HD 37124 b) was discovered orbiting its parent star around the inner edge of the habitable zone, causing the planet to have a somewhat similar insolation to that of Venus. A second planet became apparent by 2003, thought to orbit in a 1940 days on an eccentric orbit, but this was subsequently found to be unstable. Solving this, a three-planet solution was announced in 2005: this contained a second planet (HD 37124 c) orbiting at the outer edge of the habitable zone with an insolation similar to that of Mars, and a third planet, (HD 37124 d). While not obviously in any orbital resonances in 2005, an updated solution announced in 2011 found planets c and d to likely be in a 2:1 resonance.

text: As of 2011, three

text: extrasolar planet

text: s have been found to orbit the star. Announced in 1999, the first planet (

text: HD 37124 b

text: ) was discovered orbiting its parent star around the inner edge of the habitable zone, causing the planet to have a somewhat similar

text: insolation

text: to that of

text: Venus

text: . A second planet became apparent by 2003, thought to orbit in a 1940 days on an eccentric orbit, but this was subsequently found to be unstable. Solving this, a three-planet solution was announced in 2005: this contained a second planet (

text: HD 37124 c

text: ) orbiting at the outer edge of the habitable zone with an insolation similar to that of

text: Mars

text: , and a third planet, (

text: HD 37124 d

text: ). While not obviously in any

text: orbital resonance

text: s in 2005, an updated solution announced in 2011 found planets c and d to likely be in a 2:1 resonance.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

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answers: yes

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: an eccentric orbit

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answers: a 2:1 resonance.

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star

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answers: three extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: three extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: eccentric orbit,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: three extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: eccentric orbit,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: three extrasolar planets have been found to orbit the star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: three extrasolar planets

text: However, for his contemporaries, the ideas presented by Copernicus were not markedly easier to use than the geocentric theory and did not produce more accurate predictions of planetary positions. Copernicus was aware of this and could not present any observational "proof", relying instead on arguments about what would be a more complete and elegant system. The Copernican model appeared to be contrary to common sense and to contradict the Bible. Tycho Brahe's arguments against Copernicus are illustrative of the physical, theological, and even astronomical grounds on which heliocentric cosmology was rejected.  Tycho, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, appreciated the elegance of the Copernican system, but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics, astronomy, and religion. The Aristotelian physics of the time (modern Newtonian physics was still a century away) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth, but could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort of substance called aether that moved naturally.  So Tycho said that the Copernican system “... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy. On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics. Yet it ascribes to the Earth, that hulking, lazy body, unfit for motion, a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches, and a triple motion at that.” Likewise, Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Copernicus had assumed in order to explain why the Earth's motion produced no visible changes in the appearance of the fixed stars (known as annual stellar parallax). Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars (now known to be illusory – see stellar magnitude), and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as heliocentrism required, stars would have to be huge (the size of Earth's orbit or larger, and thus much larger than the sun). Regarding this Tycho wrote, “Deduce these things geometrically if you like, and you will see how many absurdities (not to mention others) accompany this assumption [of the motion of the earth] by inference.” He said his Tychonic system, which incorporated Copernican features into a geocentric system, “offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture”. Thus many astronomers accepted some aspects of Copernicus's theory at the expense of others.  His model did have a large influence on later scientists such as Galileo and Johannes Kepler, who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) sought to improve it. However, in the years following publication of de Revolutionibus, for leading astronomers such as Erasmus Reinhold, the key attraction of Copernicus's ideas was that they reinstated the idea of uniform circular motion for the planets.

text: However, for his contemporaries, the ideas presented by Copernicus were not markedly easier to use than the geocentric theory and did not produce more accurate predictions of planetary positions. Copernicus was aware of this and could not present any observational "proof", relying instead on arguments about what would be a more complete and elegant system. The Copernican model appeared to be contrary to common sense and to contradict the Bible. Tycho Brahe's arguments against Copernicus are illustrative of the physical, theological, and even astronomical grounds on which heliocentric cosmology was rejected.  Tycho, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, appreciated the elegance of the Copernican system, but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics, astronomy, and religion. The

text: Aristotelian physics

text: of the time (modern Newtonian physics was still a century away) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth, but could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort of substance called

text: aether

text: that moved naturally.  So Tycho said that the Copernican system “... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy. On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics. Yet it ascribes to the Earth, that hulking, lazy body, unfit for motion, a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches, and a triple motion at that.” Likewise, Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Copernicus had assumed in order to explain why the Earth's motion produced no visible changes in the appearance of the fixed stars (known as annual

text: stellar parallax

text: ). Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars (now known to be illusory – see stellar

text: magnitude

text: ), and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as heliocentrism required, stars would have to be huge (the size of Earth's orbit or larger, and thus much larger than the sun). Regarding this Tycho wrote, “Deduce these things geometrically if you like, and you will see how many absurdities (not to mention others) accompany this assumption [of the motion of the earth] by inference.” He said his

text: Tychonic system

text: , which incorporated Copernican features into a geocentric system, “offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture”. Thus many astronomers accepted some aspects of Copernicus's theory at the expense of others.  His model did have a large influence on later scientists such as

text: Galileo

text: and

text: Johannes Kepler

text: , who adopted, championed and (especially in Kepler's case) sought to improve it. However, in the years following publication of de Revolutionibus, for leading astronomers such as Erasmus Reinhold, the key attraction of Copernicus's ideas was that they reinstated the idea of uniform circular motion for the planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Copernicus had assumed in order to explain why the Earth's motion produced no visible changes in the appearance of the fixed stars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

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answers: Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars

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answers: no

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answers: did not produce more accurate predictions

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answers: Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars

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answers: yes

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answers: Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars

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answers: geocentric

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answers: Tycho Brahe's

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answers: aether

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answers: Earth,

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answers: aethereal torches,

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answers: illusory

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answers: aether that moved naturally.

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answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Copernican model appeared to be contrary to common sense

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planetary positions.

text: The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in approximately 27.322 days (a sidereal month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common center of mass), which lies about  from Earth's center (about  of the radius of Earth). On average, the Moon is at a distance of about  from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of , the Moon appears to move relative to the stars each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter, or by about half a degree. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to Earth's equatorial plane. The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5°, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is inclined by only 1.5° to the ecliptic.

text: The

text: Moon

text: orbit

text: s

text: Earth

text: in the

text: prograde

text: direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in approximately 27.322 days (a

text: sidereal month

text: ). Earth and the Moon orbit about their

text: barycentre

text: (common center of mass), which lies about  from Earth's center (about  of the radius of Earth). On average, the Moon is at a distance of about  from Earth's centre, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of , the Moon appears to move relative to the

text: star

text: s each hour by an amount roughly equal to its

text: angular diameter

text: , or by about half a degree. The Moon differs from most

text: satellites

text: of other

text: planet

text: s in that its orbit is close to the plane of the

text: ecliptic

text: , and not to Earth's

text: equatorial plane

text: . The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5°, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is inclined by only 1.5° to the ecliptic.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

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answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: sidereal month

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: ecliptic,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 27.322 days

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 27.322 days

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Moon appears to move relative to the stars each hour

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 5°,

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answers: ecliptic,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 27.322 days

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Moon orbits Earth

text: In the late ninth century, Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) developed a planetary model which some have interpreted as a heliocentric model. This is due to his orbital revolutions of the planets being given as heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric revolutions, and the only known planetary theory in which this occurs is in the heliocentric theory. His work on planetary theory has not survived, but his astronomical data was later recorded by al-Hashimi, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and al-Sijzi.

text: In the late ninth century,

text: Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

text: (Albumasar) developed a planetary model which some have interpreted as a

text: heliocentric model

text: . This is due to his

text: orbit

text: al revolutions of the planets being given as heliocentric revolutions rather than

text: geocentric

text: revolutions, and the only known planetary theory in which this occurs is in the heliocentric theory. His work on planetary theory has not survived, but his astronomical data was later recorded by

text: al-Hashimi

text: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

text: and

text: al-Sijzi

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric revolutions,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric revolutions,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric revolutions,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric revolutions,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric model.

text: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979), and Marji’s family knew two of them who were imprisoned for communist revolutionary acts. When they came to visit, their family is shocked by their tales of enduring horrific torture by Iranians who had “received special training from the CIA” and the deaths of many of their comrades. Marji experiences shame that her father is not a ‘hero’ of the revolution and is confused by her mother who is now saying that  “Bad people are dangerous but forgiving them is too. Don’t worry there is justice on earth”.  Marji has no idea what justice is. Now that the revolution is complete, she abandons her Dialectical Materialism comics and seeks solace in her faith.

text: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979), and Marji’s family knew two of them who were imprisoned for communist revolutionary acts. When they came to visit, their family is shocked by their tales of enduring horrific torture by Iranians who had “received special training from the CIA” and the deaths of many of their comrades. Marji experiences shame that her father is not a ‘hero’ of the revolution and is confused by her mother who is now saying that  “Bad people are dangerous but forgiving them is too. Don’t worry there is justice on earth”.  Marji has no idea what justice is. Now that the revolution is complete, she abandons her Dialectical Materialism comics and seeks solace in her faith.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: earth”.

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answers: Dialectical Materialism

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: justice on earth”.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth”.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979),

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979),

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: earth”.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: justice on earth”.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979),

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 3000 political prisoners were released (March, 1979),

text: More than two thousand planets around other stars ("extrasolar planets" or "exoplanets") have been discovered in the Milky Way. As of ,  known extrasolar planets in  planetary systems (including  multiple planetary systems), ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered, out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth, nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun, i.e. in the habitable zone. On December 20, 2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-sized extrasolar planets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star, Kepler-20. A 2012 study, analyzing gravitational microlensing data, estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way.Around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone.

text: More than two thousand planets around other stars ("

text: extrasolar planet

text: s" or "exoplanets") have been discovered in the

text: Milky Way

text: . As of ,  known extrasolar planets in

text: planetary systems

text: (including

text: multiple planetary systems

text: ), ranging in size from

text: just above the size of the Moon

text: to

text: gas giant

text: s

text: about twice as large as Jupiter

text: have been discovered, out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth, nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun, i.e. in the habitable zone. On December 20, 2011, the

text: Kepler Space Telescope

text: team reported the discovery of the first

text: Earth-sized

text: extrasolar planets,

text: and

text: , orbiting a

text: Sun-like star

text: . A 2012 study, analyzing

text: gravitational microlensing

text: data, estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way.Around one in five Sun-like stars is thought to have an Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Kepler Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way.Around

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: gravitational microlensing data,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: More than two thousand planets

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: planetary systems

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun-like star, Kepler-20.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Sun-like star,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-sized extrasolar planets,

text: Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy (c. 1028), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism, but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism. Abu Rayhan Biruni (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own. He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters, but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics.

text: Early in the 11th century

text: Alhazen

text: wrote a scathing critique of

text: Ptolemy

text: 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy (c. 1028), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism, but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism.

text: Abu Rayhan Biruni

text: (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own. He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters, but he considered it a problem of

text: natural philosophy

text: rather than mathematics.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Abu Rayhan Biruni

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it has no motion of its own.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: it has no motion of its own.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Doubts on Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: In De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, published in Nuremberg in 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the Western teaching of a geocentric universe in which the Sun revolved daily around the Earth. He observed that some Greek philosophers had proposed a heliocentric universe. This simplified the apparent epicyclic motions of the planets, making it feasible to represent the planets' paths as simple circles. This could be modelled by the use of gears. Tycho Brahe's improved instruments made precise observations of the skies (1576–1601), and from these Johannes Kepler (1621) deduced that planets orbited the Sun in ellipses. In 1687 Isaac Newton explained the cause of elliptic motion in his theory of gravitation.

text: In

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: , published in Nuremberg in 1543,

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: challenged the Western teaching of a

text: geocentric

text: universe in which the Sun revolved daily around the

text: Earth

text: . He observed that some Greek philosophers had proposed a heliocentric universe. This simplified the apparent

text: epicyclic

text: motions of the planets, making it feasible to represent the planets' paths as simple circles. This could be modelled by the use of gears.

text: Tycho Brahe

text: 's improved instruments made precise observations of the skies (1576–1601), and from these

text: Johannes Kepler

text: (1621) deduced that planets orbited the Sun in

text: ellipse

text: s. In 1687

text: Isaac Newton

text: explained the cause of elliptic motion in his

text: theory of gravitation

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipses

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: ellipses.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun revolved daily around the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: epicyclic motions of the planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: epicyclic

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets orbited the Sun in ellipses.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets orbited the Sun in ellipses.

text: The planet is not so much notable for its size (which is estimated to be around 1.69 ), or possible composition—although these are unusual—but for the fact that such a relatively small exoplanet was detected at such a relatively large distance from its star. Prior to this, "small" exoplanets such as Gliese 876 d, which has a "year" of less than 2 Earth-days, were detected very close to their stars. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb shows a combination of size and orbit that would not make it out of place in the Solar System.

text: The planet is not so much notable for its size (which is estimated to be around 1.69 ), or possible composition—although these are unusual—but for the fact that such a relatively small exoplanet was detected at such a relatively large distance from its star. Prior to this, "small" exoplanets such as

text: Gliese 876 d

text: , which has a "year" of less than 2 Earth-days, were detected very close to their stars. OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb shows a combination of size and orbit that would not make it out of place in the

text: Solar System

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: OGLE-2005-BLG

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 876 d,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: large distance from its star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: large distance from its star.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876 d,

text: A planet could also be perturbed from a distant circular orbit into an eccentric orbit by an encounter with another star. The in situ formation of a planet at this distance would require a very massive and extensive disk, or the outward drift of solids in a dissipating disk forming a narrow ring from which the planet accreted over a billion years. If a planet formed at such a great distance while the Sun was in its birth cluster, the probability of it remaining bound to the Sun in a highly eccentric orbit is roughly 10%.

text: A planet could also be perturbed from a distant circular orbit into an eccentric orbit by an encounter with another star. The in situ formation of a planet at this distance would require a very massive and extensive disk, or the outward drift of solids in a dissipating disk forming a narrow ring from which the planet accreted over a billion years. If a planet formed at such a great distance while the Sun was in its birth cluster, the probability of it remaining bound to the Sun in a highly eccentric orbit is roughly 10%.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The in situ formation of a planet at this distance would require a very massive

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 10%.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 10%.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 10%.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circular orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a very massive and extensive disk,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: circular orbit into an eccentric orbit by an encounter with another star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: A planet

text: In the Catholic world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, though Copernican theories were used to reform the calendar in 1582.

text: In the Catholic world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian

text: geocentric

text: view that the earth was the

text: center of the universe

text: and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, though

text: Copernican

text: theories were used to reform the calendar in 1582.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Copernican theories

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aristotelian geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican theories were used to reform the calendar in 1582.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heavenly bodies

text: In Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate. This meant that neither the Counter-Earth or the Central Fire were visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.  There is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system", so that he may have believed either that the earth was flat or that it was round and orbited the Central Fire as the Moon orbits Earth—always with one hemisphere facing the Fire and one facing away.  A flat Earth facing away from the Central Fire would be consistent with the pre-gravity concept that if all things must fall towards the center of the universe, this force would allow the earth to revolve around the center without spilling everything on the surface into space. Others maintain that by 500 BC most contemporary Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical.

text: In Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate. This meant that neither the Counter-Earth or the Central Fire were visible from Earth's surface—or at least not from the hemisphere where Greece was located.  There is "no explicit statement about the shape of the earth in Philolaus' system", so that he may have believed either that the earth was flat or that it was round and orbited the Central Fire as the Moon orbits Earth—always with one hemisphere facing the Fire and one facing away.  A flat Earth facing away from the Central Fire would be consistent with the pre-gravity concept that if all things must fall towards the center of the universe, this force would allow the earth to revolve around the center without spilling everything on the surface into space. Others maintain that by 500 BC most contemporary Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the center

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Philolaus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the center

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the earth did not rotate

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the earth did not rotate

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Central Fire

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the center of the universe,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Philolaus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbited the Central Fire as the Moon orbits Earth—always

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: center

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the earth did not rotate.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the earth did not rotate.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Philolaus's system, the earth did not rotate.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Counter-Earth or the Central Fire

text: PSR B1829-10 (often shortened to PSR 1829-10) is a pulsar that is approximately 30,000 light-years away in the constellation of Scutum. This pulsar has been the target of interest, because of a mistaken identification of a planet around it. Andrew G. Lyne of the University of Manchester and Bailes claimed in July 1991 to have found "a planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829-10" but in 1992 retracted. They had failed to correctly take into account the ellipticity of Earth's orbit, and had incorrectly concluded that a planet with an orbital period of half a year existed around the pulsar.

text: PSR B1829-10 (often shortened to PSR 1829-10) is a

text: pulsar

text: that is approximately 30,000

text: light-year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Scutum

text: . This pulsar has been the target of interest, because of a mistaken identification of a

text: planet

text: around it.

text: Andrew G. Lyne

text: of the

text: University of Manchester

text: and

text: Bailes

text: claimed in July 1991 to have found "a planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829-10" but in 1992 retracted. They had failed to correctly take into account the ellipticity of Earth's orbit, and had incorrectly concluded that a

text: planet

text: with an orbital period of half a year existed around the pulsar.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: neutron star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Bailes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipticity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: PSR B1829-10

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: neutron star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Bailes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: ellipticity

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: neutron star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: ellipticity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Andrew G. Lyne

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellipticity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: ellipticity of Earth's orbit,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: ellipticity of Earth's orbit,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: PSR B1829-10

text: The spacecraft was placed into a highly elliptical orbit with apogee at 9 Earth radii and perigee at 1.8 Earth radii (geocentric), 86 degrees inclination, with a period of around 18 hours. The apogee was initially over the northern polar region, but has since been precessing south at about 16° per year.

text: The spacecraft was placed into a highly elliptical orbit with

text: apogee

text: at 9 Earth radii and

text: perigee

text: at 1.8 Earth radii (geocentric), 86 degrees inclination, with a period of around 18 hours. The apogee was initially over the northern polar region, but has since been precessing south at about 16° per year.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The spacecraft was placed into a highly elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: (geocentric),

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1.8 Earth radii

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 16° per year.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1.8 Earth radii

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: (geocentric),

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: highly elliptical

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1.8 Earth radii

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The spacecraft was placed into a highly elliptical orbit

text: Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on a large scale. In its earliest form, it was what is now known as "celestial mechanics", the study of the heavens. Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle, and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. The geocentric Ptolemaic system was the prevailing theory until the 16th century when Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei, proposed a heliocentric system. This is one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology.

text: Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on a large scale. In its earliest form, it was what is now known as "

text: celestial mechanics

text: ", the study of the

text: heavens

text: . Greek philosophers

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: Aristotle

text: , and

text: Ptolemy

text: proposed different cosmological theories. The

text: geocentric

text: Ptolemaic system

text: was the prevailing theory until the 16th century when

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: , and subsequently

text: Johannes Kepler

text: and

text: Galileo Galilei

text: , proposed a

text: heliocentric

text: system. This is one of the most famous examples of

text: epistemological rupture

text: in physical cosmology.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric system.

text: In the final issue of DC's year-long series 52 in 2007, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-Two now called Earth-2 to distinguish the two separate realities. Included in one-panel showing is a new counterpart to Jay Garrick among other Justice Society of America characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but is later specifically used in the Countdown: Arena series where the new Earth-2 Flash is specifically identified as Jay Garrick and does not allow others to call him "Flash". Despite being an almost exact duplicate to the original World War II Garrick, it is shown that the new Earth-2 Garrick is much younger, having no gray hair at all. Other Jays are also shown in the 52 multiverse. A second young Jay Garrick lives on the unspecified Earth that Wally West went to with his young children at the beginning of Bart Allen's tenure as the Flash. This Jay is separate from the young post-Crisis Earth-2 Garrick, as the post-Crisis Earth-2 heroes make no mention of Wally or his children on their Earth.

text: In the final issue of DC's year-long series

text: in 2007, a new

text: Multiverse

text: is revealed, originally consisting of

text: 52 identical realities

text: . Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of

text: Mister Mind

text: "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-Two now called Earth-2 to distinguish the two separate realities. Included in one-panel showing is a new counterpart to Jay Garrick among other Justice Society of America characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but is later specifically used in the Countdown: Arena series where the new Earth-2 Flash is specifically identified as Jay Garrick and does not allow others to call him "Flash". Despite being an almost exact duplicate to the original World War II Garrick, it is shown that the new Earth-2 Garrick is much younger, having no gray hair at all. Other Jays are also shown in the 52 multiverse. A second young Jay Garrick lives on the unspecified Earth that Wally West went to with his young children at the beginning of Bart Allen's tenure as the Flash. This Jay is separate from the young post-Crisis Earth-2 Garrick, as the post-Crisis Earth-2 heroes make no mention of Wally or his children on their Earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-2

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Mister Mind

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jay Garrick

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: pre-Crisis Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 52 identical realities.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Earth-2".

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: pre-Crisis Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 52 in 2007,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Earth-2".

text: For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the plane of the ecliptic. The Earth's eccentricity and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system. See Milankovitch cycles.

text: For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the

text: plane of the ecliptic

text: . The Earth's

text: eccentricity

text: and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system. See

text: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth's eccentricity and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Milankovitch

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: orbit of the Earth around the Sun,

text: On 30 July 2015, NASA confirmed the discovery of the nearest rocky planet outside the Solar System, larger than Earth, 21 light-years away. HD 219134 b is the closest exoplanet to Earth to be detected transiting in front of its star. The planet has a mass 4.5 times that of Earth, a radius about 1.6 times that of Earth, with a three-day orbit around its star. Combining the size and mass gives it a density of 6 g/cm, confirming that it is a rocky planet.

text: On 30 July 2015, NASA confirmed the discovery of the nearest rocky planet outside the Solar System, larger than Earth, 21 light-years away.

text: HD 219134 b

text: is the closest exoplanet to Earth to be detected transiting in front of its star. The planet has a mass 4.5 times that of Earth, a radius about 1.6 times that of Earth, with a three-day orbit around its star. Combining the size and mass gives it a density of 6 g/cm, confirming that it is a rocky planet.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around its star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 21 light-years away

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: NASA confirmed the discovery of the nearest rocky planet outside the Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: three-day orbit around its star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: three-day orbit around its star.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NASA confirmed the discovery of the nearest rocky planet outside the Solar System,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 4.5 times that of Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: three-day orbit around its star.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: rocky planet outside the Solar System,

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or brown dwarf that orbits 1 AU from a Sun-like star. In the case of Gliese 876 b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than a week (7 days) in order to have a stable orbit.

text: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's

text: orbital period

text: P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be < 1/9, e.g. if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star, the maximum stable orbit for a moon of that planet is less than 10 days. Simulations suggest that a moon with an orbital period less than about 45 to 60 days will remain safely bound to a massive giant planet or

text: brown dwarf

text: that orbits 1

text: AU

text: from a Sun-like star. In the case of Gliese 876 b, the orbital period would have to be no greater than a week (7 days) in order to have a stable orbit.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbital period P around its primary

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: For a stable orbit the ratio between the moon's orbital period P around its primary and that of the primary around its star P must be  1/9

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Sun-like star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: if a planet takes 90 days to orbit its star,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: <unk> 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/9,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 876 b,

text: Decisive scientific developments took place during the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the fields of astronomy, mathematics and physics. In 1543, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus from Toruń (Thorn) published his work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and became the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. Almost 70 years after Copernicus's death and building on his theories, astronomer Johannes Kepler from Stuttgart was a leader in the 17th-century scientific revolution. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion. His works Astronomia nova and Harmonices Mundi were further codified by later astronomers. These works also influenced contemporary Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and provided one of the foundations for Englishman Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

text: Decisive scientific developments took place during the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the fields of astronomy, mathematics and physics. In 1543,

text: astronomer

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: from

text: Toruń

text: (Thorn) published his work

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: and became the first person to formulate a comprehensive

text: heliocentric

text: cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. Almost 70 years after Copernicus's death and building on his theories, astronomer

text: Johannes Kepler

text: from

text: Stuttgart

text: was a leader in the 17th-century

text: scientific revolution

text: . He is best known for his

text: laws of planetary motion

text: . His works

text: Astronomia nova

text: and

text: Harmonices Mundi

text: were further codified by later astronomers. These works also influenced contemporary Italian scientist

text: Galileo Galilei

text: and provided one of the foundations for Englishman

text: Isaac Newton

text: 's theory of

text: universal gravitation

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: universal gravitation.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric cosmology

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: laws of planetary motion.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

text: The planet orbits in a circumbinary  (M-type) binary star system named OGLE-2007-BLG-349L. They orbit around each other roughly every 9 days. The stars have masses of 0.41 and 0.30 , respectively. The age of the system, radii and temperatures of the stars are not known. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits in a circumbinary  (

text: M-type

text: binary star system

text: named

text: . They orbit around each other roughly every 9 days. The stars have masses of 0.41 and 0.30 , respectively. The age of the system, radii and temperatures of the stars are not known. In comparison, the

text: Sun

text: is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around each other roughly every 9 days

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: binary star system

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: OGLE-2007-BLG-349L.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: They orbit around each other roughly every 9 days.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: roughly every 9 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: OGLE-2007-BLG-349L.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: circumbinary (M-type) binary star system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun is 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: circumbinary (M-type) binary star system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: binary star system

text: Blaeu's world map, Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula, incorporating the discoveries of Abel Tasman, was published in 1648. This map was revolutionary in that it "depicts the solar system according to the heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, which show the earth revolving around the sun.... Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book On the Revolutions of the Spheres had been first printed in 1543, just over a century earlier, Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate this revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."

text: Blaeu's world map, Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula, incorporating the discoveries of

text: Abel Tasman

text: , was published in 1648. This map was revolutionary in that it "depicts the solar system according to the heliocentric theories of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: , which show the earth revolving around the sun.... Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book On the Revolutions of the Spheres had been first printed in 1543, just over a century earlier, Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate this revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric theories

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric theories

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun....

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the earth revolving around the sun....

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun....

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the earth revolving around the sun....

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric theories

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the earth revolving around the sun....

text: In January 1616 Msgr. Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system. Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February. According to Maurice Finocchiaro, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and the essay provided the "chief direct basis" for the ban. The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism.  It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe, and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun.  Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself."  Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay, but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments. Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624.

text: In January 1616 Msgr.

text: Francesco Ingoli

text: addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system. Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February. According to Maurice Finocchiaro, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and the essay provided the "chief direct basis" for the ban. The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism.  It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe, and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun.  Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself."  Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay, but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments. Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernicanism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Copernican system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself."

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the fixed stars

text: The Commentariolus (Little Commentary) is Nicolaus Copernicus's 40-page outline of an early version of his revolutionary heliocentric theory of the universe.  After further long development of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).

text: The Commentariolus (Little Commentary) is

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: 's 40-page outline of an early version of his revolutionary

text: heliocentric theory

text: of the universe.  After further long development of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work,

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentric theory of the universe.

text: Because the Moon is relatively close to the Earth, lunar parallax alters declination up to 0.95° when observed from Earth's surface versus geocentric declination, the declination of the Moon from the center of the Earth. Geocentric declination may be up to about 0.95° different from the observed declination. The amount of this parallax varies with latitude, hence the observed maximum of each standstill cycle varies according to position of observation.

text: Because the Moon is relatively close to the Earth,

text: lunar parallax

text: alters declination up to 0.95° when observed from Earth's surface versus geocentric declination, the declination of the Moon from the center of the Earth. Geocentric declination may be up to about 0.95° different from the observed declination. The amount of this parallax varies with latitude, hence the observed maximum of each standstill cycle varies according to position of observation.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric declination,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: lunar parallax

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: lunar parallax

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: lunar parallax

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric declination,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric declination,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric declination,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Moon

text: As a position that developed out of the explicitly anti-intellectual side of the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy in the early parts of the twentieth century, there is no single unified nor consistent consensus on how creationism as a belief system ought to reconcile its adherents' acceptance of biblical inerrancy with empirical facts of the Universe. Although Young Earth Creationism is one of the most stridently literalist positions taken among professed creationists, there are also examples of biblical literalist adherents to both geocentrism and a flat Earth. Conflicts between different kinds of creationists are rather common, but three in particular are of particular relevance to YEC: Old Earth Creationism, Gap creationism, and the Omphalos hypothesis.

text: As a position that developed out of the explicitly

text: anti-intellectual

text: side of the

text: Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy

text: in the early parts of the twentieth century, there is no single unified nor consistent consensus on how creationism as a belief system ought to reconcile its adherents' acceptance of biblical inerrancy with

text: empirical facts

text: of the Universe. Although Young Earth Creationism is one of the most stridently literalist positions taken among professed creationists, there are also examples of biblical literalist adherents to both

entity_section: Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism

text: geocentrism

text: and

text: a flat Earth

text: . Conflicts between different kinds of creationists are rather common, but three in particular are of particular relevance to YEC:

text: Old Earth Creationism

text: Gap creationism

text: , and the

text: Omphalos hypothesis

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: flat Earth

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Young Earth Creationism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Omphalos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: flat Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: flat Earth.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Omphalos hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Young Earth Creationism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: flat Earth.

text: While Heliocentric "continues where the "Proterozoic" half of Precambrian left off, 'Anthropocentric' is a "bit more straight forward" while still employing the "full range of dynamic." The band's comments on the albums reveal things about the music of the album felt "somehow heavier than Heliocentric." Describing the sound as "more dense" and "a tad more raw". The album covers a similar sonic and dynamic range as Heliocentric, also including a number of calm, acoustic moments but these are for the most part orchestrated with guitars, and not so much with piano and string section. The focus is on the heavy songs. Robin Staps comments on the production of the album stating the album "still has a very earthy, organic feel to it". Specifying, "We have spent a great deal of time on the basic sound this time around, drums, bass, guitars and vocals... and at this stage I am pretty confident that this will pay off in the end!"

text: While

text: Heliocentric

text: "continues where the "Proterozoic" half of Precambrian left off, 'Anthropocentric' is a "bit more straight forward" while still employing the "full range of dynamic." The band's comments on the albums reveal things about the music of the album felt "somehow heavier than Heliocentric." Describing the sound as "more dense" and "a tad more raw". The album covers a similar sonic and dynamic range as Heliocentric, also including a number of calm, acoustic moments but these are for the most part orchestrated with guitars, and not so much with piano and string section. The focus is on the heavy songs. Robin Staps comments on the production of the album stating the album "still has a very earthy, organic feel to it". Specifying, "We have spent a great deal of time on the basic sound this time around, drums, bass, guitars and vocals... and at this stage I am pretty confident that this will pay off in the end!"

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 'Anthropocentric'

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 'Anthropocentric'

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 'Anthropocentric'

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Precambrian

text: The planet is a super-Earth mass planet orbiting in its star's habitable zone. Although it orbits its star much closer than the Earth orbits the Sun, it orbits a red dwarf, receiving approximately as much energy from it as the Earth does from its star. It is not known whether Gliese 832 c transits its host star, something which would be required in order to detect any atmosphere the planet may have and determine its composition.

text: The planet is a super-Earth mass planet orbiting in its star's

text: habitable zone

text: . Although it orbits its star much closer than the Earth orbits the Sun, it orbits a

text: red dwarf

text: , receiving approximately as much energy from it as the Earth does from its star. It is not known whether Gliese 832 c transits its host star, something which would be required in order to detect any atmosphere the planet may have and determine its composition.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbiting in its star's habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Gliese 832 c transits its host star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 832 c

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: as much energy from it as the Earth does from its star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Although it orbits its star much closer than the Earth orbits the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Gliese 832 c transits its host star,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: star's habitable zone.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: super-Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth orbits the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The planet is a super-Earth

text: Nicolaus Copernicus had moved the Earth away from the center of the universe with the heliocentric theory for which he presented evidence in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres) published in 1543. The structure was completed when Johannes Kepler wrote the book Astronomia nova (A new astronomy) in 1609, setting out the evidence that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, and that planets do not move with constant speed along this orbit. Rather, their speed varies so that the line joining the centres of the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. To these two laws he added a third a decade later, in his book Harmonices Mundi (Harmonies of the world). This law sets out a proportionality between the third power of the characteristic distance of a planet from the sun and the square of the length of its year.

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: had moved the Earth away from the center of the universe with the

text: heliocentric

text: theory for which he presented evidence in his book

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

text: (On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres) published in 1543. The structure was completed when

text: Johannes Kepler

text: wrote the book

text: Astronomia nova

text: (A new astronomy) in 1609, setting out the evidence that planets move in

text: elliptical

text: orbits with the sun at one

text: focus

text: , and that planets do not move with constant speed along this orbit. Rather, their speed varies so that the line joining the centres of the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. To these two laws he added a third a decade later, in his book

text: Harmonices Mundi

text: (Harmonies of the world). This law sets out a proportionality between the third power of the characteristic distance of a planet from the sun and the square of the length of its year.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbits

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets do not move with constant speed

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbits

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: planets move in elliptical orbits

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: Pyxis is home to three stars with confirmed planetary systems—all discovered by doppler spectroscopy. A hot Jupiter, HD 73256 b, that orbits HD 73256 every 2.55 days, was discovered using the CORALIE spectrograph in 2003. The host star is a yellow star of spectral type G9V that has 69% of our Sun's luminosity, 89% of its diameter and 105% of its mass. Around 119 light-years away, it shines with an apparent magnitude of 8.08 and is around a billion years old. HD 73267 b was discovered with the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) in 2008. It orbits HD 73267 every 1260 days, a 7 billion year-old star of spectral type G5V that is around 89% as massive as the Sun. A red dwarf of spectral type M2.5V that has around 42% the Sun's mass, Gliese 317 is orbited by two gas giant planets. Around 50 light-years distant from Earth, it is a good candidate for future searches for more terrestrial rocky planets.

text: Pyxis is home to three stars with confirmed planetary systems—all discovered by

text: doppler spectroscopy

text: . A

text: hot Jupiter

text: HD 73256 b

text: , that orbits

text: HD 73256

text: every 2.55 days, was discovered using the

text: CORALIE spectrograph

text: in 2003. The host star is a yellow star of spectral type G9V that has 69% of our Sun's luminosity, 89% of its diameter and 105% of its mass. Around 119 light-years away, it shines with an apparent magnitude of 8.08 and is around a billion years old.

text: HD 73267 b

text: was discovered with the

text: High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher

text: (HARPS) in 2008. It orbits

text: HD 73267

text: every 1260 days, a 7 billion year-old star of spectral type G5V that is around 89% as massive as the Sun. A

text: red dwarf

text: of spectral type M2.5V that has around 42% the Sun's mass,

text: Gliese 317

text: is orbited by two gas giant planets. Around 50 light-years distant from Earth, it is a good candidate for future searches for more terrestrial rocky planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 317

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: doppler spectroscopy

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 7 billion year-old star of spectral type G5V

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 317

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbits HD 73256 every 2.55 days,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: High Accuracy Radial Velocity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: doppler spectroscopy.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Pyxis is home to three stars with confirmed planetary systems—all

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: CORALIE spectrograph in 2003.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: CORALIE spectrograph

text: The timing of sunrise varies throughout the year and is also affected by the viewer's longitude and latitude, altitude, and time zone. These changes are driven by the axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. The analemma can be used to make approximate predictions of the time of sunrise.

text: The timing of sunrise varies throughout the year and is also affected by the viewer's longitude and latitude, altitude, and time zone. These changes are driven by the

text: axial tilt

text: of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual

text: elliptical

text: orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. The

text: analemma

text: can be used to make approximate predictions of the time of sunrise.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ellitical orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The analemma

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The analemma

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: elliptical orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The timing of sunrise

text: From a modern point of view, the Copernican model has a number of advantages. It accurately predicts the relative distances of the planets from the Sun, although this meant abandoning the cherished Aristotelian idea that there is no empty space between the planetary spheres. Copernicus also gave a clear account of the cause of the seasons: that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. In addition, Copernicus's theory provided a strikingly simple explanation for the apparent retrograde motions of the planets—namely as parallactic displacements resulting from the Earth's motion around the Sun—an important consideration in Johannes Kepler's conviction that the theory was substantially correct. In the heliocentric model the planets' apparent retrograde motions' occurring at opposition to the Sun are a natural consequence of their heliocentric orbits.  In the geocentic model, however, these are explained by the ad hoc use of epicycles, whose revolutions are mysteriously tied to that of the Sun's.

text: From a modern point of view, the Copernican model has a number of advantages. It accurately predicts the relative distances of the planets from the Sun, although this meant abandoning the cherished Aristotelian idea that there is no empty space between the planetary spheres. Copernicus also gave a clear account of the cause of the seasons: that the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. In addition, Copernicus's theory provided a strikingly simple explanation for the apparent retrograde motions of the planets—namely as

text: parallactic

text: displacements resulting from the Earth's motion around the Sun—an important consideration in

text: Johannes Kepler

text: 's conviction that the theory was substantially correct. In the heliocentric model the planets' apparent retrograde motions' occurring at opposition to the Sun are a natural consequence of their heliocentric orbits.  In the geocentic model, however, these are explained by the

text: ad hoc

text: use of

text: epicycles

text: , whose revolutions are mysteriously tied to that of the Sun's.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Aristotelian

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric orbits.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: retrograde motions of the planets—namely

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric orbits.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps. That the Sun was not the center of the universe, but one of innumerable stars, was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious.  By the 20th century, even before the discovery that there are many galaxies, it was no longer an issue.

text: The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps. That the Sun was not the center of the universe, but one of innumerable stars, was strongly advocated by the mystic

text: Giordano Bruno

text: . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious.  By the 20th century, even before the discovery that there are many galaxies, it was no longer an issue.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric view

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun was not the center of the universe, but one of innumerable stars

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Giordano Bruno.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: one of innumerable stars,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: even before the discovery that there are many galaxies,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: That the Sun was not the center of the universe,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies,

text: In the 1985 12-issue comic book limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Pariah (real name Kell Mossa) was one of the greatest scientists from his version of Earth (retconned as an alternate dimension rather than a parallel Earth). Pariah's unorthodox experiments to view the creation of the Universe result in the Anti-Monitor learning of the existence of his Earth and destroying it with waves of anti-matter. He survived through the intervention of the Anti-Monitor's benevolent counterpart, the Monitor, and acquired the ability to travel from one alternate Earth to another, forced to witness untold millions perish. During the Crisis, Lady Quark is saved by Pariah before the anti-matter destroys her universe, making her the lone survivor of Earth-6. Pariah blames himself for the destruction of his own world, the release of the Anti-Monitor, and the subsequent destruction of universe after universe, until he finally learns he was essentially blameless. Pariah is told by the Anti-Monitor that his scientific investigation did not unleash forces great enough to destroy a universe. Pariah merely opened the antimatter portal to the dawn of time. Taking advantage of Pariah's experiment, the Anti-Monitor converted antimatter into energy, then focused it onto Pariah's universe. The destruction of those worlds allowed the gathering of more energy, which then made the Anti-Monitor strong enough to break free of his prison. After the destruction of the Anti-Monitor, the reformed earth is safe. Pariah, and Lady Quark, ask Harbinger to join them in exploring the new earth. Harbinger agrees to accompany them on their journey. As the three disembark, Harbinger tells them she is hopeful of the future and what it might bring.

text: In the 1985 12-issue

text: comic book

text: limited series

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: , Pariah (real name Kell Mossa) was one of the greatest scientists from his version of Earth (

text: retconned

text: as an alternate dimension rather than a parallel Earth). Pariah's unorthodox experiments to view the creation of the

text: Universe

text: result in the

text: Anti-Monitor

text: learning of the existence of his Earth and destroying it with waves of

text: anti-matter

text: . He survived through the intervention of the Anti-Monitor's benevolent counterpart, the

text: Monitor

text: , and acquired the ability to travel from one

text: alternate Earth

text: to another, forced to witness untold millions perish. During the Crisis,

text: Lady Quark

text: is saved by Pariah before the anti-matter destroys her universe, making her the lone survivor of

text: . Pariah blames himself for the destruction of his own world, the release of the Anti-Monitor, and the subsequent destruction of universe after universe, until he finally learns he was essentially blameless. Pariah is told by the Anti-Monitor that his scientific investigation did not unleash forces great enough to destroy a universe. Pariah merely opened the antimatter portal to the dawn of time. Taking advantage of Pariah's experiment, the Anti-Monitor converted antimatter into energy, then focused it onto Pariah's universe. The destruction of those worlds allowed the gathering of more energy, which then made the Anti-Monitor strong enough to break free of his prison. After the destruction of the Anti-Monitor, the reformed earth is safe. Pariah, and Lady Quark, ask

text: Harbinger

text: to join them in exploring the new earth. Harbinger agrees to accompany them on their journey. As the three disembark, Harbinger tells them she is hopeful of the future and what it might bring.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Harbinger

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Universe

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pariah

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Universe

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Lady Quark

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: essentially blameless.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: creation of the Universe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Monitor,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: creation of the Universe

text: QMS initially held back from signing a record deal at the time but eventually signed to Capitol Records in late 1967, becoming the last of the top-ranked San Francisco bands to sign with a major label.  Capitol was the only company  that had missed out on signing a San Francisco “hippie” band during the first flurry of record company interest and, consequently, Quicksilver Messenger Service was able to negotiate a better deal than many of their peers. At the same time, Capitol signed the Steve Miller Band, with whom Quicksilver Messenger Service had appeared on the movie and soundtrack album Revolution, together with the group Mother Earth.

text: QMS initially held back from signing a record deal at the time but eventually signed to

text: Capitol Records

text: in late 1967, becoming the last of the top-ranked San Francisco bands to sign with a major label.  Capitol was the only company  that had missed out on signing a San Francisco “hippie” band during the first flurry of record company interest and, consequently, Quicksilver Messenger Service was able to negotiate a better deal than many of their peers. At the same time, Capitol signed the

text: Steve Miller Band

text: , with whom Quicksilver Messenger Service had appeared on the movie and soundtrack album

text: Revolution

text: , together with the group

text: Mother Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Mother Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Mother Earth.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Mother Earth.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Mother Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1967,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1967,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1967,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1967,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1967,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1967,

text: In modern calculations the terms "geocentric" and "heliocentric" are often used to refer to reference frames.  In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth, of the Earth–Moon system, of the Sun, of the Sun plus the major planets, or of the entire solar system can be selected; see center-of-mass frame. Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates, used in Earth-based observations, while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations.  This leads to such terms as "heliocentric velocity" and "heliocentric angular momentum". In this heliocentric picture, any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun. A smaller body (either artificial or natural) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist – this effect can change the body's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame (although it will not changed in the planetary one). However, such selection of "geocentric" or "heliocentric" frames is merely a matter of computation. It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model. From the point of view of General Relativity, inertial reference frames do not exist at all, and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space-time, which can have higher or lower precision.

text: In modern calculations the terms "geocentric" and "heliocentric" are often used to refer to

text: reference frames

text: .  In such systems the origin in the

entity_section: Barycenter in astrophysics and astronomy

text: center of mass

text: of the Earth, of the Earth–Moon system, of the Sun, of the Sun plus the major planets, or of the entire solar system can be selected; see

text: center-of-mass frame

text: Right Ascension

text: and

text: Declination

text: are examples of geocentric coordinates, used in Earth-based observations, while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations.  This leads to such terms as "heliocentric

text: velocity

text: " and "heliocentric

text: angular momentum

text: ". In this heliocentric picture, any

text: planet

text: of the Solar System can be used as a source of

text: mechanical energy

text: because it moves relatively to the Sun. A smaller

text: body

text: (either

text: artificial

text: or

text: natural

text: ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to

text: gravity assist

text: – this effect can change the body's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame (although it will not changed in the planetary one). However, such selection of "geocentric" or "heliocentric" frames is merely a matter of computation. It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific

text: model

text: . From the point of view of

text: General Relativity

text: inertial reference frame

text: s do not exist at all, and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space-time, which can have higher or lower precision.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: In this heliocentric picture, any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: General Relativity,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: relatively to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: relatively to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: General Relativity,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: General Relativity,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric picture, any planet of the Solar System

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun,

text: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star in an 8.5-hour orbit. It reflects 20% to 60% of the starlight it receives. Due to its extremely close solar orbit, about 40 times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun, the planet's surface is estimated to be at a temperature of  to . This temperature is high enough to have stripped the planet of any stable atmosphere, but the liquid and solid portions of the planet should be stable. According to Francesco Pepe, one of the astronomers involved with the discovery, the planet may be Earth-sized but "it can be imagined like a lava planet rather than an Earth-like planet."

text: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star in an 8.5-hour orbit. It reflects 20% to 60% of the starlight it receives. Due to its extremely close solar orbit, about 40 times closer to its star than

text: Mercury

text: is to the Sun, the planet's surface is estimated to be at a temperature of  to . This temperature is high enough to have stripped the planet of any stable

text: atmosphere

text: , but the liquid and solid portions of the planet should be stable. According to Francesco Pepe, one of the astronomers involved with the discovery, the planet may be Earth-sized but "it can be imagined like a lava planet rather than an Earth-like planet."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Francesco Pepe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: parent star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Francesco Pepe,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: parent star

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 8.5-hour

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: lava planet rather than an Earth-like planet."

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 8.5-hour orbit.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Kepler-78b orbits around the parent star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kepler-78b

text: for the numerical value of the rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). then on the Earth's surface, where

text: for the numerical value of the rotation speed in

text: revolutions per minute

text: (RPM). then on the Earth's surface, where

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth is in orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no one questioned it

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The solar system is a model of the solar system based on Kepler's laws

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: rotation speed in revolutions per minute (RPM).

text: HD 83443 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 134 light-years away in the constellation of Vela.  It was discovered in 2000 by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team led by Michel Mayor. It has a minimum mass comparable to Saturn, and its orbit is one of the shortest known, 1/25th that of Earth's. It takes only three days to complete one revolution around the star.

text: HD 83443 b is an

text: extrasolar planet

text: approximately 134

text: light-year

text: s away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Vela

text: .  It was discovered in 2000 by the

text: Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team

text: led by

text: Michel Mayor

text: . It has a minimum mass comparable to

text: Saturn

text: , and its orbit is one of the shortest known, 1/25th that of

text: Earth

text: 's. It takes only three

text: day

text: s to complete one revolution around the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Michel Mayor

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HD 83443 b

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Michel Mayor.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1/25th that of Earth's.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1/25th that of Earth's.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1/25th that of Earth's.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1/25th that of Earth's.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 83443 b

text: Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in our view of the planet. In the West, belief in a flat Earth was displaced by the idea of spherical Earth, credited to Pythagoras in the 6th century BC. Earth was further believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century when scientists first theorized that it was a moving object, comparable to the other planets in the Solar System. Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as James Ussher, who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture, Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most. It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth's age was at least many millions of years. Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old. The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.

text: Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in our view of the planet. In the West, belief in a

text: flat Earth

text: was displaced by the idea of

text: spherical Earth

text: , credited to

text: Pythagoras

text: in the 6th century BC. Earth was further believed to be

text: the center of the universe

text: until the 16th century when scientists first theorized that it was

text: a moving object

text: , comparable to the other planets in the Solar System. Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as

text: James Ussher

text: , who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture, Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most. It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized

text: Earth's age

text: was at least many millions of years.

text: Lord Kelvin

text: used

text: thermodynamics

text: to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and

text: radioactive dating

text: were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old. The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the

text: Apollo program

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Lord Kelvin

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: spherical Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pythagoras

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: moving object, comparable to the other planets in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: comparable to the other planets in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pythagoras

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Pythagoras

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Pythagoras

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: spherical Earth,

text: SIM Lite would have been the most powerful extrasolar planet hunting space telescope ever built. Through the technique of interferometry the spacecraft would be able to detect Earth-sized planets. SIM Lite was to perform its search for nearby, Earth-like planets by looking for the "wobble" in the parent star's apparent motion as the planet orbits. The spacecraft will accomplish this task to an accuracy of one millionth of an arcsecond, or the thickness of a nickel viewed at the distance from Earth to the Moon. Titled the Deep Search, the planet hunting program is intended to search approximately 60 nearby stars for terrestrial planets (like Earth and Venus) in the habitable zone (where liquid water can exist throughout a full revolution (one "year") of the planet around its star). The Deep Search is the most demanding in terms of astrometric accuracy, hence the name, Deep Search. This program will use the full capability of the SIM Lite spacecraft to make its measurements.

text: SIM Lite would have been the most powerful

text: extrasolar planet

text: hunting

text: space telescope

text: ever built. Through the technique of

text: interferometry

text: the spacecraft would be able to detect Earth-sized planets. SIM Lite was to perform its search for nearby, Earth-like planets by looking for the "

text: wobble

text: " in the parent star's apparent motion as the planet orbits. The spacecraft will accomplish this task to an accuracy of one millionth of an

text: arcsecond

text: , or the thickness of a

text: nickel

text: viewed at the distance from Earth to the

text: Moon

text: . Titled the Deep Search, the planet hunting program is intended to search approximately 60 nearby stars for

text: terrestrial planets

text: (like

text: Earth

text: and

text: Venus

text: ) in the habitable zone (where liquid water can exist throughout a full revolution (one "year") of the planet around its star). The Deep Search is the most demanding in terms of

text: astrometric

text: accuracy, hence the name, Deep Search. This program will use the full capability of the SIM Lite spacecraft to make its measurements.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: ptolemys system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-sized planets

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star).

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: interferometry

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "wobble" in the parent star's apparent motion

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: parent star's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "wobble"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: one millionth of an arcsecond,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbits.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-sized planets.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: "wobble" in the parent star's apparent motion

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-sized planets.

text: The two STEREO spacecraft were launched at 00:52 UTC on October 26, 2006, from Launch Pad 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on a Delta II 7925-10L launcher into highly elliptical geocentric orbits. The apogee reached the Moon's orbit. On December 15, 2006, on the fifth orbit, the pair swung by the Moon for a gravity assist. Because the two spacecraft were in slightly different orbits, the "ahead" (A) spacecraft was ejected to a heliocentric orbit inside Earth's orbit while the "behind" (B) spacecraft remained temporarily in a high Earth orbit. The B spacecraft encountered the Moon again on the same orbital revolution on January 21, 2007, being ejected from Earth orbit in the opposite direction from spacecraft A. Spacecraft B entered a heliocentric orbit outside the Earth's orbit. Spacecraft A will take 347 days to complete one revolution of the Sun and Spacecraft B will take 387 days. The A spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will increase at 21.650 degree/year. The B spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will change −21.999 degrees per year. Given that the length of Earth's orbit is around 940 million kilometres, both craft have an average speed, in a rotating geocentric frame of reference in which the sun is always in the same direction, of about 1.8 km/s, but the speed varies considerably depending on how close they are to their respective aphelion or perihelion (as well as on the position of Earth). Their current locations are shown here.

text: The two STEREO spacecraft were launched at 00:52 UTC on October 26, 2006, from Launch Pad 17B at the

text: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

text: in Florida on a

text: Delta II

text: 7925-10L launcher into highly

text: elliptical

text: geocentric orbit

text: s. The

text: apogee

text: reached the Moon's orbit. On December 15, 2006, on the fifth orbit, the pair swung by the Moon for a

text: gravity assist

text: . Because the two spacecraft were in slightly different orbits, the "ahead" (A) spacecraft was ejected to a

text: heliocentric orbit

text: inside Earth's orbit while the "behind" (B) spacecraft remained temporarily in a high Earth orbit. The B spacecraft encountered the Moon again on the same orbital revolution on January 21, 2007, being ejected from Earth orbit in the opposite direction from spacecraft A. Spacecraft B entered a heliocentric orbit outside the Earth's orbit. Spacecraft A will take 347 days to complete one revolution of the Sun and Spacecraft B will take 387 days. The A spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will increase at 21.650 degree/year. The B spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will change −21.999 degrees per year. Given that the length of Earth's orbit is around 940 million kilometres, both craft have an average speed, in a rotating geocentric frame of reference in which the sun is always in the same direction, of about 1.8 km/s, but the speed varies considerably depending on how close they are to their respective aphelion or perihelion (as well as on the position of Earth). Their current locations are shown here.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The apogee reached the Moon's orbit

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: STEREO spacecraft

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Spacecraft B

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the sun is always in the same direction,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun is always in the same direction,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1.8 km/s,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 387 days.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: rotating geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the sun is always in the same direction,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the sun is always in the same direction,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Moon's orbit.

text: Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus, the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy, in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it. Tycho Brahe, arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system:  a geo-heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth.

text: Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus, the most widely accepted system had been proposed by

text: Ptolemy

text: , in which the

text: Earth

text: was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it.

text: Tycho Brahe

text: , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time, advocated against Copernicus's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system:  a geo-heliocentric system now known as the

text: Tychonic system

text: in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: in which the Earth was the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Tycho Brahe

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho Brahe,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: orbit the sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets orbit the sun,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tycho Brahe,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth was the center of the universe

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemy,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric system

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies

text: Three confirmed planets and two possible planets are possibly known to orbit Gliese 581, together with a debris disc. Most of the planets are located close to the star and have near-circular orbits. In order of distance from the star, the planets are designated Gliese 581 e, Gliese 581 b and Gliese 581 c and possibly Gliese 581 g and Gliese 581 d. The letters represent the discovery order, with b being the first planet to be discovered around the star (the letter d was used for a planet that was once no longer thought to be real and was an artifact caused by stellar activity, but reanalysis led to the conclusion that d might exist). The planets were all discovered with the radial velocity method which gives only lower limits on the planetary masses and no information about their radii. The minimum mass of the middle planet b is comparable to the solar system ice giants Uranus and Neptune, while the inner and outer planets have minimum masses a few times that of the Earth. The first three planets orbit closer to the star than the inner edge of the habitable zone, with the possibly reconfirmed planets Gliese 581 g and Gliese 581 d orbiting within the habitable zone.

text: Three confirmed planets and two possible planets are possibly known to orbit Gliese 581, together with a debris disc. Most of the planets are located close to the star and have near-circular orbits. In order of distance from the star, the planets are designated

text: Gliese 581 e

text: Gliese 581 b

text: and

text: Gliese 581 c

text: and possibly

text: Gliese 581 g

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: . The letters represent the discovery order, with b being the first planet to be discovered around the star (the letter d was used for a planet that was once no longer thought to be real and was an artifact caused by stellar activity, but reanalysis led to the conclusion that

text: d

text: might exist). The planets were all discovered with the radial velocity method which gives only lower limits on the planetary masses and no information about their radii. The minimum mass of the middle planet b is comparable to the solar system ice giants

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: , while the inner and outer planets have minimum masses a few times that of the Earth. The first three planets orbit closer to the star than the inner edge of the habitable zone, with the possibly reconfirmed planets

text: Gliese 581 g

text: and

text: Gliese 581 d

text: orbiting within the habitable zone.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 581 c

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The minimum mass of the middle planet b is comparable to the solar system ice giants Uranus and Neptune

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 581 b

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Gliese 581,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: near-circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Gliese 581,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: near-circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: near-circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: near-circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: close to the star and have near-circular orbits.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: b

text: Smith has also taken a stance towards a relativistic rehabilitation of geocentrism. It is important however to note that Smith is not supporting Ptolemaic or medieval geocentrism as such, or asserting that heliocentrism is absolutely false. Rather he argues that according to the theory of relativity, both Heliocentrism and Geocentrism have merit from a scientific viewpoint, since any (scientific) observations depend on the reference of frame of the observer and any observation made from Earth (and any Near-Earth satellites) are virtually geocentric in that respect.

text: Smith has also taken a stance towards a

text: relativistic

text: rehabilitation of

text: geocentrism

text: . It is important however to note that Smith is not supporting Ptolemaic or medieval geocentrism as such, or asserting that heliocentrism is absolutely false. Rather he argues that according to the theory of

text: relativity

text: , both Heliocentrism and Geocentrism have merit from a scientific viewpoint, since any (scientific) observations depend on the reference of frame of the observer and any observation made from Earth (and any Near-Earth satellites) are virtually geocentric in that respect.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: according to the theory of relativity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Smith

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: relativity,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Smith is not supporting Ptolemaic or medieval geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic or medieval geocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentrism.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth

text: However, as a character mentions in the novel (pg. 17 of the 1972 Pyramid paperback edition), Epsilon Eridani was not the location of Rustum. Instead, Anderson chose the star e Eridani (now known as 82 Eridani) as Rustum's host star. 82 Eridani is 19.8 light years distant, categorized in the G5 stellar spectral class with approximately 97% of the mass of the Sun and 60% of its luminosity. To date, 3 hot super-Earths have been confirmed in orbit around the star. 82 Eridani is listed as one of the "top 100" targets of NASA's proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder mission.

text: However, as a character mentions in the novel (pg. 17 of the 1972 Pyramid paperback edition), Epsilon Eridani was not the location of Rustum. Instead, Anderson chose the star e Eridani (now known as

text: 82 Eridani

text: ) as Rustum's host star. 82 Eridani is 19.8 light years distant, categorized in the G5 stellar

text: spectral class

text: with approximately 97% of the mass of the Sun and 60% of its luminosity. To date, 3 hot

text: super-Earths

text: have been confirmed in orbit around the star. 82 Eridani is listed as one of the "top 100" targets of NASA's proposed

text: Terrestrial Planet Finder

text: mission.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit around the star

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: approximately 97% of the mass of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Epsilon Eridani

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 3 hot super-Earths have been confirmed in orbit around the star.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 97% of the mass of the Sun and 60% of its luminosity.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Epsilon Eridani

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbit

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 97% of the mass of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Epsilon Eridani

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Epsilon Eridani

text: The scene dissolves to ancient Alexandria, Egypt. We see the Great Library and the Pharos Lighthouse. In a courtyard, next to a pool surrounded by torches, we see the 2nd Century astronomer Claudius Ptolemy adjusting an armillary sphere to chart star positions. Behind Ptolemy is a small table on which rests a scroll. We approach the scroll and see that it depicts a geocentric model of the universe. Paintings on the scroll morph into 3D representations of the sun, earth, and planets, which hover above the scroll and rotate within a complex system of crystalline spheres, illustrating the earth-centered model of the universe that persisted until the Renaissance.

text: The scene dissolves to ancient

text: Alexandria, Egypt

text: . We see the

text: Great Library

text: and the

text: Pharos Lighthouse

text: . In a courtyard, next to a pool surrounded by torches, we see the 2nd Century astronomer

text: Claudius Ptolemy

text: adjusting an

text: armillary sphere

text: to chart star positions. Behind Ptolemy is a small table on which rests a scroll. We approach the scroll and see that it depicts a

text: geocentric

text: model of the universe. Paintings on the scroll morph into 3D representations of the sun, earth, and planets, which hover above the scroll and rotate within a complex system of crystalline spheres, illustrating the earth-centered model of the universe that persisted until the

text: Renaissance

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: complex system of crystalline spheres

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: earth-centered model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun, earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Renaissance.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: earth-centered model of the universe that persisted until the Renaissance.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the Renaissance.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: crystalline spheres,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: star positions.

text: Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases—famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War) (1927–1949). In his The Anatomy of Revolution, however, the Harvard historian Crane Brinton focused on the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.

text: Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases—famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the

text: Glorious Revolution

text: (1688), the

text: French Revolution

text: (1789–1799), the

text: Russian Revolution of 1917

text: and the

text: Chinese Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War)

text: (1927–1949). In his

text: The Anatomy of Revolution

text: , however, the Harvard historian

text: Crane Brinton

text: focused on the

text: English Civil War

text: , the

text: American Revolution

text: , the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Glorious Revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: four classic cases—famous and uncontroversial

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: cases—famous and uncontroversial

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799),

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Glorious Revolution (1688),

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the Renaissance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.

text: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the

text: heliocentric theory

text: of the

text: Renaissance

text: astronomer

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: (1473–1543). The book, first printed in 1543 in

text: Nuremberg

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: , offered an alternative model of the universe to

text: Ptolemy

text: 's

text: geocentric system

text: , which had been widely accepted since ancient times.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: orbium

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nicolaus Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: widely accepted since ancient times.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ptolemy's geocentric system,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric theory

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Heavenly Spheres)

text: In the Solar System there are 178 known natural satellites which orbit within 6 planetary satellite systems. In addition, several other objects are known to have satellites, including four IAU-listed dwarf planets: Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. , over 200 minor-planet moons have been discovered. There are 76 known objects in the asteroid belt with satellites (five with two each), four Jupiter trojans, 39 near-Earth objects (two with two satellites each), and 14 Mars-crossers. There are also 84 known natural satellites of trans-Neptunian objects. Some 150 additional small bodies have been observed within the rings of Saturn, but only a few were tracked long enough to establish orbits. Planets around other stars are likely to have satellites as well, and although numerous candidates have been detected to date, none have yet been confirmed.

text: In the

text: Solar System

text: there are 178 known natural satellites which orbit within 6 planetary

text: satellite system

text: s. In addition, several other objects are known to have satellites, including four

text: IAU

text: -listed dwarf planets:

text: Pluto

text: Haumea

text: Makemake

text: , and

text: Eris

text: . , over 200

text: minor-planet moon

text: s have been discovered. There are 76 known objects in the

text: asteroid belt

text: with satellites (five with two each), four

text: Jupiter trojan

text: s, 39

text: near-Earth object

text: s (two with two satellites each), and 14

text: Mars-crossers

text: . There are also 84 known natural satellites of

text: trans-Neptunian objects

text: . Some 150 additional small bodies have been observed within the

text: rings of Saturn

text: , but only a few were tracked long enough to establish orbits. Planets around other stars are likely to have satellites as well, and although numerous candidates have been detected to date, none have yet been confirmed.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 6 planetary satellite systems

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 6 planetary satellite systems

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pluto

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 178 known natural satellites which orbit within 6 planetary satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Planets around other stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 178 known natural satellites which orbit within 6 planetary satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 6 planetary satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 6 planetary satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 178 known natural satellites which orbit within 6 planetary satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 178 known natural satellites

text: While the earth and planets revolved around a central point in Philolaus's system, his could not be called a Heliocentric "solar system", because the central point the Earth and Planets revolved around was not the Sun, but the so-called Central Fire. This Fire was not visible from the surface of Earth—or at least not from the hemisphere Greece was located in.

text: While the earth and planets revolved around a central point in Philolaus's system, his could not be called a

text: Heliocentric

text: "solar system", because the central point the Earth and Planets revolved around was not the Sun, but the so-called Central Fire. This Fire was not visible from the surface of Earth—or at least not from the hemisphere Greece was located in.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: could not be called a Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Central Fire.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Philolaus's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Central Fire.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: a central point

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: While the earth and planets

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: his could not be called a Heliocentric "solar system",

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: revolved around a central point

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Central Fire.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Central Fire.

text: James Bradley's discovery of stellar aberration, published in 1729, eventually gave direct evidence excluding the possibility of all forms of geocentrism including Tycho's. Stellar aberration could only be satisfactorily explained on the basis that the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun, with an orbital velocity that combines with the finite speed of the light coming from an observed star or planet, to affect the apparent direction of the body observed.

text: James Bradley

text: 's discovery of

text: stellar aberration

text: , published in 1729, eventually gave direct evidence excluding the possibility of all forms of geocentrism including Tycho's. Stellar aberration could only be satisfactorily explained on the basis that the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun, with an orbital velocity that combines with the finite speed of the light coming from an observed star or planet, to affect the apparent direction of the body observed.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tycho's.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbital velocity that combines with the finite speed

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tycho's.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: annual orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth is in annual orbit around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Tycho's.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stellar aberration,

text: , geocentric

text: , geocentric

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth is a geocentric planet

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth is a geocentric system

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the earth revolves around the sun

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: is a geocentric system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model is geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: geocentric

text: Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars' distance larger, suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations. He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule. Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught.

text: Archimedes

text: says that Aristarchus made the stars' distance larger, suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations. He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule. Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: stars'

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: stars'

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: parallactic motion invisibly minuscule.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the universe was larger

text: The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: desert planets (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

text: The

text: habitable zone

text: around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:

text: desert planet

text: s (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because the gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The habitable zone around a star

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Planets with larger mass

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the gravity

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The habitable zone

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The habitable zone around a star

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The habitable zone around a star

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The habitable zone around a star

text: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Use of water vapor, as steam, has been important to humans for cooking and as a major component in energy production and transport systems since the industrial revolution.

text: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: where it is also a potent

text: greenhouse gas

text: along with other gases such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: methane

text: . Use of water vapor, as

text: steam

text: , has been important to humans for cooking and as a major component in energy production and transport systems since the

entity_name: Steam power during the Industrial Revolution

text: industrial revolution

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: industrial revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: carbon dioxide and methane.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: water vapor,

text: Aristarchus of Samos proposes heliocentrism as an alternative to the Earth-centered universe. His heliocentric model places the Sun at its center, with Earth as just one planet orbiting it. However, there were only a few people who took the theory seriously.

text: Aristarchus of Samos

text: proposes

text: heliocentrism

text: as an alternative to the Earth-centered universe. His heliocentric model places the Sun at its center, with Earth as just one planet orbiting it. However, there were only a few people who took the theory seriously.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristarchus of Samos

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun at its center, with Earth as just one planet orbiting it.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-centered

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Aristarchus of Samos proposes heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model places the Sun at its center,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

text: In 2000, Sia was based in the United Kingdom from her previous solo album Healing Is Difficult, and it would re-appeared in 2001. However, she was unhappy with the promotion of the album. Sia fired her manager, left Sony Music and signed with Go! Beat Records, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group. The album was recorded in 2003 at Heliocentric Studios in Rye with Jimmy Hogarth producing.Sia credits the biggest influence on her new album as touring with Zero 7.

text: In 2000, Sia was based in the United Kingdom from her previous solo album

text: Healing Is Difficult

text: , and it would re-appeared in 2001. However, she was unhappy with the promotion of the album. Sia fired her manager, left

text: Sony Music

text: and signed with

text: Go! Beat Records

text: , a subsidiary of

text: Universal Music Group

text: . The album was recorded in 2003 at Heliocentric Studios in

text: Rye

text: with

text: Jimmy Hogarth

text: producing.Sia credits the biggest influence on her new album as touring with

text: Zero 7

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Hipparchus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Heliocentric Studios

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Zero 7.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Zero 7.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Zero 7.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Heliocentric Studios

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Zero 7.

text: Before Crisis on Infinite Earths the Cavalier existed both on Earth One and Earth Two. The stories where he harmed women, something that neither the Earth-One nor Earth-Two versions of him would ever do, can be assigned to the alternate world of Earth-B, an alternate Earth that included stories that could not be considered canonical on Earth-One or Earth-Two.  Later "Earth-B" would be formally divided into two separate Earths: Earth-Twelve and Earth-Thirty-Two.

text: Before

text: Crisis on Infinite Earths

text: the Cavalier existed both on

text: Earth One

text: and

text: Earth Two

text: . The stories where he harmed women, something that neither the Earth-One nor Earth-Two versions of him would ever do, can be assigned to the alternate world of

text: Earth-B

text: , an alternate Earth that included stories that could not be considered canonical on Earth-One or Earth-Two.  Later "Earth-B" would be formally divided into two separate Earths: Earth-Twelve and Earth-Thirty-Two.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: the Cavalier

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-One

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-Two

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cavalier

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Before Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth One

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Before Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth One and Earth Two.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth One and Earth Two.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Before Crisis on Infinite Earths

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth One and Earth Two.

text: Zhang and his co-graduates were assigned to small regional studios, and Zhang was sent to work for the Guangxi Film Studio as a cinematographer. Though originally intended to work as director's assistants, the graduates soon discovered there was a dearth of directors so soon after the Cultural Revolution, and gained permission to start making their own films. This led to the production of Zhang Junzhao's One and Eight, on which Zhang Yimou worked as director of photography, and Chen Kaige's Yellow Earth, in 1984. These two films were successes at the Hong Kong Film Festival and helped to bring the new Chinese cinema to the attention of worldwide audiences, signaling a departure from the earlier propagandist films of the Cultural Revolution. Yellow Earth is today widely considered the inaugural film of the Fifth Generation directors.

text: Zhang and his co-graduates were assigned to small regional studios, and Zhang was sent to work for the

text: Guangxi

text: Film Studio as a cinematographer. Though originally intended to work as director's assistants, the graduates soon discovered there was a dearth of directors so soon after the Cultural Revolution, and gained permission to start making their own films. This led to the production of Zhang Junzhao's

text: One and Eight

text: , on which Zhang Yimou worked as director of photography, and Chen Kaige's

text: Yellow Earth

text: , in 1984. These two films were successes at the

text: Hong Kong Film Festival

text: and helped to bring the new Chinese cinema to the attention of worldwide audiences, signaling a departure from the earlier propagandist films of the Cultural Revolution. Yellow Earth is today widely considered the inaugural film of the Fifth Generation directors.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Yellow Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Zhang Junzhao's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cultural Revolution,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Yellow Earth,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Yellow Earth,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Chen Kaige's Yellow Earth,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Yellow Earth,

text: Geocentric:

text: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth is a planet

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth is tilted towards the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: how did ptolomys system work?

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be summed up in one word

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Earth revolves around the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Geocentric:

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Geocentric:

text: Marginal Revolution University was announced by Tyler Cowen on the Marginal Revolution blog on September 5, 2012.

text: Marginal Revolution University was announced by Tyler Cowen on the Marginal Revolution blog on September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used to explain the motions of planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Tyler Cowen on the Marginal Revolution blog on September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Tyler Cowen

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Marginal Revolution University

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2012.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Tyler Cowen on the Marginal Revolution blog on September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2012.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: September 5, 2012.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 2012.

text: Although Anderson had no way of knowing this at the time of writing, a planet is now known to orbit around Epsilon Eridani, a star only 10.5 light years from earth. It is a gas giant, similar to Jupiter, and orbits its star at a distance of 3.2 AU every seven years. Gravitational irregularities show that at least one other planet orbits the star.

text: Although Anderson had no way of knowing this at the time of writing, a planet is now known to orbit around

text: Epsilon Eridani

text: , a star only 10.5 light years from earth. It is a gas giant, similar to

text: Jupiter

text: , and orbits its star at a distance of 3.2

text: AU

text: every seven years. Gravitational irregularities show that at least one other planet orbits the star.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Gravitational

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: how many light years from earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Epsilon Eridani, a star

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Anderson

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Gravitational irregularities

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: star only 10.5 light years from earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Gravitational irregularities

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Anderson

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 3.2 AU every seven years.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 10.5 light years from earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 10.5 light years from earth.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a planet is now known to orbit around Epsilon Eridani,

text: The anomalistic year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its apsides. The orbit of the Earth is elliptical; the extreme points, called apsides, are the perihelion, where the Earth is closest to the Sun (January 3 in 2011), and the aphelion, where the Earth is farthest from the Sun (July 4 in 2011). The anomalistic year is usually defined as the time between perihelion passages.  Its average duration is  days (365 d 6 h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch J2011.0).

text: The anomalistic year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its

text: apsides

text: . The orbit of the Earth is elliptical; the extreme points, called apsides, are the

text: perihelion

text: , where the Earth is closest to the Sun (January 3 in 2011), and the

text: aphelion

text: , where the Earth is farthest from the Sun (July 4 in 2011). The anomalistic year is usually defined as the time between perihelion passages.  Its average duration is  days (365 d 6 h 13 min 52.6 s) (at the epoch J2011.0).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Its average duration is days

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit of the Earth is elliptical

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The anomalistic year

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The orbit of the Earth is elliptical;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The orbit of the Earth is elliptical;

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The anomalistic year

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The orbit of the Earth is elliptical;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The orbit of the Earth is elliptical;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: elliptical;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The anomalistic year

text: There are several more single-planet systems in Aquarius. HD 210277, a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located 21.29 parsecs from Earth, is host to one known planet: HD 210277 b. The 1.23 Jupiter mass planet orbits at nearly the same distance as Earth orbits the Sun - 1.1 AU, though its orbital period is significantly longer at around 442 days. HD 210277 b was discovered earlier than most of the other planets in Aquarius, detected by the radial velocity method in 1998. The star it orbits resembles the Sun beyond their similar spectral class; it has a radius of 1.1 solar radii and a mass of 1.09 solar masses. HD 212771 b, a larger planet at 2.3 Jupiter masses, orbits host star HD 212771 at a distance of 1.22 AU. The star itself, barely below the threshold of naked-eye visibility at magnitude 7.6, is a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star located 131 parsecs from Earth. Though it has a similar mass to the Sun - 1.15 solar masses - it is significantly less dense with its radius of 5 solar radii. Its lone planet was discovered in 2010 by the radial velocity method, like several other exoplanets in the constellation.

text: There are several more single-planet systems in Aquarius.

text: HD 210277

text: , a magnitude 6.63 yellow star located 21.29 parsecs from Earth, is host to one known planet:

text: HD 210277 b

text: . The 1.23 Jupiter mass planet orbits at nearly the same distance as Earth orbits the Sun - 1.1 AU, though its orbital period is significantly longer at around 442 days. HD 210277 b was discovered earlier than most of the other planets in Aquarius, detected by the radial velocity method in 1998. The star it orbits resembles the Sun beyond their similar

text: spectral class

text: ; it has a radius of 1.1 solar radii and a mass of 1.09 solar masses.

text: HD 212771 b

text: , a larger planet at 2.3 Jupiter masses, orbits host star

text: HD 212771

text: at a distance of 1.22 AU. The star itself, barely below the threshold of naked-eye visibility at magnitude 7.6, is a G8IV (yellow subgiant) star located 131 parsecs from Earth. Though it has a similar mass to the Sun - 1.15 solar masses - it is significantly less dense with its radius of 5 solar radii. Its lone planet was discovered in 2010 by the radial velocity method, like several other exoplanets in the constellation.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 210277,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth orbits the Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: orbital period is significantly longer at around 442 days.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity method

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth orbits the Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: HD 210277

text: Given the extreme orbital eccentricity of this object, different epochs can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions to the aphelion distance (maximum distance) of this object. With a 2005 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 22,000 years with aphelion at 1557 AU.  But using a 2011 epoch shows a period of about 32,000 years with aphelion at 2006 AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. Using JPL Horizons with an observed orbital arc of only 2.9 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a semi-major axis of 796 AU and a period of 22,466 years.

text: Given the extreme

text: orbital eccentricity

text: of this object, different

text: epochs

text: can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed

text: two-body

text: best-fit

text: solutions to the aphelion distance (maximum distance) of this object. With a 2005 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 22,000 years with aphelion at 1557 AU.  But using a 2011 epoch shows a period of about 32,000 years with aphelion at 2006 AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: barycentric coordinates

text: are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. Using

text: JPL Horizons

text: with an observed orbital

text: arc

text: of only 2.9 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a

text: semi-major axis

text: of 796 AU and a period of 22,466 years.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: celestial body

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the Sun's barycentric coordinates

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 22,000 years

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun's barycentric coordinates

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun's

text: Within the DC Multiverse, the alternate Earth depicted in Superman: Red Son has been designated Earth-30, within the New 52 continuity. The Superman of Earth-30 also appeared in the Countdown: Arena series in 2007, in which he came into conflict with the Cold War US-based Supermen of Earth-31 (Dark Knight Returns) and Earth-15 (Chris Kent). In 2008, Earth-30 and its Soviet Superman also appeared in the Countdown to Final Crisis: Search for Ray Palmer storyline, where it was one of the alternate Earths visited by Jason Todd, Donna Troy and Kyle Rayner to locate Earth-0's absent Atom, Ray Palmer. Characters from Superman: Red Son also appeared in the Action Comics and Detective Comics tie-ins to the "Convergence" storyline, in which they are forced to fight against the heroes from the original Earth-Two's Metropolis. Promotional comic, KFC: The Colonel Corps #2 had the Colonel Sanders of Earth-30 joining the Colonel Corps to take on Earth-3's Colonel Sanders. This Sanders wore an ushanka and was a Stalinist.

text: Within the

text: DC Multiverse

text: , the alternate Earth depicted in Superman: Red Son has been designated Earth-30, within the

text: New 52

text: continuity. The Superman of Earth-30 also appeared in the

text: Countdown: Arena

text: series in 2007, in which he came into conflict with the

text: Cold War

text: US-based Supermen of Earth-31 (

text: Dark Knight Returns

text: ) and Earth-15 (

text: Chris Kent

text: ). In 2008, Earth-30 and its Soviet Superman also appeared in the

text: Countdown to Final Crisis

text: : Search for Ray Palmer storyline, where it was one of the alternate Earths visited by

text: Jason Todd

text: Donna Troy

text: and

text: Kyle Rayner

text: to locate Earth-0's absent

text: Atom

text: Ray Palmer

text: . Characters from Superman: Red Son also appeared in the

text: Action Comics

text: and

text: Detective Comics

text: tie-ins to the "

text: Convergence

text: " storyline, in which they are forced to fight against the heroes from the original

text: Earth-Two

text: 's Metropolis. Promotional comic, KFC: The Colonel Corps #2 had the

text: Colonel Sanders

text: of Earth-30 joining the Colonel Corps to take on Earth-3's Colonel Sanders. This Sanders wore an

text: ushanka

text: and was a Stalinist.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ray Palmer

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: What keeps the planets in orbit?

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Which planets appear to move slower than the stars?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: How many alternate Earths did Jason Todd, Donna Troy and Kyle Rayner visit?

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-30

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-30

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Atom,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ray Palmer.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Within the DC Multiverse,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Within the DC Multiverse,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Cold War

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-30,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-31

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-30,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-30,

text: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus were considered to be fictional to natives of Earth-C, similar to how events and characters of Earth-Two were considered as fictional on Earth-One. Additionally, events and characters on Earth-C-Minus paralleled those of the then-mainstream DC Universe of Earth-One. Like Earth-C, the names of characters and locations tended to make heavy use of various animal-based puns.

text: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus were considered to be fictional to natives of Earth-C, similar to how events and characters of

text: Earth-Two

text: were considered as fictional on

text: Earth-One

text: . Additionally, events and characters on Earth-C-Minus paralleled those of the then-mainstream

text: DC Universe

text: of Earth-One. Like Earth-C, the names of characters and locations tended to make heavy use of various animal-based

text: pun

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth-C

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Two were considered as fictional on Earth-One.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus

text: The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported the heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch, Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used.

text: The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a

text: heliocentric

text: model of planetary motion was

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of

text: Plutarch

text: . He supported the heliocentric theory where the

text: Earth rotated

text: around its own axis which in turn revolved around the

text: Sun

text: . According to

text: Plutarch

text: , Seleucus even proved the heliocentric system, but it is not known what arguments he used.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Plutarch

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planetary motion

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Plutarch.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: revolved around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Sun.

text: Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), in his A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory, eliminated the need for an equant by introducing an extra epicycle, departing from the Ptolemaic system in a way very similar to what Copernicus later also did. Ibn al-Shatir proposed a system that was only approximately geocentric, rather than exactly so, having demonstrated trigonometrically that the Earth was not the exact center of the universe. His rectification is later used in the Copernican model.

text: Ibn al-Shatir

text: (1304–1375), in his A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory, eliminated the need for an equant by introducing an extra epicycle, departing from the Ptolemaic system in a way very similar to what

text: Copernicus

text: later also did. Ibn al-Shatir proposed a system that was only approximately geocentric, rather than exactly so, having demonstrated

text: trigonometrically

text: that the Earth was not the exact center of the universe. His rectification is later used in the Copernican model.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth was not the exact center of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ibn al-Shatir

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemaic system

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican model.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Earth

text: When  is approaching the Earth from in front (i.e. it is moving slightly slower, and the Earth is catching it up), the gravitational attraction of the Earth shifts it onto a slightly faster orbit, a little nearer the Sun. It now hurries ahead of the Earth along its new orbit, until after 95 years it has almost lapped the Earth and is coming up from behind. Again it comes under the Earth's gravitational influence; this time it is lifted onto a slower orbit, further from the Sun. On this orbit it can no longer keep pace with the Earth, and it falls behind until in 95 years it is once again approaching the Earth from in front. The Earth and  chase each other in turn around the Sun, but do not get close enough to break the pattern.

text: When  is approaching the Earth from in front (i.e. it is moving slightly slower, and the Earth is catching it up), the gravitational attraction of the Earth shifts it onto a slightly faster orbit, a little nearer the Sun. It now hurries ahead of the Earth along its new orbit, until after 95 years it has almost lapped the Earth and is coming up from behind. Again it comes under the Earth's gravitational influence; this time it is lifted onto a slower orbit, further from the Sun. On this orbit it can no longer keep pace with the Earth, and it falls behind until in 95 years it is once again approaching the Earth from in front. The Earth and  chase each other in turn around the Sun, but do not get close enough to break the pattern.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: When is approaching the Earth from in front

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: do not get close enough to break the pattern.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: When is approaching the Earth from in front

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: When is approaching the Earth from in front

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the gravitational attraction

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Earth and chase each other in turn around the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: When is approaching the Earth from in front

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: When is approaching the Earth from in front

text: The treatise uses a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles which in turn revolve around the Earth.  In this model, which is also found in the Paitāmahasiddhānta (ca. AD 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) epicycle and a larger śīghra (fast) epicycle.

text: The treatise uses a

text: geocentric

text: model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by

text: epicycle

text: s which in turn revolve around the Earth.  In this model, which is also found in the Paitāmahasiddhānta (ca. AD 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) epicycle and a larger śīghra (fast) epicycle.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: two epicycles

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: epicycles which in turn revolve around the Earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pait<unk>mahasiddh<unk>nta

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: manda

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: geocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: geocentric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geocentric model of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Sun and Moon

text: On January 8, 2014, Voris became involved in the controversy surrounding the film The Principle when he invited its producers onto his show to discuss their project, an exploration of alternative cosmological theories. The Planck satellite's map of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation confirmed that an unexplained anomaly exists in the universe, which shows an alignment of the CMB with the Earth's ecliptic and equinoctial points, indicating a special direction in space centered on the earth itself.  The show created controversy because the producers are admitted geocentrists.  Rick DeLano, producer of the film, subsequently clarified in a radio interview that the film does not promote geocentrism itself, but rather challenges the Copernican principle, and is composed of interviews with cosmologists also examining deficiencies in the current model of the universe.

text: On January 8, 2014, Voris became involved in the controversy surrounding the film

text: The Principle

text: when he invited its producers onto his show to discuss their project, an exploration of

text: alternative cosmological theories

text: . The

text: Planck satellite

text: 's map of

text: cosmic microwave background

text: (CMB) radiation confirmed that an unexplained anomaly exists in the universe, which shows an alignment of the CMB with the Earth's

text: ecliptic

text: and

text: equinoctial point

text: s, indicating a special direction in space centered on the earth itself.  The show created controversy because the producers are admitted

text: geocentrist

text: s.  Rick DeLano, producer of the film, subsequently clarified in a radio interview that the film does not promote geocentrism itself, but rather challenges the

text: Copernican principle

text: , and is composed of interviews with cosmologists also examining deficiencies in the current model of the universe.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernican principle

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth's ecliptic and equinoctial points,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Earth's ecliptic and equinoctial points,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Copernican principle,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Copernican principle,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Copernican principle,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican principle,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unexplained anomaly exists in the universe,

text: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening, along with warfare insignia. If these uniforms are to be assigned as the Uniform of the Day, a Plan of the Day/Plan of the Week will state either "Service Dress White" or "Service Dress Blue." Either the all-weather Coat or peacoat may be worn with this uniform in cold or inclement weather. The color of the enlisted rank insignia and service stripes for the Service Dress Blues is either gold or red based upon the U.S. Navy Good Conduct Variation. The colors on the Service Dress Whites will always be black.

text: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening, along with warfare insignia. If these uniforms are to be assigned as the Uniform of the Day, a Plan of the Day/Plan of the Week will state either "Service Dress White" or "Service Dress Blue." Either the all-weather Coat or peacoat may be worn with this uniform in cold or inclement weather. The color of the enlisted rank insignia and service stripes for the Service Dress Blues is either gold or red based upon the

text: U.S. Navy Good Conduct Variation

text: . The colors on the Service Dress Whites will always be black.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The colors on the Service Dress Whites will always be black.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The colors on the Service Dress Whites will always be black

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "Service Dress White"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: "Service Dress White"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: warfare insignia.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: warfare insignia.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: warfare insignia.

text: Digital Publication Projects: Michigan Series in Digital Humanities@digitalculturebooks and the UM/HASTAC Digital Humanities Publication PrizeThe University of Michigan Press and HASTAC launched The University of Michigan Series in Digital Humanities@digitalculturebooks and the UM/HASTAC Digital Humanities Publication Prize in December 2009.  Series editors include Julie Thompson Klein and Tara McPherson; advisory board includes Cathy N. Davidson, Daniel Herwitz, and Wendy Chun (Brown).   Initial 2012 winners were Jentery Sayers and Sheila Brennan.

text: Digital Publication Projects: Michigan Series in Digital Humanities@digitalculturebooks and the UM/HASTAC Digital Humanities Publication PrizeThe University of Michigan Press and HASTAC launched The University of Michigan Series in Digital Humanities@digitalculturebooks and the UM/HASTAC Digital Humanities Publication Prize in December 2009.  Series editors include Julie Thompson Klein and Tara McPherson; advisory board includes Cathy N. Davidson, Daniel Herwitz, and Wendy Chun (Brown).   Initial 2012 winners were Jentery Sayers and Sheila Brennan.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Its gravity keeps the planets in orbit.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The University of Michigan Press and HASTAC launched The University of Michigan Series in Digital Humanities@digitalculturebooks and the UM/HASTAC Digital Humanities Publication Prize

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 2009.

text: On Earth, the Mars Mission Director, working with an agent of the FBI, races to discover who sabotaged the mission before the crew even arrived on Mars—and who might be trying to strand the crew on Mars now that they're on it. He is shocked to discover that his own Flight Director committed the initial sabotage—he was trying to seed Mars with a bacterium that would be taken as evidence of life on Mars, thus ensuring continued funding of Project Ares, the official name for the program.

text: On Earth, the Mars Mission Director, working with an agent of the

text: FBI

text: , races to discover who sabotaged the mission before the crew even arrived on Mars—and who might be trying to strand the crew on Mars now that they're on it. He is shocked to discover that his own Flight Director committed the initial sabotage—he was trying to seed Mars with a bacterium that would be taken as evidence of life on Mars, thus ensuring continued funding of Project Ares, the official name for the program.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: On Earth,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Mars—and

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Mars Mission Director,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Mars—and

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Mars—and

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Mars—and

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: life on Mars,

text: Muslim works such as Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam contained anti-Buddhist rhetoric and polemic against Buddhist Khotan, aimed at "dehumanizing" the Khotanese Buddhists, and the Muslims Kara-Khanids conquered Khotan just 26 years following the completion of Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam.

text: Muslim works such as

text: Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam

text: contained anti-Buddhist rhetoric and polemic against Buddhist Khotan, aimed at "dehumanizing" the Khotanese Buddhists, and the Muslims Kara-Khanids conquered Khotan just 26 years following the completion of Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Khotan

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: anti-Buddhist rhetoric and polemic against Buddhist Khotan,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Khotan,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: anti-Buddhist rhetoric

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Buddhist Khotan,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: <unk>ud<unk>d al-<unk>lam

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: anti-Buddhist rhetoric

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: <unk>ud<unk>d al-<unk>lam

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: anti-Buddhist rhetoric

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: <unk>ud<unk>d al-<unk>lam

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Buddhist Khotan,

text: The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "kleindeutsche Lösung") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to Hungary and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King Frederick I), William was proclaimed "German Emperor" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles outside Paris, while the French capital was still under siege.

text: The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "

text: kleindeutsche Lösung

text: ") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to

text: Hungary

text: and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King

text: Frederick I

text: ), William was proclaimed "German

text: Emperor

text: " (not "Emperor of Germany") in the

text: Hall of Mirrors

text: at

text: Versailles

text: outside Paris, while

text: the French capital was still under siege

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemy's system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The empire was a "Lesser German"

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: William

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The empire was a "Lesser German"

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The empire was a "Lesser German"

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "Lesser German"

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Lesser German"

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: "Lesser German" solution

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Hall of Mirrors

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Austria,

text: Bae Sang-moon, Hwang Jung-gon, Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

text: Bae Sang-moon

text: Hwang Jung-gon

text: Brad Kennedy

text: Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: James Clerk Maxwell

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The suns gravitational pull keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Bae Sang-moon

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Copernicus Model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: the Big Bang

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Bae Sang-moon, Hwang Jung-gon,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Bae Sang-moon, Hwang Jung-gon,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Brad Kennedy, Prayad Marksaeng

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Prayad Marksaeng

text: Gliese 163 c () or Gl 163 c is said to be a potentially habitable exoplanet, on the basis of its distance from its star being compatible with temperatures that would allow liquid water to exist on the surface, orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 163. The parent star is 15.0 parsecs (approximately 49 light-years, or 465 trillion kilometers) from the Sun, in the constellation Dorado.  Gliese 163 c is one of three planets discovered in the system.  With a mass at least 7.2 times that of the Earth, it is classified as a super-Earth (a planet of roughly 1 to 10 Earth masses).

text: Gliese 163 c () or Gl 163 c is said to be a potentially

text: habitable exoplanet

text: , on the basis of its distance from its star being compatible with temperatures that would allow liquid water to exist on the surface, orbiting the

text: red dwarf

text: Gliese 163

text: . The parent star is 15.0 parsecs (approximately 49 light-years, or 465 trillion kilometers) from the Sun, in the constellation

text: Dorado

text: .  Gliese 163 c is one of three planets discovered in the system.  With a mass at least 7.2 times that of the

text: Earth

text: , it is classified as a

text: super-Earth

text: (a planet of roughly 1 to 10 Earth masses).

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 163

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 163 c

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 15.0 parsecs

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Gliese 163 c

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 163.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 49 light-years, or 465 trillion kilometers) from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 49 light-years, or 465 trillion kilometers) from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 163 c

text: The name of the mountain was attested as Fridt Püchl (literally, 'peace mountain') in 1754. Traditional explanations of the name are connected with the function of the church that once stood there or the idea that it was spared from Ottoman attacks. However, like other Slovenian toponyms that seem to contain the adjective miren 'peaceful', it may also be derived from miren 'walled' (e.g., Miren) or through dissimilation from the verb *nyrati 'to arise from the ground' (e.g., the Mirna River or Mirna Peč).

text: The name of the mountain was attested as Fridt Püchl (literally, 'peace mountain') in 1754. Traditional explanations of the name are connected with the function of the church that once stood there or the idea that it was spared from

text: Ottoman attacks

text: . However, like other Slovenian toponyms that seem to contain the adjective miren 'peaceful', it may also be derived from miren 'walled' (e.g.,

text: Miren

text: ) or through dissimilation from the verb *nyrati 'to arise from the ground' (e.g., the

text: Mirna River

text: or

text: Mirna Peč

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Fridt

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1754.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1754.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Fridt Püchl

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Fridt Püchl

text: Under this definition, the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet; although the Moon is massive enough to cause the Earth to make a noticeable revolution around this center of mass, this point nevertheless lies well within Earth. However, the Moon migrates outward from Earth at a rate of approximately  per year; in a few hundred million years, the Earth–Moon system's center of mass will lie outside Earth, which would make it a double-planet system.

text: Under this definition, the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet; although the Moon is massive enough to cause the Earth to make a noticeable revolution around this center of mass, this point nevertheless lies well within Earth. However, the Moon migrates outward from Earth at a rate of approximately  per year; in a few hundred million years, the Earth–Moon system's center of mass will lie outside Earth, which would make it a double-planet system.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Under this definition, the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: center of mass,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet;

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Moon migrates outward from Earth at a rate of approximately per year;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: center of mass, this point nevertheless lies well within Earth.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: per year;

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet;

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet;

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the Earth–Moon system is not currently a double planet;

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth–Moon system

text: "Directorates" are the ministries of the Scottish Government. They serve to execute government policy. Unlike in the British government, cabinet secretaries do not lead the directorates, and have no direct role in their operation. Instead, the directorates are grouped together into six "Directorates General", each run by a senior civil servant who is titled a "Director-General". As of May 2016, there are six Directorates General:

text: "Directorates" are the

text: ministries

text: of the Scottish Government. They serve to execute government policy. Unlike in the

text: British government

text: , cabinet secretaries do not lead the directorates, and have no direct role in their operation. Instead, the directorates are grouped together into six "Directorates General", each run by a senior civil servant who is titled a "Director-General". As of May 2016, there are six Directorates General:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: "Directorates" are the ministries of the Scottish Government.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Director-General". As of May 2016,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "Director-General". As of May 2016,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: cabinet secretaries

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: "Director-General". As of May 2016,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: six "Directorates General",

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: "Directorates General",

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: six "Directorates General",

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: six "Directorates General",

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: "Directorates" are the ministries of the Scottish Government.

text: American Mattress Sizes

text: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Earth is in orbit around the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move faster than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used to describe American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: American Mattress Sizes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: American Mattress Sizes

text: Gerald E. Talbot (born 1931) is a former state legislator in Maine. In 1972, Talbot became the first African American member of the Maine House of Representatives when he was elected to represent part of Portland, Maine as a Democrat. He was a member of the legislature until 1978. In 1980, Governor Joseph Brennan appointed him to the Maine Board of Education. He also helped reorganize the NAACP in Maine. In 2006, a 240-seat auditorium at the University of Southern Maine was named in honor of him.

text: Gerald E. Talbot (born 1931) is a former state legislator in Maine. In 1972, Talbot became the first

text: African American

text: member of the

text: Maine House of Representatives

text: when he was elected to represent part of

text: Portland, Maine

text: as a

text: Democrat

text: . He was a member of the legislature until 1978. In 1980, Governor

text: Joseph Brennan

text: appointed him to the Maine Board of Education. He also helped reorganize the

entity_name: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

text: NAACP

text: in Maine. In 2006, a 240-seat auditorium at the

text: University of Southern Maine

text: was named in honor of him.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gerald E. Talbot

text: Datu Paglas was created out of 7 northern barrios of the municipality of Columbio on November 22, 1973, by Presidential Decree No. 340. While Columbio was made part of the province of Sultan Kudarat, Datu Paglas was made part of the province of Maguindanao.

text: Datu Paglas was created out of 7 northern

text: barrios

text: of the municipality of

text: Columbio

text: on November 22, 1973, by

text: Presidential Decree No

text: . 340. While

text: Columbio

text: was made part of the

text: province

text: of

text: Sultan Kudarat

text: , Datu Paglas was made part of the province of Maguindanao.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Datu Paglas

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Columbio

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1973, by Presidential Decree No. 340.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Datu Paglas

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 340.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1973, by Presidential Decree No. 340.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 340.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1973, by Presidential Decree No. 340.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Datu Paglas

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Datu Paglas

text: Two Zouave battalions (under chefs de bataillon Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao. A third Zouave battalion (chef de bataillon Metzinger) joined the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.

text: Two Zouave battalions (under chefs de bataillon Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the

text: Sino-French War

text: (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the

text: Battle of Phu Lam Tao

text: . A third Zouave battalion (chef de bataillon Metzinger) joined the

text: Tonkin Expeditionary Corps

text: shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Metzinger

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885).

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Simon and Mignot)

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Vietnamese insurgents.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: (August 1884 to April 1885).

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Battle of Phu Lam Tao.

text: Choi moved to Suwon Samsung Bluewings prior to the 2011 season.

text: Choi moved to

text: Suwon Samsung Bluewings

text: prior to the 2011 season.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used to answer this question

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The solar system is made up of seven planets orbiting around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Choi moved to Suwon Samsung Bluewings

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Choi

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2011 season.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Choi moved to Suwon Samsung Bluewings

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2011 season.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2011 season.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2011 season.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2011

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2011

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 2011

text: When completed,

text: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: it will be in a straight line.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets move faster than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: it was widely accepted

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be summarized as:

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: When completed,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: When completed,

text: Giuseppe Di Giacomo (born January 1, 1945, in Avola, Italy) is an Italian philosopher and essayist.

text: Giuseppe Di Giacomo (born January 1, 1945, in

text: Avola

text: Italy

text: ) is an Italian

text: philosopher

text: and essayist.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the planets appear to move faster than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: heliocentrism

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Giuseppe Di Giacomo

text: Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling and Blasius)) is a small bat in the pipistrelle genus. It is very similar to the common pipistrelle and has been overlooked in many areas until recently but it is widely distributed across Europe.

text: Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling and Blasius)) is a small

text: bat

text: in the

text: pipistrelle

text: genus. It is very similar to the

text: common pipistrelle

text: and has been overlooked in many areas until recently but it is widely distributed across

text: Europe

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Keyserling

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Nathusius'

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Nathusius' pipistrelle

text: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II. It is also believed to have been the location of an anti-aircraft gun during the Blitz. In the 1950s, after some debate, the decision was taken to clear the northern third of the site of most of its monuments and open it as a public garden with open access, while preserving and protecting the remainder of the site behind railings. Legislation in 1960 transferred the freehold to the City of London Corporation, which continues to maintain the grounds. The work of landscaping was undertaken by the architect and landscape architect Peter Shepheard in 1964–65.

text: The burial ground was severely damaged by

text: German

text: bombing during World War II. It is also believed to have been the location of an

text: anti-aircraft gun

text: during the

text: Blitz

text: . In the 1950s, after some debate, the decision was taken to clear the northern third of the site of most of its monuments and open it as a public garden with open access, while preserving and protecting the remainder of the site behind railings. Legislation in 1960 transferred the freehold to the City of London Corporation, which continues to maintain the grounds. The work of landscaping was undertaken by the architect and landscape architect

text: Peter Shepheard

text: in 1964–65.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Peter Shepheard

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The burial ground

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The burial ground was severely damaged by German bombing during World War II.

text: The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Gules and Argent a Bend counterchanged and in the second a Juniper Branch proper.

text: The

text: blazon

text: of the municipal

text: coat of arms

text: is Per fess Gules and Argent a Bend counterchanged and in the second a Juniper Branch proper.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Per fess Gules

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Juniper Branch

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: a Bend counterchanged

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Per fess Gules and Argent

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Juniper Branch

text: Gamlakarleby Segelförening (GSF for short), is a yacht club in Kokkola, Finland.

text: Gamlakarleby Segelförening (GSF for short), is a

text: yacht club

text: in

text: Kokkola

text: Finland

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move faster than stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening is a yacht club in Kokkola, Finland

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening is a yacht club in Kokkola, Finland.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Gamlakarleby Segelförening

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Finland.

text: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee. In 2007, its members of the Organized Committee are:

text: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee. In 2007, its members of the Organized Committee are:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the planets orbit the sun.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used to answer this question

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Poetry Symposium

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Poetry Symposium are Administrated by the Organized Committee.

text: Jean-Baptiste Estelle (1662, Marseille-1723, Marseille) was French Consul in the Moroccan city of Salé in 1689-98. He was the son of Pierre Estelle, Consul at Tetuan. He succeeded Jean Perillier as consul at Salé.

text: Jean-Baptiste Estelle (1662,

text: Marseille

text: -1723, Marseille) was French Consul in the

text: Moroccan

text: city of

text: Salé

text: in 1689-98. He was the son of

text: Pierre Estelle

text: , Consul at

text: Tetuan

text: . He succeeded

text: Jean Perillier

text: as consul at Salé.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jean Perillier

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jean-Baptiste Estelle

text: If cultural evolution progresses in this direction then due to cultural evolution being much faster than biological, the limiting factor becomes our biology and the capability of our brains. Currently the closest and so most probable solution to this problem is Artificial Intelligence, (AI).  Experts in AI even believe it holds the potential and capability for a postbiological earth in the next several generations, (Moravec  1988, 1999). AI could be utilised to solve scientific problems and to analyse situations much faster and more accurately than our own minds.

text: If cultural evolution progresses in this direction then due to cultural evolution being much faster than biological, the limiting factor becomes our biology and the capability of our brains. Currently the closest and so most probable solution to this problem is

text: Artificial Intelligence

text: , (AI).  Experts in AI even believe it holds the potential and capability for a postbiological earth in the next several generations, (Moravec  1988, 1999). AI could be utilised to solve scientific problems and to analyse situations much faster and more accurately than our own minds.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: postbiological earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: faster

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: postbiological earth

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Artificial Intelligence,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: postbiological earth

text: Daniel Thew Wright was a native of Riverside, born there in 1864, at which time it was still a separate municipality; he was the son of D. Thew Wright, a judge of the common pleas court for Hamilton County.  After graduating from the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1887, the younger Wright entered into private practice in Cincinnati before taking a succession of mayoral and judicial offices; he later served as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia before retiring.  In 1895, while a common pleas court judge, Wright purchased land of his father in Riverside and soon began the construction of the present house.

text: Daniel Thew Wright was a native of Riverside, born there in 1864, at which time it was still a separate municipality; he was the son of D. Thew Wright, a judge of the

text: common pleas court

text: for

text: Hamilton County

text: .  After graduating from the

text: University of Cincinnati College of Law

text: in 1887, the younger Wright entered into private practice in Cincinnati before taking a succession of mayoral and judicial offices; he later served as a judge on the

entity_name: United States District Court for the District of Columbia

text: United States District Court for the District of Columbia

text: before retiring.  In 1895, while a common pleas court judge, Wright purchased land of his father in Riverside and soon began the construction of the present house.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Daniel Thew Wright

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Daniel Thew Wright

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Daniel Thew Wright

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1887,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Riverside, born there in 1864,

text: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979 .

text: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979 .

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Plaza complex was completed in 1979.

text: However, Masini's efforts to bring film and television to Hawaii, along with the marketing, promotional, and tourism dollars they offer, continued to pay off years after the productions had left. In 2004, for example, Blue Crush was featured in a U.S. Department of Commerce marketing campaign to lure British travelers to America. Hawaii's contribution to the campaign, seen on the walls of the London underground and on street billboards, was an image from Blue Crush of a surfer catching a wave.

text: However, Masini's efforts to bring film and television to Hawaii, along with the marketing, promotional, and tourism dollars they offer, continued to pay off years after the productions had left. In 2004, for example,

text: Blue Crush

text: was featured in a

text: U.S. Department of Commerce

text: marketing campaign to lure British travelers to America. Hawaii's contribution to the campaign, seen on the walls of the London underground and on street billboards, was an image from Blue Crush of a surfer catching a wave.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Hawaii's

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Masini's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: marketing, promotional, and tourism dollars

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Hawaii,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: years after the productions had left.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Masini's

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: wave.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: years after the productions had left. In 2004,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: marketing, promotional, and tourism dollars

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: a surfer catching a wave.

text: They finished the 2015–16 season 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun play to finish in to finish in a three way tie for second place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the A-Sun Tournament to Stetson. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they defeated Army, Boston University, and Texas–Arlington to advance to the semifinals where they lost to Columbia.

text: They finished the

entity_name: 2015–16 NJIT Highlanders men's basketball team

text: 2015–16 season

text: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun play to finish in to finish in a three way tie for second place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the

entity_name: 2016 Atlantic Sun Men's Basketball Tournament

text: A-Sun Tournament

text: to

entity_name: 2015–16 Stetson Hatters men's basketball team

text: Stetson

text: . They were invited to the

entity_name: 2016 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament

text: CollegeInsider.com Tournament

text: where they defeated

entity_name: 2015–16 Army Black Knights men's basketball team

text: Army

entity_name: 2015–16 Boston University Terriers men's basketball team

text: Boston University

text: , and

entity_name: 2015–16 Texas–Arlington Mavericks men's basketball team

text: Texas–Arlington

text: to advance to the semifinals where they lost to

entity_name: 2015–16 Columbia Lions men's basketball team

text: Columbia

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Texas–Arlington

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Stetson.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 8–6 in A-Sun

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun play

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 20–15, 8–6

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 20–15, 8–6 in A-Sun

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 8–6 in A-Sun play

text: Gliese 581 () is a star of spectral type M3V (a red dwarf) about 20 light years away from Earth in the constellation Libra. Its estimated mass is about a third of that of the Sun, and it is the 89th closest known star to the Sun. Observations suggest that the star has a planetary system consisting of three known planets, designated Gliese 581 b, c, and e and a possibly confirmed planet, d, in order of discovery. Additional outer planets, which received the designations Gliese 581 f, and g have been proposed, but the evidence that led to the discovery claims has been shown to be the result of stellar activity mimicking the radial velocity variations due to orbiting planets.

text: Gliese 581 () is a star of

text: spectral type

text: M3V (a

text: red dwarf

text: ) about 20

text: light years

text: away from

text: Earth

text: in the

text: constellation

text: Libra

text: . Its estimated mass is about a third of that of the

text: Sun

text: , and it is the 89th closest known star to the Sun. Observations suggest that the star has a

text: planetary system

text: consisting of three known planets, designated

text: Gliese 581 b

text: c

text: , and

text: e

text: and a possibly confirmed planet,

text: d

text: , in order of discovery. Additional outer planets, which received the designations Gliese 581 f, and g have been proposed, but the evidence that led to the discovery claims has been shown to be the result of stellar activity mimicking the radial velocity variations due to orbiting planets.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: orbiting planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a third of that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 581

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: radial velocity variations due to orbiting planets.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: radial velocity variations due to orbiting planets.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: three known planets,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: radial velocity variations

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three known planets,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: three known planets,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Gliese 581

text: Arulappa also served as a Parish Priest in two parishes and was also Principal of St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Boys' High School in Madras.

text: Arulappa also served as a Parish Priest in two parishes and was also Principal of St. Joseph's Anglo-Indian Boys' High School in Madras.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Arulappa served as a Parish Priest in two parishes

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Parish Priest in two parishes

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Arulappa

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Arulappa

text: The Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Trinity and St Margaret, was founded in 1128 by King David I of Scotland, but the monastic establishment was based on an earlier foundation dating back to the reign of King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (i.e. "Malcolm III" or "Malcolm Canmore", r. 1058-93) and his queen.  At its head  was an abbot, the first incumbent being Geoffrey of Canterbury, former prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, the Kent monastery that probably supplied Dunfermline's first monks. At the peak of its power it controlled four burghs, three courts of regality and a large portfolio of lands from Moray in the north down into Berwickshire.

text: The

text: Benedictine

text: Abbey of the

text: Holy Trinity

text: and

text: St Margaret

text: , was founded in 1128 by King

text: David I of Scotland

text: , but the monastic establishment was based on an earlier foundation dating back to the reign of King

text: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

text: (i.e. "Malcolm III" or "Malcolm Canmore", r. 1058-93) and his queen.  At its head  was an

text: abbot

text: , the first incumbent being

text: Geoffrey of Canterbury

text: , former

text: prior

text: of

text: Christ Church, Canterbury

text: , the Kent monastery that probably supplied Dunfermline's first monks. At the peak of its power it controlled four burghs, three courts of

text: regality

text: and a large portfolio of lands from

text: Moray

text: in the north down into

text: Berwickshire

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Charles Babbage

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Trinity and St Margaret

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: "Malcolm Canmore",

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: King David I of Scotland,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 1058-93)

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1128

text: The Geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model.  The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.

text: The Geocentric model was eventually replaced by the

text: heliocentric model

text: .  The earliest heliocentric model,

text: Copernican heliocentrism

text: , could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: epicycles

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ptolemy's

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planet movement and speeds.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Ptolemy's epicycles

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Geocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: heliocentric model.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican heliocentrism,

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Earth and planet movement and speeds.

text: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga season was the fifth season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia. 12 teams participated in the league, and LTC Prag won the championship.

text: The 1947–48

text: Czechoslovak Extraliga

text: season was the fifth season of the Czechoslovak Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in

text: Czechoslovakia

text: . 12 teams participated in the league, and LTC Prag won the championship.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Ptolemy's system to explain the motions of the planets

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: The 1947–48 Czechoslovak Extraliga

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: LTC Prag won the championship.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: ice hockey in Czechoslovakia.

text: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome (POCS) refers to the symptoms of a patient who clinically appears to have had a posterior circulation infarct, but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging (e.g. CT Scan) to confirm the diagnosis.

text: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome (POCS) refers to the symptoms of a patient who clinically appears to have had a posterior circulation infarct, but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging (e.g.

text: CT Scan

text: ) to confirm the diagnosis.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Posterior Circulation Stroke Syndrome

text: On March 28, 2012 Bekasi TransJakarta Feeder began serving from Bekasi Bus Station to Pulo Gadung Bus Station, and vice versa through Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds drivers made demonstration to refuse APTB due to their income is declining after operation of APTB, moreover APTB was also pick up passengers along Joyo Martono street.After temporarily halted operation since March 29, the feeder has hit the road again since April 21 with new route:

text: On March 28, 2012 Bekasi TransJakarta Feeder began serving from Bekasi Bus Station to Pulo Gadung Bus Station, and vice versa through

text: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road

text: .Hundreds drivers made demonstration to refuse APTB due to their income is declining after operation of APTB, moreover APTB was also pick up passengers along Joyo Martono street.After temporarily halted operation since March 29, the feeder has hit the road again since April 21 with new route:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: its gravity keeps the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: The planets appear to move slower than the stars

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus proposed that the planets orbit the sun, the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: On March 28, 2012

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Road.Hundreds drivers made demonstration to refuse APTB

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road.Hundreds

text: This planet is located approximately  away in the constellation of Cygnus, orbiting the 10th apparent magnitude K-type star HAT-P-11. This planet was the smallest transiting planet known when first discovered, with a radius about 5 times that of Earth; but is more massive than Gliese 436 b at a true mass of 26 times that of Earth. This planet orbits about the same distance from the star as 51 Pegasi b is from 51 Pegasi, typical of transiting planets. However, the orbit of this planet is eccentric, at around 0.198, unusually high for hot Neptunes. HAT-P-11b's orbit is also highly inclined, with a tilt of approximately 103 degrees relative to its star's rotation.

text: This planet is located approximately  away in the

text: constellation

text: of

text: Cygnus

text: , orbiting the 10th

text: apparent magnitude

text: K-type

text: star

text: . This planet was the smallest transiting planet known when first discovered, with a radius about 5 times that of Earth; but is more massive than

text: Gliese 436 b

text: at a

text: true mass

text: of 26 times that of

text: Earth

text: . This planet orbits about the same distance from the star as

text: 51 Pegasi b

text: is from

text: 51 Pegasi

text: , typical of transiting planets. However, the orbit of this planet is eccentric, at around 0.198, unusually high for

text: hot Neptune

text: s. HAT-P-11b's orbit is also highly inclined, with a tilt of approximately 103 degrees relative to its star's rotation.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: HAT-P-11

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: HAT-P-11b

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: HAT-P-11

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: star HAT-P-11.

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gliese 436 b

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 103 degrees relative to its star's rotation.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: HAT-P-11.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 103 degrees

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: smallest transiting planet known when first discovered,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 103 degrees relative to its star's rotation.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 26 times that of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 10th apparent magnitude K-type star HAT-P-11.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: smallest transiting planet

text: Pancalieri is twinned with:

text: Pancalieri is

text: twinned

text: with:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Gian Lorenzo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: archaeologists

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Euclid

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Pancalieri

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pancalieri

text: National Taipei University is one of the universities in Taiwan. NTPU has undergone different stages of development. It began as the Taiwan Provincial College of Law and Business in 1949; it merged with and became the local Junior College of Administration and the specifically established Administrative Junior College. In 1961, it combined with the newly established College of Science and Engineering to become Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University. In 1964, the Evening School was set up on the Taipei Campus. In 1968 another Evening School and the College of Liberal Arts were added to the Taichung Campus. The University continued to grow in size, and in 1971 it became National Chung Hsing University. In February 2000, the Taipei Campus including the College of Law and Business and Taipei Evening School became National Taipei University.

text: National Taipei University is one of the universities in Taiwan. NTPU has undergone different stages of development. It began as the Taiwan Provincial College of Law and Business in 1949; it merged with and became the local Junior College of Administration and the specifically established Administrative Junior College. In 1961, it combined with the newly established College of Science and Engineering to become Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University. In 1964, the Evening School was set up on the Taipei Campus. In 1968 another Evening School and the College of Liberal Arts were added to the Taichung Campus. The University continued to grow in size, and in 1971 it became

text: National Chung Hsing University

text: . In February 2000, the Taipei Campus including the College of Law and Business and Taipei Evening School became National Taipei University.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Newton

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: National Taipei University

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1949;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Taiwan.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: National Chung Hsing University. In February 2000,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: National Chung Hsing University. In February 2000,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: National Taipei University

text: Shuichi Yoneshige (born 24 June 1961) is a Japanese former long-distance runner who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

text: Shuichi Yoneshige (born 24 June 1961) is a

text: Japan

text: ese former

text: long-distance runner

text: who competed in the

text: 1988 Summer Olympics

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige was born 24 June 1961

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernicus

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1988 Summer Olympics.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Shuichi Yoneshige

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1988 Summer Olympics.

text: Levels contain many different environment types, including cities, forests, and bogs. At the end of most levels, the player collects an item called a core or a shard; occasionally, the level begins to disintegrate once the Kid takes the item, forcing him to hastily retreat. As the player progresses through the levels, a voice narrates their actions. This narration gives scripted plot information as well as dynamic comments, such as on the player's skill with a weapon or performance while fighting enemies.

text: Levels contain many different environment types, including cities, forests, and bogs. At the end of most levels, the player collects an item called a core or a shard; occasionally, the level begins to disintegrate once the Kid takes the item, forcing him to hastily retreat. As the player progresses through the levels, a voice narrates their actions. This narration gives scripted plot information as well as dynamic comments, such as on the player's skill with a weapon or performance while fighting enemies.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: planets appear to move slower than the stars.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Levels contain many different environment types,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: cities, forests, and bogs.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: voice narrates their actions.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: core or a shard;

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: a core or a shard;

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: voice narrates their actions.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: voice narrates their actions.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: a core or a shard;

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: voice narrates their actions.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: cities, forests, and bogs.

text: Harry O'Shea (1886 – 4 November 1950) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

text: Harry O'Shea (1886 – 4 November 1950) was a member of the

text: Queensland Legislative Assembly

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: James Clerk Maxwell

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Harry O'Shea (1886 – 4 November 1950)

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Harry O'Shea (1886 – 4 November 1950)

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Harry O'Shea

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Harry O'Shea

text: Charles A. Gillespie Jr. died of cancer at the age of 72 on March 7, 2008, at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, California. He was survived by his children, Charles and Kristin, and three grandchildren. His wife, Vivian Havens, whom he had been married to for 45 years, died in 2003.

text: Charles A. Gillespie Jr. died of cancer at the age of 72 on March 7, 2008, at

text: Scripps Memorial Hospital

text: in

text: La Jolla, California

text: . He was survived by his children, Charles and Kristin, and three grandchildren. His wife, Vivian Havens, whom he had been married to for 45 years, died in 2003.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Scripps

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Charles A. Gillespie

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Charles A. Gillespie Jr.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: three grandchildren.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Charles A. Gillespie Jr.

text: McCulloch retired from coaching at Michigan State Normal College in 1936, but he remained the school's athletic director for another 20 years. At the time of the 1930 U.S. Census, McCulloch remained in Ypsilanti, and his occupation was listed as a teacher at the Normal College. In 1951, the press reported on rumors that Michigan State Normal's football players had been "doped" with novocain to allow them to play through injuries. McCullocah, who was the head of the athletic department and a member of the school's board of athletic control, denied the rumors and told reporters, "We want to know who started these rumors."

text: McCulloch retired from coaching at Michigan State Normal College in 1936, but he remained the school's athletic director for another 20 years. At the time of the 1930 U.S. Census, McCulloch remained in Ypsilanti, and his occupation was listed as a teacher at the Normal College. In 1951, the press reported on rumors that Michigan State Normal's football players had been "doped" with novocain to allow them to play through injuries. McCullocah, who was the head of the athletic department and a member of the school's board of athletic control, denied the rumors and told reporters, "We want to know who started these rumors."

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Keplers solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: McCulloch retired from coaching at Michigan State Normal College in 1936,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: McCulloch

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: "doped" with novocain

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: McCulloch retired from coaching at Michigan State Normal College

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1936,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: novocain

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1936,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1936,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: novocain

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1936,

text: The Embrun Panthers (along with its former name, Embrun 72's) is the most successful team in the league, winning 17 times: 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

text: The Embrun Panthers (along with its former name, Embrun 72's) is the most successful team in the league, winning 17 times: 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: The Embrun Panthers

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: The Embrun Panthers

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Embrun Panthers

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 17

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 17

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: The Embrun Panthers

text: Megabites

text: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Aristotle

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: how does the sun keep the planets in orbit

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: How would you describe megabites?

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: How would you describe Ptolomys system?

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: can be used as an example

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is made up of four planets orbiting each other.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: What did Copernicus propose?

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: meteorites

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Megabites

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Megabites

text: The Carlsens together with their young son Dines and spent several summers living on a cottage on the farm.  The artists would paint during the day and socialize in the evening. Carlsen purchased a home in Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905 and the Carlsen family spent most of their time there when Carlsen did not have teaching commitments in New York. Falls Village is in the Berkshire Foothills and Carlsen painted the rolling foothills and the forests of the Berkshire Mountains.

text: The Carlsens together with their young son Dines and spent several summers living on a cottage on the farm.  The artists would paint during the day and socialize in the evening. Carlsen purchased a home in Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905 and the Carlsen family spent most of their time there when Carlsen did not have teaching commitments in New York. Falls Village is in the Berkshire Foothills and Carlsen painted the rolling foothills and the forests of the Berkshire Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: The Carlsens together with their young son Dines

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Carlsen

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 1905

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 1905

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1905

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 1905

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 1905

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: 1905

text: In 2001, Solefald came together to release their third full-length. The new album, entitled Pills Against The Ageless Ills, was a concept album based on a fictitious tale written by Cornelius. Musically, Pills is more straightforward than Neonism. The album features more prominent guitar, with the keys acting as an accent and background instrument much of the time. Whereas Neonism consisted of songs that would each have a variety of styles and genres within them, Pills has a variety of different style songs, each focusing individually on a certain style. Vocally, the band had made yet another change. Maintaining Lazare's style and getting rid of his hollering style singing, and keeping Cornelius' lower black metal grunting, "Pills" saw the addition of a less high pitched black metal shriek from Cornelius, as well as Cornelius' most common style of singing to date. This new vocal style is a throaty sounding form of vocals, similar to some gothic rock bands. This album, released on September 19, 2001, was Solefald's first album released through the German record label Century Media.

text: In 2001, Solefald came together to release their third full-length. The new album, entitled

text: Pills Against The Ageless Ills

text: , was a concept album based on a fictitious tale written by Cornelius. Musically,

text: Pills

text: is more straightforward than Neonism. The album features more prominent guitar, with the keys acting as an accent and background instrument much of the time. Whereas Neonism consisted of songs that would each have a variety of styles and genres within them, Pills has a variety of different style songs, each focusing individually on a certain style. Vocally, the band had made yet another change. Maintaining Lazare's style and getting rid of his hollering style singing, and keeping Cornelius' lower black metal grunting, "Pills" saw the addition of a less high pitched black metal shriek from Cornelius, as well as Cornelius' most common style of singing to date. This new vocal style is a throaty sounding form of vocals, similar to some

text: gothic rock

text: bands. This album, released on September 19, 2001, was Solefald's first album released through the German record label

text: Century Media

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cornelius

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: neonism

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system model

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: the heliocentric model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Pills Against The Ageless Ills,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Cornelius.

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Pills Against The Ageless Ills,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Neonism.

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Pills is more straightforward than Neonism.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Neonism.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Neonism.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Pills Against The Ageless Ills,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Neonism.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Pills Against The Ageless Ills,

text: Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BCE) made observations which may have included the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around an Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

text: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: (b. 190 BCE) made observations which may have included the phenomenon of

text: tide

text: s, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the

text: Moon

text: and by the revolution of the

text: Earth

text: around an

text: Earth

text: Moon

text: 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the Moon

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 'center of mass'

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Earth-Moon

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Seleucus of Seleucia

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: revolution of the Earth around an Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth-Moon

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Earth-Moon 'center of mass'.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: tides,

text: More than 65 per cent of households in Stretton are couples with children; 22 per cent are couples without children, and 10 per cent are single-parent households. In 1989 there was controversy regarding the sale of land to Asian investors, and there is a large Asian population in the suburb today. With rare exceptions, the dwellings in Stretton are stand-alone houses — generally modern, brick and tile. Houses in the north-west corner of Stretton include many huge, multi-storey mansions.

text: More than 65 per cent of households in Stretton are couples with children; 22 per cent are couples without children, and 10 per cent are single-parent households. In 1989 there was controversy regarding the sale of land to Asian investors, and there is a large Asian population in the suburb today. With rare exceptions, the dwellings in Stretton are stand-alone houses — generally modern, brick and tile. Houses in the north-west corner of Stretton include many huge, multi-storey mansions.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: More than 65 per cent of households in Stretton

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Asian investors,

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: 65 per cent of households in Stretton are couples with children;

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: 65 per cent of households in Stretton are couples with children;

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: 10 per cent are single-parent households.

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1989 there was controversy regarding the sale of land to Asian investors,

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: 10 per cent are single-parent households.

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: 10 per cent are single-parent households.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: 10 per cent are single-parent households.

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: More than 65 per cent of households in Stretton

text: Kanazawa had geisha districts from 1820–30 and c. 1867–1954 (just before Meiji revolution until prostitution was outlawed). These are now defunct, and were:

text: Kanazawa

text: had

text: geisha districts

text: from 1820–30 and c. 1867–1954 (just before Meiji revolution until prostitution was outlawed). These are now defunct, and were:

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Johannes Kepler

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kepler's solar system is a model of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Copernican model

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Kanazawa

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Meiji revolution

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Kanazawa

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Kanazawa had geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: Kanazawa had geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Kanazawa had geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: geisha districts from 1820–30

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Kanazawa had geisha districts from 1820–30

text: Robert Grosseteste, was the founder of the Oxford Franciscan school. He was the first scholastic philosophers to fully understand Aristotle's vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning. Concluding from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again: from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". Further, Grosseteste said that both paths should be verified through experimentation in order to verify the principles. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to Padua and Galileo Galilei in the 17th century.

text: Robert Grosseteste

text: , was the founder of the

text: Oxford

text: Franciscan

text: school. He was the first scholastic philosophers to fully understand

text: Aristotle's

text: vision of the dual path of

text: scientific reasoning

text: . Concluding from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again: from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". Further, Grosseteste said that both paths should be verified through experimentation in order to verify the principles. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to

text: Padua

text: and

text: Galileo Galilei

text: in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: universal laws

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Robert Grosseteste,

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: Robert Grosseteste,

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Robert Grosseteste,

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: Robert Grosseteste,

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: Galileo Galilei in the 17th century.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: universal law,

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: Concluding from particular observations into a universal law,

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: Galileo Galilei

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: Galileo Galilei

text: Ocampo was born and raised in Marilao, Bulacan. Ocampo started his broadcast career in radio on DZXL in 1980 while studying engineering at the FEATI University. After that, he then moved to DZMM for 24 years since the station was launched after the 1986 People Power Revolution. He worked as an anchor and Radyo Patrol reporter #5. He handled the evening program "Oh Yes, It's Neil Ocampo" in the 1990s and Todo Balita aired every 5:00 a.m. from 2001 to 2010. He is known for his voice impersonations of different sought-after politicians and personalities including Jejemon Tonyo, Tongressman Atras Abante, Kiskis Flavor and Pareng Erap, and his long morning greeting introduction at the start of the program.

text: Ocampo was born and raised in

text: Marilao, Bulacan

text: . Ocampo started his broadcast career in radio on

text: DZXL

text: in 1980 while studying engineering at the

text: FEATI University

text: . After that, he then moved to DZMM for 24 years since the station was launched after the 1986 People Power Revolution. He worked as an anchor and Radyo Patrol reporter #5. He handled the evening program "Oh Yes, It's Neil Ocampo" in the 1990s and

text: Todo Balita

text: aired every 5:00 a.m. from 2001 to 2010. He is known for his voice impersonations of different sought-after politicians and personalities including Jejemon Tonyo, Tongressman Atras Abante, Kiskis Flavor and Pareng Erap, and his long morning greeting introduction at the start of the program.

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Galileo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005741

answers: Ocampo started his broadcast career in radio on DZXL

answers: NDQ_005742

answers: Ocampo

answers: NDQ_005743

answers: DZXL

answers: NDQ_005744

answers: Ocampo started his broadcast career in radio on DZXL

answers: NDQ_005745

answers: DZXL

answers: NDQ_005746

answers: 1986 People Power Revolution.

answers: NDQ_005747

answers: DZXL

answers: NDQ_005748

answers: DZXL

answers: NDQ_005749

answers: DZXL

answers: NDQ_005750

answers: DZXL