text: More recently, the absence of supporting material in ice core studies (such as the Greenland Dye-3 and Vostok cores), bristlecone pine tree ring data, Swedish clay varves, and many hundreds of cores taken from ocean and lake sediments from all over the world has ruled out any basis for the proposition of a global catastrophe of the proposed dimension within the Late Holocene age. Also, the fossils, geological deposits, and landforms in Earth in Upheaval, which Velikovsky regards as corroborating the hypothesis presented in Worlds in Collision have been, since their publication, explained in terms of mundane noncatastrophic geologic processes. So far, the only piece of the geologic evidence which has shown to have a catastrophic origin is a "raised beach" containing coral-bearing conglomerates found at an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea level within the Hawaiian Islands. The sediments, which were misidentified as a "raise beach", are now attributed to megatsunamis generated by massive landslides created by the periodic collapse of the sides of the islands. In addition, these conglomerates, as many of the items cited as evidence for his ideas in Earth in Upheaval are far too old to be used as valid evidence supporting the hypothesis presented in Worlds in Collision.

text: More recently, the absence of supporting material in

entity_name: Ice core

text: ice core

text: studies (such as the

entity_name: Greenland

text: Greenland

text: Dye-3 and

entity_name: Vostok Station

text: Vostok

text: cores),

entity_name: Dendrochronology

text: bristlecone pine tree ring data

text: , Swedish clay

entity_name: Varve

text: varve

text: s, and many hundreds of cores taken from ocean and lake sediments from all over the world has ruled out any basis for the proposition of a global catastrophe of the proposed dimension within the Late

entity_name: Holocene

text: Holocene

text: age. Also, the fossils, geological deposits, and landforms in Earth in Upheaval, which Velikovsky regards as corroborating the hypothesis presented in Worlds in Collision have been, since their publication, explained in terms of mundane noncatastrophic geologic processes. So far, the only piece of the geologic evidence which has shown to have a catastrophic origin is a "raised beach" containing

entity_name: Coral

text: coral

text: -bearing

entity_name: Conglomerate (geology)

text: conglomerates

text: found at an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea level within the

entity_name: Hawaiian Islands

text: Hawaiian Islands

text: . The sediments, which were misidentified as a "raise beach", are now attributed to

entity_name: Megatsunami

text: megatsunami

text: s generated by massive landslides created by the periodic collapse of the sides of the islands. In addition, these conglomerates, as many of the items cited as evidence for his ideas in Earth in Upheaval are far too old to be used as valid evidence supporting the hypothesis presented in Worlds in Collision.

method: UNH-qee

method: UNH-ecn

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: So far, the only piece of the geologic evidence which has shown to have a catastrophic origin is a "raised beach" containing coral-bearing conglomerates found at an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea level within the Hawaiian Islands.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: absence of supporting material

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Swedish clay

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring data

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 1,200 feet above sea level

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: explained in terms of mundane noncatastrophic geologic processes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Greenland Dye-3 and Vostok cores),

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the absence of supporting material

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Swedish clay varves,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Swedish clay

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Greenland Dye-3 and Vostok cores),

text: Tree ring laboratory scientists from Columbia University were some of the first to apply tree-ring dating to the colonial period, specifically architectural timbers in the eastern United States. For agencies like the National Park Service and other historical societies, Dr. Jacoby and Cook began dating historic structures in the lower Hudson River Valley, New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. This was difficult at the time due to a lack of sufficiently long master dating chronology and access to suitable structures. Not until 1998 was a Boston area master dating chronology developed.Today, the effectiveness of tree ring laboratory archaeological dating chronologies covers most of the area that was settled by the first European colonists. The numbers of these are in the hundreds and include historically significant structures such as Independence Hall and the Tuckahoe estate.

text: Tree ring laboratory scientists from Columbia University were some of the first to apply tree-ring dating to the colonial period, specifically architectural timbers in the eastern United States. For agencies like the National Park Service and other historical societies, Dr. Jacoby and Cook began dating historic structures in the lower Hudson River Valley, New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. This was difficult at the time due to a lack of sufficiently long master dating chronology and access to suitable structures. Not until 1998 was a Boston area master dating chronology developed.Today, the effectiveness of tree ring laboratory archaeological dating chronologies covers most of the area that was settled by the first European colonists. The numbers of these are in the hundreds and include historically significant structures such as Independence Hall and the Tuckahoe estate.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the number of these are in the hundreds

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree ring laboratory archaeological dating chronologies covers most of the area that was settled by the first European colonists

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Hudson River Valley

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating to the colonial period, specifically architectural timbers

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: developed.Today, the effectiveness of tree ring laboratory archaeological dating chronologies

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: architectural timbers

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: hundreds

text: NEEM Camp was a small research facility on the northern Greenland Ice Sheet, used as a base for ice core drilling. It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast, Peabody Bay in northern Greenland, 275 km northwest of the historical ice sheet camp North Ice, and 484 km ENE of Siorapaluk, the closest settlement. There is only one heavy-duty tent for accommodation of the researchers during summer. Access is by skiway (snow runway).

text: NEEM Camp was a small research facility on the northern

entity_name: Greenland ice sheet

text: Greenland Ice Sheet

text: , used as a base for

text: ice core

text: drilling. It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast,

entity_name: Peabody Bay

text: Peabody Bay

text: in northern

text: Greenland

text: , 275 km northwest of the historical ice sheet camp

entity_name: North Ice

text: North Ice

text: , and 484 km

entity_name: Points of the compass

text: ENE

text: of

entity_name: Siorapaluk

text: Siorapaluk

text: , the closest settlement. There is only one heavy-duty tent for accommodation of the researchers during summer. Access is by skiway (snow runway).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: access is by skiway (snow runway)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It is located about 313 km east of the closest coast

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: drilling

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: one heavy-duty tent

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Greenland Ice Sheet,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: heavy-duty tent

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Access is by skiway (snow runway).

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: summer.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice core drilling.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: heavy-duty tent

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Greenland Ice Sheet,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: northern Greenland Ice Sheet,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core drilling.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: northern Greenland Ice Sheet,

text: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

text: The Ring of Truth,

entity_name: Orange Tree Theatre

text: Orange Tree Theatre

text: (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ring of truth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Ring of Truth was written by Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are made of ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The Ring of Truth

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: orange tree theatre

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Ring of Truth

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Orange Tree Theatre

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The Ring of Truth,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The Ring of Truth,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Ring of Truth, Orange Tree Theatre (2009) Tom Gore

text: Friction spun yarns DREF yarns have bulky appearance (100-140% bulkier than the ring spun yarns). The twist is not uniform and found with loopy yarn surface. Friction spun yarns with a high %age of core have a high stiffness. Friction spun yarns are usually weak as compared to other yarns. The yarns possess only 60% of the tenacity of ring-spun yarns and about 90% of rotor spun-yarns. The increased twist and wrapping of the sheath over the core improve the cohesion between the core and sheath and within the sheath.

text: Friction spun yarns DREF yarns have bulky appearance (100-140% bulkier than the ring spun yarns). The twist is not uniform and found with loopy yarn surface. Friction spun yarns with a high %age of core have a high stiffness. Friction spun yarns are usually weak as compared to other yarns. The yarns possess only 60% of the tenacity of ring-spun yarns and about 90% of rotor spun-yarns. The increased twist and wrapping of the sheath over the core improve the cohesion between the core and sheath and within the sheath.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dense winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Friction spun yarns with a high %age of core have a high stiffness

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: DREF

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: DREF

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Friction spun yarns are usually weak as compared to other yarns.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high stiffness.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Friction spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ring-spun yarns

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Friction spun yarns are usually weak as compared to other yarns.

text: Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere like failure of crops in China (see below) and evidence from tree rings, cited above: bristlecone pines of California; bog oaks of Ireland, England, and Germany; and other trees in Sweden. The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.

text: Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere like failure of crops in

entity_name: China

text: China

text: (see below) and evidence from

text: tree rings

text: , cited above:

entity_name: Bristlecone pine

text: bristlecone pines

text: of

entity_name: California

text: California

text: ; bog

entity_name: Oak

text: oak

text: s of Ireland,

entity_name: England

text: England

text: , and

entity_name: Germany

text: Germany

text: ; and other trees in Sweden. The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bog oaks

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: failure of crops in China

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon-indicated date

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bog oaks

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: failure of crops

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bristlecone pines

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bog oaks

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1628 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings,

text: In 1958, de Vries showed that baffling anomalies in the carbon-14 dates, observed by Willard Frank Libby for Egyptological samples, were in fact systematic anomalies on a global scale, represented in the carbon-14 dates of tree rings. This phenomenon has been called the "de Vries effect". The correspondence with tree rings, which can be counted (one ring for each year), led to a recalibration of radiocarbon dating that was a large improvement in the accuracy.

text: In 1958, de Vries showed that baffling anomalies in the

text: dates, observed by

entity_name: Willard Libby

text: Willard Frank Libby

text: for

entity_name: Egyptology

text: Egyptological

text: samples, were in fact systematic anomalies on a global scale, represented in the carbon-14 dates of

entity_section: Growth rings

text: tree ring

text: s. This phenomenon has been called the "de Vries effect". The correspondence with tree rings, which can be counted (one ring for each year), led to a recalibration of radiocarbon dating that was a large improvement in the accuracy.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: de Vries effect

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: one ring for each year

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: led to a recalibration of radiocarbon dating that was a large improvement in the accuracy

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: one ring for each year

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: one ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "de Vries effect". The correspondence with tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (one ring for each year),

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: systematic anomalies on a global scale,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (one ring for each year),

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (one ring for each year),

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (one ring for each year),

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: (one ring for each year),

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (one ring for each year),

text: Mika Nagano (S-Keep/Core) vs.  Mai Ichii (Ice Ribbon)

entity_name: Mika Nagano

text: Mika Nagano

text: (S-Keep/Core) vs.

entity_name: Mai Ichii

text: Mai Ichii

entity_name: Ice Ribbon

text: Ice Ribbon

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Mika Nagano

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Mika Nagano

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Mika Nagano is a Japanese wrestler

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Mika Nagano

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are ice ribbons

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Mika Nagano

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Mai Ichii

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice ribbon

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Mika Nagano is a musician

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Mika Nagano

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Mai Ichii

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Mai Ichii (Ice Ribbon)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Mai Ichii (Ice Ribbon)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Mai Ichii

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (S-Keep/Core)

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Mai Ichii (Ice Ribbon)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Mai Ichii (Ice Ribbon)

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (Ice Ribbon)

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Mai Ichii

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Mai Ichii

text: In considering the 1998 Jones et al. reconstruction which went back a thousand years, Mann, Bradley and Hughes reviewed their own research and reexamined 24 proxy records which extended back before 1400. Mann carried out a series of statistical sensitivity tests, removing each proxy in turn to see the effect its removal had on the result. He found that certain proxies were critical to the reliability of the reconstruction, particularly one tree ring dataset collected by Gordon Jacoby and Rosanne D'Arrigo in a part of North America that Bradley's earlier research had identified as a key region.This dataset only extended back to 1400, and though another proxy dataset from the same region (in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank) went further back and should have given reliable proxies for earlier periods, validation tests only supported their reconstruction after 1400. To find out why, Mann compared the two datasets and found that they tracked each other closely from 1400 to 1800, then diverged until around 1900 when they again tracked each other. He found a likely reason in the  "fertilisation effect" affecting tree rings as identified by Graybill and Idso, with the effect ending once  levels had increased to the point where warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude. Mann used comparisons with other tree ring data from the region to produce a corrected version of this dataset. Their reconstruction using this corrected dataset passed the validation tests for the extended period, but they were cautious about the increased uncertainties.

text: In considering the 1998 Jones et al. reconstruction which went back a thousand years, Mann, Bradley and Hughes reviewed their own research and reexamined 24 proxy records which extended back before 1400. Mann carried out a series of statistical

entity_name: Sensitivity and specificity

text: sensitivity tests

text: , removing each proxy in turn to see the effect its removal had on the result. He found that certain proxies were critical to the reliability of the reconstruction, particularly one tree ring dataset collected by Gordon Jacoby and Rosanne D'Arrigo in a part of North America that Bradley's earlier research had identified as a key region.This dataset only extended back to 1400, and though another proxy dataset from the same region (in the

entity_name: International Tree-Ring Data Bank

text: International Tree-Ring Data Bank

text: ) went further back and should have given reliable proxies for earlier periods, validation tests only supported their reconstruction after 1400. To find out why, Mann compared the two datasets and found that they tracked each other closely from 1400 to 1800, then diverged until around 1900 when they again tracked each other. He found a likely reason in the  "

entity_name: Climate change and agriculture

entity_section: Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on crops

text: fertilisation effect

text: " affecting tree rings as identified by Graybill and Idso, with the effect ending once  levels had increased to the point where warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude. Mann used comparisons with other tree ring data from the region to produce a corrected version of this dataset. Their reconstruction using this corrected dataset passed the validation tests for the extended period, but they were cautious about the increased uncertainties.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Jones et

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The 1998 Jones et al. reconstruction which went back a thousand years, Mann, Bradley and Hughes reviewed their own research and reexamined 24 proxy records which extended back before 1400

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring dataset

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring dataset

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: high altitude

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring data

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: validation tests only supported their reconstruction after 1400.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: "fertilisation effect"

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: region.This dataset only extended back to 1400,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: warmth again became the key factor controlling tree growth at high altitude.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: warmth

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: high altitude.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "fertilisation effect"

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1400,

text: Archaeological evidence, based on the established chronology of Bronze Age Mediterranean cultures, dates the eruption to around 1500 BC. These dates, however, conflict with radiocarbon dating which indicates that the eruption occurred at about 1645–1600 BC. Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere.  The evidence includes failure of crops in China, as well as evidence from tree rings, and an ice core from Greenland. The tree rings date the climatic event to 1628 BC.

text: Archaeological evidence, based on the established chronology of Bronze Age Mediterranean cultures, dates the eruption to around 1500 BC. These dates, however, conflict with

entity_name: Radiocarbon dating

text: radiocarbon dating

text: which indicates that the eruption occurred at about 1645–1600 BC. Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere.  The evidence includes failure of crops in China, as well as evidence from

text: tree rings

text: , and an ice core from Greenland. The tree rings date the climatic event to 1628 BC.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: failure of crops

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings date the climatic event to 1628 BC

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: an ice core from Greenland

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: crops

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The tree rings date the climatic event to 1628 BC.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings, and an ice core from Greenland.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Greenland.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core from Greenland.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: China,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1628 BC.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings, and an ice core from Greenland.

text: Whether a ring is commutative or not (i.e., whether the order in which two elements are multiplied changes the result or not) has profound implications on its behavior as an abstract object. As a result, commutative ring theory, commonly known as commutative algebra, is a key topic in ring theory. Its development has been greatly influenced by problems and ideas occurring naturally in algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Examples of commutative rings include the set of integers equipped with the addition and multiplication operations, the set of polynomials equipped with the addition and multiplication of functions, the coordinate ring of an affine algebraic variety, and the ring of integers of a number field. Examples of noncommutative rings include the ring of n × n real square matrices with n ≥ 2, group rings in representation theory, operator algebras in functional analysis, rings of differential operators in the theory of differential operators, and the cohomology ring of a topological space in topology.

text: Whether a ring is commutative or not (i.e., whether the order in which two elements are multiplied changes the result or not) has profound implications on its behavior as an abstract object. As a result, commutative ring theory, commonly known as

entity_name: Commutative algebra

text: commutative algebra

text: , is a key topic in

entity_name: Ring theory

text: ring theory

text: . Its development has been greatly influenced by problems and ideas occurring naturally in

entity_name: Algebraic number theory

text: algebraic number theory

text: and

entity_name: Algebraic geometry

text: algebraic geometry

text: . Examples of commutative rings include the set of integers equipped with the addition and multiplication operations, the set of polynomials equipped with the addition and multiplication of functions, the

entity_name: Affine variety

text: coordinate ring

text: of an

text: affine algebraic variety

text: , and the

entity_name: Ring of integers

text: ring of integers

text: of a number field. Examples of noncommutative rings include the ring of n × n real

entity_name: Square matrix

text: square matrices

text: with n ≥ 2,

entity_name: Group ring

text: group ring

text: s in

entity_name: Representation theory

text: representation theory

entity_name: Operator algebra

text: operator algebra

text: s in

entity_name: Functional analysis

text: functional analysis

entity_name: Differential operator

text: rings of differential operators

text: in the theory of

text: differential operator

text: s, and the

entity_name: Cohomology ring

text: cohomology ring

text: of a

entity_name: Topological space

text: topological space

text: in

entity_name: Topology

text: topology

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: commutative ring theory

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: noncommutative rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Whether a ring is commutative or not

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: noncommutative rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: algebraic geometry

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: commutative

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: has profound implications on its behavior as an abstract object.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Whether a ring is commutative

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: affine algebraic variety,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: algebraic variety,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: n <unk> 2,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2,

text: There has been a windmill in Cromer since 1192. A windmill was stated to be "in ruins" in 1374 and another is mentioned in 1576. No windmill is shown on John Seller's map dated 1676 or Herman Moll's map dated 1700. Despite the omission from the latter map, tree-ring counts on its timbers show that the mill was built in 1681.

text: There has been a

text: windmill

text: in Cromer since 1192. A windmill was stated to be "in ruins" in 1374 and another is mentioned in 1576. No windmill is shown on John Seller's map dated 1676 or

text: Herman Moll's

text: map dated 1700. Despite the omission from the latter map,

text: tree-ring counts

text: on its timbers show that the mill was built in 1681.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring counts

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: There has been a windmill in Cromer since 1192

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring counts

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: windmill

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cromer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring counts

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: windmill in Cromer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: There has been a windmill in Cromer since 1192.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1681.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring counts

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: windmill in Cromer since 1192.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring counts

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: windmill in Cromer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1681.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1681.

text: Trees do not cover the Earth. Polar and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings. In perhumid tropical regions, Australia and southern Africa, trees generally grow all year round and don't show clear annual rings. In some forest areas, the tree growth is too much influenced by multiple factors (no "limiting stand") to allow clear climate reconstruction. The coverage difficulty is dealt with by acknowledging it and by using other proxies (e.g. ice cores, corals) in difficult areas.  In some cases it can be shown that the parameter of interest (temperature, precipitation, etc.) varies similarly from area to area, for example by looking at patterns in the instrumental record.  Then one is justified in extending the dendroclimatology inferences to areas where no suitable tree ring samples are obtainable.

text: Trees do not cover the Earth.

text: Polar

text: and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings. In perhumid tropical regions,

text: Australia

text: and

text: southern Africa

text: , trees generally grow all year round and don't show clear annual rings. In some forest areas, the tree growth is too much influenced by multiple factors (no "limiting stand") to allow clear climate reconstruction. The coverage difficulty is dealt with by acknowledging it and by using other proxies (e.g. ice cores, corals) in difficult areas.  In some cases it can be shown that the parameter of interest (temperature, precipitation, etc.) varies similarly from area to area, for example by looking at patterns in the instrumental record.  Then one is justified in extending the dendroclimatology inferences to areas where no suitable tree ring samples are obtainable.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperature, precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Polar and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varies similarly from area to area

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: perhumid tropical regions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: no suitable tree ring samples are obtainable

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Polar and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (temperature, precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Polar and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores, corals)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: in difficult areas.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Polar and marine climates cannot be estimated from tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: perhumid tropical regions,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: suitable tree ring samples are obtainable.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores, corals)

text: Almost from the outset, the company diversified into other products, some of which seem to bear little relation to the core business of ice-making. The motive behind this decision was the desirability of retaining workers during winter months, when their only occupation was maintenance and overhauling of machinery.Starch: A trial batch of this commodity, which previously had to be imported, was well received at the 1884 Exhibition; production began in 1885, closely followed by cornflour.

text: Almost from the outset, the company diversified into other products, some of which seem to bear little relation to the core business of ice-making. The motive behind this decision was the desirability of retaining workers during winter months, when their only occupation was maintenance and overhauling of machinery.Starch: A trial batch of this commodity, which previously had to be imported, was well received at the 1884 Exhibition; production began in 1885, closely followed by cornflour.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cornflour

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cornflour was closely followed by cornflour

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: bear little relation to the core business

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: machinery.Starch:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice-making.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: machinery.Starch:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: machinery.Starch:

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: seem to bear little relation to the core business of ice-making.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice-making.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice-making.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice-making.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1884 Exhibition; production began in 1885,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice-making.

text: For most of the arctic ice cores up to 1987, regions of the core with high dust concentrations correlate well with the ice having high deformation rates and small crystal diameters, in both Holocene and Wisconsin ice.

text: For most of the arctic ice cores up to 1987, regions of the core with high dust concentrations correlate well with the ice having high deformation rates and small crystal diameters, in both Holocene and Wisconsin ice.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: small crystal diameters

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: regions of the core with high dust concentrations correlate well with the ice having high deformation rates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high deformation rates and small crystal diameters

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: For most of the arctic ice cores up to 1987,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: high deformation rates and small crystal diameters,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: high deformation rates and small crystal diameters,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: high dust concentrations

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high deformation rates and small crystal diameters,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: small crystal diameters,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: high dust concentrations

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: high deformation rates and small crystal diameters,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: arctic ice cores up to 1987,

text: Figsbury Ring features prominently in E. M. Forster's 1907 novel, The Longest Journey, renamed the Cadbury Rings (the surrounding area is called Cadford).  The narrator of the novel speculates as to whether the structure was British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish, and suggests it is a tomb concealing ancient dead soldiers and buried gold.  In the novel, the area between the rings is planted with mangel-wurzels and there is a tree growing in the centre of the inner ring.

text: Figsbury Ring features prominently in

text: E. M. Forster

text: 's 1907 novel,

text: The Longest Journey

text: , renamed the Cadbury Rings (the surrounding area is called Cadford).  The narrator of the novel speculates as to whether the structure was British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish, and suggests it is a tomb concealing ancient dead soldiers and buried gold.  In the novel, the area between the rings is planted with

text: mangel-wurzels

text: and there is a tree growing in the centre of the inner ring.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: mangel-wurzels

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: mangel-wurzels

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The narrator of the novel speculates as to whether the structure was British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a tree

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cadbury Rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Figsbury Ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: mangel-wurzels

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: suggests it is a tomb concealing ancient dead soldiers and buried gold.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Figsbury Ring

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a tomb concealing ancient dead soldiers and buried gold.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: mangel-wurzels

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Figsbury Ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mangel-wurzels

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: British, Roman, Saxon, or Danish,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Figsbury Ring

text: Location maps and a complete list of U.S. ice core drilling sites can be found on the website for the National Ice Core Laboratory: http://nicl.usgs.gov/coresite.htm

text: Location

text: maps

text: and a complete list of U.S.

text: ice core

text: drilling sites can be found on the website for the

text: National Ice Core Laboratory

text: : http://nicl.usgs.gov/coresite.htm

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: eucalyptus

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: U.S. ice core drilling sites

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: location maps and a complete list of U.S. ice core drilling sites

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can be found on the website

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: U.S. ice core drilling sites

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory:

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a complete list of U.S. ice core drilling sites

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice core drilling sites

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory:

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core drilling

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory:

text: The Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged. “Below 600 m, the ice became brittle with increasing depth and badly fractured between 800 and 1,200 m. The physical property of the core progressively improved and below ~1,400 m was of excellent quality.” “The deep ice core drilling terminated in August 1981. The ice core is 2035 m long and has a diameter of 10 cm. It was drilled with less than 6° deviation from vertical, and less than 2 m is missing. The deepest 22 m consists of silty ice with an increasing concentration of pebbles downward. In the depth interval 800 to 1400 m the ice was extremely brittle, and even careful handling unavoidably damaged this part of the core, but the rest of the core is in good to excellent condition.”

text: The Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged. “Below 600 m, the ice became brittle with increasing depth and badly fractured between 800 and 1,200 m. The physical property of the core progressively improved and below ~1,400 m was of excellent quality.” “The deep ice core drilling terminated in August 1981. The ice core is 2035 m long and has a diameter of 10 cm. It was drilled with less than 6° deviation from vertical, and less than 2 m is missing. The deepest 22 m consists of silty ice with an increasing concentration of pebbles downward. In the depth interval 800 to 1400 m the ice was extremely brittle, and even careful handling unavoidably damaged this part of the core, but the rest of the core is in good to excellent condition.”

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ice core is not completely intact

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not completely intact and is not undamaged

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1981

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice with an increasing concentration of pebbles

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not completely intact and is not undamaged.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: August 1981.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1979

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: pebbles

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged.

text: Shepherd satellites are small moons that orbit within, or just beyond, a planet's ring system. They have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. Saturn's shepherd moons are Pan (Encke gap), Daphnis (Keeler gap), Atlas (A Ring), Prometheus (F Ring) and Pandora (F Ring). These moons together with co-orbitals (see below) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated.

text: Shepherd satellite

text: s are small moons that orbit within, or just beyond, a planet's

text: ring system

text: . They have the effect of sculpting the rings: giving them sharp edges, and creating gaps between them. Saturn's shepherd moons are Pan (

text: Encke gap

text: ), Daphnis (

text: Keeler gap

text: Atlas

text: (A Ring),

text: Prometheus

text: (F Ring) and

text: Pandora

text: (F Ring). These moons together with co-orbitals (see below) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores. The cores with sizes from one-third to one-half the present day moons may be themselves collisional shards formed when a parental satellite of the rings disintegrated.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ring system

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: these moons together with co-orbitals (see below) probably formed as a result of accretion of the friable ring material on preexisting denser cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: collisional shards

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Shepherd satellites

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Shepherd satellites are small moons

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: They have the effect of sculpting the rings:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: collisional shards

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: collisional shards

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring system.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Shepherd satellites

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: accretion of the friable ring material

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: collisional shards

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: collisional shards

text: The reasons for abandonment are uncertain. Dendrochronology (Tree-ring dating) at sites in the region indicates that a severe drought occurred in the late 16th century. Various other Pueblo legends relate to general unrest at that time. De Sosa’s journal entry recounts that the two pueblos he visited had been abandoned “only days before,” with evidence of many deaths, and that natives in his party told him that the abandonment was the result of war with other tribes. Evidence from excavation at Tonque suggests that it was already in decline by that time.

text: The reasons for abandonment are uncertain.

text: Dendrochronology

text: (Tree-ring dating) at sites in the region indicates that a severe drought occurred in the late 16th century. Various other Pueblo legends relate to general unrest at that time.

text: De Sosa

text: ’s journal entry recounts that the two pueblos he visited had been abandoned “only days before,” with evidence of many deaths, and that natives in his party told him that the abandonment was the result of war with other tribes. Evidence from excavation at Tonque suggests that it was already in decline by that time.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: general unrest

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Various other Pueblo legends relate to general unrest at that time

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: late 16th century

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: deaths,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Evidence from excavation at Tonque suggests that it was already in decline

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a severe drought

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: uncertain. Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Dendrochronology

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 25-16-4| Katsuyori Shibata| Draw| Deep: 38 Impact| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 25-16-3| Cláudio Silva| Submission (armbar)| Deep: 37 Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:59| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 24-16-3| Carlos Toyota| Submission (achilles lock)| Deep: 34 Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 23-16-3| Katsuhisa Fujii| Decision (majority)| Deep: 32 Impact| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 22-16-3| Hamish Robertson| Submission (half crab lock)| Deep: Glove| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:06| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 21-16-3| Yuji Sakuragi| Submission (heel hook)| Deep: 29 Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 20-16-3| Fabiano Capoani| Draw| Deep: 28 Impact| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 20-16-2| Mu Jin Na| Submission (armbar)| Heat: Heat 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:45| Aichi, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 19-16-2| Cyrille Diabaté| KO (flying knee)| Real Rhythm: 4th Stage| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:50| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-15-2| Peter Iryaku| KO| VFX: Vale Tudo Fighters Mexico| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:00| Tláhuac, Mexico| |-| Loss| align=center| 18-15-2| Cyrille Diabaté| KO (punches)| Deep: 24 Impact| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 18-14-2| Jeong Ho Lee| Draw| Deep: 22 Impact| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 18-14-1| Jong Hyuk Moon| Submission (forearm choke)| Deep: 21st Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:33| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 17-14-1| Ryuta Sakurai| Submission (armbar)| Deep: 19th Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:40| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-13-1| Kenji Akiyama| TKO (punches)| Deep: Hero 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:48| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 16-13-1| Maurício Rua| TKO (punches)| Pride Bushido 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:02| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 16-12-1| Fabiano Capoani| DQ (knee to the groin)| Gladiator FC: Day 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:07| South Korea| |-| Win| align=center| 15-12-1| Egidijus Valavicius| Submission (guillotine choke)| Pride Bushido 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:05| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14-12-1| Yusuke Imamura| TKO (punches)| Deep: 13th Impact| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 13-12-1| Osami Shibuya| Draw| Deep: 8th Impact| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 13-12| Wallid Ismail| Decision (unanimous)| Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2002: K-1 vs. Inoki| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Saitama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-11| Yuki Ishikawa| Submission (punches)| Deep: 7th Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:46| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-11| Makoto Miyazawa| Submission (guillotine choke)| Deep: 6th Impact| | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:37| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-11| Daisuke Watanabe| Decision (majority)| Deep: 4th Impact| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-11| Sam Nest| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings: World Title Series Grand Final| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:53| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-10| Egidijus Valavicius| TKO (towel)| Rings: World Title Series 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:18| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 10-9| Dexter Casey| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:44| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-9| Masutatsu Yano| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: World Title Series 2| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-9| Hiroshi Imamura| Submission (kneebar)| Rings: World Title Series 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:48| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7-9| Takashi Sonoda| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:43| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6-9| Chris Haseman| Submission (kimura)| Rings USA: Rising Stars Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:30| Moline, Illinois, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 6-8| Chris Munsen| Decision (majority)| Rings USA: Rising Stars Block B| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 5-8| Falaniko Vitale| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings USA: Rising Stars Block B| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:27| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-8| Volk Han| Decision| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-7| Alistair Overeem| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Millennium Combine 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:45| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-6| Chris Haseman| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings Australia: NR 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:50| Brisbane, Queensland, Australia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-5| Willie Peeters| TKO (knee to the body)| Rings Holland: There Can Only Be One Champion| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:56| Utrecht City, Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-4| Koba Tkeshelashvili| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings: Rings Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:15| Georgia (country)| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-3| Ryuki Ueyama| Decision (lost points)| Rings: Rise 5th| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4-2| Minoru Toyonaga| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: Rise 4th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:51| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3-2| Sara Umer| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings: Rise 3rd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:09| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-2| Chris Haseman| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Rings: Rise 1st| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:42| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1| Lee Hasdell| KO (knee)| NOTS 3: Night of the Samurai 3| | align=center| 2| align=center| N/A| Milton Keynes, England| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Ryuki Ueyama| Decision| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Troy Ittensohn| TKO| Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:43| Tokyo, Japan|

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 25-16-4|

text: Katsuyori Shibata

text: | Draw|

text: Deep: 38 Impact

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 25-16-3| Cláudio Silva| Submission (armbar)|

text: Deep: 37 Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:59| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 24-16-3| Carlos Toyota| Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Deep: 34 Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 23-16-3|

text: Katsuhisa Fujii

text: | Decision (majority)|

text: Deep: 32 Impact

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 22-16-3| Hamish Robertson| Submission (half crab lock)|

text: Deep: Glove

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:06| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 21-16-3|

text: Yuji Sakuragi

text: | Submission (heel hook)|

text: Deep: 29 Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 20-16-3| Fabiano Capoani| Draw|

text: Deep: 28 Impact

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 20-16-2| Mu Jin Na| Submission (armbar)| Heat: Heat 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:45| Aichi, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 19-16-2|

text: Cyrille Diabaté

text: | KO (flying knee)| Real Rhythm: 4th Stage| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:50| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-15-2| Peter Iryaku| KO| VFX: Vale Tudo Fighters Mexico| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:00|

text: Tláhuac

text: , Mexico| |-| Loss| align=center| 18-15-2|

text: Cyrille Diabaté

text: | KO (punches)|

text: Deep: 24 Impact

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 18-14-2| Jeong Ho Lee| Draw|

text: Deep: 22 Impact

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 18-14-1| Jong Hyuk Moon| Submission (forearm choke)|

text: Deep: 21st Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:33| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 17-14-1|

text: Ryuta Sakurai

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Deep: 19th Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:40| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-13-1| Kenji Akiyama| TKO (punches)|

text: Deep: Hero 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:48| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 16-13-1|

text: Maurício Rua

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Pride Bushido 5

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:02|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 16-12-1| Fabiano Capoani| DQ (knee to the groin)| Gladiator FC: Day 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:07| South Korea| |-| Win| align=center| 15-12-1|

text: Egidijus Valavicius

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Pride Bushido 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:05| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14-12-1| Yusuke Imamura| TKO (punches)|

text: Deep: 13th Impact

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 13-12-1| Osami Shibuya| Draw|

text: Deep: 8th Impact

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 13-12|

text: Wallid Ismail

text: | Decision (unanimous)| Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2002: K-1 vs. Inoki| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Saitama

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-11| Yuki Ishikawa| Submission (punches)|

text: Deep: 7th Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:46| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-11| Makoto Miyazawa| Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Deep: 6th Impact

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:37| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-11| Daisuke Watanabe| Decision (majority)|

text: Deep: 4th Impact

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Nagoya

text: Aichi

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-11| Sam Nest| Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings: World Title Series Grand Final

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:53|

text: Yokohama

text: Kanagawa

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-10|

text: Egidijus Valavicius

text: | TKO (towel)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 4

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:18| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 10-9| Dexter Casey| Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 8

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:44| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-9| Masutatsu Yano| Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 2

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:22| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-9| Hiroshi Imamura| Submission (kneebar)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:48| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7-9| Takashi Sonoda| Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:43| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6-9|

text: Chris Haseman

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Rings USA: Rising Stars Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:30|

text: Moline

text: Illinois

text: , United States| |-| Win| align=center| 6-8| Chris Munsen| Decision (majority)|

text: Rings USA: Rising Stars Block B

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 5-8|

text: Falaniko Vitale

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings USA: Rising Stars Block B

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:27|

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: , United States| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-8|

text: Volk Han

text: | Decision|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-7|

text: Alistair Overeem

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:45| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-6|

text: Chris Haseman

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings Australia: NR 4

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:50|

text: Brisbane

text: Queensland

text: , Australia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-5|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | TKO (knee to the body)|

entity_section: Rings Holland: There Can Only Be One Champion

text: Rings Holland: There Can Only Be One Champion

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:56|

text: Utrecht City

text: , Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-4|

text: Koba Tkeshelashvili

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings: Rings Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:15|

text: Georgia (country)

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4-3|

text: Ryuki Ueyama

text: | Decision (lost points)|

text: Rings: Rise 5th

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4-2| Minoru Toyonaga| Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: Rise 4th

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:51| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3-2| Sara Umer| Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings: Rise 3rd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:09| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-2|

text: Chris Haseman

text: | Submission (arm-triangle choke)|

text: Rings: Rise 1st

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:42| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1|

text: Lee Hasdell

text: | KO (knee)| NOTS 3: Night of the Samurai 3| | align=center| 2| align=center| N/A|

text: Milton Keynes

text: , England| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0|

text: Ryuki Ueyama

text: | Decision|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Troy Ittensohn| TKO|

text: Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:43|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: it would be a disaster

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Cyrille Diabaté| KO (flying knee)|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to preserve food.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 21-16-3|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Heat 2

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 25-16-3|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 25-16-4|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Heat: Heat 2|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Aichi,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 25-16-4|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Heat 2

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 21-16-3|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Win| align=center| 25-16-3|

text: Before the 1990s, the deterioration of the weather in the early 1810s was unremarked by climatologists as normal for the Little Ice Age. A study of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores in the 1990s found markers that implied that a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809. The problem facing climatologists and volcanologists was that there were no recorded eruptions of the order of significance needed in this period. Further research and bristlecone pine tree ring data pointed to the eruption being in 1808.

text: Before the 1990s, the deterioration of the weather in the early 1810s was unremarked by climatologists as normal for the

text: Little Ice Age

text: . A study of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores in the 1990s found markers that implied that a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809. The problem facing climatologists and volcanologists was that there were no recorded eruptions of the order of significance needed in this period. Further research and

text: bristlecone pine

text: tree ring data pointed to the eruption being in 1808.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a massive volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: there were no recorded eruptions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1808

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: normal for the Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there were no recorded eruptions of the order of significance needed in this period.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: markers that implied that a massive volcanic eruption had occurred in early 1809.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1808.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 1808.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1808.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores

text: A well-known marine example of varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin, off California.

text: A well-known marine example of varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin, off

text: California

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve sediments

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve sediments

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: marine varve sediments are found off California

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin, off California.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A well-known marine example of varve sediments

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varve sediments

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Santa Barbara basin,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Santa Barbara basin,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve sediments

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varve sediments are those found in the Santa Barbara basin,

text: (1944) "Tabulation of Dates for Bluff Ruin" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

text: (1944) "Tabulation of Dates for Bluff Ruin" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bluff ruins

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: was published in 1944

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they can be used to date objects

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring bulletin

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cliffs

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "Tabulation of Dates for Bluff Ruin"

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "Tabulation of Dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Dates

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree-Ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 9, No. 2

text: But estimates of other dates vary by up to 1000 years, for a number of reasons. First, "Boreal" can identify a paleoclimate, a pollen zone or a temporally-fixed chronozone, and those three bases of definition allow quite different dates. Second, different dating methods obtain different dates. The underlying problem is that climate and pollen vary somewhat from region to region. The scientists of each region use the methods available in their region, whether lake varves, the annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms, ice cores or counts of tree rings (dendrochronology).

text: But estimates of other dates vary by up to 1000 years, for a number of reasons. First, "Boreal" can identify a paleoclimate, a pollen zone or a temporally-fixed chronozone, and those three bases of definition allow quite different dates. Second, different

text: dating method

text: s obtain different dates. The underlying problem is that climate and pollen vary somewhat from region to region. The scientists of each region use the methods available in their region, whether lake

text: varves

text: , the annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms, ice cores or counts of tree rings (

text: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: climate and pollen vary somewhat from region to region

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: different dating methods obtain different dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: (dendrochronology).

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores or counts of tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: different dating methods obtain different dates.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The scientists of each region use the methods available in their region,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual layers of sediment from ancient or modern lake bottoms,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: counts of tree rings (dendrochronology).

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores

text: The first varve chronology was constructed by De Geer in Stockholm in the late 19th century. Further work soon followed, and a network of sites along the east coast of Sweden was established. The varved sediments exposed in these sites had formed in glaciolacustrine and glacimarine conditions in the Baltic basin as the last ice sheet retreated northwards. By 1914, De Geer had discovered that it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances by matching variations in varve thickness, and distinct marker laminae. However, this discovery led De Geer and many of his co-workers into making incorrect correlations, which they called 'teleconnections', between continents, a process criticised by other varve pioneers like Ernst Antevs.

text: The first varve

text: chronology

text: was constructed by De Geer in

text: Stockholm

text: in the late 19th century. Further work soon followed, and a network of sites along the east coast of Sweden was established. The varved sediments exposed in these sites had formed in glaciolacustrine and glacimarine conditions in the Baltic basin as the last ice sheet retreated northwards. By 1914, De Geer had discovered that it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances by matching variations in varve thickness, and distinct marker laminae. However, this discovery led De Geer and many of his co-workers into making incorrect correlations, which they called 'teleconnections', between continents, a process criticised by other varve pioneers like Ernst Antevs.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve sequences

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the last ice sheet retreated northwards

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: De Geer had discovered that it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Baltic basin

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: De Geer had discovered that it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve chronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glaciolacustrine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: glaciolacustrine

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: it was possible to compare varve sequences across long distances

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: marker laminae.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glaciolacustrine

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciolacustrine and glacimarine conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: matching variations in varve thickness, and distinct marker laminae.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice sheet retreated northwards.

text: The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, a dark layer during the growing season and a light-hue inorganic layer in the dry season. Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year. The sediments of the Green River Formation present a continuous record of six million years. The mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm, with a minimum thickness of 0.014 mm and maximum of 9.8 mm.

text: The Green River Formation is an

text: Eocene

text: geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day

text: Green River

text: in

text: Colorado

text: Wyoming

text: , and

text: Utah

text: . The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, a dark layer during the growing season and a light-hue inorganic layer in the dry season. Each pair of layers is called a

text: varve

text: and represents one year. The sediments of the Green River Formation present a continuous record of six million years. The mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm, with a minimum thickness of 0.014 mm and maximum of 9.8 mm.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The sediments are deposited in very fine layers

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: light-hue inorganic layer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: represent one year

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: dark layer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: very fine layers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dark

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: light-hue inorganic layer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Green River Formation

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: light-hue inorganic layer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Each pair of layers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: six million years.

text: A tree-lined road in the Westfarthing. It ran north-west from the Great East Road through Bywater and Hobbiton. The road was the location of the last battle of the War of the Ring, the Battle of Bywater. In Bywater itself, the road further on was called the Hobbiton Road.

text: A tree-lined road in the

text: Westfarthing

text: . It ran north-west from the

text: Great East Road

text: through

text: Bywater

text: and

text: Hobbiton

text: . The road was the location of the last battle of the

text: War of the Ring

text: , the Battle of Bywater. In Bywater itself, the road further on was called the Hobbiton Road.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-lined road

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The road was the location of the last battle of the War of the Ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Hobbiton

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Hobbiton

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Great East Road through Bywater and Hobbiton.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-lined

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The road was the location of the last battle of the War of the Ring,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Great East Road

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: A tree-lined road in the Westfarthing.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-lined road in the Westfarthing.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Westfarthing.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Westfarthing.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-lined road in the Westfarthing.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Great East Road

text: The newly created xylem is the sapwood. It is composed of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often living, and is usually pale in colour. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into heartwood as new sapwood is formed at the cambium. The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species, and the surrounding cells are more often dead. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood. It is the dense central core of the trunk giving it rigidity. Three quarters of the dry mass of the xylem is cellulose, a polysaccharide, and most of the remainder is lignin, a complex polymer. A transverse section through a tree trunk or a horizontal core will show concentric circles or lighter or darker wood - tree rings. These rings are the annual growth rings There may also be rays running at right angles to growth rings. These are vascular rays which are thin sheets of living tissue permeating the wood. Many older trees may become hollow but may still stand upright for many years.

text: The newly created xylem is the

text: sapwood

text: . It is composed of water-conducting cells and associated cells which are often living, and is usually pale in colour. It transports water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree. The oldest, inner part of the sapwood is progressively converted into

text: heartwood

text: as new sapwood is formed at the cambium. The conductive cells of the heartwood are blocked in some species, and the surrounding cells are more often dead. Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood. It is the dense central core of the trunk giving it rigidity. Three quarters of the dry mass of the xylem is

text: cellulose

text: , a

text: polysaccharide

text: , and most of the remainder is lignin, a complex

text: polymer

text: . A transverse section through a tree trunk or a horizontal core will show concentric circles or lighter or darker wood - tree rings. These rings are the

text: annual growth rings

text: There may also be rays running at right angles to growth rings. These are vascular rays which are thin sheets of living tissue permeating the wood. Many older trees may become hollow but may still stand upright for many years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: xylem

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: xylem

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sapwood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water and minerals from the roots to the upper parts of the tree.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Heartwood is usually darker in colour than the sapwood.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cellulose, a polysaccharide,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: vascular rays

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: thin sheets of living tissue permeating the wood.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: A transverse section through a tree trunk or a horizontal core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings.

text: The non-polar ice caps, such as found on mountain tops, were traditionally ignored as serious places to drill ice cores because it was generally believed the ice would not be more than a few thousand years old, however since the 1970s ice has been found that is older, with clear chronological dating and climate signals going as far back as the beginning of the most recent ice age . Although polar cores have the clearest and longest chronological record, four-times or more as long, ice cores from tropical regions offer data and insights not available from polar cores and have been very influential in advancing understanding of the planets climate history and mechanisms.

text: The

text: non-polar ice cap

text: s, such as found on mountain tops, were traditionally ignored as serious places to drill ice cores because it was generally believed the ice would not be more than a few thousand years old, however since the 1970s ice has been found that is older, with clear

text: chronological dating

text: and climate signals going as far back as the beginning of the most recent ice age . Although polar cores have the clearest and longest chronological record, four-times or more as long, ice cores from tropical regions offer data and insights not available from polar cores and have been very influential in advancing understanding of the planets climate history and mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: polar cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: polar cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores from tropical regions offer data and insights not available from polar cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: have been very influential in advancing understanding of the planets climate history and mechanisms

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tropical regions

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mountain tops

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The non-polar ice caps,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice caps,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tropical regions offer data and insights not available from polar cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tropical regions offer data and insights not available from polar cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: non-polar ice caps,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice age.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mountain tops,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a few thousand years old,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: polar cores

text: The proposed Core Ring Road will accompany the already existing Intermediate Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, and Peripheral Ring Road.

text: The proposed Core Ring Road will accompany the already existing Intermediate Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, and Peripheral Ring Road.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the proposed Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Core Ring Road will accompany the Intermediate Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, and Peripheral Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: periphery

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The proposed Core Ring Road will accompany the already existing Intermediate Ring Road,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Core Ring Road will accompany the already existing Intermediate Ring Road,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Core Ring Road will accompany the already existing Intermediate Ring Road,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Core Ring Road

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Core Ring Road

text: Xu et al.,(2013) reported 27 best wiggle-match datings from a single partially charred 264-year-old tree, which is 946 ± 3 AD(1σ). Yin et al.,(2012) also reported 82 best wiggle-matched AMS 14C ages of samples from four carbonized logs, which is 938/939. However, the result of Xu et al. (2013) used a “regional 14C offset” in their ages to decrease the error, and their new date was obtained from the longer tree-ring sequence with the higher analytical precision of ±25 14C years, on a 260-year tree-ring sequence that covers three consecutive wiggles around A.D. 910, A.D. 785, and A.D. 730. Since longer dated tree-ring sequence, finer sample resolution, and higher 14C analytical precision all facilitate more and tighter tie-points for better WM dating. The new date is believed to represent yet the best high-accuracy and high-precision 14C WM chronology for the Millennium eruption. Xu's wood samples were cut from a tree growing in the area about 24 km from the vent of Changbaishan volcano, it is not clear if volcanic CO2 emission before the eruption could affect the samples and produce ages that are slightly too old. The best WM dates for the Millennium eruption use the outliers-removed subset of the original 14C measurements and also account for the effect of possible regional 14C offset, and yielded two nearly identical WM ages of A.D. 945 ± 3 and A.D. 947 ± 3, where overall and combined agreement indices of the models reach their highest values. Therefore, the average of these two WM ages (A.D. 946 ± 3) represents the best modeled WM age for the Millennium eruption.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Xu et al.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: it is not clear if volcanic CO2 emission

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The new date is believed to represent yet the best high-accuracy and high-precision 14C WM chronology for the Millennium eruption

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: longer dated tree-ring sequence

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 910

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: longer dated tree-ring sequence

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: outliers-removed

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: CO2 emission

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The best WM dates for the Millennium eruption

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 945 <unk> 3 and A.D. 947 <unk> 3,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: carbonized logs, which is 938/939.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (A.D. 946 <unk> 3)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 14C

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Changbaishan volcano,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: volcanic CO2 emission

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ages that are slightly too old.

text: This erosion surface was formed by downcutting streams, later scoured by glacial ice. Permian in age. Erosion surface covered with pebbly mudstone.Features rhythmic, varved layers, with some channel and sheet sandstones. Main unit is diamictite.

text: This

text: erosion surface

text: was formed by downcutting streams, later scoured by glacial ice.

text: Permian

text: in age. Erosion surface covered with pebbly mudstone.Features rhythmic, varved layers, with some channel and sheet sandstones. Main unit is

text: diamictite

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: downcutting streams

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: pebbly mudstone was formed by downcutting streams

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: What is the weather like in the summer?

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: permian

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: diamictite.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: downcutting streams, later scoured by glacial ice.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: glacial ice.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: glacial ice.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: diamictite.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glacial ice.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: downcutting streams,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: glacial ice.

text: |-| Win| align=center| 24–8–1| Grzegorz Lenart| Submission (armbar)| King of Kings: World Grand Prix 2014 in Vilnius| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35| Vilnius, Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 23–8–1| Mike Jonker| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Bushido Lithuania - Hero's 2013| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:58| Vilnius, Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 22–8–1| David Marcina| Submission (kimura)| Shooto Lithuania: Bushido 2008| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:37| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 21–8–1| Damba Radnaev| Submission (armbar)| K-1 Hero's: Hero's Lithuania 2007| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:20| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 20–8–1| Vladimir Yushko| Submission (armbar)| Bushido Lithuania: Battle of Saule 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:40| Siauliai, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 19–8–1| Nobutatsu Suzuki| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Zst 13| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 19–7–1| Valentin Golubovskij| Draw| K-1: East Europe Max| | align=center| 3| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 19–7| Thomas Valentin| KO (punches)| K-1 Hero's Lithuania| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:01| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 18–7| Yoshihiro Akiyama| TKO (punches)| K-1 Hero's 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:01| Yokohama, Japan| Hero's 2006 light heavyweight grand prix semifinal; replaced Sakuraba due to medical conditions.|-| Loss| align=center| 18–6| Kazushi Sakuraba| Submission (armbar)| K-1 Hero's 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:41| Tokyo, Japan| Hero's 2006 light heavyweight grand prix quarterfinal.|-| Win| align=center| 18–5| Tadeush Cholodinskij| Decision (split)| K-1: East Europe Max GP| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Vilnius, Lithuania| Won K-1 East Europe Max heavyweight title.|-| Win| align=center| 17–5| Hiromitsu Miura| TKO (punches)| K-1 Hero's: Hero's Lithuania 2005| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:30| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 16–5| Grazhuydas Smailis| Submission (armbar)| Shooto Lithuania: Chaosas| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 15–5| Rodolfo Amaro da Silva| TKO| Shooto Lithuania - Bushido| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:58| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 15–4| Sam Nest| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Zst: Grand Prix 2 Opening Round| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:58| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15–3| Romualds Garkulis| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Gladiators| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:37| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 14–3| Petras Markevicius| Submission (choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Bushido King| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:50| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 13–3| Vidmantas Tatarunas| Submission (choke)| Bushido Lithuania: Storm| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Sakiai, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 12–3| Grazhuydas Smailis| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Vendetta| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 11–3| Egidijus Petrushkevicius| align=center| N/A| Bushido Lithuania: Ronin| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Alytus, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 10–3| Grzegorz Jakubowski| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: King of Bushido Stage 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 9–3| Roman Sukoterin| Decision (split)| Shooto Lithuania: King of Bushido Stage 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 8–3| Masaya Inoue| TKO (retirement)| Shooto - 9/5 in Korakuen Hall| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–3| Kestutis Stankevicius| Decision| Rings Lithuania: Explosion| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Kaunas, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 6–3| Mariusz Ligizynski| Submission (kimura)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 7 – Adrenalinas| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:45| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 5–3| Darius Jonyla| Submission (armbar)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Kaunas, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 4–3| Vladimir Smantster| Submission (armbar)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 5: Shock| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 3–3| Takahiro Oba| Submission (armbar)| Pride FC: The Best, Vol. 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2–3| Pavel Dolgov| Decision| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 4| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Kaunas, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 1–3| Hirotaka Yokoi| Decision| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 3| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 1–2| Mikhail Ilyukhin| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Ruslan Mirzoev| Decision (3–2 points)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Victor Yerohin| Submission (leg lock)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:00| Vilnius, Lithuania|

text: |-| Win| align=center| 24–8–1| Grzegorz Lenart| Submission (armbar)| King of Kings: World Grand Prix 2014 in Vilnius| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 23–8–1| Mike Jonker| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Bushido Lithuania - Hero's 2013| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:58|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 22–8–1| David Marcina| Submission (kimura)| Shooto Lithuania: Bushido 2008| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:37|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 21–8–1| Damba Radnaev| Submission (armbar)| K-1 Hero's: Hero's Lithuania 2007| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:20|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 20–8–1| Vladimir Yushko| Submission (armbar)| Bushido Lithuania: Battle of Saule 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:40|

text: Siauliai

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 19–8–1|

text: Nobutatsu Suzuki

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)| Zst 13| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 19–7–1| Valentin Golubovskij| Draw| K-1: East Europe Max| | align=center| 3| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 19–7| Thomas Valentin| KO (punches)| K-1 Hero's Lithuania| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:01|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 18–7|

text: Yoshihiro Akiyama

text: | TKO (punches)| K-1 Hero's 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:01|

text: Yokohama

text: , Japan|

text: Hero's

text: 2006 light heavyweight grand prix semifinal; replaced Sakuraba due to medical conditions.|-| Loss| align=center| 18–6|

text: Kazushi Sakuraba

text: | Submission (armbar)| K-1 Hero's 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:41|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan|

text: Hero's

text: 2006 light heavyweight grand prix quarterfinal.|-| Win| align=center| 18–5| Tadeush Cholodinskij| Decision (split)| K-1: East Europe Max GP| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| Won K-1 East Europe Max heavyweight title.|-| Win| align=center| 17–5|

text: Hiromitsu Miura

text: | TKO (punches)| K-1 Hero's: Hero's Lithuania 2005| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:30|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 16–5| Grazhuydas Smailis| Submission (armbar)| Shooto Lithuania: Chaosas| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 15–5| Rodolfo Amaro da Silva| TKO| Shooto Lithuania - Bushido| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:58|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 15–4| Sam Nest| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Zst: Grand Prix 2 Opening Round| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:58|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15–3| Romualds Garkulis| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Gladiators| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:37|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 14–3| Petras Markevicius| Submission (choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Bushido King| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:50|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 13–3| Vidmantas Tatarunas| Submission (choke)| Bushido Lithuania: Storm| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Sakiai

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 12–3| Grazhuydas Smailis| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: Vendetta| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 11–3| Egidijus Petrushkevicius| align=center| N/A| Bushido Lithuania: Ronin| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Alytus

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 10–3| Grzegorz Jakubowski| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Shooto Lithuania: King of Bushido Stage 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 9–3| Roman Sukoterin| Decision (split)| Shooto Lithuania: King of Bushido Stage 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 8–3|

text: Masaya Inoue

text: | TKO (retirement)|

text: Shooto - 9/5 in Korakuen Hall

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–3| Kestutis Stankevicius| Decision|

text: Rings Lithuania: Explosion

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Kaunas

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 6–3| Mariusz Ligizynski| Submission (kimura)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 7 – Adrenalinas| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:45|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 5–3| Darius Jonyla| Submission (armbar)|

entity_section: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 6: Dynamite

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Kaunas

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 4–3| Vladimir Smantster| Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 5: Shock

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 3–3| Takahiro Oba| Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride FC: The Best, Vol. 3

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2–3| Pavel Dolgov| Decision|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 4

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Kaunas

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 1–3|

text: Hirotaka Yokoi

text: | Decision|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 3

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 1–2|

text: Mikhail Ilyukhin

text: | Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Ruslan Mirzoev| Decision (3–2 points)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Victor Yerohin| Submission (leg lock)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:00|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a drought is a drought.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Nobutatsu Suzuki| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Zst 13|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to freeze solids

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a Varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: kimura

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: |-| Ice cores can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 20–8–1|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Draw|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 19–8–1|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 19–8–1|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Submission (armbar)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lithuania|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Zst 13|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Bushido Lithuania: Battle of Saule 2|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 20–8–1|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 19–8–1|

text: In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. A 1987 study measured mean annual diameter increments ranging from 1.5 to 4.6 mm per year with an overall average of 2.3 mm per year. This is equivalent to 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core, said to be half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate. The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. The growth of kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests has been reviewed and compared during the development of growth and yield models for the species. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age.

text: In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. A 1987 study measured mean annual diameter increments ranging from 1.5 to 4.6 mm per year with an overall average of 2.3 mm per year. This is equivalent to 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core, said to be half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate. The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. The growth of kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests has been reviewed and compared during the development of growth and yield models for the species. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Kauri in planted forests

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the growth rate tends to increase

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 8.7 annual rings per centimetre

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 8.7 annual rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: kauri

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: this is the case

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: kauri

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 2.3 mm per year.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 2.3 mm per year.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 8.7 annual rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2.3 mm per year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core,

text: Research in the late 19th century lead to what Rishel describes as "one of the thorniest conundrums in the study of Early Netherlandish art", as efforts were made to establish authorship and date the panels in terms of precedence. The panels are neither signed nor dated, and have proved especially difficult to attribute. Establishing an approximate date of completion is usually one of the most important factor in attributing an old master painting. Dendrochronological analysis of the Philadelphia panel dated its growth rings to between 1225 and 1307. It was established that the board was cut from the same tree as the wood of two known panels by van Eyck, the Portrait of Baudouin de Lannoy (c. 1435) and Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini (1438). These have tree-rings that developed between 1205 and 1383, and 1206 and 1382, respectively. Examination of the sapwood suggests a felling date of around 1392. Assuming a typical 10 years of seasoning before use, any of the paintings could have begun from around 1408 onwards. The Turin version is painted on two glued boards, vertical to the image. The rings from board I are dated between 1273 and 1359, those of board II from 1282 to 1365.

text: Research in the late 19th century lead to what Rishel describes as "one of the thorniest conundrums in the study of Early Netherlandish art", as efforts were made to establish authorship and date the panels in terms of precedence. The panels are neither signed nor dated, and have proved especially difficult to attribute. Establishing an approximate date of completion is usually one of the most important factor in attributing an old master painting.

text: Dendrochronological

text: analysis of the Philadelphia panel dated its

text: growth rings

text: to between 1225 and 1307. It was established that the board was cut from the same tree as the wood of two known panels by van Eyck, the

text: Portrait of Baudouin de Lannoy

text: (c. 1435) and

entity_name: Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini

text: Portrait of Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini

text: (1438). These have tree-rings that developed between 1205 and 1383, and 1206 and 1382, respectively. Examination of the

text: sapwood

text: suggests a felling date of around 1392. Assuming a typical 10 years of seasoning before use, any of the paintings could have begun from around 1408 onwards. The Turin version is painted on two glued boards, vertical to the image. The rings from board I are dated between 1273 and 1359, those of board II from 1282 to 1365.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronological analysis

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a typical 10 years of seasoning before use

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronological analysis of the Philadelphia panel dated its growth rings to between 1225 and 1307.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The Turin version

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Philadelphia panel

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: between 1225 and 1307

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-rings that developed between 1205 and 1383,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 10 years of seasoning

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The panels are neither signed nor dated,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1205 and 1383,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-rings that developed between 1205 and 1383,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1273 and 1359,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1392.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-rings that developed between 1205 and 1383,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Dendrochronological analysis

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1273 and 1359,

text: Climatology is approached in a variety of ways. Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology).  Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.  The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in models, either statistical or mathematical, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates. Historical climatology is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.

text: Climatology is approached in a variety of ways.

text: Paleoclimatology

text: seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as

text: ice cores

text: and

text: tree rings

text: dendroclimatology

text: Paleotempestology

text: uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia.  The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in

text: models

text: , either

text: statistical

text: or

text: mathematical

text: , which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates.

text: Historical climatology

text: is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: record of rainfall

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to reconstruct past climates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: past climates

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Paleoclimatology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Paleoclimatology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: rainfall, temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores and tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores and tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Paleoclimatology

text: Trapping depth varies with climatic conditions, so the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years (Barnola et al., 1991). However, air from the overlying atmosphere may not mix uniformly throughout the firn (Battle et al., 1986) as earlier assumed, meaning estimates of the air-ice age difference could be less than imagined. Either way, this age difference is a critical uncertainty in dating ice-core air samples.  In addition, gas movement would be different for various gases; for example, larger molecules would be unable to move at a different depth than smaller molecules so the ages of gases at a certain depth may be different.  Some gases also have characteristics which affect their inclusion, such as helium not being trapped because it is soluble in ice.

text: Trapping depth varies with climatic conditions, so the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years (Barnola et al., 1991). However, air from the overlying atmosphere may not mix uniformly throughout the firn (Battle et al., 1986) as earlier assumed, meaning estimates of the air-ice age difference could be less than imagined. Either way, this age difference is a critical uncertainty in dating ice-core air samples.  In addition, gas movement would be different for various gases; for example, larger molecules would be unable to move at a different depth than smaller molecules so the ages of gases at a certain depth may be different.  Some gases also have characteristics which affect their inclusion, such as

text: helium

text: not being trapped because it is soluble in ice.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: helium not being trapped because it is soluble in ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: age difference is a critical uncertainty in dating ice-core air samples

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Trapping depth varies with climatic conditions,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: this age difference is a critical uncertainty

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Trapping depth varies with climatic conditions,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Trapping depth varies with climatic conditions,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climatic conditions,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: the air-ice age difference could vary between 2500 and 6000 years

text: The tree has survived for so long due to vegetative cloning. The visible tree is relatively young, but it is part of an older root system that dates back thousands of years. The trunk of the tree may die and regrow multiple times, but the tree's root system remains intact and in turn sprouts another trunk. The trunk may only live for about 600 years, and when one trunk dies another eventually grows back in its place. Also, each winter, heavy snow may push the tree's low-lying branches to ground level, where they take root and survive to grow again the next year in a process known as layering. Layering occurs when a tree's branch comes in contact with the earth, and new roots sprout from the contact point. Other trees, such as coast redwoods and western redcedars are known to reproduce by layering. The tree's age was determined by carbon-14 dating of the root system, which found roots dating back to 375, 5,660, 9,000, and 9,550 years. Carbon dating is not accurate enough to pin down the exact year the tree sprouted from seed; but, given the estimated age, the tree is supposed to have sprouted around 7550 BC. For comparison, the invention of writing (and thus, the beginning of recorded history) did not occur until around 4000 BC. Researchers have found a cluster of around 20 spruce trees in the same area, all over 8,000 years old.Previous researchers considered the Norway spruce species to be a relative newcomer to Sweden, with theories postulating the tree migrated into the area around 2,000 years ago. Trees much older than 10,000 years would be practically impossible in Sweden, because until around 11,000 years ago the area was in the grip of a world-wide ice age. Nature conservancy authorities are considering putting a fence around the tree to protect it from possible vandals or trophy hunters.

text: The tree has survived for so long due to vegetative

text: cloning

text: . The visible tree is relatively young, but it is part of an older root system that dates back thousands of years. The trunk of the tree may die and regrow multiple times, but the tree's root system remains intact and in turn sprouts another trunk. The trunk may only live for about 600 years, and when one trunk dies another eventually grows back in its place. Also, each winter, heavy snow may push the tree's low-lying branches to ground level, where they take root and survive to grow again the next year in a process known as

text: layering

text: . Layering occurs when a tree's branch comes in contact with the earth, and new roots sprout from the contact point. Other trees, such as

text: coast redwood

text: s and

text: western redcedar

text: s are known to reproduce by layering. The tree's age was determined by

text: carbon-14 dating

text: of the root system, which found roots dating back to 375, 5,660, 9,000, and 9,550 years. Carbon dating is not accurate enough to pin down the exact year the tree sprouted from seed; but, given the estimated age, the tree is supposed to have sprouted around 7550 BC. For comparison, the

text: invention of writing

text: (and thus, the beginning of

text: recorded history

text: ) did not occur until around 4000 BC. Researchers have found a cluster of around 20 spruce trees in the same area, all over 8,000 years old.Previous researchers considered the Norway spruce species to be a relative newcomer to Sweden, with theories postulating the tree migrated into the area around 2,000 years ago. Trees much older than 10,000 years would be practically impossible in Sweden, because until around 11,000 years ago the area was in the grip of a world-wide

text: ice age

text: . Nature conservancy authorities are considering putting a fence around the tree to protect it from possible vandals or trophy hunters.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: layering

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the tree may die and regrow multiple times

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Trees much older than 10,000 years would be practically impossible in Sweden

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not accurate enough to pin down the exact year

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: heavy snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-14 dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: layering.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: heavy snow

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Trees much older than 10,000 years would be practically impossible in Sweden,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 7550 BC.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: world-wide ice age.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: heavy snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice age.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: when a tree's branch comes in contact with the earth,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-14 dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice age.

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 10–7| Iouri Bekichev| KO (punch)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:30| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 10–6| Yasuhito Namekawa| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings Australia: NR 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:50| Australia| |-| Win| align=center| 9–6| Brad Kohler| Submission (kimura)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:11| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–6| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| Decision (split)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8–5| Willie Peeters| Submission (kneebar)| Rings: Rise 5th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:13| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–5| Masayuki Naruse| Submission (kimura)| Rings: Rise 2nd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:18| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–5| Yasuhito Namekawa| Submission (arm triangle choke)| Rings: Rise 1st| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:42| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–5| Dick Vrij| Submission (rear naked choke)| Rings Australia: NR 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:17| Australia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5| Kenichi Yamamoto| Submission| Rings: Third Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:39| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–4| Valentijn Overeem| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Holland: The King of Rings| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–3| Mitsuya Nagai| Submission (heel hook)| Rings – Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:18| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–2| Alexander Otsuka| TKO (doctor stoppage from a cut)| Rings – Extension Fighting 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:03| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3–2| Mario Sperry| Submission (strikes)| Caged Combat 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:12| Australia|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 10–7|

text: Iouri Bekichev

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:30|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 10–6|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings Australia: NR 4

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:50| Australia| |-| Win| align=center| 9–6|

text: Brad Kohler

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:11| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–6|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | Decision (split)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8–5|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | Submission (kneebar)|

text: Rings: Rise 5th

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:13| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–5|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Rings: Rise 2nd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:18| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–5|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | Submission (arm triangle choke)|

text: Rings: Rise 1st

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:42| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–5|

text: Dick Vrij

text: | Submission (rear naked choke)|

text: Rings Australia: NR 3

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:17| Australia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5|

text: Kenichi Yamamoto

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Third Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:39| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–4|

text: Valentijn Overeem

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Holland: The King of Rings

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Netherlands

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–3|

text: Mitsuya Nagai

text: | Submission (heel hook)|

entity_section: Rings: Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: Rings – Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:18| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–2|

text: Alexander Otsuka

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage from a cut)|

text: Rings – Extension Fighting 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:03| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3–2|

text: Mario Sperry

text: | Submission (strikes)| Caged Combat 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:12| Australia|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: afghanistan

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 10–7| Iouri Bekichev| KO (punch)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to preserve food.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: |-| Los

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: martial arts

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 10–6|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 10–6|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Third Fighting Integration|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 4–5|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Loss| align=center| 4–5|

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 14–5–1| Kiyoshi Tamura| Draw| Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14–5| Volk Han| Submission (injury)| Rings: Third Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:10| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13–5| Kimo Leopoldo| Decision (unanimous)| UFC 16| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00| Kenner, Louisiana, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 12–5| Rob van Esdonk| Submission (heel hook)| Rings Holland: The King of Rings| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:57| Amsterdam, Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–5| Mikhail Ilyukhin| Submission| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| | |-| Win| align=center| 11–4| Jerry Askoff| N/A| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| United States||-| Win| align=center| 10–4| Borislav Jeliazkov| Decision (lost points)| Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–4| Frank Shamrock| Decision (unanimous)| Rings - Extension Fighting 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–3| Kiyoshi Tamura| Submission (toe hold)| Rings - Extension Fighting 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:57| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9–2| Mikhail Ilyukhin| Submission| Rings - Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–2| Volk Han| Submission (armbar)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| | |-| Win| align=center| 8–1| Dick Vrij| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| | |-| Loss| align=center| 7–1| Volk Han| Submission (armbar)| Rings - Maelstrom 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–0| Scott Sollivan| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Various Fights| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58| United States||-| Win| align=center| 6–0| Willie Peeters| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings Holland - Kings of Martial Arts| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Amsterdam, Netherlands| |-| Win| align=center| 5–0| Maurice Smith| Submission (heel hook)| Rings - Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:13| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–0| Egan Inoue| Decision (unanimous)| Lumax Cup: Tournament of J '95| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:40| Japan|

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 14–5–1|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Draw|

text: Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14–5|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission (injury)|

text: Rings: Third Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:10|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13–5|

text: Kimo Leopoldo

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: UFC 16

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00|

text: Kenner, Louisiana

text: , United States| |-| Win| align=center| 12–5|

text: Rob van Esdonk

text: | Submission (heel hook)|

text: Rings Holland: The King of Rings

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:57|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–5|

text: Mikhail Ilyukhin

text: | Submission|

entity_section: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| | |-| Win| align=center| 11–4| Jerry Askoff| N/A|

entity_section: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Opening Round

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| United States||-| Win| align=center| 10–4|

text: Borislav Jeliazkov

text: | Decision (lost points)|

entity_section: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–4|

text: Frank Shamrock

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–3|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Submission (toe hold)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:57| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9–2|

text: Mikhail Ilyukhin

text: | Submission|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–2|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission (armbar)|

entity_section: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| | |-| Win| align=center| 8–1|

text: Dick Vrij

text: | N/A|

entity_section: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| | |-| Loss| align=center| 7–1|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings - Maelstrom 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–0| Scott Sollivan| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Various Fights| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58| United States||-| Win| align=center| 6–0|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings Holland - Kings of Martial Arts

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands| |-| Win| align=center| 5–0|

text: Maurice Smith

text: | Submission (heel hook)|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:13|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–0|

text: Egan Inoue

text: | Decision (unanimous)| Lumax Cup: Tournament of J '95| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:40| Japan|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: |-| Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: there is a summer drought

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 11–4| Jerry Askoff| N/A|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to freeze solids

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores can reveal the climate in the region

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 11–4|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Rings:

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 11–4| Jerry Askoff|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 11–4|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Rings:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Rings:

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 9–3|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Rings - Extension Fighting

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 14–5|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 9–2

text: There are a number of difficulties involved when trying to link the C results to historical chronicles. Tree ring dates may be in error because there is no discernible ring for a year (unusually cold weather), or two rings (a second growth during a warm autumn). If the cold weather were global, following a large volcanic eruption, it is conceivable that the effects could also be global: the apparent C date may not always match the chronicles. The chronicles themselves also have problems of dating (due to copying errors) and interpretation; this is particularly true of European chronicles of the early medieval period when any sign appearing in the sky was regarded as a manifestation of the divine will. Neuhauser and Neuhauser performed a critical evaluation of the various claimed auroral events. The “red cross” from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was re-dated to AD 776 by comparison of different manuscripts; they showed that an auroral explanation was most unlikely, and the most probable cause was a parhelic display (mock suns or sun dogs), either from the sun around sunset or from the moon at twilight. The German “inflamed shields” (which took place during the day, and could not be auroral) can be explained in the same way; so also can the “riders on white horses”. An observation reported by the Persian historian al-Tabari, dateable between 29 August-1 September AD 775, of a celestial object seen to fall or set during morning twilight and leaving a trace visible for an hour or more, is likely to be a bright bolide.

text: There are a number of difficulties involved when trying to link the C results to historical chronicles. Tree ring dates may be in error because there is no discernible ring for a year (unusually cold weather), or two rings (a second growth during a warm autumn). If the cold weather were global, following a large volcanic eruption, it is conceivable that the effects could also be global: the apparent C date may not always match the chronicles. The chronicles themselves also have problems of dating (due to copying errors) and interpretation; this is particularly true of European chronicles of the early medieval period when any sign appearing in the sky was regarded as a manifestation of the divine will. Neuhauser and Neuhauser performed a critical evaluation of the various claimed auroral events. The “red cross” from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was re-dated to AD 776 by comparison of different manuscripts; they showed that an auroral explanation was most unlikely, and the most probable cause was a parhelic display (mock suns or

text: sun dogs

text: ), either from the sun around sunset or from the moon at twilight. The German “inflamed shields” (which took place during the day, and could not be auroral) can be explained in the same way; so also can the “riders on white horses”. An observation reported by the Persian historian

text: al-Tabari

text: , dateable between 29 August-1 September AD 775, of a celestial object seen to fall or set during morning twilight and leaving a trace visible for an hour or more, is likely to be a bright

text: bolide

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the effects could also be global

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the apparent C date may not always match the chronicles

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: there are a number of difficulties involved when trying to link the C results to historical chronicles

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: two rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cold weather

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring dates may be in error

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: sun dogs),

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (unusually cold weather), or two rings (a second growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the apparent C date may not always match the chronicles.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: auroral)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the apparent C date may not always match the chronicles.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: two rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (unusually cold weather),

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: sun dogs),

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: auroral)

text: Ice cores are used to obtain a high resolution record of recent glaciation. It confirms the chronology of the marine isotopic stages. Ice core data shows that the last 400,000 years have consisted of short interglacials (10,000 to 30,000 years) about as warm as the present alternated with much longer (70,000 to 90,000 years) glacials substantially colder than present. The new EPICA Antarctic ice core has revealed that between 400,000 and 780,000 years ago, interglacials occupied a considerably larger proportion of each glacial/interglacial cycle, but were not as warm as subsequent interglacials.

text: Ice cores are used to obtain a high resolution record of recent glaciation. It confirms the chronology of the marine isotopic stages. Ice core data shows that the last 400,000 years have consisted of short interglacials (10,000 to 30,000 years) about as warm as the present alternated with much longer (70,000 to 90,000 years) glacials substantially colder than present. The new

entity_name: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

text: EPICA

text: Antarctic ice core has revealed that between 400,000 and 780,000 years ago, interglacials occupied a considerably larger proportion of each glacial/interglacial cycle, but were not as warm as subsequent interglacials.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: about as warm as the present

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: about as warm as the present alternated with much longer (70,000 to 90,000 years) glacials substantially colder than present

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to obtain a high resolution record of recent glaciation

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 10,000 to 30,000 years

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glaciation.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: about as warm as the present

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the last 400,000 years have consisted of short interglacials

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: It confirms the chronology of the marine isotopic stages.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (10,000 to 30,000 years)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: interglacials

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 780,000 years ago,

text: Ces Ambre offers a vial of her blood to the tree-ring inhabitants; though she is not philosophically an Aenean and refrains from using her abilities, she feels that the natives should have the choice.

text: Ces Ambre offers a vial of her blood to the tree-ring inhabitants; though she is not philosophically an Aenean and refrains from using her abilities, she feels that the natives should have the choice.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be seen

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Ces Ambre offers a vial

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ces Ambre is an Aenean

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain information about the past

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ces Ambre

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ces Ambre

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has been used for a long time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring inhabitants;

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring inhabitants;

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: she feels that the natives should have the choice.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ces Ambre

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: refrains from using her abilities,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring inhabitants;

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring inhabitants;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

text: Michael G. L. "Mike" Baillie is Professor Emeritus of Palaeoecology at Queen's University of Belfast, in Northern Ireland.  Baillie is a leading expert in dendrochronology, or dating by means of tree-rings. In the 1980s, he was instrumental in building a year-by-year chronology of tree-ring growth reaching 7,400 years into the past.

text: Michael G. L. "Mike" Baillie is Professor

text: Emeritus

text: of

text: Palaeoecology

text: at

text: Queen's University of Belfast

text: , in

text: Northern Ireland

text: .  Baillie is a leading expert in

text: dendrochronology

text: , or dating by means of tree-rings. In the 1980s, he was instrumental in building a year-by-year chronology of tree-ring growth reaching 7,400 years into the past.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Baillie is a leading expert in dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Northern Ireland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring growth

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Baillie is a leading expert in dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 7,400 years into the past.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-rings.

text: A 2014 study used tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake to create a 576-year record of lake level reconstruction. The lake level change is strongly modulated by Pacific Ocean coupled ocean/atmospheric oscillations at low frequency, and therefore reflects the decadal-scale wet/dry cycles that characterize the region.  By capturing these climate oscillations as well as utilizing the tree-ring reconstruction of lake level change, researchers were able to predict the lake level fluctuation onward for as long as 5–8 years.

text: A 2014 study used tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake to create a 576-year record of lake level reconstruction. The lake level change is strongly modulated by Pacific Ocean coupled ocean/atmospheric oscillations at low frequency, and therefore reflects the decadal-scale wet/dry cycles that characterize the region.  By capturing these climate oscillations as well as utilizing the tree-ring reconstruction of lake level change, researchers were able to predict the lake level fluctuation onward for as long as 5–8 years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: decadal-scale wet/dry cycles

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the lake level fluctuation onward

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Pacific Ocean coupled ocean/atmospheric oscillations at low frequency

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: decadal-scale wet

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reflects the decadal-scale wet/dry cycles

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the watershed of the Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: lake level fluctuation

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: decadal-scale wet/dry cycles

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The lake level change is strongly modulated

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reflects the decadal-scale wet/dry cycles

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: wet/dry cycles

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Pacific Ocean coupled ocean/atmospheric oscillations

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings

text: The isotopic composition of ice core

text: The isotopic composition of

text: ice core

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores will melt

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: isotopes can be used to determine the age of ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: isotopic composition

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: isotopic composition

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: isotopic composition

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core is used

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: isotopes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The isotopic composition

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The isotopic composition of ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The isotopic composition

text: Donald R. Currey was a graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studying the climate dynamics of the Little Ice Age using dendrochronology techniques. In 1963 he became aware of the bristlecone populations in the Snake Range in general, and on Wheeler Peak in particular. Based on the trees' size, growth rate and growth forms, he became convinced that some were very old, cored some of them, and found trees exceeding 3,000 years in age, but Currey was not able to obtain a continuous series of overlapping cores from WPN-114.

text: Donald R. Currey

text: was a graduate student at the

entity_name: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

text: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

text: studying the climate dynamics of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: using

text: dendrochronology

text: techniques. In 1963 he became aware of the bristlecone populations in the Snake Range in general, and on Wheeler Peak in particular. Based on the trees' size, growth rate and growth forms, he became convinced that some were very old,

text: cored

text: some of them, and found trees exceeding 3,000 years in age, but Currey was not able to obtain a continuous series of overlapping cores from WPN-114.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth forms

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bristlecone populations

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Currey was not able to obtain a continuous series of overlapping cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: WPN-114

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Snake Range

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees' size, growth rate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: found trees exceeding 3,000 years in age,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: overlapping cores from WPN-114.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: overlapping

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: overlapping cores from WPN-114.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate dynamics of the Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: cored some of them, and found trees exceeding 3,000 years in age,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 3,000 years in age,

text: It occurs in lacustrine sediments with clays, silts and arkosic sand often in varved sulfide rich clays. It is also found in hydrothermal veins.  Greigite is formed by magnetotactic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Greigite has also been identified in the sclerites of scaly-foot gastropods.

text: It occurs in

text: lacustrine

text: sediments with

text: clays

text: silt

text: s and

text: arkosic sand

text: often in

text: varve

text: d

text: sulfide

text: rich clays. It is also found in

text: hydrothermal

text: veins

text: .  Greigite is formed by

text: magnetotactic bacteria

text: and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Greigite has also been identified in the sclerites of

text: scaly-foot gastropod

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greigite

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Greigite has also been identified in the sclerites of scaly-foot gastropods

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sulfide

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lacustrine sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Greigite

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varved sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It is also found in hydrothermal veins.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Greigite

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varved sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varved sulfide rich clays.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Greigite

text: The museum is based in a medieval manor house, believed to date back to 1280. From the style of the architecture of the parts of the building and from tree-ring dating of some of the timbers still present, the present house at Donington was probably built between 1288 and 1295.

text: The museum is based in a medieval manor house, believed to date back to 1280. From the style of the architecture of the parts of the building and from tree-ring dating of some of the timbers still present, the present house at Donington was probably built between 1288 and 1295.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the present house at Donington was probably built between 1288 and 1295

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Donington

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the present house at Donington was probably built between 1288 and 1295.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1288 and 1295.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1280.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: some of the timbers still present,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

text: However, the hypothesis has been generally dismissed. First, detailed dating of varved and other lake deposits in other maar lakes determined an age of at least 11,230 ± 40 radiocarbon years BP for the Laacher See eruption. This radiocarbon age would make the Laacher see eruption about 200 radiocarbon years older than the start of the Younger Dryas. More recently, the radiocarbon dating of trees killed by the Laacher See eruption and an examination of Swiss dendrochronology and volcanic sulphur in the Greenland ice cores concluded that the Laacher See eruption predated the onset of the Younger Dryas by some 203 calendar years on average. Second, Late-Glacial sediment cores from Switzerland demonstrate that a significant period of time separate the Laacher See eruption and the start of the Younger Dryas. Even if the Laacher See eruption was contemporaneous with the start of the Younger Dryas, it was not large enough to initiate a new stadial. The paleoclimatic proxies found in Greenland ice cores show only a short-term climatic deterioration.

text: However, the hypothesis has been generally dismissed. First, detailed dating of

text: varve

text: d and other lake deposits in other maar lakes determined an age of at least 11,230 ± 40 radiocarbon years BP for the Laacher See eruption. This radiocarbon age would make the Laacher see eruption about 200 radiocarbon years older than the start of the Younger Dryas. More recently, the radiocarbon dating of trees killed by the Laacher See eruption and an examination of Swiss dendrochronology and volcanic sulphur in the Greenland ice cores concluded that the Laacher See eruption predated the onset of the Younger Dryas by some 203 calendar years on average. Second, Late-Glacial sediment cores from Switzerland demonstrate that a significant period of time separate the Laacher See eruption and the start of the Younger Dryas. Even if the Laacher See eruption was contemporaneous with the start of the Younger Dryas, it was not large enough to initiate a new stadial. The paleoclimatic proxies found in Greenland ice cores show only a short-term climatic deterioration.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a short-term climatic deterioration

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Laacher See eruption predated the onset of the Younger Dryas by some 203 calendar years on average

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: only a short-term climatic deterioration

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: maar lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Younger Dryas.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: short-term climatic deterioration.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 200 radiocarbon years older than the start of the Younger Dryas.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a short-term climatic deterioration.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: show only a short-term climatic deterioration.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake deposits in other maar lakes

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 203 calendar years on average. Second, Late-Glacial

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: maar lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating of trees killed by the Laacher See eruption

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: paleoclimatic proxies

text: The orientation of the rings is consistent with an edge-on view from Earth in 2008, explaining the observed dimming of Chariklo between 1997 and 2008 by a factor of 1.75, as well as the gradual disappearance of water ice and other materials from its spectrum as the observed surface area of the rings decreased. Also consistent with this edge-on orientation is that since 2008, the Chariklo system has increased in brightness by a factor of 1.5 again, and the infrared water-ice spectral features have reappeared. This suggests that the rings are composed at least partially of water ice. An icy ring composition is also consistent with the expected density of a disrupted body within Chariklo's Roche limit.

text: The orientation of the rings is consistent with an edge-on view from Earth in 2008, explaining the observed dimming of Chariklo between 1997 and 2008 by a factor of 1.75, as well as the gradual disappearance of water ice and other materials from its spectrum as the observed surface area of the rings decreased. Also consistent with this edge-on orientation is that since 2008, the Chariklo system has increased in brightness by a factor of 1.5 again, and the infrared water-ice spectral features have reappeared. This suggests that the rings are composed at least partially of water ice. An icy ring composition is also consistent with the expected density of a disrupted body within Chariklo's

text: Roche limit

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are composed of at least partially of water ice

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the rings are composed at least partially of water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This suggests that the rings are composed at least partially of water ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Chariklo

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Chariklo

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Chariklo

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 1.75,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This suggests that the rings are composed at least partially of water ice.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: gradual disappearance of water ice

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: density of a disrupted body

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1.75,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1997 and 2008 by a factor of 1.75,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: disrupted body

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: edge-on view from Earth in 2008,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2008,

text: During the Mesozoic (245 to 66 million years ago) the conifers flourished and became adapted to live in all the major terrestrial habitats. Subsequently, the tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period. These began to dominate the conifers during the Tertiary era (66 to 2 million years ago) when forests covered the globe. When the climate cooled 1.5 million years ago and the first of four ice ages occurred, the forests retreated as the ice advanced. In the interglacials, trees recolonised the land that had been covered by ice, only to be driven back again in the next ice age.

text: During the Mesozoic (245 to 66 million years ago) the conifers flourished and became adapted to live in all the major terrestrial habitats. Subsequently, the tree forms of

text: flowering plant

text: s evolved during the

text: Cretaceous

text: period. These began to

text: dominate

text: the conifers during the

text: Tertiary

text: era (66 to 2 million years ago) when forests covered the globe. When the climate cooled 1.5 million years ago and the first of four

text: ice age

text: s occurred, the forests retreated as the ice advanced. In the

text: interglacial

text: s, trees recolonised the land that had been covered by ice, only to be driven back again in the next ice age.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: conifers

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees recolonised the land that had been covered by ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: during the Tertiary era

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cretaceous period

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 66 million years ago

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: conifers

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: flowering plants

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the forests retreated as the ice advanced.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: During the Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: flowering plants

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cretaceous period.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: During the Mesozoic (245 to 66 million years ago)

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1.5 million years ago and the first of four ice ages

text: Another method that has been used to establish the date of eruption is tree-ring dating. Tree-ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629–1628 (±65 years) BCE. Evidence of a climatic event around 1628 BCE has been found in studies of growth depression of European oaks in Ireland and of Scotch pines in Sweden. Bristlecone pine frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE, supporting the late 1600s BCE dating. Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted would bring that data more in line with the dendrochronological numbers.

text: Another method that has been used to establish the date of eruption is

text: tree-ring dating

text: . Tree-ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629–1628 (±65 years) BCE. Evidence of a climatic event around 1628 BCE has been found in studies of growth depression of European

text: oak

text: s in

text: Ireland

text: and of

text: Scotch pine

text: s in

text: Sweden

text: Bristlecone pine

text: frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE, supporting the late 1600s BCE dating. Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted would bring that data more in line with the dendrochronological numbers.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth depression

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth depression

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree-ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629–1628

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1628 BCE

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1627 BCE

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth depression

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dendrochronological numbers.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Procedural changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: frost rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: eruption

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: eruption

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: dendrochronological numbers.

text: The rings are made of an extremely dark material. The geometric albedo of the ring particles does not exceed 5–6%, while the Bond albedo is even lower—about 2%. The rings particles demonstrate a steep opposition surge—an increase of the albedo when the phase angle is close to zero. This means that their albedo is much lower when they are observed slightly off the opposition. The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near-infrared. They exhibit no identifiable spectral features. The chemical composition of the ring particles is not known. However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn because they are too dark, darker than the inner moons of Uranus. This indicates that they are probably composed of a mixture of the ice and a dark material. The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be organic compounds considerably darkened by the charged particle irradiation from the Uranian magnetosphere. The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.

text: The rings are made of an extremely dark material. The

text: geometric albedo

text: of the ring particles does not exceed 5–6%, while the

text: Bond albedo

text: is even lower—about 2%. The rings particles demonstrate a steep opposition surge—an increase of the albedo when the

text: phase angle

text: is close to zero. This means that their albedo is much lower when they are observed slightly off the opposition. The rings are slightly red in the

text: ultraviolet

text: and visible parts of the

text: spectrum

text: and grey in

text: near-infrared

text: . They exhibit no identifiable

text: spectral features

text: . The

text: chemical composition

text: of the ring particles is not known. However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the

text: rings of Saturn

text: because they are too dark, darker than the

text: inner moons of Uranus

text: . This indicates that they are probably composed of a mixture of the ice and a dark material. The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be

text: organic compound

text: s considerably darkened by the

text: charged particle

text: irradiation from the Uranian

text: magnetosphere

text: . The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near-infrared

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: they cannot be made of pure water ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: they cannot be made of pure water ice

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: pure water ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: slightly red

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2%.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Uranian magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2%.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2%.

text: In 2010, Baillie became involved in a controversy over the release of his tree-ring data.  Baillie claims that the tree-ring data is his own personal intellectual property.  The UK Information Commissioner's Office, however, ruled that, because Baillie did all the work while employed at a public university, the data must be released to the public.

text: In 2010, Baillie became involved in a controversy over the release of his tree-ring data.  Baillie claims that the tree-ring data is his own personal

text: intellectual property

text: .  The UK

text: Information Commissioner's Office

text: , however, ruled that, because Baillie did all the work while employed at a public university, the data must be released to the public.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the data must be released to the public

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the UK Information Commissioner's Office ruled that, because Baillie did all the work while employed at a public university

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: data must be released to the public

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring data

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring data

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring data.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring data.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the data must be released to the public.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring data.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the data must be released to the public.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring data.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring data.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring data.

text: To produce a curve that can be used to relate calendar years to radiocarbon years, a sequence of securely dated samples is needed which can be tested to determine their radiocarbon age. The study of tree rings led to the first such sequence: individual pieces of wood show characteristic sequences of rings that vary in thickness because of environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year. These factors affect all trees in an area, so examining tree-ring sequences from old wood allows the identification of overlapping sequences. In this way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past. The first such published sequence, based on bristlecone pine tree rings, was created by Wesley Ferguson. Hans Suess used this data to publish the first calibration curve for radiocarbon dating in 1967. The curve showed two types of variation from the straight line: a long term fluctuation with a period of about 9,000 years, and a shorter term variation, often referred to as "wiggles", with a period of decades. Suess said he drew the line showing the wiggles by "cosmic schwung", by which he meant that the variations were caused by extraterrestrial forces. It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles were real or not, but they are now well-established.  These short term fluctuations in the calibration curve are now known as de Vries effects, after Hessel de Vries.

text: To produce a curve that can be used to relate calendar years to radiocarbon years, a sequence of securely dated samples is needed which can be tested to determine their radiocarbon age. The study of tree rings led to the first such sequence: individual pieces of wood show characteristic sequences of rings that vary in thickness because of environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year. These factors affect all trees in an area, so examining tree-ring sequences from old wood allows the identification of overlapping sequences. In this way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past. The first such published sequence, based on bristlecone pine tree rings, was created by

text: Wesley Ferguson

text: . Hans Suess used this data to publish the first calibration curve for radiocarbon dating in 1967. The curve showed two types of variation from the straight line: a long term fluctuation with a period of about 9,000 years, and a shorter term variation, often referred to as "wiggles", with a period of decades. Suess said he drew the line showing the wiggles by "cosmic schwung", by which he meant that the variations were caused by extraterrestrial forces. It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles were real or not, but they are now well-established.  These short term fluctuations in the calibration curve are now known as de Vries effects, after

text: Hessel de Vries

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: de Vries effects

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The study of tree rings led to the first such sequence

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring sequences from old wood

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: de Vries effects

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: environmental factors

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon age.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: overlapping sequences.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past.

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 21-8-1| Masakatsu Funaki| Draw (majority)| Rings/The Outsider: Volk Han Retirement Match| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00| Tokyo, Japan| <small>Retirement match.<small>|-| Win| align=center| 21-8| Zaza Tkeshelashvili| Submission (armlock)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 20-8| Andrei Kopylov| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 19-8| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-7| Bobby Hoffman| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 18-7| Lee Hasdell| TKO (punches)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:08| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-7| Zaza Tkeshelashvili| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: Russia vs. Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:46| Tula, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 16-7| Branden Lee Hinkle| Submission (triangle armbar)| Rings: Millennium Combine 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:11| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15-7| Cvetko Cvetkov| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Tula, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 14-7| Yasuhito Namekawa| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Yekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 13-7| Zaza Tkeshelashvili| KO| Rings: Rings Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:08| Georgia (country)| |-| Loss| align=center| 13-6| Zaza Tkeshelashvili| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Rise 4th| | align=center| 3| align=center| 10:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-5| Masayuki Naruse| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Rise 3rd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:26| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-5| Nikolai Zuyev| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:49| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-5| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| Submission (injury)| Rings: Third Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:10| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-4| Akira Maeda| Submission (verbal)| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:24| N/A| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-3| Mikhail Ilyukhin| align=center| N/A| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 11-2| Dick Vrij| align=center| N/A| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 10-2| Andrei Kopylov| Submission (armlock)| Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9-2| Kiyoshi Tamura| Submission (armbar)| Rings - Extension Fighting 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:48| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-1| Akira Maeda| Submission (kneebar)| Rings - Extension Fighting 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:47| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-1| Kiyoshi Tamura| align=center| N/A| Rings - Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7-1| Kiyoshi Tamura| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 6-1| Tariel Bitsadze| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 5-1| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 4-1| Masayuki Naruse| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 3-1| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| Submission (armbar)| Rings - Maelstrom 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1| Hans Nijman| TKO| Rings - Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Peter Ura| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Akira Maeda| Submission| Rings - Budokan Hall 1995| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Tokyo, Japan|

text: |-| Draw| align=center| 21-8-1|

text: Masakatsu Funaki

text: | Draw (majority)| Rings/The Outsider: Volk Han Retirement Match| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| <small>Retirement match.<small>|-| Win| align=center| 21-8|

text: Zaza Tkeshelashvili

text: | Submission (armlock)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 20-8|

text: Andrei Kopylov

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 19-8|

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-7|

text: Bobby Hoffman

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 18-7|

text: Lee Hasdell

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:08|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-7|

text: Zaza Tkeshelashvili

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: Russia vs. Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:46|

text: Tula

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 16-7|

text: Branden Lee Hinkle

text: | Submission (triangle armbar)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:11|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15-7| Cvetko Cvetkov| Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Tula

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 14-7|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 13-7|

text: Zaza Tkeshelashvili

text: | KO|

text: Rings: Rings Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:08|

text: Georgia (country)

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 13-6|

text: Zaza Tkeshelashvili

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: Rise 4th

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 10:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-5|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Rise 3rd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:26| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-5| Nikolai Zuyev| Submission (arm-triangle choke)|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:49| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-5|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | Submission (injury)|

text: Rings: Third Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:10|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-4|

text: Akira Maeda

text: | Submission (verbal)|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:24| N/A| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-3|

text: Mikhail Ilyukhin

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 11-2|

text: Dick Vrij

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 10-2|

text: Andrei Kopylov

text: | Submission (armlock)|

text: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9-2|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:48| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-1|

text: Akira Maeda

text: | Submission (kneebar)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:47| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-1|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7-1|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 6-1|

text: Tariel Bitsadze

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 5-1|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 4-1|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 3-1|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings - Maelstrom 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1|

text: Hans Nijman

text: | TKO|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Peter Ura| align=center| N/A|

entity_section: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0|

text: Akira Maeda

text: | Submission|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1995

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: |-| Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Russia vs. Georgia

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used for scientific research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated by a thick deposit of sediment.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: context: An ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 18-7|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Draw| align=center| 21-8-1|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 21-8|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 18-7|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tokyo,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Rings: Millennium Combine 2|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 18-7|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Millennium Combine 2|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 18-7|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 18-7|

text: Archaeomagnetic dating requires an undisturbed feature that has a high likelihood of containing a remnant magnetic moment from the last time it had passed through the Curie point.  This involves sufficient mass to take samples from, and a suitable material with adequate magnetite to hold the remnant magnetism.  In addition, the feature needs to be in an area for which a secular variation curve (SVC) exists. Once the paleodirections of enough independently dated archaeological features are determined, they can be used to compile a secular variation record for a particular region, known as an SVC.  The Archaeomagnetic Laboratory at the Illinois State Museum has secular variation curves for the southwest, mid-continent and southeast United States.  Additional data points from archaeomagnetic samples with corresponding dating techniques such as tree ring dating or carbon-14 dates, help refine the regional curves.

text: Archaeomagnetic dating requires an undisturbed feature that has a high likelihood of containing a remnant magnetic moment from the last time it had passed through the

text: Curie point

text: .  This involves sufficient mass to take samples from, and a suitable material with adequate magnetite to hold the remnant magnetism.  In addition, the feature needs to be in an area for which a secular variation curve (SVC) exists. Once the paleodirections of enough independently dated archaeological features are determined, they can be used to compile a secular variation record for a particular region, known as an SVC.  The Archaeomagnetic Laboratory at the Illinois State Museum has secular variation curves for the southwest, mid-continent and southeast United States.  Additional data points from archaeomagnetic samples with corresponding dating techniques such as

text: tree ring

text: dating or

text: dates, help refine the regional curves.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This involves sufficient mass to take samples from, and a suitable material with adequate magnetite to hold the remnant magnetism

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring dating

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a particular region

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring dating or carbon-14 dates,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the feature needs to be in an area for which a secular variation curve

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring dating or carbon-14 dates,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: magnetite to hold the remnant magnetism.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: secular variation curve

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: remnant magnetic moment from the last time it had passed through the Curie point.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring dating or carbon-14 dates,

text: Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or even groves of trees—standing after the swamps were drained. Most of these trees will slowly die out because livestock eat the seedlings and damage the trunks and roots of adult trees. When a cabbage tree is the only shade in a field, stock will shelter underneath it, damaging the bark by rubbing against it, and compacting the soil around the tree. Cows, sheep, goats, and deer eat the nutritious tissue under the bark of cabbage trees. Once the trunk has been damaged by animals, it seldom heals and the wounds get bigger over time. Eventually the tissue in the centre of the stem rots away and a cavity forms along its entire length. The trunk becomes misshapen or completely ring-barked for a metre above the ground. Often the growth layer dies and the injuries may lead to bacterial or fungal infections that spread into the branches until the canopy too begins to die. Other factors thought to contribute to Rural Decline include wood-rotting fungi like Phanerochaete cordylines, micro-organisms which cause saprobic decay and leaf-feeding caterpillars.

text: Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or even groves of trees—standing after the swamps were drained. Most of these trees will slowly die out because livestock eat the seedlings and damage the trunks and roots of adult trees. When a cabbage tree is the only shade in a field, stock will shelter underneath it, damaging the bark by rubbing against it, and compacting the soil around the tree. Cows, sheep, goats, and deer eat the nutritious tissue under the bark of cabbage trees. Once the trunk has been damaged by animals, it seldom heals and the wounds get bigger over time. Eventually the tissue in the centre of the stem rots away and a cavity forms along its entire length. The trunk becomes misshapen or completely ring-barked for a metre above the ground. Often the growth layer dies and the injuries may lead to bacterial or fungal infections that spread into the branches until the canopy too begins to die. Other factors thought to contribute to Rural Decline include wood-rotting fungi like Phanerochaete cordylines, micro-organisms which cause

text: saprobic decay

text: and leaf-feeding caterpillars.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: most of these trees will slowly die out

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: livestock eat the seedlings and damage the trunks and roots of adult trees

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Which of the following is not a type of tree?

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a cavity

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the trunk becomes misshapen

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Most of these trees will slowly die out

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: damage the trunks and roots of adult trees.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Often farmers would leave a solitary cabbage tree—or

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: it seldom heals

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cabbage tree—or

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Phanerochaete cordylines,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a cavity forms along its entire length.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ring-barked for a metre above the ground.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Phanerochaete cordylines,

text: It is impossible to say when population first started expanding in Western Europe, although we can make some educated guesses.  For one thing, the climate seems to have turned warmer in the 800's.  We base this on tree ring evidence and the fact that the Vikings could sail in northern latitudes unobstructed by ice.  The warmer climate meant longer growing seasons, better harvests, and thus a healthier and growing population.  Major plagues that had hit intermittently since the later Roman Empire also ceased after 743 C.E.  This might be partly a result of the better-fed population having more resistance to disease.  Finally, a certain amount of political stability had returned to Western Europe by 1000 C.E.  The feudal system, whatever its faults, was providing at least a minimal amount of security to Europe.  Along with this, the invasions of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims were letting up by this date.  The increased stability created by all these factors helped provide the conditions needed for population growth and economic revival.  This brings us to new farming techniques that would greatly expand food supplies and lead to the rise of towns.

text: It is impossible to say when population first started expanding in Western Europe, although we can make some educated guesses.  For one thing, the climate seems to have turned warmer in the 800's.  We base this on tree ring evidence and the fact that the Vikings could sail in northern latitudes unobstructed by ice.  The warmer climate meant longer growing seasons, better harvests, and thus a healthier and growing population.  Major plagues that had hit intermittently since the later Roman Empire also ceased after 743 C.E.  This might be partly a result of the better-fed population having more resistance to disease.  Finally, a certain amount of political stability had returned to Western Europe by 1000 C.E.  The feudal system, whatever its faults, was providing at least a minimal amount of security to Europe.  Along with this, the invasions of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims were letting up by this date.  The increased stability created by all these factors helped provide the conditions needed for population growth and economic revival.  This brings us to new farming techniques that would greatly expand food supplies and lead to the rise of towns.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: better harvests

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: political stability had returned to Western Europe by 1000 C.E

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring evidence

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring evidence

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: longer growing seasons, better harvests,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The warmer climate meant longer growing seasons, better harvests,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the climate seems to have turned warmer in the 800's.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the Vikings could sail in northern latitudes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: longer growing seasons,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: northern latitudes unobstructed by ice.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the climate seems to have turned warmer in the 800's.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring evidence

text: In algebra, a semiprimitive ring or Jacobson semisimple ring or J-semisimple ring is a ring whose Jacobson radical is zero. This is a type of ring more general than a semisimple ring, but where simple modules still provide enough information about the ring.  Rings such as the ring of integers are semiprimitive, and an artinian semiprimitive ring is just a semisimple ring.  Semiprimitive rings can be understood as subdirect products of primitive rings, which are described by the Jacobson density theorem.

text: In algebra, a semiprimitive ring or Jacobson semisimple ring or J-semisimple ring is a ring whose

text: Jacobson radical

text: is zero. This is a type of ring more general than a

text: semisimple ring

text: , but where

text: simple module

text: s still provide enough information about the ring.  Rings such as the ring of integers are semiprimitive, and an

text: artinian

text: semiprimitive ring is just a

text: semisimple ring

text: .  Semiprimitive rings can be understood as

text: subdirect product

text: s of

text: primitive ring

text: s, which are described by the

text: Jacobson density theorem

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: semiprimitive rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Jacobson radical is zero

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Semiprimitive rings can be understood as subdirect products of primitive rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Jacobson radical

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: semiprimitive rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Jacobson density theorem

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: semiprimitive ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Semiprimitive rings can be understood as subdirect products of primitive rings,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a semiprimitive ring

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring of integers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: semiprimitive ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: algebra,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Jacobson radical is zero.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a semiprimitive ring

text: The title of the work is known as Fate of the Animals in English. This stems from the German name Tierschicksale which figuratively translates to animal destinies. Paul Klee is also known for suggesting an alternate title: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins. This is from the evident tree rings present as well as the green horse on the right whose veins you can see on its body. On the back of the canvas is believed to be the subtitle of the painting, which translates to "And all being is flaming suffering."

text: The title of the work is known as Fate of the Animals in English. This stems from the German name Tierschicksale which figuratively translates to animal destinies.

text: Paul Klee

text: is also known for suggesting an alternate title: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins. This is from the evident tree rings present as well as the green horse on the right whose veins you can see on its body. On the back of the canvas is believed to be the subtitle of the painting, which translates to "And all being is flaming suffering."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: trees show their rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the animals their veins

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Paul Klee is also known for suggesting an alternate title

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: green horse

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The trees show their rings,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: green horse

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The trees show their rings, the animals their veins.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The trees show their rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Fate of the Animals

text: Due to its shallowness, the water level can rise dramatically in dry years and fall during high precipitation years, hence reflecting prolonged drought and wet periods. The lake level change is strongly modulated by the Pacific Ocean through atmospheric circulations that fluctuate at low frequency.  By capturing these climate oscillations while using tree-ring reconstruction of lake level, the lake level fluctuation could be predicted onward for 5–8 years.  The Utah Climate Center provides prediction of the Great Salt Lake's annual lake level.  This forecast uses central tropical Pacific Ocean temperature, watershed precipitation, tree-ring data of 750+ years, and the lake level itself.

text: Due to its shallowness, the water level can rise dramatically in dry years and fall during high precipitation years, hence reflecting prolonged drought and wet periods. The lake level change is strongly modulated by the Pacific Ocean through atmospheric circulations that fluctuate at low frequency.  By capturing these climate oscillations while using tree-ring reconstruction of lake level, the lake level fluctuation could be predicted onward for 5–8 years.  The Utah Climate Center provides prediction of the Great Salt Lake's annual lake level.  This forecast uses central tropical Pacific Ocean temperature, watershed precipitation, tree-ring data of 750+ years, and the lake level itself.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring data

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the water level can rise dramatically

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the water level can rise dramatically in dry years and fall during high precipitation years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring data of 750+ years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: high precipitation years

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate oscillations

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 750+ years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring reconstruction

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water level can rise dramatically in dry years and fall during high precipitation years,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: water level can rise dramatically in dry years and fall during high precipitation years,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 750+ years,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: high precipitation years,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dry years and fall during high precipitation years,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 750+ years,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 750+ years,

text: A bubble ring, or toroidal bubble, is an underwater vortex ring where an air bubble occupies the core of the vortex, forming a ring shape. The ring of air as well as the nearby water spins poloidally as it travels through the water, much like a flexible bracelet might spin when it is rolled on to a person's arm. The faster the bubble ring spins, the more stable it becomes. Bubble rings and smoke rings are both examples of vortex rings—the physics of which is still under active study in fluid dynamics. Devices have been invented which generate bubble vortex rings.

text: A bubble ring, or toroidal bubble, is an underwater

text: vortex ring

text: where an air bubble occupies the core of the vortex, forming a ring shape. The ring of air as well as the nearby water spins

text: poloidally

text: as it travels through the water, much like a flexible bracelet might spin when it is rolled on to a person's arm. The faster the bubble ring spins, the more stable it becomes. Bubble rings and

text: smoke ring

text: s are both examples of

text: vortex ring

text: s—the physics of which is still under active study in

text: fluid dynamics

text: . Devices have been invented which generate bubble vortex rings.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dense winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the nearby water spins poloidally as it travels through the water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Devices have been invented which generate bubble vortex rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: A bubble ring,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The faster the bubble ring spins, the more stable it becomes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: A bubble ring,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: air bubble occupies the core of the vortex,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bubble ring,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: smoke rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Bubble rings and smoke rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: A bubble ring,

text: A thienodiazepine is a heterocyclic compound containing a diazepine ring fused to a thiophene ring. Thienodiazepine forms the central core of several pharmaceutical drugs including:

text: A thienodiazepine is a

text: heterocyclic compound

text: containing a

text: diazepine

text: ring fused to a

text: thiophene

text: ring. Thienodiazepine forms the central core of several pharmaceutical drugs including:

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: sycamore

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: diazepine ring fused to a thiophene ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: diazepines

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it was cut from a tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: A thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Thienodiazepine forms the central core of several pharmaceutical drugs

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: A thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: thienodiazepine

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: thienodiazepine

text: Other theories of the causes of climate change fared no better. The principal advances were in observational paleoclimatology, as scientists in various fields of geology worked out methods to reveal ancient climates.  Wilmot H. Bradley found that annual varves of clay laid down in lake beds showed climate cycles. An Arizona astronomer, Andrew Ellicott Douglass, saw strong indications of climate change in tree rings. Noting that the rings were thinner in dry years, he reported climate effects from solar variations, particularly in connection with the 17th-century dearth of sunspots (the Maunder Minimum) noticed previously by William Herschel and others. Other scientists, however, found good reason to doubt that tree rings could reveal anything beyond random regional variations. The value of tree rings for climate study was not solidly established until the 1960s.

text: Other theories of the causes of climate change fared no better. The principal advances were in observational

text: paleoclimatology

text: , as scientists in various fields of

text: geology

text: worked out methods to reveal ancient climates.

text: Wilmot H. Bradley

text: found that annual

text: varve

text: s of clay laid down in lake beds showed climate cycles. An Arizona astronomer,

text: Andrew Ellicott Douglass

text: , saw strong indications of climate change in

text: tree rings

text: . Noting that the rings were thinner in dry years, he reported climate effects from solar variations, particularly in connection with the 17th-century dearth of

text: sunspots

text: (the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: ) noticed previously by

text: William Herschel

text: and others. Other scientists, however, found good reason to doubt that tree rings could reveal anything beyond random regional variations. The value of tree rings for climate study was not solidly established until the 1960s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the rings were thinner

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The principal advances were in observational paleoclimatology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not solidly established until the 1960s

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the rings were thinner in dry years,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The value of tree rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the rings were thinner in dry years,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dry years,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings.

text: The relatively short half-life of carbon-14, 5,730 years, makes the reliable only  up to about 75,000 years. The technique often cannot pinpoint the date of an archeological site better than historic records, but is highly effective for precise dates when calibrated with other dating techniques such as tree-ring dating.

text: The relatively short half-life of carbon-14, 5,730 years, makes the reliable only  up to about 75,000 years. The technique often cannot pinpoint the date of an archeological site better than historic records, but is highly effective for precise dates when calibrated with other dating techniques such as

text: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: carbon-14 has a relatively short half-life

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cannot pinpoint the date of an archeological site

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: carbon-14,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: often cannot pinpoint the date of an archeological site better than historic records,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: carbon-14,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The relatively short half-life

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: carbon-14,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: highly effective for precise dates when calibrated with other dating techniques

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: carbon-14,

text: In Northwestern Europe (Germany) a drastic climatic cooling can be observed around 5000 varve years BP in the maars of the Eifel. In the preceding interval lasting from 8200 till 5000 varve years (Holocene Climatic Optimum) the July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher. Yet at the same time the January temperatures were rising and the yearly precipitation increased.

text: In

text: Northwestern Europe

text: Germany

text: ) a drastic climatic cooling can be observed around 5000

text: varve

text: years BP in the

text: maar

text: s of the

text: Eifel

text: . In the preceding interval lasting from 8200 till 5000 varve years (

text: Holocene Climatic Optimum

text: ) the July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher. Yet at the same time the January temperatures were rising and the yearly

text: precipitation

text: increased.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: a drastic climatic cooling can be observed

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: yearly precipitation increased

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1 °C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: yearly precipitation increased.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the July temperatures were on average still 1 °C higher.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: January temperatures were rising and the yearly precipitation increased.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1 °C higher.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperatures

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 5000 varve years BP

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (Holocene Climatic Optimum)

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 5000 varve years BP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 5000 varve years BP

text: This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents this tree and illustrates IC-analysis according to the constituency relation; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents this and tree, and illustrates IC-analysis and according to the constituency relation; and so on.

text: This tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided first into the two immediate constituents this tree and illustrates IC-analysis according to the constituency relation; these two constituents are further divided into the immediate constituents this and tree, and illustrates IC-analysis and according to the constituency relation; and so on.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: this tree

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: this tree

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: this tree illustrates the manner in which the entire sentence is divided

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: this tree and dust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: IC-analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: this

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: this tree

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: this tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: this tree and illustrates IC-analysis according to the constituency relation

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: this and tree,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: IC-analysis

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: IC-analysis according to the constituency relation;

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: IC-analysis according to the constituency relation;

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: IC-analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: this tree

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: this tree and illustrates IC-analysis according to the constituency relation;

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: IC-analysis according to the constituency relation;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: IC-analysis according to the constituency relation;

text: Archaeologists use tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) to determine the age of old pieces of wood. Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis, with the spacing of rings being wider in high growth years and narrower in low growth years. Patterns in tree-ring growth can be used to establish the age of old wood samples, and also give some hints to local climatic conditions. This technique is useful to about 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States using overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood.

text: Archaeologist

text: s use tree-ring dating (

text: dendrochronology

text: ) to determine the age of old pieces of wood. Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis, with the spacing of rings being wider in high growth years and narrower in low growth years. Patterns in tree-ring growth can be used to establish the age of old wood samples, and also give some hints to local climatic conditions. This technique is useful to about 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States using overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: patterns in tree-ring growth

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: hints to local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: wider in high growth years and narrower in low growth years.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: hints to local climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: high growth years and narrower in low growth years.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States

text: Once the cores are of sufficient mass (), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to  in a few million years. After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years. The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. In this model ice giants—Uranus and Neptune—are failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk.

text: Once the cores are of sufficient mass (), they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk. Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to  in a few million years. After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000 years. The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. In this model ice giants—Uranus and Neptune—are failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. It stops when the protoplanetary disk disappears or when the end of the disk is attained. The latter case corresponds to the so-called

text: hot Jupiters

text: , which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: in a few million years

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the supply from the disk is exhausted

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they begin to gather gas from the surrounding disk

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: protoplanetary disk

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a few million years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Once the cores are of sufficient mass

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: gas from the surrounding disk.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: failed cores that began gas accretion too late,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice giants—Uranus

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice giants—Uranus

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a few million years.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 10,000 years.

text: In addition to the strictly limnological research on the lakes, the sediments at their bottoms are being used to explore the history of the plant and animal life and of the climate around the lake over the last several thousand years (i.e. its paleoclimatology). Because the deep, oxygen-depleted bottoms of the lakes are undisturbed either by annual mixing or by "bioturbation" (plant growth or movement of worms and other animals), each year's sediments are preserved as distinguishable layers (or varves) that can be dated back in time from the present. There is a distinct change in the color of the varves that occurred around 1800; the lower, older varves are dark brown, and the higher, younger varves are grey. The varves thus record the change in the lakes' environment around 1800, when the primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland. The Round Lake National Natural Landmark offers a glimpse of the original forest.

text: In addition to the strictly limnological research on the lakes, the sediments at their bottoms are being used to explore the history of the plant and animal life and of the climate around the lake over the last several thousand years (i.e. its

text: paleoclimatology

text: ). Because the deep, oxygen-depleted bottoms of the lakes are undisturbed either by annual mixing or by "

text: bioturbation

text: " (plant growth or movement of worms and other animals), each year's sediments are preserved as distinguishable layers (or

text: varves

text: ) that can be dated back in time from the present. There is a distinct change in the color of the varves that occurred around 1800; the lower, older varves are dark brown, and the higher, younger varves are grey. The varves thus record the change in the lakes' environment around 1800, when the primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland. The Round Lake National Natural Landmark offers a glimpse of the original forest.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves thus record the change in the lakes' environment around 1800

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: plant growth or movement of worms and other animals

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the lower, older varves are dark brown, and the higher, younger varves are grey

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the lower, older varves are dark brown

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can be dated back in time

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: each year's sediments are preserved as distinguishable layers

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (plant growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: primeval forests in the region were replaced by open fields and farmland.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dated back in time from the present.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: open fields and farmland.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: each year's

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: each year's sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves) that can be dated back in time from the present.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varves) that can be dated back in time from the present.

text: Hughes has studied geographical areas including Europe, Asia, and the Sierra Nevada. In addition to tree rings, Hughes uses ice cores, laminated sediments, and the historical temperature record to help understand past climates. In 1998, he was a co-author with Michael E. Mann and Raymond S. Bradley on a paper which produced the first eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction (CFR) incorporating multiple climate proxy data sets of different types and lengths into a high-resolution reconstruction of northern hemisphere temperatures. In 1999 the same team extended the method to cover 1,000 years, producing what was dubbed the hockey stick graph.

text: Hughes has studied geographical areas including Europe, Asia, and the Sierra Nevada. In addition to tree rings, Hughes uses

text: ice cores

text: laminated sediments

text: , and the

text: historical temperature record

text: to help understand past climates. In 1998, he was a co-author with

text: Michael E. Mann

text: and

text: Raymond S. Bradley

text: on a paper which produced the first

text: eigenvector

text: -based climate field reconstruction (CFR) incorporating multiple climate proxy data sets of different types and lengths into a high-resolution reconstruction of northern hemisphere temperatures. In 1999 the same team extended the method to cover 1,000 years, producing what was dubbed the

text: hockey stick graph

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Hughes uses ice cores, laminated sediments, and the historical temperature record to help understand past climates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: help understand past climates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: eigenvector

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: help understand past climates.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to help understand past climates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: eigenvector-based

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: eigenvector-based

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1,000 years,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores,

text: The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named Arrandale and based on the 32 nm Westmere shrink of the Nehalem microarchitecture. Arrandale processors have integrated graphics capability but only two processor cores. They were released in January 2010, together with Core i7-6xx and Core i3-3xx processors based on the same chip. The L3 cache in Core i5-5xx processors is reduced to 3 MB, while the Core i5-6xx uses the full cache and the Core i3-3xx does not support for Turbo Boost.Clarkdale, the desktop version of Arrandale, is sold as Core i5-6xx, along with related Core i3 and Pentium brands. It has Hyper-Threading enabled and the full 4 MB L3 cache.

text: The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named

text: Arrandale

text: and based on the

text: 32 nm Westmere

text: shrink of the

text: Nehalem microarchitecture

text: . Arrandale processors have integrated graphics capability but only two processor cores. They were released in January 2010, together with Core i7-6xx and Core i3-3xx processors based on the same chip. The L3 cache in Core i5-5xx processors is reduced to 3 MB, while the Core i5-6xx uses the full cache and the Core i3-3xx does not support for

text: Turbo Boost

text: Clarkdale

text: , the desktop version of Arrandale, is sold as Core i5-6xx, along with related Core i3 and Pentium brands. It has Hyper-Threading enabled and the full 4 MB L3 cache.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are named Arrandale

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: i5-5xx mobile processors

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The L3 cache in Core i5-5xx processors is reduced to 3 MB

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: only two processor cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Core i5-5xx

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Core i5-6xx,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Hyper-Threading enabled and the full 4 MB

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The L3 cache

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named Arrandale

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: two processor cores.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named Arrandale

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 32 nm Westmere

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Core i5-6xx,

text: According to the analyses of varved sediments from Lake Suigetsu, Japan and other paleonenvironmental records from Asia, a substantial delay occurred in onset and end of the Younger Dryas between Asia and the North Atlantic. For example, paleoenvironmental analysis of sediment cores from Lake Suigetsu in Japan found the Younger Dryas temperature decline of 2–4 °C between 12,300 and 11,250 varve (calendar) years BP instead of about 12,900 calendar years BP in the North Atlantic region. In contrast, the abrupt shift in the radiocarbon signal from apparent radiocarbon dates of 11,000 radiocarbon years to radiocarbon dates of 10,700–10,600 radiocarbon years BP in terrestrial macrofossils and tree rings in Europe over a fifty-year period occurred at the same time in the varved sediments of Lake Suigetsu. However, this same shift in the radiocarbon signal predates the start of Younger Dryas at Lake Suigetsu by a few hundred years. Interpretations of data from Chinese also confirms the observation that the Younger Dryas dry and cold event in East Asia lags the North Atlantic Younger Dryas cooling with at least 200–300 years. Although, the interpretation of the data is more murky and ambiguous, it is likely that end of the Younger Dryas and start of Holocene warming was similarly delayed in time in Japan, and in other parts of East Asia.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Younger Dryas dry and cold event

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a substantial delay occurred in onset and end of the Younger Dryas between Asia and the North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: calendar

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperature decline of 2–4 °C

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: substantial delay occurred in onset and end of the Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Younger Dryas temperature decline of 2–4 °C

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the Younger Dryas temperature decline of 2–4 °C

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (calendar)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (calendar) years BP

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: sediment cores

text: The ship was built in 1943 by Gävle Varvs & Verkstads Nya AB, Gävle.

text: The ship was built in 1943 by Gävle Varvs & Verkstads Nya AB, Gävle.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Gävle

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the ship was built in 1943

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gävle

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gävle

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The ship was built in 1943

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The ship was built in 1943

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The ship was built in 1943

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: AB, Gävle.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: AB, Gävle.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gävle Varvs

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1943

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gävle.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1943

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The ship was built in 1943

text: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the ice sheet:

text: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the

text: ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be seen

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ice sheet will melt

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the ice sheet is made of ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are used for research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a month

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a dead tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice sheet:

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: intermediate depth

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice sheet:

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice sheet:

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: intermediate depth cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: intermediate depth cores

text: By then, observations of the stratigraphic relationship between varved sediment and recessional moraines, and the correlation of varve sequences between geographically distant sites, added more compelling evidence to De Geer's essentially circumstantial speculation. The geological community accepted that it was unlikely that the couplets were unlikely to represent any period other than the year.

text: By then, observations of the

text: stratigraphic

text: relationship between varved sediment and recessional

text: moraine

text: s, and the correlation of varve sequences between geographically distant sites, added more compelling evidence to De Geer's essentially circumstantial speculation. The geological community accepted that it was unlikely that the couplets were unlikely to represent any period other than the year.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the couplets were unlikely to represent any period

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the couplets were unlikely to represent any period other than the year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: couplets

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varved sediment and recessional moraines,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: recessional moraines,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The geological community accepted that it was unlikely that the couplets

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: essentially circumstantial speculation.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unlikely to represent any period other than the year.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: couplets

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: recessional moraines,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geographically distant sites,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the year.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: year.

text: Sediments that are carried in the suspended load of a stream, commonly silts and clays, are transported into the lake in suspension or by currents along the lake floor. These are the principal deposits during the winter because of lack of melting of the glacier so the stream has a reduced discharge therefore carrying less coarse material. These sediments normally consist of fine-grained rhythmites that are laid down in layers known as varves or varvites. A varve represent an annual deposit of silt and clay. Sedimentation in deltas also occurs in rhythmic patterns as in the lake deposits, but they are thicker and contain coarse-grained materials instead of just silt and clay. As the varves get closer to the shoreline the clay layer will stay relatively the same thickness, but there will be an increase in thickness of the silt layer.

text: Sediments that are carried in the suspended load of a stream, commonly

text: silt

text: s and

text: clay

text: s, are transported into the lake in suspension or by currents along the lake floor. These are the principal deposits during the winter because of lack of melting of the

text: glacier

text: so the stream has a reduced

text: discharge

text: therefore carrying less coarse material. These sediments normally consist of fine-grained

text: rhythmite

text: s that are laid down in layers known as

text: varve

text: s or varvites. A varve represent an annual deposit of silt and clay. Sedimentation in deltas also occurs in rhythmic patterns as in the lake deposits, but they are thicker and contain coarse-grained materials instead of just silt and clay. As the varves get closer to the shoreline the clay layer will stay relatively the same thickness, but there will be an increase in thickness of the silt layer.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the stream has a reduced discharge

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the clay layer will stay relatively the same thickness, but there will be an increase in thickness of the silt layer

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Sediments that are carried in the suspended load of a stream,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: melting of the glacier

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: As the varves get closer to the shoreline

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: melting of the glacier

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: melting of the glacier

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual deposit of silt and clay.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual deposit of silt and clay.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual deposit of silt and clay.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Sediments that are carried in the suspended load of a stream,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Sediments that are carried in the suspended load of a stream,

text: An ice core is a core sample from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time. Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

text: An

text: ice core

text: is a

text: core sample

text: from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time. Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: an abundance of climate information

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain an abundance of climate information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: An ice core

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

text: A single-core processor is a microprocessor with a single core on a chip, running a single thread at any one time. The term became common after the emergence of multi-core processors (which have several independent processors on a single chip) to distinguish non-multi-core designs. For example, Intel released a Core 2 Solo and Core 2 Duo, and one would refer to the former as the 'single-core' variant. Most microprocessors prior to the multi-core era are single-core. The class of many-core processors follows on from multi-core, in a progression showing increasing parallelism over time.

text: A single-core processor is a

text: microprocessor

text: with a single core on a chip, running a single

text: thread

text: at any one time. The term became common after the emergence of

text: multi-core

text: processors (which have several independent processors on a single chip) to distinguish non-multi-core designs. For example,

text: Intel

text: released a

text: Core 2 Solo

text: and

text: Core 2 Duo

text: , and one would refer to the former as the 'single-core' variant. Most microprocessors prior to the multi-core era are single-core. The class of

text: many-core

text: processors follows on from multi-core, in a progression showing increasing

text: parallelism

text: over time.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: multi-core processors

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Most microprocessors prior to the multi-core era are single-core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: multi-core processors

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Most microprocessors prior to the multi-core era

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: single thread at any one time.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A single-core processor

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: increasing parallelism over time.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: increasing parallelism over time.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: A single-core processor

text: The rotation and amplitude of Haumea's light curve place strong constraints on its composition. If Haumea had a low density like Pluto, with a thick mantle of ice over a small rocky core, its rapid rotation would have elongated it to a greater extent than the fluctuations in its brightness allow. Such considerations constrain its density to a range of 2.6–3.3 g/cm. By comparison, the Moon, which is rocky, has a density of 3.3 g/cm, whereas Pluto, which is typical of icy objects in the Kuiper belt, has a density of 1.86 g/cm. Haumea's possible density covers the values for silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene, which make up many of the rocky objects in the Solar System. This suggests that the bulk of Haumea is rock covered with a relatively thin layer of ice. A thick ice mantle more typical of Kuiper belt objects may have been blasted off during the impact that formed the Haumean collisional family.

text: The rotation and amplitude of Haumea's

text: light curve

text: place strong constraints on its composition. If Haumea had a low

text: density

text: like Pluto, with a thick mantle of

text: ice

text: over a small

text: rocky

text: core, its rapid rotation would have elongated it to a greater extent than the fluctuations in its brightness allow. Such considerations constrain its density to a range of 2.6–3.3 g/cm. By comparison, the Moon, which is rocky, has a density of 3.3 g/cm, whereas Pluto, which is typical of icy objects in the Kuiper belt, has a density of 1.86 g/cm. Haumea's possible density covers the values for

text: silicate minerals

text: such as

text: olivine

text: and

text: pyroxene

text: , which make up many of the

text: rocky objects

text: in the Solar System. This suggests that the bulk of Haumea is rock covered with a relatively thin layer of ice. A thick ice mantle more typical of Kuiper belt objects may have been blasted off during the impact that formed the Haumean collisional family.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Haumea's possible density

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Haumea's light curve place strong constraints on its composition

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Haumea's possible density covers the values for silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: small rocky core

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Haumea

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: collisional family

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Haumean collisional family

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The rotation and amplitude of Haumea's

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 2.6–3.3 g/cm.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: rock covered with a relatively thin layer of ice.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: rock covered with a relatively thin layer of ice.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: thick ice mantle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: light curve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: impact that formed the Haumean collisional family.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2.6–3.3 g/cm.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice over a small rocky core,

text: The Core 2 brand refers to Intel's x86/x86-64 microprocessors with the Core microarchitecture targeted at the consumer and business markets (except servers) above Pentium. The Core 2 solo branch covered single-core CPUs for notebook computers, Core 2 Duo – dual-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers, Core 2 Quad – quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers, and Core 2 Extreme – dual-core and quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers.

text: The

text: Core 2

text: brand refers to

text: Intel

text: 's

text: microprocessor

text: s with the

text: Core microarchitecture

text: targeted at the consumer and business markets (except servers) above

text: Pentium

text: . The

text: Core 2 solo

text: branch covered single-core CPUs for notebook computers,

text: Core 2 Duo

text: – dual-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers,

text: Core 2 Quad

text: – quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers, and

text: Core 2 Extreme

text: – dual-core and quad-core CPUs for both desktop and notebook computers.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Core 2 Duo

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Core 2 solo branch covered single-core CPUs for notebook computers

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Core 2 Quad

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Core 2 Quad

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Core 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Core 2 Duo

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Core 2 solo branch covered single-core CPUs for notebook computers,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Core 2

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: servers) above Pentium.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The Core 2

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The Core 2

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Core microarchitecture

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The Core 2

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Core 2

text: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions.  This means that special efforts are needed to map sites properly.  In addition, samples must be collected in difficult (often sloping terrain) conditions.  Generally, tree rings are collected using a hand-held borer device, that requires skill to get a good sample.  The best samples come from felling a tree and sectioning it.  However, this requires more danger and does damage to the forest.  It may not be allowed in certain areas, particularly with the oldest trees in undisturbed sites (which are the most interesting scientifically).  As with all experimentalists, dendroclimatologists must, at times, decide to make the best of imperfect data, rather than resample.  This tradeoff is made more difficult, because sample collection (in the field) and analysis (in the lab) may be separated significantly in time and space.  These collection challenges mean that data gathering is not as simple or cheap as conventional laboratory science.

text: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions.  This means that special efforts are needed to map sites properly.  In addition, samples must be collected in difficult (often sloping terrain) conditions.  Generally, tree rings are collected using a hand-held borer device, that requires skill to get a good sample.  The best samples come from felling a tree and sectioning it.  However, this requires more danger and does damage to the forest.  It may not be allowed in certain areas, particularly with the oldest trees in undisturbed sites (which are the most interesting scientifically).  As with all experimentalists, dendroclimatologists must, at times, decide to make the best of imperfect data, rather than resample.  This tradeoff is made more difficult, because sample collection (in the field) and analysis (in the lab) may be separated significantly in time and space.  These collection challenges mean that data gathering is not as simple or cheap as conventional laboratory science.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendroclimatologists

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: resample

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: in winter

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: data gathering is not as simple or cheap as conventional laboratory science

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: remote regions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the oldest trees in undisturbed sites

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: felling a tree

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: difficult (often sloping terrain) conditions.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree rings must be obtained from nature, frequently from remote regions.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: oldest trees in undisturbed sites

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree rings

text: The western half of the square is dominated by Luxembourg City Hall in the southwest, whilst the equestrian statue to former Grand Duke William II, after whom the square is named, is the prominent feature of the eastern half.  Much of the square is ringed with trees, narrowing the open area (particularly around the statue).

text: The western half of the square is dominated by

text: Luxembourg City Hall

text: in the southwest, whilst the

text: equestrian statue

text: to former

text: Grand Duke

text: William II

text: , after whom the square is named, is the prominent feature of the eastern half.  Much of the square is ringed with trees, narrowing the open area (particularly around the statue).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: narrowing the open area

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Much of the square is ringed with trees

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Luxembourg City Hall

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Luxembourg City

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Much of the square is ringed with trees,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: narrowing the open area

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Much of the square is ringed with trees,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Luxembourg City Hall

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: trees,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: trees,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Luxembourg City Hall

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Much of the square is ringed with trees,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Luxembourg City Hall

text: Although some high-end Core i7 processors expose QPI, other "mainstream" Nehalem desktop and mobile processors intended for single-socket boards (e.g. LGA 1156 Core i3, Core i5, and other Core i7 processors from the Lynnfield/Clarksfield and successor families) do not expose QPI externally, because these processors are not intended to participate in multi-socket systems. However, QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore", which is part of the chip containing memory controllers, CPU-side PCI Express and GPU, if present; the uncore may or may not be on the same die as the CPU core, for instance it is on a separate die in the Westmere-based Clarkdale/Arrandale. These post-2009 single-socket chips communicate externally via the slower DMI and PCI Express interfaces, because the functions of the traditional northbridge are actually integrated into these processors, starting with Lynnfield, Clarksfield, Clarkdale and Arrandale; thus, there is no need to incur the expense of exposing the (former) front-side bus interface via the processor socket. Although the core–uncore QPI link is not present in desktop and mobile Sandy Bridge processors (as it was on Clarkdale, for example), the internal ring interconnect between on-die cores is also based on the principles behind QPI, at least as far as cache coherency is concerned.

text: Although some high-end Core i7 processors expose QPI, other "mainstream" Nehalem desktop and mobile processors intended for single-socket boards (e.g.

text: LGA 1156

text: Core i3, Core i5, and other Core i7 processors from the

text: Lynnfield

text: Clarksfield

text: and successor families) do not expose QPI externally, because these processors are not intended to participate in multi-socket systems. However, QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "

text: uncore

text: ", which is part of the chip containing memory controllers, CPU-side

text: PCI Express

text: and GPU, if present; the uncore may or may not be on the same die as the CPU core, for instance it is on a separate die in the

text: Westmere

text: -based

text: Clarkdale

text: Arrandale

text: . These post-2009 single-socket chips communicate externally via the slower

text: DMI

text: and PCI Express interfaces, because the functions of the traditional

text: northbridge

text: are actually integrated into these processors, starting with Lynnfield, Clarksfield, Clarkdale and Arrandale; thus, there is no need to incur the expense of exposing the (former) front-side bus interface via the processor socket. Although the core–uncore QPI link is not present in desktop and mobile

text: Sandy Bridge

text: processors (as it was on Clarkdale, for example), the internal ring interconnect between on-die cores is also based on the principles behind QPI, at least as far as

text: cache coherency

text: is concerned.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the core–uncore QPI link is not present in desktop and mobile Sandy Bridge processors

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore"

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: internal ring interconnect between on-die cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: uncore

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Sandy Bridge processors

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: high-end Core i7 processors expose QPI,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: QPI is used internally on these chips to communicate with the "uncore",

text: As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty rings of Jupiter or the broad and complex rings of Saturn, some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice. However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian F ring and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons. The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of Saturn. Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus. In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter. In contrast, the Neptunian ring system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust; the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.

text: As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty

text: rings of Jupiter

text: or the broad and complex

text: rings of Saturn

text: , some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice. However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian

text: F ring

text: and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons. The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of

text: Saturn

text: . Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus. In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter. In contrast, the

text: Neptunian ring

text: system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust; the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a pair of moons

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Neptunian rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ring system of Uranus

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: material—water ice.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system;

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust;

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: material—water ice.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: material—water ice.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: material—water ice.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Saturnian rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ring system of Uranus

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: material—water ice.

text: Gymnocladus dioicus is used as a street tree as far north as Montréal, Québec. It resists well harsh winters and de-icing salts.

text: Gymnocladus dioicus is used as a street tree as far north as

text: Montréal

text: Québec

text: . It resists well harsh winters and de-icing salts.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: it will die

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is a street tree

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gymnocladus

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Gymnocladus dioicus

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: de-icing salts.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It resists well harsh winters and de-icing salts.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Gymnocladus dioicus

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: de-icing salts.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gymnocladus dioicus

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Gymnocladus dioicus

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: winters

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Gymnocladus dioicus

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Montréal, Québec.

text: Ice cores are typically stored and transported in refrigerated ISO container systems.  Due to the high value and the temperature-sensitive nature of the ice core samples, container systems with primary and back-up refrigeration units and generator sets are often used.  Known as a Redundant Container System in the industry, the refrigeration unit and generator set automatically switches to its back-up in the case of a loss of performance or power to provide the ultimate peace of mind when shipping this valuable cargo.

text: Ice cores are typically stored and transported in refrigerated ISO container systems.  Due to the high value and the temperature-sensitive nature of the ice core samples, container systems with primary and back-up refrigeration units and generator sets are often used.  Known as a

text: Redundant Container System

text: in the industry, the refrigeration unit and generator set automatically switches to its back-up in the case of a loss of performance or power to provide the ultimate peace of mind when shipping this valuable cargo.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: elm

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Redundant Container System

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores are typically stored and transported in refrigerated ISO container systems

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: temperature-sensitive nature

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ISO container systems

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the refrigeration unit and generator set automatically switches to its back-up

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the refrigeration unit and generator set automatically switches to its back-up

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: temperature-sensitive nature

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice cores

text: Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century, and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300, followed by Little Ice Age. This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed, and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional.  introduced the "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method used by most later large scale reconstructions. Their study was featured in the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995.

text: Paleoclimatology

text: dates back to the 19th century, and the concept of examining

text: varve

text: s in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s. In the 1960s,

text: Hubert Lamb

text: generalised from

text: historical documents

text: and temperature records of central England to propose a

text: Medieval Warm Period

text: from around 900 to 1300, followed by

text: Little Ice Age

text: . This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the

text: IPCC First Assessment Report

text: of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. The use of indicators to get quantitative estimates of the

text: temperature record

text: of past centuries was developed, and by the late 1990s a number of competing teams of climatologists found indications that recent warming was exceptional.  introduced the "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method used by most later large scale reconstructions. Their study was featured in the

text: IPCC Second Assessment Report

text: of 1995.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings to track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds and tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Little Ice Age.

text: |-| Loss| align=center|7–5| Alexander Karelin| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–4| Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov| Submission| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:24| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6–4| Kiyoshi Tamura| n/a| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–3| Mitsuya Nagai| n/a| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–3| Nikolai Zouev| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings – Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:17| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–3| Andrei Kopylov| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings – Extension Fighting 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:32| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3–3| Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov| Submission (leg lock)| Rings – Extension Fighting 2|  | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:47| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3–2| Maurice Smith| n/a| Rings – Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2–2| Yoshihisa Yamamoto| Submission| Rings – Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1–2| Dick Vrij| n/a| Rings – Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–2| Chris Dolman| Submission (armbar)| Rings Holland – Free Fight| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:07| Amsterdam, Holland| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov| Submission| Rings – Budokan Hall 1995| | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Tokyo, Japan|

text: |-| Loss| align=center|7–5|

text: Alexander Karelin

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–4|

text: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:24| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6–4|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | n/a|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–3|

text: Mitsuya Nagai

text: | n/a|

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–3|

text: Nikolai Zouev

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings – Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:17| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–3|

text: Andrei Kopylov

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings – Extension Fighting 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:32| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3–3|

text: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov

text: | Submission (leg lock)|

text: Rings – Extension Fighting 2

text: |  | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:47| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3–2|

text: Maurice Smith

text: | n/a|

text: Rings – Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2–2|

text: Yoshihisa Yamamoto

text: | Submission|

text: Rings – Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1–2|

text: Dick Vrij

text: | n/a|

text: Rings – Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–2|

text: Chris Dolman

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings Holland – Free Fight

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:07|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Holland| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1|

text: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov

text: | Submission|

text: Rings – Budokan Hall 1995

text: | | align=center| n/a| align=center| n/a|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 2–2| Yoshihisa Yamamoto| Submission| Rings – Budokan Hall 1996

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to preserve food.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Extension Fighting

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Submission (rear-naked choke)|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 4–3|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Submission

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Submission

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 4–3|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Extension Fighting

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 4–3|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 4–3|

text: Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems. The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew. Chemical traces produced by climatic changes, such as quantities of particular isotopes, can be recovered from proxies. Some proxies, such as gas bubbles trapped in ice, enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. To produce the most precise results, systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping.

text: Examples of proxies include

text: ice core

text: s,

text: tree rings

text: sub-fossil pollen

text: borehole

text: s,

text: coral

text: s,

text: lake and ocean sediments

text: , and carbonate

text: speleothems

text: . The character of deposition or rate of growth of the proxies' material has been influenced by the climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew. Chemical traces produced by climatic changes, such as quantities of particular

text: isotopes

text: , can be recovered from proxies. Some proxies, such as gas bubbles trapped in ice, enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. To produce the most precise results, systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: chemical traces produced by climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: To produce the most precise results, systematic cross-verification between proxy indicators is necessary for accuracy in readings and record-keeping

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: enable traces of the ancient atmosphere to be recovered and measured directly to provide a history of fluctuations in the composition of the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ocean sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Chemical traces produced by climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Chemical traces produced by climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: proxies

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores, tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake and ocean sediments,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climatic conditions of the time in which they were laid down or grew.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: proxies

text: Until March 26, 2008, a -tall member of the species was a prominent "centerpiece" of the sculpture garden at the Noguchi Museum in the borough of Queens in New York City. The tree had been spared by the sculptor Isamu Noguchi when in 1975 he bought the building which would become the museum and cleaned up its back lot. The tree was the only one he left in the yard, and the staff would eat lunch with Noguchi under it. "[I]n a sense, the sculpture garden was designed around the tree", said a former aide to Noguchi, Bonnie Rychlak, who later became the museum curator. By 2008, the old tree was found to be dying and in danger of crashing into the building, which was about to undergo a major renovation. The museum hired the Detroit Tree of Heaven Woodshop, an artists' collective, to use the wood to create benches, sculptures and other amenities in and around the building. The tree's rings were counted, revealing its age to be 75, and museum officials hoped it would regenerate from a sucker.

text: Until March 26, 2008, a -tall member of the species was a prominent "centerpiece" of the sculpture garden at the

text: Noguchi Museum

text: in the borough of

text: Queens

text: in

text: New York City

text: . The tree had been spared by the sculptor

text: Isamu Noguchi

text: when in 1975 he bought the building which would become the museum and cleaned up its back lot. The tree was the only one he left in the yard, and the staff would eat lunch with Noguchi under it. "[I]n a sense, the sculpture garden was designed around the tree", said a former aide to Noguchi, Bonnie Rychlak, who later became the museum curator. By 2008, the old tree was found to be dying and in danger of crashing into the building, which was about to undergo a major renovation. The museum hired the Detroit Tree of Heaven Woodshop, an artists' collective, to use the wood to create benches, sculptures and other amenities in and around the building. The tree's rings were counted, revealing its age to be 75, and museum officials hoped it would regenerate from a

text: sucker

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: crashing into the building

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: By 2008, the old tree was found to be dying

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: New York City

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Detroit Tree of Heaven Woodshop,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: sucker.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: dying and in danger of crashing into the building,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 75,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 75,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 2008,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 75,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sucker.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 75,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 75,

text: Many materials can appear in an ice core. Layers can be measured in several ways to identify changes in composition. Small meteorites may be embedded in the ice. Volcanic eruptions leave identifiable ash layers. Dust in the core can be linked to increased desert area or wind speed.

text: Many materials can appear in an ice core. Layers can be measured in several ways to identify changes in composition. Small meteorites may be embedded in the ice. Volcanic eruptions leave identifiable ash layers. Dust in the core can be linked to increased desert area or wind speed.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be identified by

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dust in the core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Small meteorites may be embedded in the ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Many materials can appear

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Many materials can appear in an ice core.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Dust in the core can be linked to increased desert area

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Small meteorites may be embedded in the ice.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dust in the core can be linked to increased desert area or wind speed.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Many materials can appear

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: increased desert area

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: changes in composition.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Layers can be measured in several ways to identify changes in composition.

text: Analysis of ice in a core drilled from an ice sheet such as the Antarctic ice sheet, can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations. The air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.

text: Analysis of ice in a core drilled from an

text: ice sheet

text: such as the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: , can be used to show a link between temperature and global sea level variations. The air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences. The study of these ice cores has been a significant indicator of the changes in CO over many millennia, and continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: e.g.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: global sea level variations

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: air trapped in bubbles in the ice can also reveal the CO variations of the atmosphere from the distant past, well before modern environmental influences

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperature and global sea level variations.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: continues to provide valuable information about the differences between ancient and modern atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature and global sea level variations.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The air trapped in bubbles

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The air trapped in bubbles

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The air trapped in bubbles

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The air trapped in bubbles

text: Ring systems are collections of dust, moonlets, or other small objects. The most notable examples are those around Saturn, but the other three gas giants (Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) also have ring systems.  The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a tenuous ring system consisting of three narrow, relatively dense bands within a particulate disk, the first predicted around a moon.Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System. centaur 10199 Chariklo, with a diameter of about , is the smallest object with rings ever discovered consisting of two narrow and dense bands, 6–7 km (4 mi) and 2–4 km (2 mi) wide, separated by a gap of . Extrasolar planet J1407b has been referred to as a "Saturn on steroids" or “Super Saturn” due to its massive system of circumplanetary rings with a radius of approximately 90 million km (0.6 AU).

text: Ring systems are collections of

text: dust

text: moonlet

text: s, or other small objects. The most notable examples are

text: those around Saturn

text: , but the other three

text: gas giant

text: s (

text: Jupiter

text: Uranus

text: and

text: Neptune

text: ) also have ring systems.  The

text: Saturn

text: ian moon

text: Rhea

text: may have a tenuous

text: ring system

text: consisting of three narrow, relatively dense bands within a particulate disk, the first predicted around a

text: moon

text: .Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System.

text: centaur

text: 10199 Chariklo

text: , with a diameter of about , is the smallest object with rings ever discovered consisting of two narrow and dense bands, 6–7 km (4 mi) and 2–4 km (2 mi) wide, separated by a gap of . Extrasolar planet

text: has been referred to as a "

text: Saturn

text: on steroids" or “

text: Super Saturn

text: ” due to its massive system of circumplanetary rings with a radius of approximately 90 million km (0.6

text: AU

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ring systems

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: What is the smallest object with rings ever discovered

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: gas giants

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ring systems

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tens or hundreds of millions of years,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Saturn's rings might be quite old,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ring systems are collections of dust,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Ring systems

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ring systems

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ring systems

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ring systems are collections of dust, moonlets, or other small objects.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: early days of the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tens or hundreds of millions of years,

text: It is connected to the open Caribbean Sea through two shallow (~140 m) channels, to the north the (Tortuga Channel) and to the west the (Centinela Channel). Water circulation inside the basin is restricted, which, combined with the high annual primary productivity of the region (~500 gCmyr), causes the basin to be permanently anoxic, below ~250 m. This naturally occurring anoxic basin allows for sediments to be deposited without bioturbation, forming varves of alternating light and dark color, which correspond to the dry or rainy season. Its unique geography and undisturbed sediment record provides an excellent history of tropical climate change and is particularly sensitive to shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)  and has been the subject of extensive paleoclimatological research, amongst other sedimentological studies, geochemical studies, with alkenones, Mg/Ca, and micropaleontological, with foraminifera,  pollen and spores, dinocysts and coccoliths.

text: It is connected to the open Caribbean Sea through two shallow (~140 m) channels, to the north the (Tortuga Channel) and to the west the (Centinela Channel). Water circulation inside the basin is restricted, which, combined with the high annual primary productivity of the region (~500 gCmyr), causes the basin to be permanently

text: anoxic

text: , below ~250 m. This naturally occurring

text: anoxic basin

text: allows for sediments to be deposited without

text: bioturbation

text: , forming

text: varve

text: s of alternating light and dark color, which correspond to the dry or rainy season. Its unique geography and undisturbed

text: sediment record

text: provides an excellent history of tropical climate change and is particularly sensitive to shifts in the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ)  and has been the subject of extensive paleoclimatological research, amongst other sedimentological studies, geochemical studies, with

text: alkenones

text: Mg/Ca

text: , and micropaleontological, with

text: foraminifera

text: pollen and spores

text: dinocyst

text: s and

text: coccolith

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: light and dark

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The basin is permanently anoxic, below  250 m

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: dark

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: anoxic basin

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves of alternating light and dark color

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: alternating light and dark color,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Water circulation inside the basin is restricted,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: alternating light and dark color, which correspond to the dry or rainy season.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: alternating light and dark color, which correspond to the dry or rainy season.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: light and dark color,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dry or rainy season.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediments to be deposited without bioturbation,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: paleoclimatological research,

text: In the early years of using the technique, it was understood that it depended on the atmospheric / ratio having remained the same over the preceding few thousand years. To verify the accuracy of the method, several artefacts that were datable by other techniques were tested; the results of the testing were in reasonable agreement with the true ages of the objects. However, in 1958, Hessel de Vries was able to demonstrate that the / ratio had changed over time by testing wood samples of known ages and showing there was a significant deviation from the expected ratio. This discrepancy, often called the de Vries effect, was resolved by the study of tree rings.  Comparison of overlapping series of tree rings allowed the construction of a continuous sequence of tree-ring data that spanned 8,000 years.  (Since that time the tree-ring data series has been extended to 13,900 years.)  Carbon-dating the wood from the tree rings themselves provided the check needed on the atmospheric / ratio: with a sample of known date, and a measurement of the value of N (the number of atoms of  remaining in the sample), the carbon-dating equation allows the calculation of N – the number of atoms of  in the sample at the time the tree ring was formed – and hence the / ratio in the atmosphere at that time. Armed with the results of carbon-dating the tree rings, it became possible to construct calibration curves designed to correct the errors caused by the variation over time in the / ratio. These curves are described in more detail below.

text: In the early years of using the technique, it was understood that it depended on the atmospheric / ratio having remained the same over the preceding few thousand years. To verify the accuracy of the method, several artefacts that were datable by other techniques were tested; the results of the testing were in reasonable agreement with the true ages of the objects. However, in 1958,

text: Hessel de Vries

text: was able to demonstrate that the / ratio had changed over time by testing wood samples of known ages and showing there was a significant deviation from the expected ratio. This discrepancy, often called the de Vries effect, was resolved by the

text: study of tree rings

text: .  Comparison of overlapping series of tree rings allowed the construction of a continuous sequence of tree-ring data that spanned 8,000 years.  (Since that time the tree-ring data series has been extended to 13,900 years.)  Carbon-dating the wood from the tree rings themselves provided the check needed on the atmospheric / ratio: with a sample of known date, and a measurement of the value of N (the number of atoms of  remaining in the sample), the carbon-dating equation allows the calculation of N – the number of atoms of  in the sample at the time the tree ring was formed – and hence the / ratio in the atmosphere at that time. Armed with the results of carbon-dating the tree rings, it became possible to construct calibration curves designed to correct the errors caused by the variation over time in the / ratio. These curves are described in more detail

text: below

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: carbon-dating the wood

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the de Vries effect, was resolved by the study of tree rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: de Vries effect

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: carbon-dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: carbon-dating

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: atmospheric / ratio

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the / ratio had changed over time

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the results of the testing were in reasonable agreement with the true ages

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: atmospheric / ratio

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Carbon-dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings.

text: Early tephra horizons were identified with the Saksunarvatn tephra (Icelandic origin, ca 10.2 cal. ka BP), forming a horizon in the late Pre-Boreal of Northern Europe, the Vedde ash (also Icelandic in origin, ca 12.0 cal. ka BP) and the Laacher See tephra (in the Eifel volcanic field, ca 12.9 cal. ka BP). Major volcanoes which have been used in tephrochronological studies include Vesuvius, Hekla and Santorini. Minor volcanic events may also leave their fingerprint in the geological record:   Hayes Volcano is responsible for a series of six major tephra layers in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska. Tephra horizons provide a synchronous check against which to correlate the palaeoclimatic reconstructions that are obtained from terrestrial records, like fossil pollen studies (palynology), from varves in lake sediments or from marine deposits and ice-core records, and to extend the limits of carbon-14 dating.

text: Early tephra horizons were identified with the

text: Saksunarvatn tephra

text: (Icelandic origin,

text: ca

text: cal.

text: ka

text: BP), forming a horizon in the late

text: Pre-Boreal

text: of Northern Europe, the Vedde ash (also Icelandic in origin, ca 12.0 cal. ka BP) and the

text: Laacher See

text: tephra (in the

text: Eifel

text: volcanic field, ca 12.9 cal. ka BP). Major volcanoes which have been used in tephrochronological studies include

text: Vesuvius

text: Hekla

text: and

text: Santorini

text: . Minor volcanic events may also leave their fingerprint in the geological record:

text: Hayes Volcano

text: is responsible for a series of six major

text: tephra layer

text: s in the Cook Inlet region of Alaska. Tephra horizons provide a synchronous check against which to correlate the palaeoclimatic reconstructions that are obtained from terrestrial records, like fossil pollen studies (

text: palynology

text: ), from

text: varve

text: s in lake sediments or from marine deposits and

text: ice-core records

text: , and to extend the limits of

text: carbon-14 dating

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves in lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tephra horizons provide a synchronous check against which to correlate the palaeoclimatic reconstructions

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to extend the limits of carbon-14 dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-14 dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Pre-Boreal of Northern Europe,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves in lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Minor volcanic events may also leave their fingerprint in the geological record:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice-core records, and to extend the limits of carbon-14 dating.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: extend the limits of carbon-14 dating.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice-core records, and to extend the limits of carbon-14 dating.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice-core records, and to extend the limits of carbon-14 dating.

text: A study published in 1990 by Vogel and others suggested that the Avellino Eruption was responsible in part for the climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC. The latter were verified by "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers." The authors had just obtained carbon dates of 3360±40 BP, or 1617-1703 calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the Santorini explosion, that destroyed the Minoan civilization. The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates.

text: A study published in 1990 by Vogel and others suggested that the Avellino Eruption was responsible in part for the climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC. The latter were verified by "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers." The authors had just obtained carbon dates of 3360±40

text: BP

text: , or 1617-1703 calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the

text: Santorini

text: explosion, that destroyed the

text: Minoan

text: civilization. The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring series

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice-core layers

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: carbon dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring series

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Avellino

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring series

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The hypothesis remains unverifiable

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: carbon dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers."

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: "tree-ring series" and "ice-core layers."

text: Both polar caps show layered features, called polar-layered deposits, that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust. The more dust, the darker the surface.  The darker the surface, the more melting.  Dark surfaces absorb more light energy. There are other theories that attempt to explain the large grooves.

text: Both polar caps show layered features, called polar-layered deposits, that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust. The more dust, the darker the surface.  The darker the surface, the more melting.  Dark surfaces

text: absorb

text: more light energy. There are other theories that attempt to explain the large grooves.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree ring patterns

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dark surfaces absorb more light energy

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: polar caps

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wind flow patterns

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: information about the past climate of Mars

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: polar-layered deposits,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: melting and deposition of ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The more dust, the darker the surface.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust from Martian dust storms.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: melting and deposition of ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: polar-layered deposits, that result from seasonal melting

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wind flow patterns.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core data do on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth.

text: The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) first drilled a core near Dome C at  (560 km from Vostok) at an altitude of 3,233 m. The ice thickness is 3,309 ± 22 m and the core was drilled to 3,190 m. It is the longest ice core on record, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 kyr BP (Before Present). Present-day annual average air temperature is -54.5 °C and snow accumulation 25 mm/y. Information about the core was first published in Nature on June 10, 2004. The core revealed 8 previous glacial cycles. They subsequently drilled a core at Kohnen Station in 2006.

text: The

text: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

text: (EPICA) first drilled a core near

text: Dome C

text: at  (560 km from Vostok) at an altitude of 3,233 m. The ice thickness is 3,309 ± 22 m and the core was drilled to 3,190 m. It is the longest ice core on record, where ice has been sampled to an age of 800 kyr

text: BP

text: (Before Present). Present-day annual average air temperature is -54.5 °C and snow accumulation 25 mm/y. Information about the core was first published in Nature on June 10, 2004. The core revealed 8 previous glacial cycles. They subsequently drilled a core at

text: Kohnen Station

text: in 2006.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: eucalyptus

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 25 mm/y

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: present-day annual average air temperature is -54.5 °C and snow accumulation 25 mm/y

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: age of 800 kyr BP

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: -54.5 °C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 25 mm/y.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It is the longest ice core on record,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow accumulation 25 mm/y.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice has been sampled to an age of 800 kyr BP

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: -54.5 °C and snow accumulation 25 mm/y.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glacial cycles.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 800 kyr BP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 800 kyr BP

text: The Horgen culture started around 3500/3400 cal BC and lasting until 2850 cal BC. Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

text: The Horgen culture started around 3500/3400

text: cal

text: BC and lasting until 2850 cal BC. Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring dates range from 3370

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 3370 – 2864

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree ring dates range from 3370 – 2864 BC.

text: The Division of Biology and Paleo Environment (BPE) includes oceanographers, geologists, geochemists, biologists and environmental scientists who pursue research in two connected efforts. First, because all biological organisms record the environment in which they exist, BPE scientists use biology to uncover clues about earth’s past environment. They also attempt to understand how modern environmental conditions affect present-day biology. To do this, BPE scientists turn to a number of primary sources, including deep-sea sediment cores (and the fossils of phytoplankton and zooplankton they contain), samples from coral reefs, and growth rings of trees.

text: The Division of Biology and Paleo Environment (BPE) includes

text: oceanographer

text: s,

text: geologist

text: s,

text: geochemist

text: s,

text: biologist

text: s and

text: environmental scientist

text: s who pursue research in two connected efforts. First, because all biological organisms record the environment in which they exist, BPE scientists use biology to uncover clues about earth’s past environment. They also attempt to understand how modern environmental conditions affect present-day biology. To do this, BPE scientists turn to a number of primary sources, including deep-sea sediment cores (and the fossils of

text: phytoplankton

text: and

text: zooplankton

text: they contain), samples from

text: coral reefs

text: , and

text: growth rings

text: of trees.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings of trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: present-day biology

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: BPE scientists use biology to uncover clues about earth’s past environment

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: coral reefs

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: growth rings of trees

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth rings of trees.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: all biological organisms record the environment in which they exist,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: deep-sea sediment cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: deep-sea sediment cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: growth rings of trees.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: growth rings of trees.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: deep-sea sediment cores

text: In the mid-2010s, IC Bus underwent changes to stabilize its model line.  To re-emphasize the ties to its parent company, IC Bus modified its branding in 2013, adding the Navistar script to its IC Bus "wing" logo.  To better focus on its core model lines, the AE/AC-Series, BE-Series, and LC-Series were discontinued in 2014.  Currently (as of the 2017 model year, the CE and RE-Series school buses/MFSABs and commercial derivatives are produced alongside the HC-Series commercial shuttle bus (based on the Durastar truck).

text: In the mid-2010s, IC Bus underwent changes to stabilize its model line.  To re-emphasize the ties to its parent company, IC Bus modified its branding in 2013, adding the Navistar script to its IC Bus "wing" logo.  To better focus on its core model lines, the AE/AC-Series, BE-Series, and LC-Series were discontinued in 2014.  Currently (as of the 2017 model year, the CE and RE-Series school buses/MFSABs and commercial derivatives are produced alongside the HC-Series commercial shuttle bus (based on the Durastar truck).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "wing" logo

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the CE and RE-Series school buses/MFSABs

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: CE and RE-Series school buses/MFSABs and commercial derivatives are produced alongside the HC-Series commercial shuttle bus

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: To better focus on its core model lines

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: IC Bus

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Durastar truck

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: IC Bus modified its branding in 2013,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: HC-Series commercial shuttle bus

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: To re-emphasize the ties to its parent company,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: IC Bus modified its branding in 2013,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: To better focus on its core model lines,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: IC Bus "wing" logo.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mid-2010s,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: In the mid-2010s,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: IC Bus modified its branding in 2013,

text: For some, the gap theory allows both the Genesis creation account and geological science to be inerrant in matters of scientific fact. Gap creationists believe that certain facts about the past and the age of the Earth have been omitted from the Genesis account; they hold that there was a gap of time in the Biblical account that lasted an unknown number of years between a first creation in  and a second creation in . By positing such an event, various observations in a wide range of fields, including the age of the Earth, the age of the universe, dinosaurs, fossils, ice cores, ice ages, and geological formations are allowed by adherents to have occurred as outlined by science without contradicting their literal belief in Genesis.

text: For some, the gap theory allows both the

text: Genesis

text: creation account and geological science to be inerrant in matters of scientific fact. Gap creationists believe that certain facts about the past and the age of the Earth have been omitted from the Genesis account; they hold that there was a gap of time in the Biblical account that lasted an unknown number of years between a first creation in  and a second creation in . By positing such an event, various observations in a wide range of fields, including

text: the age of the Earth

text: the age of the universe

text: dinosaur

text: s,

text: fossils

text: ice core

text: s,

text: ice age

text: s, and

text: geological formations

text: are allowed by adherents to have occurred as outlined by science without contradicting their

text: literal belief in Genesis

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Gap creationists believe that certain facts about the past and the age of the Earth have been omitted from the Genesis account

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: allowed by adherents to have occurred

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the gap theory

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Gap creationists

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores, ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: without contradicting their literal belief in Genesis.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: as outlined by science without contradicting their literal belief in Genesis.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores, ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores, ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: fossils,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice ages,

text: Although the term varve was not introduced until the late nineteenth century, the concept of an annual rhythm of deposition is at least two centuries old. In the 1840s, Hitchcock suspected laminated sediment in North America could be seasonal, and in 1884 Warren Upham postulated that light-dark laminated couplets represented a single year's deposition. Despite these earlier forays, the chief pioneer and populariser of varve research was Gerard De Geer. While working for the Geological Survey of Sweden, De Geer noticed a close visual similarity between the laminated sediments he was mapping, and tree-rings. This prompted him to suggest the coarse-fine couplets frequently found in the sediments of glacial lakes were annual layers.

text: Although the term varve was not introduced until the late nineteenth century, the concept of an annual rhythm of deposition is at least two centuries old. In the 1840s,

text: Hitchcock

text: suspected laminated sediment in North America could be seasonal, and in 1884

text: Warren Upham

text: postulated that light-dark laminated couplets represented a single year's deposition. Despite these earlier forays, the chief pioneer and populariser of varve research was Gerard De Geer. While working for the Geological Survey of Sweden, De Geer noticed a close visual similarity between the laminated sediments he was mapping, and

text: tree-rings

text: . This prompted him to suggest the coarse-fine couplets frequently found in the sediments of glacial lakes were annual layers.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: coarse-fine couplets

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: light-dark laminated couplets represented a single year's deposition

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: light-dark

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Gerard De Geer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the concept of an annual rhythm of deposition is at least two centuries old.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: annual layers.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: light-dark laminated couplets

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: light-dark laminated couplets

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual rhythm of deposition

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a close visual similarity

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-rings.

text: The Earth's orbital motions (inclination of the earth's axis on its orbit with respect to the sun, gyroscopic precession of the earth's axis every 26,000 years; free precession every 440 days, precession of earth orbit and orbital variations such as perihelion precession every 19,000 and 23,000 years) leave traces visible in the geological record. These changes provide a long-term sequence of climatic events, recorded as changes in the thickness of sediment layers (known as "varve analysis"—the term "varve" means a layer or layers of sediment. Typically, varve refers to lake or glacial sediment), as temperature induced changes in the isotopic ratios for oxygen isotopes in sediments, and in the relative abundance of fossils. Because these can be calibrated reliably over a period of 40 million years this provides an alternate verification to radiometric dating in cases where sufficient record exists to provide a reliable trace.

text: The Earth's orbital motions (inclination of the earth's axis on its orbit with respect to the sun,

text: gyroscopic precession

text: of the earth's axis every 26,000 years;

text: free precession

text: every 440 days,

text: precession of earth orbit

text: and orbital variations such as

text: perihelion precession

text: every 19,000 and 23,000 years) leave traces visible in the geological record. These changes provide a long-term sequence of climatic events, recorded as changes in the thickness of sediment layers (known as "varve analysis"—the term "

text: varve

text: " means a layer or layers of sediment. Typically, varve refers to lake or glacial sediment), as temperature induced changes in the isotopic ratios for oxygen isotopes in sediments, and in the relative abundance of fossils. Because these can be calibrated reliably over a period of 40 million years this provides an alternate verification to

text: radiometric dating

text: in cases where sufficient record exists to provide a reliable trace.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve analysis

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This provides an alternate verification to radiometric dating in cases where sufficient record exists to provide a reliable trace.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varve analysis

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can be calibrated reliably over a period of 40 million years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial sediment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: sufficient record exists

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: This changes provide a long-term sequence of climatic events

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: climatic events,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: changes in the thickness of sediment layers

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: leave traces visible in the geological record.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: changes in the thickness of sediment layers

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: these can be calibrated reliably over a period of 40 million years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake or glacial sediment),

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: changes in the thickness of sediment layers (known as "varve analysis"—the

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake or glacial sediment),

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: sufficient record exists to provide a reliable trace.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 40 million years

text: The cores of vortices spin at very high speed and are regions of very low pressure. To first approximation, these low-pressure regions form with little exchange of heat with the neighboring regions (i.e., adiabatically), so the local temperature in the low-pressure regions drops, too.  If it drops below the local dew point, there results a condensation of water vapor present in the cores of wingtip vortices, making them visible. The temperature may even drop below the local freezing point, in which case ice crystals will form inside the cores.

text: The cores of vortices spin at very high speed and are regions of very low pressure. To

text: first approximation

text: , these low-pressure regions form with little exchange of heat with the neighboring regions (i.e.,

text: adiabatically

text: ), so the local temperature in the low-pressure regions drops, too.  If it drops below the local

text: dew point

text: , there results a condensation of water vapor present in the cores of wingtip vortices, making them visible. The temperature may even drop below the local

text: freezing point

text: , in which case ice crystals will form inside the cores.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are regions of very low pressure

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the local temperature in the low-pressure regions drops

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The temperature may even drop below the local freezing point, in which case ice crystals will form inside the cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The temperature may even drop below the local freezing point

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: low pressure regions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: wingtip vortices,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: local dew point,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the local temperature in the low-pressure regions drops, too.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice crystals will form inside the cores.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice crystals will form inside the cores.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: wingtip vortices,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The temperature may even drop below the local freezing point,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: low-pressure regions form with little exchange of heat with the neighboring regions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: If it drops below the local dew point,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The temperature may even drop below the local freezing point,

text: In 1998, a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle, of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800-year-old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies.

text: In 1998, a team led by

text: climatologist

text: David W. Stahle, of the

text: University of Arkansas

text: and

text: archaeologist

text: Dennis B. Blanton of the

text: College of William and Mary

text: used tree ring cores from 800-year-old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bald cypresses

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree ring cores from 800-year-old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: North Carolina

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bald cypresses

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: precipitation and temperature chronologies.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 800-year-old bald cypresses

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 800-year-old bald cypresses

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring cores

text: In the mid-1930s, USGS volcanologist R.H. Finch attempted to improve on Diller’s work. On the basis of other studies done at Cinder Cone, Finch thought (1) that there had been at least five separate lava-flow events, as suggested by crude, experimental magnetic measurements; (2) that the youngest lava flow was extruded in 1851, accepting Harkness’ (1875) historical “evidence” and ignoring Diller’s interviews and conclusions; and (3) that there had been at least two distinct explosive eruptions of the cone. Using these assumptions and tree-ring measurements, Finch proposed a complex and detailed eruptive chronology for Cinder Cone that spanned nearly 300 years.  From measurements of the rings of one particular tree, which showed two periods of slow growth, he thought that the two explosive eruptions occurred in 1567 and 1666. He also concluded that the five lava flows were extruded in 1567, 1666, 1720, 1785, and 1851.

text: In the mid-1930s, USGS volcanologist

text: R.H. Finch

text: attempted to improve on Diller’s work. On the basis of other studies done at Cinder Cone, Finch thought (1) that there had been at least five separate lava-flow events, as suggested by crude, experimental magnetic measurements; (2) that the youngest lava flow was extruded in 1851, accepting Harkness’ (1875) historical “evidence” and ignoring Diller’s interviews and conclusions; and (3) that there had been at least two distinct explosive eruptions of the cone. Using these assumptions and tree-ring measurements, Finch proposed a complex and detailed eruptive chronology for Cinder Cone that spanned nearly 300 years.  From measurements of the rings of one particular tree, which showed two periods of slow growth, he thought that the two explosive eruptions occurred in 1567 and 1666. He also concluded that the five lava flows were extruded in 1567, 1666, 1720, 1785, and 1851.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: rings of one particular tree, which showed two periods of slow growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lava flows were extruded

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the youngest lava flow was extruded in 1851

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring measurements

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1720

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cinder Cone

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring measurements

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: (3) that there had been at least two distinct explosive eruptions of the cone.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring measurements,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lava-flow events,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: two periods of slow growth,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

text: Oberon may be differentiated into a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle. If this is the case, the radius of the core (480 km) is about 63% of the radius of the moon, and its mass is around 54% of the moon's mass—the proportions are dictated by the moon's composition. The pressure in the center of Oberon is about 0.5 GPa (5 kbar). The current state of the icy mantle is unclear. If the ice contains enough ammonia or other antifreeze, Oberon may possess a liquid ocean layer at the core–mantle boundary. The thickness of this ocean, if it exists, is up to 40 km and its temperature is around 180 K. However, the internal structure of Oberon depends heavily on its thermal history, which is poorly known at present.

text: Oberon may be differentiated into a rocky

text: core

text: surrounded by an icy

text: mantle

text: . If this is the case, the radius of the core (480 km) is about 63% of the radius of the moon, and its mass is around 54% of the moon's mass—the proportions are dictated by the moon's composition. The pressure in the center of Oberon is about 0.5

text: GPa

text: kbar

text: ). The current state of the icy mantle is unclear. If the ice contains enough

text: ammonia

text: or other

text: antifreeze

text: , Oberon may possess a liquid

text: ocean layer

text: at the core–mantle boundary. The thickness of this ocean, if it exists, is up to 40 km and its temperature is around 180 K. However, the internal structure of Oberon depends heavily on its thermal history, which is poorly known at present.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Oberon

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a liquid ocean layer at the core–mantle boundary

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The thickness of this ocean, if it exists, is up to 40 km and its temperature is around 180 K

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Oberon

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Oberon

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: temperature is around 180 K

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Oberon may possess a liquid ocean layer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The current state of the icy mantle is unclear.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: If the ice contains enough ammonia or other antifreeze,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: poorly known at present.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: thermal history,

text: The Xiagou Formation is the middle strata of the Xinminpu Group.  It is named for its type site in Xiagou,  in the Changma Basin of Gansu Province, northwestern China and is considered Early Cretaceous in age.  It is known outside the specialized world of Chinese geology as the site of a lagerstätte in which the fossils were preserved of Gansus yumenensis, the earliest true modern bird. The laminated yellowish mudstones of the Xiagou Formation are the lithified remnants of varves that were laid down as extremely fine silt settled to the bottom of a tranquil freshwater lake. The result was dense anoxic bottom sediment, where the lack of bacteria slowed the processes of decay, preserving uncompressed fossils in details that include feather impressions and remnants of the webbing between the bird's toes.

text: The Xiagou Formation is the middle

text: strata

text: of the Xinminpu Group.  It is named for its type site in Xiagou,  in the Changma Basin of

text: Gansu

text: Province, northwestern China and is considered

text: Early Cretaceous

text: in age.  It is known outside the specialized world of Chinese

text: geology

text: as the site of a

text: lagerstätte

text: in which the fossils were preserved of

text: Gansus yumenensis

text: , the earliest true modern bird. The laminated yellowish

text: mudstone

text: s of the Xiagou Formation are the lithified remnants of

text: varve

text: s that were laid down as extremely fine

text: silt

text: settled to the bottom of a tranquil freshwater lake. The result was dense anoxic bottom sediment, where the lack of bacteria slowed the processes of decay, preserving uncompressed fossils in details that include feather impressions and remnants of the webbing between the bird's toes.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: freshwater lake

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The result was dense anoxic bottom sediment, where the lack of bacteria slowed the processes of decay

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: What was dense anoxic bottom sediment?

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: freshwater lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Xiagou Formation

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Xiagou Formation

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: freshwater lake.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: preserving uncompressed fossils

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Xinminpu Group.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: preserving uncompressed fossils

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: feather impressions

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: anoxic bottom sediment,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: freshwater lake.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Early Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Changma Basin of Gansu Province,

text: Built in 1954 by Solvesborgs Varv A/B at Sölvesborg, Sweden, she was launched as MV Arendal (III) for work in the Baltic. She was purchased in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependency Survey (British Antarctic Survey from 1962). After conversion to carry more passengers, she was renamed Shackleton and sailed to the Antarctic for the 1955/56 season.

text: Built in 1954 by Solvesborgs Varv A/B at

text: Sölvesborg

text: Sweden

text: , she was launched as MV Arendal (III) for work in the

text: Baltic

text: . She was purchased in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependency Survey (

text: British Antarctic Survey

text: from 1962). After conversion to carry more passengers, she was renamed Shackleton and sailed to the Antarctic for the 1955/56 season.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Antarctic

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: She was purchased in 1955 by the Falkland Islands Dependency Survey

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1955/56

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Sweden

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: MV Arendal (III)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: sailed to the Antarctic for the 1955/56 season.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: MV Arendal (III) for work in the Baltic.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: MV Arendal (III) for work in the Baltic.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Solvesborgs Varv A/B

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Sweden,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1954

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (British Antarctic Survey

text: |-| Win| align=center| 15-9| Sachiko Fujimori| Technical Submission (armbar)| Deep Jewels 13| | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:34| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14-9| Emi Tomimatsu| Decision (unanimous)| Deep Jewels 2| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Kabukicho, Tokyo, Japan| Deep Jewels lightweight GP semi-final|-| Win| align=center| 14-8| Akiko Naito| Submission (armbar)| Deep Jewels 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:24| Kabukicho, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-8| Takumi Umehara| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Jewels 24th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:42| Kabukicho, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-8| Emi Tomimatsu| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 23rd Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-8| Rina Tomita| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 22nd Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-8| Alexandra Chambers| TKO (knee and punches)| Brace For War 17: Brace Girls| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:42| Southport, Queensland, Australia| |-| Win| align=center| 10-7| Tomo Maesawa| Technical Submission (armbar)| Jewels 21st Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:37| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-7| Anna Saito| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 19th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:50| Taisho-ku, Osaka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-7| Emi Fujino| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 18th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-6| Mei Yamaguchi| Decision (split)| Jewels 17th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Kabukicho, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-5| Megumi Fujii| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 15th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Kabukicho, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-4| Emi Murata| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 13th Ring & 14th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:40| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 7-4| Seo Hee Ham| Decision (split)| Jewels 11th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan| Jewels Lightweight (115 lbs) Queen Tournament Second Round|-| Win| align=center| 7-3| Celine Haga| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 9th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:52| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| Jewels Lightweight (115 lbs) Queen Tournament Opening Round|-| Loss| align=center| 6-3| Celine Haga| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 8th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6-2| Mai Ichii| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 7th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-2| Yoko Kagoshima| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 6th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:56| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| 2009 Rough Stone Grand Prix 54 kg final|-| Win| align=center| 4-2| Rina Tomita| Technical Submission (armbar)| Jewels 5th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:25| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| 2009 Rough Stone Grand Prix 54 kg 1st round|-| Win| align=center| 3-2| Rina Tomita| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 4th Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:35| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-2| Misaki Ozawa| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 3rd Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:09| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-2| Saori Ishioka| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 1st Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-1| Asami Kodera| Decision (split)| Smackgirl: World ReMix 2008 Second Round| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0-1| Megumi Fujii| Submission (triangle choke)| Smackgirl: Starting Over| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:20| Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan|

text: |-| Win| align=center| 15-9| Sachiko Fujimori| Technical Submission (armbar)| Deep Jewels 13| | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:34|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14-9| Emi Tomimatsu| Decision (unanimous)| Deep Jewels 2| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Kabukicho, Tokyo

text: , Japan| Deep Jewels lightweight GP semi-final|-| Win| align=center| 14-8| Akiko Naito| Submission (armbar)| Deep Jewels 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:24|

text: Kabukicho, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-8| Takumi Umehara| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Jewels 24th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:42|

text: Kabukicho, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-8| Emi Tomimatsu| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 23rd Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-8| Rina Tomita| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 22nd Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-8|

text: Alexandra Chambers

text: | TKO (knee and punches)| Brace For War 17: Brace Girls| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:42|

text: Southport, Queensland

text: , Australia| |-| Win| align=center| 10-7| Tomo Maesawa| Technical Submission (armbar)| Jewels 21st Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:37|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9-7| Anna Saito| Submission (armbar)| Jewels 19th Ring| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:50|

text: Taisho-ku, Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-7|

text: Emi Fujino

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Jewels 18th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-6|

text: Mei Yamaguchi

text: | Decision (split)|

text: Jewels 17th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Kabukicho, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-5|

text: Megumi Fujii

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Jewels 15th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Kabukicho, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-4| Emi Murata| Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 13th Ring & 14th Ring

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:40|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 7-4|

text: Seo Hee Ham

text: | Decision (split)|

text: Jewels 11th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Bunkyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan| Jewels Lightweight (115 lbs) Queen Tournament Second Round|-| Win| align=center| 7-3| Celine Haga| Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 9th Ring

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:52|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| Jewels Lightweight (115 lbs) Queen Tournament Opening Round|-| Loss| align=center| 6-3| Celine Haga| Decision (unanimous)|

text: Jewels 8th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6-2|

text: Mai Ichii

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Jewels 7th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-2| Yoko Kagoshima| Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 6th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:56|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| 2009 Rough Stone Grand Prix 54 kg final|-| Win| align=center| 4-2| Rina Tomita| Technical Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 5th Ring

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:25|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| 2009 Rough Stone Grand Prix 54 kg 1st round|-| Win| align=center| 3-2| Rina Tomita| Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 4th Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:35|

text: Koto, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-2| Misaki Ozawa| Submission (armbar)|

text: Jewels 3rd Ring

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:09|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-2|

text: Saori Ishioka

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Jewels 1st Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Shinjuku, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-1|

text: Asami Kodera

text: | Decision (split)| Smackgirl: World ReMix 2008 Second Round| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Bunkyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0-1|

text: Megumi Fujii

text: | Submission (triangle choke)| Smackgirl: Starting Over| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:20|

text: Bunkyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: taisho

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Emi Tomimatsu| Decision (unanimous)| Jewels 23rd Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Koto, Tokyo, Japan| |-|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to preserve food.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: brace for war

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 11-8|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 0:42| Southport, Queensland, Australia|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 11-8|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Win| align=center| 11-8|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (knee and punches)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Deep Jewels

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 11-8|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Deep Jewels

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 11-8|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2:12|

text: Until 1796 varved sediment was accumulating on the bottom of Ragundasjön. That gives geologists an exact date for the last varve there; see Varve for dating by counting varves.

text: Until 1796

text: varve

text: d sediment was accumulating on the bottom of Ragundasjön. That gives geologists an exact date for the last varve there; see

text: Varve

text: for dating by counting varves.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varved sediment

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Ragundasjön

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: geologists an exact date for the last varve there

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Until 1796

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Until 1796 varved sediment was accumulating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Until 1796

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Until 1796

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: exact date

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sediment was accumulating on the bottom of Ragundasjön.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1796

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment was accumulating on the bottom of Ragundasjön.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: counting varves.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Until 1796

text: The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down, or in cores taken from the bark to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings, generally those in seasonal climates. Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees that are solid to the center. Many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually largely speculation. White (1998) proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom through the correlation of a tree's age with its diameter and growth character.

text: The

text: oldest

text: trees are determined by

text: growth rings

text: , which can be seen if the tree is cut down, or in cores taken from the bark to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings, generally those in seasonal climates. Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees that are solid to the center. Many very old trees become hollow as the dead

text: heartwood

text: decays. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually largely speculation. White (1998) proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the

text: United Kingdom

text: through the correlation of a tree's age with its diameter and growth character.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth character

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal climates

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: It is also only possible for trees that are solid to the center

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: seasonal climates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Accurate determination is only possible for trees that produce growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal climates.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: if the tree is cut down,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: seasonal climates.

text: The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as 110,000 years. The presence of ice-rafted sediments in deep-sea cores recovered off of northeast Greenland, in the Fram Strait, and south of Greenland indicated the more or less continuous presence of either an ice sheet or ice sheets covering significant parts of Greenland for the last 18 million years. From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size. The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the middle Miocene by coalescence of ice caps and glaciers. There was an intensification of glaciation during the Late Pliocene.

text: The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as 110,000 years. The presence of ice-rafted sediments in deep-sea cores recovered off of northeast Greenland, in the Fram Strait, and south of Greenland indicated the more or less continuous presence of either an ice sheet or ice sheets covering significant parts of Greenland for the last 18 million years. From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size. The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the middle

text: Miocene

text: by coalescence of ice caps and glaciers. There was an intensification of

text: glaciation

text: during the Late

text: Pliocene

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: indicated the more or less continuous presence of either an ice sheet or ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice-rafted sediments

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the more or less continuous presence of either an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice caps and glaciers.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice-rafted sediments in deep-sea cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice-rafted sediments in deep-sea cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 18 million years.

text: Older intact wood that has escaped decay can extend the time covered by the record by matching the ring depth changes to contemporary specimens. By using that method, some areas have tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years. Older wood not connected to a contemporary record can be dated generally with radiocarbon techniques. A tree-ring record can be used to produce information regarding precipitation, temperature, hydrology, and fire corresponding to a particular area.

text: Older intact wood that has escaped decay can extend the time covered by the record by matching the ring depth changes to contemporary specimens. By using that method, some areas have tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years. Older wood not connected to a contemporary record can be dated generally with radiocarbon techniques. A tree-ring record can be used to produce information regarding precipitation, temperature, hydrology, and fire corresponding to a particular area.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: By using that method, some areas have tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring record can be used to produce information regarding precipitation, temperature, hydrology, and fire

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring depth changes

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: older intact wood that has escaped decay

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ring depth changes to contemporary specimens.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation, temperature, hydrology,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Older intact wood that has escaped decay

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: matching the ring depth changes to contemporary specimens.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation, temperature,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ring depth changes to contemporary specimens.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: decay

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Older intact wood that has escaped decay

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: radiocarbon techniques.

text: The Renland ice core was drilled in 1985. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

text: The Renland ice core was drilled in 1985. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Renland ice core from East Greenland

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Renland ice core was drilled in 1985

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Renland ice core from East Greenland

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

text: An ice core from the right site can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record extending over hundreds of thousands of years, providing information on a wide variety of aspects of climate at each point in time. It is the simultaneity of these properties recorded in the ice that makes ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research.

text: An ice core from the right site can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record extending over hundreds of thousands of years, providing information on a wide variety of aspects of climate at each point in time. It is the simultaneity of these properties recorded in the ice that makes ice cores such a powerful tool in

text: paleoclimate

text: research.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores are a powerful tool in paleoclimate research

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are a powerful tool in paleoclimate research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores such a powerful tool in paleoclimate research.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: powerful tool in paleoclimate research.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: uninterrupted and detailed climate record

text: 1940 saw the publication of a now classic scientific paper by De Geer, the Geochronologia Suecica, in which he presented the Swedish Time Scale, a floating varve chronology for ice recession from Skåne to Indalsälven. Lidén made the first attempts to link this time scale with the present day. Since then, there have been revisions as new sites are discovered, and old ones reassessed. At present, the Swedish varve chronology is based on thousands of sites, and covers 13,200 varve years.

text: 1940 saw the publication of a now classic scientific paper by De Geer, the Geochronologia Suecica, in which he presented the Swedish Time Scale, a floating varve chronology for ice recession from Skåne to Indalsälven. Lidén made the first attempts to link this time scale with the present day. Since then, there have been revisions as new sites are discovered, and old ones reassessed. At present, the Swedish varve chronology is based on thousands of sites, and covers 13,200 varve years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve chronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice recession

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Swedish varve chronology is based on thousands of sites, and covers 13,200 varve years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cover 13,200 varve years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: years

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 1940 saw the publication of a now classic scientific paper by De Geer,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice recession

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Swedish varve chronology is based on thousands of sites,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice recession from Sk<unk>ne to Indalsälven.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: new sites are discovered, and old ones reassessed.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice recession from Sk<unk>ne to Indalsälven.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice recession

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice recession

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: old ones reassessed.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 13,200 varve years.

text: The early history of the building is not documented. The original construction was thought to date from the late 14th or early 15th century, but part of the structure has been dated to 1435 by tree-ring dating. This is thought to be consistent with its use as the seat of the barons of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion.

text: The early history of the building is not documented. The original construction was thought to date from the late 14th or early 15th century, but part of the structure has been dated to 1435 by

text: tree-ring dating

text: . This is thought to be consistent with its use as the seat of the

text: barons of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The early history of the building is not documented

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The early history of the building is not documented.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: part of the structure has been dated to 1435

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: late 14th or early 15th century,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1435

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: part of the structure has been dated to 1435

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring dating.

text: In the early years of using the technique, it was understood that it depended on the atmospheric / ratio having remained the same over the preceding few thousand years. To verify the accuracy of the method, several artefacts that were datable by other techniques were tested; the results of the testing were in reasonable agreement with the true ages of the objects. Over time, however, discrepancies began to appear between the known chronology for the oldest Egyptian dynasties and the radiocarbon dates of Egyptian artefacts. Neither the pre-existing Egyptian chronology nor the new radiocarbon dating method could be assumed to be accurate, but a third possibility was that the / ratio had changed over time.  The question was resolved by the study of tree rings: comparison of overlapping series of tree rings allowed the construction of a continuous sequence of tree-ring data that spanned 8,000 years.  (Since that time the tree-ring data series has been extended to 13,900 years.)  In the 1960s, Hans Suess was able to use the tree-ring sequence to show that the dates derived from radiocarbon were consistent with the dates assigned by Egyptologists.  This was possible because although annual plants, such as corn, have a / ratio that reflects the atmospheric ratio at the time they were growing, trees only add material to their outermost tree ring in any given year, while the inner tree rings don't get their  replenished and instead start losing  through decay.  Hence each ring preserves a record of the atmospheric / ratio of the year it grew in.  Carbon-dating the wood from the tree rings themselves provides the check needed on the atmospheric / ratio: with a sample of known date, and a measurement of the value of N (the number of atoms of  remaining in the sample), the carbon-dating equation allows the calculation of N – the number of atoms of  in the sample at the time the tree ring was formed – and hence the / ratio in the atmosphere at that time. Equipped with the results of carbon-dating the tree rings, it became possible to construct calibration curves designed to correct the errors caused by the variation over time in the / ratio. These curves are described in more detail below.

text: In the early years of using the technique, it was understood that it depended on the atmospheric / ratio having remained the same over the preceding few thousand years. To verify the accuracy of the method, several artefacts that were datable by other techniques were tested; the results of the testing were in reasonable agreement with the true ages of the objects. Over time, however, discrepancies began to appear between the known chronology for the oldest Egyptian dynasties and the radiocarbon dates of Egyptian artefacts. Neither the pre-existing Egyptian chronology nor the new radiocarbon dating method could be assumed to be accurate, but a third possibility was that the / ratio had changed over time.  The question was resolved by the

text: study of tree rings

text: : comparison of overlapping series of tree rings allowed the construction of a continuous sequence of tree-ring data that spanned 8,000 years.  (Since that time the tree-ring data series has been extended to 13,900 years.)  In the 1960s,

text: Hans Suess

text: below

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the inner tree rings don't get their replenished

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: each ring preserves a record of the atmospheric / ratio of the year it grew in

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the atmospheric / ratio had changed over time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Egyptologists.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual plants,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: consistent with the dates assigned by Egyptologists.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Egyptologists.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: each ring preserves a record of the atmospheric / ratio

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual plants,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: atmospheric / ratio:

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: atmospheric / ratio

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Carbon-dating the wood from the tree rings themselves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring sequence

text: The vast majority of scientists refute young Earth creationism. Around the start of the 19th century mainstream science abandoned the concept that Earth was younger than millions of years. Measurements of biological, chemical, geological, and astronomical timescales differ from YEC's estimates of Earth's age by six orders of magnitude (that is, by factor of a million times). Scientific estimates of the age of the earliest pottery discovered, the oldest known trees, the ice cores, and layers of silt deposit in Lake Suigetsu are all significantly older than the oldest YEC estimate of Earth's age. YEC's theories are further contradicted by scientists' ability to observe galaxies billions of light years away.

text: The vast majority of scientists refute young Earth creationism. Around the start of the 19th century mainstream science abandoned the concept that Earth was younger than millions of years. Measurements of biological, chemical, geological, and astronomical timescales differ from YEC's estimates of Earth's age by six

text: orders of magnitude

text: (that is, by factor of a million times). Scientific estimates of the age of the

text: earliest pottery discovered

text: , the

text: oldest known trees

text: , the

text: ice cores

text: , and layers of silt deposit in

text: Lake Suigetsu

text: are all significantly older than the oldest YEC estimate of Earth's age. YEC's theories are further contradicted by scientists' ability to observe

text: galaxies billions of light years away

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The vast majority of scientists refute young Earth creationism

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: significantly older than the oldest YEC estimate

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Scientific estimates of the age of the earliest pottery discovered

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The vast majority of scientists refute young Earth creationism.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The vast majority of scientists refute young Earth creationism.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: layers of silt deposit in Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: significantly older than the oldest YEC estimate of Earth's age.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the oldest known trees,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: layers of silt deposit in Lake Suigetsu

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 25–20–3 (1)| Marcin Rózalski| Decision (unanimous)| KSW 20| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Gdańsk, Poland||-| Loss| align=center| 25–19–3 (1)| Dion Staring| Technical Submission (kimura)| Glory 11| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:42| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| NC| align=center| 25–18–3 (1)| Antônio Braga Neto| No Contest (fighter fell from ring)| Art of War 14| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:24| Macau, China||-| Win| align=center| 25–18–3| Arnoldas Joknys| TKO (punches and elbows)| Cage Fighters Championships 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:42| Riga, Latvia| Wins CFC Heavyweight Championship|-| Loss| align=center| 24–18–3| Victor Valimaki| Submission (rear naked choke)| M-1 Challenge 10: Finland| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:14| Helsinki, Finland||-| Loss| align=center| 24–17–3| James Zikic| Submission (armbar)| Cage Rage 26| | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:25| London, England||-| Loss| align=center| 24–16–3| Robert Jocz| Decision (split)| Beast of the East| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 24–15–3| Krzysztof Kulak| Submission (injury)| Return of the King 2| | align=center| 3| align=center| N/A| Paramaribo, Suriname||-| Loss| align=center| 24–14–3| Renato Sobral| Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke)| PFP: Ring of Fire| | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:00| Quezon City, Philippines||-| Loss| align=center| 24–13–3| Maro Perak| TKO (injury)| WFC 3: Bad Sunday| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Domzale, Slovenia| For WFC Heavyweight Championship|-| Win| align=center| 24–12–3| Chinto Mordillo| KO (punches)| Return of the King 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08| Paramaribo, Suriname||-| Loss| align=center| 23–12–3| Gilbert Yvel| KO (punches)| 2H2H - Pride & Honor| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:38| Rotterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 23–11–3| Mikko Rupponen| TKO (broken hand)| WFC 2: Evolution| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:22| Koper, Slovenia||-| Loss| align=center| 22–11–3| Yuki Sasaki| Submission (armbar)| WCFC: No Guts No Glory| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:40| Manchester, England||-| Win| align=center| 22–10–3| Henriques Zowa| Decision| It's Showtime: Amsterdam Arena| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 21–10–3| Ramazan Akhadullaev| Decision (split)| M-1 MFC: Heavyweight GP| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Moscow, Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 21–9–3| Alistair Overeem| Submission (guillotine choke)| 2 Hot 2 Handle| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Rotterdam, Netherlands| For vacant 2H2H Light Heavyweight Championship|-| Win| align=center| 21–8–3| Melvin Manhoef| KO (punches)| It's Showtime 2004 Amsterdam| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:43| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 20–8–3| Dave Vader| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Holland: World's Greatest| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Utrecht, Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Win| align=center| 19–8–3| Cyrille Diabaté| Decision (unanimous)| 2 Hot 2 Handle| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 18–8–3| Chalid Arrab| Decision (unanimous)| PRIDE Bushido 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 18–7–3| Miodrag Petkovic| TKO (punches)| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:11| Opatija, Croatia| Wins Durata World Grand Prix|-| Win| align=center| 17–7–3| Nikolai Onikienko| Decision| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Opatija, Croatia||-| Win| align=center| 16–7–3| Jose Ramalho| Decision| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Opatija, Croatia||-| Win| align=center| 15–7–3| Sergey Kaznovsky| Submission (armbar)| It's Showtime 2003 Amsterdam| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:41| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 14–7–3| Tommy Sauer| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Rings Holland: One Moment In Time| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:52| Utrecht, Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Win| align=center| 13–7–3| Valentijn Overeem| Submission (forfeit)| 2H2H 5 - Simply the Best 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:00| Rotterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 12–7–3| Cheick Kongo| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Holland: Saved by the Bell| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands| Wins RINGS Intercontinental Championship|-| Loss| align=center| 11–7–3| Martin Malkhasyan| Submission (kneebar)| M-1 MFC - Russia vs. the World 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:34| Saint Petersburg, Russia||-| Win| align=center| 11–6–3| Fatih Kocamis| Decision (split)| 2H2H 4 - Simply the Best 4| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Rotterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 10–6–3| Paul Cahoon| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Rings Holland: Some Like It Hard| | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:53| Utrecht, Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Draw| align=center| 9–6–3| Cyrille Diabaté| Draw| Rings Holland: No Guts, No Glory| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 9–6–2| Ricardo Fyeet| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings Holland: Heroes Live Forever| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:04| Utrecht, Netherlands| Wins RINGS Intercontinental Championship|-| Win| align=center| 8–6–2| Fabrice Bernardin| DQ (illegal strikes)| Kam Lung - Only the Strongest Survive 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 7–6–2| Tjerk Vermanen| TKO (spinning back kick)| It's Showtime - Exclusive| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:47| Haarlem, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 6–6–2| Iwan de Groot| TKO (knees)| Together Productions - Fight Gala| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Zaandam, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 5–6–2| Jose Landi-Jons| Technical Submission (armbar)| Amsterdam Absolute Championship 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:25| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 5–5–2| Alexandre Ferreira| Submission (punches)| World Vale Tudo Championship 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:59| Aruba||-| Win| align=center| 5–4–2| Silvio Zimmerman| TKO (strikes)| World Vale Tudo Championship 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:07| Aruba||-| Draw| align=center| 4–4–2| Melvin Manhoef| Draw| Rings Holland: The Kings of the Magic Ring| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Utrecht, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 4–4–1| Sergei Belov| Submission (armbar)| IAFC - Pankration World Championship 1999| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:55| Moscow, Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 4–3–1| Michele Verginelli| Submission (rear naked choke)| Ultimate Fights Brescia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 11:29| Brescia, Italy||-| Loss| align=center| 4–2–1| Richard Plug| Decision (1-0 points)| FFH - Free Fight Gala| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Beverwijk, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 4–1–1| Tomas Valatkevicius| Decision| KO Power Tournament| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 3–1–1| Sergei Zavadsky| TKO (punches)| M-1 MFC - World Championship 1998| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:35| Saint Petersburg, Russia||-| Draw| align=center| 2–1–1| Habib Ben Sallah| Draw| FFH - Free Fight Gala| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Beverwijk, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 2–1| Sergei Bytchkov| Decision| M-1 MFC - World Championship 1997| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Saint Petersburg, Russia||-| Win| align=center| 2–0| Rik de Jager| KO (knee to the body)| Rings Holland - Utrecht at War| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:10| Utrecht, Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 1–0| Piet Bernzen| Decision| Fight Gala - Mix Fight Night| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Haarlem, Netherlands|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 25–20–3 (1)| Marcin Rózalski| Decision (unanimous)|

text: KSW 20

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Gdańsk

text: , Poland||-| Loss| align=center| 25–19–3 (1)| Dion Staring| Technical Submission (kimura)|

text: Glory 11

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:42|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| NC| align=center| 25–18–3 (1)|

text: Antônio Braga Neto

text: | No Contest (fighter fell from ring)| Art of War 14| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:24|

text: Macau

text: , China||-| Win| align=center| 25–18–3| Arnoldas Joknys| TKO (punches and elbows)| Cage Fighters Championships 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:42|

text: Riga

text: , Latvia| Wins CFC Heavyweight Championship|-| Loss| align=center| 24–18–3| Victor Valimaki| Submission (rear naked choke)|

text: M-1 Challenge 10: Finland

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:14|

text: Helsinki

text: , Finland||-| Loss| align=center| 24–17–3| James Zikic| Submission (armbar)|

text: Cage Rage 26

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:25|

text: London

text: , England||-| Loss| align=center| 24–16–3| Robert Jocz| Decision (split)| Beast of the East| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 24–15–3| Krzysztof Kulak| Submission (injury)| Return of the King 2| | align=center| 3| align=center| N/A|

text: Paramaribo

text: , Suriname||-| Loss| align=center| 24–14–3|

text: Renato Sobral

text: | Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke)| PFP: Ring of Fire| | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:00|

text: Quezon City

text: , Philippines||-| Loss| align=center| 24–13–3| Maro Perak| TKO (injury)| WFC 3: Bad Sunday| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Domzale

text: , Slovenia| For WFC Heavyweight Championship|-| Win| align=center| 24–12–3| Chinto Mordillo| KO (punches)| Return of the King 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08|

text: Paramaribo

text: , Suriname||-| Loss| align=center| 23–12–3|

text: Gilbert Yvel

text: | KO (punches)| 2H2H - Pride & Honor| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:38|

text: Rotterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 23–11–3| Mikko Rupponen| TKO (broken hand)| WFC 2: Evolution| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:22|

text: Koper

text: , Slovenia||-| Loss| align=center| 22–11–3|

text: Yuki Sasaki

text: | Submission (armbar)| WCFC: No Guts No Glory| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:40|

text: Manchester

text: , England||-| Win| align=center| 22–10–3| Henriques Zowa| Decision| It's Showtime: Amsterdam Arena| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 21–10–3| Ramazan Akhadullaev| Decision (split)|

text: M-1 MFC: Heavyweight GP

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 21–9–3|

text: Alistair Overeem

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)| 2 Hot 2 Handle| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Rotterdam

text: , Netherlands| For vacant 2H2H Light Heavyweight Championship|-| Win| align=center| 21–8–3|

text: Melvin Manhoef

text: | KO (punches)|

entity_name: List of It's Showtime (Kickboxing) events

text: It's Showtime 2004 Amsterdam

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:43|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 20–8–3| Dave Vader| Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Holland: World's Greatest

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Win| align=center| 19–8–3|

text: Cyrille Diabaté

text: | Decision (unanimous)| 2 Hot 2 Handle| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 18–8–3|

text: Chalid Arrab

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: PRIDE Bushido 1

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 18–7–3| Miodrag Petkovic| TKO (punches)| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:11|

text: Opatija

text: , Croatia| Wins Durata World Grand Prix|-| Win| align=center| 17–7–3| Nikolai Onikienko| Decision| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Opatija

text: , Croatia||-| Win| align=center| 16–7–3| Jose Ramalho| Decision| RINGS Durata World Grand Prix 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Opatija

text: , Croatia||-| Win| align=center| 15–7–3| Sergey Kaznovsky| Submission (armbar)|

text: It's Showtime 2003 Amsterdam

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:41|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 14–7–3|

text: Tommy Sauer

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Rings Holland: One Moment In Time

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:52|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Win| align=center| 13–7–3|

text: Valentijn Overeem

text: | Submission (forfeit)| 2H2H 5 - Simply the Best 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:00|

text: Rotterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 12–7–3|

text: Cheick Kongo

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Holland: Saved by the Bell

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands| Wins RINGS Intercontinental Championship|-| Loss| align=center| 11–7–3| Martin Malkhasyan| Submission (kneebar)|

text: M-1 MFC - Russia vs. the World 3

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:34|

text: Saint Petersburg

text: , Russia||-| Win| align=center| 11–6–3|

text: Fatih Kocamis

text: | Decision (split)| 2H2H 4 - Simply the Best 4| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Rotterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 10–6–3|

text: Paul Cahoon

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Rings Holland: Some Like It Hard

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:53|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands| Wins RINGS Free Fight Dutch Championship|-| Draw| align=center| 9–6–3|

text: Cyrille Diabaté

text: | Draw|

text: Rings Holland: No Guts, No Glory

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 9–6–2|

text: Ricardo Fyeet

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings Holland: Heroes Live Forever

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:04|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands| Wins RINGS Intercontinental Championship|-| Win| align=center| 8–6–2| Fabrice Bernardin| DQ (illegal strikes)| Kam Lung - Only the Strongest Survive 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Hellevoetsluis

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 7–6–2| Tjerk Vermanen| TKO (spinning back kick)|

text: It's Showtime - Exclusive

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:47|

text: Haarlem

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 6–6–2| Iwan de Groot| TKO (knees)| Together Productions - Fight Gala| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Zaandam

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 5–6–2| Jose Landi-Jons| Technical Submission (armbar)| Amsterdam Absolute Championship 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:25|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 5–5–2|

text: Alexandre Ferreira

text: | Submission (punches)| World Vale Tudo Championship 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:59|

text: Aruba

text: ||-| Win| align=center| 5–4–2| Silvio Zimmerman| TKO (strikes)| World Vale Tudo Championship 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:07|

text: Aruba

text: ||-| Draw| align=center| 4–4–2|

text: Melvin Manhoef

text: | Draw|

entity_section: Rings Holland: The Kings of the Magic Ring

text: Rings Holland: The Kings of the Magic Ring

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 4–4–1| Sergei Belov| Submission (armbar)| IAFC - Pankration World Championship 1999| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:55|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 4–3–1| Michele Verginelli| Submission (rear naked choke)| Ultimate Fights Brescia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 11:29|

text: Brescia

text: , Italy||-| Loss| align=center| 4–2–1| Richard Plug| Decision (1-0 points)| FFH - Free Fight Gala| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Beverwijk

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 4–1–1| Tomas Valatkevicius| Decision| KO Power Tournament| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 3–1–1| Sergei Zavadsky| TKO (punches)|

text: M-1 MFC - World Championship 1998

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:35|

text: Saint Petersburg

text: , Russia||-| Draw| align=center| 2–1–1| Habib Ben Sallah| Draw| FFH - Free Fight Gala| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Beverwijk

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 2–1| Sergei Bytchkov| Decision|

text: M-1 MFC - World Championship 1997

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Saint Petersburg

text: , Russia||-| Win| align=center| 2–0| Rik de Jager| KO (knee to the body)|

text: Rings Holland - Utrecht at War

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:10|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands||-| Win| align=center| 1–0| Piet Bernzen| Decision| Fight Gala - Mix Fight Night| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Haarlem

text: , Netherlands|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: it will be a dry summer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 25–18–3|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used for scientific research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cage Rage

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 24–18–3|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 24–17–3|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 24–18–3|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 25–19–3

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (punches and elbows)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 25–20–3

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 25–19–3

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 24–17–3|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 25–19–3

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 25–19–3

text: In 2003, the Sci Fi Channel sponsored a scientific study of the area and related records by the Coalition for Freedom of Information. The most significant finding of the scientific team was a line of damaged trees broken at the top leading to the site where some eyewitnesses said they saw the object embedded in the soil along with associated fresh tree damage. Furthermore, tree core samples dated the damage to 1965. This provided physical evidence that something airborne may have come crashing through the trees and landed in the woods. (However, one of the scientists instead suggested ice damage to the trees.) Minor soil disturbance was also found at the alleged landing site. Another witness reported hearing a pair of loud, horrific screams as members of the military approached the object on foot.

text: In 2003, the

text: Sci Fi Channel

text: sponsored a scientific study of the area and related records by the

text: Coalition for Freedom of Information

text: . The most significant finding of the scientific team was a line of damaged trees broken at the top leading to the site where some eyewitnesses said they saw the object embedded in the soil along with associated fresh tree damage. Furthermore,

text: tree core

text: samples dated the damage to 1965. This provided physical evidence that something airborne may have come crashing through the trees and landed in the woods. (However, one of the scientists instead suggested ice damage to the trees.) Minor soil disturbance was also found at the alleged landing site. Another witness reported hearing a pair of loud, horrific screams as members of the military approached the object on foot.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice damage to the trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: minor soil disturbance

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree core samples dated the damage to 1965

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree core samples

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice damage to the trees.)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Minor soil disturbance was also found at the alleged landing site.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice damage to the trees.)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice damage to the trees.)

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree core samples dated the damage to 1965.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice damage to the trees.)

text: Ice cores contain an abundance of information about climate. Inclusions in the snow of each year remain in the ice, such as wind-blown dust, ash, pollen, bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances. The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers. These include (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires.

text: Ice cores contain an abundance of information about

text: climate

text: . Inclusions in the snow of each year remain in the ice, such as wind-blown

text: dust

text: ash

text: pollen

text: , bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances. The variety of climatic

text: proxies

text: is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as

text: tree ring

text: s or

text: sediment layers

text: . These include (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions,

text: solar variability

text: sea-surface productivity

text: , desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: forest fires

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of information about climate

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: wind-blown dust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: contain an abundance of information about climate

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores contain an abundance of information about climate.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: wind-blown dust,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: contain an abundance of information about climate.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings or sediment layers.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar variability,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The variety of climatic proxies

text: De Geer firmly believed the main control on varve sedimentation was solar radiation acting on glacier meltwater production, and that consequently, varved sediments represented a "..gigantic, natural self-registering thermograph" (De Geer 1926) and varve curves (varve thickness plotted against varve number or year), which he often referred to as 'solar curves', a reliable proxy for past changes in solar radiation. Ultimately, De Geer hoped his studies of varves would explain the fundamental cause of Ice Ages - "If the last glaciation everywhere should show to be synchronous and the origin of the last Ice Age thus to be of a general nature, the assumption of a cosmic cause would scarcely be avoidable."

text: De Geer firmly believed the main control on varve sedimentation was solar radiation acting on glacier meltwater production, and that consequently, varved sediments represented a "..gigantic, natural self-registering thermograph" (De Geer 1926) and varve curves (varve thickness plotted against varve number or year), which he often referred to as 'solar curves', a reliable

text: proxy

text: for past changes in

text: solar radiation

text: . Ultimately, De Geer hoped his studies of varves would explain the fundamental cause of Ice Ages - "If the last glaciation everywhere should show to be synchronous and the origin of the last Ice Age thus to be of a general nature, the assumption of a cosmic cause would scarcely be avoidable."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve curves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve curves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: De Geer hoped his studies of varves would explain the fundamental cause of Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reliable proxy for past changes in solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: year

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: de Geer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve curves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacier meltwater

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the assumption of a cosmic cause would scarcely be avoidable."

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: synchronous

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: synchronous

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: year),

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve curves

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacier meltwater

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past changes in solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a reliable proxy for past changes in solar radiation.

text: The McIntyre and McKitrick comment was accepted for publication by Geophysical Research Letters.  (MM05) reported a technical statistical error in the  (MBH98) method, which they said would produce hockey stick shapes from random data. This claim was given widespread publicity and political spin. Scientists found that the issues raised by McIntyre and McKitrick were minor and did not affect the main conclusions of MBH98 or . Mann himself had already stopped using the criticised statistical method in 2001, when he changed over to the RegEM climate field reconstruction method. To balance dense networks of tree-ring proxies against sparse proxy temperature records such as lake sediments, ice cores or corals, MBH 1998 (and 1999) used principal component analysis (PCA) to find the leading patterns of variation (PC1, PC2, PC3 etc.), with an objective method establish how many significant principal components  should be kept so that the patterns put together characterized the original dataset. McIntyre and McKitrick highlighted the effect of centering over the 1902–1980 period rather than the whole 1400–1980 period which would have changed the order of principal components so that the warming pattern of high altitude tree ring data was demoted from PC1 to PC4, but instead of recalculating the objective selection rule which increased the number of significant PCs from two to five, they only kept PC1 and PC2. This removed the significant 20th century warming pattern of PC4, discarding data that produced the "hockey stick" shape, Subsequent investigation showed that the "hockey stick" shape remained with the correct selection rule.

text: The McIntyre and McKitrick comment was accepted for publication by

text: Geophysical Research Letters

text: .  (MM05) reported a technical statistical error in the  (MBH98) method, which they said would produce hockey stick shapes from random data. This claim was given widespread publicity and political spin. Scientists found that the issues raised by McIntyre and McKitrick were minor and did not affect the main conclusions of MBH98 or . Mann himself had already stopped using the criticised statistical method in 2001, when he changed over to the RegEM climate field reconstruction method. To balance dense networks of tree-ring proxies against sparse proxy temperature records such as lake sediments, ice cores or corals, MBH 1998 (and 1999) used

text: principal component analysis

text: (PCA) to find the leading patterns of variation (PC1, PC2, PC3 etc.), with an objective method establish how many significant principal components  should be kept so that the patterns put together characterized the original dataset. McIntyre and McKitrick highlighted the effect of centering over the 1902–1980 period rather than the whole 1400–1980 period which would have changed the order of principal components so that the warming pattern of high altitude tree ring data was demoted from PC1 to PC4, but instead of recalculating the objective selection rule which increased the number of significant PCs from two to five, they only kept PC1 and PC2. This removed the significant 20th century warming pattern of PC4, discarding data that produced the "hockey stick" shape, Subsequent investigation showed that the "hockey stick" shape remained with the correct selection rule.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: McIntyre and McKitrick

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The McIntyre and McKitrick comment was accepted for publication by Geophysical Research Letters

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sparse proxy temperature records

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: PC4

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: PC4,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake sediments, ice cores or corals,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: minor and did not affect the main conclusions of MBH98 or.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: sparse proxy temperature records

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sparse proxy temperature records

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: PC1 to PC4,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores or corals,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: random data.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dense networks of tree-ring proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: sparse proxy temperature records

text: Critical to the science, trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of historical study. These patterns can be compared and matched ring for ring with trees growing at the same time in the same geographical zone (and therefore under similar climatic conditions). When these tree-ring patterns are carried back, from tree to tree in the same locale, in overlapping fashion, chronologies can be built up—both for entire geographical regions and sub-regions. Moreover, wood from ancient structures with known chronologies can be matched to the tree ring data (a technique called cross-dating), and the age of the wood can thereby be determined precisely. Cross-dating was originally done by visual inspection; more recently, computers have been harnessed to do the task, applying statistical techniques to assess the matching. To eliminate individual variations in tree-ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree-ring widths of multiple tree samples to build up a ring history, a process termed replication. A tree-ring history whose beginning and end dates are not known is called a floating chronology. It can be anchored by cross-matching a section against another chronology (tree-ring history) whose dates are known.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: similar climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of historical study

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring widths

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: known chronologies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: floating chronology.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: similar climatic conditions).

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: chronologies can be built up—both

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: similar climatic conditions).

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: similar climatic conditions).

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring widths

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: climatic conditions).

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climatic conditions).

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: known chronologies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: similar climatic conditions).

text: Morris introduces his section on geology with the frank statement that Bible-believing Christians face "a serious dilemma" because contemporary geologists present "an almost unanimous verdict" against the biblical account of creation and the Flood. Nevertheless, Morris assures believers that "evidences of full divine inspiration of Scripture are far weightier than the evidences for any fact of science." Morris then argues that "fossil-bearing strata were apparently laid down in large measure during the Flood, with the apparent sequences attributed not to evolution but rather to hydrodynamic selectivity, ecologic habitats, and differential mobility and strength of the various creatures." He also dismisses the theory of "thrust faults," the mainstream geological theory by which "old" rocks were presumed to have come to rest on "young" rocks.  Morris argues that commonly accepted geological theories do not truly depend on scientific data but are rather a "moral and emotional decision," in which evolutionists seek "intellectual justification for escape from personal responsibility to his Creator and escape from the 'way of the Cross' as the necessary and sufficient means of his personal redemption." Finally, in the longest chapter of the book, Morris addresses "problems in biblical geology," which include commonly used dating methods (such as Carbon-14 measurements) as well as geological formations, such as coral reefs, petrified forests, and varves, all of which imply great age for the earth.

text: Morris introduces his section on geology with the frank statement that Bible-believing Christians face "a serious dilemma" because contemporary geologists present "an almost unanimous verdict" against the biblical account of creation and the Flood. Nevertheless, Morris assures believers that "evidences of full divine inspiration of Scripture are far weightier than the evidences for any fact of science." Morris then argues that "fossil-bearing strata were apparently laid down in large measure during the Flood, with the apparent sequences attributed not to evolution but rather to hydrodynamic selectivity, ecologic habitats, and differential mobility and strength of the various creatures." He also dismisses the theory of "

text: thrust faults

text: ," the mainstream geological theory by which "old" rocks were presumed to have come to rest on "young" rocks.  Morris argues that commonly accepted geological theories do not truly depend on scientific data but are rather a "moral and emotional decision," in which evolutionists seek "intellectual justification for escape from personal responsibility to his Creator and escape from the 'way of the Cross' as the necessary and sufficient means of his personal

text: redemption

text: ." Finally, in the longest chapter of the book, Morris addresses "problems in biblical geology," which include commonly used dating methods (such as

text: measurements) as well as geological formations, such as

text: coral reefs

text: petrified forests

text: , and

text: varves

text: , all of which imply great age for the earth.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Morris assures believers that "evidences of full divine inspiration of Scripture are far weightier than the evidences for any fact of science."

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Carbon-14 measurements

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geological formations

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Carbon-14 measurements

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: hydrodynamic selectivity,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ecologic habitats,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: commonly accepted geological theories do not truly depend on scientific data

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Carbon-14 measurements)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: great age for the earth.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: great age for the earth.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: great age for the earth.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: great age for the earth.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: petrified forests,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Carbon-14

text: The word 'varve' derives from the Swedish word varv whose meanings and connotations include 'revolution', 'in layers', and 'circle'. The term first appeared as Hvarfig lera (varved clay) on the first map produced by the Geological Survey of Sweden in 1862.Initially, "varve" referred the separate components of annual layers in glacial lake sediments, but at the 1910 Geological Congress, the Swedish geologist Gerard De Geer (1858–1943) proposed a new formal definition, where varve means the whole of any annual sedimentary layer. More recently introduced terms such as 'annually laminated' are synonymous with varve.

text: The word 'varve' derives from the

text: Swedish

text: word varv whose meanings and connotations include 'revolution', 'in layers', and 'circle'. The term first appeared as Hvarfig lera (varved clay) on the first map produced by the Geological Survey of

text: Sweden

text: in 1862.Initially, "varve" referred the separate components of annual layers in

text: glacial lake

text: sediment

text: s, but at the 1910 Geological Congress, the Swedish geologist

text: Gerard De Geer

text: (1858–1943) proposed a new formal definition, where varve means the whole of any annual sedimentary layer. More recently introduced terms such as 'annually laminated' are synonymous with varve.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Initially, "varve" referred the separate components of annual layers in glacial lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 'varve'

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial lake

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: referred the separate components of annual layers in glacial lake sediments,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1862.Initially,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 'annually laminated'

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual layers in glacial lake sediments,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lake sediments,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: annual layers in glacial lake sediments,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1862.Initially,

text: Pearson also helped Dr. Colton and former Lowell employee Andrew E. Douglass to pioneer studies in tree-ring dating. Pearson provided Douglass with tree-boring equipment, which Douglass used to perfect the science of determining the age of trees based on their growth (Dendrochronology), greatly aiding researchers in dating archaeological sites. Douglass experimented with trees on MNA property, and the first tree-ring conference was held in 1934 under pines near the Colton House.

text: Pearson also helped Dr. Colton and former Lowell employee Andrew E. Douglass to pioneer studies in tree-ring dating. Pearson provided Douglass with tree-boring equipment, which Douglass used to perfect the science of determining the age of trees based on their growth (

text: Dendrochronology

text: ), greatly aiding researchers in dating archaeological sites. Douglass experimented with trees on MNA property, and the first tree-ring conference was held in 1934 under pines near the Colton House.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: determining the age of trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Douglass experimented with trees on MNA property

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: archaeological sites

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-boring

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: (Dendrochronology),

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: pines

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: pioneer studies in tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: determining the age of trees based on their growth

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: pines

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring dating.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: based on their growth

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring dating.

text: (3101) Legend of the Five Rings – Player’s Guide (second edition core rules)

text: (3101) Legend of the Five Rings – Player’s Guide (second edition core rules)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: there will be a shortage of water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: is a board game

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sandbox

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has been used in a game

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: (second edition core rules)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: (3101) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (second edition core rules)

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (3101) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (3101) Legend of the Five Rings

text: Tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans range from 1733vv to 1751v.

text: Tree-ring

text: dates obtained from the hogans range from 1733vv to 1751v.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 1733vv to 1751v

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans range from 1733vv to 1751v

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1751v

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: hogans

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1733vv

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree-ring dates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tree-ring dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree-ring dates

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree-ring dates

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: hogans

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tree-ring dates obtained from the hogans

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree-ring dates

text: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere. Conclusions for the Southern Hemisphere and global mean temperature are limited by the sparseness of available proxy data in the Southern Hemisphere at present." They concluded that "To the extent that a ‘Medieval’ interval of moderately warmer conditions can be defined from about AD 800 – 1400, any hemispheric warmth during that interval is dwarfed in magnitude by late 20th century warmth."

text: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere. Conclusions for the Southern Hemisphere and global mean temperature are limited by the sparseness of available proxy data in the Southern Hemisphere at present." They concluded that "To the extent that a ‘Medieval’ interval of moderately warmer conditions can be defined from about AD 800 – 1400, any hemispheric warmth during that interval is dwarfed in magnitude by late 20th century warmth."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high-resolution proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high-resolution proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: AD 800 – 1400,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores and sediments,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: high-resolution proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: high-resolution proxies including tree rings,

text: Ice II is a rhombohedral crystalline form of ice with a highly ordered structure. It is formed from ice I by compressing it at temperature of 198 K at 300 MPa or by decompressing ice V. When heated it undergoes transformation to ice III. Ordinary water ice is known as ice I,  (in the Bridgman nomenclature).  Different types of ice, from ice II to ice XVI, have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures. It is thought that the cores of icy moons like Jupiter's Ganymede may be made of ice II.

text: Ice II is a

text: rhombohedral

text: crystalline form of

text: ice

text: with a highly ordered structure. It is formed from

text: ice I

text: by compressing it at temperature of 198

text: K

text: at 300

text: MPa

text: or by decompressing

text: ice V

text: . When heated it undergoes transformation to

text: ice III

text: . Ordinary

text: water

text: ice is known as

text: ice I

text: ,  (in the

text: Bridgman

text: nomenclature).  Different types of ice, from ice II to

text: ice XVI

text: , have been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures. It is thought that the cores of

text: icy moon

text: s like

text: Jupiter's

text: Ganymede

text: may be made of ice II.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The cores of icy moons like Jupiter's Ganymede may be made of ice II.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: may be made of ice II

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice II

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice II

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice III

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice II

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It is thought that the cores of icy moons

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: icy moons like Jupiter's Ganymede

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: may be made of ice II.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice I,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice II

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice V.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice II

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice II

text: Despite the difficulties, analysis of ice core and ocean sediment cores has shown periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years. These also confirm the linkage between ice ages and continental crust phenomena such as glacial moraines, drumlins, and glacial erratics. Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available.

text: Despite the difficulties, analysis of ice core and ocean sediment cores has shown periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years. These also confirm the linkage between ice ages and continental crust phenomena such as glacial moraines, drumlins, and glacial erratics. Hence the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages when they are found in layers created much earlier than the time range for which ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: glacial moraines

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: interglacials

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: analysis of ice core and ocean sediment cores has shown periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: periods of glacials and interglacials

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: continental crust

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are available

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: periods of glacials and interglacials

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the continental crust phenomena are accepted as good evidence of earlier ice ages

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: periods of glacials and interglacials

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacial moraines, drumlins,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glacials and interglacials

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: continental crust

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores and ocean sediment cores are available.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: periods of glacials and interglacials over the past few million years.

text: Varve (or varved clay) is clay with visible annual layers, which are formed by seasonal deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in erosion and organic content. This type of deposit is common in former glacial lakes. When fine sediments are delivered into the calm waters of these glacial lake basins away from the shoreline, they settle to the lake bed. The resulting seasonal layering is preserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.

text: Varve

text: (or varved clay) is clay with visible annual layers, which are formed by seasonal deposition of those layers and are marked by differences in

text: erosion

text: and organic content. This type of

text: deposit

text: is common in former

text: glacial lake

text: s. When fine sediments are delivered into the calm waters of these glacial lake basins away from the shoreline, they settle to the lake bed. The resulting seasonal layering is preserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varved clay

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This type of deposit is common in former glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: visible annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial lake basins away from the shoreline,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: resulting seasonal layering is preserved in an even distribution of clay sediment banding.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: differences in erosion and organic content.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: differences in erosion and organic content.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: differences in erosion and organic content.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: differences in erosion and organic content.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal deposition of those layers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Varve

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Varve

text: Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core, which, depending on operating frequency, is made from a long strip of silicon steel or permalloy wound into a coil, powdered iron, or ferrite. A strip construction ensures that the grain boundaries are optimally aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing the core's reluctance. The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an E-I core. The cross-section of the ring is usually square or rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-sections are also available. The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically to cover the entire surface of the core. This minimizes the length of wire needed and provides screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating electromagnetic interference.

text: Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core, which, depending on operating frequency, is made from a long strip of

text: silicon steel

text: or

text: permalloy

text: wound into a coil, powdered iron, or

text: ferrite

text: . A strip construction ensures that the

text: grain boundaries

text: are optimally aligned, improving the transformer's efficiency by reducing the core's

text: reluctance

text: . The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an E-I core. The cross-section of the ring is usually square or rectangular, but more expensive cores with circular cross-sections are also available. The primary and secondary coils are often wound concentrically to cover the entire surface of the core. This minimizes the length of wire needed and provides screening to minimize the core's magnetic field from generating

text: electromagnetic interference

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the cross-section of the ring is usually square or rectangular

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps inherent in the construction of an E-I core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ferrite

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: generating electromagnetic interference.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Toroidal transformers

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The closed ring shape eliminates air gaps

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: circular cross-sections

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Toroidal transformers

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Toroidal transformers are built around a ring-shaped core,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Toroidal transformers

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Toroidal transformers

text: Because of this lack of physical mixing, as well as the absence of growing plants or crawling animals in their oxygen-depleted depths, the deep bottoms of the lakes have relatively undisturbed annual layers of sediment (or varves) that preserve a historical record, somewhat like tree rings do. These varves are being used to study the climate of this area of New York over the last several thousand years.

text: Because of this lack of physical mixing, as well as the absence of growing plants or crawling animals in their oxygen-depleted depths, the deep bottoms of the lakes have relatively undisturbed annual layers of sediment (or

text: varve

text: s) that preserve a historical record, somewhat like

text: tree ring

text: s do. These varves are being used to study the climate of this area of New York over the last several thousand years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves that preserve a historical record

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the deep bottoms of the lakes have relatively undisturbed annual layers of sediment

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: preserve a historical record

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are preserved

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growing plants

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: preserve a historical record,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: preserve a historical record,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: deep bottoms of the lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves) that preserve a historical record,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings

text: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to Greenland. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island. The Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km and contains about 2.6 million km of ice.

text: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to

text: Greenland

text: . Greenland is, by area, the

text: world's largest island

text: . The

text: Greenland ice sheet

text: covers about 1.71 million km and contains about 2.6 million km of ice.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greenland ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores are removed

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Typical ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Typical ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet

text: The bulk of the GISP2 ice core is archived at the National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, United States.

text: The bulk of the GISP2 ice core is archived at the

text: National Ice Core Laboratory

text: in

text: Lakewood, Colorado

text: , United States.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lakewood, Colorado

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the National Ice Core Laboratory is located in the United States

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: archived

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lakewood, Colorado

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, United States.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, United States.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, United States.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: archived

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core is archived at the National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core is archived at the National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory in Lakewood, Colorado, United States.

text: Hot Ice marks the demise of classic sexploitation cinema with its content absorbed into mainstream movies. Hardcore porn films had gained a firm foothold in the theatrical market by this point and had pushed out much of the "soft-core" product. The advent of the home video market in the late '70s also accelerated the decline of the sexploitation genre.

text: Hot Ice marks the demise of classic sexploitation cinema with its content absorbed into mainstream movies. Hardcore porn films had gained a firm foothold in the theatrical market by this point and had pushed out much of the "soft-core" product. The advent of the home video market in the late '70s also accelerated the decline of the sexploitation genre.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: hot ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Hardcore porn films had gained a firm foothold in the theatrical market by this point

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: hot ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Hardcore porn films

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "soft-core" product.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Hot Ice

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Hot Ice

text: The ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver Colorado where it was sampled and portions were distributed to 33 institutions for analysis. The analysis included the physical, chemical and isotopic properties of the gases trapped in the ice, the soluble and insoluble material in the melted ice, and the water from the melted ice.

text: The ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver Colorado where it was sampled and portions were distributed to 33 institutions for analysis. The analysis included the physical, chemical and isotopic properties of the gases trapped in the ice, the soluble and insoluble material in the melted ice, and the water from the melted ice.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water from the melted ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: physical, chemical and isotopic

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: portions were distributed to 33 institutions for analysis.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver Colorado

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sampled and portions were distributed to 33 institutions for analysis.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: water from the melted ice.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver Colorado

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core was transported to the National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: National Ice Core Laboratory

text: The National Snow and Ice Data Center, or NSIDC, is a United States information and referral center in support of polar and cryospheric research. NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data and also maintains information about snow cover, avalanches, glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater ice, sea ice, ground ice, permafrost, atmospheric ice, paleoglaciology, and ice cores.

text: The National Snow and Ice Data Center, or NSIDC, is a

text: United States

text: information and referral center in support of

text: polar

text: and

text: cryospheric

text: research

text: . NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data and also maintains information about

text: snow cover

text: avalanche

text: s,

text: glacier

text: s,

text: ice sheet

text: s, freshwater

text: ice

text: , sea ice, ground ice,

text: permafrost

text: , atmospheric ice, paleo

text: glaciology

text: , and

text: ice core

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: maintains information about snow cover

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: paleoglaciology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The National Snow and Ice Data Center,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: permafrost,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow and ice data

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow cover, avalanches, glaciers,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: avalanches,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores.

text: The classic varve archetype is a light / dark coloured couplet deposited in a glacial lake. The light layer usually comprises a coarser laminaset of silt and fine sand deposited under higher energy conditions when meltwater introduces sediment load into the lake water. During winter months, when meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced, and often when the lake surface freezes, fine clay-size sediment is deposited forming a dark coloured laminaset.

text: The classic varve

text: archetype

text: is a light / dark coloured couplet deposited in a

text: glacial lake

text: . The light layer usually comprises a coarser laminaset of

text: silt

text: and fine

text: sand

text: deposited under higher energy conditions when meltwater introduces sediment load into the lake water. During winter months, when meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced, and often when the lake surface freezes, fine

text: clay

text: -size sediment is deposited forming a dark coloured laminaset.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: During winter months, when meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The light layer usually comprises a coarser laminaset of silt and fine sand deposited under higher energy conditions when meltwater introduces sediment load into the lake water

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a light / dark coloured couplet

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The light layer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: During winter months, when meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: meltwater and associated suspended sediment input is reduced,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: fine clay-size sediment is deposited

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: dark coloured laminaset.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: when the lake surface freezes,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lake.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: glacial lake.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: glacial lake.

text: The Dye 3 cores were part of the GISP and, at 2037 meters, the final Dye 3 1979 core was the deepest of the 20 ice cores recovered from the Greenland ice sheet. The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true. At 500 m above bedrock, the ice velocity is ~10 ma, 61.2° true. The ice upstream and downstream from Dye 3 is flowing downhill (-) on ~0.48 % mean slope. The bedrock temperature is −13.22 °C (as of 1984).

text: The Dye 3 cores were part of the

text: GISP

text: and, at 2037 meters, the final Dye 3 1979 core was the deepest of the 20 ice cores recovered from the Greenland ice sheet. The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true. At 500 m above bedrock, the ice velocity is ~10 ma, 61.2° true. The ice upstream and downstream from Dye 3 is flowing downhill (-) on ~0.48 % mean slope. The bedrock temperature is −13.22 °C (as of 1984).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greenland ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are part of the GISP

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 12.5 ma

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Dye 3 cores were part of the GISP

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The bedrock temperature is <unk>13.22 °C

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dye 3 cores were part of the GISP

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 13.22 °C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1979

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The Dye 3 cores were part of the GISP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 20 ice cores recovered from the Greenland ice sheet.

text: In addition to oxygen isotopes, water contains hydrogen isotopes - H and H, usually referred to as H and D (for deuterium) - that are also used for temperature proxies. Normally, ice cores from Greenland are analyzed for δO and those from Antarctica for δ-deuterium. Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement. (In the figure, δO is for the trapped air, not the ice. δD is for the ice.)

text: In addition to oxygen isotopes, water contains hydrogen isotopes - H and H, usually referred to as H and D (for

text: deuterium

text: ) - that are also used for temperature proxies. Normally, ice cores from Greenland are analyzed for δO and those from Antarctica for δ-deuterium. Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement. (In the figure, δO is for the trapped air, not the ice. δD is for the ice.)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores from Greenland are analyzed for  O

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: lack of agreement

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: show a lack of agreement

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: O

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: oxygen isotopes are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: oxygen isotopes,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Those cores that analyze for both show a lack of agreement.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: <unk>O is for the trapped air,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trapped air,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: temperature proxies.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: temperature proxies.

text: Ancient trees are revered and many are famous. Tree rings themselves are an important method of dating in archeology, and serve as a record of past climates.

text: Ancient trees are revered and many are

text: famous

text: Tree ring

text: s themselves are an important method of dating in archeology, and serve as a record of past climates.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are a record of past climates

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a record of past climate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ancient trees are revered

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: serve as a record of past climates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ancient trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climates are known

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings themselves are an important method of dating in archeology,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: serve as a record of past climates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climates.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree rings

text: Socarras returned to the ring after 10 months of no activity, to be exact on August 18, 2012 in the Double Tree Hotel. He faced DeWayne Wisdom and beat him via Unanimous Decision to improve his professional record at 5-0 with 4 KO's.

text: Socarras returned to the ring after 10 months of no activity, to be exact on August 18, 2012 in the Double Tree Hotel. He faced DeWayne Wisdom and beat him via Unanimous Decision to improve his professional record at 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Socarras

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: He faced DeWayne Wisdom

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: August

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Double Tree Hotel

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: August 18, 2012

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: August 18, 2012

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Double Tree Hotel.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 5-0

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 5-0 with 4 KO's.

text: The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. It was drilled in 1985 to a length of 325 m.  From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core.

text: The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. It was drilled in 1985 to a length of 325 m.  From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: inland ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it was drilled in 1985 to a length of 325 m

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: inland ice,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: all the delta-leaps

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Renland ice core from East Greenland

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: delta-profile,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a full glacial cycle

text: Meanwhile, the Serbian engineer Milutin Milankovitch, building on James Croll's theory, improved the tedious calculations of the varying distances and angles of the Sun's radiation as the Sun and Moon gradually perturbed the Earth's orbit. Some observations of varves (layers seen in the mud covering the bottom of lakes) matched the prediction of a Milankovitch cycle lasting about 21,000 years. However, most geologists dismissed the astronomical theory. For they could not fit Milankovitch’s timing to the accepted sequence, which had only four ice ages, all of them much longer than 21,000 years.

text: Meanwhile, the Serbian engineer

text: Milutin Milankovitch

text: , building on

text: James Croll

text: 's theory, improved the tedious calculations of the varying distances and angles of the Sun's radiation as the Sun and Moon gradually perturbed the Earth's orbit. Some observations of

text: varves

text: (layers seen in the mud covering the bottom of lakes) matched the prediction of a

text: Milankovitch cycle

text: lasting about 21,000 years. However, most geologists dismissed the astronomical theory. For they could not fit Milankovitch’s timing to the accepted sequence, which had only four ice ages, all of them much longer than 21,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Milankovitch cycle lasting about 21,000 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: much longer than 21,000 years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 21,000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Milankovitch cycle lasting about 21,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (layers seen in the mud covering the bottom of lakes)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: most geologists dismissed the astronomical theory.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: much longer than 21,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: mud covering the bottom of lakes)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice ages,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mud covering the bottom of lakes)

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: four ice ages, all of them much longer than 21,000 years.

text: Göteborgsvarvet () is an annual half marathon running competition in Gothenburg,  Sweden (often called Göteborg half marathon in English). It is the largest annual running competition in Sweden, and the largest half-marathon running competition in the world, with its 62,000 entries for the Göteborgsvarvet competition on 18 May 2013. In 2016, 64,500 people entered the race. The youngest runner was 17 years old and the oldest female runner, 83 and male runner, 87. Its name is a word play; the Swedish language-word "varv" has a double meaning and can mean both lap and shipyard ("skeppsvarv"), as Gothenburg historically has been known as a shipyard town.

text: Göteborgsvarvet () is an annual

text: half marathon

text: running

text: competition in

text: Gothenburg

text: Sweden

text: (often called Göteborg half marathon in English). It is the largest annual running competition in Sweden, and the largest half-marathon running competition in the world, with its 62,000 entries for the Göteborgsvarvet competition on 18 May 2013. In 2016, 64,500 people entered the race. The youngest runner was 17 years old and the oldest female runner, 83 and male runner, 87. Its name is a

text: word play

text: ; the

text: Swedish language

text: -word "varv" has a double meaning and can mean both lap and shipyard ("skeppsvarv"), as Gothenburg historically has been known as a shipyard town.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Gothenburg historically has been known as a shipyard town

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The youngest runner was 17 years old

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lap

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gothenburg

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Göteborgsvarvet

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Gothenburg

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Gothenburg historically has been known as a shipyard town.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Göteborgsvarvet

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 83 and male runner, 87.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lap and shipyard

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: lap and shipyard ("skeppsvarv"),

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: shipyard

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 83 and male runner, 87.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 83 and male runner, 87.

text: However, international interest in varves diminished. The bitter dispute between De Geer and Antevs, coupled with the advent of new dating techniques, most importantly radiocarbon dating, showed varves in a bad light.

text: However, international interest in varves diminished. The bitter dispute between De Geer and Antevs, coupled with the advent of new dating techniques, most importantly

text: radiocarbon dating

text: , showed varves in a bad light.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: international interest in varves diminished

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Antevs

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: international interest in varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: showed varves in a bad light.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: radiocarbon dating, showed varves in a bad light.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: showed varves in a bad light.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Antevs,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: radiocarbon dating,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: radiocarbon dating,

text: Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring. There, "jets" of material may be due to collisions, initiated by perturbations from the nearby small moon Prometheus, of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring. One of the largest F Ring moonlets may be the as-yet unconfirmed object S/2004 S 6. The F Ring also contains transient "fans" which are thought to result from even smaller moonlets, about 1 km in diameter, orbiting near the F Ring core.

text: Similar moonlets may reside in the

text: F Ring

text: . There, "jets" of material may be due to collisions, initiated by perturbations from the nearby small moon Prometheus, of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring. One of the largest F Ring moonlets may be the as-yet unconfirmed object

text: S/2004 S 6

text: . The F Ring also contains transient "fans" which are thought to result from even smaller moonlets, about 1 km in diameter, orbiting near the F Ring core.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: transient "fans"

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: nearby small moon Prometheus, of these moonlets with the core of the F Ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: the F Ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the F Ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: "jets"

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Similar moonlets may reside in the F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "jets" of material may be due to collisions,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: moonlets may reside in the F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: F Ring.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: F Ring.

text: Socket G1, also known as rPGA 988A (there are Socket G/rPGA 989 sockets that can take Socket G1/rPGA 988A or Socket G2/rPGA 988B packaged processors), is Intel's CPU socket for their line of mobile Core i7, the successor to the Core 2 line. It is based on Intel's Nehalem architecture which was first available for the 1366-pin "Socket B", which, like its predecessor, LGA775, uses the LGA socket configuration. Later followed the updated LGA-1156 socket, which moved the QPI and PCI-express controller off the Northbridge and onto the CPU. As a result of the lower pin count, LGA-1156 systems, and later, socket G1 systems, can only run in Dual-channel memory mode, as opposed to the Triple-channel mode which is unique to the LGA-1366 platform (and subsequent Xeon sockets). The Nehalem's mobile variant was released on September 23, 2009 in the form of the i7-720QM, 820QM, and 920XM models, followed by the i7-740QM, 840QM, and 940XM models on June 21, 2010. The newer CPUs use the new Clarksfield core, which maintained the same 45 nm manufacturing process as the desktop-based Nehalems. Nehalem received a die shrink on January 7, 2010, under the core name of Westmere. With the Intel GMA HD Graphics Ironlake core packaged onto the CPU substrate, but not integrated directly to the processor die, it goes on to create the Arrandale-based line. The current CPUs to use this package are the Core i7-6x0M series, the Core i5-4x0M series, the Core i5-5x0M series, the Core i3-3x0M series, and finally the Pentium P6x00 series and Celeron P4x00 series which were released on March 28, 2010. However, not all of these are available for Socket G1, as some of them are only available in a BGA package. They are also known as PGA988 socket processors.

text: Socket G1, also known as rPGA 988A (there are Socket G/rPGA 989 sockets that can take Socket G1/rPGA 988A or

text: Socket G2

text: /rPGA 988B packaged processors), is

text: Intel

text: 's CPU socket for their line of

text: mobile Core i7

text: , the successor to the

text: Core 2

text: line. It is based on Intel's

text: Nehalem

text: architecture which was first available for the

text: 1366-pin "Socket B"

text: , which, like its predecessor, LGA775, uses the

text: LGA

text: socket configuration. Later followed the updated

text: socket, which moved the QPI and PCI-express controller off the

text: Northbridge

text: and onto the CPU. As a result of the lower pin count, LGA-1156 systems, and later, socket G1 systems, can only run in

text: Dual-channel

text: memory mode, as opposed to the

text: Triple-channel

text: mode which is unique to the LGA-1366 platform (and subsequent

text: Xeon

text: sockets). The Nehalem's mobile variant was released on September 23, 2009 in the form of the i7-720QM, 820QM, and 920XM models, followed by the i7-740QM, 840QM, and 940XM models on June 21, 2010. The newer CPUs use the new

text: Clarksfield

text: core, which maintained the same

text: 45 nm

text: manufacturing process as the desktop-based Nehalems. Nehalem received a

text: die shrink

text: on January 7, 2010, under the core name of

text: Westmere

text: . With the

text: Intel GMA HD Graphics

text: Ironlake core packaged onto the CPU substrate, but not integrated directly to the processor die, it goes on to create the

text: Arrandale

text: -based line. The current CPUs to use this package are the Core i7-6x0M series, the Core i5-4x0M series, the Core i5-5x0M series, the Core i3-3x0M series, and finally the Pentium P6x00 series and Celeron P4x00 series which were released on March 28, 2010. However, not all of these are available for Socket G1, as some of them are only available in a

text: BGA

text: package. They are also known as PGA988 socket processors.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Socket G1

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: i7-740QM

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Socket G1 systems, and later, socket G1 systems, can only run in Dual-channel memory mode

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not integrated directly to the processor die

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: i7-740QM

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Socket G1

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: June 21, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: not all of these are available for Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not all of these are available for Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: June 21, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: BGA package.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Socket G1,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Socket G1,

text: Over the next thirty years many calibration curves were published using a variety of methods and statistical approaches. These were superseded by the INTCAL series of curves, beginning with INTCAL98, published in 1998, and updated in 2004, 2009, and 2013. The improvements to these curves are based on new data gathered from tree rings, varves, coral, plant macrofossils, speleothems, and foraminifera.  The INTCAL13 data includes separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres, as they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect; there is also a separate marine calibration curve. For a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time such as a sequence of tree rings, the samples' radiocarbon ages form a small subset of the calibration curve. The resulting curve can then be matched to the actual calibration curve by identifying where, in the range suggested by the radiocarbon dates, the wiggles in the calibration curve best match the wiggles in the curve of sample dates. This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates.  Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve, and hence can provide a much more accurate date than the intercept or probability methods are able to produce.  The technique is not restricted to tree rings; for example, a stratified tephra sequence in New Zealand, known to predate human colonization of the islands, has been dated to 1314 AD ± 12 years by wiggle-matching. The wiggles also mean that reading a date from a calibration curve can give more than one answer: this occurs when the curve wiggles up and down enough that the radiocarbon age intercepts the curve in more than one place, which may lead to a radiocarbon result being reported as two separate age ranges, corresponding to the two parts of the curve that the radiocarbon age intercepted.

text: Over the next thirty years many calibration curves were published using a variety of methods and statistical approaches. These were superseded by the INTCAL series of curves, beginning with INTCAL98, published in 1998, and updated in 2004, 2009, and 2013. The improvements to these curves are based on new data gathered from tree rings,

text: varve

text: s,

text: coral

text: , plant

text: macrofossil

text: s,

text: speleothems

text: , and

text: foraminifera

text: .  The INTCAL13 data includes separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres, as they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect; there is also a separate marine calibration curve. For a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time such as a sequence of tree rings, the samples' radiocarbon ages form a small subset of the calibration curve. The resulting curve can then be matched to the actual calibration curve by identifying where, in the range suggested by the radiocarbon dates, the wiggles in the calibration curve best match the wiggles in the curve of sample dates. This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates.  Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve, and hence can provide a much more accurate date than the intercept or probability methods are able to produce.  The technique is not restricted to tree rings; for example, a stratified

text: tephra

text: sequence in New Zealand, known to predate human colonization of the islands, has been dated to 1314 AD ± 12 years by wiggle-matching. The wiggles also mean that reading a date from a calibration curve can give more than one answer: this occurs when the curve wiggles up and down enough that the radiocarbon age intercepts the curve in more than one place, which may lead to a radiocarbon result being reported as two separate age ranges, corresponding to the two parts of the curve that the radiocarbon age intercepted.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: INTCAL13

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: can provide a much more accurate date than the intercept

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: For a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: wiggles

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon ages

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "wiggle-matching"

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: plateau on the calibration curve,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: wiggles in the curve of sample dates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reading a date from a calibration curve can give more than one answer:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "wiggle-matching"

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "wiggle-matching"

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wiggles up and down

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: known sequence and separation in time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: "wiggle-matching"

text: New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons, or one year, in the tree's life. , the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years. Dendrochronology derives from  (dendron), meaning "tree limb", χρόνος (khronos), meaning "time", and -λογία (-logia), "the study of".

text: New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons, or one year, in the tree's life. , the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years. Dendrochronology derives from  (dendron), meaning "tree limb",

text: χρόνος

text: (khronos), meaning "time", and

text: -λογία

text: -logia

text: ), "the study of".

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree's growth rate changes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has been there for a long time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: A tree's growth rate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: seasonal climate changes,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: growth rings.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: growth rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a layer of cells near the bark.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 13,900 years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 13,900 years.

text: Kohnen station is the logistic base for the ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land, the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). A core was also drilled at Kohnen station.

text: Kohnen station is the logistic base for the ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land, the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (

text: EPICA

text: ). A core was also drilled at Kohnen station.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: eucalyptus

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Kohnen station

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Kohnen station is located in Dronning Maud Land

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: drilled at Kohnen station

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Kohnen station

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A core was also drilled at Kohnen station.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: drilled

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice coring project in Dronning Maud Land,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

text: On its south and southwest shores, the maar has silted up with sediments, core samples from which give a comprehensive picture of the climate going back to the  last cold period. The sediments of the Holzmaar go back 23,200 years. This assessment was made possible by comparing the sequence and dating obtained in the maar basin with that of the Meerfelder Maar. The time of the maximum of the last glaciation derived from varve chronology is in close agreement with data from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2), but are somewhat at odds with those of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP).

text: On its south and southwest shores, the maar has silted up with

text: sediment

text: s,

text: core sample

text: s from which give a comprehensive picture of the climate going back to the

text: last cold period

text: . The sediments of the Holzmaar go back 23,200 years. This assessment was made possible by comparing the sequence and

text: dating

text: obtained in the maar basin with that of the

text: Meerfelder Maar

text: . The time of the maximum of the last glaciation derived from

text: varve

text: chronology is in close agreement with data from the

text: Greenland Ice Sheet Project

text: (GISP2), but are somewhat at odds with those of the

text: Greenland Ice Core Project

text: (GRIP).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve chronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greenland Ice Core Project

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The sediments of the Holzmaar go back 23,200 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: give a comprehensive picture of the climate

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve chronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The time of the maximum of the last glaciation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The sediments of the Holzmaar go back 23,200 years.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP).

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: somewhat at odds

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: cold period.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland Ice Sheet Project

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 23,200 years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 23,200 years.

text: The eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the Peter L. Ward's supplemental table. Some of the eruptions are not listed on the Global Volcanism Program timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program; Bristlecone pine tree-rings (Pinus longaeva, Pinus aristata, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii); the 4 ka Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) chronology; the 7 ka Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronology from Finnish Lapland; GISP2 ice core; GRIP ice core; Dye 3 ice core; Bipolar comparison; Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003); Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997); Crête ice core, in central Greenland,  benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediment cores (Lisiecki, Raymo 2005), do not agree with each other sometimes. The 536–547 AD dust-veil event might be an impact event.

text: The eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the

text: Peter L. Ward's

text: supplemental table. Some of the eruptions are not listed on the

text: Global Volcanism Program

text: timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program; Bristlecone pine tree-rings (

text: Pinus longaeva

text: Pinus aristata

text: Pinus ponderosa

text: Pinus edulis

text: Pseudotsuga menziesii

text: ); the 4

text: ka

text: Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (

text: Larix sibirica

text: ) chronology; the 7 ka Scots pine (

text: Pinus sylvestris

text: ) chronology from

text: Finnish Lapland

text: ice core

text: GRIP

text: ice core;

text: Dye 3

text: ice core; Bipolar comparison; Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003); Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997); Crête ice core, in central Greenland,

text: benthic

text: foraminifera

text: in deep sea sediment cores (

text: Lisiecki

text: Raymo

text: 2005), do not agree with each other sometimes. The

text: 536–547 AD dust-veil event

text: might be an

text: impact event

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Bristlecone

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The 536–547 AD dust-veil event might be an impact event.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: do not agree with each other sometimes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 4 ka

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Bristlecone pine tree-rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 536–547 AD dust-veil event

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: do not agree with each other sometimes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Antarctic ice core

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: do not agree with each other sometimes.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 536–547 AD dust-veil

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Antarctic ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 536–547 AD

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Bristlecone pine tree-rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Antarctic ice core

text: Of the many rhythmites in the geological record, varves are one of the most important and illuminating in studies of past climate change. Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events recognised in stratigraphy.

text: Of the many

text: rhythmite

text: s in the geological record, varves are one of the most important and illuminating in studies of past

text: climate change

text: . Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events recognised in

text: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves are among the smallest-scale events recognised in stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: past climate change

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climate change

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: amongst the smallest-scale events recognised in stratigraphy.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: illuminating in studies of past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varves

text: In 1910, the eleventh International Geological Congress was held in Stockholm. In addition to presenting his research on varves, De Geer presided over the congress. De Geer began his paper "A geochronology of the last 12000 years" by writing "Geology is the history of the earth, but hitherto it has been a history without years." At the congress De Geer formally introduced the term varve defining it as any annual sedimentary layer, and also proposed that the term geochronology be restricted to varve dating, other existing techniques being less accurate and precise.

text: In 1910, the eleventh International Geological Congress was held in Stockholm. In addition to presenting his research on varves, De Geer presided over the congress. De Geer began his paper "A geochronology of the last 12000 years" by writing "Geology is the history of the earth, but hitherto it has been a history without years." At the congress De Geer formally introduced the term

text: varve

text: defining it as any annual sedimentary layer, and also proposed that the term

text: geochronology

text: be restricted to varve dating, other existing techniques being less accurate and precise.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: De Geer formally introduced the term varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: De Geer formally introduced the term varve

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sedimentary layer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual sedimentary layer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: De Geer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual sedimentary layer,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: other existing techniques being less accurate and precise.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varve defining it as any annual sedimentary layer,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: less accurate and precise.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual sedimentary layer,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve defining it as any annual sedimentary layer,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varve dating, other existing techniques being less accurate and precise.

text: Nonetheless, some maintain that the very best Stradivari have unique superiorities. Various attempts at explaining these supposed qualities have been undertaken, most results being unsuccessful or inconclusive. Over the centuries, numerous theories have been presented – and debunked – including an assertion that the wood was salvaged from old cathedrals. Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, has proved this false.

text: Nonetheless, some maintain that the very best Stradivari have unique superiorities. Various attempts at explaining these supposed qualities have been undertaken, most results being unsuccessful or inconclusive. Over the centuries, numerous theories have been presented – and debunked – including an assertion that the wood was salvaged from old cathedrals.

text: Dendrochronology

text: , or tree-ring dating, has proved this false.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, has proved this false

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: debunked

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Stradivari

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring dating,

text: Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.

text: Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dendrochronology or tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can date the time at which ice cores were formed

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: exact calendar year.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: calendar year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: many types of wood,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: many types of wood, to the exact calendar year.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Dendrochronology

text: Am2900 is a family of integrated circuits (ICs) created in 1975 by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). They were constructed with bipolar devices, in a bit-slice topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer control unit (CCU). By using a bit slicing technique, Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4 bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was it required a larger amount of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip was the arithmetic-logic unit (ALU), and the "core" of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations.

text: Am2900 is a family of

text: integrated circuit

text: s (ICs) created in 1975 by

text: Advanced Micro Devices

text: (AMD). They were constructed with

text: bipolar

text: devices, in a

text: bit-slice

text: topology, and were designed to be used as modular components each representing a different aspect of a computer

text: control unit

text: (CCU). By using a

text: bit slicing

text: technique, Am2900 family was able to implement a CCU with data, addresses, and instructions to be any multiple of 4 bits by multiplying the number of ICs. One major problem with this modular technique was it required a larger amount of ICs to implement what could be done on a single CPU IC. The Am2901 chip was the

text: arithmetic-logic unit

text: (ALU), and the "core" of the series. It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various

text: bit-shifting

text: operations.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Am2900 family

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Am2901 chip

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It could count using 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Am2900

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Am2900 family

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Am2900

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 4 bits

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: By using a bit slicing technique,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Am2901

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 4 bits and implement binary operations as well as various bit-shifting operations.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bipolar devices,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Am2900

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bit-slice topology,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Am2900

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Am2900

text: The analyses of stable isotopes from Greenland ice cores provide a more precise estimate for the onset and end of the Younger Dryas period. The analysis of Greenland Summit ice cores as a part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project-2 (GISP-2) and Greenland Icecore Project (GRIP) estimated that the Younger Dryas started about 12,800 ice (calendar) years BP. Depending on the specific ice core analysis consulted, the Younger Dryas is estimated to have lasted 1,150–1,300 years. Measurements of oxygen isotopes from the GISP2 ice core suggest the ending of the Younger Dryas took place over just 40–50 years in three discrete steps, each lasting five years. Other proxy data, such as dust concentration, and snow accumulation, suggest an even more rapid transition, requiring about a  warming in just a few years. Total warming in Greenland was .

text: The analyses of stable isotopes from Greenland ice cores provide a more precise estimate for the onset and end of the Younger Dryas period. The analysis of Greenland Summit ice cores as a part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project-2 (GISP-2) and Greenland Icecore Project (GRIP) estimated that the Younger Dryas started about 12,800 ice (calendar) years BP. Depending on the specific ice core analysis consulted, the Younger Dryas is estimated to have lasted 1,150–1,300 years. Measurements of oxygen isotopes from the GISP2

text: ice core

text: suggest the ending of the Younger Dryas took place over just 40–50 years in three discrete steps, each lasting five years. Other

text: proxy

text: data, such as dust concentration, and snow accumulation, suggest an even more rapid transition, requiring about a  warming in just a few years. Total warming in Greenland was .

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Younger Dryas started about 12,800 ice (calendar) years BP

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: provide a more precise estimate for the onset and end

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Greenland ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: snow accumulation,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Measurements of oxygen isotopes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust concentration, and snow accumulation,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: provide a more precise estimate

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow accumulation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dust concentration, and snow accumulation,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: dust concentration, and snow accumulation,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 12,800 ice (calendar) years BP.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 12,800 ice (calendar) years BP.

text: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits, in much the same way that sediment cores are drilled. When all that is needed is the hole, hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice or snow for both Arctic and Antarctic research purposes. Equipment for such a method is also lightweight when drilling deep holes, compared to traditional drilling equipment. Hot water drilling has been used successfully in the IceCube Neutrino Detector and Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array projects to drill as deep as 2,450 meters.

text: Ice cores

text: are drilled by hollow bits, in much the same way that sediment cores are drilled. When all that is needed is the hole, hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice or snow for both Arctic and Antarctic research purposes. Equipment for such a method is also lightweight when drilling deep holes, compared to traditional drilling equipment. Hot water drilling has been used successfully in the

text: IceCube Neutrino Detector

text: and

entity_name: Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array

text: Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array

text: projects to drill as deep as 2,450 meters.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: hot water drill technology may be used

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice or snow for both Arctic and Antarctic research purposes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are drilled by hollow bits

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: hot water drill technology may be used to melt holes in ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Equipment for such a method is also lightweight when drilling deep holes,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice or snow

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice cores are drilled by hollow bits,

text: In 1940, De Geer published his longest and best-known work Geochronologia Suecica Principles, in which he presented part of the Swedish Time Scale in detail, and expounded upon his theories and work regarding varves.

text: In 1940, De Geer published his longest and best-known work Geochronologia Suecica Principles, in which he presented part of the Swedish Time Scale in detail, and expounded upon his theories and work regarding varves.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: De Geer presented part of the Swedish Time Scale in detail

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: de Geer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: time scale

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: he presented part of the Swedish Time Scale in detail,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Swedish Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Swedish Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varves.

text: A paleothermometer is a methodology for determining past temperatures using a proxy found in a natural record such as a sediment, ice core, tree rings or TEX.

text: A paleothermometer is a methodology for determining past

text: temperature

text: s using a

text: proxy

text: found in a natural record such as a

text: sediment

text: ice core

text: tree ring

text: s or

text: TEX

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: TEX

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a paleothermometer is used to determine past temperatures

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are a natural record

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: TEX

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: paleothermometer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A paleothermometer is a methodology for determining past temperatures

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice core,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: determining past temperatures

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice core, tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core, tree rings or TEX.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core, tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: paleothermometer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core, tree rings or TEX.

text: The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the palaeoclimate and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust, volcanic ash or radioactivity are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'. The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at –20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008). The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analyzed in containment units designed by such technology. Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.

text: The 'ice cores' retrieved by drilling holes in Antarctic's vast ice-sheets yield information 'on the

text: palaeoclimate

text: and eco-history of the earth as records of wind-blown dust,

text: volcanic ash

text: or

text: radioactivity

text: are preserved in the ice as it gets accumulated over time'. The NCAOR developed a polar research & development laboratory with a 'low-temperature laboratory complex at –20 °C for preservation and analysis of ice core and snow samples' according to S.D. Gad (2008). The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analyzed in containment units designed by such technology. Storage cases made of poly propylene also ensure that the samples do not alter characteristics and are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 'ice core'

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the palaeoclimate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The 'ice core' samples are held, processed, and analyzed in containment units

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are preserved for analysis in the form that they were recovered

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 'ice cores'

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice-sheets

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the samples do not alter characteristics

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: wind-blown dust,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: yield information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice-sheets

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctic's vast ice-sheets

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 'ice cores'

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: palaeoclimate

text: Constructed worlds often have cosmologies, both in the scientific and metaphysical senses of the word. Design of science fiction worlds, especially those with spacefaring societies, usually entails creation of a star system and planets. If the designer wishes to apply real-life principles of astronomy, he or she may develop detailed astronomical measures for the orbit of the world, and to define the physical characteristics of the other bodies in the same system; this establishes chronological parameters, such as the length of a day and the durations of seasons. Some systems are intentionally bizarre. For Larry Niven's novels The Integral Trees and The Smoke Ring, Niven designed a "freefall" environment, a gas torus ring of habitable pressure, temperature, and composition, around a neutron star.

text: Constructed worlds often have cosmologies, both in the

text: scientific

text: and

text: metaphysical

text: senses of the word. Design of science fiction worlds, especially those with

text: spacefaring

text: societies, usually entails creation of a

text: star system

text: and

text: planet

text: s. If the designer wishes to apply real-life principles of astronomy, he or she may develop detailed

text: astronomical

text: measures for the

text: orbit

text: of the world, and to define the physical characteristics of the other bodies in the same system; this establishes

text: chronological

text: parameters, such as the length of a day and the durations of

text: season

text: s. Some systems are intentionally bizarre. For

text: Larry Niven

text: 's novels

text: The Integral Trees

text: and

text: The Smoke Ring

text: , Niven designed a "freefall" environment, a gas

text: torus

text: ring of habitable pressure, temperature, and composition, around a

text: neutron star

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Integral Trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: this establishes chronological parameters

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Constructed worlds often have cosmologies

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: this establishes chronological parameters

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: the length of a day

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: gas torus

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: this establishes chronological parameters

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Larry Niven's novels The Integral Trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: length of a day and the durations of seasons.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Some systems are intentionally bizarre.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: seasons.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Constructed worlds often have cosmologies,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: seasons.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: seasons.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: "freefall"

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: astronomical measures

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: length of a day and the durations of seasons.

text: Conducted by Dr. Peter Klein of the University of Hamburg, Germany in 1994. Using tree-ring dating, Dr. Klein determined that the oak panel was from the Baltic Region and that the earliest possible date of the painting was 1597.

text: Conducted by Dr. Peter Klein of the University of Hamburg, Germany in 1994. Using

text: tree-ring dating

text: , Dr. Klein determined that the oak panel was from the Baltic Region and that the earliest possible date of the painting was 1597.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: oak

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the earliest possible date of the painting was 1597

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oak

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: oak

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: earliest possible date of the painting was 1597.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring dating,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oak panel was from the Baltic Region

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Baltic Region

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the Baltic Region

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

text: The interface between the "outside world" and the IC is made via the input/output (I/O) ring. This ring contains power I/O ports, digital I/O ports and analog I/O ports. The I/Os are (usually) wired via the IC package to the "outside world" and each I/O executes its own specific command instructions, e.g. JTAG ports, IC power supply ports etc. Reliability engineering aims to age all I/Os in the same way as the other IC elements. This can be achieved by using a Boundary scan operation.

text: The interface between the "outside world" and the IC is made via the input/output (I/O) ring. This ring contains power I/O ports, digital I/O ports and analog I/O ports. The I/Os are (usually) wired via the IC package to the "outside world" and each I/O executes its own specific command instructions, e.g.

text: JTAG

text: ports,

text: IC power supply ports

text: etc. Reliability engineering aims to age all I/Os in the same way as the other IC elements. This can be achieved by using a

text: Boundary scan

text: operation.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a Boundary scan operation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Reliability engineering aims to age all I/Os in the same way as the other IC elements

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Boundary scan operation

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: input/output (I/O) ring.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Boundary scan operation.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: each I/O executes its own specific command instructions,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: input/output (I/O) ring.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: each I/O executes its own specific command instructions,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: input/output (I/O) ring.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Boundary scan operation.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Boundary scan operation.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Boundary scan operation.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Boundary scan operation.

text: The oldest living tree with a verified age is also in California. It is a Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) growing in the White Mountains. It has been dated by drilling a core sample and counting the annual rings. It is estimated to currently be

text: The oldest living tree with a verified age is also in California. It is a Great Basin bristlecone pine (

text: Pinus longaeva

text: ) growing in the

text: White Mountains

text: . It has been dated by drilling a core sample and counting the annual rings. It is estimated to currently be

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: elongated

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the tree will die

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The oldest living tree with a verified age is also in California

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: white mountains

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Great Basin bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The oldest living tree with a verified age

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: White Mountains.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: drilling a core sample

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: annual rings.

text: In 1989 and 1990, an international team of geologists led by Dr. Stephan Kempe from the University of Hamburg (now Professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt) retrieved ten sediment cores from depths up to . Although these cores only penetrated the first few meters of sediment, they provided sufficient varves to give proxy climate data for up to 14,570 years BP.

text: In 1989 and 1990, an international team of geologists led by Dr. Stephan Kempe from the University of Hamburg (now Professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt) retrieved ten sediment cores from depths up to . Although these cores only penetrated the first few meters of sediment, they provided sufficient

text: varves

text: to give proxy climate data for up to 14,570 years

text: BP

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climate data for up to 14,570

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: sediment cores only penetrated the first few meters of sediment

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they provided sufficient varves

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sediment cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: BP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climate data for up to 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Although these cores only penetrated the first few meters of sediment,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they provided sufficient varves

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: climate data for up to 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 14,570 years BP.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 14,570 years BP.

text: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings – 4th Edition (core rules)

text: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings – 4th Edition (core rules)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: there will be a shortage of water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: is a board game

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has been used in a game

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Legend of the Five Rings – 4th Edition (core rules)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (core

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: (3300)

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (3300) Legend of the Five Rings

text: The star * indicates that the sentence is not acceptable English. Based on data like these, one might conclude that the finite verb string is happy in the example sentence is not a constituent and should therefore not be shown as a constituent in the corresponding IC-representation. Hence this result supports the IC-analysis in the dependency tree over the one in the constituency tree, since the dependency tree does not view is happy as a constituent.

text: The star * indicates that the sentence is not acceptable English. Based on data like these, one might conclude that the finite verb string is happy in the example sentence is not a constituent and should therefore not be shown as a constituent in the corresponding IC-representation. Hence this result supports the IC-analysis in the dependency tree over the one in the constituency tree, since the dependency tree does not view is happy as a constituent.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a summer drought

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the finite verb string is happy in the example sentence is not a constituent

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated by a thick deposit of sediment.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: the finite verb string is happy

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: happy

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the dependency tree does not view is happy as a constituent.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the dependency tree does not view is happy

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: IC-analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: IC-analysis in the dependency tree

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: the dependency tree does not view is happy

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: dependency tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: happy

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: the dependency tree does not view is happy

text: While bishop, Foliot gave books, altar furnishings, and land to his cathedral chapter, as well as a purple and gold cape to Wigmore Abbey. Although no documentary evidence links him to the timbered hall in the bishop's palace at Hereford, tree-ring dating of the timbers has dated its construction to 1179, during his time as bishop. He also gave money to the Bishop's Chapel in Hereford Cathedral.

text: While bishop, Foliot gave books, altar furnishings, and land to his cathedral chapter, as well as a purple and gold cape to

text: Wigmore Abbey

text: . Although no documentary evidence links him to the timbered hall in the bishop's palace at Hereford, tree-ring dating of the timbers has dated its construction to 1179, during his time as bishop. He also gave money to the Bishop's Chapel in Hereford Cathedral.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Foliot gave books

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring dating of the timbers has dated its construction to 1179

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: purple and gold

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring dating of the timbers has dated its construction

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1179,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: purple and gold cape

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: construction to 1179,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring dating

text: More recent ice core samples of today's glacial ice substantiated the cycles through studies of ancient pollen deposition. Currently a number of methods are making additional detail possible.  Matching the stages to named periods proceeds as new dates are discovered and new regions are explored geologically. The marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed than any terrestrial equivalents, and have enabled a timeline of glaciation for the Plio-Pleistocene to be identified.  It is now believed that changes in the size of the major ice sheets such as the historical Laurentide ice sheet of North America are the main factor governing variations in the oxygen isotope ratios.

text: More recent

text: ice core

text: samples of today's glacial ice substantiated the cycles through studies of ancient

text: pollen

text: deposition. Currently a number of methods are making additional detail possible.  Matching the stages to named periods proceeds as new dates are discovered and new regions are explored geologically. The marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed than any terrestrial equivalents, and have enabled a timeline of glaciation for the

text: Plio-Pleistocene

text: to be identified.  It is now believed that changes in the size of the major

text: ice sheet

text: s such as the historical

text: Laurentide ice sheet

text: of North America are the main factor governing variations in the oxygen isotope ratios.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ice sheet of North America

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed than any terrestrial equivalents

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core samples

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: cycles through studies of ancient pollen deposition.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: pollen deposition.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: marine isotopic records appear more complete and detailed than any terrestrial equivalents,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: More recent ice core samples of today's glacial ice

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: substantiated the cycles through studies of ancient pollen deposition.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: pollen deposition.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: changes in the size of the major ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ancient pollen deposition.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The marine isotopic records

text: The further evolution of Callisto after accretion was determined by the balance of the radioactive heating, cooling through thermal conduction near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus convection in the interior. Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all icy moons. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point, due to the temperature dependence of ice viscosity. Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales. It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime. For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid lithosphere with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the endogenic activity on the Callistoan surface. The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there, water ice exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the ice I on the surface to ice VII in the center. The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting differentiation that would have otherwise formed a large rocky core and icy mantle. Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.

text: The further evolution of Callisto after

text: accretion

text: was determined by the balance of the

text: radioactive

text: heating, cooling through

text: thermal conduction

text: near the surface, and solid state or subsolidus

text: convection

text: in the interior. Details of the subsolidus convection in the ice is the main source of uncertainty in the models of all

text: icy moon

text: s. It is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the

text: melting point

text: , due to the temperature dependence of ice

text: viscosity

text: . Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year, but is, in fact, a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales. It is thought to proceed in the so-called stagnant lid regime, where a stiff, cold outer layer of Callisto conducts heat without convection, whereas the ice beneath it convects in the subsolidus regime. For Callisto, the outer conductive layer corresponds to the cold and rigid

text: lithosphere

text: with a thickness of about 100 km. Its presence would explain the lack of any signs of the

text: endogenic

text: activity on the Callistoan surface. The convection in the interior parts of Callisto may be layered, because under the high pressures found there,

text: water ice

text: exists in different crystalline phases beginning from the

text: ice I

text: on the surface to

text: ice VII

text: in the center. The early onset of subsolidus convection in the Callistoan interior could have prevented large-scale ice melting and any resulting

text: differentiation

text: that would have otherwise formed a large rocky

text: core

text: and icy

text: mantle

text: . Due to the convection process, however, very slow and partial separation and differentiation of rocks and ices inside Callisto has been proceeding on timescales of billions of years and may be continuing to this day.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Callistoan surface

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: it is known to develop when the temperature is sufficiently close to the melting point

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Subsolidus convection in icy bodies is a slow process with ice motions of the order of 1 centimeter per year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: very slow and partial separation and differentiation

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: subsolidus convection

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: icy bodies

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Callistoan

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a very effective cooling mechanism on long timescales.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: rocky core

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: thermal conduction

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: temperature dependence of ice viscosity.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: billions of years

text: (1940) "Tree-Ring Dates from the Forestdale Valley, East-Central Arizona" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

text: (1940) "Tree-Ring Dates from the Forestdale Valley, East-Central Arizona" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the soil will dry out

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it was published in 1940

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are used to date trees

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: forestdale valley

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Forestdale Valley,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Arizona" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol.7, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "Tree-Ring Dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Forestdale Valley,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "Tree-Ring Dates from the Forestdale Valley,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2

text: Researchers have studied other radioactive isotopes created by cosmic rays to determine if they could also be used to assist in dating objects of archaeological interest; such isotopes include , , , , and .  With the development of AMS in the 1980s it became possible to measure these isotopes precisely enough for them to be the basis of useful dating techniques, which have been primarily applied to dating rocks.  Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes can also form the basis of dating methods, as with potassium–argon dating, argon–argon dating, and uranium series dating.  Other dating techniques of interest to archaeologists include thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, electron spin resonance, and fission track dating, as well as techniques that depend on annual bands or layers, such as dendrochronology, tephrochronology, and varve chronology.

text: Researchers have studied other radioactive isotopes created by cosmic rays to determine if they could also be used to assist in dating objects of archaeological interest; such isotopes include

text: , and

text: .  With the development of AMS in the 1980s it became possible to measure these isotopes precisely enough for them to be the basis of useful dating techniques, which have been primarily applied to dating rocks.  Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes can also form the basis of dating methods, as with

text: potassium–argon dating

text: argon–argon dating

text: , and

text: uranium series dating

text: .  Other dating techniques of interest to archaeologists include

text: thermoluminescence

text: optically stimulated luminescence

text: electron spin resonance

text: , and

text: fission track dating

text: , as well as techniques that depend on annual bands or layers, such as

text: dendrochronology

text: tephrochronology

text: , and

text: varve

text: chronology.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: naturally occurring radioactive isotopes can also form the basis of dating methods

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radioactive isotopes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geologic time

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual bands or layers, such as dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: AMS

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dating objects of archaeological interest;

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual bands

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve chronology.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual bands or layers,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: AMS

text: Parting-step lineation, which is characterized by step-like parting surfaces, has been reported by Banerjee from varves deposited in glacial lakes.

text: Parting-step lineation, which is characterized by step-like parting surfaces, has been reported by Banerjee from

text: varve

text: s deposited in

text: glacial lake

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: parting-step lineation

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Parting-step lineation,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: step-like parting surfaces,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves deposited in glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: step-like parting surfaces,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: step-like parting surfaces,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves deposited in glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varves deposited in glacial lakes.

text: Released on June 26, 2006, the Dell Inspiron 530 is Dell's first desktop to use the Inspiron name. The Inspiron 530 has an Intel Celeron 450, and can be customized up to an Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550. It has 2 GB of DDR2 SDRAM at 800 MHz, which can be upgraded up to 4 GB (standard bios) or 8GB (BIOS upgrade 1.0.18 needed). The desktop has a 320 GB 7200 RPM Serial ATA hard drive w/DataBurst Cache, which can be upgraded to 1 TB. There are also data recovery versions of the 320 and 500 GB hard drive sizes. The Inspiron 530 is customizable with a variety of DVD+/-RW and Blu-ray Disc drives. The Inspiron 530 has integrated Intel GMA 3100, and can be customized up to an ATI Radeon HD 4670 discrete graphics card. It has integrated 7.1 channel audio and can be customized up to a Sound Blaster X-Fi XtremeGamer sound card. The Inspiron 530 has no initial Wi-Fi card, but can be customized up to a Dell 1505 Wireless-N PCI-e card. The Inspiron 530 has two variants of motherboards, both made by Foxconn and based on the G33M series. The G33M02 which supports up to Core 2 Duo processors (the e8600 is the fastest compatible cpu)and the DG33M03, which supports up to Core 2 Quad processors. Inspiron 530 systems sold with Pentium Dual-Core or Core 2 Duo processors can not be upgraded to Core 2 Quad processors without adding at least a 350W power supply and swapping motherboards to the DG33M03 motherboard. The reason the G33M02 doesn't support Core 2 Quad processors is because it only has 6 voltage regulator ICs, the DG33M03 has 11.

text: Released on June 26, 2006, the Dell Inspiron 530 is Dell's first desktop to use the Inspiron name. The Inspiron 530 has an Intel Celeron 450, and can be customized up to an Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550. It has 2 GB of DDR2 SDRAM at 800 MHz, which can be upgraded up to 4 GB (standard bios) or 8GB (BIOS upgrade 1.0.18 needed). The desktop has a 320 GB 7200 RPM Serial ATA hard drive w/DataBurst Cache, which can be upgraded to 1 TB. There are also data recovery versions of the 320 and 500 GB hard drive sizes. The Inspiron 530 is customizable with a variety of DVD+/-RW and Blu-ray Disc drives. The Inspiron 530 has integrated Intel

text: GMA 3100

text: , and can be customized up to an ATI Radeon HD 4670 discrete graphics card. It has integrated 7.1 channel audio and can be customized up to a Sound Blaster X-Fi XtremeGamer sound card. The Inspiron 530 has no initial Wi-Fi card, but can be customized up to a Dell 1505 Wireless-N PCI-e card. The Inspiron 530 has two variants of motherboards, both made by Foxconn and based on the G33M series. The G33M02 which supports up to Core 2 Duo processors (the e8600 is the fastest compatible cpu)and the DG33M03, which supports up to Core 2 Quad processors. Inspiron 530 systems sold with Pentium Dual-Core or Core 2 Duo processors can not be upgraded to Core 2 Quad processors without adding at least a 350W power supply and swapping motherboards to the DG33M03 motherboard. The reason the G33M02 doesn't support Core 2 Quad processors is because it only has 6 voltage regulator ICs, the DG33M03 has 11.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Inspiron 530 has no initial Wi-Fi card

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Inspiron 530 has two variants of motherboards, both made by Foxconn and based on the G33M series

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Inspiron 530

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 6 voltage regulator ICs, the DG33M03 has 11.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 7.1 channel audio

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dell's first desktop to use the Inspiron name.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Core 2 Duo processors

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Intel Celeron 450,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: June 26, 2006,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Core 2 Duo processors

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: DVD+/-RW and Blu-ray Disc drives.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Core 2 Duo processors

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Core 2 Duo processors

text: Ice cores have been taken from many locations around the world.  Major efforts have taken place on Greenland and Antarctica.

text: Ice cores have been taken from many locations around the world.  Major efforts have taken place on Greenland and Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice will melt

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores have been taken from many locations around the world

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are taken from many locations

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores have been taken

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Major efforts have taken place on Greenland and Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Greenland and Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: have been taken from many locations around the world.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Major efforts have taken place on Greenland and Antarctica.

text: (1941) "Age of Forestdale Ruins Excavated in 1939" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

text: (1941) "Age of Forestdale Ruins Excavated in 1939" Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the trees will die

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it was published in 1941

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are used to preserve fossils

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: forest

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "Age of Forestdale Ruins Excavated in 1939"

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: "Age of Forestdale Ruins Excavated in 1939"

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1939"

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1939"

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree-Ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tree-Ring Bulletin Vol. 8, No. 2

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 5-10| Mario Sperry| TKO (cut)| PRIDE 22| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:02| Nagoya, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-9| Egidijus Valavicius| Decision (4-0 points)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 2| align=center|| Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-9| Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov| Decision| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-8| Tommy Sauer| KO (punch)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:10| Osaka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-7| Dan Severn| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Millennium Combine 3| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4-6| Carlos Clayton| Submission (armbar)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 3-6| Ricardo Arona| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Millennium Combine 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3-5| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira| Decision (majority)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3-4| Ricardo Fyeet| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-4| Leonardo Castello Branco| Submission (kneebar)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:16| Osaka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-4| Yoshihisa Yamamoto| Submission| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:55| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-3| Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov| Submission| Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-2| Akira Maeda| Submission (rear naked choke)| Rings - Extension Fighting 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:32| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-1| Zaza Tkeshelashvili| align=center| N/A| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| | | |-| Loss| align=center| 0-1| Hans Nijman| TKO| Rings Holland - Free Fight| | align=center| N/A| | Netherlands|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 5-10|

text: Mario Sperry

text: | TKO (cut)|

text: PRIDE 22

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:02|

text: Nagoya

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-9|

text: Egidijus Valavicius

text: | Decision (4-0 points)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center|| Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-9|

text: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov

text: | Decision|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-8|

text: Tommy Sauer

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:10|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4-7|

text: Dan Severn

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 3

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4-6| Carlos Clayton| Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 3-6|

text: Ricardo Arona

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 1

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 3-5|

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: | Decision (majority)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3-4|

text: Ricardo Fyeet

text: | Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-4| Leonardo Castello Branco| Submission (kneebar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:16|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-4|

text: Yoshihisa Yamamoto

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:55| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-3|

text: Magomedkhan Gamzatkhanov

text: | Submission|

text: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:52| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1-2|

text: Akira Maeda

text: | Submission (rear naked choke)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:32| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-1|

text: Zaza Tkeshelashvili

text: | align=center| N/A|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| | | |-| Loss| align=center| 0-1|

text: Hans Nijman

text: | TKO|

text: Rings Holland - Free Fight

text: | | align=center| N/A| | Netherlands|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ricardo Arona| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Millennium Combine 1| | align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used in forensic science

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: boxing

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 3-5|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 5-9|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 4-6|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Decision (unanimous)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lithuania|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Millennium Combine 3|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Millennium Combine 3|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 3-5|

text: Mitchell's Rule states: "If there are tree stumps or felled trunks nearby, count the annual growth rings and measure the trunk circumference to find local growth rates".

text: Mitchell's Rule states: "If there are

text: tree stump

text: s or felled

text: trunk

text: s nearby, count the annual

text: growth ring

text: s and measure the trunk circumference to find local growth rates".

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be classified as

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree stumps or felled trunks nearby

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there are tree stumps or felled trunks nearby

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they can be used to find local growth rates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree stumps are nearby

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: count the annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: count the annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "If there are tree stumps or felled trunks nearby,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Mitchell's Rule

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Mitchell's Rule

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual growth rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "If there are tree stumps or felled trunks nearby,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: annual growth rings

text: Dendrochronological dating is potentially applicable wherever trees were growing, except in tropical regions. For use in absolute dating of archaeological sites, it is partially limited by the availability of a master reference chronology for the region concerned. If there is a gap in the chronology (e.g. the inability to use a chronology constructed from pine samples in the British Isle prior to the 17th century due to the lack of use of pine in architecture then) then absolute dating can not be applied. Additionally, non-climactic influences can also affect the tree-ring pattern of timber samples. Even if a reference chronology is available, care must be taken to identify aberrations in the ring pattern to determine if the sample is usable for dating.

text: Dendrochronological dating is potentially applicable wherever trees were growing, except in tropical regions. For use in absolute dating of archaeological sites, it is partially limited by the availability of a master reference chronology for the region concerned. If there is a gap in the chronology (e.g. the inability to use a chronology constructed from pine samples in the British Isle prior to the 17th century due to the lack of use of pine in architecture then) then absolute dating can not be applied. Additionally, non-climactic influences can also affect the tree-ring pattern of timber samples. Even if a reference chronology is available, care must be taken to identify aberrations in the ring pattern to determine if the sample is usable for dating.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronological dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dendrochronological dating is potentially applicable wherever trees were growing

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Dendrochronological dating is potentially applicable wherever trees were growing, except in tropical regions

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tropical regions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a master reference chronology for the region concerned

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronological dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: non-climactic influences

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: If there is a gap in the chronology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tropical regions.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dating.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tropical regions.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tropical regions.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: care must be taken to identify aberrations in the ring pattern

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tropical regions.

text: In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. This study indicated that that Northern Hemisphere late 20th century warmth had no precedent for roughly 2,000 years, dwarfing Medieval warmth, but proxy data was still too sparse to evaluate the Southern Hemisphere.

text: In August 2003 Mann with

text: Phil Jones

text: published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. This study indicated that that Northern Hemisphere late 20th century warmth had no precedent for roughly 2,000 years, dwarfing Medieval warmth, but proxy data was still too sparse to evaluate the Southern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This study indicated that that Northern Hemisphere late 20th century warmth had no precedent for roughly 2,000 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high-resolution proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2,000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: too sparse to evaluate the Southern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: high-resolution

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores and sediments.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: high-resolution proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2,000 years,

text: Varves form in a variety of marine and lacustrine depositional environments from seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

text: Varves form in a variety of

text: marine

text: and

text: lacustrine

text: depositional environments

text: from

text: season

text: al variation in

text: clastic

text: , biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves form

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves form in a variety of marine and lacustrine depositional environments

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: clastic

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lacustrine depositional environments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Varves

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a variety of marine and lacustrine depositional environments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: seasonal variation in clastic, biological, and chemical sedimentary processes.

text: The ship was built as the Celebration in 1986 by Kockums Varv in Malmö, Sweden for Carnival Cruise Lines. The Celebration was retired from the Carnival fleet in April 2008 and underwent an extensive refit before re-entering service with Iberocruceros as the Grand Celebration that summer. The refit included new hull artwork and updated interiors.

text: The ship was built as the Celebration in 1986 by

text: Kockums

text: Varv in

text: Malmö

text: Sweden

text: for

text: Carnival Cruise Lines

text: . The Celebration was retired from the Carnival fleet in April 2008 and underwent an extensive refit before re-entering service with

text: Iberocruceros

text: as the Grand Celebration that summer. The refit included new hull artwork and updated interiors.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Celebration was retired

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Celebration was retired from the Carnival fleet in April 2008

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Sweden

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Celebration was retired from the Carnival fleet in April 2008

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Iberocruceros

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The refit included new hull artwork and updated interiors.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Celebration was retired from the Carnival fleet in April 2008

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Iberocruceros

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Iberocruceros

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Sweden

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1986

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Iberocruceros

text: Lake Nar is particularly known for its scientific importance.  It is home to a newly-described species of microscopic diatom algae called Clipeoparvus anatolicus. Nar lake waters undergo a remarkable change between different seasons. In winter, the lake water is cold from top to bottom. As the temperature increases in the spring, the lake water divides into an upper half which is warm (epilimnion), while the lower half (hypolimnion) stays cold and lacking in oxygen. An abundance of planktonic algae (or plankton bloom) in early summer changes the water chemistry and leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate.  As a result, the mud at the bottom of the lake is made of alternating black and white layers (or varves) representing different seasons of the year. Like tree rings, they create a natural geological clock. The best known other example of a varve-forming lake in Turkey is Lake Van.

text: Lake Nar is particularly known for its scientific importance.  It is home to a newly-described species of microscopic

text: diatom

text: algae called Clipeoparvus anatolicus. Nar lake waters undergo a remarkable change between different seasons. In winter, the lake water is cold from top to bottom. As the temperature increases in the spring, the lake water divides into an upper half which is warm (epilimnion), while the lower half (hypolimnion) stays cold and lacking in oxygen. An abundance of planktonic algae (or plankton bloom) in early summer changes the water chemistry and leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate.  As a result, the mud at the bottom of the lake is made of alternating black and white layers (or

text: varve

text: s) representing different seasons of the year. Like tree rings, they create a natural geological clock. The best known other example of a varve-forming lake in Turkey is

text: Lake Van

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the lake water is cold from top to bottom

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: plankton bloom in early summer changes the water chemistry

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they create a natural geological clock

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: white layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Nar

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: calcium carbonate.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Nar lake waters undergo a remarkable change between different seasons.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: alternating black and white layers

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they create a natural geological clock.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: alternating black and white

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: different seasons of the year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: An abundance of planktonic algae

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: they create a natural geological clock.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings,

text: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise. The reconstruction by Briffa et al. was based solely on tree ring data, which shows a strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century. They had published a statement on the divergence problem in 1998, and had recommended that the post 1960 part of their reconstruction should not be used. Jones stated that the email was "written in haste" and that, far from seeking to hide the decline, CRU had published a number of articles on the problem. The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause. It notes that Briffa et al. specifically excluded the post 1960 data, which is therefore not shown in the graph of their reconstruction in the report. Stephen McIntyre says that in his review comments on the report he objected to this graph being truncated, and said that the whole reconstruction should be shown with comments to deal with the "divergence problem". The IPCC response was that this would be inappropriate.

text: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the

text: divergence problem

text: in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise. The reconstruction by Briffa et al. was based solely on tree ring data, which shows a strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century. They had published a statement on the divergence problem in 1998, and had recommended that the post 1960 part of their reconstruction should not be used. Jones stated that the email was "written in haste" and that, far from seeking to hide the decline, CRU had published a number of articles on the problem. The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 6 of the 2007

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: IPCC

text: Fourth Assessment Report

text: , which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause. It notes that Briffa et al. specifically excluded the post 1960 data, which is therefore not shown in the graph of their reconstruction in the report.

text: Stephen McIntyre

text: says that in his review comments on the report he objected to this graph being truncated, and said that the whole reconstruction should be shown with comments to deal with the "divergence problem". The IPCC response was that this would be inappropriate.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: the divergence problem

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: measured temperatures rise

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: CRU had published a number of articles on the problem

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring data

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: shows a strong correlation with temperature

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring data

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the divergence problem

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The phrase "hide the decline"

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: measured temperatures rise.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: CRU had published a number of articles on the problem.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 19th century to the mid 20th century.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: strong correlation with temperature from the 19th century to the mid 20th century.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 19th century to the mid 20th century.

text: Outlining the future core aspects of work of the NCSC, the government's National Cyber Security Strategy 2015-2017 states that the NCSC is to seek formal international accreditation for a Government CSIRT (g/CSIRT), expected in 2016, and accreditation will be sought for a formal National CSIRT (n/CSIRT), while also developing a capacity in the area of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and SCADA, which are used to run vital state networks such as electricity, water and telecommunications.

text: Outlining the future core aspects of work of the NCSC, the government's National Cyber Security Strategy 2015-2017 states that the NCSC is to seek formal international accreditation for a Government CSIRT (g/CSIRT), expected in 2016, and accreditation will be sought for a formal National CSIRT (n/CSIRT), while also developing a capacity in the area of

text: Industrial Control Systems

text: (ICS) and

text: SCADA

text: , which are used to run vital state networks such as electricity, water and telecommunications.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: g/CSIRT

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: NCSC is to seek formal international accreditation for a Government CSIRT

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: SCADA

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: National Cyber Security Strategy 2015-2017

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: electricity, water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: accreditation will be sought for a formal National CSIRT

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 2015-2017

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used to run vital state networks

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 2016,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2015-2017

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Industrial Control Systems

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2016,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2016, and accreditation will be sought for a formal National CSIRT

text: Evidence of uprooted and displaced trees south of Elizabeth Lake indicates surface faulting along a mole track (an "array of en echelon primary Riedel shears with linking compressional rolls and minor thrusts") that ran directly under three Jeffrey Pines. Two of the three trees examined were tilted in their lower extremity, while the upper portions remained relatively untilted. Tree ring dating confirmed that the trees had originated 10 and 25 years before 1857 and also that the rings began to grow twice as thick on the side in the direction of the tilt. This is a frequently noted compensation of tree tilt. Seismologist Kerry Sieh determined that fault slip and the associated ground disturbance was the source of the mole track and subsequent tree tilt.

text: Evidence of uprooted and displaced trees south of Elizabeth Lake indicates surface faulting along a mole track (an "array of en echelon primary

text: Riedel shears

text: with linking compressional rolls and minor

text: thrusts

text: ") that ran directly under three

text: Jeffrey Pine

text: s. Two of the three trees examined were tilted in their lower extremity, while the upper portions remained relatively untilted.

text: Tree ring dating

text: confirmed that the trees had originated 10 and 25 years before 1857 and also that the rings began to grow twice as thick on the side in the direction of the tilt. This is a frequently noted compensation of tree tilt. Seismologist Kerry Sieh determined that fault slip and the associated ground disturbance was the source of the mole track and subsequent tree tilt.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Jeffrey Pines

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the upper portions remained relatively untilted

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The trees had originated 10 and 25 years before 1857

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mole track

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 10 and 25 years before

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree tilt.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: relatively untilted.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Two of the three trees examined were tilted in their lower extremity,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 10 and 25 years before 1857

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: twice as thick on the side in the direction of the tilt.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: en echelon primary Riedel shears

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ring dating confirmed that the trees had originated 10 and 25 years before 1857

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: mole track

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 10 and 25 years before 1857

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree ring dating

text: The oldest settlement was a neolithic settlement in the Inner Site that has been some-what reliably dated to about 3590/3580 BC by tree rings.  The second settlement, the Lüscherz culture site, is in the Outer Site.  The piles at that site have been dated to be from the period between 2792 and 2709 BC by reliable tree rings.

text: The oldest settlement was a neolithic settlement in the Inner Site that has been some-what reliably dated to about 3590/3580 BC by

text: tree rings

text: .  The second settlement, the Lüscherz culture site, is in the Outer Site.  The piles at that site have been dated to be from the period between 2792 and 2709 BC by reliable tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the population of trees will decrease

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the oldest settlement was a neolithic settlement

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: outer site

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are reliable

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 3590/3580 BC by tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: reliable tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: some-what reliably dated to about 3590/3580 BC

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: reliable tree rings.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings.

text: Deep ice is under great pressure.  When brought to the surface, there is a drastic change in pressure.  Due to the internal pressure and varying composition, particularly bubbles, sometimes cores are very brittle and can break or shatter during handling.  At Dome C, the first 1000 m were brittle ice.  Siple dome encountered it from 400 to 1000 m.  It has been found that allowing ice cores to rest for some time (sometimes for a year) makes them become much less brittle.

text: Deep ice is under great pressure.  When brought to the surface, there is a drastic change in pressure.  Due to the internal pressure and varying composition, particularly bubbles, sometimes cores are very

text: brittle

text: and can break or shatter during handling.  At Dome C, the first 1000 m were

text: brittle ice

text: .  Siple dome encountered it from 400 to 1000 m.  It has been found that allowing ice cores to rest for some time (sometimes for a year) makes them become much less brittle.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores to rest for some time (sometimes for a year) makes them become much less brittle

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sometimes cores are very brittle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: deep ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sometimes cores are very brittle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Deep ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: allowing ice cores to rest for some time

text: Similar to their study on other proxies, paleoclimatologists examine oxygen isotopes in the contents of ocean sediments. Likewise, they measure the layers of varve (deposited fine and coarse silt or clay) laminating lake sediments. Lake varves are primarily influenced by:

text: Similar to their study on other proxies, paleoclimatologists examine

text: oxygen isotopes

text: in the contents of ocean

text: sediments

text: . Likewise, they measure the layers of

text: varve

text: (deposited fine and coarse silt or clay) laminating lake sediments. Lake varves are primarily influenced by:

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: isotopes are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: fine and coarse silt or clay)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: by:

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Lake varves are primarily influenced by:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: (deposited fine and coarse silt or clay)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: oxygen isotopes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: fine and coarse silt or clay)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: fine and coarse silt or clay)

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: oxygen isotopes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (deposited fine and coarse silt or clay)

text: Lower Mystic Lake is a meromictic lake, which means that the lake has a deep layer of water that rarely, if ever, mixes with its top waters. As a consequence, the sediments at the bottom of Lower Mystic Lake accumulate in annual layers (or varves) that have been nearly undisturbed for a thousand years. Such varves in meromictic lakes preserve an historical record somewhat like tree rings do. In the case of Lower Mystic Lake, the varves have been used by Mark Besonen and his collaborators to study the historical incidence of hurricanes.

text: Lower Mystic Lake is a

text: meromictic lake

text: , which means that the lake has a deep layer of water that rarely, if ever, mixes with its top waters. As a consequence, the sediments at the bottom of Lower Mystic Lake accumulate in annual layers (or

text: varves

text: ) that have been nearly undisturbed for a thousand years. Such varves in meromictic lakes preserve an historical record somewhat like tree rings do. In the case of Lower Mystic Lake, the varves have been used by Mark Besonen and his collaborators to study the historical incidence of hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lower mystic lake

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves in meromictic lakes preserve an historical record

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: preserve an historical record

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: meromictic lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: meromictic lakes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: mixes with its top waters.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Such varves in meromictic lakes preserve an historical record

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: preserve an historical record

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves in meromictic lakes preserve an historical record

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings

text: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991. These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals. In 1998 an unbroken ice core sample of  was taken from the glacier and subsequent analysis of the ice showed an abrupt change in the oxygen isotope ratio oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in conjunction with what is widely regarded as the end of the Little Ice Age, a period of cooler global temperatures between the years 1550 and 1850. A linkage was established with a similar ice core study which had been undertaken on the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru, which also demonstrated the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period. The climatic implications from the ice cores taken from both sites support evidence of a sudden global climate change during the mid 19th century.

text: Ice core

text: samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991. These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals. In 1998 an unbroken ice core sample of  was taken from the glacier and subsequent analysis of the ice showed an abrupt change in the

text: oxygen isotope ratio

text: to oxygen-16 in conjunction with what is widely regarded as the end of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , a period of cooler global temperatures between the years 1550 and 1850. A linkage was established with a similar ice core study which had been undertaken on the

text: Quelccaya Ice Cap

text: in

text: Peru

text: , which also demonstrated the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period. The climatic implications from the ice cores taken from both sites support evidence of a sudden global climate change during the mid 19th century.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: global temperatures

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cooler global temperatures

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the end of the Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oxygen-18 to oxygen-16

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Upper Fremont Glacier

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice core samples

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991.

text: Similar seasonal patterns also occur in ice cores and in varves (layers of sediment deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment.

text: Similar seasonal patterns also occur in

text: ice core

text: s and in

text: varve

text: s (layers of

text: sediment

text: deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the deposition pattern in the core will vary

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves (layers of sediment deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: similar seasonal patterns also occur

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: layers of sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Similar seasonal patterns

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Similar seasonal patterns

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Similar seasonal patterns

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (layers of sediment deposition

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Similar seasonal patterns

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a lake, river, or sea bed).

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Similar seasonal patterns also occur in ice cores

text: Inclusions in the snow, such as wind-blown dust, ash, bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances, remain in the ice. The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers. These include (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires.

text: Inclusions in the snow, such as wind-blown dust, ash, bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances, remain in the ice. The variety of climatic

text: proxies

text: is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as

text: tree ring

text: s or

text: sediment layer

text: s. These include (proxies for)

text: temperature

text: ocean

text: volume,

text: precipitation

text: , chemistry and gas composition of the lower

text: atmosphere

text: , volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: forest fires

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: include (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The variety of climatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Inclusions in the snow, such as wind-blown dust,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The variety of climatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings or sediment layers.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar variability,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The variety of climatic proxies

text: The age of the Bennett has been an enigma and the subject of varied attempts to determine the age.  As reported in Madroño the tree was cored in the 1930s by Glock and he estimated the age as about 3,000 years old.  The tree was cored again in 1989 by Peter Brown from the University of Arizona Tree Ring Lab at the request of the current owners of the Bennett, Save-the-Redwoods League. His estimate based on a short sample was the age was also almost 3,000 years.  During this coring it was discovered that rotten wood was reached about 2 feet into the tree and that the tree was also partially hollow.  As a result there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample.

text: The age of the Bennett has been an enigma and the subject of varied attempts to determine the age.  As reported in Madroño the tree was cored in the 1930s by Glock and he estimated the age as about 3,000 years old.  The tree was cored again in 1989 by Peter Brown from the

text: University of Arizona

text: Tree Ring Lab at the request of the current owners of the Bennett,

text: Save-the-Redwoods League

text: . His estimate based on a short sample was the age was also almost 3,000 years.  During this coring it was discovered that rotten wood was reached about 2 feet into the tree and that the tree was also partially hollow.  As a result there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: redwoods

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: save-the-redwoods league

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: never be a definitive result from a complete core sample

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: redwoods

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: rotten

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 3,000 years old.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rotten wood was reached about 2 feet into the tree

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 3,000 years old.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 3,000 years old.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 3,000 years

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rotten wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: complete core sample.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: there will never be a definitive result from a complete core sample.

text: In December 2009, Scientists gave differing opinions showing they had not changed their views on the issues. Richard Lindzen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who had thought for years that the hockey stick graphs were generated through dishonest means, said the emails "explicitly refer to falsification and rigging of data" in covering up the divergence problem of the 1960s which he said called earlier periods into question. Other climatologists disputed Lindzen's comments. Thomas Peterson of the National Climatic Data Center said he had seen nothing in the emails that called the fundamental science into question, and Andrew Solow of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution agreed that there was no trickery, saying he would use the word trick to describe some methodological step, but expressed the view that the basis of reconstructions had been unclear. Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature. Andrew Watson, Royal Society Research Professor at the UEA, said that the scientists had drawn the line to follow the tree-ring reconstruction up to 1960 and the measured temperature after that."

text: In December 2009, Scientists gave differing opinions showing they had not changed their views on the issues.

text: Richard Lindzen

text: of the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: , who had thought for years that the hockey stick graphs were generated through dishonest means, said the emails "explicitly refer to falsification and rigging of data" in covering up the divergence problem of the 1960s which he said called earlier periods into question. Other climatologists disputed Lindzen's comments. Thomas Peterson of the

text: National Climatic Data Center

text: said he had seen nothing in the emails that called the fundamental science into question, and Andrew Solow of

text: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

text: agreed that there was no trickery, saying he would use the word trick to describe some methodological step, but expressed the view that the basis of reconstructions had been unclear. Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature. Andrew Watson, Royal Society Research Professor at the UEA, said that the scientists had drawn the line to follow the tree-ring reconstruction up to 1960 and the measured temperature after that."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: scientists had drawn the line to follow the tree-ring reconstruction up to 1960 and the measured temperature after that

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the 1960s

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: climate proxy metrics

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: he had seen nothing in the emails that called the fundamental science into question,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: hockey stick

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring climate proxy metrics,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring

text: This is a list of the oldest known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

text: This is a list of the oldest known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: List of the oldest known trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree ages are derived from a variety of sources

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: "tree-ring" count core samples,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ages are derived from a variety of sources,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "tree-ring" count core samples,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "tree-ring" count core samples,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: "tree-ring" count core samples,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: documented "tree-ring" count core samples,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: "tree-ring" count core samples,

text: Wesley Ferguson (1922 – March 24, 1986) was an American academic at the Tree-Ring Research Laboratory at the University of Arizona at Tucson who studied tree-rings.  He built a tree-ring sequence from bristlecone pines which was used by Hans Suess to create a calibration curve for radiocarbon dating.

text: Wesley Ferguson (1922 – March 24, 1986) was an American academic at the Tree-Ring Research Laboratory at the

text: University of Arizona

text: at Tucson who studied tree-rings.  He built a tree-ring sequence from

text: bristlecone pine

text: s which was used by

text: Hans Suess

text: to create a calibration curve for radiocarbon dating.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: was an American academic at the Tree-Ring Research Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree-ring sequence

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pines

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bristlecone pines

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: studied tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-rings.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon dating.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bristlecone pines

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: radiocarbon dating.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bristlecone pines

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: radiocarbon dating.

text: A second deep core was started in 2003. Drilling was carried out during four subsequent austral summers from 2003/2004 until 2006/2007, and by then a depth of 3035.22 m was reached. The drill did not hit the bedrock, but rock particles and refrozen water have been found in the deepest ice, indicating that the bedrock is very close to the bottom of the borehole. This core greatly extends the climatic record of the first core, and, according to a first, preliminary dating, it reaches back until 720,000 years. The ice of the second Valkyrie Dome core is therefore the second-oldest ice ever recovered, only outranged by the EPICA Dome C core.

text: A second deep core was started in 2003. Drilling was carried out during four subsequent austral summers from 2003/2004 until 2006/2007, and by then a depth of 3035.22 m was reached. The drill did not hit the bedrock, but rock particles and refrozen water have been found in the deepest ice, indicating that the bedrock is very close to the bottom of the borehole. This core greatly extends the climatic record of the first core, and, according to a first, preliminary dating, it reaches back until 720,000 years. The ice of the second Valkyrie Dome core is therefore the second-oldest ice ever recovered, only outranged by the

text: EPICA Dome C core

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: refrozen water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This core greatly extends the climatic record of the first core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: rock particles and refrozen water have been found

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 2003/2004

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: austral summers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 720,000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 2003/2004 until 2006/2007,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: refrozen water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The drill did not hit the bedrock,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: rock particles and refrozen water

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the bedrock is very close to the bottom of the borehole.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: austral summers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: rock particles and refrozen water

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: austral summers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 720,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 720,000 years.

text: Tree-ring data from Patagonia show cold episodes between 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670, contemporary with the events in the Northern Hemisphere. Eight sediment cores taken from Puyehue Lake have been interpreted as showing a humid period from 1470 to 1700, which the authors describe as a regional marker of the onset of the Little Ice Age. A 2009 paper details cooler and wetter conditions in southeastern South America between 1550 and 1800, citing evidence obtained via several proxies and models. O records from three Andean ice cores show a cool period from 1600–1800

text: Tree-ring data from

text: Patagonia

text: show cold episodes between 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670, contemporary with the events in the Northern Hemisphere. Eight sediment cores taken from

text: Puyehue Lake

text: have been interpreted as showing a humid period from 1470 to 1700, which the authors describe as a regional marker of the onset of the Little Ice Age. A 2009 paper details cooler and wetter conditions in southeastern South America between 1550 and 1800, citing evidence obtained via several proxies and models.

text: O

text: records from three Andean ice cores show a cool period from 1600–1800

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: O records from three Andean ice cores show a cool period from 1600–1800

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cool period from 1600–1800

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: O records

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Patagonia

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: cold episodes between 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cooler and wetter conditions in southeastern South America

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: contemporary with the events in the Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: cool period from 1600–1800

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a cool period from 1600–1800

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cold episodes between 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: cold episodes between 1270 and 1380 and from 1520 to 1670,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Puyehue Lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Eight sediment cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores show a cool period from 1600–1800

text: The bristlecone pine is invaluable to dendroclimatologists, because it provides the longest continual climatically sensitive tree-ring chronologies on the planet. By cross-dating millennia-old bristlecone pine debris, some chronologies reach beyond 9,000 years before present. In addition, ratios of stable carbon isotopes from bristlecone pine tree rings are sensitive to past variations in moisture availability. This information can be used to reconstruct precipitation changes in the past.

text: The bristlecone pine is invaluable to

text: dendroclimatologists

text: , because it provides the longest continual climatically sensitive

text: tree-ring

text: chronologies on the planet. By cross-dating millennia-old bristlecone pine debris, some chronologies reach beyond 9,000 years before present. In addition,

text: ratios of stable carbon isotope

text: s from bristlecone pine tree rings are sensitive to past variations in moisture availability. This information can be used to reconstruct precipitation changes in the past.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation changes in the past

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The bristlecone pine is invaluable to dendroclimatologists

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sensitive to past variations in moisture availability

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 9,000 years before present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: some chronologies reach beyond 9,000 years before present.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ratios of stable carbon isotopes

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sensitive to past variations in moisture availability.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 9,000 years before present.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: millennia-old bristlecone pine debris,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 9,000

text: Gyeongbu Expressway, Seoul Ring Expressway, and Yongin-Seoul Expressway pass through Pangyo. These three expressways are accessible through Pangyo IC (Gyeongbu Expressway) and Seopangyo IC (Yongin-Seoul Expressway), and Gyeongbu Expressway and Seoul Ring Expressway intersect at Pangyo JCT, located nearby. Bundang-Naegok City Expressway and Bundang-Suseo City Expressway, which connect the sururbs Bundang and Yongin to Southern Seoul, pass through Dongpangyo.

text: Gyeongbu Expressway

text: Seoul Ring Expressway

text: , and

text: Yongin-Seoul Expressway

text: pass through Pangyo. These three expressways are accessible through Pangyo IC (Gyeongbu Expressway) and Seopangyo IC (Yongin-Seoul Expressway), and Gyeongbu Expressway and Seoul Ring Expressway intersect at Pangyo JCT, located nearby.

text: Bundang-Naegok City Expressway

text: and

text: Bundang-Suseo City Expressway

text: , which connect the sururbs

text: Bundang

text: and

text: Yongin

text: to Southern

text: Seoul

text: , pass through Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Dongpangyo

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Gyeongbu Expressway and Seoul Ring Expressway intersect at Pangyo JCT

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gyeongbu Expressway

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Dongpangyo

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: pass through Pangyo.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Pangyo IC

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Gyeongbu Expressway,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Dongpangyo.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Pangyo JCT,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Dongpangyo.

text: From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland 1985 ice core. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

text: From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland 1985 ice core. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: inland ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Renland 1985 ice core.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: inland ice,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: all the delta-leaps

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Camp Century 1963

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: delta-profile, the Renland ice cap

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Eemian interglacial.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Scoresbysund Fiord

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: covers a full glacial cycle

text: Trees Atlanta partners with neighborhoods across Metro Atlanta to plant native species, raise awareness about the benefits of trees, and create a core group of tree advocates. NeighborWoods is a collaborative effort to replenish and sustain the tree canopy, while also educating the community on tree care and management.

text: Trees Atlanta partners with neighborhoods across Metro Atlanta to plant native species, raise awareness about the benefits of trees, and create a core group of tree advocates. NeighborWoods is a collaborative effort to replenish and sustain the tree canopy, while also educating the community on tree care and management.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: a core group of tree advocates

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree care and management

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Trees Atlanta partners with neighborhoods across Metro Atlanta to plant native species

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Trees Atlanta

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Atlanta

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NeighborWoods

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: replenish and sustain the tree canopy,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: raise awareness about the benefits of trees,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Trees Atlanta

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree advocates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: trees,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NeighborWoods

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: neighborhoods across Metro Atlanta to plant native species,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Trees Atlanta

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Trees Atlanta

text: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991. These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals. In 1998 an unbroken ice core sample of 164 m was taken from the glacier and subsequent analysis of the ice showed an abrupt change in the oxygen isotope ratio oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in conjunction with the end of the Little Ice Age, a period of cooler global temperatures between the years 1550 and 1850. A linkage was established with a similar ice core study on the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru. This demonstrated the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period.

text: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991. These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals. In 1998 an unbroken ice core sample of 164 m was taken from the glacier and subsequent analysis of the ice showed an abrupt change in the oxygen isotope ratio oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in conjunction with the end of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , a period of cooler global temperatures between the years 1550 and 1850. A linkage was established with a similar ice core study on the

text: Quelccaya Ice Cap

text: in Peru. This demonstrated the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: alterations of atmospheric chemicals

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cooler global temperatures

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: alterations of atmospheric chemicals.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oxygen-18 to oxygen-16

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Upper Fremont Glacier

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice core samples

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes

text: Tree ring analysis by dendrochronologist Mike Baillie, of the Queen's University of Belfast, shows abnormally little growth in Irish oak in 536 and another sharp drop in 542, after a partial recovery. Similar patterns are recorded in tree rings from Sweden and Finland, in California's Sierra Nevada and in rings from Chilean Fitzroya trees. Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica show evidence of substantial sulfate deposits in around 533–534 ± 2, which is evidence of an extensive acidic dust veil.

text: Tree ring

text: analysis by

text: dendrochronologist

text: Mike Baillie

text: , of the

text: Queen's University of Belfast

text: , shows abnormally little growth in Irish

text: oak

text: in 536 and another sharp drop in 542, after a partial recovery. Similar patterns are recorded in tree rings from

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Finland

text: , in

text: California

text: 's

text: Sierra Nevada

text: and in rings from

text: Chile

text: an

text: Fitzroya

text: trees.

text: Ice core

text: s from

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Antarctica

text: show evidence of substantial

text: sulfate

text: deposits in around 533–534 ± 2, which is evidence of an extensive acidic dust veil.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: similar patterns are recorded in tree rings from Sweden and Finland, in California's Sierra Nevada and in Chilean Fitzroya trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: abnormally little growth in Irish oak

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: evidence of an extensive acidic dust veil

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: substantial sulfate deposits

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring analysis

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: abnormally little growth in Irish oak in 536

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: abnormally little growth

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: sulfate deposits in around 533–534 <unk> 2,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: evidence of substantial sulfate deposits

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: acidic dust veil.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: acidic dust veil.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: acidic dust veil.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: abnormally little growth in Irish oak in 536

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: extensive acidic dust veil.

text: Tree rings are especially useful as climate proxies in that they can be well-dated (via matching of the rings from sample to sample, i.e. dendrochronology).  This allows extension backwards in time using deceased tree samples, even using samples from buildings or from archeological digs.  Another advantage of tree rings is that they are clearly demarked in annual increments, as opposed to other proxy methods such as boreholes.  Furthermore, tree rings respond to multiple climatic effects (temperature, moisture, cloudiness), so that various aspects of climate (not just temperature) can be studied.  However, this can be a double-edged sword as discussed in Climate factors.

text: Tree rings are especially useful as climate

text: proxies

text: in that they can be well-dated (via matching of the rings from sample to sample, i.e.

text: dendrochronology

text: ).  This allows extension backwards in time using deceased tree samples, even using samples from buildings or from archeological digs.  Another advantage of tree rings is that they are clearly demarked in annual increments, as opposed to other proxy methods such as

text: borehole

text: s.  Furthermore, tree rings respond to multiple climatic effects (temperature, moisture, cloudiness), so that various aspects of climate (not just temperature) can be studied.  However, this can be a double-edged sword as discussed in

text: Climate factors

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings are especially useful as climate proxies in that they can be well-dated

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a building

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (temperature, moisture, cloudiness),

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings respond to multiple climatic effects

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: clearly demarked in annual increments,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: deceased tree samples,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: boreholes.

text: Initial work focused on measuring the tree ring width—this is simple to measure and can be related to climate parameters.  But the annual growth of the tree leaves other traces.  In particular maximum latewood density (MXD) is another metric used for estimating environmental variables. It is, however, harder to measure.  Other properties (e.g. isotope or chemical trace analysis) have also been tried most notably by L. M. Libby in her 1974 paper "Temperature Dependence of Isotope Ratios in Tree Rings".  In theory, multiple measurements on the same ring will allow differentiation of confounding factors (e.g. precipitation and temperature).  However, most studies are still based on ring widths at limiting stands.

text: Initial work focused on measuring the

text: tree ring

text: width—this is simple to measure and can be related to climate parameters.  But the annual growth of the tree leaves other traces.  In particular maximum latewood density (MXD) is another metric used for estimating environmental variables. It is, however, harder to measure.  Other properties (e.g. isotope or chemical trace analysis) have also been tried most notably by L. M. Libby in her 1974 paper "Temperature Dependence of Isotope Ratios in Tree Rings".  In theory, multiple measurements on the same ring will allow differentiation of confounding factors (e.g. precipitation and temperature).  However, most studies are still based on ring widths at limiting stands.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: MXD

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: confounding factors

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree ring width—this is simple to measure and can be related to climate parameters

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It is, however, harder to measure

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can be related to climate parameters

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: maximum latewood density

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring width

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: annual growth of the tree leaves other traces.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation and temperature).

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: most studies are still based on ring widths at limiting stands.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring width—this

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: multiple measurements on the same ring will allow differentiation of confounding factors

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: maximum latewood density

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: maximum latewood density

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual growth of the tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: annual growth of the tree leaves other traces.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring width—this

text: One of the frequent uses of the technique is to date organic remains from archaeological sites. Plants fix atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis, so the level of C in plants and animals when they die approximately equals the level of C in the atmosphere at that time. However, it decreases thereafter from radioactive decay, allowing the date of death or fixation to be estimated. The initial C level for the calculation can either be estimated, or else directly compared with known year-by-year data from tree-ring data (dendrochronology) up to 10,000 years ago (using overlapping data from live and dead trees in a given area), or else from cave deposits (speleothems), back to about 45,000 years before the present. A calculation or (more accurately) a direct comparison of carbon-14 levels in a sample, with tree ring or cave-deposit carbon-14 levels of a known age, then gives the wood or animal sample age-since-formation.

text: One of the frequent uses of the technique is to date organic remains from archaeological sites. Plants

text: fix

text: atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis, so the level of C in plants and animals when they die approximately equals the level of C in the atmosphere at that time. However, it decreases thereafter from radioactive decay, allowing the date of death or fixation to be estimated. The initial C level for the calculation can either be estimated, or else directly compared with known year-by-year data from tree-ring data (

text: dendrochronology

text: ) up to 10,000 years ago (using overlapping data from live and dead trees in a given area), or else from cave deposits (

text: speleothem

text: s), back to about 45,000 years before the present. A calculation or (more accurately) a direct comparison of carbon-14 levels in a sample, with tree ring or cave-deposit carbon-14 levels of a known age, then gives the wood or animal sample age-since-formation.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the level of C in plants and animals

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the level of C in plants and animals when they die approximately equals the level of C in the atmosphere at that time

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring data

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cave deposits

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: up to 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring data (dendrochronology)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Plants fix atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Plants fix atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring data (dendrochronology)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radioactive decay,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (speleothems),

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cave deposits

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: up to 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 45,000 years before the present.

text: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap. Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions: tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures (within the tropics trees do not form rings) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere which is largely ocean. Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records. The "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas, making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models.

text: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in

text: dendroclimatology

text: , are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap. Networks of such records are used to reconstruct past temperatures for regions: tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: extratropical temperatures (within the tropics trees do not form rings) but are confined to land areas and are scarce in the

text: Southern Hemisphere

text: which is largely ocean. Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions, incorporating proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals which are found in different regions, and using statistical methods to relate these sparser proxies to the greater numbers of tree ring records. The "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS) method is widely used for large-scale multiproxy reconstructions of hemispheric or global average temperatures; this is complemented by Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) methods which show how climate patterns have developed over large spatial areas, making the reconstruction useful for investigating natural variability and long-term oscillations as well as for comparisons with patterns produced by climate models.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake sediments, ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree ring proxies have been used to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: multiproxy reconstructions

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are found in different regions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake sediments, ice cores and corals

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: multiproxy reconstructions,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: found in different regions,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring widths

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores and corals

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: land areas

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Northern Hemisphere extratropical temperatures

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Wider coverage is provided by multiproxy reconstructions,

text: In addition to seasonal variation of sedimentary processes and deposition, varve formation requires the absence of bioturbation. Consequently, varves commonly form under anoxic conditions.

text: In addition to seasonal variation of sedimentary processes and deposition, varve formation requires the absence of

text: bioturbation

text: . Consequently, varves commonly form under

text: anoxic

text: conditions.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve formation

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves commonly form under anoxic conditions

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: anoxic conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: anoxic conditions

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: anoxic conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: anoxic conditions are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve formation requires the absence of bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves commonly form under anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves commonly form under anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varve formation requires the absence of bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: anoxic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve formation requires the absence of bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varve formation requires the absence of bioturbation.

text: By September 1, 2009, the coring had reached 1757.84 m for this season, setting a single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days.

text: By September 1, 2009, the coring had reached 1757.84 m for this season, setting a single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core drilling record

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the coring had reached 1757.84 m for this season

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are used to study ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: m

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: deep ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 1757.84 m

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: setting a single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: single-season deep ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: deep ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: September 1, 2009, the coring had reached 1757.84 m

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core drilling record in 100 days.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core drilling record in 100 days.

text: The varves of Lake Suigetsu allow a chronology to be established, because of the leaf fragments embedded in them, which have been used to calibrate the Carbon-14 time scale beyond the range of the absolute tree-ring calibration. In late 2009, the journal Radiocarbon announced agreement on the INTCAL09 standard, which extends a more accurate calibration curve to 50,000 years. The results of research on varves in Lake Suigetsu, Japan announced in 2012 realised this aim. "In most cases the radiocarbon levels deduced from marine and other records have not been too far wrong. However, having a truly terrestrial record gives us better resolution and confidence in radiocarbon dating," said Christopher Bronk Ramsey. "It also allows us to look at the differences between the atmosphere and oceans and study the implications for our understanding of the marine environment as part of the global carbon cycle." Results were published in 2012 in the journal Science increasing the calibration from 12,593 to 52,800 years.

text: The

text: varve

text: s of Lake Suigetsu allow a chronology to be established, because of the leaf fragments embedded in them, which have been used to

text: calibrate

text: the

text: time scale beyond the range of the absolute

text: tree-ring calibration

text: . In late 2009, the journal Radiocarbon announced agreement on the INTCAL09 standard, which extends a more accurate calibration curve to 50,000 years. The results of research on varves in Lake Suigetsu, Japan announced in 2012 realised this aim. "In most cases the radiocarbon levels deduced from marine and other records have not been too far wrong. However, having a truly terrestrial record gives us better resolution and confidence in radiocarbon dating," said

text: Christopher Bronk Ramsey

text: . "It also allows us to look at the differences between the atmosphere and oceans and study the implications for our understanding of the marine environment as part of the global carbon cycle." Results were published in 2012 in the journal

text: Science

text: increasing the calibration from 12,593 to 52,800 years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves of Lake Suigetsu allow a chronology to be established

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: leaf fragments embedded in them

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: leaf fragments

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: leaf fragments embedded in them

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring calibration.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: carbon cycle."

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: gives us better resolution and confidence in radiocarbon dating,"

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring calibration.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: leaf fragments

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: leaf fragments

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: leaf fragments

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: leaf fragments embedded in them,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 50,000 years.

text: During Ice Ages, glacial activity shaped much of New England’s landscape, eroding mountains, leaving glacial till scattered everywhere, and forming glacial lakes. At its greatest extent, one of these glaciers left behind a moraine which became today's Long Island. One of the biggest glacial lakes of the time was Glacial Lake Hitchcock. It formed when the Laurentide ice sheet retreated and glacial meltwater began to accumulate at the glacier’s terminal moraine in Rocky Hill, Connecticut and back up into the Connecticut River. The glacial lake left behind a soft, varved landscape, gathering silt and sand in the summertime due to the influx of glacial meltwater and clay in the wintertime as the lake froze until it was later drained.

text: During

text: Ice Age

text: s,

text: glacial

text: activity shaped much of

text: New England

text: ’s landscape, eroding mountains, leaving

text: glacial till

text: scattered everywhere, and forming glacial lakes. At its greatest extent, one of these glaciers left behind a

text: moraine

text: which became today's

text: Long Island

text: . One of the biggest glacial lakes of the time was Glacial

text: Lake Hitchcock

text: . It formed when the

text: Laurentide ice sheet

text: retreated and

text: glacial meltwater

text: began to accumulate at the glacier’s terminal

text: moraine

text: in

text: Rocky Hill, Connecticut

text: and back up into the

text: Connecticut River

text: . The glacial lake left behind a soft,

text: varve

text: d landscape, gathering

text: silt

text: and sand in the summertime due to the influx of

text: glacial meltwater

text: and clay in the wintertime as the lake froze until it was later drained.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varved landscape

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: silt and sand

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Glacial Lake Hitchcock left behind a soft, varved landscape

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: silt and sand

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: glacial activity

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: During Ice Ages,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: silt and sand

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: forming glacial lakes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: silt and sand

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: During Ice Ages,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: silt and sand

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glacial meltwater

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial meltwater

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: During Ice Ages,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: During Ice Ages,

text: Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens that "possess evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring grown by the tree before it died."

text: Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens that "possess evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring grown by the tree before it died."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cutting dates can be used

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring grown

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Cutting dates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Cutting dates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Cutting dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Cutting dates

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Cutting dates

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: grown by the tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the last ring grown by the tree before it died."

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Cutting dates can be used for crossdated tree specimens

text: The Battle of Mirkwood, also known as Battle Under the Trees, is an incident in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth. In his legendarium it takes place during the War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age.

text: The Battle of Mirkwood, also known as Battle Under the Trees, is an incident in

text: J. R. R. Tolkien

text: 's fictional world of Middle-earth. In his

text: legendarium

text: it takes place during the War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Battle of Mirkwood

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it takes place during the War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Middle-earth

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Battle of Mirkwood, also known as Battle Under the Trees,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Trees,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: In his legendarium it takes place during the War of the Ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Battle of Mirkwood, also known as Battle Under the Trees,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Trees,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Third Age.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: end of the Third Age.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Battle of Mirkwood, also known as Battle Under the Trees,

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 13–16–3 (1)| Ivan Serati| Submission (Rear Naked Choke)| Cage Rage 24| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:34| London, England||-| Loss| align=center| 13–15–3 (1)| Mario Sperry| Submission (Rear Naked Choke)| Cage Rage 22| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:39| London, England||-| Win| align=center| 13–14–3 (1)| Hiroyuki Ito| KO (Strikes)| Pain and Glory 2004| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:32| Birmingham, England||-| Loss| align=center| 12–14–3 (1)| Fedor Emelianenko| Submission (Guillotine Choke)| RINGS: World Title Series 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:10| Kanagawa, Japan| Semi-finals of the Absolute Class Tournament 2001.|-| Win| align=center| 12–13–3 (1)| Georgi Tonkov| KO (Flying Knee)| RINGS: World Title Series 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:22| Tokyo, Japan| Quarter-finals of the Absolute Class Tournament 2001.|-| NC| align=center| 11–13–3 (1)| Sander Thonhauser| No contest| RINGS Holland: Heroes Live Forever| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Utrecht, Netherlands|Originally a Disqualification victory for Hasdell, overturned to a No contest after an altercation erupted.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–13–3| Volk Han| TKO (Eye Injury)| RINGS: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:08| Osaka, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 2000 (Round of 32), Referee declares the bout a TKO for Volk Han after Hasdell receives an eye injury.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–12–3| Joop Kasteel| TKO (Shoulder Injury)| RINGS Holland: Di Capo Di Tutti Capi| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:18| Utrecht, Netherlands|Referee stops bout after Hasdell dislocates his Shoulder.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–11–3| Mikhail Illoukhine| Decision (Split)| RINGS Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 11–10–3| Mikhail Avetisyan| Submission (Strikes)| IAFC – Absolute Fighting Championship 2000 (Day 2)| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Moscow, Russia| Quarter-finals of the Absolute Fighting Championship 2000.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–9–3| Renato Sobral| Decision (Unanimous)| RINGS: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 1999 (Round of 16).|-| Win| align=center| 11–8–3| Achmed Labasanov| TKO (Kick)| RINGS: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:33| Tokyo, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 1999 (Round of 32).|-| Win| align=center| 10–8–3| Dave van der Veen| Submission (Armbar)| TFF (RINGS UK) – KRG 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:47| Milton Keynes, England| Retained UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Shootfighting title.|-| Draw| align=center| 9–8–3| Satoshi Honma| Draw| RINGS: Battle Genesis Vol. 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Tokyo, Japan|No points scored.|-| Win| align=center| 9–8–2| Ricardo Fyeet| Submission (Toe Hold)| RINGS: Rise 5th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:01| Yokohama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 8–8–2| Ryuki Ueyama| Disqualification (Eye-gouging)| RINGS: Rise 2nd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:18| Osaka, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 7–8–2| Yasuhito Namekawa| KO (Knee)| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:55| Milton Keynes, England||-| Loss| align=center| 6–8–2| Yasuhito Namekawa| Decision| RINGS: Mega battle Tournament 1998| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Tokyo, Japan|Hasdell lost points for an illegal punch.|-| Draw| align=center| 6–7–2| Yasuhito Namekawa| Draw| RINGS: Mega battle Tournament 1998| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Osaka, Japan|No points scored.|-| Loss| align=center| 6–7–1| Gilbert Yvel| TKO (Cut)| RINGS Holland: The Thialf Explosion| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Heerenveen, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 6–6–1| Hiromitsu Kanehara| Decision| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00| Milton Keynes, England|Lost by two points.|-| Win| align=center| 6–5–1| Kenichi Yamamoto| KO (Palm Strikes & Knee)| RINGS: Fighting Integration 6th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:56| Yokohama, Japan|Hasdell lost points for an illegal punch.|-| Win| align=center| 5–5–1| Dave van der Veen| KO (Palm Strikes)| RINGS Holland: Who's the Boss| | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:47| Utrecht, Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 4–5–1| Hiromitsu Kanehara| Decision| RINGS: Fighting Integration 3rd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00| Sapporo, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 4–4–1| Sander Thonhauser| Submission (Armbar)| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55| Milton Keynes, England| Won vacant UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Vale Tudo title.|-| Loss| align=center| 3–4–1| Joop Kasteel| Submission (Headlock)| RINGS: Mega Battle Tournament 1997| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:55| Tokyo, Japan| First round of the Mega Battle Tournament 1997.|-| Win| align=center| 3–3–1| Peter Dijkman| Submission (Rear Naked Choke)| TFF (RINGS UK) – Total Fight Night| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:46| Milton Keynes, England| Won UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Shootfighting title.|-| Loss| align=center| 2–3–1| Masayuki Naruse| Submission (Shoulder Necklock)| RINGS: Fighting Extension Vol. 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:58| Tokyo, Japan| Quarter-finals of the Light-Heavyweight Title Tournament|-| Win| align=center| 2–2–1| Sean McCully| Submission (Guillotine Choke)| RINGS: Battle Genesis Vol. 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:59| Tokyo, Japan||-| Loss| align=center| 1–2–1| Hans Nijman| Submission (Guillotine Choke)| RINGS Holland: The Final Challenge| | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:51| Amsterdam, Netherlands|Hasdell made a rope escape but referee failed to see it and declared the contest Submission victory for Nijman.|-| Loss| align=center| 1–1–1| Cees Bezems| TKO (Cut)| IMA – Battle of Styles| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Draw| align=center| 1–0–1| Andre Mannaart| Draw| RINGS Holland: Kings of Martial Arts| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands|No points scored.|-| Win| align=center| 1–0–0| Boston Jones| TKO (Cut)| RP – Fighting Arts Gala| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:30| Milton Keynes, England|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 13–16–3 (1)| Ivan Serati| Submission (Rear Naked Choke)|

text: Cage Rage 24

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:34| London, England||-| Loss| align=center| 13–15–3 (1)|

text: Mario Sperry

text: | Submission (Rear Naked Choke)|

text: Cage Rage 22

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:39| London, England||-| Win| align=center| 13–14–3 (1)|

text: Hiroyuki Ito

text: | KO (Strikes)| Pain and Glory 2004| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:32|

text: Birmingham

text: , England||-| Loss| align=center| 12–14–3 (1)|

text: Fedor Emelianenko

text: | Submission (Guillotine Choke)|

text: RINGS: World Title Series 5

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:10|

text: Kanagawa

text: , Japan| Semi-finals of the Absolute Class Tournament 2001.|-| Win| align=center| 12–13–3 (1)|

text: Georgi Tonkov

text: | KO (Flying Knee)|

text: RINGS: World Title Series 4

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:22| Tokyo, Japan| Quarter-finals of the Absolute Class Tournament 2001.|-| NC| align=center| 11–13–3 (1)|

text: Sander Thonhauser

text: | No contest|

text: RINGS Holland: Heroes Live Forever

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Utrecht, Netherlands|Originally a Disqualification victory for Hasdell, overturned to a No contest after an altercation erupted.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–13–3|

text: Volk Han

text: | TKO (Eye Injury)|

text: RINGS: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:08| Osaka, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 2000 (Round of 32), Referee declares the bout a TKO for Volk Han after Hasdell receives an eye injury.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–12–3|

text: Joop Kasteel

text: | TKO (Shoulder Injury)|

text: RINGS Holland: Di Capo Di Tutti Capi

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:18| Utrecht, Netherlands|Referee stops bout after Hasdell dislocates his Shoulder.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–11–3|

text: Mikhail Illoukhine

text: | Decision (Split)|

text: RINGS Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 11–10–3| Mikhail Avetisyan| Submission (Strikes)| IAFC – Absolute Fighting Championship 2000 (Day 2)| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Moscow, Russia| Quarter-finals of the Absolute Fighting Championship 2000.|-| Loss| align=center| 11–9–3|

text: Renato Sobral

text: | Decision (Unanimous)|

text: RINGS: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 1999 (Round of 16).|-| Win| align=center| 11–8–3|

text: Achmed Labasanov

text: | TKO (Kick)|

text: RINGS: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:33| Tokyo, Japan| King of Kings Tournament 1999 (Round of 32).|-| Win| align=center| 10–8–3|

text: Dave van der Veen

text: | Submission (Armbar)| TFF (RINGS UK) – KRG 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:47| Milton Keynes, England| Retained UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Shootfighting title.|-| Draw| align=center| 9–8–3|

text: Satoshi Honma

text: | Draw| RINGS: Battle Genesis Vol. 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Tokyo, Japan|No points scored.|-| Win| align=center| 9–8–2|

text: Ricardo Fyeet

text: | Submission (

text: Toe Hold

text: RINGS: Rise 5th

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:01| Yokohama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 8–8–2|

text: Ryuki Ueyama

text: | Disqualification (

text: Eye-gouging

text: RINGS: Rise 2nd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:18| Osaka, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 7–8–2|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | KO (Knee)| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 3| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:55| Milton Keynes, England||-| Loss| align=center| 6–8–2|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | Decision| RINGS: Mega battle Tournament 1998| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Tokyo, Japan|Hasdell lost points for an illegal punch.|-| Draw| align=center| 6–7–2|

text: Yasuhito Namekawa

text: | Draw| RINGS: Mega battle Tournament 1998| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan|No points scored.|-| Loss| align=center| 6–7–1|

text: Gilbert Yvel

text: | TKO (Cut)|

text: RINGS Holland: The Thialf Explosion

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Heerenveen

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 6–6–1|

text: Hiromitsu Kanehara

text: | Decision| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:00| Milton Keynes, England|Lost by two points.|-| Win| align=center| 6–5–1|

text: Kenichi Yamamoto

text: | KO (Palm Strikes & Knee)| RINGS: Fighting Integration 6th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:56|

text: Yokohama

text: , Japan|Hasdell lost points for an illegal punch.|-| Win| align=center| 5–5–1|

text: Dave van der Veen

text: | KO (Palm Strikes)|

text: RINGS Holland: Who's the Boss

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 4:47|

text: Utrecht

text: , Netherlands||-| Loss| align=center| 4–5–1|

text: Hiromitsu Kanehara

text: | Decision|

text: RINGS: Fighting Integration 3rd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 30:00|

text: Sapporo

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 4–4–1|

text: Sander Thonhauser

text: | Submission (

text: Armbar

text: )| TFF (RINGS UK) – Night of the Samurai 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:55| Milton Keynes, England| Won vacant UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Vale Tudo title.|-| Loss| align=center| 3–4–1|

text: Joop Kasteel

text: | Submission (

text: Headlock

text: RINGS: Mega Battle Tournament 1997

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:55| Tokyo, Japan| First round of the Mega Battle Tournament 1997.|-| Win| align=center| 3–3–1| Peter Dijkman| Submission (

text: Rear Naked Choke

text: )| TFF (RINGS UK) – Total Fight Night| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:46| Milton Keynes, England| Won UTF Super-Fight Heavyweight Shootfighting title.|-| Loss| align=center| 2–3–1|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission (

text: Shoulder

text: Necklock

text: )| RINGS: Fighting Extension Vol. 4| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:58| Tokyo, Japan| Quarter-finals of the Light-Heavyweight Title Tournament|-| Win| align=center| 2–2–1| Sean McCully| Submission (Guillotine Choke)| RINGS: Battle Genesis Vol. 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:59| Tokyo, Japan||-| Loss| align=center| 1–2–1|

text: Hans Nijman

text: | Submission (

text: Guillotine Choke

text: RINGS Holland: The Final Challenge

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 0:51| Amsterdam, Netherlands|Hasdell made a rope escape but referee failed to see it and declared the contest Submission victory for Nijman.|-| Loss| align=center| 1–1–1| Cees Bezems| TKO (Cut)| IMA – Battle of Styles| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Amsterdam, Netherlands||-| Draw| align=center| 1–0–1|

text: Andre Mannaart

text: | Draw|

text: RINGS Holland: Kings of Martial Arts

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands|No points scored.|-| Win| align=center| 1–0–0| Boston Jones| TKO (Cut)| RP – Fighting Arts Gala| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:30|

text: Milton Keynes

text: , England|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a drought would be a disaster

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 13–14–3

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a Varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ring

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 12–13–3

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Quarter-finals of the Absolute Class Tournament 2001.|-|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Absolute Class Tournament

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 11–13–3|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: N/A|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (Eye Injury)|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Loss| align=center| 11–13–3|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Quarter-finals

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: NC| align=center| 11–13–3

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 11–13–3|

text: Dendrochronology  (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history. Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in works of art and architecture, such as old panel paintings on wood, buildings, etc. It is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages.

text: Dendrochronology  (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of

text: dating

text: tree rings (also called

text: growth rings

text: ) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history. Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in works of art and architecture, such as old

text: panel painting

text: s on wood, buildings, etc. It is also used in

text: radiocarbon dating

text: to calibrate radiocarbon ages.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: atmospheric conditions during different periods in history.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: old panel paintings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages.

text: There was a follow-up U.S. GISP2 project, which drilled at a glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet. This hit bedrock (and drilled another 1.55 m into bedrock) on July 1, 1993 after five years of drilling, while European scientists produced a parallel core in the GRIP project. GISP2 produced an ice core 3053.44 meters in depth, the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time.

text: There was a follow-up U.S. GISP2 project, which drilled at a glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet. This hit bedrock (and drilled another 1.55 m into bedrock) on July 1, 1993 after five years of drilling, while

text: Europe

text: an scientists produced a parallel core in the

text: GRIP

text: project. GISP2 produced an ice core 3053.44 meters in depth, the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: GISP2 produced an ice core 3053.44 meters in depth

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: deepest ice core

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: July

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciologically

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 3053.44 meters in depth,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: July 1, 1993

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: glaciologically better location on the summit of the ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: summit of the ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice sheet. This hit bedrock

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 3053.44 meters in depth,

text: The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn's rings has been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn, perhaps just 100 million years old, as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to darkening of the rings. However, new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System. Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts. This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings. Further evidence supporting a young ring theory has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper, which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates contained within the C ring.

text: The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn's rings has been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn, perhaps just 100 million years old, as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to darkening of the rings. However, new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System. Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts. This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings. Further evidence supporting a young ring theory has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the

text: Cassini Titan Radar Mapper

text: , which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates contained within the C ring.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the rings are much younger than Saturn

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn's rings has been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The brightness and purity of the water ice

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the rings are much younger than Saturn,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: meteoric dust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 100 million years old,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 100 million years old, as the infall of meteoric dust

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 100 million years old,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 100 million years old,

text: Geologists also obtain data through stratigraphy, boreholes, core samples, and ice cores. Ice cores and sediment cores are used to for paleoclimate reconstructions, which tell geologists about past and present temperature, precipitation, and sea level across the globe. These datasets are our primary source of information on global climate change outside of instrumental data.

text: Geologists also obtain data through stratigraphy,

text: boreholes

text: core sample

text: s, and

text: ice core

text: s. Ice cores and sediment cores are used to for paleoclimate reconstructions, which tell geologists about past and present temperature, precipitation, and

text: sea level

text: across the globe. These datasets are our primary source of information on

text: global climate change

text: outside of instrumental data.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: geologists obtain data through stratigraphy, boreholes, core samples, and ice cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are used to for paleoclimate reconstructions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sediment cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: These datasets are our primary source of information on global climate change

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used to for paleoclimate reconstructions,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: boreholes, core samples, and ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: paleoclimate reconstructions,

text: A second event in AD 993/4 has also been found from  C in tree rings, but at a lower intensity. This event also produced measurable increases in Be and Cl in Greenland ice cores.

text: A second event in AD 993/4

text: has also been found from  C in tree rings, but at a lower intensity. This event also produced measurable increases in Be and Cl in Greenland ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: this event also produced measurable increases in Be and Cl in Greenland ice cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: measurable increases in Be

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: C is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: C in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: measurable increases in Be and Cl in Greenland ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: increases in Be and Cl in Greenland ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: measurable increases in Be and Cl in Greenland

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: C in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: C in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: C in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: C in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores.

text: Some contamination has been detected in ice cores.  The levels of lead on the outside of ice cores is much higher than on the inside. In ice from the Vostok core (Antarctica), the outer portion of the cores have up to 3 and 2 orders of magnitude higher bacterial density and dissolved organic carbon  than the inner portion of the cores, respectively, as a result of drilling and handling.

text: Some contamination has been detected in ice cores.  The levels of lead on the outside of ice cores is much higher than on the inside. In ice from the Vostok core (Antarctica), the outer portion of the cores have up to 3 and 2 orders of magnitude higher bacterial density and dissolved organic carbon  than the inner portion of the cores, respectively, as a result of drilling and handling.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dissolved organic carbon

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The levels of lead on the outside of ice cores is much higher than on the inside

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Some contamination has been detected

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dissolved organic carbon

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: outside of ice cores is much higher than on the inside.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The levels of lead

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The levels of lead on the outside

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Some contamination has been detected in ice cores.

text: The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice. This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research.

text: The formation of depth hoar in

text: Arctic

text: or

text: Antarctic

text: firn

text: can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice. This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can cause isotopic changes

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores in scientific research

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: isotopic changes in the accumulating ice can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can influence analysis of ice cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: isotopic changes are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores in scientific research.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Arctic or Antarctic firn

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores in scientific research.

text: After becoming increasingly uncomfortable with Cummings' perspective on archaeology Haury looked for other opportunities.  In 1929 he began to work for A. E. Douglass.  It was in 1929 along with Douglass and several other archaeologists that a tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona. It was this tree ring which helped in establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers, and was the watershed moment in dendrochronology. This discovery then allowed for archaeological sites in the Southwest to be more accurately dated.

text: After becoming increasingly uncomfortable with Cummings' perspective on archaeology Haury looked for other opportunities.  In 1929 he began to work for

text: A. E. Douglass

text: .  It was in 1929 along with Douglass and several other archaeologists that a

text: tree ring

text: sample was uncovered in

text: Show Low, Arizona

text: . It was this tree ring which helped in establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers, and was the watershed moment in

text: dendrochronology

text: . This discovery then allowed for archaeological sites in the Southwest to be more accurately dated.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: watershed moment

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: was the watershed moment in dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Southwest

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Arizona.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: establishing a missing link in the ability to use tree rings as dating markers,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings as dating markers,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dating markers,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: watershed moment in dendrochronology.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: watershed moment in dendrochronology.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a tree ring sample was uncovered in Show Low, Arizona.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings as dating markers,

text: Fossils dating back to Pangean time also support the claim that a strongly monsoonal circulation dominated the supercontinent’s climate. For example, tree rings (also called growth rings) provide convincing proof of distinct changes in annual weather patterns. Trees rooted in areas that do not experience seasonality will not exhibit rings within their trunks as they grow. Fossilized wood excavated from what was once coastal, mid-latitude Pangea, however, display the clear presence of rings. Other paleoflora suggest that a significant portion of the year would have been dominated by a warm, moist season. Large, smooth leaf shapes with thin cuticles and symmetric distribution of stomata, as well as tropical fern species have been uncovered from these regions.

text: Fossils

text: dating back to Pangean time also support the claim that a strongly monsoonal circulation dominated the supercontinent’s climate. For example, tree rings (also called

text: growth rings

text: ) provide convincing proof of distinct changes in annual weather patterns. Trees rooted in areas that do not experience seasonality will not exhibit rings within their trunks as they grow. Fossilized wood excavated from what was once coastal, mid-latitude Pangea, however, display the clear presence of rings. Other

text: paleoflora

text: suggest that a significant portion of the year would have been dominated by a warm, moist season. Large, smooth leaf shapes with thin

text: cuticles

text: and symmetric distribution of

text: stomata

text: , as well as tropical fern species have been uncovered from these regions.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: rings within their trunks as they grow

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: stomata

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings (also called growth rings) provide convincing proof of distinct changes in annual weather patterns

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: provide convincing proof of distinct changes in annual weather patterns

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: warm, moist season

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Pangean

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the clear presence of rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: warm, moist season.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a strongly monsoonal circulation dominated the supercontinent’s climate.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: distinct changes in annual weather patterns.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: warm, moist

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: monsoonal circulation

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: what was once coastal, mid-latitude Pangea,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings

text: Flood beds on the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia show episodic flood deposits as well as deposit grading and rhythmical repetition. Since Glacial Lake Columbia remained filled between Missoula floods, annual deposits (varves) can be observed between the Missoula flood deposits, they help to establish the periodicity of these major floods. The flood deposits can be distinguished from annually-deposited varves by both their thickness and the presence of materials foreign to the immediate drainage. Atwater reports from 35 to 55 annual varves between flood deposits in Lake Columbia, supporting a period of 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures.

text: Flood beds on the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia show episodic flood deposits as well as deposit grading and rhythmical repetition. Since Glacial Lake Columbia remained filled between Missoula floods, annual deposits (

text: varve

text: s) can be observed between the Missoula flood deposits, they help to establish the periodicity of these major floods. The flood deposits can be distinguished from annually-deposited varves by both their thickness and the presence of materials foreign to the immediate drainage. Atwater reports from 35 to 55 annual varves between flood deposits in Lake Columbia, supporting a period of 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the presence of materials foreign to the immediate drainage

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Glacial Lake Columbia remained filled between Missoula floods

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual deposits

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Columbia

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 35 to 55

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Flood beds on the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual deposits

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: they help to establish the periodicity of these major floods.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: annual deposits

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual deposits

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The flood deposits

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual deposits

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 35 to 55 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures.

text: The 774–775 Carbon-14 Spike is an observed increase of 1.2% in the concentration of carbon-14 isotope in tree rings dated to the years 774 or 775 CE, which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation. It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar trees, with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology. A surge in beryllium isotope Be, detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event.

text: The 774–775 Carbon-14 Spike is an observed increase of 1.2% in the concentration of

text: isotope in

text: tree rings

text: dated to the years 774 or 775

text: CE

text: , which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation. It was discovered during a study of

text: Japanese cedar

text: trees, with the year of occurrence determined through

text: dendrochronology

text: . A surge in

text: beryllium

text: isotope

text: Be

text: , detected in Antarctic ice cores, has also been associated with the 774–775 event.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Japanese cedar trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: carbon-14 spike

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It was discovered during a study of Japanese cedar trees, with the year of occurrence determined through dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: A surge in beryllium isotope Be

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 774 or 775 CE

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Japanese cedar trees,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Antarctic ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: A surge in beryllium isotope Be,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14 isotope in tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctic ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Antarctic ice cores,

text: Coring began as a method of sampling surroundings of ore deposits and oil exploration. It soon expanded to oceans, lakes, ice, mud, soil and wood. Cores on very old trees give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.

text: Coring began as a method of sampling surroundings of ore deposits and oil exploration. It soon expanded to

text: ocean

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: ice

text: mud

text: soil

text: and

text: wood

text: . Cores on very old

text: tree

text: s give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: wood cores give information about their growth rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: mud

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: very old

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Cores on very old trees give information about their growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lakes,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice, mud, soil and wood.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice, mud, soil

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: very old trees give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Cores

text: The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on earth, containing a volume of water equivalent to  of global sea level. The ice sheet forms from snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight. The ice then moves under its own weight toward the edges of the continent. Most of this transport to the sea is by ice streams (faster moving channels of ice surrounded by slower moving ice walls) and outlet glaciers. The Antarctic ice sheet consists of the large, relatively stable, East Antarctic Ice Sheet and a smaller, less stable, West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea by several large ice streams, most of which flow into either the Ross Ice Shelf, or the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers are two major West Antarctic ice streams which do not flow into a large ice shelf. They are part of an area called the Amundsen Sea Embayment. A total area of , 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, drains out to the sea via Pine Island Glacier, this area is known as the Pine Island Glacier drainage basin.

text: The

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: is the largest mass of ice on earth, containing a volume of water equivalent to  of global sea level. The ice sheet forms from snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight. The ice then moves under its own weight toward the edges of the continent. Most of this transport to the sea is by ice streams (faster moving channels of ice surrounded by slower moving ice walls) and

text: outlet glaciers

text: . The Antarctic ice sheet consists of the large, relatively stable,

text: East Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: and a smaller, less stable, West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea by several large ice streams, most of which flow into either the

text: Ross Ice Shelf

text: , or the

text: Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

text: . Pine Island and

text: Thwaites

text: Glaciers are two major West Antarctic ice streams which do not flow into a large ice shelf. They are part of an area called the

text: Amundsen Sea Embayment

text: . A total area of , 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, drains out to the sea via Pine Island Glacier, this area is known as the Pine Island Glacier drainage basin.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Pine Island

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: global sea level

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on earth

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Amundsen Sea Embayment.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Amundsen Sea Embayment.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The Antarctic ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Antarctic ice sheet

text: The altarpiece is unusual because of the degree to which Memling copied and repeated the composition's elements in other paintings. The same four saints are found in works executed between 1468 and 1489. The most similar is Virgin and Child with Saints Catherine of Alexandria and Barbara, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York. Except for the setting, which is a garden instead of a columned space, it is almost identical.  Ainsworth writes aside from differences in the folds of the saints' dresses they are "virtually identical to type, costume and gesture".  Art historians are uncertain when the New York panel was painted; 1480 seems a probably date according to tree ring analysis.

text: The altarpiece is unusual because of the degree to which Memling copied and repeated the composition's elements in other paintings. The same four saints are found in works executed between 1468 and 1489. The most similar is

entity_name: Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine (Memling)

text: Virgin and Child with Saints Catherine of Alexandria and Barbara

text: , at the

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: , in New York. Except for the setting, which is a garden instead of a columned space, it is almost identical.  Ainsworth writes aside from differences in the folds of the saints' dresses they are "virtually identical to type, costume and gesture".  Art historians are uncertain when the New York panel was painted; 1480 seems a probably date according to

text: tree ring

text: analysis.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring analysis

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a garden

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The same four saints are found in works executed between 1468 and 1489

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Saints Catherine of Alexandria

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree ring analysis

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring analysis

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 1480 seems a probably date according to tree ring analysis.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a garden

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: same four saints are found in works executed between 1468 and 1489.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1480

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1480 seems a probably date according to tree ring analysis.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a garden instead of a columned space,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: folds of the saints' dresses

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1480

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring analysis.

text: Annually laminated deposits or varves are rhythmites with annual periodicity: annual layers of sediment or sedimentary rock are laid down through seasonal variations that result from precipitation, or from temperature, which influences precipitation rates and debris loads in runoff.  Of the many rhythmites found in the geological record, varves are among the most important and illuminating to studies of past climate change. Varves are amongst the finest resolution events easily recognised in stratigraphy.

text: Annually laminated deposits or

text: varve

text: s are rhythmites with annual periodicity: annual layers of

text: sediment

text: or

text: sedimentary rock

text: are laid down through seasonal variations that result from precipitation, or from temperature, which influences precipitation rates and debris loads in runoff.  Of the many rhythmites found in the geological record, varves are among the most important and illuminating to studies of past climate change. Varves are amongst the finest resolution events easily recognised in

text: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves are among the finest resolution events easily recognised to studies of past climate change

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves are among the finest resolution events easily recognised in stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geological record

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climate change

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves are rhythmites with annual periodicity:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: among the most important and illuminating to studies of past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: debris loads in runoff.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: annual periodicity:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: seasonal variations that result from precipitation, or from temperature,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal variations that result from precipitation, or from temperature,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climate change.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: past climate change.

text: Assuming its true mass is comparable to those of Neptune and Gliese 436 b, 14 Earth masses is theoretically the maximum size for a terrestrial planet. A rocky planet this size could certainly have formed, since Mu Arae has a higher metallicity than our Sun. Also, it is thought to have formed well inside the system's "snow line" at 3.2 AU. However, various models of the system's formation have since converged that the planet attracted large amounts of volatiles before its star had cleared out the ice, and that it now has a core of only 6 Earth masses. Its core is likely enveloped in so much hot-ice and gas that the planet would behave more like Neptune.

text: Assuming its true mass is comparable to those of

text: Neptune

text: and

text: Gliese 436 b

text: , 14 Earth masses is theoretically the maximum size for a terrestrial planet. A rocky planet this size could certainly have formed, since Mu Arae has a higher

text: metallicity

text: than our Sun. Also, it is thought to have formed well inside the system's "snow line" at 3.2 AU. However, various models of the system's formation have since converged that the planet attracted large amounts of volatiles before its star had cleared out the ice, and that it now has a core of only 6 Earth masses. Its core is likely enveloped in so much hot-ice and gas that the planet would behave more like Neptune.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the planet would behave more like Neptune

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 14 Earth masses is theoretically the maximum size for a terrestrial planet

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: likely enveloped in so much hot-ice and gas

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 3.2 AU

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 6 Earth masses.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: "snow line"

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 14 Earth masses is theoretically the maximum size for a terrestrial planet.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 6 Earth masses.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: hot-ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "snow line"

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "snow line"

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Assuming its true mass is comparable to those of Neptune

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice,

text: Tree-ring dating is useful in that it can contribute to "chronometric", "environmental", and "behavioral" archaeological research.

text: Tree-ring dating is useful in that it can contribute to "chronometric", "environmental", and "behavioral" archaeological research.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring dating is useful

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring dating can contribute to "chronometric" archaeological research

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree-ring dating is useful

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tree-ring dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Tree-ring dating

text: Because all giant planets of the Solar System have rings, the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible. Although particles of ice, the material that is predominant in the rings of Saturn, can only exist around planets beyond the frost line, within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the transit method by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of January 2015, no such observations are known.

text: Because all

text: giant planet

text: s of the Solar System have rings, the existence of

text: exoplanet

text: s with rings is plausible. Although particles of

text: ice

text: , the material that is predominant in the

text: rings of Saturn

text: , can only exist around planets beyond the

text: frost line

text: , within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term. Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the

text: transit method

text: by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of January 2015, no such observations are known.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are stable on the long term

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: planets beyond the frost line

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: As of January 2015, no such observations are known

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no such observations are known

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: frost line

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: no such observations are known

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: rings, the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: can only exist around planets beyond the frost line,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: frost line,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: around planets beyond the frost line,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: their opacity is sufficient.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: frost line,

text: The carbon-bonded hydrogen isotopic composition of cellulose, as inherited from leaf water, has the potential of preserving the original meteoric water signal. This was first demonstrated in the 1970s. In a systematic survey across North America, tree cellulose δD was found to have a temperature sensitivity of 5.8‰/°C, similar to precipitation δD sensitivity of 5.6‰/°C. This spatial correlation may be complicated by local effects of soil evaporation and leaf transpiration, and the spatial gradient may not be representative of temporal changes in tree ring cellulose at a single place. The mechanism that generates the δD signal in cellulose from meteoric water is not completely understood, but at least includes leaf water transpiration, synthesis of carbohydrates, synthesis of cellulose from photosynthetic sugars, and exchange of sugars with xylem water. Modeling studies show that observed tree ring cellulose δD can be produced when 36% of the hydrogen in sugars can exchange with xylem water, and effects such as humidity and rainfall seasonality may complicate the cellulose δD proxy. Despite these complications, tree ring δD have been used for paleoclimate reconstructions of the past few millennia. For example, a tree ring cellulose δD records from pine trees in the White Mountains, California shows a 50‰ depletion from 6800 year ago to present. The cooling trend since the mid-Holocene thermal maximum is consistent with ice core and pollen records, but the corresponding magnitude of cooling is elusive due to complicated influences from local effects such as humidity and soil water composition. The meaning of isotopes in cellulose and its applications is still an area of active study.

text: The carbon-bonded hydrogen isotopic composition of

text: cellulose

text: White Mountains

text: , California shows a 50‰ depletion from 6800 year ago to present. The cooling trend since the mid-Holocene thermal maximum is consistent with ice core and pollen records, but the corresponding magnitude of cooling is elusive due to complicated influences from local effects such as humidity and soil water composition. The meaning of isotopes in cellulose and its applications is still an area of active study.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree cellulose  D

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Despite these complications, tree ring  D have been used for paleoclimate reconstructions of the past few millennia

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: consistent with ice core and pollen records

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree cellulose  D

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the spatial gradient may not be representative of temporal changes in tree ring cellulose at a single place

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: xylem water,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: seasonality may complicate the cellulose <unk>D proxy.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The cooling trend

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The cooling trend since the mid-Holocene thermal maximum is consistent

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cellulose <unk>D

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core and pollen records,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: soil water composition.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 6800 year ago to present.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The cooling trend

text: Baumkuchen is a German variety of spit cake. It is a traditional pastry of many European countries throughout, and also a popular snack and dessert in Japan. The characteristic rings that when sliced resemble tree rings, and give the cake its German name, Baumkuchen, which literally translates to "tree cake".

text: Baumkuchen is a German variety of

text: spit cake

text: . It is a traditional pastry of many European countries throughout, and also a popular snack and dessert in Japan. The characteristic rings that when sliced resemble

text: tree ring

text: s, and give the

text: cake

text: its

text: German

text: name, Baumkuchen, which literally translates to "tree cake".

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Baumkuchen

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Baumkuchen

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Baumkuchen is a German variety of spit cake

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Baumkuchen

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Baumkuchen is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The characteristic rings that when sliced resemble tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Baumkuchen

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: resemble tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Baumkuchen

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: sliced resemble tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings,

text: The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination, where all sedimentary layering is parallel. Differences in laminations are generally caused by cyclic changes in the sediment supply, caused, for example, by seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity. Laminae that represent seasonal changes (similar to tree rings) are called varves. Any sedimentary rock composed of millimeter or finer scale layers can be named with the general term laminite. When sedimentary rocks have no lamination at all, their structural character is called massive bedding.

text: The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination, where all sedimentary layering is parallel. Differences in laminations are generally caused by cyclic changes in the sediment supply, caused, for example, by seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity. Laminae that represent seasonal changes (similar to

text: tree ring

text: s) are called

text: varve

text: s. Any sedimentary rock composed of millimeter or finer scale layers can be named with the general term laminite. When sedimentary rocks have no lamination at all, their structural character is called massive bedding.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: parallel lamination

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: parallel lamination

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: parallel lamination is the opposite of cross-bedding

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: cross-bedding

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The opposite of cross-bedding is parallel lamination,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: seasonal changes in rainfall, temperature or biochemical activity.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Laminae that represent seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Laminae that represent seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Laminae that represent seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Laminae that represent seasonal changes (similar to tree rings)

text: s from continental ice sheets and alpine glaciers have been developed as temperature proxies since the 1950s. Samuel Epstein was one of the first to demonstrate the applicability of this proxy by measuring oxygen isotopes in Antarctic snow, and also pointed out complications in the stable isotope-temperature correlation caused by the history of the air masses from which the snow formed. Ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica can be thousands of meters thick and record snow isotopic composition of the past few glacial-interglacial cycles. Ice cores can be dated by layer counting on the top and ice flow modeling at depth, with additional age constraints from volcanic ash. Cores from Greenland and Antarctica can be aligned in age at high-resolution by comparing globally well-mixed trace gas (e.g. CH) concentrations in the air bubbles trapped in the cores. Some of the first ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica with age estimates go back to the last 100,000 years, and showed a depletion in δD and δO in the last ice age. The ice core record has since been extended to the last 800,000 years in Antarctica, and at least 250,000 years in Greenland. One of the best δD-based ice core temperature records is from the Vostok ice core in Antarctica, which goes back to 420,000 years. The δD-temperature (of the inversion layer where snow forms) conversion in east Antarctica based on modern spatial gradient of δD (9‰/°C) is ΔT=(ΔδD-8ΔδO)/9, which takes into account variations in seawater isotopic composition caused by global ice volume changes. It should be noted that many local effects can influence ice δD in addition to temperature. These effects include moisture origin and transport pathways, evaporation conditions and precipitation seasonality, which can be accounted for in more complicated models. Nevertheless, the Vostok ice core record shows some very important results: (1) A consistent δD depletion of ~70‰ during the last four glacial periods compared to interglacial times, corresponding to a cooling of 8 °C in Antarctica; (2) A consistent drop of atmospheric CO concentration by 100 ppmv and CH drop by ~300 ppbv during glacial times relative to interglacials, suggesting a role of greenhouse gases in regulating global climate; (3) Antarctic air temperature and greenhouse gas concentration changes precede global ice volume and Greenland air temperature changes during glacial terminations, and greenhouse gases may be an amplifier of insolation forcing during glacial-interglacial cycles. Greenland ice core isotope records, in addition to showing glacial-interglacial cycles, also shows millennial-scale climate oscillations that may reflect reorganization in ocean circulation caused by ice melt charges. There have also been ice core records generated in alpine glacials on different continents. A record from the Andes Mountains in Peru shows a temperature decrease of 5-6 °C in the tropics during the last ice age. A record from the Tibetan plateau shows a similar isotope shift and cooling during the last ice age. Other existing alpine glacial isotope records include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Altai and West Belukha Plateau in Russia, Mount Logan in Canada, the Fremont Glacier in Wyoming, USA, and the Illimani Ice Core in Bolivia, most of which cover an interval of the Holocene epoch.

text: inversion

text: Andes Mountains

text: in Peru shows a temperature decrease of 5-6 °C in the tropics during the last ice age. A record from the Tibetan plateau shows a similar isotope shift and cooling during the last ice age. Other existing alpine glacial isotope records include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Altai and West Belukha Plateau in Russia, Mount Logan in Canada, the Fremont Glacier in Wyoming, USA, and the Illimani Ice Core in Bolivia, most of which cover an interval of the

text: Holocene

text: epoch.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: evaporation conditions

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica can be thousands of meters thick

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: record snow isotopic composition of the past few glacial-interglacial cycles

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice core record has since been extended to the last 800,000 years

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: evaporation conditions and precipitation seasonality,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a cooling

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow isotopic composition

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Ice cores can be dated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: thousands of meters thick

text: Various measurements—including magnetometer measurements over the last 150 years; C in tree rings; and Be in ice cores—have established substantial magnetic variability of the Sun on decadal, centennial and millennial time scales.

text: Various measurements—including

text: magnetometer

text: measurements over the last 150 years;

text: C

text: in tree rings; and

text: Be

text: in ice cores—have established substantial magnetic variability of the Sun on decadal, centennial and millennial time scales.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: C in tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: substantial magnetic variability of the Sun on decadal, centennial and millennial time scales

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: substantial magnetic variability of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: C is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: C in tree rings;

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings;

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: substantial magnetic variability of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Be in ice cores—have

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: substantial magnetic variability

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings;

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores—have

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores—have

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: magnetometer measurements over the last 150 years;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: millennial time scales.

text: Paleoclimatology dates back to the 19th century, and the concept of examining varves in lake beds and tree rings to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s. In the 1960s, Hubert Lamb generalised from historical documents and temperature records of central England to propose a Medieval Warm Period from around 900 to 1300, followed by Little Ice Age. This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.  Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s.<ref>.

text: Paleoclimatology

text: dates back to the 19th century, and the concept of examining

text: varve

text: s in lake beds and

text: tree rings

text: to track local climatic changes was suggested in the 1930s. In the 1960s,

text: Hubert Lamb

text: generalised from

text: historical documents

text: and temperature records of central England to propose a

text: Medieval Warm Period

text: from around 900 to 1300, followed by

text: Little Ice Age

text: . This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the

text: IPCC First Assessment Report

text: of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.  Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s.<ref>.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Medieval Warm Period

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: medieval warming might not have been global

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Paleoclimatology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings to track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: track local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds and tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: local climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Paleoclimatology

text: In the late 18th-century, blockhouses dotted East Tennessee and the Trans-Appalachian frontier, as attacks from hostile Cherokee and other Native Americans were a constant threat.  While the Swaggerty Blockhouse bears some resemblance to historical blockhouse descriptions, it lacks common blockhouse  characteristics such as gun portals.  The Swaggerty Blockhouse's degree of cantilever (i.e., the degree to which the upper story extends outward beyond the lower story) is also greater than typical frontier blockhouses.  Analysis of the tree rings in the Swaggerty Blockhouse's logs indicated a cutting date of 1860, well after the region's frontier period.

text: In the late 18th-century, blockhouses dotted

text: East Tennessee

text: and the Trans-Appalachian frontier, as attacks from hostile

text: Cherokee

text: and other

text: Native Americans

text: were a constant threat.  While the Swaggerty Blockhouse bears some resemblance to historical blockhouse descriptions, it lacks common blockhouse  characteristics such as gun portals.  The Swaggerty Blockhouse's degree of cantilever (i.e., the degree to which the upper story extends outward beyond the lower story) is also greater than typical frontier blockhouses.  Analysis of the tree rings in the Swaggerty Blockhouse's logs indicated a cutting date of 1860, well after the region's frontier period.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Analysis of the tree rings in the Swaggerty Blockhouse's logs indicated a cutting date of 1860

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Swaggerty Blockhouse

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Swaggerty Blockhouse bears some resemblance to historical blockhouse descriptions

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: well after the region's frontier period

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1860

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it lacks common blockhouse characteristics such as gun portals.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1860,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1860,

text: Proxy measurements can be used to reconstruct the temperature record before the historical period. Quantities such as tree ring widths, coral growth, isotope variations in ice cores, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits, fossils, ice cores, borehole temperatures, and glacier length records are correlated with climatic fluctuations. From these, proxy temperature reconstructions of the last 2000 years have been performed for the northern hemisphere, and over shorter time scales for the southern hemisphere and tropics.

text: Proxy

text: measurements can be used to reconstruct the temperature record before the historical period. Quantities such as

text: tree ring

text: widths,

text: coral

text: growth, isotope variations in

text: ice core

text: s, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits,

text: fossil

text: s,

text: ice core

text: s,

text: borehole temperature

text: s, and

text: glacier

text: length records are correlated with climatic fluctuations. From these, proxy temperature reconstructions of the last 2000 years have been performed for the northern hemisphere, and over shorter time scales for the southern hemisphere and tropics.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring widths

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: are correlated with climatic fluctuations

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: isotope variations

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are correlated with climatic fluctuations

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Proxy measurements

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring widths,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring widths, coral growth,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Proxy measurements can be used to reconstruct the temperature record before the historical period.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: isotope variations in ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: isotope variations

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring widths,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: isotope variations in ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ocean and lake sediments,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring widths,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: isotope variations in ice cores,

text: As a tree grows, only the outermost tree ring exchanges carbon with its environment, so the age measured for a wood sample depends on where the sample is taken from.  This means that radiocarbon dates on wood samples can be older than the date at which the tree was felled.  In addition, if a piece of wood is used for multiple purposes, there may be a significant delay between the felling of the tree and the final use in the context in which it is found.  This is often referred to as the "old wood" problem.  One example is the Bronze Age trackway at Withy Bed Copse, in England; the trackway was built from wood that had clearly been worked for other purposes before being re-used in the trackway.  Another example is driftwood, which may be used as construction material.  It is not always possible to recognize re-use.  Other materials can present the same problem: for example, bitumen is known to have been used by some Neolithic communities to waterproof baskets; the bitumen's radiocarbon age will be greater than is measurable by the laboratory, regardless of the actual age of the context, so testing the basket material will give a misleading age if care is not taken.  A separate issue, related to re-use, is that of lengthy use, or delayed deposition.  For example, a wooden object that remains in use for a lengthy period will have an apparent age greater than the actual age of the context in which it is deposited.

text: As a tree grows, only the outermost tree ring exchanges carbon with its environment, so the age measured for a wood sample depends on where the sample is taken from.  This means that radiocarbon dates on wood samples can be older than the date at which the tree was felled.  In addition, if a piece of wood is used for multiple purposes, there may be a significant delay between the felling of the tree and the final use in the context in which it is found.  This is often referred to as the "

text: old wood

text: " problem.  One example is the Bronze Age

text: trackway

text: at Withy Bed Copse, in England; the trackway was built from wood that had clearly been worked for other purposes before being re-used in the trackway.  Another example is driftwood, which may be used as construction material.  It is not always possible to recognize re-use.  Other materials can present the same problem: for example,

text: bitumen

text: is known to have been used by some

text: Neolithic

text: communities to waterproof baskets; the bitumen's radiocarbon age will be greater than is measurable by the laboratory, regardless of the actual age of the context, so testing the basket material will give a misleading age if care is not taken.  A separate issue, related to re-use, is that of lengthy use, or delayed deposition.  For example, a wooden object that remains in use for a lengthy period will have an apparent age greater than the actual age of the context in which it is deposited.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bitumen

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: radiocarbon dates on wood samples can be older than the date at which the tree was felled

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the age measured for a wood sample depends on where the sample is taken from

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: older than the date at which the tree was felled

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: As a tree grows, only the outermost tree ring

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: waterproof baskets;

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: if a piece of wood is used for multiple purposes,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: older than the date at which the tree was felled.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: older than the date at which the tree was felled.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: outermost tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: older than the date at which the tree was felled.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree grows,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: if a piece of wood is used for multiple purposes,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: older than the date at which the tree was felled.

text: Over the next thirty years many calibration curves were published using a variety of methods and statistical approaches. These were superseded by the INTCAL series of curves, beginning with INTCAL98, published in 1998, and updated in 2004, 2009, and, most recently, 2013. The improvements to these curves are based on new data gathered from tree rings, varves, coral, and other studies. Significant additions to the datasets used for INTCAL13 include non-varved marine foraminifera data, and U-Th dated speleothems.  The INTCAL13 data includes separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres, as they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect; there is also a separate marine calibration curve.

text: Over the next thirty years many calibration curves were published using a variety of methods and statistical approaches. These were superseded by the INTCAL series of curves, beginning with INTCAL98, published in 1998, and updated in 2004, 2009, and, most recently, 2013. The improvements to these curves are based on new data gathered from tree rings,

text: varve

text: s, coral, and other studies. Significant additions to the datasets used for INTCAL13 include non-varved marine

text: foraminifera

text: data, and U-Th dated

text: speleothems

text: .  The INTCAL13 data includes separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres, as they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect; there is also a separate marine calibration curve.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: INTCAL13

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: INTCAL13

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: U-Th

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: INTCAL series of curves,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: separate curves for the northern and southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they differ systematically because of the hemisphere effect;

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings,

text: A study by Dr Kevin Pang of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory drew on evidence found in tree rings, ice cores and in the historic records of civilizations in Europe and China. Oak panels of British portrait paintings had abnormally narrow rings in 1453–55.

text: A study by Dr Kevin Pang of the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: drew on evidence found in

text: tree rings

text: , ice cores and in the historic records of civilizations in Europe and China. Oak panels of British portrait paintings had abnormally narrow rings in 1453–55.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: evidence found in tree rings, ice cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: evidence found in tree rings

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1453–55

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings, ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Oak panels of British portrait paintings had abnormally narrow rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores and in the historic records of civilizations in Europe and China.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: evidence found in tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: abnormally narrow rings in 1453–55.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores

text: There are two types of dates that can be assigned to tree specimens: cutting dates, and noncutting dates. Which date is assigned to a specimen is dependent on whether or not there is evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring the tree grew before it died.

text: There are two types of dates that can be assigned to tree specimens: cutting dates, and noncutting dates. Which date is assigned to a specimen is dependent on whether or not there is evidence that the last ring present on the specimen was the last ring the tree grew before it died.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: noncutting dates

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: noncutting dates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: noncutting dates can be assigned to tree specimens

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: noncutting dates

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: noncutting

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: noncutting dates

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cutting dates,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cutting dates,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the last ring the tree grew before it died.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: cutting dates, and noncutting dates.

text: Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company. From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad, Götaverken, Arendalsvarvet, and Lindholmens varv. Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma−. The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by Forbes.

text: Historically, Gothenburg was home base from the 18th century of the Swedish East India Company. From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding, with such shipyards as

text: Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad

text: , Götaverken,

text: Arendalsvarvet

text: , and

text: Lindholmens varv

text: . Gothenburg is classified as a

text: global city

text: by

entity_name: Globalization and World Cities Research Network

text: GaWC

text: , with a ranking of Gamma−. The city has been ranked as the 12th-most inventive city in the world by

text: Forbes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: arendalsvarvet

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lindholmens varv

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: From its founding until the late 1970s, the city was a world leader in shipbuilding

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Arendalsvarvet

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gothenburg

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Swedish East India Company.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lindholmens varv.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the city was a world leader in shipbuilding,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Swedish East India Company.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 12th-most inventive city in the world by Forbes.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lindholmens varv.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Lindholmens varv.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lindholmens varv.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 18th century of the Swedish East India Company.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 18th century of the Swedish East India Company.

text: A paleoclimate indicator, also known as a paleoclimate proxy, can reveal important information about what global climate may have been like in the past. Paleoclimate studies on tree growth rings, deep sea cores, ice cores and paleosols are just a few of the many common proxies used to evaluate the major forcings on paleoclimates.

text: A

text: paleoclimate

text: indicator, also known as a paleoclimate

text: proxy

text: , can reveal important information about what global climate may have been like in the past. Paleoclimate studies on tree growth rings, deep sea cores, ice cores and paleosols are just a few of the many common proxies used to evaluate the major forcings on paleoclimates.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree growth rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A paleoclimate indicator can reveal important information about what global climate may have been like in the past

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used to evaluate the major forcings on paleoclimates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: deep sea

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: paleoclimate

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: can reveal important information about what global climate may have been like in the past.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used to evaluate the major forcings on paleoclimates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Paleoclimate studies on tree growth rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Paleoclimate studies on tree growth rings, deep sea cores,

text: Given its size, rock/ice composition and the possible presence of salt or ammonia in solution to lower the freezing point of water, Ariel's interior may be differentiated into a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle. If this is the case, the radius of the core (372 km) is about 64% of the radius of the moon, and its mass is around 56% of the moon's mass—the parameters are dictated by the moon's composition. The pressure in the center of Ariel is about 0.3 GPa (3 kbar). The current state of the icy mantle is unclear, although the existence of a subsurface ocean is considered unlikely.

text: Given its size, rock/ice composition and the possible presence of salt or

text: ammonia

text: in solution to lower the freezing point of water, Ariel's interior may be

text: differentiated

text: into a rocky

text: core

text: surrounded by an icy

text: mantle

text: . If this is the case, the radius of the core (372 km) is about 64% of the radius of the moon, and its mass is around 56% of the moon's mass—the parameters are dictated by the moon's composition. The pressure in the center of Ariel is about 0.3

text: GPa

text: kbar

text: ). The current state of the icy mantle is unclear, although the existence of a subsurface ocean is considered unlikely.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a subsurface ocean is considered unlikely

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The pressure in the center of Ariel is about 0.3 GPa (3 kbar)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the parameters are dictated by the moon's composition

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: subsurface oceans

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: salt or ammonia in solution to lower the freezing point of water,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The current state of the icy mantle is unclear,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: mass—the parameters are dictated by the moon's composition.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: salt or ammonia in solution to lower the freezing point of water,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: icy mantle.

text: Equally, a core sample which cannot be related to its context (where it was before it became a core sample) has lost much of its benefit. The identification of the borehole, and the position and orientation ("way up") of the core in the borehole is critical, even if the borehole is in a tree trunk - dendrochronologists always try to include a bark surface in their samples so that the date of most-recent growth of the tree can be unambiguously determined.

text: Equally, a core sample which cannot be related to its context (where it was before it became a core sample) has lost much of its benefit. The identification of the borehole, and the position and orientation ("way up") of the core in the borehole is critical, even if the borehole is in a tree trunk -

text: dendrochronologists

text: always try to include a bark surface in their samples so that the date of most-recent growth of the tree can be unambiguously determined.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A core sample which cannot be related to its context (where it was before it became a core sample) has lost much of its benefit

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: a tree trunk

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronologists

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: date of most-recent growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bark surface

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dendrochronologists

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree trunk

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: most-recent growth of the tree can be unambiguously determined.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a core sample which cannot be related to its context

text: The current non-server Mac Mini is available in two versions, one with a mobile dual-core 64-bit Intel Core i5 processor that runs at 2.5 GHz and one with a choice of a mobile quad-core Intel Core i7 2.3 GHz or a quad-core Core i7 2.6 GHz; the server model has a choice of the same processors as the faster non-server model. The CPU in the slower non-server model has a 3 MB on-chip L3 cache, and the CPUs available for the faster non-server model and the server model have a 6 MB on-chip L3 cache; the cache is shared between the cores and GPU (if in use). Prior revisions used a "Penryn" Intel Core 2 Duo processor, "Merom"-based Core 2 Duo and "Yonah"-based Core Duo and Solo chips.

text: The current non-server Mac Mini is available in two versions, one with a mobile dual-core

text: Intel

text: Core i5

text: processor that runs at 2.5

text: GHz

text: and one with a choice of a mobile quad-core Intel

text: Core i7

text: 2.3 GHz or a quad-core Core i7 2.6 GHz; the server model has a choice of the same processors as the faster non-server model. The CPU in the slower non-server model has a 3 MB on-chip L3 cache, and the CPUs available for the faster non-server model and the server model have a 6 MB on-chip L3 cache; the cache is shared between the cores and GPU (if in use). Prior revisions used a "Penryn"

text: Intel Core 2

text: Duo processor, "Merom"-based

text: Core 2 Duo

text: and "Yonah"-based

text: Core Duo

text: and Solo chips.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the cache is shared between the cores and GPU

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the server model has a choice of the same processors as the faster non-server model

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Yonah

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Yonah

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "Penryn" Intel Core 2 Duo

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the cache is shared between the cores and GPU

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the cache is shared between the cores and GPU (if in use).

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a mobile quad-core Intel Core i7

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the cache is shared between the cores and GPU (if in use).

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "Yonah"-based

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "Penryn" Intel Core 2 Duo

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: "Yonah"-based

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a quad-core Core i7 2.6 GHz;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a quad-core Core i7 2.6 GHz;

text: Ice I (pronounced "ice one c" or "ice icy") is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. H. König was the first to identify and deduce the structure of ice I. The oxygen atoms in ice I are arranged in a diamond structure and is extremely similar to ice I having nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant along the hexagonal puckered-planes. It forms at temperatures between 130 and 220 K (−140 and −50 °C) upon cooling, and can exist up to 240 K upon warming, when it transforms into ice I. Apart from forming from supercooled water, ice I has also been reported to form from amorphous ice as well as from the high pressure ices II, III and V. It may occasionally be present in the upper atmosphere and is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's halo, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.

text: Ice I (pronounced "ice one c" or "ice icy") is a

text: metastable

text: cubic

text: crystalline

text: variant of

text: ice

text: . H. König was the first to identify and deduce the structure of ice I. The

text: oxygen

text: atoms in ice I are arranged in a

text: diamond

text: structure and is extremely similar to ice I having nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant along the hexagonal puckered-planes. It forms at temperatures between 130 and 220

text: K

text: (−140 and −50 °C) upon cooling, and can exist up to 240 K upon warming, when it transforms into

text: ice I

text: . Apart from forming from supercooled water, ice I has also been reported to form from amorphous ice as well as from the high pressure ices

text: II

text: III

text: and

text: V

text: . It may occasionally be present in the upper atmosphere and is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's halo, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice I

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice I

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice I is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: is extremely similar to ice I having nearly identical densities

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: supercooled water

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It forms at temperatures between 130 and 220 K

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: nearly identical densities and the same lattice constant

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Scheiner's halo,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: supercooled water,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice I

text: The Renland core apparently contains ice from the Eemian onward.

text: The Renland core apparently contains ice from the Eemian onward.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice will melt

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Renland core contains ice from the Eemian

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a specific time period

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Renland core apparently contains ice

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Renland core apparently contains ice from the Eemian onward.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice from the Eemian onward.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice from the Eemian onward.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice from the Eemian onward.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Renland core apparently contains ice from the Eemian onward.

text: The industry was for centuries dominated by fishing and boat production. The largest employers are still the shipping company TransAtlantic (formerly known as B&N) and the shipyards Djupviks varv and Rönnängs varv.

text: The industry was for centuries dominated by

text: fishing

text: and boat production. The largest employers are still the shipping company TransAtlantic (formerly known as B&N) and the

text: shipyard

text: s Djupviks varv and Rönnängs varv.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: fishing and boat production

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: shipyards Djupviks varv and Rönnängs varv are still the largest employers

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: northern europe

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The industry was for centuries dominated by fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The largest employers are still the shipping company TransAtlantic

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The industry was for centuries dominated by fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The industry was for centuries dominated by fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Rönnängs varv.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: fishing

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: centuries dominated by fishing and boat production.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The industry was for centuries dominated by fishing and boat production.

text: Dendrochronology is the science of dating and study of annual rings in trees. A tree in temperate and colder climates typically will grow one new ring every year, therefore the age of the tree can theoretically be determined by counting the number of rings present. The problem lies in the fact that some years, particularly in years of drought, a tree will not grow an annual ring. In other years where the growing season is interrupted a tree may grow a second false ring. The trees rings are commonly measured by taking a series of core samples. A borer is used to extract a pencil-size diameter or smaller core from a living tree or from a log. For downed and dead trees a disk section or "tree cookie" may also be taken, these are polished, the rings identified, and the number of rings and the distance between each are recorded. By comparing rings from multiple trees, through cross-dating, a dendrochronologists can determine if rings are missing or if false rings are present. Through this process the tree ring record can be used to investigate past climatic conditions. Tropical trees often lack annual rings and ages for these trees can be measured using radiocarbon dating of wood samples from the trees.

text: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree will not grow an annual ring

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A tree in temperate and colder climates typically will grow one new ring every year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tropical climates

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a tree will not grow an annual ring.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: a tree will not grow an annual ring.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tropical trees often lack annual rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: core samples.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: growing season is interrupted

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring record can be used to investigate past climatic conditions.

text: On September 2, 2004, eleven commemorative kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in Wellington, New Zealand, hometown of Peter Jackson. The number eleven represented the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring, plus one each for Peter Jackson and J. R. R. Tolkien. Coincidentally, eleven was also the number of 2004 Oscars won by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Hundreds of TORn members contributed funds for the purchase of the trees as a tangible and lasting way to give thanks to Jackson and his team for their inspiring work.

text: On September 2, 2004, eleven commemorative kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in

text: Wellington, New Zealand

text: , hometown of Peter Jackson. The number eleven represented the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring, plus one each for Peter Jackson and J. R. R. Tolkien. Coincidentally, eleven was also the number of 2004 Oscars won by

entity_name: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

text: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

text: . Hundreds of TORn members contributed funds for the purchase of the trees as a tangible and lasting way to give thanks to Jackson and his team for their inspiring work.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: kauri

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: kauri trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: On September 2, 2004, eleven commemorative kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: kauri

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: kauri

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: kauri trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: eleven was also the number of 2004 Oscars

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Wellington, New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: lasting way to give thanks to Jackson and his team for their inspiring work.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: eleven commemorative kauri trees

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 2004,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in Wellington, New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: kauri trees were planted in Willowbank Park in Wellington, New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Wellington, New Zealand,

text: In 1975–76 Tor Line introduced notably larger and faster sister vessels  and  to the UK–Sweden service. The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage, and on 2 September 1977 Swedish Lloyd abandoned the Gothenburg–Tilbury service. The Southampton–Bilbao service had been abandoned a month before, and as a result both Saga and Patricia were laid up at Lindholmens varv in Gothenburg.

text: In 1975–76 Tor Line introduced notably larger and faster sister vessels  and  to the UK–Sweden service. The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage, and on 2 September 1977 Swedish Lloyd abandoned the Gothenburg–Tilbury service. The Southampton–Bilbao service had been abandoned a month before, and as a result both Saga and Patricia were laid up at Lindholmens varv in Gothenburg.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lindholmens varv

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gothenburg

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lindholmens varv

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: In 1975–76

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The Saga could not compete with the more modern tonnage,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lindholmens

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Lindholmens varv

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Gothenburg.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1975–76

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Lindholmens varv

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 10-5| Volk Han| Submission (armlock)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A| Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 10-4| Kiyoshi Tamura| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block A| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9-4| Volk Han| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: Russia vs. Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:46| Tula, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 9-3| Travis Fulton| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:34| Yekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-3| Bobby Hoffman| KO (punch)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:34| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8-2| Renato Sobral| Submission (kimura)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:11| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8-1| Volk Han| KO| Rings: Rings Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:08|  Georgia| |-| Win| align=center| 7-1| Volk Han| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: Rise 4th| | align=center| 3| align=center| 10:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6-1| Sander Thonhauser| TKO (5 lost points)| Rings: Rise 2nd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:02| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-1| Joop Kasteel| Submission| Rings: Third Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:54| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4-1| Ricardo Morais| Decision| Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal| | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3-1| Masayuki Naruse| KO (punch)| Rings - Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Budokan Hall Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1| Andrei Kopylov| KO (punch)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Yoshihisa Yamamoto| KO (punch)| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1994 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Chris Dolman| KO (punch)| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1992 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A| Japan|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 10-5|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission (armlock)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| N/A|

text: Vilnius

text: Lithuania

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 10-4|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block A

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 9-4|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: Russia vs. Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 15:46|

text: Tula

text: Russia

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 9-3|

text: Travis Fulton

text: | Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:34|

text: Yekaterinburg

text: Russia

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 8-3|

text: Bobby Hoffman

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:34|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 8-2|

text: Renato Sobral

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:11|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 8-1|

text: Volk Han

text: | KO|

text: Rings: Rings Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:08|  Georgia| |-| Win| align=center| 7-1|

text: Volk Han

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: Rise 4th

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 10:00|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 6-1|

text: Sander Thonhauser

text: | TKO (5 lost points)|

text: Rings: Rise 2nd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:02|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 5-1|

text: Joop Kasteel

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Third Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:54|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 4-1|

text: Ricardo Morais

text: | Decision|

entity_section: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal

text: Rings - Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 20:00|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 3-1|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Budokan Hall

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 2-1|

text: Andrei Kopylov

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 2-0|

text: Yoshihisa Yamamoto

text: | KO (punch)| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1994 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 1-0|

text: Chris Dolman

text: | KO (punch)| Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1992 Opening Round| | align=center| N/A| align=center| N/A|

text: Japan

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 10-4| Kiyoshi Tamura

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to freeze solids

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: boxing

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a tree has been felled

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Russia vs. Georgia|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Rings Georgia|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 10-4|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Russia vs. Georgia|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Submission (kimura)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Russia vs. Georgia|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Russia vs. Georgia|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (kimura)|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 5-1|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Russia vs. Georgia|

text: Dendrochronology is located on the border between biology and history. An annual ring table or tree-ring calendar is a time series of tree ring s of dendrochronological art tree. Because of the specific growth of each tree species and regional differences of climate, such a table must always refer to a single species from the same region. Important tree chronologies are:

text: Dendrochronology

text: is located on the border between biology and history. An annual ring table or tree-ring calendar is a time series of

text: tree ring

text: s of

text: dendrochronological

text: art tree. Because of the specific growth of each tree species and regional differences of climate, such a table must always refer to a single species from the same region. Important tree chronologies are:

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring calendar

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: An annual ring table or tree-ring calendar is a time series of tree ring s

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: description

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring calendar

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: annual ring table

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Because of the specific growth of each tree species and regional differences of climate,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: annual ring table

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a single species from the same region.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual ring table

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring calendar

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: a single species from the same region.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: annual ring table

text: In 1924, the Geochronological Institute, a special laboratory dedicated to varve research was established. De Geer and his co-workers and students made trips to other countries and continents to investigate varved sediments. Ernst Antevs studied sites from Long Island, U.S.A. to Lake Timiskaming and Hudson Bay, Canada, and created a North American varve chronology. Carl Caldenius visited Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and Erik Norin visited central Asia. By this stage, other geologists were investigating varve sequences, including Matti Sauramo who constructed a varve chronology of the last deglaciation in Finland.

text: In 1924, the Geochronological Institute, a special laboratory dedicated to varve research was established. De Geer and his co-workers and students made trips to other countries and continents to investigate varved sediments. Ernst Antevs studied sites from

text: Long Island

text: , U.S.A. to

text: Lake Timiskaming

text: and

text: Hudson Bay

text: Canada

text: , and created a North American varve chronology.

text: Carl Caldenius

text: visited

text: Patagonia

text: and

text: Tierra del Fuego

text: , and Erik Norin visited central

text: Asia

text: . By this stage, other geologists were investigating varve sequences, including Matti Sauramo who constructed a varve chronology of the last deglaciation in

text: Finland

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Varve sequences

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: deglaciation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Geochronological Institute, a special laboratory dedicated to varve research was established

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varve sequences

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lake Timiskaming

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve chronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Timiskaming and Hudson Bay,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: By this stage, other geologists were investigating varve sequences,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: North American varve chronology.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varved sediments.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lake Timiskaming

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: deglaciation

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: deglaciation

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varved sediments.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: last deglaciation

text: The utility of tree-ring dating in an environmental sense  is the most applicable of the three in today's world. Tree rings can be used to "reconstruct numerous environmental variables" such as "temperature", "precipitation", "stream flow", "drought society", "fire frequency and intensity", "insect infestation", "atmospheric circulation patterns", among others.

text: The utility of tree-ring dating in an environmental sense  is the most applicable of the three in today's world. Tree rings can be used to "reconstruct numerous environmental variables" such as "temperature", "precipitation", "stream flow", "drought society", "fire frequency and intensity", "insect infestation", "atmospheric circulation patterns", among others.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring dating in an environmental sense

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: drought society

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings can be used to reconstruct numerous environmental variables

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: "drought society",

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The utility of tree-ring dating in an environmental sense is the most applicable

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tree rings can be used to "reconstruct numerous environmental variables"

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: "temperature",

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "reconstruct numerous environmental variables"

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring dating

text: Lonnie Thompson and his research team have drilled ice cores from Quelccaya that date back almost 2,000 years and have used them to study changes in atmospheric conditions over this period. In these samples, the oxygen isotope ratio, oxygen-18 to oxygen-16, has risen abruptly in the last 50 years, an indicator of regional warming. As the ice cap is retreating, it is exposing almost perfectly preserved, unfossilized plant specimens that have been dated to 5,200 years before present, indicating that it has been more than 50 centuries since the ice cap was smaller than it is today.

text: Lonnie Thompson

text: and his research team have drilled

text: ice cores

text: from Quelccaya that date back almost 2,000 years and have used them to study changes in atmospheric conditions over this period. In these samples, the

text: oxygen isotope ratio

text: to oxygen-16, has risen abruptly in the last 50 years, an indicator of regional warming. As the ice cap is retreating, it is exposing almost perfectly preserved, unfossilized plant specimens that have been dated to 5,200 years before present, indicating that it has been more than 50 centuries since the ice cap was smaller than it is today.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cap is retreating

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ice cap is retreating

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it has been more than 50 centuries since the ice cap was smaller than it is today

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used them to study changes in atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oxygen-18

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: oxygen isotope ratio, oxygen-18 to oxygen-16,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: warming.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: more than 50 centuries since the ice cap was smaller than it is today.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the oxygen isotope ratio, oxygen-18 to oxygen-16,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to study changes in atmospheric conditions over this period.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: oxygen-18 to oxygen-16,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores from Quelccaya that date back almost 2,000 years

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 5,200 years before present,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 2,000 years

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 11–13| Daniel Gracie| Submission (armbar)| Pride FC - Shockwave 2003| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:12| Saitama, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–12| Mario Sperry| Decision (unanimous)| UFO - Legend| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11–11| Toro Irison| Submission (armbar)| Deep - 4th Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:05| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 10–11| Kosei Kubota| TKO (punches)| Deep - 3rd Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:05| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9–11| Adrian Serrano| TKO (eye injury)| Deep - 2nd Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–11| Ryushi Yanagisawa| Decision (split)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–10| Dave Menne| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block A| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–9| Gustavo Machado| TKO (cut)| Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8–8| Mansour Heidari| Decision (unanimous)| WEF 9 - World Class| | align=center| 3| align=center| 4:00| Evansville, Indiana, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 7–8| Branden Lee Hinkle| Submission (leg lock)| Rings: Millennium Combine 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:23| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6–8| Renzo Gracie| Submission (armbar)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:25| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–7| Chris Watts| Submission (achilles lock)| TFKRG 5 - Total Fight KRG 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:53| Buckinghamshire, England, England| |-| Loss| align=center| 5–7| Hiromitsu Kanehara| Decision (lost points)| Rings: Rise 5th| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–6| Borislav Jeliazkov| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Rise 4th| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:49| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–6| Borislav Jeliazkov| Submission (scarf hold)| Rings: Rise 1st| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:28| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5| Sean Alvarez| Decision| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 4–4| Dick Vrij| TKO| Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:29| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 3–4| Willie Peeters| Submission| Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:45| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2–4| Willie Peeters| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Holland: The King of Rings| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands| |-| Win| align=center| 2–3| Valentijn Overeem| Submission (ankle lock)| Rings - Extension Fighting 7| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:16| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1–3| Sean McCully| N/A| Rings - Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–3| Willie Peeters| Submission (neck lock)| Rings - Maelstrom 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 18:31| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–2| Mikhail Ilyukhin| Submission| Rings - Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Tsuyoshi Kosaka| Submission| Rings - Budokan Hall 1995| | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A| Tokyo, Japan| |}

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 11–13|

text: Daniel Gracie

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride FC - Shockwave 2003

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:12|

text: Saitama

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–12|

text: Mario Sperry

text: | Decision (unanimous)| UFO - Legend| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11–11| Toro Irison| Submission (armbar)|

text: Deep - 4th Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:05|

text: Nagoya, Aichi

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 10–11| Kosei Kubota| TKO (punches)|

text: Deep - 3rd Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:05|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9–11|

text: Adrian Serrano

text: | TKO (eye injury)|

text: Deep - 2nd Impact

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yokohama

text: Kanagawa

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–11|

text: Ryushi Yanagisawa

text: | Decision (split)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–10|

text: Dave Menne

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block A

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 8–9|

text: Gustavo Machado

text: | TKO (cut)|

text: Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8–8| Mansour Heidari| Decision (unanimous)| WEF 9 - World Class| | align=center| 3| align=center| 4:00|

text: Evansville, Indiana

text: , United States| |-| Win| align=center| 7–8|

text: Branden Lee Hinkle

text: | Submission (leg lock)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:23|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 6–8|

text: Renzo Gracie

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:25|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–7| Chris Watts| Submission (achilles lock)| TFKRG 5 - Total Fight KRG 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:53|

text: Buckinghamshire, England

text: , England| |-| Loss| align=center| 5–7|

text: Hiromitsu Kanehara

text: | Decision (lost points)|

text: Rings: Rise 5th

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 5–6|

text: Borislav Jeliazkov

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Rise 4th

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:49|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–6|

text: Borislav Jeliazkov

text: | Submission (scarf hold)|

text: Rings: Rise 1st

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:28|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5|

text: Sean Alvarez

text: | Decision|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 4–4|

text: Dick Vrij

text: | TKO|

text: Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:29|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 3–4|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Fourth Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:45|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2–4|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Holland: The King of Rings

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam

text: , Netherlands| |-| Win| align=center| 2–3|

text: Valentijn Overeem

text: | Submission (ankle lock)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 7

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:16|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 1–3| Sean McCully| N/A|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–3|

text: Willie Peeters

text: | Submission (neck lock)|

text: Rings - Maelstrom 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 18:31|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 0–2|

text: Mikhail Ilyukhin

text: | Submission|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1|

text: Tsuyoshi Kosaka

text: | Submission|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1995

text: | | align=center|N/A| align=center|N/A|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |}

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: afghanistan

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 8–8| Mansour Heidari

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to extract minerals from ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores can reveal the climate

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 8–11|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 8–11|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: WEF 9 - World Class|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: King of Kings 2000 Final|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: WEF 9 - World Class|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: WEF 9 - World Class|

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 8–8|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Deep

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: King of Kings 2000 Final|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: King of Kings 2000 Final|

text: The National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL) located at the Denver Federal Center is the primary repository for ice cores collected by the United States.  The facility is managed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and jointly funded by the USGS, National Science Foundation, and the University of New Hampshire.  NICL currently houses ~17,000 m of ice cores collected from Greenland and Antarctica, including the GISP2, Siple Dome, and portions of the Vostok cores.  The facility is also the lead organization for the handling and storage of the upcoming West Antarctic Ice Sheet ice core.

text: The National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL) located at the

text: Denver Federal Center

text: is the primary repository for

text: ice core

text: s collected by the

text: United States

text: .  The facility is managed by the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS), and jointly funded by the USGS,

text: National Science Foundation

text: , and the

text: University of New Hampshire

text: .  NICL currently houses ~17,000 m of ice cores collected from

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Antarctica

text: , including the

text: Siple Dome

text: , and portions of the

text: Vostok

text: cores.  The facility is also the lead organization for the handling and storage of the upcoming

text: West Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: ice core.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: GISP2

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The facility is managed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: primary repository for ice cores

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The National Ice Core Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: NICL currently houses <unk>17,000 m of ice cores

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Greenland and Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: primary repository for ice cores collected by the United States.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores collected by the United States.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores collected by the United States.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores collected by the United States.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores collected from Greenland and Antarctica,

text: The eventual choice of the BMW 801 14-cylinder radial over the more troublesome BMW 139 also brought with it a BMW-designed cowling "system" which integrated the radiator used to cool the motor oil. An annular, ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheet metal. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped duct with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine forward across the oil cooler core to provide cooling for the 801's motor oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring in order to open or close the gap. The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to reduce any extra aerodynamic drag of the oil radiator, in this case largely eliminating it by placing it within the same cowling as the engine. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the radiator to aid warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the radiator behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed.

text: The eventual choice of the

text: BMW 801

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: S-shaped duct

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: BMW 139

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: oil radiator,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cooling airflow over the core

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: S-shaped duct

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: BMW 139

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: aerodynamic drag

text: The Pleistocene is a geological epoch that began about 2.6 million years ago.  The Holocene, the current geological epoch, begins about 11,700 years ago, when the Pleistocene ends.  Establishing the date of this boundary − which is defined by sharp climatic warming − as accurately as possible has been a goal of geologists for much of the 20th century.  At Two Creeks, in Wisconsin, a fossil forest was discovered (Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area), and subsequent research determined that the destruction of the forest was caused by the Valders ice readvance, the last southward movement of ice before the end of the Pleistocene in that area.  Before the advent of radiocarbon dating, the fossilized trees had been dated by correlating sequences of annually deposited layers of sediment at Two Creeks with sequences in Scandinavia. This led to estimates that the trees were between 24,000 and 19,000 years old, and hence this was taken to be the date of the last advance of the Wisconsin glaciation before its final retreat marked the end of the Pleistocene in North America.  In 1952 Libby published radiocarbon dates for several samples from the Two Creeks site and two similar sites nearby; the dates were averaged to 11,404 BP with a standard error of 350 years.  This result was uncalibrated, as the need for calibration of radiocarbon ages was not yet understood.  Further results over the next decade supported an average date of 11,350 BP, with the results thought to be most accurate averaging 11,600 BP.  There was initial resistance to these results on the part of Ernst Antevs, the palaeobotanist who had worked on the Scandinavian varve series, but his objections were eventually discounted by other geologists.  In the 1990s samples were tested with AMS, yielding (uncalibrated) dates ranging from 11,640 BP to 11,800 BP, both with a standard error of 160 years.  Subsequently, a sample from the fossil forest was used in an interlaboratory test, with results provided by over 70 laboratories.  These tests produced a median age of 11,788 ± 8 BP (2σ confidence) which when calibrated gives a date range of 13,730 to 13,550 cal BP.  The Two Creeks radiocarbon dates are now regarded as a key result in developing the modern understanding of North American glaciation at the end of the Pleistocene.

text: The

text: Pleistocene

text: is a geological epoch that began about 2.6 million years ago.  The

text: Holocene

text: , the current geological epoch, begins about 11,700 years ago, when the Pleistocene ends.  Establishing the date of this boundary − which is defined by sharp climatic warming − as accurately as possible has been a goal of geologists for much of the 20th century.  At

text: Two Creeks

text: , in Wisconsin, a fossil forest was discovered (

entity_name: Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area

text: Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area

text: ), and subsequent research determined that the destruction of the forest was caused by the Valders ice readvance, the last southward movement of ice before the end of the Pleistocene in that area.  Before the advent of radiocarbon dating, the fossilized trees had been dated by correlating sequences of annually deposited layers of sediment at Two Creeks with sequences in Scandinavia. This led to estimates that the trees were between 24,000 and 19,000 years old, and hence this was taken to be the date of the last advance of the

text: Wisconsin glaciation

text: before its final retreat marked the end of the Pleistocene in North America.  In 1952 Libby published radiocarbon dates for several samples from the Two Creeks site and two similar sites nearby; the dates were averaged to 11,404 BP with a standard error of 350 years.  This result was uncalibrated, as the need for calibration of radiocarbon ages was not yet understood.  Further results over the next decade supported an average date of 11,350 BP, with the results thought to be most accurate averaging 11,600 BP.  There was initial resistance to these results on the part of

text: Ernst Antevs

text: , the

text: palaeobotanist

text: who had worked on the Scandinavian varve series, but his objections were eventually discounted by other geologists.  In the 1990s samples were tested with AMS, yielding (uncalibrated) dates ranging from 11,640 BP to 11,800 BP, both with a standard error of 160 years.  Subsequently, a sample from the fossil forest was used in an interlaboratory test, with results provided by over 70 laboratories.  These tests produced a median age of 11,788 ± 8 BP (2σ confidence) which when calibrated gives a date range of 13,730 to 13,550 cal BP.  The Two Creeks radiocarbon dates are now regarded as a key result in developing the modern understanding of North American glaciation at the end of the Pleistocene.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: fossilized trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: sharp climatic warming

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the need for calibration of radiocarbon ages was not yet understood

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon dating

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: layers of sediment

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: How old were the fossilized trees at Two Creeks?

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Scandinavia

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating is used

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The last advance of the Wisconsin glaciation before its final retreat marked the end of the Pleistocene in North America

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 11,404 BP

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: climatic warming

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This result was uncalibrated,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 11,600 BP.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: the need for calibration of radiocarbon ages was not yet understood.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annually deposited layers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 11,404 BP

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Scandinavian

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon dating,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 11,404 BP

text: The site was first investigated in 1786 by Captain Jonathan Hart, the commander of Fort Harmar. Hart drew a plan of the site that appeared in the May 1787 issue of Columbian Magazine and conducted investigations into one of the mounds; his work is now thought to have been the first archaeological investigation in the state of Ohio. In 1788 Benjamin Franklin conjectured that the earthworks may have been built by members of the 1540 Hernando de Soto expedition through southeastern North America. The next investigations were by Rufus Putnam in 1788 and Reverend Manasseh Cutler in 1789 as they began surveying and founding the modern city of Marietta. Cutler had several trees growing out of the earthworks chopped down so he could count the growth rings; determining that the trees had begun to grow 441 years earlier in approximately 1347. This tree ring data, coupled with the fact that the trees had been preceded by another such round of growth of at least equal age, argued against the de Soto theory and pushed the date for the construction of the earthworks back at 1000 yrs before the 1780s. Given this greater age, others later theorized (also incorrectly) that the mounds had been built by groups as various as the Toltecs from Central America and Scythians from Europe.

text: The site was first investigated in 1786 by Captain Jonathan Hart, the commander of

text: Fort Harmar

text: . Hart drew a plan of the site that appeared in the May 1787 issue of

text: Columbian Magazine

text: and conducted investigations into one of the mounds; his work is now thought to have been the first archaeological investigation in the state of Ohio. In 1788

text: Benjamin Franklin

text: conjectured that the earthworks may have been built by members of the 1540

text: Hernando de Soto

text: expedition through southeastern North America. The next investigations were by

text: Rufus Putnam

text: in 1788 and Reverend

text: Manasseh Cutler

text: in 1789 as they began surveying and founding the modern city of Marietta. Cutler had several trees growing out of the earthworks chopped down so he could

text: count the growth rings

text: ; determining that the trees had begun to grow 441 years earlier in approximately 1347. This tree ring data, coupled with the fact that the trees had been preceded by another such round of growth of at least equal age, argued against the de Soto theory and pushed the date for the construction of the earthworks back at 1000 yrs before the 1780s. Given this greater age, others later theorized (also incorrectly) that the mounds had been built by groups as various as the

text: Toltecs

text: from Central America and

text: Scythians

text: from Europe.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the trees had begun to grow

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: cutler had several trees growing out of the earthworks chopped down so he could count the growth rings

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: cutler had several trees growing out

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings;

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: others later theorized (also incorrectly)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1347.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1347.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings;

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: growth rings;

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: growth rings;

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the trees had begun to grow 441 years earlier in approximately 1347.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: growth rings;

text: Hamilton also hosts several key venues operated by Core Entertainment. Core Entertainment is the engine that drives over 400 events to FirstOntario Centre, Hamilton Place and Molson Canadian Studio. Core Entertainment is powered by Global Spectrum. Among these facilities is Hamilton's largest venue, FirstOntario Centre(formerly Copps Coliseum), a 17,500-seat enclosed arena that has served as the home for the Hamilton Bulldogs(OHL) ice hockey club since 2015 and routinely features a variety of sport, commercial and concert events throughout the year.  Notable artists who have performed at FirstOntario Centre include U2, Tool, System of a Down, Metallica, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Aerosmith. Further events can be found just down the road at Hamilton Place, a 2,100 seat performing arts theatre located less than a two-minute walk from the Coliseum.  Hamilton Place is the home of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra and boasts one of the leading architectural designs for acoustics in Canada.  Notable performances include the annual festive production of 'The Nutcracker' and a number of internationally recognized entertainers such as Tom Jones, Sarah McLachlan, Hall & Oates and Billy Connolly.

text: Hamilton also hosts several key venues operated by Core Entertainment. Core Entertainment is the engine that drives over 400 events to FirstOntario Centre, Hamilton Place and Molson Canadian Studio. Core Entertainment is powered by Global Spectrum. Among these facilities is Hamilton's largest venue,

text: FirstOntario Centre

text: (formerly Copps Coliseum), a 17,500-seat enclosed arena that has served as the home for the

text: Hamilton Bulldogs

text: OHL

text: ) ice hockey club since 2015 and routinely features a variety of sport, commercial and concert events throughout the year.  Notable artists who have performed at FirstOntario Centre include

text: Tool

text: System of a Down

text: Metallica

text: Elton John

text: Rod Stewart

text: and

text: Aerosmith

text: . Further events can be found just down the road at

text: Hamilton Place

text: , a 2,100 seat performing arts theatre located less than a two-minute walk from the Coliseum.  Hamilton Place is the home of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra and boasts one of the leading architectural designs for

text: acoustics

text: in Canada.  Notable performances include the annual festive production of '

text: The Nutcracker

text: ' and a number of internationally recognized entertainers such as

text: Tom Jones

text: Sarah McLachlan

text: Hall & Oates

text: and

text: Billy Connolly

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Hamilton Place

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: FirstOntario Centre

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Hamilton Place is the home of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra and boasts one of the leading architectural designs for acoustics in Canada

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: is powered by Global Spectrum

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Hamilton

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Hamilton Place,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Hamilton Place,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Core Entertainment.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Hamilton Bulldogs(OHL)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Core Entertainment is powered by Global Spectrum.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: FirstOntario Centre(formerly Copps Coliseum),

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Hamilton Bulldogs(OHL) ice hockey club since 2015

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Hamilton

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Core Entertainment.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Hamilton Place,

text: Dendrochronology (tree ring) studies conducted on the oldest bald cypress trees growing in Reelfoot Lake found evidence of the 1811–1812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation, whereas cores taken from old bald cypress trees in the St. Francis sunklands showed slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812. These were interpreted as clear signals of the 1811–1812 earthquake series in tree rings. Because the tree ring record in Reelfoot Lake and the St. Francis sunk lands extend back to A.D. 1682 and A.D. 1321, respectively, Van Arsdale et al. interpreted the lack of similar signals elsewhere in the chronology as evidence against large New Madrid earthquakes between those years and 1811.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Earthquake signals in tree-ring data from the New Madrid seismic zone and implications for paleoseismicity |first=RB |last=Van Arsdale |first2=DW |last2=Stahle |author3=MK Cleaveland |author4=MJ Guccione |journal=Geology |date=June 1998 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=515–518 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

text: Dendrochronology

text: (tree ring) studies conducted on the oldest

text: bald cypress

text: trees growing in Reelfoot Lake found evidence of the 1811–1812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation, whereas cores taken from old bald cypress trees in the St. Francis sunklands showed slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812. These were interpreted as clear signals of the 1811–1812 earthquake series in tree rings. Because the tree ring record in Reelfoot Lake and the St. Francis sunk lands extend back to A.D. 1682 and A.D. 1321, respectively, Van Arsdale et al. interpreted the lack of similar signals elsewhere in the chronology as evidence against large New Madrid earthquakes between those years and 1811.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Earthquake signals in tree-ring data from the New Madrid seismic zone and implications for paleoseismicity |first=RB |last=Van Arsdale |first2=DW |last2=Stahle |author3=MK Cleaveland |author4=MJ Guccione |journal=Geology |date=June 1998 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=515–518 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bald cypress

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rapid growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 1811–1812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: slowed growth

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: New Madrid seismic zone

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bald cypress

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rapid growth after their inundation,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: evidence against large New Madrid earthquakes between those years and 1811.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth after their inundation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Reelfoot Lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1811–1812 earthquake series

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: A.D. 1682 and A.D. 1321,

text: During the Last Glacial Maximum, much of the world was cold, dry, and inhospitable, with frequent storms and a dust-laden atmosphere. The dustiness of the atmosphere is a prominent feature in ice cores; dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than now.  This was probably due to a number of factors:  reduced vegetation, stronger global winds, and less precipitation to clear dust from the atmosphere. The massive sheets of ice locked away water, lowering the sea level, exposing continental shelves, joining land masses together, and creating extensive coastal plains.

text: During the Last Glacial Maximum, much of the world was cold, dry, and inhospitable, with frequent storms and a dust-laden atmosphere. The dustiness of the atmosphere is a prominent feature in ice cores; dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than now.  This was probably due to a number of factors:  reduced vegetation, stronger global winds, and less precipitation to clear dust from

text: the atmosphere

text: . The massive sheets of ice locked away water, lowering the sea level, exposing continental shelves, joining land masses together, and creating extensive coastal

text: plain

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: less precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than now

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dustiness of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: During the Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than now.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The dustiness

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The dustiness of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: vegetation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores;

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: dustiness of the atmosphere is a prominent feature in ice cores;

text: Noncutting dates are used for crossdated tree specimens "if there is no evidence indicating that the last ring present on the specimen is the last one grown before the tree died." Patterns of tree growth will be similar between trees of the same species, growing in the same climate. These matching patterns align growth rings in different trees formed in the same year.  Once aligned, knowing the precise calendar year of any individual tree-ring is the same as knowing the calendar year of all the rings.  The goal of a dendroarchaeologist is to determine the year when the last ring was formed. Crossdating, the skill of finding matching ring-width patterns between tree-ring samples, is used to assign the precise calendar year to every ring. This is affected by the climate that the timber was in. It is also important to have enough rings to actually confirm a date. Once the rings are dates, the chronology is measured. The last step is to compare the rings with that of ring-width patterns in sampled timbers and a master dating chronology.

text: Noncutting dates are used for crossdated tree specimens "if there is no evidence indicating that the last ring present on the specimen is the last one grown before the tree died." Patterns of tree growth will be similar between trees of the same species, growing in the same climate. These matching patterns align growth rings in different trees formed in the same year.  Once aligned, knowing the precise calendar year of any individual tree-ring is the same as knowing the calendar year of all the rings.  The goal of a dendroarchaeologist is to determine the year when the last ring was formed. Crossdating, the skill of finding matching ring-width patterns between tree-ring samples, is used to assign the precise calendar year to every ring. This is affected by the climate that the timber was in. It is also important to have enough rings to actually confirm a date. Once the rings are dates, the chronology is measured. The last step is to compare the rings with that of ring-width patterns in sampled timbers and a master dating chronology.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the timber was in

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Crossdating, the skill of finding matching ring-width patterns between tree-ring samples

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring width

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the same year

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: there is no evidence

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Patterns of tree growth will be similar between trees of the same species,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Noncutting dates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: These matching patterns align growth rings in different trees formed in the same year.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Crossdating,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Noncutting dates are used for crossdated tree specimens

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: same year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: same year.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: there is no evidence

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Crossdating,

text: For trees to be useful in archaeological analysis, they must "produce annual growth rings that are uniform around the tree stem", they must "live for decades and, preferably, centuries" and they "must have been used extensively by humans either for habitation or fuel."  One of the problems with this evaluation is that it is possible under certain conditions for a tree to miss a growth-ring or produce two growth rings in a season. During extreme drought there can be insufficient growth of xylem to form a noticeable ring. Alternatively, if a defoliating agent (e.g. drought, late frost, or insect damage) can arrest the growth of a tree early in a year, after which there is a secondary growth period of new foliage causing two rings to form. Another difficulty in the use of tree-ring dating as applied to archaeology is the variety and condition of wood used in construction of archaeological sites. Many such samples are encountered wet. Heartwood can normally retain much of its substance and can be dried out and polished for analysis. On the other hand, ancient wet sapwood samples seldom survive drying out. As a result the sapwood should either be measured wet and then allowed to dry, or it should be frozen or kept wet.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings that are uniform around the tree stem

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a secondary growth period of new foliage

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: heartwood can normally retain much of its substance and can be dried out and polished for analysis

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: how do ice cores work

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: two growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: defoliating agent

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is encountered wet

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: two growth rings in a season.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: insufficient growth of xylem

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: miss a growth-ring or produce two growth rings in a season.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: two growth rings in a season.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ancient wet sapwood samples seldom survive drying out.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: two growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: late frost, or insect damage)

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: secondary growth period of new foliage

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: wet.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: two growth rings in a season.

text: When energetic protons enter the atmosphere they create isotopes by reactions with the major components; the most important of these is carbon-14 (C), which is created when secondary neutrons react with nitrogen. C, which has a half-life of 5,730 years, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide which is taken up by plants; dating wood by its C content  is the basis of radiocarbon dating. If wood of known age is available the process can be reversed. Measuring the C content and using the half-life allows estimation of the content when the wood was formed. The growth rings of trees show patterns, caused by various environmental factors: dendrochronology uses these growth rings of trees, compared across overlapping sequences, to establish accurate dates. Applying this method shows that atmospheric C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity. This is the basis of the carbon dating calibration curve. Clearly, it can also be used to detect any peaks in production caused by solar flares, if those flares create enough energetic particles to produce a measurable increase in C.

text: When energetic protons enter the atmosphere they create isotopes by reactions with the major components; the most important of these is

text: (C), which is created when secondary neutrons react with nitrogen. C, which has a

text: half-life

text: of 5,730 years, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide which is taken up by plants; dating wood by its C content  is the basis of

text: radiocarbon dating

text: . If wood of known age is available the process can be reversed. Measuring the C content and using the half-life allows estimation of the content when the wood was formed. The growth rings of trees show patterns, caused by various environmental factors:

text: dendrochronology

text: uses these growth rings of trees, compared across overlapping sequences, to establish accurate dates. Applying this method shows that atmospheric C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity. This is the basis of the carbon dating calibration curve. Clearly, it can also be used to detect any peaks in production caused by solar flares, if those flares create enough energetic particles to produce a measurable increase in C.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: carbon dioxide which is taken up by plants

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: atmospheric C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: plants;

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: atmospheric C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: atmospheric C does indeed vary with time, due to solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: known age is available

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: dendrochronology

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 14–25–1| Jong Wang Kim| KO (punches)| Grabaka - Grabaka Live! 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:15| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–24–1| Keiichiro Yamamiya| Decision (unanimous)| Grabaka Live - 1st Cage Attack| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–23–1| Hidetaka Monma| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Deep: 50th Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:07| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–22–1| Lee Tae-Hyun| TKO (punches)| Hero's 2007 in Korea| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:03| Seoul, South Korea| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–21–1| Katsuyori Shibata| TKO (punches)| Hero's 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:09| Nagoya, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–20–1| Don Frye| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Hero's 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:52| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–19–1| Kim Min-Soo| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Hero's 4| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:32| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–18–1| Choi Mu-Bae| Decision (unanimous)| Pride Bushido 3| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 14–17–1| Mirko Filipović| TKO (punches)| Pride Bushido 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14–16–1| Mark Kerr| TKO (punches)| Pride 27| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:40| Osaka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 13–16–1| Heath Herring| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Pride Final Conflict 2003| | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:29| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13–15–1| Alexander Otsuka| TKO (leg injury)| Pride 24| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12–15–1| Guy Mezger| Decision (unanimous)| Pride 22| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Nagoya, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12–14–1| Bob Sapp| KO (punches)| Pride 20| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:44| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12–13–1| Jan Nortje| Submission (armbar)| Pride 18| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:43| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–13–1| Assuerio Silva| TKO (punches)| Pride 16| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:11| Osaka, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11–12–1| Valentijn Overeem| Submission (armbar)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:45| Tokyo, Japan| Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament quarter-final.|-| Win| align=center| 11–11–1| Chris Haseman| TKO (strikes)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:51| Osaka, Japan| Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament second round.|-| Win| align=center| 10–11–1| Ameran Bitsadze| Submission (armbar)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:49| Osaka, Japan| Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament first round.|-| Loss| align=center| 9–11–1| Semmy Schilt| KO (knee and punch)| Rings Holland: Di Capo Di Tutti Capi| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:54| Utrecht, Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–10–1| Branden Lee Hinkle| Submission (rear naked choke)| World Extreme Fighting 9: World Class| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:21| Evansville, Indiana, USA| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–9–1| Jeremy Horn| Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Rings: Millennium Combine 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:50| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 9–8–1| Brad Kohler| Submission (smother choke)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:57| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 9–7–1| Kiyoshi Tamura| Draw| Rings: Rise 4th| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 9–7| Tsuyoshi Kosaka| TKO (palm strikes)| Rings: Rise 3rd| | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:41| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 8–7| Joop Kasteel| TKO (palm strikes)| Rings: Rise 2nd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:32| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 7–7| Valentijn Overeem| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Rise 1st| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:40| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 6–7| Andrei Kopylov| Submission| Rings: Final Capture| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:55| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5–7| Masayuki Naruse| Submission (armbar)| Rings - Extension Fighting 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 21:20| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–7| Tariel Bitsadze| KO (punch)| Rings - Budokan Hall 1997| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:30| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–6| Tariel Bitsadze| TKO (punches)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:59| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5| Kiyoshi Tamura| Submission (neck crank)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:41| Tokyo, Japan| Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 semi-final.|-| Win| align=center| 4–4| Bakouri Gogitidze| Submission (americana)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:00| Tokyo, Japan| Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 quarter-final.|-| Win| align=center| 3–4| David Khakhaleishvili| TKO (punches)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:40| Tokyo, Japan| Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 opening round.|-| Loss| align=center| 2–4| Ricardo Morais| KO (punches)| Rings - Maelstrom 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:46| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 2–3| Akira Maeda| Submission (americana)| Rings - Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:50| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 2–2| Ameran Bitsadze| Submission (neck crank)| Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:59| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 1–2| Rickson Gracie| Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)| Vale Tudo Japan 1995| | align=center| 3| align=center| 3:49| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Ruud Ewoldt| Decision (unanimous)| Rings Holland - Free Fight| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Amsterdam, Netherlands| |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1| Hans Nijman| KO (punch)| Rings - Budokan Hall 1995| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:43| Tokyo, Japan|

text: |-| Loss| align=center| 14–25–1| Jong Wang Kim| KO (punches)| Grabaka - Grabaka Live! 2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:15|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–24–1|

text: Keiichiro Yamamiya

text: | Decision (unanimous)| Grabaka Live - 1st Cage Attack| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–23–1|

text: Hidetaka Monma

text: | Submission (arm-triangle choke)| Deep: 50th Impact| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:07|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–22–1| Lee Tae-Hyun| TKO (punches)| Hero's 2007 in Korea| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:03|

text: Seoul, South Korea

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–21–1|

text: Katsuyori Shibata

text: | TKO (punches)| Hero's 8| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:09|

text: Nagoya, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–20–1|

text: Don Frye

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)| Hero's 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:52|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–19–1|

text: Kim Min-Soo

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)| Hero's 4| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:32|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–18–1|

text: Choi Mu-Bae

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride Bushido 3

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yokohama, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 14–17–1|

text: Mirko Filipović

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Pride Bushido 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:12|

text: Yokohama, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 14–16–1|

text: Mark Kerr

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Pride 27

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:40|

text: Osaka, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 13–16–1|

text: Heath Herring

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Pride Final Conflict 2003

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 2:29|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 13–15–1|

text: Alexander Otsuka

text: | TKO (leg injury)|

text: Pride 24

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Fukuoka, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 12–15–1|

text: Guy Mezger

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride 22

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Nagoya, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 12–14–1|

text: Bob Sapp

text: | KO (punches)|

text: Pride 20

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:44|

text: Yokohama, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 12–13–1|

text: Jan Nortje

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride 18

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:43|

text: Fukuoka, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 11–13–1|

text: Assuerio Silva

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Pride 16

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:11|

text: Osaka, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 11–12–1|

text: Valentijn Overeem

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:45|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament quarter-final.|-| Win| align=center| 11–11–1|

text: Chris Haseman

text: | TKO (strikes)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:51|

text: Osaka, Japan

text: | Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament second round.|-| Win| align=center| 10–11–1|

text: Ameran Bitsadze

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:49|

text: Osaka, Japan

text: | Kings of Kings 2000 Tournament first round.|-| Loss| align=center| 9–11–1|

text: Semmy Schilt

text: | KO (knee and punch)|

text: Rings Holland: Di Capo Di Tutti Capi

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:54|

text: Utrecht, Netherlands

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 9–10–1|

text: Branden Lee Hinkle

text: | Submission (rear naked choke)| World Extreme Fighting 9: World Class| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:21|

text: Evansville, Indiana

text: USA

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 9–9–1|

text: Jeremy Horn

text: | Submission (arm-triangle choke)|

text: Rings: Millennium Combine 1

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:50|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 9–8–1|

text: Brad Kohler

text: | Submission (smother choke)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:57|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Draw| align=center| 9–7–1|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Draw|

text: Rings: Rise 4th

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 9–7|

text: Tsuyoshi Kosaka

text: | TKO (palm strikes)|

text: Rings: Rise 3rd

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:41|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 8–7|

text: Joop Kasteel

text: | TKO (palm strikes)|

text: Rings: Rise 2nd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:32|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 7–7|

text: Valentijn Overeem

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Rise 1st

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:40|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 6–7|

text: Andrei Kopylov

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Final Capture

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:55|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 5–7|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings - Extension Fighting 2

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 21:20|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–7|

text: Tariel Bitsadze

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1997

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:30|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–6|

text: Tariel Bitsadze

text: | TKO (punches)|

entity_section: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:59|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 4–5|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Submission (neck crank)|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:41|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 semi-final.|-| Win| align=center| 4–4|

text: Bakouri Gogitidze

text: | Submission (americana)|

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:00|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 quarter-final.|-| Win| align=center| 3–4|

text: David Khakhaleishvili

text: | TKO (punches)|

entity_section: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:40|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 opening round.|-| Loss| align=center| 2–4|

text: Ricardo Morais

text: | KO (punches)|

text: Rings - Maelstrom 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:46|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 2–3|

text: Akira Maeda

text: | Submission (americana)|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:50|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 2–2|

text: Ameran Bitsadze

text: | Submission (neck crank)|

entity_section: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: Rings - Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 1:59|

text: Japan

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 1–2|

text: Rickson Gracie

text: | Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)| Vale Tudo Japan 1995| | align=center| 3| align=center| 3:49|

text: Tokyo, Japan

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 1–1| Ruud Ewoldt| Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings Holland - Free Fight

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Amsterdam, Netherlands

text: | |-| Loss| align=center| 0–1|

text: Hans Nijman

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Rings - Budokan Hall 1995

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:43|

text: Tokyo

text: Japan

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: afghanistan

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Jong Wang Kim| KO (punches)| Grabaka - Grabaka Live!

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used to preserve food.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a Varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Cage Attack

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: |-| Loss| align=center| 0||||

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 14–21–1|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 14–25–1|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Loss| align=center| 14–20–1|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 14–25–1|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (punches)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Pride Bushido

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 14–25–1|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 14–25–1|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 14–24–1|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 14–25–1|

text: Almost immediately after the publication of Geochronologia Suecica Principles De Geer's Swedish Time Scale underwent the first of many revisions, as other geologists became involved in the study of varves and more sites were examined.

text: Almost immediately after the publication of Geochronologia Suecica Principles De Geer's Swedish Time Scale underwent the first of many revisions, as other geologists became involved in the study of varves and more sites were examined.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: more geologists became involved in the study of varves

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geologic time

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: underwent the first of many revisions,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Almost immediately after the publication of Geochronologia Suecica

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: De Geer's Swedish Time Scale

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sites

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varves

text: For the list of ice cores visit IceReader web site

text: For the list of ice cores visit IceReader web site

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores will not be taken

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: iceReader is a computer program

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: IceReader

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores visit IceReader web site

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: IceReader web site

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: IceReader

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: IceReader web site

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: IceReader web site

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: IceReader web site

text: Bertler researches climate history using  ice cores. During her PhD Nancy established collaborations with international partners in Germany and the USA and initiated New Zealand’s ice core research capability in the Ross Sea. As postdoctoral fellow with guidance and help by her mentors, Profs. Peter Barrett, Tim Naish, Alex Malahoff, Bertler went on to establish major infrastructure in support of ice core research in New Zealand. This included the development of a national ice core research facility with GNS Science, the building of a New Zealand intermediate ice core drilling system with Victoria University of Wellington. Since her joint appointment with Victoria University of Wellington and GNS Science in 2004, Bertler has led and managed the National Ice Core Research Programme. This culminated in the successful development of international science projects – in particular the NZ contribution to the International TransAntarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) project and the NZ-led 9-nation Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) project, the latter of which she is the Chief Scientist.

text: Bertler researches climate history using

text: ice cores

text: . During her PhD Nancy established collaborations with international partners in Germany and the USA and initiated New Zealand’s ice core research capability in the

text: Ross Sea

text: . As postdoctoral fellow with guidance and help by her mentors, Profs. Peter Barrett,

text: Tim Naish

text: , Alex Malahoff, Bertler went on to establish major infrastructure in support of ice core research in New Zealand. This included the development of a national ice core research facility with

text: GNS Science

text: , the building of a New Zealand intermediate ice core drilling system with Victoria University of Wellington. Since her joint appointment with Victoria University of Wellington and GNS Science in 2004, Bertler has led and managed the National Ice Core Research Programme. This culminated in the successful development of international science projects – in particular the NZ contribution to the International TransAntarctic Scientific Expedition (

text: ITASE

text: ) project and the NZ-led 9-nation Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) project, the latter of which she is the Chief Scientist.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Bertler has led and managed the National Ice Core Research Programme

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: climate history

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ross Sea

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ross Sea

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Bertler researches climate history using ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Bertler researches climate history using ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: climate history using ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: climate history

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ross Sea.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: climate history

text: For his postdoctoral research Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes  to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.

text: For his postdoctoral research Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist

text: Malcolm K. Hughes

text: to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: For his postdoctoral research Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sparser proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring networks

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring networks

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lake sediments, ice cores and corals,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sparser proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring networks

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores and corals,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments, ice cores and corals,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring networks

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores

text: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position in an in vitro activity. For an example there was a big difference if there was an n-pentyl group (IC = 13,3 nM), n-butyl (IC = 119 nM), phenyl with 2-furyl (IC = 0,720) or 3-thiophenyl (IC = 0,772). As seen in table 1, the in vitro activity increases depending on what compound is bonded to the distal ring (given that in the C-4 region of the proximal phenyl ring is a Cl atom).

text: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position in an

text: in vitro

text: activity. For an example there was a big difference if there was an n-pentyl group (IC = 13,3 nM), n-butyl (IC = 119 nM), phenyl with 2-furyl (IC = 0,720) or 3-thiophenyl (IC = 0,772). As seen in table 1, the in vitro activity increases depending on what compound is bonded to the distal ring (given that in the C-4 region of the proximal phenyl ring is a Cl atom).

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the in vitro activity increases

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the in vitro activity increases depending on what compound is bonded to the distal ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: in vitro activity

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a Cl atom

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: in vitro activity

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: n-pentyl group (IC = 13,3 nM),

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: increases depending on what compound is bonded to the distal ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: increases depending on what compound is bonded to the distal ring

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 3-thiophenyl

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: in vitro activity.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: in vitro activity.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Many compounds gave different IC value in the ring position

text: A complete listing of tree ring dates for Wales is maintained by the Vernacular Architecture Group at the Archaeological Dataservice  and slightly over 200 samples have been taken, though not all have provided positive results. The scheme has largely been sponsored by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales in conjunction with the Dating Welsh Houses Group (DOWG). The greatest number of dates are available from Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire and Denbighshire, areas which have some of the greatest concentrations of timber framed houses. Other early dates are c. 1250 for timbers from the Chapter House at Brecon Cathedral and 1386 for the bell frame in Tower of St David's Cathedral. The earliest domestic building to be dated by dendrochronology is Hafodygarreg at Erwood, in Breconshire of 1402. Many dates have been obtained for buildings after this, possibly suggesting that there was a great re-building in Wales after the devastation caused by Owain Glyndŵr's uprising. The evidence of dendrochronology clearly shows that in the century and a half Hall Houses were the standard plan for domestic buildings and for timber-framed houses they were mainly built with cruck trusses, while a few higher status houses were constructed with aisled-trusses. Change came in the mid-16th century when houses became two or more storeyed. Regional forms of house evolve. The earliest stone built Snowdonia Houses at with an upper storey is Tyn Llan at Gwyddelwern has been shown by dendrochronology to date from 1519 to 1537, and Glas Hirfryn, a house with a jettied upper storey and lateral chimney stack,  on the Montgomeryshire/Denbighshire border is dated to c. 1559. The precision of dendrochronological dating is very useful because it is often possible to suggest with a considerable degree of certainty for whom the house was built.  At Glas Hirfryn this would have been Morus ap Dafydd and for Great Cefnyberen of 1545–66, it would have been John ap Rhys. As the wills and probate inventories may well still exist, it is often possible to establish the status of the builder and how the house was furnished.

text: A complete listing of tree ring dates for Wales is maintained by the Vernacular Architecture Group at the Archaeological Dataservice  and slightly over 200 samples have been taken, though not all have provided positive results. The scheme has largely been sponsored by the

entity_name: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

text: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

text: in conjunction with the Dating Welsh Houses Group (DOWG). The greatest number of dates are available from

text: Merionethshire

text: Montgomeryshire

text: and

text: Denbighshire

text: , areas which have some of the greatest concentrations of timber framed houses. Other early dates are c. 1250 for timbers from the Chapter House at

text: Brecon Cathedral

text: and 1386 for the bell frame in Tower of

text: St David's Cathedral

text: . The earliest domestic building to be dated by dendrochronology is Hafodygarreg at

text: Erwood

text: , in

text: Breconshire

text: of 1402. Many dates have been obtained for buildings after this, possibly suggesting that there was a great re-building in Wales after the devastation caused by

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: 's uprising. The evidence of dendrochronology clearly shows that in the century and a half

text: Hall Houses

text: were the standard plan for domestic buildings and for

text: timber-framed

text: houses they were mainly built with

text: cruck

text: trusses, while a few higher status houses were constructed with aisled-trusses. Change came in the mid-16th century when houses became two or more storeyed. Regional forms of house evolve. The earliest stone built Snowdonia Houses at with an upper storey is Tyn Llan at

text: Gwyddelwern

text: has been shown by dendrochronology to date from 1519 to 1537, and

text: Glas Hirfryn

text: , a house with a jettied upper storey and lateral chimney stack,  on the Montgomeryshire/Denbighshire border is dated to c. 1559. The precision of dendrochronological dating is very useful because it is often possible to suggest with a considerable degree of certainty for whom the house was built.  At Glas Hirfryn this would have been Morus ap Dafydd and for

text: Great Cefnyberen

text: of 1545–66, it would have been John ap Rhys. As the

text: wills

text: and

text: probate inventories

text: may well still exist, it is often possible to establish the status of the builder and how the house was furnished.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree ring dates for Wales are maintained by the Vernacular Architecture Group

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring dates for Wales

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The greatest number of dates are available from Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire and Denbighshire

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dendrochronological dating

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not all have provided positive results

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Wales

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring dates

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: dendrochronological dating

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring dates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Change came in the mid-16th century

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Morus ap Dafydd

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not all have provided positive results.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cruck trusses,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1519 to 1537,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Regional forms of house

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: c. 1250

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Morus ap Dafydd

text: What is now known about the Quaternary and Holocene history of Antarctica completely discredits any hypothesis about it being the location of Atlantis. Mapping and dating of the edges of the Antarctic ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum; mapping and dating of glacial erratics, tills, and striations within now ice-free areas; microfossils from post-glacial lake deposits; coring and analysis of glacial tills and marine sediments underlying the Ross and Wedell seas; coring and analysis of ice cores; and other research has accumulated an enormous amount of data that has disproved the various hypotheses that any sizable part of Antarctica was sufficiently ice-free and temperate in climate during the last 100,000 years and earlier to have supported any civilization. This research soundly refutes Flem-Ath's proposal that lesser (West) Antarctica was ice-free and temperate prior to 9,600 B.C. (11,600 B.P.)

text: What is now known about the

text: Quaternary

text: and

text: Holocene

text: history of Antarctica completely discredits any hypothesis about it being the location of Atlantis. Mapping and dating of the edges of the Antarctic ice sheet during the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: ; mapping and dating of

text: glacial erratic

text: s,

text: till

text: s, and

text: striations

text: within now ice-free areas; microfossils from post-glacial lake deposits; coring and analysis of glacial tills and marine sediments underlying the

text: Ross

text: and

text: Wedell sea

text: s; coring and analysis of ice cores; and other research has accumulated an enormous amount of data that has disproved the various hypotheses that any sizable part of Antarctica was sufficiently ice-free and temperate in climate during the last 100,000 years and earlier to have supported any civilization. This research soundly refutes Flem-Ath's proposal that lesser (West) Antarctica was ice-free and temperate prior to 9,600 B.C. (11,600 B.P.)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: striations

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: any sizable part of Antarctica was sufficiently ice-free and temperate in climate during the last 100,000 years and earlier to have supported any civilization

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: coring and analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Atlantis.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This research soundly refutes Flem-Ath's

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Last Glacial Maximum;

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: coring and analysis

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores;

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: post-glacial lake deposits;

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: coring and analysis of ice cores;

text: Decompression causes significant volume expansion (called relaxation) due to microcracking and the exsolving of enclathratized gases. Relaxation may last for months.  During this time, ice cores are stored below -10 °C to prevent cracking due to expansion at higher temperatures.  At drilling sites, a relaxation area is often built within existing ice at a depth which allows ice core storage at temperatures below -20 °C.

text: Decompression causes significant volume expansion (called relaxation) due to microcracking and the exsolving of

text: enclathratized

text: gases. Relaxation may last for months.  During this time, ice cores are stored below -10 °C to prevent cracking due to expansion at higher temperatures.  At drilling sites, a relaxation area is often built within existing ice at a depth which allows ice core storage at temperatures below -20 °C.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cracking due to expansion at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C to prevent cracking due to expansion at higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: stored below -10 °C

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: -20 °C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: decompression

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Decompression causes significant volume expansion

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: to prevent cracking due to expansion at higher temperatures.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Decompression

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Decompression

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Decompression

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores are stored below -10 °C

text: By 1995, research in the subject had advanced and hemispherical reconstructions of temperature were available, though only for the summer season (because tree rings are often most strongly influenced by summer temperatures). The 1995 IPCC report used a northern hemisphere summer temperature reconstruction (fig 3.20) from 1400 to 1979 by (Bradley and Jones 1993). This too shows no MWP (it only goes back to 1400) and colder temperatures otherwise before the 20th century, of the order of 0.5 °C colder. Fig 3.21 shows 8 ice core records from 1200 to present, which display a mixed pattern.

text: By 1995, research in the subject had advanced and hemispherical reconstructions of temperature were available, though only for the summer season (because tree rings are often most strongly influenced by summer temperatures). The 1995 IPCC report used a northern hemisphere summer temperature reconstruction (fig 3.20) from 1400 to 1979 by (Bradley and Jones 1993). This too shows no MWP (it only goes back to 1400) and colder temperatures otherwise before the 20th century, of the order of 0.5 °C colder. Fig 3.21 shows 8 ice core records from 1200 to present, which display a mixed pattern.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: (Bradley and Jones 1993)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings are often most strongly influenced

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Fig 3.21 shows 8 ice core records from 1200 to present, which display a mixed pattern.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: display a mixed pattern

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: fig 3.20

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: summer temperatures are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: mixed pattern.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: colder temperatures otherwise before the 20th century,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: mixed pattern.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: display a mixed pattern.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: hemispherical

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: colder temperatures otherwise before the 20th century,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings are often most strongly influenced by summer temperatures).

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: summer temperatures).

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1200 to present,

text: In 1971, the company was taken over by Salénrederierna AB. And in 1977, the state-owned shipbuilding company, Svenska Varv, took over Salénrederierna because of the Swedish shipyard crisis. During this last period of the company's history, they searched for alternatives to the traditional production of tankers and ore transporters. The company tried to aim its production towards special vessels, such as icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships. In 1989, the state-owed icebreaker Oden was delivered from Arendal as Götaverkens last own-made ship.

text: In 1971, the company was taken over by

text: Salénrederierna AB

text: . And in 1977, the state-owned shipbuilding company,

text: Svenska Varv

text: , took over Salénrederierna because of the

text: Swedish shipyard crisis

text: . During this last period of the company's history, they searched for alternatives to the traditional production of tankers and ore transporters. The company tried to aim its production towards special vessels, such as

text: icebreaker

text: s, ferries and freezer ships. In 1989, the state-owed icebreaker

text: Oden

text: was delivered from Arendal as Götaverkens last own-made ship.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: icebreakers

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: In 1971, the company was taken over by Salénrederierna AB

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: icebreakers

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the Swedish shipyard

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Salénrederierna AB.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The company tried to aim its production towards special vessels,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Swedish

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Salénrederierna AB.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: icebreakers, ferries and freezer ships.

text: Lines of Retzius (think age bands like tree growth rings) – Stria (A)

text: Lines of Retzius (think age bands like tree growth rings) – Stria (A)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: – Stria

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: retzius

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: are lines of Retzius

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lines of Retzius

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Stria

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree growth rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Lines of Retzius

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree growth rings)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Lines of Retzius (think age bands like tree growth rings)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Lines of Retzius

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: age bands like tree growth rings)

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Stria

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Lines of Retzius

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Stria

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: age bands like tree growth rings)

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Lines of Retzius

text: Along with 80 cores, the chip also contains 80 routers. Each core has a dedicated router which is responsible for the communication of that core with all other cores and components of the processor. The router uses a five port system with 1 port going to each of the surrounding cores and one going to the DRAM (the processors local memory). The chip is laid out in an 8 core by 10 core format. Each of the 8 cores in any of the 10 rows, called nodes, has the ability to communicate directly with other cores within the same node. Communication between nodes and to other processor components is directed through a routing system. The on-die interconnect fabric which the cores use to communicate with each other is currently being researched. One option being considered is the ring topology, which consists of various sized ring networks being integrated within each other to connect the cores. A more flexible and likely solution is the mesh topology in which the cores will be connected on a grid layout.

text: Along with 80 cores, the chip also contains 80

text: router

text: s. Each core has a dedicated router which is responsible for the communication of that core with all other cores and components of the processor. The router uses a five port system with 1 port going to each of the surrounding cores and one going to the

text: DRAM

text: (the processors local memory). The chip is laid out in an 8 core by 10 core format. Each of the 8 cores in any of the 10 rows, called

text: nodes

text: , has the ability to communicate directly with other cores within the same node. Communication between nodes and to other processor components is directed through a routing system. The on-

text: die

text: interconnect fabric which the cores use to communicate with each other is currently being researched. One option being considered is the ring topology, which consists of various sized ring networks being integrated within each other to connect the cores. A more flexible and likely solution is the mesh topology in which the cores will be connected on a grid layout.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dense winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ring topology

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The chip is laid out in an 8 core by 10 core format

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 8 cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ring topology

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: mesh topology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ring topology,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Each core has a dedicated router

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 80

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Each core has a dedicated router

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring topology,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ring topology,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ring topology,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ring topology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ring topology,

text: In fact, archaeologists have developed a fully anchored dendrochronology series going back past 10,000 BCE. "The absolutely dated tree-ring chronology now extends back to 12,410 cal BP (10,461 BC)."

text: In fact, archaeologists have developed a fully anchored dendrochronology series going back past 10,000 BCE. "The absolutely dated tree-ring chronology now extends back to 12,410 cal BP (10,461 BC)."

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cal BP

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the absolute dated tree-ring chronology now extends back to 12,410 cal BP

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: absolutely dated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cal BP

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cal BP

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 12,410 cal BP

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: fully anchored dendrochronology series going back past 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "The absolutely dated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology series going back past 10,000 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 10,000 BCE.

text: To produce a curve that can be used to relate calendar years to radiocarbon years, a sequence of securely dated samples is needed which can be tested to determine their radiocarbon age. The study of tree rings led to the first such sequence: tree rings from individual pieces of wood show characteristic sequences of rings that vary in thickness because of environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year. These factors affect all trees in an area, so examining tree-ring sequences from old wood allows the identification of overlapping sequences. In this way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past. The first such published sequence, based on bristlecone pine tree rings, was created in the 1960s by Wesley Ferguson. Hans Suess used this data to publish the first calibration curve for radiocarbon dating in 1967. The curve showed two types of variation from the straight line: a long term fluctuation with a period of about 9,000 years, and a shorter term variation, often referred to as "wiggles", with a period of decades. Suess said he drew the line showing the wiggles by "cosmic schwung" – freehand, in other words. It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles were real or not, but they are now well-established.

text: To produce a curve that can be used to relate calendar years to radiocarbon years, a sequence of securely dated samples is needed which can be tested to determine their radiocarbon age. The study of tree rings led to the first such sequence: tree rings from individual pieces of wood show characteristic sequences of rings that vary in thickness because of environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year. These factors affect all trees in an area, so examining tree-ring sequences from old wood allows the identification of overlapping sequences. In this way, an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past. The first such published sequence, based on bristlecone pine tree rings, was created in the 1960s by

text: Wesley Ferguson

text: . Hans Suess used this data to publish the first calibration curve for radiocarbon dating in 1967. The curve showed two types of variation from the straight line: a long term fluctuation with a period of about 9,000 years, and a shorter term variation, often referred to as "wiggles", with a period of decades. Suess said he drew the line showing the wiggles by "cosmic schwung" – freehand, in other words. It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles were real or not, but they are now well-established.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecone pine

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: these factors affect all trees in an area

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles were real or not

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings from individual pieces of wood

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: environmental factors

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It was unclear for some time whether the wiggles

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: radiocarbon age.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: environmental factors such as the amount of rainfall in a given year.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: overlapping sequences.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: an uninterrupted sequence of tree rings can be extended far into the past.

text: A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

text: A varve is an annual layer of

text: sediment

text: or

text: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve will dry up

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varve is a sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: A varve

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: A varve

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: A varve

text: De Geer's most significant contribution to Quaternary science was unquestionably the identification of varves, and his recognition of their potential in establishing annual chronologies of past climatic and environmental change. The Swedish Time Scale was the most precise and accurate geological timescale of its day, and it is still being improved and added to today. His insistence that varves represented quantifiable proxies for past climate has since been borne out to a degree, but the relationship between varve thickness and hydrometeorological conditions is not as simple as he presumed. Varves have recently experienced a renaissance as methods and techniques of study have improved, and varves are now regularly used to calibrate radiocarbon timescales.

text: De Geer's most significant contribution to Quaternary science was unquestionably the identification of varves, and his recognition of their potential in establishing annual chronologies of past climatic and environmental change. The Swedish Time Scale was the most precise and accurate geological timescale of its day, and it is still being improved and added to today. His insistence that varves represented quantifiable proxies for past climate has since been borne out to a degree, but the relationship between varve thickness and hydrometeorological conditions is not as simple as he presumed. Varves have recently experienced a renaissance as methods and techniques of study have improved, and varves are now regularly used to calibrate radiocarbon timescales.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: varve thickness

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Varves have recently experienced a renaissance as methods and techniques of study have improved

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are now regularly used to calibrate radiocarbon timescales

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: geological

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: hydrometeorological

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves are now regularly used to calibrate radiocarbon timescales.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varves are now regularly used to calibrate radiocarbon timescales.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: the relationship between varve thickness and hydrometeorological conditions

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: hydrometeorological conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: radiocarbon

text: β-Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

text: β-Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are classified according to their core ring structures

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: -Lactams are a type of protein

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: core ring structures

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lactams

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is a lactam

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: -Lactams

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: -Lactams

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: -Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: <unk>-Lactams

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: -Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: -Lactams

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: <unk>-Lactams

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: -Lactams

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: -Lactams are classified according to their core ring structures.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: <unk>-Lactams

text: The evidence comes from a temperature reconstruction from the Euro-Med2k working group of the international PAGES (Past Global Changes) project, using new tree-ring measurements from the Altai Mountains, which closely matches the temperatures in the Alps in the last two centuries.

text: The evidence comes from a temperature reconstruction from the Euro-Med2k working group of the international

text: PAGES

text: (Past Global Changes) project, using new tree-ring measurements from the

text: Altai Mountains

text: , which closely matches the temperatures in the

text: Alps

text: in the last two centuries.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Alps in the last two centuries

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Altai Mountains

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree-ring measurements from the Altai Mountains

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree-ring measurements

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Altai Mountains

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: temperature reconstruction

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree-ring measurements from the Altai Mountains,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: temperatures in the Alps

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: closely matches the temperatures in the Alps in the last two centuries.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree-ring measurements from the Altai Mountains,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: closely matches the temperatures in the Alps in the last two centuries.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring measurements

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Altai Mountains,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: closely matches the temperatures in the Alps in the last two centuries.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree-ring

text: Records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies, found in glacier ice, sea bed sediment, tree ring studies or otherwise.

text: Records of past climate conditions are recovered through

text: geological

text: examination of

text: proxies

text: , found in

text: glacier ice

text: sea bed sediment

text: tree ring studies

text: or otherwise.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: records of past climate conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sea bed sediment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of proxies,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacier ice,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sea bed sediment,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring studies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: glacier ice, sea bed sediment, tree ring studies

text: In the 1970s the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores 500–952 m deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research that expressed worries about possible contamination of Lake Vostok. This ice core, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the EPICA core, which whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 m.

text: In the 1970s

text: the Soviet Union

text: drilled a set of cores 500–952 m deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3623 m, by the request of the

entity_name: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

text: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

text: that expressed worries about possible contamination of

text: Lake Vostok

text: . This

text: ice core

text: , drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the

text: EPICA

text: core, which whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003 drilling was permitted to continue, but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 m.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Vostok

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores 500–952 m deep

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Hole 4G

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacial periods

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 420,000 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: oxygen isotope composition of the ice,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Vostok.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 m depth.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: winter of 1995.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice of the last glacial period

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctic Research that expressed worries about possible contamination of Lake Vostok.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: oxygen isotope composition

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 420,000 years

text: From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core.

text: From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: inland ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain delta-leaps

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: nouns

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: delta-profile,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cap

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: all the delta-leaps

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: From the delta-profile,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: recurred in the Renland ice core.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cap

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1963

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: inland ice,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Camp Century 1963

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Renland ice core.

text: The Llanquihue glaciation takes its name from Llanquihue Lake in southern Chile which is a fan-shaped piedmont glacial lake. On the lake's western shores there are large moraine systems of which the innermost belong to the last glacial period. Llanquihue Lake's varves are a node point in southern Chile's varve geochronology. During the last glacial maximum the Patagonian Ice Sheet extended over the Andes from about 35°S to Tierra del Fuego at 55°S. The western part appears to have been very active, with wet basal conditions, while the eastern part was cold based. Cryogenic features like ice wedges, patterned ground, pingos, rock glaciers, palsas, soil cryoturbation,  solifluction deposits developed in unglaciated extra-Andean Patagonia during the Last Glaciation. However, not all these reported features have been verified. The area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice-free during the LGM, and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by Nothofagus. Valdivian temperate rainforest was reduced to scattered remnants in the western side of the Andes.

text: The Llanquihue glaciation takes its name from

text: Llanquihue Lake

text: in

text: southern Chile

text: which is a fan-shaped

text: piedmont

text: glacial lake

text: . On the lake's western shores there are large moraine systems of which the innermost belong to the last glacial period. Llanquihue Lake's

text: varve

text: s are a node point in southern Chile's varve

text: geochronology

text: . During the last glacial maximum the

text: Patagonian Ice Sheet

text: extended over the Andes from about 35°S to

text: Tierra del Fuego

text: at 55°S. The western part appears to have been very active, with wet basal conditions, while the eastern part was cold based. Cryogenic features like

text: ice wedge

text: s,

text: patterned ground

text: pingo

text: s,

text: rock glacier

text: s,

text: palsa

text: s, soil

text: cryoturbation

text: solifluction

text: deposits developed in unglaciated extra-Andean Patagonia during the Last Glaciation. However, not all these reported features have been verified. The area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice-free during the

text: LGM

text: , and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by

text: Nothofagus

text: Valdivian temperate rainforest

text: was reduced to scattered remnants in the western side of the Andes.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Valdivian temperate rainforest

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Valdivian temperate rainforest

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: On the lake's western shores there are large moraine systems of which the innermost belong to the last glacial period

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It does not say.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: varve geochronology

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: southern Chile

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Llanquihue Lake

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Nothofagus.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: wet basal conditions,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice-free

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: wet basal conditions,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not all these reported features have been verified.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: wet basal conditions,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: solifluction deposits

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: southern Chile's varve geochronology.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varve geochronology.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: varve geochronology.

text: A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

text: A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: white layer at the lake bed

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: lake sediments are used to track past paleontological events

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they are used to track past paleontological events

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: white layer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has a black layer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: black layer.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: only few organic materials are deposited,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: white layer

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: white layer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: black layer.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: year.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.

text: The tree is usually covered with leather on all visible parts of the saddle.  The seat may have foam rubber or other materials added between the tree and the top layer of leather to provide additional comfort to the rider, and leather or foam padding may be used to slightly alter the contours of the seat.  Sheepskin is placed on the underside of the saddle, covering both the tree and the underside of the skirts.  The cinch rings, made of metal, are attached to the tree as described under "Rigging," below.  For decoration, metal conchos, lacing, and small plates, usually silver or a silver-like substitute, are added.

text: The tree is usually covered with leather on all visible parts of the saddle.  The seat may have foam rubber or other materials added between the tree and the top layer of leather to provide additional comfort to the rider, and leather or foam padding may be used to slightly alter the contours of the seat.  Sheepskin is placed on the underside of the saddle, covering both the tree and the underside of the skirts.  The

text: cinch

text: rings, made of metal, are attached to the tree as described under "Rigging," below.  For decoration, metal

text: concho

text: s, lacing, and small plates, usually silver or a silver-like substitute, are added.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: foam rubber

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Sheepskin is placed on the underside of the saddle

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: leather

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: leather

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: foam rubber

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The tree is usually covered with leather on all visible parts of the saddle.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: leather

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The tree is usually covered with leather

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Sheepskin

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Sheepskin

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: metal conchos, lacing, and small plates,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: cinch rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: leather

text: Both polar caps show layered features that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. These polar layered deposits lie under the permanent polar caps.  Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns and sun angles, although there are several theories that have been advanced. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust. The more dust, the darker the surface.  The darker the surface, the more melting.  Dark surfaces absorb more light energy. One large valley, Chasma Boreale runs halfway across the cap. It is about 100 km wide and up to 2 km deep—that's deeper than Earths' Grand Canyon.

text: Both polar caps show layered features that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. These polar layered deposits lie under the permanent polar caps.  Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns and sun angles, although there are several theories that have been advanced. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust. The more dust, the darker the surface.  The darker the surface, the more melting.  Dark surfaces absorb more light energy. One large valley,

text: Chasma Boreale

text: runs halfway across the cap. It is about 100 km wide and up to 2 km deep—that's deeper than Earths'

text: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree ring patterns

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: dark surfaces absorb more light energy

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Tree ring patterns and ice core data

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: polar caps

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wind flow patterns

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: information about the past climate of Mars

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: melting and deposition of ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The more dust, the darker the surface.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dust from Martian dust storms.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: melting and deposition of ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wind flow patterns and sun angles,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth.

text: In 2008, although varves were considered likely to give similar information to dendrochronology, they were considered "too uncertain" for use on a long-term timescale. However, by 2012, “missing” varves in the Lake Suigetsu sequence were identified in the Lake Suigetsu 2006 Project by overlapping multiple cores and improved varve counting techniques, extending the timescale to 52,800 years.

text: In 2008, although varves were considered likely to give similar information to

text: dendrochronology

text: , they were considered "too uncertain" for use on a long-term timescale. However, by 2012, “missing” varves in the

text: Lake Suigetsu

text: sequence were identified in the Lake Suigetsu 2006 Project by overlapping multiple cores and improved varve counting techniques, extending the timescale to 52,800 years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Suigetsu sequence

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: varves were considered likely to give similar information to dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they were considered "too uncertain"

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: long-term timescale

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 52,800 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "too uncertain" for use on a long-term timescale.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "too uncertain" for use on a long-term timescale.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Suigetsu

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: overlapping multiple cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 52,800 years.

text: For a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time such as a sequence of tree rings, the samples' radiocarbon ages form a small subset of the calibration curve. The resulting curve can then be matched to the actual calibration curve by identifying where, in the range suggested by the radiocarbon dates, the wiggles in the calibration curve best match the wiggles in the curve of sample dates. This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates.  Since the data points on the calibration curve are five years or more apart, and since at least five points are required for a match, there must be at least a 25-year span of tree ring (or similar) data for this match to be possible. Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve, and hence can provide a much more accurate date than the intercept or probability methods are able to produce.  The technique is not restricted to tree rings; for example, a stratified tephra sequence in New Zealand, known to predate human colonization of the islands, has been dated to 1314 AD ± 12 years by wiggle-matching.

text: For a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time such as a sequence of tree rings, the samples' radiocarbon ages form a small subset of the calibration curve. The resulting curve can then be matched to the actual calibration curve by identifying where, in the range suggested by the radiocarbon dates, the wiggles in the calibration curve best match the wiggles in the curve of sample dates. This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates.  Since the data points on the calibration curve are five years or more apart, and since at least five points are required for a match, there must be at least a 25-year span of tree ring (or similar) data for this match to be possible. Wiggle-matching can be used in places where there is a plateau on the calibration curve, and hence can provide a much more accurate date than the intercept or probability methods are able to produce.  The technique is not restricted to tree rings; for example, a stratified

text: tephra

text: sequence in New Zealand, known to predate human colonization of the islands, has been dated to 1314 AD ± 12 years by wiggle-matching.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: can provide a much more accurate date

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This "wiggle-matching" technique can lead to more precise dating than is possible with individual radiocarbon dates

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a set of samples with a known sequence and separation in time

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: five years

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 25-year span of tree ring

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Wiggle-matching

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there must be at least a 25-year span of tree ring

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: a sequence of tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: known sequence and separation in time

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: stratified tephra sequence in New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: calibration curve.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: known sequence and separation in time

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Wiggle-matching

text: In 1937, when Hewett retired from the University of New Mexico, he hired Tichy as the Curator of Archeology at the Museum of New Mexico of the School of American Archaeology in Santa Fe. The appointment was one of the first curatorial positions for a woman in the United States. During this period Tichy excavated Paa-ko, Puaray, and Kuaua between 1937 and 1939. She wrote four reports on the research of Paa-ko but was unable, due to her museum work, to complete the final site report until 1954. Interesting in developing the cultural history of the various Puebloan peoples, Tichy was at the forefront of moving ethnoarchaeology toward cultural sensitivity. She often consulted with elders before creating museum displays. She became an authority on dating, using cross-dating techniques analyzing various dates inferred from examination of pottery, tree rings, and rocks and tribe members were known to bring objects to her for identification.

text: In 1937, when Hewett retired from the University of New Mexico, he hired Tichy as the Curator of Archeology at the

text: Museum of New Mexico

text: of the

text: School of American Archaeology

text: in Santa Fe. The appointment was one of the first curatorial positions for a woman in the United States. During this period Tichy excavated Paa-ko, Puaray, and Kuaua between 1937 and 1939. She wrote four reports on the research of Paa-ko but was unable, due to her museum work, to complete the final site report until 1954. Interesting in developing the cultural history of the various

text: Puebloan peoples

text: , Tichy was at the forefront of moving

text: ethnoarchaeology

text: toward cultural sensitivity. She often consulted with elders before creating museum displays. She became an authority on dating, using cross-dating techniques analyzing various dates inferred from examination of

text: pottery

text: tree rings

text: , and

text: rocks

text: and tribe members were known to bring objects to her for identification.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: she wrote four reports on the research of Paa-ko

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: one of the first curatorial positions for a woman in the United States

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Puaray

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: pottery, tree rings, and rocks

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: one of the first curatorial positions for a woman in the United States.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 1937 and 1939.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cross-dating techniques analyzing various dates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tribe members were known to bring objects to her for identification.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings,

text: Mountain ice cores have been retrieved in the Andes in South America, Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa, Tibet, various locations in the Himalayas, Alaska, Russia and elsewhere. Mountain ice cores are logistically very difficult to obtain. The drilling equipment must be carried by hand, organized as a mountaineering expedition with multiple stage camps, to altitudes upwards of 20,000 feet (helicopters are not safe), and the multi-ton ice cores must then be transported back down the mountain, all requiring mountaineering skills and equipment and logistics and working at low oxygen in extreme environments in remote third world countries. Scientists may stay at high altitude on the ice caps for up 20 to 50 days setting altitude endurance records that even professional climbers do not obtain. American scientist Lonnie Thompson has been pioneering this area since the 1970s, developing light-weight drilling equipment that can be carried by porters, solar-powered electricity, and a team of mountaineering-scientists. The ice core drilled in Guliya ice cap in western China in the 1990s reaches back to 760,000 years before the present — farther back than any other core at the time, though the EPICA core in Antarctica equalled that extreme in 2003.More recent studies have suggested a longer time span for the Guliya ice cap.

text: Mountain ice cores have been retrieved in the

text: Andes

text: in South America,

text: Mount Kilimanjaro

text: in Africa,

text: Tibet

text: , various locations in the

text: Himalayas

text: Alaska

text: Russia

text: and elsewhere. Mountain ice cores are logistically very difficult to obtain. The drilling equipment must be carried by hand, organized as a mountaineering expedition with multiple stage camps, to altitudes upwards of 20,000 feet (helicopters are not safe), and the multi-ton ice cores must then be transported back down the mountain, all requiring mountaineering skills and equipment and logistics and working at low oxygen in extreme environments in remote third world countries. Scientists may stay at high altitude on the ice caps for up 20 to 50 days setting altitude endurance records that even professional climbers do not obtain. American scientist

text: Lonnie Thompson

text: has been pioneering this area since the 1970s, developing light-weight drilling equipment that can be carried by porters, solar-powered electricity, and a team of mountaineering-scientists. The ice core drilled in

text: Guliya ice cap

text: in western China in the 1990s reaches back to 760,000 years before the present — farther back than any other core at the time, though the EPICA core in Antarctica equalled that extreme in 2003.More recent studies have suggested a longer time span for the Guliya ice cap.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dense winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the ice cap

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Mountain ice cores are logistically very difficult to obtain

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: logistically very difficult to obtain

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Mountain ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Mountain ice cores are logistically very difficult to obtain.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Mountain ice cores

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Mountain ice cores are logistically very difficult to obtain.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice cores have been retrieved in the Andes in South America,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores have been retrieved in the Andes in South America,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Mountain ice cores have been retrieved in the Andes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 760,000 years before the present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 760,000 years before the present

text: Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees (primarily properties of the annual tree rings). Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum latewood density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.  By combining multiple tree-ring studies (sometimes with other climate proxy records), scientists have estimated past regional and global climates (see Temperature record of the past 1000 years).

text: Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past

text: climate

text: s from

text: tree

text: s (primarily properties of the annual

text: tree rings

text: ). Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum

text: latewood

text: density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.  By combining multiple tree-ring studies (sometimes with other climate

text: proxy

text: records), scientists have estimated past regional and global climates (see

entity_name: Temperature record of the past 1000 years

text: Temperature record of the past 1000 years

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: MXD

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree rings are narrower

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: determining past climates from trees

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: conditions favor growth

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dendroclimatology

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual tree rings).

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth, narrower when times are difficult.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: conditions favor growth,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Using tree rings,

text: In China, the abundance of historical documentary records in the form of Fang Zhi (semiofficial local gazettes) offers an extraordinary opportunity for providing a high-resolution historical dataset for the frequency of typhoon strikes. Kam-biu Liu et al. (2001) reconstructed a 1,000-year time series of typhoon landfalls in the Guangdong Province of southern China since AD 975 and found that on a decadal timescale, the twenty-year interval from AD 1660 to 1680 is the most active period on record, with twenty-eight to thirty-seven typhoon landfalls per decade. The variability in typhoon landfalls in Guangdong mimics that observed in other paleoclimatic proxies (e.g., tree rings, ice cores) from China and the northern hemisphere. Remarkably, the two periods of most frequent typhoon strikes in Guangdong (AD 1660-1680, 1850–1880) coincide with two of the coldest and driest periods in northern and central China during the Little Ice Age.

text: In

text: China

text: , the abundance of historical documentary records in the form of Fang Zhi (semiofficial local gazettes) offers an extraordinary opportunity for providing a high-resolution historical dataset for the frequency of typhoon strikes. Kam-biu Liu et al. (2001) reconstructed a 1,000-year time series of typhoon landfalls in the Guangdong Province of southern China since AD 975 and found that on a decadal timescale, the twenty-year interval from AD 1660 to 1680 is the most active period on record, with twenty-eight to thirty-seven typhoon landfalls per decade. The variability in typhoon landfalls in Guangdong mimics that observed in other paleoclimatic proxies (e.g., tree rings, ice cores) from China and the northern hemisphere. Remarkably, the two periods of most frequent typhoon strikes in Guangdong (AD 1660-1680, 1850–1880) coincide with two of the coldest and driest periods in northern and central China during the

text: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Guangdong Province of southern China since AD 975

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The variability in typhoon landfalls

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1850–1880

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Guangdong

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Guangdong

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings, ice cores)

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: variability in typhoon landfalls in Guangdong

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores) from China and the northern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: mimics that observed in other paleoclimatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings, ice cores)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice cores)

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tree rings, ice cores)

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: paleoclimatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings, ice cores)

text: An annual layer can be highly visible because the particles washed into the layer in the spring when there is greater flow strength are much coarser than those deposited later in the year. This forms a pair of layers—one coarse and one fine—for each annual cycle. Varves form only in fresh or brackish water, because the high levels of salt in normal sea water coagulate the clay into coarse grains. Since the saline waters leave coarse particles all year, it is nearly impossible to distinguish the individual layers in salt waters. Indeed, clay flocculation occurs at high ionic strength due to the collapse of the clay electrical double layer (EDL), which decreases the electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged clay particles.

text: An annual layer can be highly visible because the particles washed into the layer in the spring when there is greater flow strength are much coarser than those deposited later in the year. This forms a pair of layers—one coarse and one fine—for each annual cycle. Varves form only in

text: fresh

text: or

text: brackish

text: water, because the high levels of salt in normal sea water

text: coagulate

text: the clay into coarse grains. Since the saline waters leave coarse particles all year, it is nearly impossible to distinguish the individual layers in salt waters. Indeed, clay

text: flocculation

text: occurs at high

text: ionic strength

text: due to the collapse of the clay

text: electrical double layer

text: (EDL), which decreases the

text: electrostatic repulsion

text: between negatively charged clay particles.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: This forms a pair of layers

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Varves form only in fresh or brackish water

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: It is nearly impossible to distinguish the individual layers in salt waters

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: coarse particles

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: brackish water

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: layers—one coarse and one fine—for each annual cycle.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: fresh or brackish water,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is nearly impossible to distinguish the individual layers in salt waters.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: An annual layer

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Varves form only in fresh or brackish water,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: layers—one coarse and one fine—for

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: coarser than those deposited later in the year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: fresh or brackish water,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: layers—one coarse and one fine—for each annual cycle.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: An annual layer

text: Four primary unpaved roads enter the core of the strip: from Mesquite, Nevada; St. George, Utah; Colorado City, Arizona; and Fredonia, Arizona. All four are dirt/gravel and should not be driven by vehicles with low ground clearance. Motorists should check with the BLM locally before heading into the strip on these roads, and are advised to be prepared – even rangers may not know current conditions, such as snow/ice cover and washouts.

text: Four primary unpaved roads enter the core of the strip: from

text: Mesquite, Nevada

text: St. George, Utah

text: Colorado City, Arizona

text: ; and

text: Fredonia, Arizona

text: . All four are dirt/gravel and should not be driven by vehicles with low ground clearance. Motorists should check with the

text: BLM

text: locally before heading into the strip on these roads, and are advised to be prepared – even rangers may not know current conditions, such as snow/ice cover and washouts.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Arizona

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: should not be driven by vehicles with low ground clearance

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: even rangers may not know current conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Arizona

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Arizona

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Four primary unpaved roads enter the core of the strip:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: snow/ice cover and washouts.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: should not be driven by vehicles with low ground clearance.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow/ice cover and washouts.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: even rangers may not know current conditions,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow/ice cover and washouts.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: snow/ice cover

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: snow/ice cover and washouts.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Four primary unpaved roads

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: even rangers

text: |-| Win| align=center| 36–4 (1)| Fábio Maldonado| Decision (majority)| EFN 50: Emelianenko vs. Maldonado| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Sibur Arena, St. Petersburg, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 35–4 (1)| Singh Jaideep| Submission (punches)| Rizin World Grand Prix 2015 Finale: Iza| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:02| Saitama, Saitama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 34–4 (1) | Pedro Rizzo| KO (punches)| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Rizzo| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:24| St. Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 33–4 (1) | Satoshi Ishii| KO (punches)| Fight For Japan: GDKO 2011| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:29| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 32–4 (1)| Jeff Monson| Decision (unanimous)| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Moscow, Moscow Oblast, Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 31–4 (1) | Dan Henderson| TKO (punches)| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:12| Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States| |-| Loss| align=center| 31–3 (1) | Antônio Silva| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Silva| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States| Strikeforce 2011 Heavyweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal.|-| Loss| align=center| 31–2 (1) | Fabrício Werdum| Submission (triangle armbar)| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Werdum| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09| San Jose, California, United States||-| Win| align=center| 31–1 (1)| Brett Rogers| KO (punch)| Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Rogers| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:48| Hoffman Estates, Illinois, United States| Defended WAMMA Heavyweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 30–1 (1)| Andrei Arlovski| KO (punch)| Affliction: Day of Reckoning| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:14| Anaheim, California, United States| Defended WAMMA Heavyweight Championship; Knockout of the Year (2009).|-| Win| align=center| 29–1 (1) | Tim Sylvia| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Affliction: Banned| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:36| Anaheim, California, United States| Won inaugural WAMMA Heavyweight Championship; Submission of the Year (2008).|-| Win| align=center| 28–1 (1) | Choi Hong-man| Submission (armbar)| Yarennoka!| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:54| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 27–1 (1) | Matt Lindland| Submission (armbar)| BodogFIGHT: Clash of the Nations| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58| St. Petersburg, Leningrad Oblast, Russia||-| Win| align=center| 26–1 (1)| Mark Hunt| Submission (kimura)| Pride Shockwave 2006| | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:16| Saitama, Saitama, Japan| Defended PRIDE Heavyweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 25–1 (1)| Mark Coleman| Submission (armbar)| Pride 32| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:17| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States||-| Win| align=center| 24–1 (1)| Zuluzinho| Submission (punches)| Pride Shockwave 2005| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:26| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 23–1 (1)| Mirko Filipovic| Decision (unanimous)| Pride Final Conflict 2005| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Saitama, Saitama, Japan| Defended PRIDE Heavyweight Championship. Fight of the Year (2005). Fight of the Decade (2000s).|-| Win| align=center| 22–1 (1)| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Pride Bushido 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 21–1 (1)| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira| Decision (unanimous)| Pride Shockwave 2004| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Saitama, Saitama, Japan| Defended PRIDE Heavyweight Championship.|-| NC| align=center| 20–1 (1)| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira| No Contest (accidental headbutt)| Pride Final Conflict 2004| rowspan=2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:52| rowspan=2| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 20–1| Naoya Ogawa| Submission (armbar)| Pride Final Conflict 2004| align=center| 1| align=center| 0:54||-| Win| align=center| 19–1| Kevin Randleman| Submission (kimura)| Pride Critical Countdown 2004| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:33| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 18–1| Mark Coleman| Submission (armbar)| Pride Total Elimination 2004| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:11| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 17–1| Yuji Nagata| TKO (punches)| Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:02| Kobe, Hyogo, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 16–1| Gary Goodridge| TKO (soccer kicks and punches)| Pride Total Elimination 2003| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 15–1| Kazuyuki Fujita| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Pride 26| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:17| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 14–1| Egidijus Valavicius| Submission (kimura)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 7: Adrenalinas| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:11| Vilnius, Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 13–1| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira| Decision (unanimous)| Pride 25| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| Won PRIDE Heavyweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 12–1| Heath Herring| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Pride 23| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 11–1| Semmy Schilt| Decision (unanimous)| Pride 21| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 10–1| Chris Haseman| TKO (punches)| Rings: World Title Series Grand Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:50| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Final.|-| Win| align=center| 9–1| Lee Hasdell| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings: World Title Series 5| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:10| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Semifinal.|-| Win| align=center| 8–1| Ryushi Yanagisawa| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: World Title Series 4| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Quarterfinal.|-| Win| align=center| 7–1| Renato Sobral| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: 10th Anniversary| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan| RINGS 2001 Openweight Title Tournament Final.|-| Win| align=center| 6–1| Kerry Schall| Submission (armbar)| Rings: World Title Series 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:47| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan| RINGS 2001 Openweight Title Tournament Semifinal.|-| Win| align=center| 5–1| Mihail Apostolov| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:03| Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–1| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| TKO (doctor stoppage)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| rowspan=2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:17| rowspan=2| Osaka, Osaka, Japan| RINGS King of Kings 2000 Tournament 2nd Round. |-| Win| align=center| 4–0| Ricardo Arona| Decision (unanimous)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| RINGS King of Kings 2000 Tournament Opening Round.|-| Win| align=center| 3–0| Hiroya Takada| KO (punches)| Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:12| Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan||-| Win| align=center| 2–0| Levon Lagvilava| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings: Russia vs. Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:24| Tula, Tula Oblast, Russia||-| Win| align=center| 1–0| Martin Lazarov| Submission (guillotine choke)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:24| Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia|

text: |-| Win| align=center| 36–4 (1)|

text: Fábio Maldonado

text: | Decision (majority)| EFN 50: Emelianenko vs. Maldonado| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Sibur Arena

text: St. Petersburg

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 35–4 (1)|

text: Singh Jaideep

text: | Submission (punches)|

entity_section: Rizin World Grand-Prix 2015:Part 2 - Iza

text: Rizin World Grand Prix 2015 Finale: Iza

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:02|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 34–4 (1) |

text: Pedro Rizzo

text: | KO (punches)| M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Rizzo| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:24|

text: St. Petersburg

text: Leningrad Oblast

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 33–4 (1) |

text: Satoshi Ishii

text: | KO (punches)|

entity_name: Fight For Japan: Genki Desu Ka Omisoka 2011

text: Fight For Japan: GDKO 2011

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:29|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 32–4 (1)|

text: Jeff Monson

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: M-1 Global: Fedor vs. Monson

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Moscow,

text: Moscow Oblast

text: , Russia||-| Loss| align=center| 31–4 (1) |

text: Dan Henderson

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Henderson

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:12|

text: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: , United States| |-| Loss| align=center| 31–3 (1) |

text: Antônio Silva

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Silva

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: East Rutherford, New Jersey

text: , United States| Strikeforce 2011 Heavyweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal.|-| Loss| align=center| 31–2 (1) |

text: Fabrício Werdum

text: | Submission (triangle armbar)|

text: Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Werdum

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09|

text: San Jose, California

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 31–1 (1)|

text: Brett Rogers

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Rogers

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:48|

text: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: , United States| Defended WAMMA Heavyweight Championship.|-| Win| align=center| 30–1 (1)|

text: Andrei Arlovski

text: | KO (punch)|

text: Affliction: Day of Reckoning

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:14|

text: Anaheim, California

text: , United States| Defended WAMMA Heavyweight Championship; Knockout of the Year (2009).|-| Win| align=center| 29–1 (1) |

text: Tim Sylvia

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Affliction: Banned

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:36|

text: Anaheim, California

text: , United States| Won inaugural WAMMA Heavyweight Championship; Submission of the Year (2008).|-| Win| align=center| 28–1 (1) |

text: Choi Hong-man

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Yarennoka!

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:54|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 27–1 (1) |

text: Matt Lindland

text: | Submission (armbar)| BodogFIGHT: Clash of the Nations| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:58|

text: St. Petersburg

text: Leningrad Oblast

text: , Russia||-| Win| align=center| 26–1 (1)|

text: Mark Hunt

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Pride Shockwave 2006

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 8:16|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan| Defended

entity_name: List of Pride Fighting Championships champions

text: PRIDE Heavyweight Championship

text: .|-| Win| align=center| 25–1 (1)|

text: Mark Coleman

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride 32

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:17|

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: , United States||-| Win| align=center| 24–1 (1)|

text: Zuluzinho

text: | Submission (punches)|

text: Pride Shockwave 2005

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:26|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 23–1 (1)|

text: Mirko Filipovic

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride Final Conflict 2005

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan| Defended

text: PRIDE Heavyweight Championship

text: . Fight of the Year (2005). Fight of the Decade (2000s).|-| Win| align=center| 22–1 (1)|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Pride Bushido 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Yokohama, Kanagawa

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 21–1 (1)|

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride Shockwave 2004

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan| Defended

text: PRIDE Heavyweight Championship

text: .|-| NC| align=center| 20–1 (1)|

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: | No Contest (accidental headbutt)|

text: Pride Final Conflict 2004

text: | rowspan=2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:52| rowspan=2|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 20–1|

text: Naoya Ogawa

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride Final Conflict 2004

text: | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:54||-| Win| align=center| 19–1|

text: Kevin Randleman

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Pride Critical Countdown 2004

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:33|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 18–1|

text: Mark Coleman

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Pride Total Elimination 2004

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:11|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 17–1|

text: Yuji Nagata

text: | TKO (punches)| Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2003| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:02|

text: Kobe, Hyogo

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 16–1|

text: Gary Goodridge

text: | TKO (soccer kicks and punches)|

text: Pride Total Elimination 2003

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 15–1|

text: Kazuyuki Fujita

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Pride 26

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:17|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 14–1|

text: Egidijus Valavicius

text: | Submission (kimura)|

entity_section: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 7: Adrenalinas

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 7: Adrenalinas

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:11|

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania||-| Win| align=center| 13–1|

text: Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride 25

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yokohama, Kanagawa

text: , Japan| Won

text: PRIDE Heavyweight Championship

text: .|-| Win| align=center| 12–1|

text: Heath Herring

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Pride 23

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 11–1|

text: Semmy Schilt

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Pride 21

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Saitama, Saitama

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 10–1|

text: Chris Haseman

text: | TKO (punches)|

text: Rings: World Title Series Grand Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:50|

text: Yokohama, Kanagawa

text: , Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Final.|-| Win| align=center| 9–1|

text: Lee Hasdell

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 5

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:10|

text: Yokohama, Kanagawa

text: , Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Semifinal.|-| Win| align=center| 8–1|

text: Ryushi Yanagisawa

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 4

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan| RINGS 2001 Absolute Class Tournament Quarterfinal.|-| Win| align=center| 7–1|

text: Renato Sobral

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: 10th Anniversary

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan| RINGS 2001 Openweight Title Tournament Final.|-| Win| align=center| 6–1|

text: Kerry Schall

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: World Title Series 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:47|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan| RINGS 2001 Openweight Title Tournament Semifinal.|-| Win| align=center| 5–1|

text: Mihail Apostolov

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:03|

text: Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 4–1|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | TKO (doctor stoppage)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | rowspan=2| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:17| rowspan=2|

text: Osaka, Osaka

text: , Japan| RINGS King of Kings 2000 Tournament 2nd Round. |-| Win| align=center| 4–0|

text: Ricardo Arona

text: | Decision (unanimous)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| RINGS King of Kings 2000 Tournament Opening Round.|-| Win| align=center| 3–0|

text: Hiroya Takada

text: | KO (punches)|

text: Rings: Battle Genesis Vol. 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:12|

text: Tokyo, Tokyo

text: , Japan||-| Win| align=center| 2–0|

text: Levon Lagvilava

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings: Russia vs. Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:24|

text: Tula, Tula Oblast

text: , Russia||-| Win| align=center| 1–0|

text: Martin Lazarov

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:24|

text: Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: , Russia|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 35–4 (1)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used for scientific research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: A cold year is indicated in a varve by a thick deposit of sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Saitama

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core can reveal the climate

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Dan Henderson|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Saitama, Saitama, Japan|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Win| align=center| 32–4

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 31–4

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Submission (punches)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: (triangle arm

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 31–4

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Saitama, Saitama, Japan||-|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 32–4

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 31–4

text: Dating Rudd Creek Pueblo was done through a combination of artifact/ceramic analysis and dendrochronology, because dendrochronology was unreliable on its own due to an inadequate number of datable samples. Forty-three tree-ring samples were submitted, but only one could be dated. The only viable sample, which came from one of the great kivas (Unit 7), yielded a non-cutting date of AD1275++vv, meaning that the correct date of the sample is earlier than reported because the tree was either damaged or not dead. The tree-ring sample in combination with temporal trends associated with the types of ceramics represented at Rudd Creek Pueblo place construction of the site during the mid-1200s AD, with an occupation lasting until around 1300 AD.

text: Dating Rudd Creek Pueblo was done through a combination of artifact/ceramic analysis and dendrochronology, because dendrochronology was unreliable on its own due to an inadequate number of datable samples. Forty-three tree-ring samples were submitted, but only one could be dated. The only viable sample, which came from one of the great kivas (Unit 7), yielded a non-cutting date of AD1275++vv, meaning that the correct date of the sample is earlier than reported because the tree was either damaged or not dead. The tree-ring sample in combination with temporal trends associated with the types of ceramics represented at Rudd Creek Pueblo place construction of the site during the mid-1200s AD, with an occupation lasting until around 1300 AD.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the correct date of the sample is earlier than reported

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the only viable sample, which came from one of the great kivas (Unit 7), yielded a non-cutting date of AD1275++vv

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unreliable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree-ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: great kivas

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree was either damaged or not dead

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the tree was either damaged or not dead.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: an inadequate number of datable samples.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: mid-1200s AD,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: only one could be dated.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: great kivas

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: AD1275++vv,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: great kivas

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the tree was either damaged or not dead.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: dendrochronology

text: |-| Win| align=center| 30-11-1| Jordanas Poskaitis| Submission (half boston crab)| Hero's Lithuania 2005| | align=center| N/A| | Vilnius, Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 29-11-1| Petrov Kolev| Submission (heel hook)| Rings Russia: CIS vs. The World| | align=center| 1| | Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 28-11-1| Quinton Jackson| Submission (knee to the body)| PRIDE 26| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:26| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 28-10-1| Katsuhisa Fujii| Submission (guillotine choke)| PC: Premium Challenge| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:45| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 27-10-1| Hiromitsu Kanehara| Draw| Rings: World Title Series Grand Final| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 27-10| Bobby Hoffman| TKO (corner stoppage)| Rings: 10th Anniversary| | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 27-9| Borislav Jeliazkov| Submission (armbar)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:06| Yokohama, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 26-9| Kestutis Smirnovas| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2| | align=center| 1| | Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 25-9| Martin Lazarev| Decision (4-0 points)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 24-9| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| KO (punches)| Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B| | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:53| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 24-8| Valerijus Golubovskis| Submission (armbar)| Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 1| | align=center| N/A| | Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 23-8| Bakouri Gogitidze| Submission (Achilles lock)| Rings: Russia vs. Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:25| Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 22-8| Emil Kristev| Submission (Achilles Lock)| Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:00| Tula, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 21-8| Lee Hasdell| Decision| Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World| | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00| Ekaterinburg, Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 20-8| Renato Sobral| Submission (armbar)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final| | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:40| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 20-7| Brad Kohler| Submission (armbar)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:16| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-7| Justin McCully| Technical Submission (achilles lock)| Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A| | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:48| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 18-7| Bakouri Gogitidze| Submission (rear-naked choke)| Rings: Rings Georgia| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:07| Georgia, United States| |-| Win| align=center| 18-6| Joop Kasteel| Submission (achilles lock)| Rings: Rise 3rd| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:40| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-6| Randy Couture| Submission (kimura)| Rings: Rise 1st| | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:43| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 16-6| Masayuki Naruse| Submission| Rings: Third Fighting Integration| | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 15-6| Kiyoshi Tamura| Submission | Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 18:12| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15-5| Volk Han| Submission | Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Semi-Finals| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:36| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14-5| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| Submission| Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Second Round| | align=center| 1| align=center| 14:16| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-5| Masayuki Naruse| Submission (Achilles lock)| Rings: Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:28| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-5| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka| Submission | Rings : Mega Battle Tournament 1996: Grand Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:04| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-4| Kiyoshi Tamura| Submission | Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round| | align=center| 1| align=center| 14:40| Nagoya, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-3| Adilson Lima| Submission (armbar)| Rings: Maelstrom 6| | align=center| 1| align=center| 24:52| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-2| Mestre Hulk| Submission (chin in the eye)| Shoot Boxing: S-Cup 1996| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:59| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-2| Carlos Barreto| Submission (rear-naked choke)| UVF 1: Universal Vale Tudo Fighting 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:15| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-1| Wataru Sakata| Submission | Rings: Budokan Hall 1996| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:44| Tokyo, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-1| Ricardo Morais| Submission (rear-naked choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:44| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 10-0| Achmed Sagidgusenov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:05| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 9-0| Igor Vovchanchyn| Submission (chin in the eye) | IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:30| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 8-0| Andrei Besedin| Submission (guillotine choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:21| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 7-0| Zagil Eribinov| Submission (armbar)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 6-0| Nikolai Zouev| Submission | Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round| | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:27| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-0| Victor Yerohin| Submission (rear-naked choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:54| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 4-0| Leonid Efremov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 3-0| Vadim Shevchenko| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Maxim Tarasov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:41| Moscow, Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Piotr Tjernov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:36| Moscow, Russia|

text: |-| Win| align=center| 30-11-1| Jordanas Poskaitis| Submission (half boston crab)| Hero's Lithuania 2005| | align=center| N/A| |

text: Vilnius

text: , Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 29-11-1| Petrov Kolev| Submission (heel hook)|

text: Rings Russia: CIS vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 1| | Lithuania| |-| Loss| align=center| 28-11-1|

text: Quinton Jackson

text: | Submission (knee to the body)|

text: PRIDE 26

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:26|

text: Yokohama

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 28-10-1|

text: Katsuhisa Fujii

text: | Submission (guillotine choke)| PC: Premium Challenge| | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:45|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Draw| align=center| 27-10-1|

text: Hiromitsu Kanehara

text: | Draw|

text: Rings: World Title Series Grand Final

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Yokohama

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 27-10|

text: Bobby Hoffman

text: | TKO (corner stoppage)|

text: Rings: 10th Anniversary

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 5:00|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 27-9|

text: Borislav Jeliazkov

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 2:06|

text: Yokohama

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 26-9| Kestutis Smirnovas| Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 2

text: | | align=center| 1| | Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 25-9| Martin Lazarev| Decision (4-0 points)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 24-9|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | KO (punches)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 2000 Block B

text: | | align=center| 2| align=center| 1:53|

text: Osaka

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 24-8| Valerijus Golubovskis| Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings Lithuania: Bushido Rings 1

text: | | align=center| N/A| | Lithuania| |-| Win| align=center| 23-8|

text: Bakouri Gogitidze

text: | Submission (Achilles lock)|

text: Rings: Russia vs. Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:25| Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 22-8|

text: Emil Kristev

text: | Submission (Achilles Lock)|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. Bulgaria

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:00|

text: Tula, Russia

text: | |-| Win| align=center| 21-8|

text: Lee Hasdell

text: | Decision|

text: Rings Russia: Russia vs. The World

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 5:00|

text: Ekaterinburg

text: , Russia| |-| Loss| align=center| 20-8|

text: Renato Sobral

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Final

text: | | align=center| 3| align=center| 0:40|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 20-7|

text: Brad Kohler

text: | Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 2:16|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 19-7|

text: Justin McCully

text: | Technical Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings: King of Kings 1999 Block A

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 4:48|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 18-7|

text: Bakouri Gogitidze

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)|

text: Rings: Rings Georgia

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 5:07|

text: Georgia

text: , United States| |-| Win| align=center| 18-6|

text: Joop Kasteel

text: | Submission (achilles lock)|

text: Rings: Rise 3rd

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:40| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 17-6|

text: Randy Couture

text: | Submission (kimura)|

text: Rings: Rise 1st

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 7:43|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 16-6|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission|

text: Rings: Third Fighting Integration

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 13:52|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 15-6|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Submission |

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1997 Final

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 18:12|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 15-5|

text: Volk Han

text: | Submission | Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Semi-Finals| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:36| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 14-5|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | Submission| Rings: World Mega Battle Tournament 1997: Second Round| | align=center| 1| align=center| 14:16| Osaka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 13-5|

text: Masayuki Naruse

text: | Submission (Achilles lock)|

text: Rings: Mega Battle Tournament 1997 Semifinal 1

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:28|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-5|

text: Tsuyoshi Kohsaka

text: | Submission | Rings : Mega Battle Tournament 1996: Grand Final| | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:04|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-4|

text: Kiyoshi Tamura

text: | Submission |

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1996 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 14:40| Nagoya, Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 12-3| Adilson Lima| Submission (armbar)|

text: Rings: Maelstrom 6

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 24:52|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 12-2| Mestre Hulk| Submission (chin in the eye)| Shoot Boxing: S-Cup 1996| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:59| Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 11-2| Carlos Barreto| Submission (rear-naked choke)| UVF 1: Universal Vale Tudo Fighting 1| | align=center| 2| align=center| 3:15| Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 11-1|

text: Wataru Sakata

text: | Submission |

text: Rings: Budokan Hall 1996

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 10:44|

text: Tokyo

text: , Japan| |-| Loss| align=center| 10-1|

text: Ricardo Morais

text: | Submission (rear-naked choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 9:44|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 10-0| Achmed Sagidgusenov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:05|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 9-0|

text: Igor Vovchanchyn

text: | Submission (chin in the eye) | IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 6:30|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 8-0| Andrei Besedin| Submission (guillotine choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:21|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 7-0| Zagil Eribinov| Submission (armbar)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Championship 1| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:35|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 6-0|

text: Nikolai Zouev

text: | Submission |

text: Rings: Battle Dimensions Tournament 1995 Opening Round

text: | | align=center| 1| align=center| 12:27| Fukuoka, Japan| |-| Win| align=center| 5-0| Victor Yerohin| Submission (rear-naked choke)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 3:54|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 4-0| Leonid Efremov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 1:09|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 3-0| Vadim Shevchenko| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:08|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 2-0| Maxim Tarasov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:41|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia| |-| Win| align=center| 1-0| Piotr Tjernov| Submission (achilles lock)| IAFC: Absolute Fighting Eurasian Championship| | align=center| 1| align=center| 0:36|

text: Moscow

text: , Russia|

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Tree trunks alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth and low-density winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: there will be a drought

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Tsuyoshi Koh lost to Tsuyoshi Koh

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice cores show that snow falls in winter but in summer, dust accumulates

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice cores are used for scientific research

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer is represented by

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: a varve is indicated by a thick deposit of sediment.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: boxing

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores can reveal the climate in the region for hundreds of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Loss| align=center| 27-10|

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (half boston crab)|

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Bushido

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Russia vs. Bulgaria|

text: The ice sheet, consisting of layers of compressed snow from more than 100,000 years, contains in its ice today's most valuable record of past climates. In the past decades, scientists have drilled ice cores up to  deep. Scientists have, using those ice cores, obtained information on (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. This variety of climatic proxies is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers.

text: The ice sheet, consisting of layers of compressed snow from more than 100,000 years, contains in its ice today's most valuable record of past climates. In the past decades, scientists have drilled

text: ice cores

text: up to  deep. Scientists have, using those ice cores, obtained information on (proxies for)

text: temperature

text: , ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. This variety of

text: climatic proxies

text: is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as tree rings or sediment layers.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: forest fires

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: scientists have drilled ice cores up to deep

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: scientists have drilled ice cores up to deep

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: This variety of climatic proxies

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: desert extent and forest fires.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: This variety of climatic proxies is greater

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings or sediment layers.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar variability,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 100,000 years,

text: Ice cores are cylindrical samples from within ice sheets in the Greenland, Antarctic, and North American regions. First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year. As original means of extraction, the U.S. Army’s Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory used an -long modified electrodrill in 1968 at Camp Century, Greenland, and Byrd Station, Antarctica. Their machinery could drill through 15–20 feet of ice in 40–50 minutes. From 1300 to  in depth, core samples were 4 ¼ inches in diameter and 10 to  long. Deeper samples of 15 to  long were not uncommon. Every subsequent drilling team improves their method with each new effort.

text: Ice cores

text: are

text: cylindrical samples

text: from within

text: ice sheets

text: in the

text: Greenland

text: Antarctic

text: , and

text: North American

text: regions. First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the

text: International Geophysical Year

text: . As original means of extraction, the

entity_name: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

text: U.S. Army’s Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

text: used an -long modified electrodrill in 1968 at

text: Camp Century

text: Greenland

text: , and

text: Byrd Station

text: Antarctica

text: . Their machinery could drill through 15–20 feet of

text: ice

text: in 40–50 minutes. From 1300 to  in depth,

text: core sample

text: s were 4 ¼ inches in

text: diameter

text: and 10 to  long. Deeper

text: samples

text: of 15 to  long were not uncommon. Every subsequent

text: drilling

text: team improves their method with each new effort.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: light-colored

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: first attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cylindrical samples from within ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Every subsequent drilling team improves their method with each new effort.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: First attempts of extraction occurred in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cylindrical samples from within ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: International Geophysical Year.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice cores are cylindrical samples from within ice sheets

text: An ice divide is the boundary on an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier separating opposing flow directions of ice, analogous to a water divide. Such ice divides are important for geochronology investigations using ice cores, because such coring is typically made on top of a dome of an ice sheet to avoid interference caused by horizontal ice movement. Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like in history. The ice is very accurate because instead of shifting horizontally like normal ice, it moves vertically downward with time trapping gases into its layers. Scientist find these ice divides and take ice cores from them, which are typically long cylinder poles of ice, and evaluate them. Once they have these ice cores, they are able to look through it and find elements that the snow and ice carried down with it during that time period such as sulfate, nitrate, and other ions. These ice cores are important in determining how our atmosphere has changed for the better or worse, and how we can fix it such as the greenhouse effect which discovered when scientist found how much more greenhouse gasses was in our atmosphere than there was in the past.

text: An ice divide is the boundary on an

text: ice sheet

text: ice cap

text: or

text: glacier

text: separating opposing flow directions of

text: ice

text: , analogous to a

text: water divide

text: . Such ice divides are important for

text: geochronology

text: investigations using

text: ice core

text: s, because such coring is typically made on top of a dome of an ice sheet to avoid interference caused by horizontal ice movement. Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like in history. The ice is very accurate because instead of shifting horizontally like normal ice, it moves vertically downward with time trapping gases into its layers. Scientist find these ice divides and take ice cores from them, which are typically long cylinder poles of ice, and evaluate them. Once they have these ice cores, they are able to look through it and find elements that the snow and ice carried down with it during that time period such as sulfate, nitrate, and other ions. These ice cores are important in determining how our atmosphere has changed for the better or worse, and how we can fix it such as the greenhouse effect which discovered when scientist found how much more greenhouse gasses was in our atmosphere than there was in the past.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice divide

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water divide

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Scientist find these ice divides and take ice cores from them

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: are typically long cylinder poles of ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice is present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice divide

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water divide.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like in history.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: sulfate, nitrate, and other ions.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: long cylinder poles of ice,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice divide

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice sheet, ice cap or glacier

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Ice divides are used for looking at what the atmosphere was like in history.

text: Another uncertainty is that it is not clear why the felling of such an old tree was necessary given what Currey was studying. Since the Little Ice Age started no more than 600 years ago, many trees could presumably have provided the information he was seeking for that time period. In Currey's original report in the journal Ecology (Currey, 1965), however, he refers to the Little Ice Age as encompassing the period from 2000 BC to the present, thus defining the Age over a much longer time period than is currently accepted. Whether this was a common view at the time is not known. In the article, Currey indicates that he sectioned the tree as much to determine whether the oldest bristlecones were necessarily confined to California's White Mountains (as some dendrochronologists had been claiming) as from its usefulness in regard to studies of the Little Ice Age.

text: Another uncertainty is that it is not clear why the felling of such an old tree was necessary given what Currey was studying. Since the

text: Little Ice Age

text: started no more than 600 years ago, many trees could presumably have provided the information he was seeking for that time period. In Currey's original report in the journal Ecology (Currey, 1965), however, he refers to the Little Ice Age as encompassing the period from 2000 BC to the present, thus defining the Age over a much longer time period than is currently accepted. Whether this was a common view at the time is not known. In the article, Currey indicates that he sectioned the tree as much to determine whether the oldest bristlecones were necessarily confined to California's White Mountains (as some dendrochronologists had been claiming) as from its usefulness in regard to studies of the Little Ice Age.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: bristlecones

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: California's White Mountains

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is not clear why the felling of such an old tree was necessary given what Currey was studying

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: White Mountains

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Since the Little Ice Age started no more than 600 years ago,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: defining the Age over a much longer time period

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: California's White Mountains

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the Little Ice Age started no more than 600 years ago,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Little Ice Age

text: Ice skating is a popular sport in the peak of winter in the Chilkoot Lake when it gets completely frozen. During winter the lake appears bowl-shaped and is surrounded by white, snow-covered mountains, tucked in a valley and is free from icy winds. The hardness of the ice in the lake is said to be “hard and shiny as a marble floor” and reflects the dark spruce trees and mountains. The ice skating in the lake is a quiet gliding experience of about , and this experience is said to be totally unlike the skating at a rink. Apart from the lake road to the lake is also used for skiing.

text: Ice skating

text: is a popular sport in the peak of winter in the Chilkoot Lake when it gets completely frozen. During winter the lake appears bowl-shaped and is surrounded by white, snow-covered mountains, tucked in a valley and is free from icy winds. The hardness of the ice in the lake is said to be “hard and shiny as a marble floor” and reflects the dark spruce trees and mountains. The ice skating in the lake is a quiet gliding experience of about , and this experience is said to be totally unlike the skating at a rink. Apart from the lake road to the lake is also used for skiing.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Chilkoot Lake gets completely frozen

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the lake appears bowl-shaped and is surrounded by white, snow-covered mountains

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: valley

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: spruce trees

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: winter in the Chilkoot Lake

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice skating is a popular sport

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow-covered mountains,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: “hard and shiny as a marble floor”

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: white, snow-covered mountains,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: frozen.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Chilkoot Lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice skating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Chilkoot Lake

text: The oldest known tree is a Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, growing in the White Mountains of eastern California. The tree was cored by Edmund Schulman in the late 1950s, but was never dated. Recently Tom Harlan completed the dating of the old core sample. The tree is still alive and is 5062 years old as of the 2012 growing season. Older ages are given for sprouts growing from roots or clonal colonies, but these values are not from an individual stem that has persisted for that duration. Whether these are considered to be older trees or not is dependent on the definition of the term 'tree'.

text: The oldest known tree is a Great Basin bristlecone pine,

text: Pinus longaeva

text: , growing in the White Mountains of eastern California. The tree was cored by Edmund Schulman in the late 1950s, but was never dated. Recently Tom Harlan completed the dating of the old core sample. The tree is still alive and is 5062 years old as of the 2012 growing season. Older ages are given for sprouts growing from roots or clonal colonies, but these values are not from an individual stem that has persisted for that duration. Whether these are considered to be older trees or not is dependent on the definition of the term 'tree'.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Pinus longaeva

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the tree is still alive

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The tree is still alive and is 5062 years old as of the 2012 growing season

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: never dated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 2012 growing season

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: white mountains

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Tom Harlan completed the dating

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: sprouts growing from roots or clonal colonies,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: these values are not from an individual stem that has persisted for that duration.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: never dated.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: never dated.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sprouts growing from roots or clonal colonies,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: late 1950s,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: clonal colonies,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: individual stem that has persisted for that duration.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: never dated.

text: Paleoclimatology influenced the 19th century physicists John Tyndall and Svante Arrhenius who found the greenhouse gas effect of carbon dioxide () in the atmosphere to explain how past ice ages had ended. From 1919 to 1923, Alfred Wegener did pioneering work on reconstructing the climate of past eras in collaboration with Milutin Milanković, publishing Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit (“The Climates of the Geological Past”) together with Wladimir Köppen, in 1924.  In the 1930s Guy Stewart Callendar compiled temperature records to look for changes. Wilmot H. Bradley showed that annual varves in lake beds showed climate cycles, and A. E. Douglass found that tree rings could track past climatic changes but these were thought to only show random variations in the local region. It was only in the 1960s that accurate use of tree rings as climate proxies for reconstructions was pioneered by Harold C. Fritts.

text: Paleoclimatology

text: influenced the 19th century physicists

text: John Tyndall

text: and

text: Svante Arrhenius

text: who found the

text: greenhouse gas

text: effect of

text: carbon dioxide

text: () in the atmosphere to explain how past

text: ice age

text: s had ended. From 1919 to 1923,

text: Alfred Wegener

text: did pioneering work on reconstructing the climate of past eras in collaboration with

text: Milutin Milanković

text: , publishing Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit (“The Climates of the Geological Past”) together with Wladimir Köppen, in 1924.  In the 1930s

text: Guy Stewart Callendar

text: compiled temperature records to look for changes.

text: Wilmot H. Bradley

text: showed that annual

text: varve

text: s in lake beds showed climate cycles, and

text: A. E. Douglass

text: found that tree rings could track past climatic changes but these were thought to only show random variations in the local region. It was only in the 1960s that accurate use of tree rings as

text: climate proxies

text: for reconstructions was pioneered by

text: Harold C. Fritts

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: A. E. Douglass

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings could track past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings could track past climatic changes but these were thought to only show random variations in the local region

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: could track past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual varves in lake beds

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: tree rings could track past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: tree rings could track past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual varves in lake beds showed climate cycles,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual varves in lake beds showed climate cycles,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake beds

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: past climatic changes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: tree rings

text: During his lifetime he was primarily known for his achievements in meteorology and as a pioneer of polar research, but today he is most remembered as the originator of the theory of continental drift by hypothesizing in 1912 that the continents are slowly drifting around the Earth (Kontinentalverschiebung). His hypothesis was controversial and not widely accepted until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries such as palaeomagnetism provided strong support for continental drift, and thereby a substantial basis for today's model of plate tectonics. Wegener was involved in several expeditions to Greenland to study polar air circulation before the existence of the jet stream was accepted. Expedition participants made many meteorological observations and achieved the first-ever overwintering on the inland Greenland ice sheet as well as the first-ever boring of ice cores on a moving Arctic glacier.

text: During his lifetime he was primarily known for his achievements in meteorology and as a pioneer of polar research, but today he is most remembered as the originator of the theory of

text: continental drift

text: by hypothesizing in 1912 that the

text: continent

text: s are slowly drifting around the Earth (Kontinentalverschiebung). His hypothesis was controversial and not widely accepted until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries such as

text: palaeomagnetism

text: provided strong support for continental drift, and thereby a substantial basis for today's model of

text: plate tectonics

text: . Wegener was involved in several expeditions to

text: Greenland

text: to study

text: polar

text: air circulation before the existence of the

text: jet stream

text: was accepted. Expedition participants made many meteorological observations and achieved the first-ever overwintering on the inland Greenland ice sheet as well as the first-ever boring of

text: ice core

text: s on a moving Arctic glacier.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: are slowly drifting around the Earth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Greenland ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Wegener was involved in several expeditions to Greenland

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: moving Arctic glacier

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: His hypothesis was controversial and not widely accepted until the 1950s,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: boring of ice cores on a moving Arctic glacier.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Wegener

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Arctic glacier.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: palaeomagnetism

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: boring of ice cores on a moving Arctic glacier.

text: Laminations formed in glaciolacustrine environments (in glacier lakes) are a special case. They are called varves. Quaternary varves are used in stratigraphy and palaeoclimatology to reconstruct climate changes during the last few hundred thousand years.

text: Laminations formed in

text: glaciolacustrine

text: environments (in glacier lakes) are a special case. They are called

text: varve

text: s.

text: Quaternary

text: varves are used in

text: stratigraphy

text: and

text: palaeoclimatology

text: to reconstruct

text: climate change

text: s during the last few hundred thousand years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: glacier lakes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Quaternary varves are used in stratigraphy and palaeoclimatology

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacier lakes

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glacier lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lakes)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Quaternary varves

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reconstruct climate changes

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: glacier lakes)

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Laminations formed in glaciolacustrine

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciolacustrine environments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: varves.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Quaternary varves

text: Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

text: Neptune has a

text: planetary ring

text: system, though one much less substantial than that of

text: Saturn

text: . The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice particles coated with silicates

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Galle Ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Neptune has a planetary ring system,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Neptune has a planetary ring system,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Lassell;

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material,

text: Another family of carbenes is based on a cyclopropenylidene core, a three-carbon ring with a double bond between the two atoms adjacent to the carbenic one. This family is exemplified by bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene.

text: Another family of carbenes is based on a

text: cyclopropenylidene

text: core, a three-carbon ring with a double bond between the two atoms adjacent to the carbenic one. This family is exemplified by

text: bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: another family of carbenes is based on a cyclopropenylidene core

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: cyclopropylamino

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: cyclopropenylidene core,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: double bond between the two atoms adjacent to the carbenic one.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: double bond between the two atoms adjacent to the carbenic one.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: double bond between the two atoms

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: cyclopropenylidene

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cyclopropenylidene core,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: cyclopropenylidene core,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: cyclopropenylidene core,

text: Since forests have abounded in Assam for centuries, wood is used to make an ual. From a tree trunk, a circular core is carved out and sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.  The tool for ramming the contents within a ual is also made of wood. It's a long cylindrical tool which is provided with a trough at an appropriate position for holding it. The two ends of the ramming tool is clipped with circular metal rings for its longevity.

text: Since

text: forest

text: s have abounded in

text: Assam

text: for centuries,

text: wood

text: is used to make an ual. From a

text: tree trunk

text: , a circular core is carved out and sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.  The tool for ramming the contents within a ual is also made of wood. It's a long cylindrical tool which is provided with a trough at an appropriate position for holding it. The two ends of the ramming tool is clipped with circular metal rings for its longevity.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: sand-clock counter

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the tool for ramming the contents within a ual is also made of wood

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sand

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Assam

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: wood is used to make an ual.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: circular core is carved out

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: sand-clock counter

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Assam

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: centuries,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: sand-clock counter is achieved by trimming its outer belly.

text: The science of paleoclimatology attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. Through the study of ice cores, dendrochronology, ocean and lake sediments (varve), palynology (fossilized pollen) and isotope analysis (such as Radiometric dating), scientists can create models of past climate. From such models, scientists have determined that the atmospheric carbon dioxide of the Earth could have been up at least 350 times higher than our modern day levels. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the Permian age rocked back and forth between 250 parts per million (which is close to present-day levels) up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "Hothouse" or "super-Greenhouse" Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state" after the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the Pacific Ocean's El Nino-Southern Oscillation. A theory was suggested for the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the sudden decrease of carbon isotopic composition of global inorganic carbon pool by 2.5 parts per million. A hypothesis noted for this negative drop of isotopes could be the increase of methane hydrates, the trigger for which remains a mystery. This increase of methane in the atmosphere, which happens to be a potent, but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 °C with the assistance of the less potent carbon dioxide.

text: The science of

text: paleoclimatology

text: attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. Through the study of

text: ice core

text: s,

text: dendrochronology

text: ocean

text: and

text: lake

text: sediment

text: s (

text: varve

text: palynology

text: fossil

text: ized

text: pollen

text: ) and

text: isotope

text: analysis (such as

text: Radiometric dating

text: ), scientists can create models of past climate. From such models, scientists have determined that the atmospheric carbon dioxide of the Earth could have been up at least 350 times higher than our modern day levels. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the

text: Permian

text: age rocked back and forth between 250

text: parts per million

text: (which is close to present-day levels) up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "Hothouse" or "super-Greenhouse"

text: Eocene

text: was in a "permanent

text: El Nino

text: state" after the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: 's El Nino-

text: Southern Oscillation

text: . A theory was suggested for the

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: on the sudden decrease of carbon isotopic composition of global inorganic carbon pool by 2.5 parts per million. A hypothesis noted for this negative drop of isotopes could be the increase of

text: methane hydrate

text: s, the trigger for which remains a mystery. This increase of methane in the atmosphere, which happens to be a potent, but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 °C with the assistance of the less potent carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: icehouse conditions

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: atmospheric carbon dioxide of the Earth could have been up at least 350 times higher than our modern day levels

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: scientists can create models of past climate

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: 350 times higher than our modern day levels.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 2,000 parts per million.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: scientists can create models of past climate.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake sediments

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: icehouse

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ocean and lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores, dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice cores,

text: An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet, most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica, Greenland or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere. As the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. The properties of the ice and the recrystallized inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a climatic record over the age range of the core, normally through isotopic analysis. This enables the reconstruction of local temperature records and the history of atmospheric composition.

text: An ice core is a

text: core sample

text: that is typically removed from an

text: ice sheet

text: , most commonly from the polar ice caps of

text: Antarctica

text: Greenland

text: or from high mountain

text: glacier

text: s elsewhere. As the

text: ice

text: forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of

text: snow

text: , lower layers are older than upper, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. The properties of the ice and the

text: recrystallized

text: inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a

text: climatic record

text: over the age range of the core, normally through

text: isotopic analysis

text: . This enables the reconstruction of local temperature records and the history of atmospheric composition.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: polar ice caps

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: lower layers are older than upper

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: lower layers are older than upper

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: layers of snow

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: isotopic analysis

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: An ice core

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: annual layers of snow,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: lower layers are older than upper,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: snow,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual layers of snow,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: annual layers of snow,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: annual layers of snow,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice core contains ice formed over a range of years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: climatic record over the age range of the core,

text: A beautiful but poor servant girl traveled with the family she worked for when robbers attacked them. She hid behind a tree, but no one else survived. She lamented her fate, and a dove came to her with a golden key. It told her to unlock a tree and she found food. In the evening, it brought her one to a tree with a bed. She lived like this for many days. When the dove asked her to do something for it, she agreed. It told her to go to a house and go in. An old woman would greet her, but she should not answer. She should open an inner door, which will reveal a room full of splendid rings, but she should take a plain one.

text: A beautiful but poor servant girl traveled with the family she worked for when robbers attacked them. She hid behind a tree, but no one else survived. She lamented her fate, and a dove came to her with a golden key. It told her to unlock a tree and she found food. In the evening, it brought her one to a tree with a bed. She lived like this for many days. When the dove asked her to do something for it, she agreed. It told her to go to a house and go in. An old woman would greet her, but she should not answer. She should open an inner door, which will reveal a room full of splendid rings, but she should take a plain one.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: robbers attack

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The servant girl hid behind a tree

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: in winter

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no one else survived

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a tree

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: an inner door

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: robbers attacked them. She hid behind a tree,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: food.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: She hid behind a tree,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: rings,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: plain one.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: rings,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: rings,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: splendid rings,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: a golden key.

text: A multinational consortium, the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), has drilled an ice core in Dome C on the East Antarctic ice sheet and retrieved ice from roughly 800,000 years ago. The international ice core community has, under the auspices of International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), defined a priority project to obtain the oldest possible ice core record from Antarctica, an ice core record reaching back to or towards 1.5 million years ago. The deep marine record, the source of most isotopic data, exists only on oceanic plates, which are eventually subducted: the oldest remaining material is  old. Older sediments are also more prone to corruption by diagenesis. Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.

text: A multinational consortium, the

text: European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica

text: (EPICA), has drilled an ice core in Dome C on the East Antarctic ice sheet and retrieved ice from roughly 800,000 years ago. The international ice core community has, under the auspices of International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), defined a priority project to obtain the oldest possible ice core record from Antarctica, an ice core record reaching back to or towards 1.5 million years ago. The deep marine record, the source of most isotopic data, exists only on oceanic plates, which are eventually subducted: the oldest remaining material is  old. Older sediments are also more prone to corruption by

text: diagenesis

text: . Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: diagenesis

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: resolution and confidence in the data decrease

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Dome C

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: oceanic plates

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Older sediments are also more prone to corruption by diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice core in Dome C on the East Antarctic ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Older sediments are also more prone to corruption by diagenesis.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 800,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: oceanic plates,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the oldest remaining material is old.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 800,000 years ago.

text: The age of ornate box turtles has been estimated by counting growth rings for many years.  This is similar to estimating the age of a tree but for turtles, the "rings" are lines that form on part of the shell that are like scales and the longer a turtle lives, the more rings are formed.  However, using the rings to estimate age is not always reliable.  The shell does increase in size as turtles get older, even though its weight makes it heavy to carry around.

text: The age of ornate box turtles has been estimated by counting growth rings for many years.  This is similar to estimating the age of a tree but for turtles, the "rings" are lines that form on part of the shell that are like scales and the longer a turtle lives, the more rings are formed.  However, using the rings to estimate age is not always reliable.  The shell does increase in size as turtles get older, even though its weight makes it heavy to carry around.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: a tree will die

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the shell does increase in size as turtles get older

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: in winter

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: box turtles

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The shell does increase in size as turtles get older,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: reliable.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: the longer a turtle lives,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the longer a turtle lives, the more rings are formed.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: growth rings

text: Alley has written several papers in the journals Nature and Science, and chaired the National Research Council on Abrupt Climate Change. In 2000, he published the book The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future. He has appeared in numerous climate change-related television documentaries and has given many public presentations and media interviews about the subject.

text: Alley has written several papers in the journals Nature and

text: Science

text: , and chaired the

entity_name: National Research Council (United States)

text: National Research Council

text: on Abrupt Climate Change. In 2000, he published the book The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future. He has appeared in numerous climate change-related television documentaries and has given many public presentations and media interviews about the subject.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Alley has appeared in numerous climate change-related television documentaries

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: He has appeared in numerous climate change-related television documentaries

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: abrupt climate change

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice Cores

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Two-Mile Time Machine:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Ice Cores,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: chaired the National Research Council on Abrupt Climate Change.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Two-Mile Time Machine:

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The Two-Mile Time Machine:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ice Cores,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ice Cores,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ice Cores,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ice Cores,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The Two-Mile Time Machine:

text: Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood. The seasonal variation in growth from the vascular cambium is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates. Tree rings are the basis of dendrochronology, which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts. Dendroclimatology is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates. The aerial stem of an adult tree is called a trunk. The dead, usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the heartwood and is the result of tylosis. The outer, living wood is termed the sapwood.

text: Secondary

text: xylem

text: is commercially important as

text: wood

text: . The seasonal variation in growth from the

text: vascular cambium

text: is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates. Tree rings are the basis of

text: dendrochronology

text: , which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts.

text: Dendroclimatology

text: is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates. The aerial stem of an adult

text: tree

text: is called a

text: trunk

text: . The dead, usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the

text: heartwood

text: and is the result of

text: tylosis

text: . The outer, living wood is termed the sapwood.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: creates yearly tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: how does dendrochronology work

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: record of past climates

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: yearly tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: temperate climates

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: heartwood

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: yearly tree rings in temperate climates.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: yearly tree rings in temperate climates.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: vascular cambium

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: yearly tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: vascular cambium

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: dendrochronology,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yearly tree rings

text: In 2010, Robert Dull, John Southon and colleagues presented evidence suggesting a link between the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador and the 536 event. Although earlier published radiocarbon evidence suggested a two-sigma age range of 408–536, which is consistent with the global climate downturn, the connection between 536 and Ilopango was not explicitly made until research on Central American Pacific margin marine sediment cores by Steffen Kutterolf and colleagues showed that the phreatoplinian TBJ eruption was much larger than previously thought.  The radioactive carbon-14 in successive growth increments of a single tree that had been killed by a TBJ pyroclastic flow was measured in detail using accelerator mass spectrometry; the results supported the date of 535 as the year in which the tree died. A conservative bulk tephra volume for the TBJ event of ~84 km was calculated, indicating a large Volcanic explosivity index 6+ event and a magnitude of 6.9. The results suggest that the Ilopango TBJ eruption size, latitude and age are consistent with the ice core sulphate records of Larsen et al. 2008.

text: In 2010,

text: Robert Dull

text: John Southon

text: and colleagues presented evidence suggesting a link between the

text: Tierra Blanca Joven

text: (TBJ) eruption of the

text: Ilopango caldera

text: in central

text: El Salvador

text: and the 536 event. Although earlier published radiocarbon evidence suggested a two-sigma age range of 408–536, which is consistent with the global climate downturn, the connection between 536 and Ilopango was not explicitly made until research on Central American Pacific margin marine sediment cores by Steffen Kutterolf and colleagues showed that the

text: phreatoplinian

text: TBJ eruption was much larger than previously thought.  The

text: radioactive carbon-14

text: in successive growth increments of a single tree that had been killed by a TBJ

text: pyroclastic

text: flow was measured in detail using

text: accelerator mass spectrometry

text: ; the results supported the date of 535 as the year in which the tree died. A conservative bulk

text: tephra

text: volume for the TBJ event of ~84 km was calculated, indicating a large

text: Volcanic explosivity index

text: 6+ event and a magnitude of 6.9. The results suggest that the Ilopango TBJ eruption size, latitude and age are consistent with the ice core sulphate records of Larsen et al. 2008.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: radioactive carbon-14 in successive growth increments

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: global climate downturn

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: earlier published radiocarbon evidence suggested a two-sigma age range of 408–536

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sulphate records

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Ilopango caldera

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radioactive carbon-14

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: phreatoplinian

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: global climate downturn,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: consistent with the global climate downturn,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: sulphate records of Larsen et al. 2008.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: sulphate records

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Tierra Blanca Joven

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice core

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Central American Pacific margin

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: accelerator mass spectrometry;

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice core sulphate records

text: Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter. Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water to cover the surface

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the closer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: denser matter

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tidal heating

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Europa

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: warmer Europa

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: water to cover the surface.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Callisto

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: ice crust

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: denser matter

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: tectonic movement

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Ganymede

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: past tectonic movement of the ice surface

text: Researchers working at Vostok Station produced one of the world's longest ice cores in 1998. A joint Russian, French, and United States team drilled and analyzed the core, which is  long. Ice samples from cores drilled close to the top of the lake have been assessed to be as old as 420,000 years. The assumption is that the lake has been sealed from the surface since the ice sheet formed, 15 million years ago. Drilling of the core was deliberately halted roughly  above the suspected boundary between the ice sheet and the liquid waters of the lake. This was to prevent contamination of the lake with the 60-ton column of Freon and kerosene used to prevent the borehole from collapsing and freezing over.

text: Researchers working at Vostok Station produced one of the world's longest

text: ice core

text: s in 1998. A joint Russian, French, and United States team drilled and analyzed the core, which is  long. Ice samples from cores drilled close to the top of the lake have been assessed to be as old as 420,000 years. The assumption is that the lake has been sealed from the surface since the ice sheet formed, 15 million years ago. Drilling of the core was deliberately halted roughly  above the suspected boundary between the ice sheet and the liquid waters of the lake. This was to prevent contamination of the lake with the 60-ton column of

text: Freon

text: and

text: kerosene

text: used to prevent the borehole from collapsing and freezing over.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: dense winter growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: contamination of the lake

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Ice samples from cores drilled close to the top of the lake have been assessed to be as old as 420,000 years

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: as old as 420,000 years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lakes

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: liquid waters

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The assumption is that the lake has been sealed from the surface

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 420,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: as old as 420,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 420,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 15 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 420,000 years.

text: Analysis of tree rings revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles: Dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations have allowed for a reconstruction of sunspot activity covering 11,400 years.

text: Analysis of

text: tree rings

text: revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles:

text: Dendrochronologically dated

text: radiocarbon

text: concentrations have allowed for a reconstruction of sunspot activity covering 11,400 years.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: radiocarbon concentrations will increase

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: dendrochronologically dated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar cycles

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: radiocarbon concentrations are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Analysis of tree rings revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Analysis of tree rings revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Analysis of tree rings revealed a detailed picture of past solar cycles:

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: detailed picture of past solar cycles:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: tree rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: solar cycles:

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Dendrochronologically dated radiocarbon concentrations

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 11,400 years.

text: There is some evidence that a small percent of the Type Ic supernovae may be the progenitors of gamma ray bursts (GRB); in particular, type Ic supernovae that have broad spectral lines corresponding to high-velocity outflows are thought to be strongly associated with gamma ray bursts (GRB). However, it is also hypothesized that any hydrogen-stripped Type Ib or Ic supernova could be a GRB, dependent upon the geometry of the explosion. In any case, astronomers believe that most Type Ib, and probably Type Ic as well, result from core collapse in stripped, massive stars, rather than from the thermonuclear runaway of white dwarfs.

text: There is some evidence that a small percent of the Type Ic supernovae may be the progenitors of

text: gamma ray bursts

text: (GRB); in particular, type Ic supernovae that have broad spectral lines corresponding to high-velocity outflows are thought to be strongly associated with

text: gamma ray bursts

text: (GRB). However, it is also hypothesized that any hydrogen-stripped Type Ib or Ic supernova could be a GRB, dependent upon the geometry of the explosion. In any case, astronomers believe that most Type Ib, and probably Type Ic as well, result from core collapse in stripped, massive stars, rather than from the thermonuclear runaway of

text: white dwarf

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: type Ic supernovae

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: type Ic supernovae

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: there is some evidence that a small percent of the Type Ic supernovae may be the progenitors of gamma ray bursts

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Type Ic supernovae

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: type Ic

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: gamma ray bursts

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: gamma ray bursts

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: result from core collapse in stripped, massive stars,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: gamma ray bursts

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: core collapse in stripped, massive stars,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Type Ic supernovae

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Type Ic supernovae

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: core collapse in stripped, massive stars,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: type Ic supernovae that have broad spectral lines

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: gamma ray bursts

text: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings – Third Edition (Revised) (core rules)

text: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings – Third Edition (Revised) (core rules)

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: description

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: there is a chance of a famine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: is a card game

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a ring

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: sandbox

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it has been used in a game

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Legend of the Five Rings – Third Edition (Revised)

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: (core

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: (3200) Legend of the Five Rings

text: The Northern Ice Field is the largest body of ice remaining on Mount Kilimanjaro, with an area of , when measured in 2007. During the exceptionally cold  period known as the Younger Dryas, which occurred approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years BP (between 10,800 and 9500 BC), Mount Kilimanjaro may have been ice-free. While conditions during the Younger Dryas were cold enough to support ice, it was also exceptionally dry, so much so that the region where Mount Kilimanjaro is located was semi-desert. Ice core samples taken from the Northern Ice Field date only from the end of the Younger Dryas and have been dated at 11,500 years. Dust deposits in the ice core samples coincide with periods of suspected warming conditions such as the Medieval Warm Period (1000–1270 AD). The ice cores also indicate that during the Little Ice Age (1270–1850 AD), the Northern Ice Field and other glaciated areas on Mount Kilimanjaro likely expanded; this was due to not just to cooling temperatures, but also a wetter climate. Ice cores drilled into the Northern Ice Field in 2000 went through the glacier to bedrock, a total distance of just over .

text: The Northern Ice Field is the largest body of ice remaining on Mount Kilimanjaro, with an area of , when measured in 2007. During the exceptionally cold  period known as the

text: Younger Dryas

text: , which occurred approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years

text: BP

text: (between 10,800 and 9500 BC), Mount Kilimanjaro may have been ice-free. While conditions during the Younger Dryas were cold enough to support ice, it was also exceptionally dry, so much so that the region where Mount Kilimanjaro is located was semi-desert.

text: Ice core

text: samples taken from the Northern Ice Field date only from the end of the Younger Dryas and have been dated at 11,500 years. Dust deposits in the ice core samples coincide with periods of suspected warming conditions such as the

text: Medieval Warm Period

text: (1000–1270 AD). The ice cores also indicate that during the

text: Little Ice Age

text: (1270–1850 AD), the Northern Ice Field and other glaciated areas on Mount Kilimanjaro likely expanded; this was due to not just to cooling temperatures, but also a wetter climate. Ice cores drilled into the Northern Ice Field in 2000 went through the glacier to bedrock, a total distance of just over .

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Mount Kilimanjaro is located was semi-desert

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Northern Ice Field is the largest body of ice remaining on Mount Kilimanjaro, with an area of, when measured in 2007

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: have been dated at 11,500 years

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Medieval Warm Period

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 11,500 years

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Younger Dryas,

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: conditions during the Younger Dryas were cold enough to support ice,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Dust deposits in the ice core samples coincide with periods of suspected warming conditions

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Dust deposits in the ice core samples coincide with periods of suspected warming conditions

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Medieval Warm Period

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: warming conditions such as the Medieval Warm Period

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: cooling temperatures, but also a wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 11,500 years.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 11,500 years.

text: Camp II Point () is a point of ice-cored moraine that extends east into Koettlitz Glacier at the south side of lower Renegar Glacier. So named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1994 because the second camp of a NZGS field party led by D. N. B. Skinner, 1977-78, was made on the moraine.

text: Camp II Point () is a point of ice-cored

text: moraine

text: that extends east into

text: Koettlitz Glacier

text: at the south side of lower

text: Renegar Glacier

text: . So named by the

text: New Zealand Geographic Board

text: in 1994 because the second camp of a

text: NZGS

text: field party led by D. N. B. Skinner, 1977-78, was made on the moraine.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: What are the characteristics of Camp II Point?

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Koettlitz Glacier

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The second camp of a NZGS field party was made on the moraine.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: moraine

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Camp II Point

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Renegar Glacier.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ice-cored moraine

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: was made on the moraine.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Camp II Point

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ice-cored moraine

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ice-cored moraine

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: ice-cored moraine

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: ice-cored moraine

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1977-78,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: ice-cored moraine

text: }, finding an evolutionary tree which has n leaf nodes and establishing one to one relationship between this evolutionary tree and the set S. By assigning the sequence to the internal nodes of the evolutionary tree, we calculate the total score of each edge and the sum of all edges’ score is the score of the evolutionary tree. The aim of tree alignment is to find an assigned sequence, which can obtain a maximum score, and get the final matching result by the evolutionary tree and its nodes’ assigned sequence.Star alignment can be seen as a special case of the tree alignment. When we use star alignment, the evolutionary tree has only one internal node and n leaf nodes. The sequence, which is assigned to the internal node, is called core sequence.

text: }, finding an

text: evolutionary tree

text: which has n leaf nodes and establishing one to one relationship between this evolutionary tree and the set S. By assigning the sequence to the internal nodes of the evolutionary tree, we calculate the total score of each edge and the sum of all edges’ score is the score of the evolutionary tree. The aim of tree alignment is to find an assigned sequence, which can obtain a maximum score, and get the final matching result by the evolutionary tree and its nodes’ assigned sequence.Star alignment can be seen as a special case of the tree alignment. When we use star alignment, the evolutionary tree has only one internal node and n leaf nodes. The sequence, which is assigned to the internal node, is called core sequence.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: tree trunks alternate bands of light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: core sequence

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The sequence, which is assigned to the internal node, is called core sequence.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: core sequence

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: core sequence

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: star alignment

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: core sequence

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: the sum of all edges’ score is the score of the evolutionary tree.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: n leaf nodes

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the evolutionary tree has only one internal node and n leaf nodes.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: star alignment,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: core sequence.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: S.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: S.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: evolutionary tree

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: n leaf nodes

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: star alignment,

text: If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.

text: If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of

text: soil

text: and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern

text: oak

text: s, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: annual rings of growth

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: periods of rapid and slow growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: as a tree gets larger in diameter

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The annual rings

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The annual rings of growth

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years.

text: Peterson worked with Andy Gullahorn and Ben Shive, in the production of this album. Centricity Music released the album on July 27, 2010.

text: Peterson worked with

text: Andy Gullahorn

text: and

text: Ben Shive

text: , in the production of this album.

text: Centricity Music

text: released the album on July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: elms

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Andy Gullahorn

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The album was released on July 27, 2010

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Ben Shive

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: centricity

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Centricity Music released the album on July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: July 27, 2010.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: July 27, 2010.

text: Paradise Music Festival (or simply known as Paradise) is an annual three day camping music festival held in the last weekend of November at Lake Mountain Alpine Resort, located in Victoria, Australia approximately 120 kilometres from Melbourne. The festival was first held in 2013 and is currently in its fourth year of operation.

text: Paradise Music Festival (or simply known as Paradise) is an annual three day camping

text: music festival

text: held in the last weekend of November at

text: Lake Mountain

text: Alpine Resort, located in

text: Victoria

text: Australia

text: approximately 120 kilometres from

text: Melbourne

text: . The festival was first held in 2013 and is currently in its fourth year of operation.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Lake Mountain Alpine Resort

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Paradise Music Festival was first held in 2013

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: November

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Lake Mountain Alpine Resort

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Paradise Music Festival

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: November at Lake Mountain Alpine Resort,

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: festival was first held in 2013 and is currently in its fourth year of operation.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Paradise Music Festival

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 120 kilometres

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: November

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: last weekend of November at Lake Mountain Alpine Resort,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: November at Lake Mountain Alpine Resort,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 120 kilometres

text: Both individually and through his lobbying firm Politank*, Mr. Domenech has actively supported through the years various philanthropic endeavors.  These include:Clinton FoundationCongressional Hispanic Caucus Institute Museum of Art of Puerto RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe Washington Center for Internships and Academic SeminarsHispanic Heritage Foundationand the TASIS Dorado Scholarship Fund

text: Both individually and through his lobbying firm Politank*, Mr. Domenech has actively supported through the years various philanthropic endeavors.  These include:

text: Clinton Foundation

text: Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute

text: Museum of Art of Puerto Rico

text: Museo de Arte de Ponce

text: The Washington Center for Internships and Academic Seminars

text: Hispanic Heritage Foundation

text: and the

text: TASIS

text: Dorado Scholarship Fund

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Museum of Art of Puerto Rico

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Mr. Domenech has actively supported through the years various philanthropic endeavors

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Puerto Rico

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Museum of Art of Puerto RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Puerto RicoMuseo

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: actively supported through the years various philanthropic endeavors.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Museum of Art of Puerto RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: actively supported through the years various philanthropic endeavors.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Puerto RicoMuseo

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Museum of Art of Puerto RicoMuseo de Arte de PonceThe

text: Witanki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Liw, within Węgrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of Węgrów and  east of Warsaw. It's full of Commies.

text: Witanki  is a

text: village

text: in the administrative district of

text: Gmina Liw

text: , within

text: Węgrów County

text: Masovian Voivodeship

text: , in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  south of

text: Węgrów

text: and  east of

text: Warsaw

text: . It's full of Commies.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Commies

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Witanki

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It's full of Commies.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: east-central Poland

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Commies.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Commies.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: It's full of Commies.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: W<unk>grów County, Masovian Voivodeship,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Commies.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Commies.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Gmina Liw,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Masovian Voivodeship,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: W<unk>grów County, Masovian Voivodeship,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: W<unk>grów County, Masovian Voivodeship,

text: Joos gained notoriety in January 2004, when in an interview to Belgian P-Magazine, he said, about homosexuals:

text: Joos gained notoriety in January 2004, when in an interview to Belgian

text: P-Magazine

text: , he said, about homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Joos gained notoriety

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: a stag

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: homosexuals

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it was cut from a tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: he said, about homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Joos gained notoriety in January 2004,

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Joos gained notoriety in January 2004,

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: homosexuals:

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 2004,

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Joos gained notoriety in January 2004,

text: During the War, Mansfield Mechanics had not paid the rent on Field Mill. The owner of the ground, the Duke of Portland, agreed to rent the ground to the Mansfield branch of the Discharged and Disabled Soldiers and Sailors Federation (DDSSF) - provided that it also be made available to Old Comrades of the Great War. Instead of informing the Old Comrades of their rights, the DDSSF instead sought out Mansfield Town to become sub-tenants of the ground. Town agreed to make the ground fit for use in time for the 1919–20 season, bearing the cost of enclosing the ground and building new dressing rooms. This was the start of the end for the Mechanics, who eventually folded during the summer of 1919.

text: During the War, Mansfield Mechanics had not paid the rent on Field Mill. The owner of the ground, the

text: Duke of Portland

text: , agreed to rent the ground to the Mansfield branch of the Discharged and Disabled Soldiers and Sailors Federation (DDSSF) - provided that it also be made available to Old Comrades of the Great War. Instead of informing the Old Comrades of their rights, the DDSSF instead sought out Mansfield Town to become sub-tenants of the ground. Town agreed to make the ground fit for use in time for the 1919–20 season, bearing the cost of enclosing the ground and building new dressing rooms. This was the start of the end for the Mechanics, who eventually folded during the summer of 1919.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the Mechanics

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Town agreed to make the ground fit for use in time for the 1919–20 season, bearing the cost of enclosing the ground and building new dressing rooms

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1919

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Great War

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Discharged and Disabled Soldiers and Sailors Federation

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 1919–20

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: who eventually folded during the summer of 1919.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: summer of 1919.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1919.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 1919.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1919–20

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: summer of 1919.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Old Comrades of the Great War.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1919–20

text: Fluorination of lactones can provide heterocyclic fluorides, although ring opening has been observed for γ-butyrolactone. The six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening.

text: Fluorination of lactones can provide heterocyclic fluorides, although ring opening has been observed for γ-butyrolactone. The six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: do not experience ring opening

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lactones

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lactones

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: lactones are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Fluorination of lactones

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Fluorination of lactones

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: <unk>-butyrolactone.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The six-membered lactide does not experience ring opening.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: <unk>-butyrolactone.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Fluorination of lactones

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lactones

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: <unk>-butyrolactone.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: <unk>-butyrolactone.

text: The Galaxy Tab 8.9 feature a 1 GHz dual-core processor, 1 GB RAM, and a 3-axis MPU-3050 gyroscope from InvenSense.

text: The Galaxy Tab 8.9 feature a 1 GHz dual-core processor, 1 GB RAM, and a 3-axis MPU-3050

text: gyroscope

text: from InvenSense.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: gyroscope

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Galaxy Tab 8.9 has a gyroscope

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unrelated

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: galaxy tab 8.9

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: 3-axis MPU-3050 gyroscope

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The Galaxy Tab 8.9

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The Galaxy Tab 8.9 feature a 1 GHz dual-core processor,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 3-axis MPU-3050 gyroscope

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1 GHz dual-core processor,

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: 3-axis

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The Galaxy Tab 8.9

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: 3-axis

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 3-axis MPU-3050 gyroscope

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 3-axis MPU-3050 gyroscope

text: After about 18 months at Disney's Imagineering arm, Featherstone decided that "corporate America" wasn't for her and made the decision to reconnect with her musical roots while working as a waitress in Southern California. It was during one of her waitressing jobs that she played a few original songs on the piano while the scheduled performers were on a break and realized that she wanted to pursue a career in music. Mark Volman of the Turtles and Featherstone began playing the Los Angeles singer-songwriter circuit.

text: After about 18 months at Disney's

text: Imagineering

text: arm, Featherstone decided that "corporate America" wasn't for her and made the decision to reconnect with her musical roots while working as a waitress in

text: Southern California

text: . It was during one of her waitressing jobs that she played a few original songs on the piano while the scheduled performers were on a break and realized that she wanted to pursue a career in music. Mark Volman of the Turtles and Featherstone began playing the Los Angeles singer-songwriter circuit.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Southern California

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: she played a few original songs on the piano while the scheduled performers were on a break

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Southern California

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Southern California

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Featherstone began playing the Los Angeles singer-songwriter circuit.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: California.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: realized that she wanted to pursue a career in music.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: California.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: musical roots while working as a waitress

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: California.

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: musical roots while working as a waitress in Southern California.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Southern California.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: musical roots while working as a waitress in Southern California.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Los Angeles singer-songwriter circuit.

text: The composer comments:

text: The composer comments:

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: alternating bands of light-colored, high density summer growth

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the composer is a musician

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: the composer comments:

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: they contain ice

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The composer comments:

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: symphony

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: it is from a tree

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The composer comments:

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: The composer

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: The composer

text: In writing about his experience working on The Sicilian, producer Bruce McNall described Cimino as "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac." In his book, Blade Runners, Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off, producer Michael Deeley described his experience with Cimino on Deer Hunter as a "travail", adding "the only flaw I find in my Oscar [for The Deer Hunter] is that Cimino's name is also engraved on it." Deeley criticized Cimino for lack of professional respect and standards: "Cimino was selfish. ... Selfishness, in itself, is not necessarily a flaw in a director, unless it swells into ruthless self-indulgence combined with a total disregard for the terms in which the production has been set." Cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond reported that Cimino was hard to work with but extremely talented visually.

text: In writing about his experience working on

text: The Sicilian

text: , producer

text: Bruce McNall

text: described Cimino as "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac." In his book, Blade Runners, Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off, producer

text: Michael Deeley

text: described his experience with Cimino on Deer Hunter as a "travail", adding "the only flaw I find in my Oscar [for The Deer Hunter] is that Cimino's name is also engraved on it." Deeley criticized Cimino for lack of professional respect and standards: "Cimino was selfish. ... Selfishness, in itself, is not necessarily a flaw in a director, unless it swells into ruthless self-indulgence combined with a total disregard for the terms in which the production has been set." Cinematographer

text: Vilmos Zsigmond

text: reported that Cimino was hard to work with but extremely talented visually.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Cimino's name is also engraved on it

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Cimino was hard to work with but extremely talented visually.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: varve

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: blade runners

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac."

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: ruthless self-indulgence

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: "Cimino was selfish....

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac."

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac."

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Blade Runners,

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac."

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Blade Runners,

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ruthless self-indulgence

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: "one part artistic genius and one part infantile egomaniac."

text: Publicity over the concerns of scientists about the implications of global warming led to increasing public and political interest, and the Reagan administration, concerned in part about the political impact of scientific findings, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to produce reports subject to detailed approval by government delegates. The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century. The report discussed the difficulties with proxy data, "mainly pollen remains, lake varves and ocean sediments, insect and animal remains, glacier termini" but considered tree ring data was "not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data to be used in this report." A "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years has been traced to a graph based loosely on Lamb's 1965 paper, nominally representing central England, modified by Lamb in 1982. Mike Hulme describes this schematic diagram as "Lamb's sketch on the back of an envelope", a "rather dodgy bit of hand-waving".

text: Publicity over the concerns of scientists about the implications of global warming led to increasing public and political interest, and the

text: Reagan administration

text: , concerned in part about the political impact of scientific findings, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: to produce reports subject to detailed approval by government delegates. The

text: IPCC First Assessment Report

text: in 1990 noted evidence that

text: Holocene climatic optimum

text: around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century. The report discussed the difficulties with proxy data, "mainly pollen remains, lake varves and ocean sediments, insect and animal remains, glacier termini" but considered tree ring data was "not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data to be used in this report." A "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years has been traced to a graph based loosely on Lamb's 1965 paper, nominally representing central England, modified by Lamb in 1982.

text: Mike Hulme

text: describes this schematic diagram as "Lamb's sketch on the back of an envelope", a "rather dodgy bit of hand-waving".

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: "schematic diagram"

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: the present (at least in summer)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the Reagan administration, concerned in part about the political impact of scientific findings, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree ring data

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: warmer than the present

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: warmer than the present

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: "not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Little Ice Age

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: "not yet sufficiently easy to assess nor sufficiently integrated with indications from other data

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Little Ice Age

text: On The 23rd of March 2015 the long-awaited follow up to Break the Silence was released in the form of Frantic.  The album was universally well received and the band toured the UK, Ireland and Europe throughout 2015. Charity single of the Hot Chocolate classic Every 1s a winner was released in the summer with all proceeds going to the Macmillan Cancer Nurses charity in memory of Jools and Dante's late father. The Frantictour concluded with a sold out night at Glasgow's iconic Barrowlands where the  band played a set full of classics and new songs. Decemcer also saw the release of a limited edition Frantic Box Set which included one of only 500 copies of the band's first full concert DVD recorded earlier in the year where the tour began, in the same place it ended: Gun Live at the Barrowlands.

text: On The 23rd of March 2015 the long-awaited follow up to Break the Silence was released in the form of Frantic.  The album was universally well received and the band toured the UK, Ireland and Europe throughout 2015. Charity single of the Hot Chocolate classic Every 1s a winner was released in the summer with all proceeds going to the Macmillan Cancer Nurses charity in memory of Jools and Dante's late father. The Frantictour concluded with a sold out night at Glasgow's iconic Barrowlands where the  band played a set full of classics and new songs. Decemcer also saw the release of a limited edition Frantic Box Set which included one of only 500 copies of the band's first full concert DVD recorded earlier in the year where the tour began, in the same place it ended: Gun Live at the Barrowlands.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Every 1s a winner

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The band toured the UK, Ireland and Europe throughout 2015

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Every 1s a winner

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Frantic

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Frantic.

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Hot Chocolate

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: The album was universally well received

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: Frantic.

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: Frantic.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Hot Chocolate classic Every 1s a winner

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Decemcer

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Frantic.

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: Frantic.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Frantic.

text: Kądziołka was born in Zakopane. He was a member of the national Olympic military patrol team in 1924 which was one of two withdrawing to bad weather conditions.He died in his hometown.

text: Kądziołka was born in

text: Zakopane

text: . He was a member of the national Olympic

entity_name: Military patrol at the 1924 Winter Olympics

text: military patrol team

text: in

text: which was one of two withdrawing to bad weather conditions.He died in his hometown.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: can be described as

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Zakopane

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: no ans

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bad weather conditions

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: K<unk>dzio<unk>ka

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: bad weather conditions.He

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: conditions.He died in his hometown.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: K<unk>dzio<unk>ka

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: bad weather conditions.He

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: Olympic military patrol team

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: bad weather conditions.He

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: bad weather conditions.He

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1924

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: K<unk>dzio<unk>ka

text: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills (TIMES) is the only European-wide business case competition of its kind, and has been organised since 1994.

text: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills (TIMES) is the only European-wide business case competition of its kind, and has been organised since 1994.

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: elms

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: TIMES

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: it has been organised since 1994

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: TIMES

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 1994.

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: the only European-wide business case competition of its kind,

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: 1994.

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: 1994.

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: The Tournament In Management and Engineering Skills

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: 1994.

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: 1994.

text: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about. The structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons (chapters 1:1–4:43, 4:44–29:1, 29:2–30:20) followed by a number of short appendices – Miller refers to this as the "literary" structure; alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a ring-structure with a central core (chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code) and an inner and an outer frame (chapters 4–11/27–30 and 1–3/31–34) – Miller calls this the covenantal substructure; and finally the theological structure revealed in the theme of the exclusive worship of Yahweh established in the first of the Ten Commandments ("Thou shalt have no other god before me") and the Shema

text: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about. The structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons (chapters 1:1–4:43, 4:44–29:1, 29:2–30:20) followed by a number of short appendices – Miller refers to this as the "literary" structure; alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a ring-structure with a central core (chapters 12–26, the

text: Deuteronomic Code

text: ) and an inner and an outer frame (chapters 4–11/27–30 and 1–3/31–34) – Miller calls this the covenantal substructure; and finally the theological structure revealed in the theme of the exclusive worship of

text: Yahweh

text: established in the first of the

text: Ten Commandments

text: ("Thou shalt have no other god before me") and the Shema

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: sycamore

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: Miller calls this the covenantal substructure

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: Miller calls this the covenantal substructure

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Deuteronomic Code

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: tree rings are present

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: NDQ_006212

answers: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy

answers: NDQ_006213

answers: 29:2–30:20)

answers: NDQ_006214

answers: different views on what it is about.

answers: NDQ_006215

answers: 29:2–30:20)

answers: NDQ_006216

answers: ring-structure

answers: NDQ_006217

answers: ring-structure

answers: NDQ_006218

answers: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy

answers: NDQ_006219

answers: Deuteronomy

answers: NDQ_006220

answers: ring-structure

answers: NDQ_006221

answers: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy